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*

CATALOGUE

OF

FOSSIL REPTILIA

AND

AMPHIBIA.

PART IV.

CATALOGUE 2 eun
PE OF THE | hie

x FOSSIL REPTILIA
st vas

VPA AMPHIBIA

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY),

‘CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W.

“Qe

PART IV.

CONTAINING

Tae Orpers ANOMODONTIA, ECAUDATA, CAUDATA,
anp LABYRINTHODONTIA ; anp ea

PA

e

RICHARD LYDEKKER, B.A., EG 8 “ETC.

BY a De

, LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLD BY
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW;
B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; ASHER & Co., 13 BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN ;
bd KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL;
: AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.

1890.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE,

DADDARAAOOOO

Tuts concluding part of the Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia becomes
of the highest importance to students of Vertebrate Paleontology
as affording, in a collected form, the results of those recent
researches which have been so successfully carried on, by Pro-
fessors Credner, Fraas, Fritsch, Gaudry, Seeley, and others, con-
cerning the structure and affinities of the Anomoponti4 and the

AMPHIBIA.

Splendid material for working out the anatomy of these oldest
and most generalized types of Reptiles has of late years been obtained
from the Carboniferous and Permian formations of France, Germany,
Bohemia, South Africa, and also from Russia, India, and North

America.

The series of South-African Anomodont Reptiles forms one of
the most important features in this section of the Museum ; indeed,
it may be justly claimed to be unrivalled; many additions to the
Pariasauria having been made by Prof. Seeley while this Catalogue

was passing through the press.

The finest Labyriuthodonts discovered are preserved in the
Museums of Leipsic, Stuttgart, and Prague; but the series of speci-
mens of Archegosaurus from the Permian of Saarbriicken, and of

genera Placodus and Oyamodus are represented by several va

able original specimens and by reproductions of von

D types. Lastly, fine examples are to be seen in the cases.
Cryptobranchus scheuchzeri and C. ischudié from the Miocen >!
‘a " Oeningen and Bonn, Reid ; 3
xe 7 HENRY WOODWARD. |
xs Bs Geological Department, | .

° British Museum (N. H.),
0 25th April, 1890.

ENERO UU OL EON.,

Wirs the present Part the Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia
in the Museum is completed.

The Supplement contains such Reptilian remains as have been
aequired by the Museum since the previous Parts of the work were
published, as well as those which had not been put in their proper
serial position when the work was commenced, and consequently
did not come under the author’s notice in time to be recorded in the
earlier parts. Certain modifications and amendments in classifica-
tion are also recorded in the Supplement. Iam again indebted to
Mr. Davies for revising the proof-sheets; and my thanks are like-
wise due to Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell for permission to use the
woodcuts numbered 62-64, before their appearance in the ‘ Proc.
Dorset Nat. Hist. Soc.,’ for which they were drawn.

I may state that in the diagnosis of the Synaptosaurian branch
given in Part IJ. the statement that sclerotic plates are absent
applies only to the Sauropterygia.

The Baber Collection, mentioned for the first time in this Part,

was purchased in 1889 from the executors of the late Mr. J. Baber,
of Knightsbridge.

RICHARD LYDEKKER.
Harpenden,

_ April 8rd, 1890.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

[Existing species are denoted by an asterisk ; and doubtful species

by two asterisks. ]

Class REPTILIA
Ordinal Position Uncertain .
Goup ei ACODON TIA :;

Family PLACODONTIDA .,

Placodus gigas
andrian1

quinimolaris .
so impressus .

Specifically undetermined specimens
Cyamodus rostratus
muensterl .

laticeps
tarnowitzensis

Pleurodus bicolor

Theromorous Branch
Order ANOMODONTIA

Suborder PROCOLOPHONIA .
Family PROCOLOPHONID®

Procolophon trigoniceps
minor

laticeps

Page
1

1

4

CO Gor ST Se Sy) eS Or hos hs

ile)

loser
an)

10

SYSTHMATIC INDEX. (7 = Pepe’

Suborder DICYNODONTIA . ...... 1
Family DICYNODONTIDA .......
Dicynodon lacerticeps. . . . ...

leoniceps . . A -0an aeee

FEC PE =in- coho aes eae eee

pardiceps +. Se a. a eee

=? rechidensy sch hate ee
aX

curvatus ° . e . ° e . . e

tesbudigeps...c ie. 2, ee

tigriceps:. (je Ue ere sae
*#

parvidens’.. c.,.440.4 3 J.
Specifically undetermined specimens. .
Udenodonm baini\7-~. = 2a
strigiceps “inl: =e ee

—— megalops Poot 4 a

prognathus SLM AA ee ee
preyil vous oe Oe
Sprihen sie ER
Piychosiagum declive.. >). . . eae

latirostris: °; “+> /°-* 2 ee

= SMICLOLECIM a oa ete eee

MITT Ay I LOU aia ae

Specifically undetermined specimens .
onentale se =. eos a

e
. _@ .

Cistecephalus microrhinus . .

leptorhimus: /"s". 2. 25, SiGe ee a
plamiceps:"? "Soc
(?) atebatas °°) ae

Specimens of uncertain Generic Position .

(Ptychognathus [2] pusillus) . . 2...
(Cirognathus cordylus) .
(Eurycarpus owent). . . . .

Family uncertain . .

**Platypodosaurus robustus. . . . .

-

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family ENDOTHIODONTIDA
Endothiodon bathystoma .

microps

Suborder THERIODONTIA
Family GALESAURID/A

Galesaurus planiceps

Scaloposaurus constrictus .

Cynosuchus suppostus .
Cynochampsa laniaria .
Cynodraco serridens
Adlurosaurus felinus

Span e

curvimola ,

Lycosaurus pardalis
Hyorhynckus platyceps
Tigrisuchus simus .

Generically undetermined specimens

Family TAPINOCEPHALIDA .

Tapinocephalus atherstonei

Titanosuchus ferox

Generically undetermined specimens

( Glaridodon)

Family uncertain

Genus non cet.
Genus non det.

Brithopus priscus

Deuterosaurus biarmicus .

Genus non det,

Family DIADECTIDA

Empedias molaris
phaseolinus

Diadectes sideropelicus

Page

HS OD

op)

“IST ST ST I +1
On

~J

98

100
102
104
104

| SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family CLEPSYDROPIDA .

Naosaurus cruciger .

claviger)) a.) Gas. 30 2
Embolophorus:. Sp.) 2°.) ee
dolloverianus. .

Generically undetermined specimens

| da °
Ticenie SCW isis nee
Family GORGONOPIDi
Gorgonops torvus
Suborder PARIASAURLA .
Family PARIASAURIDA
Anthodon serrarius. ~ ae
BPs Mh ne tee 2 ee ee
Pariasaurus serridens | .
bombidens ~, 7. =. : °. 4.
Specifically undetermined specimens
Propappus omocratus
Class AMPHIBIA
Order ECAUDATA ;
Section FIRMISTERNIA , -
Family RANIDA
Oxyglossus pusillus
Rana meriani
noeggerathi aes ,
*
Section AR cl Pie A oy. as. eee fe
Family LEPTODACTY LID AY (=. ee
- *Leptodactylus pentadactylus

sd ocellatus

BD: ic ile ‘ie eae ee ate
*Ccratophrys cornuta . .

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family BUFONIDAt

*Bufo melanostictus .

Family DISCOGLOSSID.

Latonia seyfriedi

gigantea

Family PALAOBATRACHID/E
Paleobatrachus diluvianus
—— gigas
—— meyeri

bohemicus .

luedeckei
sp.

Order CAUDATA
Family SALAMANDRIDA .

Megalotriton filholi
Heliarchon furcillatus .
Molge noachica .
Genus non det.

Family AMPHIUMIDA .

Cryptobranchus scheuchzeri .

tschudii

Order LABYRINTHODONTIA
Suborder LABYRINTHODONTIA VERA
Family MASTODONSAURIDA ©.

Mastodonsaurus giganteus.

granulosus.

keuperinus

indicus .
Capitosaurus nasutus

fronto .
—— robustus

xiv SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family MASTODONSAURIDA (continued).

Metoposaurus diagnosticus
Genus non det.
Trematosaurus brauni .

- : Genus non det.
Genus non det.

Family ANTHRACOSAURIDE

Anthracosaurus russelli
Macromerium schwarzenbergi

bayerl .
—— (?) simplex

scoticum
Loxomma allmani .
Eosaurus acadianus.

Family NYRANIIDA

Nyrania trachystoma
Ichthyerpetum bradleye .

Family DENDRERPETID A .

Dendrerpetum pyriticum .

deprivatum
acadianum

owenl 4
Brachyops laticeps .
Bothriceps australis. .

huxleyi
— — (?) major
Micropholis granulata .

Family DIPLOSPONDYLIDZ .

Cricotus heteroclitus

Family ARCHEGOSAURIDA .

Archegosaurus decheni
Platyoposaurus stuckenbergi .
Actinodon latirostris

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XV

Family ARCH EGOSAURIDE (continued).

Page

Cochleosaurus bohemicus. . . . . . 186

7 Gaudiyanlaistomas 2) =<. ste) +h 0, LOO
Chelyosaumus-vranyi 2 8) ews. LOT
Sphenosaurus sternbergi . . . . . . 188

- Sparagmites lacertinus . : . . . . 189
irmmerorhachis insvenis’ 2... .. « “L190

Family wneertam . . i: It eS ea rhe 2
Eryops ei aahalus a tcn, Geer eat are 2

GI CAMUSE hota a al ge bey usc,

Rhytidosteus capensis. . . . . . . 194

EEE RSCODS EN aye oe ae oo Sa I ade at eo LOD
Pholidegaster pisetiormis ;"- °° . . «. 195

Suomen CHOSAURIA sw a ts TDG

amily UROCONMDY LID AG. ee yi S96
Urocordylus wandesfordi. . . . . . 196
Scalia oe deta eer eet st sh oe al an ek Og

Ceraterpetumcalvant 2 482.4. 2 2 197
Chass $e ye tetas caer eit: fe, OO
Family uncertaamn . Pee fee aise tpeer eee

hepterpetumirsp.n tt: Pee e+ 199
Bit oa, Se ete ot lhe. EL Tge

Bamily EEMNE RPE DED ae oe. 199
Limnerpetug elesansgih:i4:) 2... 200

PACICe RS rages, bP eS OO
ObeUSatuMIE re, Ac.” ke. 200

Hamily HY LON OMT Ae re a wt BOT

Hylonomus longicostatus. . . . . . 201
LNIGIUEDS. as Re fae ena eee Eo:
WING ie a! ay ks go an a, ~ BBS
GCM et Mee cl tae capa ks .. BS
Secleva pusilee eee S208
Smilerpetum aciedentatum . . . . . 224
Hylerpetum dawson? "2'0%. . ..-. .. 925
longidentatim; TS 2s. 4 BBE

SYSTEMATIC INDEX,

Family HYLONOMIDA (continued).

Orthopleurosaurus microscopicus

Family MICROBRACHIDH . . .

Microbrachis pelicani . .

TOTS: sx; Cae poe Ue ee

Suborder AISPOPODA. 2 ee ee
Family DOLICHOSOMATIDA ..

Dolichosoma longissimum .

(?) angustatum . . .
Ophiderpetum brownriggi_ .

sranulosiim epee paneene:

pecima rim = eee.

VACHE eee ese eee

COLVIBL 2, 850". pee ets
megletianum. 2) Wiese

Suborder BRANCHIOSAURIA. ... .
Family APATEONIDA . . . .

Melanerpetum pulcherrimum

Family PROTRITONIDAS 9.

Protriton petrolei . . . .)
salamandroides . . .

Family uncertain =. - a at) ee meena

Sparodus validus yen
crassidens . &) 3, el

Dawsonia multidens .. .

Subordinal Position uncertaam . . . .

-Anthracerpetum crassosteum .
Lepidosaurus dufi, . .

Fritschia curtidentata. . .
Genus nonidets 3.55 ae daeeane

Ricnodon trachylepis . . .

ICHNITES .

Class REPTILIA

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Chirosaurus barthi .
stortonensis

Genus non det. (Chirotherium minus) .

Genus non det.
Chelichnus duneani.

Genus non det. (Chirotherium reitert) .

Saurichnites rittlerianus .

perlatus .

Macropterna divaricans
Brontozoum giganteum
sillimani

validum

Anisopus gracilis
Anomecepus intermedius
curvatus

eracillimus
Grallator cuneatus .
Tridentipes elegantior .

SUPPLEMENT.

OrderORNITHOSAURIA

Family RHAMPHORHYNCHIDA

Scaphognathus purdoni

Rhamphorhynchus gemmingi

jessoni .

Order CROCODILIA.
Family CROCODILIDA .

PART IY.

Generically undetermined specimens

Crocodilus spenceri .

Tomistoma (?) macrorhynchus

Garialis (?) dixoni .

iw) bo
b> bo Ww Ww bb
CO

(0.6)

we)
TIT ™N

bo
10.6)

bo

Seles ‘¢

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. —

Family GONIOPHOLIDIDA . .

Goniopholis crassidens. .

min or e e e ° e

Family TELEOSAURIDZ! . .

aes | Fe Oe oe ae ee od ¥ P
ss - age aS 5 ba ¢ ware <p’
, Ae fin ak +
>

Geosaurus maximus ..

2 Suchodus durobrivensis . .
_ Metriorhynchus superciliosum
ss Crocodilemus jourdani . .
Steneosaurus brevidens . .
; Order PARAS UCH [Ar ieee
Order DIN OSA UREA 90 Seas
Suborder. SAUROPOV A. men nearer
Family CETIOSAURIDA ....
& Cardiodon rugulosus . . .
% > Morosaurissborevis “20 it, wee
E Pleuroccelus valdensis . . -.
Family ATLANTOSAURIDZH . . .
é Pelorosaurus conybeari . .
Ba humerocristatus . . .
MATS eli tye eras eee
leedsi5F,.9."* Genet
Bothriospondylus suffosus .
Hoplosaurus armatus . . .
Suborder THEROPODA 9 0) ee
Family CHLURIDH. . . gw.
Calamospondylus foxi. . .
Family MEGALOSAURIDA .. .
Megalosaurus dunkeri. . .
: OWEN ©... file
Genus monet, 2) onan

(=

SNe hes ae yo
ee eee ly
Rites
i

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Family ANCHISAURIDZ .

Thecodontosaurus platyodon .

Massospondylus carinatus

(?) rawesi .

Family uncertain
Arctosaurus osborni

Suborder ORNITHOPODA
Family STEGOSAURIDA

Stegosaurus armatus

hastiger

Euscelesaurus browni .
Orinosaurus capensis

Family SCELIDOSAURIDA

Syngonosaurus macrocercus .

Genus non det.

Family IGUANODONTIDA

Cryptodraco eumerus
Camptosaurus valdensis

prestwichi .
leedsi

Iguanodon dawsoni.
fittoni .
hollingtoniensis .

bernissartensis

mantelli

Order ICHTHYOPTERYGIA
Family ICHTHYOSAURIDE .

Ophthalmosaurus icenicus

pleydelli

Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus .

xis
Page
246

246
248
249

250
251

251

251
252
252
252
253

254

254
259d

256
256
257
258

an 258

259
260
262
265
266

266

266
267
268

270

RE ee ‘SYSTEMATIC 1 partes eae
Family ICHTHYOSAURID& (continued).

Ichthyosaurus communis . . . .

: intermedius’... <. <a ee
“ag Temnodontosaurus platyodon . .
Ries. — trigonodon. 9. ae ee
ee Order SAT ROPTERY GIA 2 noe: ae
aS ,
ome Family PLESIOSAURIDH. . ... .
ie Pliosaurus brachydirus . . . . .
eS fETOK 10 Mis Stiey Oey ote
: Peloneustes ‘evatiai, (i. ages eee
Cimoliosaurus valdensis . . . .
portlandicus,. 5. — 2
: richardsomt) 770.) 0... ee
Plesiosaurus dolichodirus. . . .
| -
ee

og"

a
FSSeIraahwO NS

DpowwoRPH eee Ree
SR ONE SSHDNAAE WH

bo by wb
co CO NI O&

30

Xxi

LIST OF WOODCUTS.

. Cyamodus laticeps. Cranium .
. Dicynodont. Pectoral girdle

Pelvic girdle
Dicynodon, sp. Cranium
Occiput.

. Ptychosiagum declive. Occrput

murrayl. Humerus
orientale. Occiput.
Pectoral girdle
— ——. Pelvic girdle
Vertebra

. Cistecephalus microrhinus. Craniwm

. Dicynodont. Humerus .

. Galesaurus planiceps. Skull paeraiag | 6%
. (2) Cynosuchus suppostus. Mandible and innominate
. Alurosaurus felinus. Skull
. (2) Tapinocephalus atherstonei. Pelvis .

x

Vertebra

. (2?) Deuterosaurus biarmicus. Tooth .
. Empedias molaris. Tooth

Cramum and mandible .
Cranium

. Stereorhachis dominans. Humerus
. Naosaurus claviger. Vertebra . = Nees |
. Embolophorus dolloverianus. Vertebra and inter-

centrum

. (2) Propappus omocratus. Jnnominate .
. (2) Bufo melanostictus. Humerus

. Cryptobranchus scheuchzeri. Skeleton

. Protriton salamandroides, Skull .

Rhachitomous vertebra

Vv

50.

55.

66.

LIST OF WOODCUTS.

Mastodonsaurus giganteus. Cranium .
5 AOPURTIMN ne eee eee
indicus. Thoracic plate .. .
Capitosaurus robustus. Cranium . .
Metoposaurus diagnosticus. Cranium .
Genus moder. 2 laa, ome eta
Loxomma allmani. Cranwwm .. .
» Tooth, Seager ae, Line:
Nyrania trachystoma. Cranwm . .
os NOTONTITOE = Ca den ante
Bothriceps huxleyi. Cranium . . .

Archegosaurus decheni. Cranium. .
Actinodon latirostris. Thoracic buckler
ss, CRONIN. . ae Ne eee
Trimerorhachis insignis. Vertebra, &c.
Eryops megacephalus. Vertebre . .
Seeleya pusilla. Skeleton. . . . .
Melanerpetum pusillum. Cranium. .
Protriton petrolei. Skeleton. . . .
Pleuroceelus valdensis. Tooth . . .
nans.. Vertebra conte eee
(?) Pelorosaurus conybeari. Tooth . .
Calamospondylus foxi. Vertebra . .
Genus non det. Axis vertebra . . .

. Massospondylus hislopi. Tooth . . .

(7) rawesl, . Pooth) 27 ake
earimmatis. Verichna. nents
Arctosaurus osborni. Vertebra . . ..
Syngonosaurus macrocercus. Vertebra
Camptosaurus leedsi. Femur. . . .
Ophthalmosaurus icenicus. Pectoral limb
——pleydelli. Mumerus. . .. .
.. Verteora il ee.) eae

. Cricotus heteroclitus. Scutes and cranium

Ichthyosaurus intermedius. Pectoral limb

Cimoliosaurus richardsoni. Pectoral limb

Reever ---

e

Xxlli

ABBREVIATIONS OF SERIALS QUOTED IN
THIS VOLUME

AND NOT MENTIONED IN THE LISTS GIVEN IN Parts L., II., & II.

[Where not otherwise stated, the works are in 8vo.]

Ann, Hofmus. Wien.—Annalen des k.-k. naturhistorischen Hofmu-
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Bericht. Naturf. Aertzte.—Awtliche Bericht deutscher Naturforscher und
Aertzte.

Froriep’s Neue Notizen.—Neue Notizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- und
Heilkunde. 4to. Erfurt and Weimar.

Jahrb. nat. Ver. Magdeburg. — Jahrbuch des naturwissenschaftlichen
Vereins zu Magdeburg. Magdeburg.

Jahresber. nat. Ver. Halle.—Jahresbericht naturwissenschaftlichen Verein
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Nat. Hist. Rev.—The Natural History Review. London.

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Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc.—Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Liverpool
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Verh. nat. Ver. preuss. Rheinl—Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen
Vereins der preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalen. Bonz.

CATALOGUE
OF

FOSSIL REPTILIA

AND

AMPHIBIA.

Clas REPTILIA.

Ordinal position uncertain.

Group PLACODONTIA.

Tuts group is at present only known by the skull and teeth, and its
ordinal position cannot be certainly determined without the evidence
of the vertebre or the bones of the pectoral or pelvic girdles or limbs.
When the reptilian nature of Placodus was proved, it was referred
by Owen * to the Sauropterygia. Subsequently, however, the same
writer * appeared inclined to regard Placodus as allied to the
Anomodontia; and Seeley * ranks the Placodontia as a suborder of
Anomodontia. It may be observed that all the described vertebra
and bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles from the Muschelkalk,
except those of Dinosauria, appear to be of a Sauropterygian
type. ,

1 See ‘ Paleontology,’ 2nd ed. p. 236 (1861).

? Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxxv. p. 563 (1879).

3 Phil. Trans. for 1889, p. 292.
PART IV. B

coalesced upper and lower arcade’; and the palate compl
closed by the union of the pterygoids with one another and wit.
the basisphenoid?. No bony floor to the nasal passage, and the —
posterior nares consequently opening by slits on the surface of the —
palate. Dentition mainly in the form of pavement-like teeth, a
occurring both in the alveolar margins of the jaws and also on the ©
surface of the palate; teeth apparently inserted in very shallow —
sockets. The skull has a parieto-squamosal (post-temporal) and a
postorbital bar.

Family PLACODONTID A.

The whole of the known forms may be included in this family.
Skull more or less broad and depressed, with double nares, which
may be approximated to the orbits. Upper teeth arranged in an
outer or maxillary series of small ones, and an inver or palatine
series of large ones; mandibular teeth ina single row. Anterior
teeth, in some cases, of a prehensile type. rae

Genus PLACODUS, Agassiz =

Cranium longer than broad, with a distinct premaxillary rostrum
carrying three chisel-like teeth on either side; premaxille separ 5
three palatine teeth of polygonal contour ; a four or five maxil-
lary teeth. Mandible with produced rostrum containing two chisel- —
like teeth on either side of the extremity. |

Placodus gigas, Agassiz’.

Syn. Placodus pachygnathus, Owen’.
Placodus bathygnathus, Owen °,
? Placodus hypsiceps, Meyer *.

The type species. Of large size, with a eaiitied cranium, in
which there are four comparatively large maxillary teeth on either _
side.

1 Shown in the imperfect skull figured in the ‘Paleontographica,’ vol. x
pl. xxvii.
* This is a character common to the Chelonia and to the typical Notho
od id@ amoug the Sauropterygia.
° Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, vol. ii. pt. i, p. 10 (1833).
Loc, cit.
Phil. Trans. for 1858, p. 179 (1859).
Ibid. p, 182.
‘Palzontographica,’ vol. xi. pt. iv. p. 199 (1863).

e

a 2 oO

ee. a me PF kT
eu

| fi |
Pie = Py) em Pte |
j

ee ne ee

os ene
Se

PLACODONTID®. 3

One of the undermentioned specimens suggests that P. hypsiceps
is founded on a young cranium of this species. It will also be
shown below that the mandibular rami described as P. pachygnathus
and P. bathygnathus present no characters by which they can be
distinguished from this form.

Hab. Kurope (Germany).

41139. Cast of the imperfect cranium, showing the occipital region
, and the greater portion of the palate. The original is
the type, and was obtained from the Muschelkalk of
Baireuth, Bavaria. It is figured by Agassiz in his
‘Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles,’ vol. ii. pl. Ixx.

fig. 14; and also by Meyer in the ‘ Paleontographica,’

vol. xi. pl. xxv. fig. 1. Purchased, 1868.

41096. The crushed cranium; from the Muschelkalk of Baireuth.
(Fig.) | Noticed by Meyer in the ‘ Neues Jahrb.’ 1868, pp. 48-52 ;
and described, and the occipital region figured, by Seeley

in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, p. 281, pl. xxiv. figs. 5, 6.

This specimen closely accords with the more imperfect

one figured in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xi. pl. xxviii.

With the exception of the second of the right maxillary

series, all the teeth of the palate are preserved, but three

of the premaxillary teeth are wanting; there is a minute

palatal tooth in each maxilla. Seeley considers that this
specimen indicates the absence of a basioccipital condyle;

but it seems doubtful whether this is not due to its im-
perfection, since such a condyle is shown in the ‘ Paleon-
tographica,’ vol. xi. pl. xxvii. fig. 3. When entire this

skull evidently had the vaulted contour characteristic of

P. hypsiceps. Purchased, 1868.

33071. Fragment of the left side of the posterior half of a palate
probably referable to a small individual of this species ;
from Baireuth. Some of the teeth have been reset, and
the second maxillary one appears to be placed at right
angles to its true position. - Purchased, 1858.

$5868. Part of the left side of the hinder portion of the palate of
an immature individual; from Baireuth. This specimen
shows the three palatine teeth in use, beneath the hind-
most of which is seen the germ of a much larger replacing
permanent tooth in its alveolus. The germ-tooth’ agrees
in size with the hinder palatine teeth of the type specimen,
but the teeth in use agree precisely with the palatine
B2

R, 1642.
(fg.)

PLACODONTIA.

teeth of the type specimen of P. hypsiceps figured by Meyer
in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xi. pl. xxiv., and suggest
that the latter merely belongs to a young individual of
P. gigas. This is confirmed by the distinctness of the
sutures in the latter specimen. Purchased, 1860.

Part of a right maxilla probably belonging to an immature

individual of this species; from Baireuth. Figured by —

Owen in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1858, pl. x. figs. 2-5. The

last three maxillary teeth are preserved, beneath the first

of which is seen the germ of a replacing tooth.
Purchased.

32781. Portion of a maxilla, showing sections of two teeth, with

19677. The posterior portion of the left ramus of the mandible, in

(Fig.)

their replacing germs ; from Baireuth. Purchased, 1854.

a flattened and imperfect condition ; from Baireuth. The
type of P. bathygnathus ; figured by Owen in the ‘ Phil.

Trans.’ for 1858, pl. xi. figs. 1-3. The two hinder molari- .
form teeth are in use, while beneath the anterior one ©

there is the crown of a successional tooth in its alveolus.
As remarked by Meyer in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xi.
p. 208, this specimen presents no characters by which it
can be specifically distinguished from the mandible
figured in plate xxxii. figs. 1, 2 of that volume, although
the last tooth is somewhat smaller. The absence of a
ledge on the outer side is due partly to a chipping away
of this portion of the jaw and partly to its compression.
Purchased, 1845.

33070. The imperfect posterior portion of a similar left mandibular

R. 1641.
(Fig.)

ramus, containing the last two teeth; from Baireuth.
Here the external ledge is well-preserved.
Purchased, 1858.

An imperfect mandible of similar type; from Baireuth. -

Figured by Owen in the ‘ Phil. Trans,’ for 1858, as the
type of P. pachygnathus. On the left side the first and
third molariform teeth, and on the right the first and
second are shown. ‘The crown of the second tooth is
more nearly square than in the preceding specimens, and
thereby resembles the corresponding tooth on the right

side of the mandible figured by Meyer. The last tooth’
precisely resembles that of No. 19677. Purchased. —

PLACODONTID ZS. 5

32781 a. Fragment of the left ramus of a rather larger mandible ;
from Baireuth. The three molariform teeth are pre-
served, the first being in its alveolus, and the third
imperfect. Purchased, 1854.

Specimens from the Muschelkalk of Baireuth of which a considerable
number probably belong to this spectes.

1323. A large palatine tooth, apparently the last of the left side, in
matrix. Purchased. About 1836.

32781 c. A large imperfect palatine or mandibular tooth, in matrix.
Purchased, 1854.

1332. A palatine or mandibular tooth of irregular contour, in
matrix. Purchased. About 1836.

35680. A palatine or mandibular tooth, apparently the last of the
left side, in matrix. Purchased, 1859.

32781 d. A palatine or mandibular tooth, in matrix.
Purchased, 1854.

32781 e. A palatine or mandibular tooth, in matrix. This speci-
men may belong to P. andriani. Purchased, 1854.

32781 f. The crowns of a number of teeth belonging either to the
premaxille or to the symphysis of the mandible.
Purchased, 1854.

48204. The crowns of a number of anterior teeth; from Luneyille.
One of these specimens is of very large size, while others
are interesting, as showing the summits more or less
abraded by wear. Purchased, 1877.

Placodus andriani, Minster’.
Syn. Placodus bombidens, Owen ?.

Smaller than the type species, with the palatine teeth relatively
shorter antero-posteriorly and the parietal foramen very large.

The undermentioned mandibular ramus described as P. bombidens
agrees In size with the cranium of the present species, and exhibits
no characters by which it can be distinguished therefrom.

Hab, Europe (Germany).

* In Agassiz’s ‘Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles,’ vol. ii. pt. ii, p. 219
(1844).

* Phil, Trans, for 1858, p. 179 (1859).

48204 a.

32781 b. A first palatine tooth, agreeing in relative size with the os

1335. The crowns of three imperfect anterior teeth.

those of the skull figured by eee in the : Palisa
graphica,’ vol. xi. pl. xxx., and therefore probably belong-_
ing to this species; from the Muschelkalk of Baireuth, —
Bavaria. Purchased, 1877. (<:

preceding; from Baireuth. __ Purchased, 1854, —

R. 1643. The imperfect left ramus of the mandible, wanting the
(/¥g.) .symphysial portion; from Baireuth. Figured by Owen
in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1858, pl. ix. figs. 3-6, asthetype _
of P. bombidens. The three lateral teeth are shown, the ~
first having a replacing tooth below it. This specimen —
agrees precisely in relative size with the cranium of P.
andriani, and the size of the replacing tooth shows that
it belonged to an adult individual. Purchased.

Placodus quinimolaris, Braun}.

Of the approximate size of P. gigas, but with five maxillary tooth
Hab, Europe (Germany).
Unrepresented in the Museum.

Placodus impressus, Agassiz ”.

Founded upon teeth from the Bunter (Lower Trias) of Zweibricken, 3
Bavaria.
Hab. Europe (Germany).
Unrepresented in the Museum.

. Specifically undetermined Specimens from the Muschelkalk of
Baireuth, some of which may be referable to the neat genus.

28451. A palatine or mandibular tooth, in matrix,
| Purchased, 18538.

1330. A palatine or mandibular tooth, in matrix. (es
Purchased. About 1836, _

32781 g. Two palatine or mandibular teeth. - Purchased, 1854,

32781 h. Two maxillary teeth, in matrix. Purchased, 1854.

1328-1329. Five small maxillary teeth. Purchased. About 1836, é

Purchased, About 1836, fa

' Jahreshber, Lands- u. Gewerbschule z. Bayreuth for 1862-63, teste Meyer,
See also ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xi. p. 203. een a
* Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, vol, ii. pt. i. p. 15 (1883),

PLACODONTIDZ. 7

Genus CYAMODUS, Meyer’.

Cranium (fig. 1) not longer than broad, with the premaxille
fused together and not forming a distinct rostrum ; typically two
rounded premaxillary teeth on either side; two or three palatine
teeth, of which the crowns are rounded, and the last is much the
largest ; two or three maxillary teeth. Mandible with a compara-
tively short triangular symphysis, which was not improbably
edentulous.

In the skull No. R. 1644 (p. 9) it is probable that the pro- |
minence seen on the occiput is the stapes; while the groove in the
zygomatic arch probably indicates the dual origin of this arcade.

Cyamodus rostratus (Minster °).
Syn. Placodus rostratus, Minster 3.

The type species. Of comparatively small size, with three pala-
tine and two maxillary teeth; second palatine tooth very small.
Hab. Europe (Germany). .

32781. The imperfect crown of a worn palatine tooth, which is
apparently the third of either this or the next species ;
from the Muschelkalk of Baireuth, Bavaria. So far as
can be seen this specimen resembles the third palatine
tooth of the type cranium figured by Meyer in the
‘ Palecontographica,’ vol. xi. pl. xxiii. Purchased, 1854.

-Cyamodus muensteri (Agassiz*).
Syn. Placodus muensteri, Agassiz °.
Distinguished from the type species by the presence of three maxillary teeth,
which are placed relatively farther back, and by the proportionately larger size
of the second palatine tooth.

Hab. Kurope (Germany).
Unrepresented in the Museum, unless the specimen entered under the preceding

specific heading belongs to tt.

1 ¢ Palesontographica,’ vol. xi. pt. iv. p. 179 (1863).
2 Beitrige zur Petrefactenkunde, vol. i. p. 119 (1839).—Placodus.

3 Loe: ett.
4 Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 220 (1844).—Placodus.

> Loe. cit.

8 PLACODONTIA.

Cyamodus laticeps (Owen’).
Syn. Placodus laticeps, Owen”.

Of large size; two palatine and three maxillary teeth, the last
palatine tooth being very large; premaxillary teeth placed extern-
ally to the line of the maxillary teeth ; posterior nares small.

Hab, Europe (Germany).

Fig: 1,

Cyamodus laticeps.—Palatal and frontal aspects of the cranium ; from anes 4
the Muschelkalk of Baireuth. » 1. .

A
s , 6 7 *)
Ree ae : = ca
7 in tad af

' Phil. Trans. for 1858, p. 169 (1859).—Placodus. 2 Loe. cit. . ae
ye ae 3 ;

PLACODONTID&, 9

R. 1644. The imperfect cranium; from the Muschelkalk of Bai-
(Fig.) reuth, Bavaria (fig. 1). The type specimen ; figured by
Owen in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1858, pl. ix. figs. 1, 2, and
pl. x. fig. 1. Since the original figures were drawn the
matrix has been chiselled away, in order to exhibit the

passage connecting the anterior and posterior nares.
Purchased, 1857.

R. 1644a. A restored plaster-model of the preceding specimen.
Made in the Museum, 1888.

35711. The imperfect mandible, with the oral surface buried in
matrix; from Baireuth. This specimen, which shows
successional teeth with the plane of their crowns placed
nearly vertically in the ramus, agrees so well in relative
size and contour with the cranium that there can be no
hesitation in referring it to the same species. The sym-
physis is triangular, with a length of 0,070 (2°73 inches)
and a width of 0,095 (8°73 inches); it may have had no
anterior teeth. Purchased, 1860.

Cyamodus tarnowitzensis, Giirich !.

Distinguished from the preceding species by the one premaxillary tooth
being placed in the line of the three maxillary teeth, with which it forms a
continuous series; and by the larger size of the posterior nares.

Hab. Kurope (Siberia).

Unrepresented in the Museum.

Pleurodus bicolor, Giirich *.

This name has been applied to teeth from the Muschelkalk of Silesia, which
are considered to indicate a member of this group ; the generic name is, however,
preoccupied (vide supra, Pt. I. p. 53) by Plewrodon.

1 Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xxxvi. p. 136 (1884).
? Jahreshber. Schles. Ges. for 1884, p. 220 (1885).

10 ANOMODONTIA.

THEROMOROUS BRANCH.

The forms included in this branch or alliance are arranged in a
single order, under which heading the characteristic features are
noticed. Baur’ regards the Dicynodontia (Anomodontia) and
_ Theriodontia (Pelycosauria) as entitled to rank as distinct orders of
a subclass Theromora (Theromorpha’). The leading features of the
members of this branch are their resemblances on the one hand
to the Labyrinthodont Amphibians and on the other to the Mono- .
treme Mammals.

Order ANOMODONTIA.

Body lacertiform, the limbs adapted for walking, the tail com-
paratively short, and the head frequently also short. Skull with a
fixed quadrate, which articulates with the pterygoid, either one or |
two temporal arcades, and large nasals; in the typical forms the
‘pterygoids meeting in front of the basisphenoid, which they also
join, but diverging anteriorly (fig. 4); palatines generally small,
and placed internally to the pterygoids. When the temporal arcade
consists of only a single chain of bones, it is, at least usually, a
squamoso-maxillary one. Dentition thecodont, but the teeth fre-
quently anchylosed to the jaws. Vertebree amphiccelous and often
notochordal; dorsals with longer or shorter transverse processes ;
anterior ribs usually double-headed, with the tubercle articulating
with the transverse process of the arch, and the capitulum generally
attached to a facet on the anterior border of the centrum. Pectoral
girdle usually with a distinct precoracoid, suturally united with
the coracoid and the acromial process of the scapula, and entering
into the glenoid cavity. Clavicles, a T-shaped interclavicle, and
apparently a sternum, present. Humerus (fig. 7) with distinct
distal condyles, an entepicondylar (ulnar) foramen, and a more or
less expanded delto-pectoral (radial) crest. Pelvis (fig. 3) with the
component bones frequently anchylosed into an innominate, the
ischium and pubis united by a long suture, in which there may be
a small obturator foramen; body of ilium more or less in advance of
acetabulum. Tarsus (when known) with one centrale, and the

1 Journ. Morphol. vol. i. p. 102 (1887).
2 This term was withdrawn by its founder Prof. Cope, on account of having
been previously applied to the Amphibia Heaudata.

ANOMODONTIA. LE

phalangeals of the manus and pes 2, 3, 3, 3, 3 in number; and the

- structure of the foot approximating to a Mammalian type.

4

In the Dicynodontia and the typical Theriodontia the skull has
both parieto-squamosal (post-temporal) and postorbital bars; but
the former unites with the supraoccipital so as to leave no post-
temporal fossa (fig. 6), and all the bones of the occiput tend to
anchylose together into a large plate (fig. 5); this arrangement pro-
ducing a remarkably Mammalian type of occiput’. Secondary
posterior nares may be formed in the above-mentioned suborders by
the development of palatal plates to floor the nasal passage.

The precoracoid appears to correspond with the bone in the

pectoral girdle of Monotremes usually termed the epicoracoid. The

acromial process of the scapula is strictly comparable with that of
Monotremes, although in the latter it articulates only with the

_ ¢lavicle. The coracoid and precoracoid are relatively small in com-

parison with the scapula.

As a rule, abdominal ribs appear to have been absent”, while
there seem to be no traces of a dermal armour in most forms,
Sclerotic plates may be developed in the orbit. In the cervical
region it appears that, as a general rule, the ribs articulate to one
process on the centrum, and to another on the arch, as in Crocodiles.

- In most of the dorsal vertebre the capitular articulation usually

forms a distinct facet on the anterior border of the centrum *, but
in some American forms there is no distinct facet, and occasionally
all the ribs seem to have had single heads; in Embolophorus the
ceapitular articulation is placed on the intercentrum, from which it
appears to have been transferred to the anterior border of the -
centrum in other forms by the diminished size and final loss of the
intercentrum.

* It may be observed that in the occiput of the Dicynodonts (figs. 5, 6) Owen
considered that the exoccipital met above the foramen magnum, as in Crocodiles,
and that the bone marked 7p in fig. 6 represented the supraoccipital. Huxley
(‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol. xv. pp. 652-653) pointed out that the supra-
occipital is represented in the upper part of the compound occipital plate,
forming the upper border of the foramen. The three bones marked 7p and
pa in fig. 6 were regarded by Huxley as the parietals; but the distinctness of
the median element was indicated by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889,
pp. 280-235, where it is identified with the interparietal. The same writer
would regard the bones here termed parietals as consisting of three elements,
the part marked pa in fig. 6 being regarded as probably an epiotic. The
correctness of Huxley’s interpretation of the supraoccipital is shown by Cisfe-
cephalus (fig. 12), where the supraoccipital, exoccipitals, and basioccipital remain
separate.

2 Present in Theropleura, Cope.

®= Cope, Proc. Amer. Assoc. vol. xxxiii. p. 475 (1885) remarks on the approxi-

~ mation to a Mammalian type presented by this mode of articulation,

12 ANOMODONTIA.

A few words are advisable to justify the sense in which the term
Anomodontia is employed. In his ‘ Paleontology ’' Owen made the
order Anomodontia to include the “families ” of the Dicynodontia,

Cryptodontia ( Udenodon), and Cynodontia (Galesaurus, &c.), although
_ the definition of the order as thus constituted was incorrect. Sub-
sequently * the name Anomodontia was restricted to the Bidentalia —
(Dicynodontia), Cryptodontia, and LEndothiodontia ; the Cyno-
‘dontia being raised to the rank of an order under the name of -
Theriodontia. Although, on account of the definition, there may be
some doubt whether the inclusion of the Cynodontia in the Anomo-
dontia was not due to an error, yet the fact that such a classification
was published, together with the subsequent use of the latter term
in this sense by later English writers, seems to justify its retention.

It may be mentioned in respect of the African Anomodonts, that
the term Karoo system is taken to embrace the four divisions known
as the Stormberg, Beaufort, Koonap, and Ecca beds, of which the
latter are the lowest*®. It is probable that the majority of the
undermentioned African specimens are from the Beaufort beds, but
when there is no decisive evidence on this point they are entered
simply as the Karoo system.

Suborder PROCOLOPHONIA.

The one known genus of this group appears to present an approxi-
mation in several points to the Rhynchocephalia, in which order it
was at one time placed by Seeley *, although subsequently trans-
ferred to the Anomodontia’. The skull is characterized by the
approximation of the quadrate to the postorbital bar, so as to leave
no distinct temporal arcade, and by the roofing over of the temporal
fossa. The pterygoids extend forwards to join the vomer, and thus
widely separate the palatines; and the dentition is fully developed.
Vertebre notochordal. Interclavicle T-shaped, like that of the
Rhynchocephalia.

1 Second edition, pp. 255-270 (1861).

2 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa (1873).

* See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiii. pp. 142-144. In vol. xliv: p. 240,
of the same serial, A. H. Green proposes to restrict the term Karoo to the beds
underlying the Stormberg, thus making it approximately equivalent to the
Beaufort beds of the earlier scheme.

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiy. p. 807 (1878).

® Proc. Roy. Soe, vol. xliv. p. 883 (1888).

PROCOLOPHONID 2. 13

Seeley (Phil. Trans. for 1889, p. 272, pl. ix. figs. 7-9) regards the
large bone identified by Owen (Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, pl. xx
fig. 6) with the squamosal (27 in figure) as the quadratojugal. The
extension of this bone behind the quadrate, which Seeley remarks
is so peculiar in a quadratojugal, is characteristic of a squamosal (as
in Chelonia), and it seems more probable that the bone in question
represents a squamosal or supratemporal rather than a quadrato-
_jugal.

Family PROCOLOPHONID &.

Dentition of a carnivorous type, but not differentiated into
incisors, tusks, and cheek-teeth ; marginal teeth completely anchy-
losed to the bone, and teeth borne upon the vomer and pterygoids.

Genus PROCOLOPHON, Owen’.

~The type and only described genus. Skull short, trianguiar, and
somewhat depressed, with a straight posterior border; its general
contour approximating somewhat to that of Sphenodon, but with a
much shorter postorbital portion. Premaxille projecting in advance
of mandibular symphysis, which is but loosely united.

Procolophon trigoniceps, Owen ’.
Syn. Procolophon griersont, Seeley *.

The type species. Of the approximate size of Sphenodon punc-
tatus; skull somewhat convex, with a comparatively narrow inter-
orbital bar, and a broad lateral plate of bone in the quadratic
region.

Hab. South Africa.

R.1726. The imperfect skull; from the Karoo system of Tafelberg.
(Fig.) The type specimen ; figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue
of the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’ pl. xx. figs. 4-7.
From the imperfection of this specimen it was considered
that the genus had a single narial aperture; the notch
marked as the temporal fossa in the figure is really the
notch at the side of the occiput. The skull figured by

' Cat. Foss. Rept. §. Africa, p. 25 (1876).
2 Loe. cit.
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiv. p. 797 (1878).

14 ANOMODONTIA.

Seeley in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxiy., pl. xxxil.
figs. 1-3, as the type of P. griersont does not appear to —
be specifically distinct from the present specimen; the —
parietal foramen being, if anything, larger than the latter.
The narrowness of the bone figured as the quadrate is —
apparently due to imperfection. .
Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D.

R. 794. The imperfect skull, much concealed by matrix; from
Tafelberg. This specimen appears to be identical in size |
and contour with the preceding. © Purchased, 1886.

R. 518. A smaller and less imperfect skull; from Tafelberg. This
specimen cannot apparently be specifically distinguished
from the type; neither is it apparent how the skull
figured by Seeley in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xxxiv. pl. xxxii. figs. 7-8, as the type of P. cuneiceps,
differs from this specimen. 5

By exchange with the Blomfontein Museum, 1884,

R.795. An imperfect skull, with traces of other bones, much con- -
cealed by matrix; from Tafelberg. This specimen seems
to agree exactly with the preceding. Purchased, 1886. «

Procolophon minor, Owen’.

Founded upon a skull which, if adult, indicates a smaller species
than the preceding. This skull appears to be somewhat more
depressed than that of P. trigoniceps, with a relatively wider inter-
orbital bar, and without a lateral expansion of bone in the qua-
dratic region. © 7

Hab. South Africa.

R.1727. The somewhat imperfect skull; from the Karoo system of

(Fig.) the Tafelberg. The type; figured by Owen in his ©
‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’ pl. xx.

figs. 8-12. Since the specimen was figured part of the

left side of the occiput has been cleared from matrix.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1875.

‘ Cat. Foss, Rept. 8. Africa, p. 26 (1876).

DICYNODONTIA. - 15

Procolophon laticeps, Seeley °.

Of larger size than the type species, the skull being wider and
more depressed, with a broader interorbital bar. It seems highly
probable that this form may be the adult of the preceding, in which
case the present name should be retained, since that of P. minor
would be inappropriate.

Hab. South Africa.

49427. The imperfect skull; from the Karoo system of Tafelberg.
Agrees closely with the type skull figured by Seeley in the

‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiv. pl. xxxul. figs. 4-6.
Presented by John Dunn, Esq.

SPECIFICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS. ;

R. 514. Fragment of rock showing the outer aspect of a right
mandibular ramus ; from the Karoo system of Vogelstruis-
fontein, Bethulie district.

Presented by Herr H. S. Viljoen, 1884.

R. 796. Fragment of sandstone showing the external aspect of
part of a right mandibular ramus; from the Cape Colony.
Purchased, 1886

Suborder DICYNODONTIA.

Skull with a single squamoso-maxillary temporal arcade and
secondary posterior nares; premaxille united to form a single beak-
like bone ; mandibular symphysis deep, laterally compressed, and
anchylosed: a lateral vacuity in the mandibular ramus. Anterior
branches of the pterygoids separated by the palatines-and vomer.
Never more than one pair of teeth in alveolar borders of the upper
jaws, and none in those of the mandible. Vertebre fully ossified
and without intercentra; four or five in sacrum. Humerus much
expanded at the extremities, with a narrow bar over the entepi-
condylar foramen, of which the distal aperture opens. high up on
the palmar aspect (fig. 13); no supinator flange on preaxial border
of distal extremity. Pelvis (fig. 3) with an obturator foramen ; the
ilium expanded in an antero-posterior direction, and the expanded
plate lying nearly parallel to the sacrum.

1 Qnart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiv. p. 801 (1878).

16 ANOMODONTIA.

Family DICYNODONTID.

Intra-alveolar surfaces of palate and mandible without teeth ;
alveolar margins of jaws trenchant; nares lateral; temporal arcade __
very slender; posterior nares more backward than in the Hndothi-
odontide, and the palatines less incurved.

The prefrontals are very small, and the lachrymal has its duct
situated within the cavity of the orbit. The quadrate has no antero-
posterior perforation.

gi

Gj f)),,_\ j

Zijih

Dicynodont (?Ptychosiagum, sp.).—Dorsal aspect of the cartilage bones of the
right side of the pectoral girdle; from the Karoo system of the Cape. 2.
sc, scapula; a, acromial process of ditto; cor, coracoid ; p.cor, precoracoid.

Genus DICYNODON, Owen’.

The type genus. Skull vaulted, with a pair of tusk-like maxillary
teeth, growing from persistent pulps; a more or less narrow parietal
bar; orbits of variable direction ; and the palate carrying one ridge
on the vomer, and a pair of ridges on the premaxille. General
contour of cranium of a normal type, the parieto-frontal plane being
continued by a more or less marked curve into that of the naso-
premaxillary region ; supratemporal fosse more or less elongated ;
preorbital region comparatively short, with the nares near the

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. i. p. 318 (1845) ; and Trans. Geol. Soe. ser. 2,
vol. vii. p. 59 (1845). .

DICYNODONTID &, 17

muzzle, and the facial portion of the moderately long premaxille
devoid of lateral ridges; supraoecipital with a deep bar above
foramen magnum ; inferior aspect of mandibular symphysis rounded.
Vertebral centra (when known) with deep terminal cups. Scapula
(when known) with the acromial process separated by a notch from
the glenoidal portion, and a long emargination on the preaxial
border, which is but slightly reflected towards the dorsal aspect
(see p. 21).

Fig. 3.

Dicynodont.—Dorsal aspect of the right side of the pelvic girdle; from the
Karoo system of the Cape. 3. 7, ilium; 7s, ischium; pb, pubis; of,
obturator foramen. In the upper figure the pubis and ischium are repre-
sented in their natural position, while in the lower one their whole contour
is shown.

A diagrammatic restoration of the palatal aspect of the Dicynodont
skull is given in fig. 47.

It is probable that at least the majority of the species attained
very large dimensions.

1 In the restoration given by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, p. 246,
fig. 8, the median processes of the pterygoids are represented as uniting and
extending forwards to join the yomer,

PART IY. c

18 ANOMODONTIA.

Dicynodon lacerticeps, Owen’.
The type species. Typically of comparatively small size. Cranium
with produced muzzle and nearly straight fronto-parietal profile ;
orbits apparently directed partly frontally and partly laterally, and
a comparatively narrow interorbital bar; parietal bar of moderate
length and comparatively narrow ; temporal fossz of medium width
and length; frontal aspect of bones of temporal arcade comparatively
narrow ; occiput nearly vertical ; and root of tusk inclined forwards.
Hab. South Africa.

Dicynodon, sp.—Palatal aspect of the cranium ; from the Karoo system of the
Cape. 4. pmex, premaxilla; mx, maxilla; vo, vomer ; pal, palatine; pt,
pterygoid ; 4s; basisphenoid ; bo, basioccipital; gu, quadrate; ¢r?, trans-
verse bone (?) ; pt.2, posterior nares. The anterior portion is drawn from
No. R. 860 (p. 27), and the posterior region from Owen’s figure of

D. leoniceps.

36233. The imperfect skull; from the Beaufort beds of the Karoo
(y.) system of the Winterberg Peak, north of Fort Beaufort?.~—
The type of the genus and species; figured by Owen in

" Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. vii. p. 62 (1845).
See the maps in ‘Trans, Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vii. p. 55, and pl. ii.

DICYNODONTID &. 19

the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soe.’ ser. 2, vol. vii. pls. ili., iv., and also
in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa,’
pl. xxii. The tusks are considerably damaged, and the
borders of the orbits are broken, so that the orbital contour
and the width of the interorbital bar cannot be accurately
determined. The suture introduced into the occiput of the
first figure as dividing the exoccipitals from the supra-
occipital is really a fracture across the former.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 18538.

‘BR. 859. The imperfect skull of a rather larger individual ; from the

Karoo system of the Gouph district near Beaufort West’,
south of the Nieuwveldt range. Of the cranium only the
preorbital portion remains, but the mandible is nearly
entire. The base of the tusk has the same forward incli-

nation as in the type.
Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880.

Dicynodon leoniceps, Owen’.

Syn. (°) Dicynodon recurvidens, Owen °,

Of very large dimensions. Apparently allied to D. lacerticeps,
but the orbits directed mainly laterally, and not distinctly trian-
gular in contour ; interorbital bar véry wide; the parietal bar long
and narrow; and the temporal fosse also elongated and narrow.
The occiput seems to be inclined forwards.

If the young skull on which D. recurvidens was founded realiy
belong to the present form there will be no question but that the
latter cannot be the adult of D. lacerticeps.

Hab. South Africa.

47047. The imperfect cranium of an adult; from the Karoo system

(Fig.)

of the Gat river, on the southern flank of the Sneewberg
range in the Graaf-Reinet district. The type; figured by
Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’
pls. xxiv., xxvi. The temporal arcades have been some-
what crushed inwardly, but the left orbit is nearly entire.
The tusk approximates in its inclination to that of the
type, but is perhaps somewhat less oblique. The larger
and narrower parietal bar and temporal fosse are well
shown. The articular surface of the quadrate and the
posterior portion of the palate are well displayed. The
bones marked maxille (20) in Owen’s figure (pl. xxvi.)

1 Beaufort West is on the flank of the Nieuwveldt range, and must not be
confounded with Fort Beaufort, which lies considerably to the eastward.
2 Cat. Foss. Rept. S. Africa, p. 32 (1876). 3 Ibid. p. 46.

c 2

20 ANOMODONTIA.

are really the anterior portions of the pterygoids, the
apparent division between the bars and the body of the
pterygoids being due to fracture. The quadrate shows —
the absence of an antero-posterior perforation.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1875.

47098. A small crushed and somewhat imperfect skull, which may
(fig.) apparently belong to a young individual of this species ;
from the Beaufort beds near Fort Beaufort. The type of
D. recurvidens; figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’
pl. lxix. figs. 3, 4. In its wide interorbital bar, long and
narrow temporal fosse, and elongated parietal bar this
specimen agrees with D. leoniceps and differs from D.
lacerticeps, and if referable to the former indicates its
specific distinctness from the latter. ‘The position of the
tusk may be accounted for by its having been thrust —
backwards out of its socket.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

Dicynodon feliceps, Owen’.

In the young skull the root of the tusk more nearly vertical than
in the type of D. lacerticeps, and the muzzle shorter. In the older
skulls probably referable to this species the orbits have a distinctly
triangular contour.

Hab. South Africa:

47052. The imperfect skull of a young individual; from the Beaufort
(Fig.) beds of the Karoo system near Fort Beaufort. The type
specimen; figured by Owen in his ‘Catalogue of the Fossil
Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pl. xlii. The external surface of
the bone is lost, Presented by A. G. Bain, Hsq., 1853.

R. 857. A somewhat smaller imperfect skull; from the Karoo
system of the Gouph district, near Beaufort West, south
of the Nieuwveldt range. The contour is precisely the
same as in the preceding specimen.

Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880,

R. 858. The imperfect skull of a still smaller individual; from the
Gouph district. Purchased from T. Bain, Hsq., 1880.

47099. A small imperfect skull probably referable to this form; —
from near Fort Beaufort. The tusk is not visible.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47079. The anterior portion of a cranium not improbably referable
to this species; from the Graaf-Reinet district, north-west
* Cat. Foss. Rept. S. Africa, p. 45 (1876).

DICYNODONTID&. A

of Fort Beaufort. This specimen indicates 2a somewhat
larger individual than the type.
Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1875.

47103. An imperfect cranium probably belonging to a nearly adult

individual of this species; from the Cape Colony. This
specimen, which comprises the middle region, apparently
accords well in contour with the type. The orbit is dis-
tinctly triangular. The narrowness of the parietal bar at
once distinguishes this specimen from D. leoniceps.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47056. The anterior extremity of a larger cranium, specifically

(7g.)

identical with the preceding specimen; from the Gat
river, Graaf-Reinet district. Noticed by Owen in his
‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’ p. 47
(No. 80), as D. leoniceps ; and the occipital region figured
by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. x. fig. 3. In
profile this specimen differs from the type of that species
by the regularly triangular form of the orbit, the shorter
and more deflected muzzle, and the more nearly vertical
direction of the tusks ; in all of which respects it accords
with the type of the present species. There is no reason-
able doubt that it really belongs to the latter, and it is
certainly specifically distinct from the type of D. leoniceps.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1875.

47056*. A mass of rock showing several bones belonging to the

(Fig.)

same individual as the preceding specimen. Portions of
dorsal vertebree, and the ventral aspect of the right scapula
and a fragment of the precoracoid are shown. ‘The scapula
and precoracoid are figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’
pl. lxx. fig. 1. In the scapula the acromial process (e of
Owen’s figure) is separated by a distinct notch from the
glenoidal region ; and the preaxial border of the bone has
a long emargination, above which there is only a slight
torsion towards the dorsal aspect.

Presented. by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1875.

Dicynodon pardiceps, Owen’.

Syn. (?) Dicynodon dubius, Owen”.

Cranium with a comparatively short and abruptly deflected
muzzle, concave fronto-parietal profile, and the orbits triangular and

* Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 42 (1876).
2 Ibid, p. 46.

Dy ANOMODONTIA.

directed somewhat frontally ; parietal bar long and narrow, with
large foramen; temporal fossee of moderate width, and the bone of
the temporal arcade comparatively narrow ; occiput nearly vertical ;
tusks directed mainly downwards. On the palate the premaxillary
ridges are inclined downwards and forwards.

The young skull which was made the type of the provisional
species D. dubius agrees so well in characters with the type of the
present species that it is probably not separable.

Dicynodon simocephalus, Weithofer *, is founded on an imperfect

cranium having a marked resemblance to the type of D. pardiceps,

but with a more inclined tusk.
Hab. South Africa.

47045. The nearly entire cranium; from the Beaufort beds of the
(i%g.) Karoo system near Fort Beaufort. The type; figured by
Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’
pls. xxxviii., xxxix., and also by Seeley in the ‘ Phil.
Trans. for 1889, p. 244, fig. 2. The bones marked
maxille (20) in Owen’s figure are the anterior prolonga-
tions of the pterygoids, with the palatines on their inner
sides. On both sides the suture between the premaxilla —
and maxilla is distinctly shown; but the sulcus on the
left side of the premaxilla, which in Seeley’s figure is
regarded as a suture forming the anterior border of an
‘infranasal’ bone, if anything definite,is probably the im-
pression formed by the junction of two horny shields.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1875.

47048. The imperfect and crushed muzzle of a larger cranium pro-
bably referable to this species ; from the Karoo system of |

the Graaf-Reinet district, on the southern flank of the

Sneewberg range. Noticed by Owen on p. 35 (No. 57) of
his ‘Catalogue, as D. leoniceps. The contour of the
muzzle appears to be exactly the same as in the type of
the present species, but the alveolar margins of the jaws
are broken away. ‘The section of the tusk is slightly
elliptical. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47054. A young skull probably referable to this species; from the
(ig.) Graaf-Reinet district. The type of D. dubius, figured by
Owen, op. cit. pl. lxix. figs. 1, 2. A fracture and disloca-
tion have disturbed the relative positions of the occipital
and parietal planes. The tusk, which has only just pierced
the jaw, has an elliptical section. The general contour

* Ann, Hofmus. Wien, vol. iii. p. 1 (1888).

DICYNODONTIDZ, oa

of this specimen resembles that of the type, although the
parietal bar is relatively wider. The parietal foramen is
very large, and although proportionately much smaller in
the type is still comparatively large.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

** Dicynodon rectidens, Owen’.

A doubtful species, apparently only separable from the preceding
by the cylindrical section of the tusk.
Hab. South Africa.

47057. The imperfect skull; from the Beaufort beds of the Karoo
(fig.) system near Fort Beaufort. The type specimen; figured
by Owen in his ‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of

8. Africa,’ pl. xl. The whole of the upper surface of the

cranium is wanting. If placed in the same position as

the type skull of D. pardiceps (which is not the case in

the figures), the contour of the two appears to be identical.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47058. Mass of rock containing five imperfect dorsal vertebre
(fig.) apparently associated with the preceding specimen.
Figured by Owen in his ‘Catalogue,’ pl. xxxv. fig. 3.
Two of the vertebral centra have been longitudinally
bisected. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47058 a. Mass of rock containing some imperfect cervical (?) ver-
tebre and some flat bones, probably belonging to the same
individual as the preceding specimen. |

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

** Dicynodon curvatus, Owen’.

_ Founded upon a very imperfect cranium which appears to ap-
proximate in contour to that of D. pardiceps.
Hab. South Africa.

R. 1655. Cast of the imperfect cranium. ‘The original, which is the
type, and was formerly in the collection of the late Prof.
John Morris, was obtained from the Beaufort beds of the
Karoo system at Cradock*, on the upper part of the Great
Fish river, north-west of Fort Beaufort.
Made in the Museum.
1 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 44 (1876).
2 Ibid. p. 44 (1876).
3 See Trans. Geol. Soe. ser. 2, vol. vil. p. 59.

94 ANOMODONTIA.

Dicynodon testudiceps, Owen’.

Founded upon a small and imperfect cranium characterized by
the extreme shortness and abrupt deflection of the muzzle, the
relatively large size of the nares, and the almost vertical direction of

the ridges on the palatal aspect of the premaxille. ‘he parietal

region was probably of the type obtaining in the next species ; but
it does not appear that the latter is the adult of the eee species,
which is from a higher horizon.

Hab, South Africa.

47051. The anterior two-thirds of the cranium in an imperfect
(Fig.) condition; from the Stormberg* beds of the Karoo system
on the Modder tributary of the Orange river. The type;
described and figured by Owen in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’
ser. 2, vol. vil. p. 71, pl. v., and also in his ‘ Catalogue of
the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’ p. 46, pl. xliv. figs. 1, 2,
where it is said to be from the Tarka (Tacka) prolongation

of the Winterberg. In the former figure the palatines |

(21) are rightly determined, but in the latter they are not
marked, and the anterior prolongations of the pterygoids
are lettered as the maxille (20). A transverse section
has been made through the right tusk.

Presented by A. G. Bain, age 1853.

Dicynodon tigriceps, Owen*.
Syn. Dicynodon baini, Owen’.

Cranium with comparatively short and deflected muzzle, large
triangular and lateral orbits, short and wide parietal bar, very wide
temporal fosse, upper part of occiput inclining forwards, bone of
posterior portion of temporal arcade expanding into a broad hori-
zontal plate, and the tusks directed mainly downwards. ©

The nasals form prominent projections above the comparatively
small nares, and the postorbital bar is inclined backwards,

Hab, South Africa.

36235. The cranium of an adult individual, imperfect anteriorly ;
(i%g.) from the Beaufort® beds of the Karoo system of the Gonzia

1 Trans. Geol. Soe. ser. 2, vol. vii. p. 71 (1845).

2 See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxiii. p. 144.

3 See Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. vii. p. 58.

4 Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. vii. p. 233 (1856—read 1855).

’ Cat. Foss. Rept. of 8. Africa, p. 86 (1876). The name also occurs in
Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. vii. p. 76 (1845), but with insufficient description.

° See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxiii. p. 143.

Fo ' or
; Sines Se hat E nal
at og 4 > one se Fe a en =e o
oe a eel a ce ey x

DICYNODONTID&. 25

river. The type; figured by Owen in the ‘Trans. Geol.
Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vil. pls. xxix.—xxxil., and also in his ‘ Cata-
logue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pl. xxx. fig. 2,
pl. xxxi. fig. 1, pl. xxxii. fig. 1, and pl. xxxiii. In the view
of the palate given in the former memoir the maxille are
lettered palatines (21); while in the latter the bar com-
prising the anterior extremity of the pterygoids and pala-
tine is lettered as the maxilla (20). The contour of the
orbits appears to be natural, but the effect of distortion
is shown by the left temporal fossa being wider than the
right. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

36238. An imperfect adult cranium; from the Gonzia river.

(frg.)

Figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia
of >= Airies, pl. xxix. pl. xxx. fie, 1, pl. xxx, fie. 2, and
pl. xxxill. fig. 2, as D. baini, of which it may be regarded as
the type’. Although there are differences in the contour
of the temporal fosse and orbits, yet the present specimen
agrees so closely in general characters with the preceding
that there is every probability that the two belong to the
same species, and that the differences are due to the effects
of crushing and fracture. Thus it has been already men-
tioned that the preceding specimen is unsymmetrical;
while in the present one it is evident that on the left side
the prefrontal has been thrust laterally over the lachrymal
region of the temporal arcade, by which the size of the
orbit has been reduced, and the position of the postorbital
bar altered. The slight lateral compression of the tusk
does not seem to be a feature of much importance.
In Owen’s ‘ Catalogue’ the locality of this specimen is
given as Fort Beaufort.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

R. 1660. The imperfect anterior portion of an adult cranium; from

(frg.)

the Cape Colony. Figured by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’
for 1889, pl. xii. This specimen is broken off im-
mediately behind the parietal foramen, and the extremity
of the muzzle is wanting. The boundaries of the various
bones on the frontal aspect are well shown, the small size
of the prefrontals and the position of the lachrymal

' There is no evidence to show that this cranium is specifically identical
with the fragment of a maxilla described in the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.’ loc. cit.
under the same name,

26 ANOMODONTIA.

duct being very conspicuous. The right tusk is pre-
served and has a cylindrical section. :
Purchased from T. Bain, Esq.

** Dicynodon parvidens, Owen’.

A very doubtful undescribed species based upon the following
Specimen.

Hab. South Africa.

47062. An imperfect small skull enveloped in matrix, which has

(f%g.) been longitudinally and vertically bisected; from the

. Karoo system of Styl-Krantz, in the Sneewberg range.

Figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia

of §. Africa,’ pl. xxviii. figs. 3-4, and mentioned on p. 62

(no. 106) under the heading Udenodon megalops. |
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

SPECIFICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.
Some of the following Skulls are probably referable to UpENopon.

47341. An imperfect and laterally flattened skull, together with
(fig.) other bones, of a large Dicynodon, partially embedded in
matrix; from the Karoo system of the Graaf-Reinet

district on the southern flanks of the Sneewberg range.

Figured by Owen in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1862, pl. xxii.,

and in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’

pl. xxxiv. fig. 1, as D. tagriceps; and also by Seeley in

the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, p. 222, fig. 1. This specimen

seems to be too imperfect for specific determination. An im-

perfect dorsal vertebra is shown on one side of the block.
Presented by H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G., 1862.

36236, The crushed and imperfect symphysial extremity of the
(fig.) mandible of a large individual; from the Karoo system
of Styl-Krantz, on the flank of the Sneewberg range.
Figured by Owen in the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vil.
pl. xxx., as D. tigriceps, and noticed on p. 34 of his
‘Catalogue’ (as no. 64) under the same name. This
specimen, which affords no evidence as to its species,

shows the lateral vacuity very clearly. :
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

1 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, pl. xxviii. (1876).

R. 1651.

DICYNODONTID 2, Oe

The imperfect mandible of a still larger individual; from
the Karoo system of the Cape Colony. The extremity of
the symphysis, the hinder portion of the left ramus, and
the whole of the alveolar borders are wanting. ‘The
right articular bone is well preserved, and shows that the
undetermined bone from the Gondwanas of India, figured
by the writer in the ‘ Paleontologia Indica’ (Mem. Geol.
Surv. Ind.), ser. 4, vol.i. pt. 3, pl. il. figs. 12, 13, is also
an articular. The shortness and depth of the symphysis
suggests reference to D. tigriceps.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1878.

R. 860. The imperfect anterior extremity of the cranium of a com-

(21g.)

R. 1671.
(fg-)

paratively small individual ; from the Karoo system of the
Gouph district, near Beaufort West, on the southern flank
of the Nieuwveldt range. The palatal aspect is figured,
with a restoration of the posterior half, in fig. 4 (p. 18).
This specimen is important as being the only one clearly
showing the small palatines lying on the inner sides of the
anterior bars of the pterygoids; the articulation of the
latter with the maxille is also exhibited, while portions of
the maxillo-premaxillary suture are likewise shown.
Purchased from T, Bain, Esq., 1880.

A water-worn mass containing an imperfect skull; from
the Cape Colony. This specimen, which has been bisected
in a longitudinal and vertical plane, is figured by Seeley
in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. ix. fig. 1. The cavity
of the right tusk is exposed, and the contour of the
mandibular symphysis is well preserved. No history.

36239. The lower portion of the occiput of an individual of the

R. 1021.
(g.)

size of 0. tigriceps, and not improbably referable to that
species; from near Fort Beaufort. The condyle and the
portion below is shown.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

The occiput of an individual of the size of the type of
Dicynodon lacerticeps; from the Rhenosterberg. Figured
by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. x. figs. 1, 2;
and also in woodcut fig. 5 of this volume. A trace of
the suture between the basi- and exoccipitals can be
detected on the external surface, but no other is visible.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

28 ANOMODONTIA.

R. 1654. A rather smaller occiput, in a broken condition ; from the
Rhenosterberg.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.O.B., 1858.

R. 861. The anterior portion of the mandible of a comparatively
small individual; from the Karoo system of the Gouph

district, near Beaufort West.
Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880.

Dicynodon, sp.— Occipital plate of cranium ; from the Karoo system of the
Cape. 3. 00, basioccipital; eo, exoccipital.

47053. The anterior portion of a rather smaller mandible; from the
Karoo system of the Winterberg range. Noticed by Owen
on page 31 (no. 55) of his ‘Catalogue of the Fossil
Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ and provisionally referred to
D. lacerticeps. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

R. 862. The anterior extremity of a mandible; from the Gouph
district. Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880.

Genus UDENODON, Owen! (ew Bain).

Both jaws (at least in the adult) edentulous; maxille with an
external caniniform ridge; palate with a vomerine ridge; general
contour of skull as in Decynodon. |

It has been suggested that Udenodon may be founded upon
female skulls of Dicynodon, but, as observed by Ow@n’, there does
not appear to be sufficient resemblance between the skulls of species

? Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 54 (1860).— Oudenodon.
2 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 60.

DICYNODONTID®. 29

of Dicynodon and Udenodon to justify this view. If the specimens
described as Platypodosaurus prove to belong to Udenodon, its right
to generic distinctness will be certain.

The specimens from the Upper Permian of Russia, described and
figured by Trautschold in the ‘ Mém. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou,’ vol. xv.
pt. 1. p. 35, pl. viii., as Udenodon rugosus, seem too imperfect to
admit of definite determination.

Udenodon baini, Owen".

Syn. Udenodon brevirostris, Owen °.
(?) Udenodon raniceps, Owen *.

The type species. Of large size. Cranium with a short muzzle,
in which the caniniform ridge is nearly vertical; orbits small and
directed frontally; parietal and interorbital bars comparatively
short and wide in the young ; in the adult the parietal bar forming
a sharp crest. Plane of occiput sloping backwards.

There appears every reason for regarding JU. brevirostris as the
adult of this form.

Hab. South Africa.

36232. The somewhat imperfect cranium of a young individual ;
(fig.) from the Beaufort beds of the Karoo system, near Fort
- Beaufort. The type specimen; figured by Owen in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc’ vol. xvi. pl. i. fig. 1 (with a
restoration of the mandible), and also in the ‘ Catalogue of

the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’ pl. lvi. fig. 2, and pl. lx.

The occiput and hinder portion of the palate are concealed

by matrix; and the everted inner borders of the orbits

are partly broken. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

R. 1649. The imperfect cranium of an adult individual; from the
(Fig.) | Karoo system of the Graaf-Reinet district, on the southern
. flank of the Sneewberg range. Figured by Owen in his
‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’ pl. lviii., as

U. brevirostris, of which it is the type. So far as can be
seen,-and allowing for difference of age, this specimen
agrees in all essential characters with the type, the pro-

duction of a sagittal crest being evidently due merely to

age. ‘The orbits appear to be relatively wider, but their

borders have been extensively broken away. ‘The canini-

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe vol. xvi. p. 55 (1860).
2 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 57 (1876).
3 Ibid. p. 61.

30 ANOMODONTIA.

form ridge of the maxilla has approximately the same
subvertical position as in the type.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

R. 1649 a. The imperfect mandible ; from Graaf-Reinet. Appa-
(fig.) rently associated with the preceding specimen ; figured by
Owen, op. cit. pl. lix., as U. brevirostris. The symphysis
is well preserved, and exhibits the curved extremity of the
beak. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

R. 1650. Two fragments of rock containing an imperfect skull
which may belong to a young individual of this species ;
from the Beaufort beds of East London, at the mouth of the
Buffalo river. The type of U. raniceps; noticed on p. 61
of Owen’s ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’
The greater part of the cranium is restored in putty.
The occipital condyle is formed almost entirely by the
exoccipitals.

? Presented by the Director of the Museum at Harrisberg.

Udenodon strigiceps, Owen'.
Syn. Dicynodon (?) strigiceps, Owen ,
The muzzle still shorter and widér than in the type species, with
its alveolar portion incurved ; internarial and interorbital bars very

broad; orbits extending immediately over the nares, with strongly -
everted anterior and lateral borders.—Imperfectly known; type

specimen small,

Hab. South Africa.

47060. The anterior extremity of the cranium ; from the Beaufort
(Fig.) beds of the Karoo system in the Tarka branch of the
Winterberg range”. The type specimen ; figured by Owen
in the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser, 2, vol. vii. pl. yi. figse eee
(as Dicynodon), and in the ‘Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia

of 8. Africa,’ pl. xliv. fig. 2.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 18538.

Udenodon megalops, Owen’.

Muzzle of cranium apparently more produced than in the type
species, and the orbits relatively much larger; caniform ridge of
maxilla nearly vertical; and the occipital plane also approaching

1 Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. vii. p. 75 (1845).— Dicynodon.
2 Loe, cit. § Tbid. p. 57.
4 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 62 (1876).

wet

DICYNODONTID&. oak

the vertical. The known specimens are of comparatively small
size.
Hab. South Africa.

47061. The imperfect cranium; from the Beaufort beds of the
(fig.) Karoo system at Styl-Krantz, Sneewberg range. ‘The
type specimen ; figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the
Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pl. lxiii. figs. 4,5, The greater
part of the palate is well preserved, but the aperture of
the posterior nares is obscure. The bone marked palatine
(20) in Owen’s figure also includes the anterior extension
of the pterygoid. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

R. 1646. The imperfect and laterally crushed cranium of a rather
larger individual; from the Karoo system of the Cape.
The nearly vertical plane of the occiput and the large size

of the orbits are well shown.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

Udenodon prognathus, Owen’.

Syn. Udenodon magnus, Owen”.

The largest species. Cranium with the muzzle somewhat pro-
‘duced, and the caniniform ridge of the maxilla inclining obliquely
forwards ; orbits of moderate size, and to a great extent lateral;
interorbital bar long and wide; parietal bar elongated; and the
plane of the occiput nearly vertical.

There appear to be no characters by which the large cranium on
which U. magnus was founded can be specifically distinguished from
the type of this species; the length of the former cranium is 0,482
(19 inches). ie

Hab. South Africa.

47059. The imperfect skull of a young individual; from the Beau-
(fig.) fort beds of the Karoo system at Mildenhalls, near Fort
Beaufort. The type: described by Owen in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xvi. p. 56, and figured in his ‘ Cata-
logue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pl. lxi. The
mandible is nearly entire; and the cranium is fairly well
preserved, but has lost the occipito-squamosal region and
the postorbital bar. The horizon of this specimen is
stated ° to be the ‘* Fort Beaufort Grit,” at the base of the
Beaufort beds. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 55 (1860).
2 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 56 (1876).
$ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe, vol. xxiii. p. 143.

on | , ANOMODONTIA.

R. 1720. The frontal region of a somewhat larger cranium appa-
rently referable to this species ; from the Karoo system of
the Cape Colony. This specimen exhibits very clearly the
marked eversion of the anterior border of the orbit and
the prominent tuberosity above the nares, which form
such striking features in the type skull.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

36252. The imperfect cranium of an adult individual; from the
(Fig.) Beaufort beds of the Karoo system on the Brak river, near
Fort Beaufort. The type of U. magnus; figured by Owen
in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pls. liv., lv.,lvi. This specimen agrees
so exactly in contour with the preceding that there is no
reasonable doubt as to their specific identity. The parietal
bar in the present specimen is indeed constricted into a

sagittal crest; but this appears to be due solely to age.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Hsq., 1853.

_ 36237. The symphysial extremity of the mandible, associated with
(Fig.) the preceding. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. lvii. The
extremity of the beak has been cut and polished to show

the absence of teeth.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

Udenodon greyi, Owen’.

Known by a small and probably immature skull. Distinguished
from the young of U. prognathus by the narrower parietal and inter-
orbital bars.

Hab. South Africa.

36231. The imperfect and laterally crushed skull, showing on the
(Fig.) left side several of the hyoid bones; from the Beaufort
beds of the Karoo system of the Rhenosterberg branch of
the Sneewberg range*. The type; figured by Owen in
the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xvi. pl. iii. fig. 5, and
also in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’

pl xa and pl dbavewite rc:
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

Udenodon (?), sp.

The undermentioned specimen, which is provisionally referred to
this genus, is characterized by the extreme width of the parietal and
interorbital bars.

Hab, South Africa.

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 56 (1860). ? Ibid. vol. xv. p. 94. .

DICYNODONTIDZA. 33

47098. The imperfect posterior portion of a small cranium; from
the Karoo system of the Cape Colony. The specimen is
broken off near the anterior border of the orbits.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

Genus PTYCHOSIAGUM, Lydekker’.
Syn. Ptychognathus, Owen ?.

Cranium, so to speak, bent upon itself, with more or less strongly
marked angles at the junction of the occipital with the parieto-
frontal plane, and of the latter with the naso-premaxillary plane.
Supratemporal fossee wider than long ; preorbital region much elon-
gated, and the facial portion of the long premaxille with strongly
marked lateral ridges, bordering a flat anterior surface; nares far
_ behind muzzle; nasals short; orbits lateral; supraoccipital with
only a very narrow bar over foramen magnum, above which is a
notch for the reception of a descending process of the interparietal
(fig. 6); inferior aspect of mandibular symphysis flattened, with
lateral angulation.

The posterior extremities of the tusks are situated immediately
below the nares; and the tusks extend downwards and forwards
parallel with the naso-premaxillary plane, not leaving the sockets
until they have passed beyond the level of the posterior end of the
mandibular symphysis.

In some cases at least (P. orientale) the centra of the dorsal
vertebree long and much less deeply cupped than in Dicynodon.
Scapula (when known) with the acromial process separated only by
a groove on the ventral aspect from the glenoidal region, and a
short notch-like emargination on the preaxial border, which above
this notch is twisted towards the dorsal aspect.

None of the species attained dimensions at all approaching those
reached by the larger species of Dicynodon and Udenodon.

Specimens of the pectoral girdle probably belonging to this genus
are noticed on pages 52 and 53.

' In Nicholson and Lydekker’s ‘Manual of Paleontology,’ 3rd ed. vol. ii.
p- 1063 (1889). ;

? Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 49 (1860).—Preoccupied by Stimpson,
Proc, Ae. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 104, for a Crustacean genus.

PART IV. : D

34 _ ANOMODONTIA.

. Ptychosiagum declive (Owen’). me
Syn. Dicynodon (Ptychognathus) declivis, Owen ?.
| Ptychognathus decline, Owen *.

The type species. Cranium with the occipital and fronto-parietal
planes forming an acute angle with one another, and the fronto-
parietal and premaxillary planes a very obtuse one ; fronto-parietal
plane not convex antero-posteriorly ; premaxille: much elongated.
Parietal ridges of interparietal separated by a considerable interval,
which is deeply channelled; frontals carrying a pair of tubercles;
maxille laterally emarginate for a long distance in front of orbits;
occiput flattened above foramen magnum; muzzle of moderate
width. .

Hab. South Africa.

Ptychosiagum declive.— Occipital aspect of the cranium ; from the Karoo system
of the Cape. 3. pa, parietal ; ip, interparietal; sg, squamosal ; Lo, basi-
occipital ; co, exoccipital,

36221. The imperfect cranium; from the Beaufort beds of the
(/%g.) Karoo system of the Rhenosterberg branch of the Sneew-
berg range*. The type; figured by Owen in the ‘Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xvi. pl.i. figs. 3-5, and also in his .

? Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 49 (1860).—Dicynodon (Ptychogna -
thus). 2 L0G, Gi. .

® Cat. Foss, Rept, 8. Africa, p. 48 (1876).

* See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xv. p. 194.

DICYNODONTIDA. on

‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pls. xlv.,
xlvi. fig. 1.. The orbits have been somewhat flattened by
crushing. The occipital region of this poems is shown
in woodcut, fig. 6.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

Ptychosiagum latirostris (Owen’').
Syn. Ptychognathus latirostris, Owen ?.
(?) Ptychognathus alfredi, Owen *.
(?) Ptychognathus depressus, Owen *.

Allied to the type species, but the parietal- ridges of the inter-
parietal separated by a wider interval, which is not distinctly chan-
nelled; frontals apparently without distinct tubercles; maxille
laterally emarginate for a short distance in front of the orbits;
muzzle very wide. _

Hab. South Africa.

35222. The imperfect skull; from the Beaufort beds of the Karoo

(Fig.) system of the Rhenosterberg branch of the Sneewberg

range. The type; described by Owen in the ‘Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xvi. p. 51, and figured by the same

writer in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1862, pl. xxi. fig. 1, and

also in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’

pl. xvi. fig: 2, pl. xlvi.,.and pl. xlvii. fig. 2. The shape

of this specimen has been but little altered by crushing.

The flattened inferior. surface of the mandibular symphysis
characteristic of the genus is well shown.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

47064. a flattened skull, apparently referable to this species ; from

(Fig.) the Karoo system of Styl-Krantz’*, on the flanks of the

Sneewberg range. The type of Ptychognathus depressus ;

figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. li. This specimen

has been flattened from above downwards, its contour

being precisely what might be expected if the preceding
specimen had been subjected to the same process.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

+ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 51 (1860).—Ptychognathus.
4 Loc. eit.
3 Phil. Trans. for 1862, p. 456.
4 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 53 (1876).—Preoccupied by Fischer, see
a7.
P 5 Some of the higher beds at Styl-Krantz may belong to the Stormberg group,
see Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. yol, xxiii. p. 143.

p2

36

47342. The imperfect skull of a younger individual, apparently

(Fig.)

ANOMODONTIA.

referable to this species; from the Beaufort beds of the
Rhenosterberg. The type of P. alfredi; figured by Owen
in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1862, pls. -xix., xx., and also in
his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. 50. Allowing for the difference of age
and its somewhat crushed condition, there appear to be no
characters by which the present specimen can be specifi-
cally distinguished from the type. The absence of the
frontal tubercles found in the type of P. declive is well

shown.
Presented by H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G., 1862.

Ptychosiagum microtrema (Seeley *).

Syn. Dicynodon microtrema, Seeley *. |
Dicynodon (Tropidostoma) dunni, Seeley *.

Imperfectly known. Apparently allied to the type species, but
the parietal bar longer; the parietal ridges of the interparietal
either closely approximated or united, and the occiput deeply de-
pressed above the foramen magnum. The angle formed by the
planes of the occiput and parieto-frontal region is more acute than
in the type.

This species appears to have attained a larger size than either of
the preceding.

Hab. South Africa.

R. 868. The imperfect occipital region of the cranium; from the

(Fig.)

R. 1662.

Karoo system of the Gouph district, near Beaufort West,
on the southern flank of the Nieuwveldt range. The
type; figured by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889,
pl. x1. figs. 1, 2. This specimen agrees approximately in
size with the type of P. declive, from which it is at once
distinguished by the longer parietal bar and the extremely
narrow channel between its two lateral elements. In
P. declive the length of that bar is 0,086 (1°38 inches),
whereas in the present specimen the corresponding length
to the-line of fracture is 0,060 (2°35 inches), Both
quadrates are wanting.

Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880.

The nearly entire occiput of a larger individual; from

the Gouph district. _ The parietal ridges of the inter-_

* Phil. Trans. for 1889, p. 228.—Dicynodon.
2 Docc. 3 Ibid. p. 232.

Pa ee oe Swen Hee oe Phelan A ‘

DICYNODONTID ®. 37

parietal have come into contact. The deep depression in
the supraoccipital above the foramen magnum is well
shown ; and the left quadrate is in position.

Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880,

- R. 866. The crushed occipital portion of a nearly similar cranium,
(fig.) with the anterior cervical vertebre; from the Gouph
district. Figured by Seeley, op. cit. pl. xil., as Dicynodon
(Tropzdostoma) dunni, of which it is the type. The two
sides of the occiput have been crushed in towards the
middle line. The right quadrate is entire. The cervical
ribs articulate by one head to a process on the arch and by
another on the centrum of the vertebre. This specimen
has received a lateral crush, so that the squamosals are
approximated to one another and deflected backwards;
the root of the temporal arcade is likewise thrust towards
the parietal bar. Making allowance for this difference,
the specimen apparently presents no characters by which

it can be specifically distinguished from the preceding.
Purchased from T. Bain, Esq.

Ptychosiagum murrayi (Huxley °*).

Syn. Dicynodon murrayi, Huxley °.

Ptychognathus verticalis, Owen *.
_ Piychognathus bodpis, Owen *.
Dicynodon copet, Seeley *.

Cranium with the occipital and fronto-parietal planes forming a
largely obtuse angle with one another, and the fronto-parietal and
premaxillary planes a slightly obtuse one; fronto-parietal region
convex antero-posteriorly, and thus tending to form a gradual
passage from the occipital to the naso-premaxillary plane. Attains
dimensions equal to the preceding species.

The differences between the specimens to which the above names
have been applied appear to be solely due to age or to distortion
by pressure and crushing. If such points of difference be regarded
as specific, nearly every specimen will form the type of a species.

It is not improbable that Péychognathus depressus, Fischer °, is
based upon a much flattened skull of this species.

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xv. pp. 555 and 649 (1859).—Dicynodon,
2 Loe. cit. 3 Ibid. vol. xvi. p. 54 (1860).

4 Cat. Foss. Rept. S. Africa, p. 50 (1876).

5 Phil. Trans. for 1889, p. 241.

§ Nouv. Arch. du Muséum, sér. 1, vol. vi. p. 179, pl. x. (1870).

38

One of the specimens referred to this species shows sclerotic

at on A. ee ae en on ee A ee ee =
4 eh Sr A RS ‘ae Nee he ET
. hy , . ae a, Be A i

-ANOMODONTIA.

plates in the orbit. The humerus ', represented in woodcut, fig. 7,
was found with the type remains, and has been referred by Huxley —
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xv. pl. xxiii. fig. 3) to this species ;
if rightly determined, it indicates a SH individual.

Hab. South Africa.

f))

fi

a (Ny

of

cal

? Ptychostayum murrayi.— Palmar rece of the imperfect left humerus; from
the Karoo system of Colesberg. 4% nat. size. a, entepicondylar foramen, —
with the bridge broken away. (From the ‘ Palzontologia Indica.’) —

R. 1291. The imperfect skull of an adult individual ; from the

R. 1292.

(Fig.)

Beaufort beds? of the Karoo system near Colesberg, to the
north of the Sneewberg range. The type specimen ;
figured by Huxley in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xv. pl. xxiii. figs. 1, 2. The muzzleis wanting. In
the figure of the occipital region it appears that the line
separating the interparietal (parietal of Huxley) from the

supraoccipitals is a fracture, and that in reality the inter- — me é :

parietal gave off a process descending into the cs
occipital, as in other examples.
Presented by Prof. T. H. Hualey, 1888.

An imperfect skull, which has been cut into transverse
segments; from near Colesberg. Described, and the
sections figured by Huxley, op. cit. p. 654, pl. xxii.
figs, 3-6, Presented by Prof. T. H. Hualey, 1888.

1 Now in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
? See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxiii. p. 143.

DICYNODONTID ©. 39

R. 1294. The imperfect middle region of an immature cranium,
_ showing impressions of the sclerotic plates in the orbit ;
from near Colesberg. Noticed by Huxley in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xv. p. 657. There appear to have
been four or five bones in the sclerotic ring; and there
is an azygous ‘‘ Wormian bone” in front of the parietal
foramen, as in No. 36253.
Presented by Prof. T, H. Husley, 1888.

35224, The imperfect and somewhat distorted cranium of a half-
(fg.) grown individual; from the Beaufort beds of the Karoo
system of the Rhenosterberg branch of the Sneewberg
range. The type of P. verticalis ; figured by Owen in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xvi. pl. i. fig. 2, and also
in his ‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’
pl. xlix. figs. 1, 2.. This specimen agrees very closely in
contour with the type, but the convexity of the frontal
region is less marked, which may be due partly to crushing
and partly to immaturity.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

33253. The imperfect skull of a slightly larger individual, attached
(fy.) to amass of matrix containing vertebrie and other bones ;
_ from the Rhenosterberg. The type of P. boopis ; figured

by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. x!viil. fig. 1, and pl. xlix.

fig. 3. The orbit is not perceptibly larger than in the
preceding specimen ; the alleged larger size of the nares and

their approximation to the orbit is a feature of the right

side of the specimen due to imperfection, the left nares

being precisely the same as in the preceding specimen.

The contour of the frontal region is similar to that of the

type. This specimen is important, as showing the com-

position of the temporal arcade;. the squamosal (27 of

Owen’s figure) is seen overlying the upper part of the
quadrate (=tympanic, 28, of Owen), and is itself con-

nected both with the postfrontal and the maxilla, without

any sign of a distinct jugal. Since the quadrate has no
connecting chain with the maxilla, the one temporal

arcade may be termed squamoso-maxillary, and thus cor-

responds with the Mammalian zygomatic arcade’, In

1 This interpretation of the relations of the bone of the temporal arcade
agrees with that given by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, p. 244, fig. 2.

40 ANOMODONTIA.

advance of the parietal foramen there is a large azygous
““Wormian bone,” separating the posterior portion of the
frontals ; this feature is noticed by Huxley in the ‘ Palx-
ontologia Indica’ (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. iv. vol.
i. pt. i. p. 11, where this specimen (then labelled Ptycho-
gnathus declivis) is referred to the present species.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

47073. The very imperfect and distorted skull of a slightly larger
individual ; from the Cape Colony.
Presented by A. G. Pane Esq., 1853.

47074. An imperfect and distorted skull, agreeing closely in size
(Fig.) with the preceding ; from the Cape Colony. Figured by
Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. xiv., as Dicynodon
cope, of which it is the type. There are no characters by
which this specimen can be specifically distinguished from
the preceding. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

36223. An imperfect skull of the same size as the preceding spe-
cimen; from the Rhenosterberg. The frontal and leit
lateral aspects are fairly well shown.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

Specifically Undetermined Specimens from the Karoo system
of the Cape Colony.

47075. A very imperfect skull; from the Cape Colony. The
occipital region and the greater portion of the mandible are
preserved. Presented by A. G'. Bain, Esq., 1853.

R. 1652. The imperfect occipital region of the cranium; from the
Cape Colony. The quadrates are entire. No history.

R.1652a. The anterior portion of a mandible; from the Cape
Colony. ‘The flattening of the inferior surface of the sym-
physis characteristic of this genus is well shown ; and part

of the lateral vacuity is also exhibited. No history.

36284, The symphysial portion of a mandible; from the Rhenos-
terberg branch of the Sneewberg range.
Presented by Sir George Grev, K.C.B., 1858.

: an
; ‘ 1
‘ ag ial!
F ‘ . =! al “
" ; Br as -- " en a bo ie
5 ont aie ietipatind SE fr cable ee Bar eee SARE le ' 2

DICYNODONTID.X. 41

Ptychosiagum orientale (Huxley’).

Syn. Dicynodon orientalis, Huxley *.
Ptychognathus orientalis, Lydekker 3.

Imperfectly known; of the approximate size of P. declive. This
species was founded upon fragments of the skull and teeth, and
imperfect bones of the limbs. The undermentioned specimen of the
occipital region, which agrees in relative size with the larger limb-
bones, and therefore probably belongs to the same species, affords the
grounds of the generic reference.

The bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles (Gee. 9, 10) were at
first incorrectly determined, and are redescribed by the writer in
a paper published in the ‘ Rec. Geol. Sury. Ind.’ vol. xxii. pt. 1.
(1890). The difference in the size of the bones of the limb-girdles
and limbs may be merely sexual or individual.

Hab. India.

Ptychosiagum orientale.—The occiput, restored; from the Panchet group of
Bengal. }. 0, basioccipital ; eo, exadeipital ; c, tubercle at junction of
exoccipital with supraoccipital ; a, , descending processes; the imperfect
bone above the bar over the omen magnum is fs interparietal. (From
the ‘ Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind.’)

* Palxontologia Indica (Mem. Geol. Sury. Ind.), ser. 4, vol. i. pt. i i. p.8
goto): —Dier ynodon. * Loe. cit.
* Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind. vol. xx. p. 68 (1887).

42 _ANOMODONTIA, ~

R,. 1026. Cast of the imperfect left side of the occipital region. The
original was obtained from the Panchet stage of the
Lower Gondwana system at Panchet, near Raniganj,
Bengal; and is preserved in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
It is figured by the writer in the ‘ Paleontologia Indica,’
ser. 4, vol. 1. pt. i. pl. 1. fig. 2. In the figure the upper
part of the bone should have been inclined towards the
middle line, thus narrowing the upper part of the foramen
magnum, and the notch for the descending plate of the
interparietal ; an amended restoration is given in fig. 8.
In the parietal region of a cranium figured by Huxley, op.
cit. pt. i. pl. i. fig. 1, there is an azygous bone in advance
of the parietal foramen, as in P. murrayt.

Made in the Museum, 1889.

R. 1026 a. Cast of the imperfect glenoidal extremity of the right
scapula, The original was obtained from Panchet, and is
preserved in the Indian Museum. It is figured by the
writer in the ‘ Paleontologia Indica,’ ser. 4, vol. i.-pt. 111.
pl. i. fig.5. This specimen agrees in size with the scapula
of the African pectoral girdle represented in fig, 2, and if,
as is probabie, that specimen belongs to P. declive, the
present one would agree in relative size with the occiput
above mentioned. Made in the Museum, 1889.

R. 1026 b. Cast of the imperfect right scapula. The original was
obtained from Panchet, and is preserved in the Indian
Museum. It is figured by Huxley, op. cit. pt. 1. pl. v.
fig. 5, as a Saurian scapula, and referred by the present
writer, op. cit. pt. i. p. 8, to the Dicynodonts. This
specimen, which is much smaller than the preceding, is
also figured by the writer in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soe.’ 18389,
pl. lv. fig. 2, and in the ‘Rec. Geol. Sury. Ind.’ vol. xxiii,

‘pt. i. (from which fig. 9 is reproduced), in conjunction with
the next specimen. Made in the Museum, 1889,

2
§
ot
$

; fy

R. 1026 c. Cast of the right coracoid. The original was obtained
with the preceding, and is in the Indian Museum. It is
figured by the writer in the ‘ Pal. Ind.’ op. ect. pl. 11. fig. 8,
from the ventral aspect, and provisionally referred to the
Dinosaurian genus Lpicampodon (Ancistrodon). It is
refigured in the ‘ Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind.’ vol. xxii. pt. 1., in
conjunction with the scapula and a restoration of the pre- -
coracoid, the woodcut being reproduced in fig. 9. This |

Pity
< *
x
F
So!
:
a
a
im
y
t
oe

DICYNODONTID.&. 43

specimen precisely resembles the larger coracoid of the
pectoral girdle represented in fig. 2, and clearly shows the

articular surface for the precoracoid. ~
Made in the Museum, 1889.

Ptychosiagum orientale.—Vhe imperfect right side of the pectoral girdle; from
the Panchet group of Bengal. 4. sc, scapula; a, acromial process of do. ;
6, supra-acromial process of do.; cor, coracoid; p.cor, precoracoid; g/,
glenoid cavity. (From the ‘ Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind.’)

R. 1026 d. Cast of the right humerus, wanting the bridge over the

entepicondylar foramen. The original was obtained with
the preceding, and is figured by the writer in the ‘ Pale-
ontologia Indica,’ op. cit. pt. iil. pl. i. figs. 3, 6, 11.

Made in the Museum, 1889.

RP. 1026e. Three imperfect dorsal vertebrae; from the Panchet

group. These specimens agree with those figured by

Huxley in the memoir cited, one of those figures being

reproduced in figure 11. The nearly flat terminal faces
of the centra are well shown. ;

Presented by the Director of the

Geological Survey of India, 1888.

3]
pa
em
ye

{ i
Sih 4
i

}

i

i
tee
at
'- ‘i

ghia spagee aE re. pv eta Be
ss
’

ee

ANOMODONTIA,

‘Fig. 10.

pubis and one from the Panchet group Gi Bengal. 4. il, sta

pb, pubis; Zs, jgohimiae of, obturator foramen. (From the ‘Ree. Geek
Surv. Ind.’) i

R. 1026f. The anterior portion of the centrum and right rib of a

sacral vertebra; from Panchet. Resembles the specime
figured by inal, Op. Cit. oben. ple dis tigaedem < 28
Presented by the Director sg i

Ptychosiagum orientale.—An imperfect dorsal vertebra; from the Pande
group of Bengal. }. A, left lateral; B, posterior aspect ; tp, transverse
process; cp, capitular facet; 6, 6’, ridges. (From the Palen
Indica.’)

DICYNODONTID &, 45

Genus CISTECEPHALUS, Owen’.

Typically the skull much depressed, and in some instances, at
least, with a pair of tusk-like maxillary teeth; a very wide parietal
bar; and the orbits directed to a great extent frontally. Nares
subterminal, and considerably in advance of orbits; pramaxille
very short ; nasals longer.

The width of the parietal appears always to exceed that of the
interorbital bar.. All the species appear to have been of compara-
tively small size. In the type species the contour of the skull
recalls that of the Labyrinthodont Brachyops.

Fig. 12.

Cistecephalus microrhinus.—Frontal and occipital aspects of the imperfect
cranium; from the Karoo system of the Cape. 3. pa, parietal; ip,
interparietal ; pz.f, postfrontal ; /7, frontal; prf, prefrontal; za, nasal ;
sg, Squamosal; so, supraoccipital; ¢o, exoccipital; 00, section of basi-

occipital.

+ Cat: Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 63 (1876),—Kistecephalus.

46 _ANOMODONTIA, ~

Cistecephalus microrhinus, Owen'.

_ Syn. Cistecephalus chelydroides, Owen ?.

_ The type species. Skull (fig. 12) very broad and flat, of. trian-
gular contour, and with very wide parietal and interorbital bars.
The presence of tusks is shown in one of the undermentioned —

specimens.
Hab. South Africa.

47066. The imperfect cranium, partly embedded in matrix ; from the

(Fig.) Karoo system of Styl-Krantz, on the flanks of the Sneew-
berg range. The type specimen; figured by Owen in his
‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pl. lxiv.
figs. 4-7, Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1858.

47071. The imperfect skull, with portions of the vertebral column,

(Fig.) pectoral girdle and limbs, partly embedded in matrix ;
from Styl-Krantz. Part of the occipital region of the
cranium, the two scapule, the right side of the (?) clavicle,
the proximal half of the right humerus, and a section of
two cervical vertebre are figured by Owen in his ‘ Cata-
logue,’ pl. lxix. figs. 7-10; and the frontal and occipital
aspects of the cranium are shown in fig. 12. This speci-
men is noticed by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1888,
pp. 489 (errore as No. 17071) and 496, where the
characters of the scapula and humerus are discussed. The
bones marked ¢o in the figure, which impinge on the
_ borders of the foramen magnum, appear to be certainly the
exoccipitals, while the one marked so cannot be any-
thing but the supraoccipital. This small size of the ex-
occipitals is a feature often found in Mammals. The bone
regarded by Owen as the interclavicle or episternum (/ of
figure) is referred by Secley, op. ct. p. 491, Oe, to the

clavicle.
Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1875.

47068. The imperfect cranium of an individual of rather larger size
(Ivig.) than the two preceding specimens; from Styl-Krantz,
The type of C. chelydroides; figured by Owen in his

‘ Catalogue,’ pl. lxiv. figs. 8,9. The alleged difference in

the proportionate size of the orbits and temporal fossz

as compared with the preceding specimens is certainly not
a specific one. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1858, °

1 Cat. Foss. Rept. S. Africa, p. 63 (1876). 2 Ibid. p. 64

DICYNODONTID &, 47

R. 1689. The imperfect anterior portion of a still larger cranium ;
from Styl-Krantz. This specimen is important as showing
sections of a pair of tusk-like maxillary teeth on the
palatal aspect. It may belong to the next form.

3 Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853,

47082. The imperfect cranium; from the Karoo system of the
Graaf-Reinet district, on the southern flank of the Sneew-
berg.range. ‘The bones forming the upper borders of the

. supratemporal fosse are wanting. ae
Presented by R. N. Rubidge, Esq., M.D.

Cistecephalus leptorhinus, Owen '.

In the type of this species the muzzle appears to be more deflected.
than in C. microrhinus, in consequence of which the large nares are
placed considerably below the level of the orbits. The type skull is
larger than that of C. microrhinus.

Hab. South Africa.

47067. The imperfect cranium ; from the Karoo system of Styl-
(fig.) Krantz, in the Sneewberg range. The type; figured by
. ‘Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’
pl. lxiv. figs. 1-3. This specimen shows a large azygous
bone in advance of the parietal foramen comparable to the

one noticed in Ptychosiagum (p. 39).
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853,

Cistecephalus planiceps, Owen’.

: Syn. Cistecephalus bathygnathus, Owen *,

_ Smaller than the type species, with a relatively longer cranium,
in which the temporal bar is proportionately longer and narrower.
flab. South Africa.

47070. The imperfect cranium, with the palatal surface concealed
(fig.) by matrix; from the Karoo system of Styl-Krantz, on the
flanks of the Sneewberg range. The type; figured by
Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’
pl. Ixiv. figs. 10-13. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853,

1 Cat. Fosa, Rept. 8S. Africa, p. 64 (1876).
2 Loe. cit. * Ibid, p. 65.

i.

48 . ANOMODONTIA.

(fig.) Styl Krantz. The type of C. bathygnathus; figured by
Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. lxv. fig. 7. The points in

eis) ; which this specimen differs from the preceding are se

i _ due to the effects of pressure and crushing.

le Presented by A. G. 2 Esq., 1853.

‘ it 47069. The imperfect skull in a laterally crushed condition ; from
i }

Cistecephalus (?) arctatus, Owen !.

3
4
Skull still longer and narrower than in the preceding species, with '
a more elongated and narrower parietal bar, which is, however, i
wider than the interorbital bar.
This species seems to connect the more typical representatives 4
of the genus with Dicynodon and Udenodon, the skull having a ;
marked resemblance to that of the young skull described as :
D. recurvidens (supra, p. 20). In the latter the parietal bar is,
however, narrower than the interorbital, the orbits are more lateral, ‘2
and the proper contour of the skull was probably more vaulted. No
traces of teeth are shown in the undermentioned specimens.
Hab. South Africa.

R. 1690. A small and slightly imperfect skull, with the palatal

(Fig.) surface largely concealed by matrix; from the Karoo

system of the Cape Colony. The type; figured by Owen

in his ‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’

pl. lxv. figs. 2-6. The extremity of the muzzle is wanting ;

projections as if for tusks are seen on the maxille, but no

traces of tusks are visible; the anterior portion of the
mandible is exposed.

Presented by the Director of the Museum at Albany.

47083. A similar, but more imperfect and somewhat crushed skull,
partly embedded in matrix; from the Karoo system of
the Graaf-Reinet district, on the southern flank of the ©
Sneewberg range.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1875.

Bs } = i se ih io ra ar: od > Ss" . - inte
- atanatie baie asl ss a Sixes AL EE SATIS DS a Seishin P

47088. Slab of rock showing the outlines of the parietal aspect of
(fig.) a larger skull referred by its describer to this species ;
from Styl-Krantz, on the flank of the Sneewberg range.

Figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. lxv. fig. 1.
Presented by W. G. Atherstone; Esq., M.D., 1875.

' Cat. Foss, Rept. 8. Africa, p. 65 (1876). hs

DICYNODONTID ®. 49

SPECIMENS oF UNCERTAIN GENERIC PosITION.

a. (Ptychognathus [?] pusillus, Owen’*.)

Slab showing the dorsal aspect of six lumbar vertebre
and of the sacrum and ilia of a small Dicynodont ; from
the Karoo system of the CapeColony. Described by Owen
in his ‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’
pp. 54, 55, without name, and figured in pl. liii. fig. 1 of
the same, under the name of Ptychognathus (?) pusillus, of
which it must be regarded as the type.

Presented by the Directors of the Museum at Cape Town.

b. (Cirognathus cordylus, Seeley *.)

The undermentioned specimen probably belongs to a young
Dicynodon, the alleged difference in the characters of the humerus
from other Dicynodonts being due to a comparison of its preaxial
aspect with the palmar aspect of the other forms and there being
no evidence to support the alleged reduction in the number of the
phalangeals,

49413. Slab of rock showing the imperfect bones, or their impressions,

(f7g.)

PART IV.

of the skull and the anterior region of the postcephalic
skeleton ; from the Karoo system of Klipfontein, Fraser-
burg, near the northern frontier of the Cape Colony.
Described and figured by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for
1888, pp. 487-501, pl. Ixxv., a restoration of the skeleton
being given in pl. Ixxyi. This specimen is the type of
Cirognathus. The fragment of the scapula is described as
closely resembling the corresponding bone of Cistecephalus
macrorhinus, No. 47071 (p. 46); but the humerus, which
is mainly indicated by the impression, is stated (J. ¢.
p- 496) to be distinguished from the corresponding bone
of the latter specimen ‘‘in a much less development of
the radial crest, which is more proximel in position, and
continuous with the articular head of the bone.” In the
humerus of Cistecephalus it is, however, the palmar or
ventral aspect which is exposed (as in fig. 13 A, p. 53),
whereas in the humerus of the present specimen the impres-
sion of the preaxial aspect is preserved. The contour of

T Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, pl. lili. (1876).
? Phil. Trans. for 1888, p. 487.—Keirognathus.

50

ANOMODONTIA.

this impression corresponds exactly with fig. 13 B; and the
difference between figs. A and B is precisely the same as that
obtaining between the humerus of the present specimen
and that of Cistecephalus, which is solely due to the different
aspects from which the bones are viewed. There do not
appear to be any adequate grounds for the restoration of
the hinder part of the skeleton. The contour of the lateral
aspect of the skull closely resembles that of a young
Dicynodon, ¢. g. the skull No. 47098 (supra, p. 20)
described as D. recurvidens. In regard to the alleged
reduction of the number of the phalangeals, which is

described as being 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, in the manus; it appears

that the right manus shows the prepollex and the first,
second, and third digits in connection with the radius, and
what is probably the fifth digit attached to the ulna, the
fourth being missing. The prepollex is suggested by
Seeley to be part of the 1st digit. The Ist digit (2nd of
Seeley) shows two phalangeals; the 2nd digit (3rd of
Seeley) has three phalangeals ; the 3rd (4th of Seeley) has
two phalangeals remaining, the terminal one being appa-
rently missing; while in the 5th digit there are clearly
three digits, of which the basal one was regarded in the
description as a metacarpal. et
Purchased from T, Bain, Esq., 1878.

c. (Hurycarpus owen, Seeley *.)

46075. Slab of rock showing the impression of part of the vertebral

(fig.)

column and portions of the left limb-bones of a compara-
tively small form ; from the Karoo system of the Sneew-
berg range. The type of Hurycarpus. Parts of the
scapula and humerus and the whole of the remaining
portion of the pectoral limb are shown; while in the
pelvic limb only the distal extremity of the femur is
indicated. The palmar aspect of the manus is shown;
this together with the radius and ulna being figured by
Owen in his ‘Catalogue,’ pl. lii. fig. 3. The specimen is
noticed by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1888, p. 500,
and figured in the volume for 1889, pl. xvii. It is
there regarded as generically distinct from Dicynodon,
since the humerus is stated to be of different contour and
shorter than the radius, and it is suggested that it may

+ Phil. Trans. for 1888, p. 500.

ip
;
+>
¢
;
2.

46075 a.

d.

DICYNODONTID®. 51

belong to a Pariasaurian. The imperfect state of the
mpression of the humerus renders it, however, impos-
sible to draw any safe conclusions on this point, and the
serial position of the specimen must for the present remain
undecided. Presented by Sir H. Barkly, K.C.B., 1874.

A plaster cast taken from the preceding specimen to
show the bones in relief. The vertebral column and
pectoral limb are figured by Owen, J. c. figs. 1,2; the
manus being represented from the palmar aspect. The
prepollex is omitted in the figure. Made in the Museum.

The undermentioned specimen is probably referable
to the present family.

47095. Fragment of rock showing the impression of the frontal

47095 a.

surface of the temporal arcade, and a natural cast of the
inferior aspect of the anterior and middle regions of the
brain; from the Karoo system of Styl-Krantz, in the
Sneewberg range. The cast of the brain shows a marked
general resemblance to that of a Permian Anomodont
from the United States, described and figured by Cope in
the ‘Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xxiii. pp. 234-238
(1886), and plate. Thus there is the same remarkable

‘narrowness in the region of the olfactory lobes and hemi-

spheres, and the prominences on the lateral borders of the
under surface of the mid-brain are precisely similar to
those shown in fig. 2 of Cope’s plate, which are considered
to be the casts of vacuities in the cranial walls. In the
present specimen the olfactory lobes appear to be more
distinctly defined from the hemispheres than in the
American specimen. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

A plaster cast taken from the preceding specimen. This
cast shows the hinder part of the temporal arcades in
relief, and the concavity of the lower part of the brain-
case. Made i the Museum, 1889.

e. Of the following specimens of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and
limb-bones, tt is probable that while the majority of the larger
ones are referable to Dicynodon, several of the smaller ones may
belong to Ptychosiagum.

47104. Mass of rock showing the symphysis of the mandible, the

glenoidal region of the right pectoral girdle, and the right

E2

52

-ANOMODONTIA,.

radius of a very large Dicynodont; from the Karoo
system of Tepid-spring, near Fort Beaufort. The pectoral

girdle includes the adjacent portions of the scapula,

coracoid, and precoracoid, and is precisely similar in struc-
ture to the undermentioned small specimen No. 36287,

thus proving the association of that type of pectoral girdle

with undoubted Dicynodont remains, and also that the
precoracoid and coracoid persisted as separate bones till

maturity. Presented by A. G. Bain, Hsq., 1893.

36287. The imperfect right half of the pectoral girdle of a com-

(Fig.)

paratively small form, probably referable to a species of
Ptychosiagum; from the Karoo system of the Rhenos-

terberg branch of the Sneewberg range. Of the scapula

36272 x.

only the glenoidal extremity remains ; the precoracoid has
lost its antero-internal angle, but the coracoid is nearly
entire. Figured by Owen in his ‘Catalogue,’ pl. Ixix.
figs. 5, 6, and also by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for

1888, p. 492, fig. 1. It is also represented in woodcut ~
fig. 2 (p. 16) of the present volume, with a restoration -

of the scapula. From the close resemblance of the scapula

to that of Ptychosiagum orientale, it is probable that this —

specimen is referable to that genus, and it would agree
approximately in relative size with the skull of P, declwe’.
In the restoration of the precoracoid given by Seeley
there is no justification for the obliteration of the notch at
the junction of the precoracoid with the acromion, which
seems to be a natural one. Owen identified the process
marked a in woodcut fig. 2 with the acromion, correlating
it with the similar process in the scapula of Dicynodon
No. 47056* (p. 21); but Seeley regarded the reflected
projection of the preaxial border (6 of fig. 9) as the
acromion. That the former identification is the true one
is shown by No. 47056*, where the process corresponding
to 4 is situated near the distal extremity of the bone.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

A split nodule of rock showing the imperfect right half of
a similar pectoral girdle; from the Rhenosterberg. Both
sides of the glenoidal portion of the scapula are shown,

* From the proportions obtaining in the specimen described as Cirognathus
(p. 49), it was suggested by Seeley (op. cit. p. 491) that this pectoral girdle
indicated a skull of some 12 inches in length, the larger relative size of the
skull in young animals being overlooked.

rae

A aac 7 gn i aa 5 = ey ai ia = q " er eee ~ aes ie

36272 y.

36272 2.

DICYNODONTID®. 53

but of the coracoid and precoracoid only the inner aspect
is visible. This specimen shows that the notch at the
junction of the anterior border of the precoracoid with
the scapula is a natural one.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

Fragment of rock showing the inner surface of an im-
perfect right precoracoid closely resembling that of the
preceding specimen ; from the Rhenosterberg.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

Mass of rock showing the imperfect left scapula and a
portion of the precoracoid, together with imperfect ver-
tebree and other bones, of a rather larger individual ;
from the Rhenosterberg.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

Pie, 1S:

Dicynodont.—Palmar (A) and preaxial (B) aspects of the left humerus; from
the Karoo system of the Rhenosterberg. 3. dc, deltopectoral (radial)

crest ;

for, entepicondylar foramen.

36259. Mass of rock, showing some imperfect dorsal vertebra and

(1y.)

ribs, and a series of associated bones of the right side of
the appendicular skeleton of a large form ; from the Karco
system of the Gonzia river, Kaffraria. Figured by Owen
in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. xxxv., as Dreynodon tigriceps.
The vertebrae have been longitudinally bisected. The
bones of the appendicular skeleton, which are more or
less imperfect, comprise the scapula, humerus, radius,
and the proximal half of the ulna.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

54

47049.

(Fig.)

47108.

50120.

47101.

47046.

(fig.)

49378.

47072.

36299.

(fig.)

ANOMODONTIA.

The proximal half of the left humerus of a large individual,
in a somewhat imperfect condition; from the Karoo
system of Kaffraria. Figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’
pl. xxvii, and referred to Dicynodon leoniceps. The
specimen is broken off across the entepicondylar foramen. —

Presented by A. G, Bain, Esq., 1853.

The entire right humerus of an individual of the same
approximate size as the preceding specimen; from the
Karoo system of the Cape Colony. /

Presented by A, G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

The distal extremity of a rather smaller left humerus;
from the Karoo system of Catelomds, Claremont.
Presented by E. J. Dunn, Esq., 1879.

The imperfect distal extremity of a nearly similar left
humerus ; from the Cape Colony.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

A smaller imperfect left humerus, with the delto-pectoral
crest bent over towards the ulnar side; from the Karoo
system near Fort Beaufort. Figured by Owen in his
‘Catalogue, pls. xli., xlil., and referred to Dicynodon
pardiceps. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853,

The imperfect distal extremity of a right humerus, agreeing
approximately in size with the preceding; from the Cape
Colony. Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1878. -

A considerably smaller right humerus, wanting the proximal
extremity ; from the Cape Colony. Noticed on p. 53 of
Owen’s ‘ Catalogue’ as No. 88.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853,

The proximal half of a comparatively small left humerus ;
from the Karoo system of the Rhenosterberg. Figured by
Owen in his ‘Catalogue,’ pl. xix. figs. 83-6, in conjunction
with No. 36289, and referred to Galesaurus. There is
no reason for regarding this specimen as not referable to a
Dicynodont, and it is certainly far too large for Galesaurus.
It closely resembles the smaller humerus of Ptychosiagum
ortventale, figured by the writer in the ‘ Paleontologia
Indica,’ ser. 4, vol. i. pt. iii. pl. i., and is figured with a
restoration of the lower extremity in fig. 13.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858,

DICYNODONTID A”. 5d

R. 1700. An imperfect right humerus, agreeing in size with the
preceding, but belonging to a distinct form; from the Cape
Colony. The distal extremity is wanting, and there is a
very sudden expansion below the foramen on the ulnar
border. No history.

36301. The water-worn proximal half of a smaller left humerus ;
from the Rhenosterberg.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36292. The distal half of a right humerus agreeing in relative size
with No. 86299; from the Rhenosterberg.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36293. A nearly similar specimen ; from the Rhenosterberg.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36289. A nearly similar specimen of the right side; from the
(fig.) | Rhenosterberg. Figured by Owen in his ‘Catalogue,’
| pil. xix. figs. 3-6, in conjunction with No. 36299, and

referred to Gialesaurus.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36288. The imperfect distal portion of a slightly smaller right
humerus; from the Rhenosterberg.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

R. 469. The distal portion of a left humerus, agreeing approximately
in size with the preceding ; from the Cape Colony. ‘
Presented by Sur R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

49389. A radius of a large form; from the Karoo system of the
(fig.) Gouph district, Beaufort West. Figured by Seeley in the
‘Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. xxiii., without generic determi-
nation, as an ulna. Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1878.

36249. A rather smaller imperfect radius of the same side; from
the Karoo system of the Brak river, near Fort Beaufort.

Closely resembles the radius in No. 36259 (supra, p. 53).
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

50124. A considerably smaller and somewhat imperfect radius of
the opposite side; from the Karoo system of Catelomds,
Claremont. Presented by E, J. Dunn, Esq., 1879

56

47078. Fragment of rock showing most of the bones of a manus or ~

_ ANOMODONTIA.

pes of acomparatively small form; from the Karoo system
of the Graaf-Reinet district. Noticed by Owen in his
‘Catalogue,’ p. 54, no. 91, where it is suggested that it
may be the manus. The terminal phalangeals are imper-
fect, but the proximal ones are of the massive type charac-
teristic of the African and Indian Dicynodonts.

Presented by R. N. Rubidge, Esq., M.D.

R. 515. Natural sandstone cast of an imperfect footprint of a larger

form; from the Karoo system of Rouxville, Orange Free
State. By exchange with the Blomfontein Museum, 1884.

36243. The right ilium of a large form; from the Karoo system

(i%g.)

near “ Tola’s Kraal” 1, Kaffraria. Figured by Owen in the
‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vii. pl. xxiv. figs. 2, 3 (the
former figure in conjunction with No. 36244, imfra), and
provisionally regarded as a scapula of Dicynodon. De-
seribed by the same writer in his ‘Catalogue, p. 70,
no. 122, as the left ilium of Pariasaurus. Mentioned by
Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1888, p. 94, where it is
shown to be aright ilium probably referable to Dicynodon ;
a reversed figure is given on p. 107 of the same memoir,
where it is described as the ilium of an Anomodont. ‘The
contour of this specimen is almost identical with that of
the much smaller ilium represented in woodcut, fig. 3
(orl). Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853,

36245. The right ilium of a rather larger and specifically distinct

R. 1699.
(iy-)

individual ; from the road to Block Drift, Kaffraria. The

supra-acetabular portion is more elevated, and thereby _
approximates to the ilia described as Platypodosaurus —

(p. 63). Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1858.

The right ilium and sacral ribs of a comparatively small
form ; from the Karoo system of the Cape Colony. Figured
in woodcut 3 in conjunction with an ischium and pubis.

This bone precisely resembles the ilium of the opposite

side figured by Huxley in the ‘ Paleontologia Indica’
(Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.), ser. 4, vol. i. pt.i. pl. v. fig. 1,
and regarded as rather a scapula or coracoid, but referred
to its true position by the writer in the ‘ Rec. Geol. Surv.
Ind,’ vol. xxiii. pt. 1. (see fig. 10). No history,

Davee,

* Incorrectly ‘ Sola’s” in Owen’s ‘ Catalogue.’

DICYNODONTID%. 57

36265. Mass of rock exhibiting the inner aspect of a nearly similar

right ilium and other bones; from the Rhenosterberg.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36267. An imperfect left ilium of similar type, partially concealed

by matrix; from the Rhenosterberg.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36263. Mass of matrix exhibiting an imperfect ilium, ischio-pubis,

R. 1698.
(Hg-)

femur, tibia, several trunk-vertebre, and other bones, of
an individual of the same approximate size as the pre-
ceding; from the Rhenosterberg.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

The right innominate of a comparatively small form,
wanting the distal portion of the ilium; from the Cape
Colony. This well-preserved specimen is represented in
fig. 3 (p. 17), the missing portion of the ilium being
restored from No. R. 1699. The suture between the
ischium and pubis is still visible. Three imperfect ver-
tebree are attached by matrix to the ventral surface of the
specimen. No history.

36285. The somewhat flattened and slightly imperfect right ischium

of a comparatively small form; from the Rhenosterberg.
This bone closely resembles the ischium of No. R. 1698,
but the acetabular portion is altered by distortion. The
channel leading to the obturator foramen is preserved,
and the thickening below the foramen is also shown.
Figured by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. xv.
fig. 5, as a coracoid., :

Presented by Str George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36286. A flattened left ischium, together with some centra of dorsal

(Fig.)

vertebra, apparently associated with the preceding spe-
cimen ; from the Rhenosterberg. Figured by Seeley, op.
cit. pl. xv. figs. 6, 7, the ischium being described as a
coracoid. The foramen and inferior thickening are shown.
From the length of the vertebral centra it is possible that
this specimen belongs to Ptychosiagum.

Presented by Sw George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36244. The imperfect innominate of a large form; from the Karoo

(Fiy.)

system, on the road to Block Drift, Kaffraria. These
specimens comprise a fragment of the acetabular azticula-

58 ANOMODONTIA.

tion of the ilium, and the greater portion of the ischium —
4 and pubis of either side. The right ischio-pubis is figured
ith by Owen in the ‘Trans, Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vii.
if pl. xxxiv. fig. 2, in connection with the ilium, No. 36243
(p. 53), where it is provisionally regarded as a coracoid.
The specimens are noticed by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’
p. 85, no. 58, where they are referred to the pectoral
girdle of Dicynodon leoniceps, their true position being
indicated by Seeley in the ‘Phil. Trans.’ for 1888,
p- 94. The line of suture between the ischium and pubis
is still visible, and the general contour of these bones
is very similar to that obtaining in the specimens de-
scribed as Platypodosaurus.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

?

47877. The imperfect right pubis of an individual agreeing closely
in size with the preceding; from the Cape Colony. ‘This
specimen is fractured through the obturator foramen on a
line which probably indicates the original sutural union
between the pubis and ischium.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853,

47050. The right femur of a very large individual ; from the Karoo
system of the Great Karroo, south of Beaufort West.
Noticed by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ p. 36, no. 61, and
referred to Dicynodon leoniceps. The proximal extremity
is crushed and imperfect, but when entire was probably

very similar to that of the femur of Platypodosaurus.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

R.1701. The flattened and somewhat imperfect right femur of a
| considerably smaller form; from the Cape Colony. This
specimen indicates a rather larger individual than the
type of Platypodosaurus, and when entire would appear
to have had the same general contour.
Presented by A. G. Bain, ter 1853.

:
é
50127. The imperfect proximal extremity of the left femur of an :
individual of slightly smaller size than that of the type of “
Platypodosaurus ; from Catelomds, Claremont. 2
Presented by E. J. Dunn, Esq., 1879. '

36296. A small left femur, wanting the distal extremity; from the
‘Rhenosterberg. :
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C. B., 1858,

DICYNODONTID. 59

36290. The proximal extremity of a tibia of a comparatively small
form ; from the Rhenosterberg.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36297. The proximal half of a still smaller right tibia; from the
_ Rhenosterberg.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

The following bones are not determined.

36272. A somewhat imperfect bone ; from the Karoo system of the
(fig.) Rhenosterberg. Figured by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’

for 1889, pl. xv. fig. 4, as a scapula.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36302. The expanded extremity of a somewhat larger bone of the
same general type as the preceding ; from the Rhenoster-
berg. Closely resembles a smaller specimen figured by the
writer in the ‘ Palzontologia Indica,’ ser. 4, vol. 1. pt. iil,
pl. mi. fig. 10, and suggested to be a pubis, which it cer-
tainly is not. Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

Of the following vertebre it is probable that, while a large propor-
tion are referable to Dicynodonts, a morety may belong to
Theriodonts.

R. 1704. Three imperfect anterior dorsal or late cervical vertebree
of a medium-sized individual, cemented together by matrix;
from the Karoo system of the Cape Colony. The costal
articulations are situated as in the cervicals of Crocodilia.

No history.

R. 1704 a. Five smaller anterior dorsal or late cervical vertebra,
with some of the ribs attached, in matrix ; from the Cape
Colony. No history.

R. 1702. Fragment of rock showing the right lateral aspect of five

(Fig.) small dorsal vertebrae, together with several imperfec

ribs; from the Rhenosterberg. Figured by Seeley in the

‘Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. xvi. fig. 1. The transverse

processes are well preserved, and there appears to be a
rib-facet on the anterior border of the fourth centrum.

Presented by Sir George Grey, A.C.B., 1858.

60 ANOMODONTIA.

R. 1703. Fragment of rock showing a lateral aspect of three im-
perfect dorsal vertebre, probably belonging to the same
individual as the preceding ; from the Rhenosterberg.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36304. Four imperfect dorsal vertebre in matrix, not improbably
associated with the preceding.
Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

R. 1704 b. Four larger imperfect dorsal yertebre, cemented to-
gether by matrix; from the Cape Colony. No history.

R. 1704 c. Portions of three dorsal vertebrae cemented together by
matrix; from the Cape Colony. These specimens agree
approximately in size with the preceding. No history.

R. 725 x. Four somewhat larger dorsal vertebre, in matrix; from
the Karoo system of Natal.

Presented by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, 1886.

R. 725 y. The imperfect centra of two associated dorsal vertebre
of nearly the same size as the preceding; from Natal.

The extreme depth of the terminal cups is well shown.
Presented by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, 1886.

R. 1704 d. A nearly similar dorsal centrum ; from the Cape Colony.
No hastory.

36240. The imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra of a larger form ;
(f%ig.) from Kaffraria. Figured by Owen in the ‘Trans. Geol.
Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vii. pl. xxxvili. figs. 1-3, and also in his
‘Catalogue,’ pl. lili. figs. 2, 3, in the latter instance being
referred to Dicynodon pardiceps. The costal facet is seen
on the centrum, and the deep cupping of the terminal
faces 1s conspicuous. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

50126. An imperfect dorsal centrum of similar type; from Cate-
lomds, Claremont. Presented by EL. J. Dunn, Esq., 1879.

R. 1704 e. An imperfect dorsal centrum of the same general type
and size; from the Cape Colony. No history.

36242. Portions of the first two sacral vertebre of a large form ;
(Mig.) from the Brak river, near Fort Beaufort. Figured by
Owen in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vii. pl. xxxili
figs. 4, 5, and also in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. xxxvii. figs. 2,3

4
x
Es
7
a
4
i
3
a
ig
+
a
4
{

4
“2

DICYNODONTID®. 61

(as Dicynodon tigriceps). The presence of a distinct rib
to each vertebra is clearly shown, whereby the specimen
differs from the entire sacrum figured in the latter plate
under the same name (see pp. 117, 118).

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

36241. Two later sacral vertebree, apparently belonging to the same

(fig.) individual as the preceding; from the same locality.

Figured by Owen in the ‘ Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vii.

pl. xxxili. figs. 6, 7, and noticed in his ‘ Catalogue,’ p. 42,

no. 69, as Dicynodon tigriceps. ‘The expansion of the ribs

for attachment to the ilium is well shown, and the speci-

men agrees in all essential characters with the sacra
described as Platypodosaurus (p. 63).

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47105. Portion of the imperfect sacral region of a large form; from
the Karoo system of the Cape Colony.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Hsq., 1853.

R. 725 z. The centrum of a caudal vertebra of a comparatively small
form; from Natal. Probably associated with No. R. 725 y.
Presented by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, 1886.

The following vertebre have more compressed certra than the pre-
ceding, and some of them may be referable to the Thertocdont
Galesauride.

R. 869. Two imperfect dorsal vertebre of medium size; from the
Cape Colony. These specimens were found with skulls of
Ptychosiagum, and not improbably belong to that genus,
The centra are long and much compressed, with moderately
deep terminal cups. On the left side a portion of a rib
remains, with its head resting on the capitular articular
surface of the centrum.

Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880.

R.1704 f. An imperfect lumbar (?) vertebra, approximating in size
to the preceding; from the Cape Colony. The centrum
is comparatively short. No history.

R. 1704 g. Four conjoint imperfect dorsal vertebre of a smaller
form; from the Cape Colony. The centra approximate in
contour to No. R. 869. No history.

62 ANOMODONTIA.

R. 1704 h. Two small and imperfect trunk vertebrae; from the
Cape Colony. The centra are much compressed.
No history.

R. 1704 i. Three imperfect and somewhat larger vertebral centra ;
from the Cape Colony. ‘These specimens are of a broad
and uncompressed type. No history.

Family uncertain.

**PLATYPODOSAURUS, Owen".

Founded upon portions of the axial and appendicular skeleton,

which do not include the skull, but which appear to be decidedly ;
Dicynodont. The chief distinctive feature of these specimens is the 4
great development of the inferior portion of the delto- pectoral crest |
of the humerus, which descends lower than in Dicynodon and forms :
a distinct projection; and also the presence of a smaller process on a.
the opposite or postaxiai border. Scapula approximating to that of &
Ptychosiagum. *
From their general Dicynodont character it would appear pro- eI
bable that thése specimens are referable either to Udenodon or to i
Endothiodon. 2
**Platypodosaurus robustus, Owen ’*. i

The type and only described species; of large size. ;
Hab. South Africa. 4
50121. Part of the vertebral column, the right humerus, and the =
(Fig.) imperfect pelvis; from the Karoo system* of Catelomds, 4
Claremont. These, with the undermentioned associated q

specimens, are the types. Three of the vertebrae and the
humerus are figured by Owen in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol. xxxvi. pl. xvi, figs. 1-3, 7, the figure of the
humerus being reversed. ‘Three of the vertebrae have been
longitudinally bisected, and show the great depth of the
terminal cups. In the figure of the humerus there does
not appear to be any justification for the prominent angle
at the upper extremity of the delto-pectoral crest. When
entire the ilium would appear to be of the general type of
that of Dicynodon. Presented by EL. J. Dunn, Esq., 1879.

2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. yol. xxxvi. p. 414 (1880). 2 Loe. cit. ‘
3 There is no evidence to show whether these specimens are from the Beau-
fort or Stormberg beds.

ore pie ee e ’ *
We ee ee a ee en ee eee ee

50122.

(Fig.)

50123.

(fig.)

47090.

(Pig.)

PLATYPODOSAURUS, 63

The nearly entire right scapula, with the terminal phalan-
geals of four digits of the manus attached to the ventral
surface ; associated with the preceding specimens. Figured
by Owen, op. cet. pl. xvii. figs. 1, 2. Inthe description
the process in the figure marked ¢ is correlated with the
one so marked (a of fig. 2) in Owen’s figures of Nos. 47056*
(p. 21) and No. 36287 (p. 52), whereas this really corre-
sponds with the process above a in fig. 2 or that marked
6 in fig. 9, and there termed the supra-acromial process
of the preaxial border. That the identification of the
lower process with the acromion of Monotremes is probably
correct has been already mentioned under the head of
No. 47056*, the question being alluded to by the writer
in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1889, p. 575.

Presented by E. J. Dunn, Esq., 1879.

The proximal portion of the right femur; associated with
the preceding specimens. Figured by Owen, op. cit.
pl. xvii. figs. 6,7. Presented by E. J. Dunn, Esq., 1879.

. An imperfect bone, which may bea portion of a tibia, asso-

ciated with the preceding specimens.
Presented by E. J. Dunn, Esq., 1879.

. An azygous plate-like bone, which is probably the prester-

num ; associated with the preceding. Figured by Owen,
op. cit. pl. xvi. fig. 5.
Presented by E, J. Dunn, Esq., 1878.

. An imperfect vertebra; associated with the preceding.

Presented by E. J. Dunn, Esq., 1879.

The sacrum and imperfect pelvis and ten caudal vertebre ;
from the Beaufort beds of the Karoo system, near Fort
Beaufort. Noticed by Owen in his ‘Catalogue of the
Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa, p. 73, no. 126, and the caudal
vertebra figured on p. 74, as an undetermined Dicynodont ;
described and the pelvis and sacrum figured by the same
writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvii. p. 266,
pl. x., where it is referred to the present form. The
caudal vertebra are figured by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’
forl889, pl. xvii.; a reversed view of the right innomi-
nate being given by the same writer in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’
for 1888, p. 107. The contour of the ilium appears to

64 _. ANOMODONTIA.

have been very similar to that obtaining in Dicynodon;
there is no justification for the restoration given in the
figure in the ‘ Phil. Trans.,’ and it appears that what is
there regarded as the upper extremity of the ilium is
really matrix. The ischio-pubis closely resembles the
corresponding element, which is probably referable to
Dicynodon (No, 36244, p. 57); but the obturator foramen
is less elliptical, The resemblance to the type pelvis
renders it almost certain that the present specimen belongs
to the same form. Presented by A. G'. Bain, Esq., 1853.

Family ENDOTHIODONTIDA.

Oral surface of palate and mandible carrying one or more longi-
tudinal rows of cylindrical columnar teeth, those of the upper jaw
being apparently borne on the maxilla. Nares terminal. Posterior
nares in advance of pterygoids, and palatines deeply incurved.

Until the postcephalic skeleton is known, the serial position of
this family cannot be regarded as absolutely fixed. The approxi-
mation in the characters of the skull, and more especially the man-
dible, to that of the Dicynodontide, supports Owen’s view that the
Endothiodontidge should be included in the same suborder; and if
this be correct, it is quite probable that the specimens described as
Platypodosaurus may prove to belong to Endothiodon.

Genus ENDOTHIODON, Owen".
Syn. Theriognathus, Owen ?.

The type and only described genus. Skull somewhat depressed,
with a flattened frontal region and large nasals, separated by a
deep groove from the maxille, and overhanging the nares; orbits
small and lateral; alveolar border of maxilla and premaxilla with
a caniniform swelling; interorbital region very wide; occiput
unknown.

Endothiodon has been compared to Placodus, Sphenodon, and
Hyperodapedon ; but it differs fundamentally in that there is a bony
floor beneath the narial passage ; while, if the interpretation given
below be correct, the palatal teeth are supported upon the maxilla
instead of upon the palatine and vomer. .

* Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 66 (1876).
2 Ibid. p. 62.

ENDOTHIODONTID &. 65

Endothiodon bathystoma, Owen".

The type species ; of large dimensions. Three longitudinal rows
of palatal and mandibular teeth in the adult.
Hab. South Africa.

R. 1646. The imperfect skull, wanting the whole of the occipital
(Fig.) region; from the Beaufort beds of the Karoo system of
the Sneewberg range’. The type; figured by Owen in

his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pls. lxvi.,

Ixvil., and noticed by the same writer in the ‘ Quart.

Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxv. p.557. The cranium has

been laterally crushed, and the oral surfaces have been

cut and polished in order to exhibit the dentition; and

the right ramus of the mandible has also been vertically

and transversely cut. - Presented by the Directors of

the Museum at Albany, Cape Colony.

49415. The imperfect anterior portion of the mandible; from the
(fig.) Beaufort beds in the Gouph district near Beaufort West,
on the southern flank of the Nieuwveldt range. Figured
by Owen in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxv.
pl. xxvi. fig. 1. The upper surface of the right ramus
has been cut and polished, in order to exhibit the denti-

tion, which is the portion figured by Owen.
Purchased from T, Bain, Esq., 1878.

Endothiodon microps (Owen’).

Syn. Theriognathus microps, Owen *.
Endothiodon uniseries, Owen °*.

Smaller than the preceding, with very small orbits and but one
row of palatal teeth ; mandibular symphysis probably less deep. It
is assumed that the undermentioned specimens indicate adult indi-
viduals.

Hab. South Africa.

47065. The imperfect skull; from the Beaufort beds of the Karoo
(Fig.) system at Styl-Krantz, on the flanks of the Sneewberg

1 Cat. Foss. Rept. S. Africa, p. 66 (1876).

2 This is the locality given in Owen’s ‘ Catalogue,’ but in the passage cited
from the ‘ Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc.’ the specimen is stated to be from the
Gouph district.

3 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 62 (1876).—Theriognathus.

4 Loe. cit.

5 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxxv. p. 557 (1879).

PART IY. F

66 ANOMODONTIA.

Wee range. The type of Theriognathus ; figured by Owen in
Ri his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossils of 8. Africa,’ pl. lxiti. figs. 1-3. —
Nearly the whole of the bone has disappeared from the
facial region of the cranium, and the mandible has also
largely exfoliated. The teeth are not shown, but from a
comparison with the next specimen the generic position
of the specimen is quite evident. This is especially
: shown by the great width of the interorbital region and the
natural cast of the right orbit, which evidently had a bony
roof identical with that of the next specimen. Therio-
gnathus was placed by its founder near Udenodon. ;
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

49414. The anterior portion of the cranium; from the Beaufort
(i%g.) beds on the flanks of the Nieuwveldt range. The type of
E. uniseries ; figured by Owen in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc.’ vol. xxxv. pl. xxvii. figs. 2-9. This specimen is

broken off a short distance behind the root of the temporal

arcade. The aperture of the posterior nares is well

shown, and is seen to be mesially divided by the vomer,

and bounded laterally by deeply incurved bones which

appear to be the palatines, although they are termed
_pterygoids by Owen. If this view be correct, the teeth

will be situated on the maxille. The bone on the outer

side of the palatine forming the anterior boundary of the
palatal aperture of the temporal seems to be the extremity _

of the pterygoid, and evidently corresponds to the bone

similarly situated in the skull of Dicynodon, No. R. 860

(p27): Purchased from T, Bain, Esq., 1878,

buh She ii allie ome ie

What gee taka prided i Wk lee

ery ,
ee ee | E

hierar 2

Suborder THERIODONTIA.

This suborder is taken as equivalent to the Pelycosauria of Cope’,
but cannot at present be fully defined. Some of the most generalized
forms referred by Cope to the Pelycosauria” are here classed in the
undermentioned group Pariasauria, between which and the Therio- —
dontia there was probably a more or less complete transition.

1 See Cope, ‘ Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xvii. pp. 529, 530 (1878) ; and Baur,
Journ. Morphol. vol. i. p. 102 (1887). The term Pelycosauria is retained by
Baur for this group. -

* Typified by Clepsydrops and originally regarded as a suborder of Rhyncho-
cephalia ; see ‘Proc. Amer. Phil, Soc,’ vol. xvii. pp. 511 and 529 (1878).

GALESAURID.®. 67

Typically the skull with open temporal fosse and a single tem-

poral arch, apparently consisting of a conjoint squamoso-maxillary
and quadrato-maxillary arcade, and with secondary posterior nares ;
premaxille separate; mandibular symphysis shallow and uniting
by suture; no lateral vacuity in ramus. Relations of pterygoids
and palatines probably as in the Dicynodontia. Dentition fully
developed, and frequently of a carnivorous type.
- In some cases, as in the American forms, the vertebral centra
are notochordal, and intercentra may be present, to which the
capitular heads of the ribs articulate in Hmbolophorus. Not more
than two or three sacral vertebre. Scapula of African forms (when
known) with the acromial process confluent with the glenoidal
region, and only a short notch between the acromial and supra-acro-
mial processes. Humerus in the typical forms approximating more
or less closely to the Dicynodont type, with the inferior aperture of
the entepicondylar foramen opening on the palmar aspect, and with
a more or less distinct supinator flange. on the preaxial border, and
in some cases with the distal extremity much more ees than
the proximal (fig. 23).

In some of those African forms of which the pelvis is known the
ilium is somewhat intermediate in structure between that of the
Dicynodontia and Pariasauria, and there is a minute obturator
foramen. (fig. 17), but in other cases (fig. 15) the ihum is more like
that of the Pariasauria.

The more generalized forms included in this suborder have no
secondary posterior nares; while in the American Chilonyx and
the African Gorgonops, which are provisionally classed in this sub-
order, there is a bony roof to the temporal fosse.

Family GALESAURIDA.

- The type family. Dentition of a carnivorous type, and usually
differentiated into incisives, tusks, and cheek-teeth; no teeth on
palate. Skull with secondary posterior nares. Humerus (when
known) elongated.

The incisive teeth are simple, those of the upper jaw always
exceeding by one pair those of the mandible ; and the pulp-cavities
of all the teeth were closed inferiorly.

Owen’s division of the members of this family into Mononarialia
and Binarialia will not hold good, the distinction being due, at least
in many cases, to the imperfection of the specimens.

F2

68 ANOMODONTIA.

Genus GALESAURUS, Owen’.

Syn. Nythosaurus, Owen?

The type genus. Incisive teeth 7 cheek-teeth = hinder cheek-
teeth with laterally compressed tricuspidate crowns; incisives, if
serrated, very indistinctly so. Skull depressed, with a comparatively
short, shallow, and subconical muzzle, and the temporal fossee much
larger than the orbits, which are directed frontally. Inferior sur-

face of mandibular symphysis sloping obliquely upwards.

Galesaurus planiceps, Owen’.

Syn. Nythosaurus larvatus, Owen *.

The type and only described species. Of comparatively small
size, the length of the skull being some 0,090 (3°55 inches).
Hab. South Africa.

36220. The imperfect skull; from the Beaufort beds’ of the Karoo
(Fiy.) system of the Rhenosterberg branch of the Sneewberg
range. The type; figured by Owen in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xvi. pl. ii., and also in his ‘ Cata-
logue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pl. xvii. figs. 6—
11. The cranium has been flattened by a vertical crush,
thus causing the plane of the occiput to be more oblique
than is naturally the case. ‘The teeth are very imperfectly
preserved, but in the left side of the mandible there are
four teeth in advance of the tusk, and apparently some 12—
cheek-teeth behind it. The narial aperture is very
imperfect. Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

R. 511. The nearly entire skull; from the Karoo system of the
(Fig.) Orange Free State. Described and figured by Owen in
the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xii. p. 1, pl. i., and
by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. ix. figs. 3, 4.
In Owen’s figure of the frontal aspect the occiput was
restored from the preceding specimen; this is, however,
incorrect, the occiput of the present specimen being really
in its true subvertical plane. The tooth represented in
the figure as the crown of the upper tusk is really the

' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 58 (1860).
2 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 24 (1876).

3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 58 (1860).
* Cat. Foss, Rept. 8. Africa, p. 24 (1876).

5 See Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 148.

GALESAURID A. 69

root of the lower. The four premaxillary teeth remain,
but there are four cheek-teeth in the left maxilla. In
the description the narial aperture is stated to be single,
but it is clearly divided in the same manner as in
Lycosaurus. On both sides the temporal arcade shows a
longitudinal division indicating that it is composed of an
upper and a lower moiety. ‘The lower arcade seems to be
undoubtedly a quadrato-maxillary one (as in Sphenodon),
while the upper one would seem to be a squamoso-maxillary
one (as in the Dicynodontia, p. 39). The constituent
elements of the lower arcade cannot be determined ; but
the relations of the upper one confirm Cope’s conclusion
that the postorbito-squamosal arcade of Sphenodon is absent
in this suborder. A figure of this skull is given in the
accompanying woodcut.
By exchange with the Blomfonten Museum, 1884.

Galesaurus planiceps.—Left lateral aspect of the skull. 3. a, an upper cheek-
tooth, and & an incisive tooth. ?. From the Karoo system of South

Africa.

R. 511 a. The imperfect skull; from the Orange Free State. The
- contour of the facial region is well preserved, but the

narial septum is broken away. Four posterior cheek-

teeth remain on the left side, five cheek-teeth being shown

in the opposite jaw. On the right side the lower (quad-
rato-maxillary) moiety of the compound temporal arcade

is preserved. Neither in this nor in the preceding speci-

men can it be determined whether the quadrate was

perforated.
By exchange with the Blomfontein Museum, 1884.

R. 845. Fragment of the middle region of the skull; from the
(Fig.) Orange Free State. A cast is shown of the anterior

70

R. 1715.
(Fig.)

ANOMODONTIA.

extremity of the brain and of the inner aspect of the ~

nasal region. The cusped crowns of the cheek-teeth of
both the upper and lower jaws are well shown. The tusk
and upper cheek-teeth are figured by Seeley in the ‘ Proc.
Roy. Soc.’ vol. xliv. p. 187, fig. 3, to show the closure of
the pulp-cavity. Presented by C. S. Orpen, Esq., 1886.

Cast of the brain-cavity and inner surfaces of an imperfect
skull ; from the Karoo system of Tafelberg. Figured by
Owen in his ‘Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, pl. xx. figs. 1,
2, and pl. xxxiv. fig. 2, as Nythosaurus, of which it is the
type; referred to the present genus by Seeley in the
‘Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, p. 278. The cast of the anterior
portion of the brain and of the nasal region precisely
resembles that of the preceding specimen. The general
contour of the upper surface of the brain approximates to
that of the brain of Diadectes, described and figured by Cope
in the ‘ Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xxii. pp. 234-238, and
plate (1886); the cast of the parietal foramen, represent-
ing the pineal gland (0 of Owen’s figure), is, however, much
smaller than the latter. There is, moreover, no down-
ward flexure immediately behind this point, this flexure
not occurring till after the tubercle immediately behind
c of the figure, which appears to represent the optic lobes,
although correlated by Owen with the cerebellum. The
cerebellum appears to be immediately behind this tubercle,
the canals of the auditory capsule being clearly shown on
the left at this point.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, E'sq., M.D., 1872.

Genus SCALOPOSAURUS, Owen’.

Dentition probably very nearly the same numerically as in
Galesaurus, but the upper teeth relatively smaller, and the cheek-
teeth taller and more slender, but the contour of their crowns
unknown. Skull much depressed, of a triangular form, with a long
muzzle, and the supratemporal fosse scarcely larger than the orbits,
which are mainly directed frontally. Mandible very slender, with
the inferior surface of the symphysis sloping obliquely upwards.

' Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 24 (1876). '

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GALESAURID %. ves

Scaloposaurus constrictus, Owen’.

The type and only described species. The smallest representative
of the family, being considerably inferior in size to Sphenodon
punctatus.

Hab. South Africa.

R. 1723. The skull, wanting the extremity of the muzzle; from
(fig.) the Karoo system of the Sneewberg range. The type;
figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia
of S. Africa,’ pl. xvi. figs. 10-15. The teeth are much
damaged, but near the muzzle they can be distinctly seen
to be free from anchylosis to the bone, by which this form

is at once distinguished from the Procolophonia.
Presented by the Trustees of the Albany Museum.

Genus CYNOSUCHUS, Owen’.

Known by the anterior extremity of the skull. Upper incisive
teeth apparently 4 in number, and probably without serrations ;
upper cheek-teeth 7 or 8 in number, with short thick crowns, in
which the posterior edge has a basal tubercle, but no serrations.
Mandibular symphysis with a nearly vertical inferior face. Palate
apparently very wide, and not suddenly contracted behind the
tusk. | .

The absence of the internarial septum in the type is probably
due to its imperfection.

Cynosuchus suppostus, Owen’.

The type and only described species. Assuming the type speci-
mens to be adult this species will be of the approximate size of
Ajlurosaurus felinus ; upper cheek-teeth seven in number.

Hab. South Africa,

R. 1718. The anterior extremity of the skull; from the Karoo
(Fig.) system of the Sneewberg range. The type; figured by
Owen in his ‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of S.
Africa,’ pl. xvi. figs. 1-5. The muzzle of the cranium has
been crushed down upon the mandible, and has thus
become abnormally widened. The presence of seven
upper cheek-teeth is clearly seen on the right side. Two

1 Oat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 24 (1876).
2 Ibid. p. 21. 3 Loe. cit.

72

ANOMODONTIA.

premaxillary teeth remain on either side, but there are
indications of the presence of two other pairs of these
teeth. The contour of the mandibular symphysis is weil
preserved; and the section of the upper tusk indicates
the large size of that tooth. The disappearance of the
internarial septum is doubtless due to the effects of
crushing. The apparent absence of serrations. in the
premaxillary teeth is shown by a tooth on the right side,
on which aspect the characters of the cheek-teeth are also
well displayed.

Presented by the Trustees of the Albany Museum.

49404. Six fragments of rock containing portions of the skeleton of

(Fig.)

a Theriodont probably referable to a rather smaller indi-
vidual of the present species ; from Palimeet Fontein, Cape
Colony. ‘The specimens comprise part of the right ramus
of the mandible (fig. 15); the right scapula, attached to

Fig. 15.

? Cynosuchus suppostus. —The imperfect right ramus of the mandible (A), and
the greater part of the right innominate (B); from the Karoo system of
the Cape Colony. }.

the right side of six cervical vertebre ; the impression of
the dorsal surface of the distal two thirds of the left
humerus, and also what is apparently the head of the
ulna; part of the right innominate (fig. 15) with frag-
ments of that of the opposite side, and portions of the
sacral region, and other imperfectly preserved bones. The
mandibular ramus (fig. 15) closely resembles that of the
type, although of somewhat smaller size; sections of

fod

GALESAURID®. 13

three teeth in advance of the tusk are shown, and there is
a space which might contain a fourth. Sections of five or
six cheek-teeth are also visible. The cervical vertebra,

as shown by a cross-section, seem to have had deep ter-

minal cups to the centra. The humerus, as shown by a
wax cast taken from the mould, appears to have the same
general contour as that of Cynodraco serridens. In the
innominate (fig. 15) the ilium and the acetabular region
of the ischium and pubis are preserved. The contour of
the illum appears to come nearest on the whole to that of
the specimen referred to Tapinocephalus (fig. 17), but the
preacetabular portion is relatively larger and more pro-
duced. Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1878.

Genus CYNOCHAMPSA, Owen’.

Very imperfectly known. Apparently allied to Cynosuchus, but
the palate very narrow and suddenly constricted behind the tusks.

sp 4.
Incisive teeth ; in number, but their structure unknown. Number

and structure of cheek-teeth unknown.

Cynochampsa laniaria, Owen’.

The type and only described species. Of the approximate dimen-
sions of Cynosuchus suppostus, but probably with a larger and

narrower skull.
Hab. South Africa.

35229. The imperfect anterior extremity of the skull; from the

(F7ig.)

Beaufort beds * of the Karoo system of the Rhenosterberg
branch of the Sneewberg range. The type; figured by
Owen in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol. xvi. pl. iii.
figs. 1-4, and also in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia
of 8. Africa,’ pl. xvii. figs. 1-5. The mandible is repre-
sented only by the superior portion of the symphysis, and
exhibits the outer aspect of the incisive teeth and a section
of the tusks. Portions of the four upper incisives are
seen, as well as a section of the upper tusk of either side.
The nasals were evidently elongated; the internarial
septum is wanting.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

? Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 61 (1860). | 2 Loc. cit.
3 See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxiii. p. 143.

T+ ANOMODONTIA.

Genus CYNODRACO, Owen".
Syn. Cynodracon, Owen’.

Imperfectly known. Incisive teeth ;, with compressed and
curved crowns, of which the posterior edge is strongly serrated ;
tusks large, and likewise serrated on the posterior border.

The apparently single narial aperture of the type specimen is
probably due to its imperfection. So far as present evidence goes
there appears no character by which 4lurosaurus (wmfrd) can be
separated from this genus.

Cynodraco serridens, Owen’.
Syn. Cynodraco major, Owen *.

The type species, and one of the two largest representatives of the
family. There appear to be no grounds for regarding C. major as
specifically distinct from C. serridens. |

Hab. South Africa.

47084. The imperfect anterior extremity of the skull, from the
(Fig.) Karoo system near Fort Beaufort. The type; figured by
| Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’
pl. xvii. figs. 1-4; and also, in conjunction with No. 47086,
in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol. xxxii. p. 358, fig. 5.
The whole series of upper incisive teeth is shown, but a
ereat part of the outer surface of the premaxilla is want-
ing, so that the absence of the internarial septum may

readily be accounted for.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47086. The imperfect mandibular symphysis, showing the bases of
(ig.) the incisive teeth and the tusks; from near Fort Beau-
‘fort. Figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. xvii. figs.

Da lO: Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47309. The imperfect mandibular symphysis, with the broken
(fig.) — exposed portions of the upper caniniform teeth attached
to it ; from Mildenhalls, near Fort Beaufort. Figured by
Owen in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxii. pl. xi.
figs. 1-5, and also in his ‘Catalogue,’ pl. ii. figs. 4—6, as
Cynodraco major, of which it is the type. There are no
characters by which this specimen can be specifically

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxii. p. 95 (1876).
? Gat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 18 (1876). 8 Doc. cit.
* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxii. p. 95 (1876).

| all
GALESAURID&. 13

distinguished from the preceding. Sections are seen of
the four incisives and also of the tusks of the mandible.
The serration of the posterior edge of the upper tusks is
also well shown. = Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47065. Mass of rock, showing either portions of the bone cf the
(Fig.) inner layers of the skull or their impression ; from the
Karoo system of Styl-Krantz, in the Sneewberg range.
Figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. xvii. figs. 5, 7, 8.
The impression of the first incisiform tooth of the left
side exhibits the serrations on its posterior border very
clearly, and also the greater length of this tooth as com-

pared with the next one.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47310. The nearly entire left humerus; from Mildenhalls. This
(Ffig.) | specimen appears to have belonged to the same individual
as No. 47309. It is figured by Owen of half the natural
size in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxii. pl. xi.
figs. 6-9, from the palmar and dorsal aspects and the two
extremities ; and also of the natural size from the palmar

aspect in his ‘ Catalogne,’ pl. xix. fig. 1.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1253.

. Genus AZELUROSAURUS, Owen’.
Incisive teeth Spi cheek-teeth = with compressed: and back-
-wardly curved crowns having serrated posterior edges; premaxillary
teeth also serrated posteriorly. Skull vaulted, with the facial por-
tion deep, and typically of considerable length; size of temporal
fossa unknown; direction of orbits mainly lateral ; postorbital bar
inclined downwards and backwards. Superior surface of mandibular
symphysis sloping obliquely upwards.

So far as regards the anterior dentition there appear to be no
characters by which this genus can be distinguished from the pre-

ceding, so that its right to stand has yet to be proved.

fGlurosaurus felinus, Owen’.
The type species. Considerably larger than Galesaurus planiceps,

but entire length of skull unknown. Premaxillary teeth five in

? Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvii. p. 261 (1881).
2 Loe. cit.

76 ANOMODONTIA.

number; preorbital portion of cranium long and straight, with a
long interval between the orbit and nares.
Hab. South Africa.

R. 339. The skull, wanting nearly the whole of the preorbital
(fig.) portion; from the Karoo system of the Gouph district,
Beaufort West. The type; described and figured by Owen
in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxvii. p. 261, pl. ix.
The apparently single narial aperture is probably due to
the imperfection of the specimen. Serration of premaxil-

lary teeth very dense, but that of cheek-teeth invisible.
Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880.

Pigs lo.

Alurosaurus felinus.—The right lateral aspect of the imperfect cranium ; from
the Karoo system of the Cape Colony. %. An upper incisive tooth (a)
is shown on the right, and an upper cheek-tooth (0) on the left side
on an enlarged scale. if

R. 855. The anterior portion of the cranium; from the Gouph |
district. The postorbital portion is wanting, and the |
specimen is very imperfect; but sufficient remains to show
the close resemblance in contour and also in the number a
of the premaxillary teeth with the type specimen. The -
internarial septum is preserved.

Purchased from T, Bain, Esq., 1880.

~s

JE lurosaurus, sp. . s

Distinguished from the type species by the shorter interval be- -
tween the orbit and nares, and the somewhat more upward inclina-

GALESAURIDZ. 17

tion of the inferior surface of the mandibular symphysis; apparently
attains a somewhat larger size than the type species.
Hab. South Africa.

R. 855a. The anterior extremity of the crushed skull; from the
Karoo system of the Gouph district, Beaufort West. The
cranium has been flattened by a vertical crush; but the
short interval between the orbit and nares is well shown.
There are seen to be five premaxillary teeth on either
side; while in the mandible four teeth are shown in
advance of the tusk. The serrations on the posterior
border of both the premaxillary and cheek-teeth are
clearly shown. Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880.

49419. The anterior extremity of a rather larger skull apparently
referable to this form; from the Gouph district. The
internarial septum is broken away, and the teeth are
much damaged. Five premaxillary teeth can, however,
be seen on either side, the summit of the fifth on the left
side showing the serrated posterior border very distinctly.
The upper tusk of the right side is much smaller than the
remains of the corresponding tooth on the left, and would
appear to be a successional tooth.

Purchased from T,. Bain, Esq., 1878.

fGlurosaurus curvimola (Owen’).
Syn. Lycosaurus curvimola, Owen °.

Considerably larger than the type species. Four upper incisive
teeth; and the preorbital portion of the skull comparatively short
and tapering. ‘The small size of the upper tusk in the type speci-
men is not improbably indicative of a female. The resemblance of
the skull of this form to that of the type of Mlurosaurus was .
pointed out by Owen in his description of the latter, and now that
the division of the nares in that form is known, it seems scarcely
advisable to generically separate the present form solely on account
of having four in place of five premaxillary teeth.

Hab. South Africa.

47339. The imperfect skull; from the Karoo system of Kugaberg.
(Fig.) The type specimen ; figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of
the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pl. Ixviii.; a small-sized

1 Cat. Foss. Rept. S. Africa, p. 71 (1876).—Lycosaurus.
2 Loe, cit.

78 ANOMODONTIA.

reversed view of the right lateral aspect being also given
in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxii. p. 399, fig. 8.
The occipital region is very imperfect, and portions of the
roof of the brain-case are wanting, so as to expose a cast
of parts of the brain. The mandible is tightly closed
against the palate, so as to conceal the lower teeth. The
general contour of the cranium and mandible accords
closely with that of the type species, the inferior aspect
of the mandibular symphysis having precisely the same
oblique upward inclination. The postorbital bar also has
the same backward inclination as in the latter. The
serration of the posterior borders of the cheek-teeth is
well shown ; but owing to this border of the premaxillary
teeth being concealed in matrix the serrations are invisible.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

Genus LYCOSAURUS, Owen’.

Incisive teeth apparently : in number, and the cheek-teeth 5 or 6
in upper jaw; structure of teeth not shown; contour of skull very
imperfectly shown in the type species, but the postorbital bar in-
clined downwards and forwards; if the form mentioned below as
Hyorhynchus belongs to this genus, the orbits will be directed
laterally. Inferior surface of mandibular symphysis nearly vertical,
and its lateral surface with a distinct hollow for the protection of —
the upper tusk. .

Lycosaurus pardalis, Owen’.
Syn. Lycosaurus tigrinus, Owen ®.

The type species. Attains dimensions considerably exceeding
those of Alurosaurus curvimola. |
Hab. South Africa.

R. 1717. The very imperfect and laterally flattened skull; from the
(Fig.) Karoo system of the Cape Colony. The type specimen ;
figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia
of 8. Africa,’ pl. xiv., and small-sized figures given in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxi. p. 358, figs. 6, 7.

* Cat. Foss, Rept. 8. Africa, p, 15 (1876).
POA oinip eB Did pls

GALESAURID. 79

The crushed condition of the specimen renders the vertical
position of the inferior jaw of the mandibular symphysis
not very clearly shown in the figures. In his ‘ Catalogue,’
Owen gives the number of premaxillary teeth as three,
but four are represented in the figure in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ There is no evidence as to the number
of cheek-teeth.

Presented by the Trustees of the Cape Town Museum, 1877.

R. 1717 a. Fragment of rock split from the right side of the preced-

(fq.)

ing specimen. Figured by Owen in his ‘Catalogue,’
pl. xiv. fig. 5. Portions of the upper tusk and four cheek-
teeth are shown.

Presented by the Trustees of the Cape Town Museum, 1877.

R. 1719. The anterior extremity of the skull, in an imperfect and

(Wg.)

somewhat crushed condition; from the Karoo system of
Mildenhalls, near Fort Beaufort. The type specimen of
L, tagrinus ; figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. xv.
There are no characters by which this specimen can be
specifically distinguished from the preceding. The upper
tusk is well shown on the right side, on which side the
split crowns of five cheek-teeth are also shown. In Owen’s
figure a cheek-tooth is introduced in advance of these five,

but this is merely a portion of the matrix; there may

have been smaller cheek-teeth behind the fifth. The up-.
right ventral surface of the mandibular symphysis is well
exhibited. So far as can be determined, the premaxillary
teeth do not seem to be serrated.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

49396. The anterior extremity of the imperfect skull of a larger

individual apparently referable to this species ; from the

‘Karoo system of Beaufort West. The lateral aspect of

the right ramus of the mandible and part of the upper
jaw has been cut and polished to show a section of the
tusks and anterior cheek-teeth. There must have been at
least five of the latter in the upper jaw.

Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1878.

80 ANOMODONTIA.

**Genus HYORHYNCHUS, Seeley !.

Hyorhynchus platyceps, Seeley ’*.

Known by the undermentioned specimen, which indicates an
individual of the approximate size of the type of Lycosaurus
pardalis, and does not show any characters by which it can be
generically separated from Lycosaurus. |

Hab. South Africa.

R. 872. The imperfect cranium; from the Karoo system of the
(fig.) Gouph district, Beaufort West. Figured by Seeley in the
‘Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. xv. figs. 1, 3. ' Whe ecerpmar
region and muzzle are wanting, but the remaining portion
retains its original contour. The direction of the post-
orbital bar serves to distinguish the specimen from 4/luro-
saurus. Compared with the flattened type skull of
Lycosaurus pardalis there appears to be, so far as can
be seen, a marked resemblance between the two. Thus
in LZ. pardals the forward direction of the postorbital
bar is clearly visible on the left side, and the orbits appear
to have been lateral. The contour of the anterior border
of the left temporal fossa is also seen to have been similar
in the two specimens ; and the width of the interorbital
bar seems to have been likewise the same.
Purchased from T, Bain, Esq., 1880.

Genus TIGRISUCHUS, Owen’.

Known only by the imperfect anterior extremity of the cranium.
Perhaps allied to Cynodraco, but with only three upper incisive
teeth.

Tigrisuchus simus, Owen’.
The type and only described species. Fully equal in size to

Cynodraco serridens, but with relatively larger incisive teeth.
Hab. South Africa.

R. 1721. The anterior extremity of the cranium, in a damaged con-.
(Fig.) dition; from the Karoo system of the Sneewberg range.
The type; figured by Owen in his ‘Catalogue of the
Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pl. xvi. figs. 6-9. Fragments
of the tusks and sections of the roots of the three pairs of

1 Phil. Trans. for 1889, p. 242. 2 Loe. cit.
® Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 17 (1876). 4 Doc. cute

TAPINOCEPHALID®. 81

incisives are shown. The latter have very small pulp-
cavities, and are thereby readily distinguished from the
corresponding teeth of the following family.

Presented by the Director of the Albany Museum.

GENERICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS,

R. 1722. The proximal half of the right humerus of a large form ;
from the Karoo system of the Cape Colony. This spe-
cimen is broken off at the entepicondylar foramen.
Although of smaller size, it approximates in contour to
the humerus of Cynodraco.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

36300. The distal portion of a right humerus, agreeing in size with
the preceding specimen, and probably referable to the
present suborder; from the Karoo system of the Rhen-
osterberg branch of the Sneewberg range.

Presented by Sir George Grey, K.C.B., 1858.

R. 510. Fragment of rock containing numerous imperfect bones of
a small Anomodont probably referable to the present
suborder ; from the Karoo system of the Orange Free State.
This specimen shows a portion of the dorso-lumbar and
caudal regions of the vertebral column, portions of the
pelvis, the femur of either side, and the left tibia.

By exchange with the Blomfonteon Museum.

Family TAPINOCEPHALIDZ.

This family is taken to include the undermentioned imperfectly
known large forms. The teeth always appear to have had large
pulp-cavities, but in the type genus the nature of the dentition is
very imperfectly known, although there were apparently no tusk-
like teeth. In the other genus, however, the dentition was of a
carnivorous type and differentiated into groups. The type genus
appears to have no secondary posterior nares.

Vertebrz notochordal, with flattened terminal faces to the centra
and moderately tall neural spines; no intercentra in dorsal region.
Humerus relatively short and wide, with the proximal extremity
much expanded, and a sudden angulation at the point of origin of
the delto-pectoral crest.

PART IV. G

82 ANOMODONTIA.

Genus TAPINOCEPHALUS, Owen}.
Syn. (?) Phocosaurus, Seeley *,

The type genus; founded upon the imperfect cranial muzzle,
with which a vertebra and tibia were apparently associated. No
tusks in upper jaw ; muzzle of cranium forming a depressed rounded
projection, above which the frontal region probably rose suddenly ;
apparently no secondary posterior nares. Lumbar vertebra (fig. 18)

ye

(?) Taptnocephalus atherstonei.— Reversed view of the left side of the pelvis,
with the ischium restored; from the Karoo system of the Cape Colony. —
q. w, ilium; pb, pubis; is, ischium ; 0.f, obturator foramen. | 5

with a short centrum, having angulated terminal faces, and distinct
surfaces for free ribs or tranverse processes at the junction of the
arch and centrum.

The undermentioned series of vertebree, which are most probably
referable to this genus, are characterized by their broad and more
or less shortened centra and the absence of intercentra in the post-
cervical region. ‘The anterior dorsals have the hemal surface of the
centrum rounded, but in the lumbar and sacral region, where there
are autogenous transverse processes or ribs, the hemal and lateral

1 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 1 (1876). 2 Phil. Trans. for 1888, p. 91,

>, ia 3
Jed ae 7
ee

ij
Bs

TAPINOCEPHALIDA, 83

faces become flattened and form distinct angles at their junction
with one another. ‘The rib-facets on the anterior dorsals are
sessile.

The series of bones of the limb-girdles and limbs, upon certain of
which the genus Phocosaurus was based, are provisionally included
under the present generic heading, since there is no evidence to
show that they are generically distinct. In this series the coracoid
and precoracoid remain distinct; the humerus has the head placed
high up, the distal extremity moderately expanded, the radial
condyle of normal size, and no ectepicondylar foramen ; the pelvis
(fig. 17) is characterized by the large acetabulum and the compara-
tive lowness of the ilium, which has distinct pre- and postacetabular
processes.

Tapinocephalus atherstonei, Owen’.

Including Phocosaurus megischion, Seeley °.

The type species. Of huge dimensions, perhaps somewhat ex-
ceeding those of Zitanosuchus. It is quite probable that the under-
mentioned specimens may indicate two distinct species.

Hab. South Africa.

R. 1705. The imperfect anterior extremity of the cranium; from
(fig.) the Karoo system near Jan Willem’s Fontein, Prince
Albert district. The type; figured by Owen in his ‘ Cata-
logue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8S. Africa,’ pl. 1. The
broken posterior surface and part of the alveolar surface
have been cut and polished. The bones forming the free
surfaces of the facial aspect are in great part or entirely
wanting, and no trace of the position of the nares remains.
The determination of the bones exhibited in the transverse
section by Owen appears to be correct. In the section
of the alveolar border of the maxilla an outer series of
fully developed teeth and an inner one of replacing germs
are distinctly visible. The hindmost tooth, of which a
section is shown, has a large pulp-cayity, like the teeth of
Trtanosuchus. In advance of this tooth there are several
empty dental alveoli, but none of them appear large
enough to have held a tusk answering to the lower tusk
of Trtanosuchus. This specimen apparently indicates the
absence of secondary posterior nares; and it evidently

1 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 1 (1876).
2 Phil. Trans. for 1888, p. 91.
G2

84

R. 1706.
(Mig.)

~ ANOMODONTIA.

formed a flat and projecting muzzle, above which the
region of the brain was probably much elevated. *
Presented by W. G‘, Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

A nearly entire lumbar vertebra; from the same locality
as the type, and from the nature of its mineralogical con-
dition and peculiar colour, as well as from its somewhat
rolled condition, doubtless belonging to the same indi-
vidual. This specimen (woodcut, fig. 18) is noticed by
Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ p. 10, no. 19, as a late dorsal or

‘lumbar of Pariasaurus. Facets for a free rib, or trans-

verse process, at the junction of the arch with the cen-
trum, show the presence of autogenous lateral elements
in the hinder part of the presacral series. The centrum
has a flattened hemal surface, with the lateral surfaces
also flattened and having an angulated junction with the
former. The width of the centrum is 0,138 (5°5 inches).

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Hsq., M.D., 1872.

Fig. 18.

Tapinocephalus atherstonei.—Anterior and right lateral aspects of a lumbar —
vertebra ; from the Karoo system of the Cape Colony, About 1.

R. 1707.
(My.)

The right tibia; from the same locality as the type, and,
for the reasons stated under the head of the preceding
specimen, in all probability referable to the same indi-
vidual. Figured by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans,’ tor 1889,

TAPINOCEPHALID ®, 85

pl. xxv., without generic determination, and noticed by

Owen in his ‘Catalogue,’ p. 13, no. 29, as Pariasaurus.
The distal extremity is described by Seeley as indicating
Mammalian affinities. The femur, No. 43525 ¢ (infra,
p- 89), may belong to the same individual as the present
Caio
Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

R. 1706 a. An imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra; from the same

locality as the type, and perhaps therefore referable to the
same individual. This specimen has been longitudinally
bisected in a vertical plane to show the notochordal canal.
Noticed by Owen in his ‘Catalogue,’ p. 3, no. 4, and re-
ferred to Tapinocephalus. The rib-facet is partly on the
arch and partly on the centrum ; and the specimen closely
approximates to the under-mentioned dorsal No. 43525 d,

although of somewhat smaller dimensions. If the series

to which the latter helongs is referable to the present
genus, this specimen will likewise be referable to the
same, although perhaps specifically distinct.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

The Fallewing associated series of vertebree, of which the majority were
referred by Owen to this species, appear generically inseparable,
but may indicate a distinct species.

43525 a. The centrum and base of the arch of a cervical vertebra,

(Fig.)

probably belonging to the same individual as the under-
mentioned dorsals, and accordingly provisionally referred
to the same form; from the Karoo system, apparently of
Gats-Plaatz, Spreuw Fontein, Prince Albert district.
Figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia
of S. Africa,’ pl. x., and also in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol,
Soc.’ vol. xxxn. pl. v., as Partasaurus bombidens. This
specimen is there stated to have been obtained from Vers
Fontein, but its mineralogical condition is precisely similar
to that of the undermentioned dorsals. The centrum has
been longitudinally bisected in a horizontal plane. Large
facets for intercentra are shown.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872

RB. 854. An imperfect and somewhat crushed later cervical vertebra,

agreeing in general character with the preceding ; from
the Karoo system of the Gouph district, near Beaufort

86

43525 b.
(fig.)

43525 c.

43525 d. A

43525 e.

43525 f.

43525 g.

ANOMODONTIA.

West. The transverse process of the left side is nearly
entire, and is situated at a higher level than in the pre-
ceding specimen. The large intercentral facets are well
shown. The tall neural spine and the oblique zygapo-
physes at once distinguish this specimen from the cervicals —
of Pariasaurus. Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880.

An imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra; from the Karoo
system of Gats-Plaatz, Spreuw Fontein, Prince Albert
district. Figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. ili., and
also in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxii. at Vics
as Tapinocephalus atherstonei. There are no intercentral
facets. The base of the neural arch remains, and the
elongated rib-facet is situated entirely on the centrum.
The heemal aspect of the centrum is rounded.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

A similar associated imperfect dorsal vertebra; from
Gats-Plaatz. Noticed in Owen’s ‘ Catalogue,’ p. 4, no. 6.
Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

slightly later associated imperfect dorsal vertebra ; from
Gats-Plaatz. Noticed by Owen, J. c. (as No. 6’). The
rib-facet has ascended partly on to the arch.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., ‘1872.

An imperfect associated later dorsal vertebra; from Guts
Plaatz. Noticed by Owen, loc. cit., as No. 7. The rib-
facet has ascended on to the arch, and the hemal aspect of
the centrum is somewhat flattened, and the sides are
depressed. |
Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

An imperfect associated trunk-vertebra, still later in the
series ; from Gats-Plaatz. Noticed by Owen, loc. Cit., as
No. 8, The neuro-central suture has descended upon the
centrum.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

A somewhat later imperfect associated trunk-vertebra ;

from Gats-Plaatz. Noticed by Owen, loc. cit., together

with the preceding specimen, as No.8. The neuro-central
suture descends on to the centrum, as in the preceding
specimen ; but the centrum has become shorter, and has
lost the marked lateral depressions of the latter.
Presented by W. G, Atherstone, Hsq., M.D., 1872.

43525 h.
(%g.)

43525 i.
(fig.)

43525 k.

43525 1.
(fig.)

43525 j.

43525 x.

TAPINOCEPHALIDE, 87

An imperfect associated lumbar vertebra; from Gats-
Plaatz. Figured by Owen, loc. cit., pl. iv. The con-
tour of the centrum is almost identical with that of the
vertebra No. R. 1706; but the present specimen is of
somewhat smaller size, a difference which may be mercly
an individual character. There is the same notch between
the arch and the centrum as in No. R. 1706.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

An imperfect sacrum, associated with the preceding ; from
Gats-Plaatz. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. v. Four
vertebree remain; but there is no evidence to show that
the 3rd and 4th are not anterior caudals, and that the true
sacrals were more than two in number. In the angulated
contour of the centrum the first sacral accords with the
lumbar. The 3rd and 4th vertebre have notches at the
junction of the arch with the centrum, as in the lumbars.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

The imperfect centrum of an associated anterior caudal
vertebra ; from Gats-Plaatz. Noticed by Owen, op. cit.
po.as Nor Ll:

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

The imperfect centrum of an associated later caudal ver-
tebra, which has been bisected to exhibit the notochordal
canal; from Gats-Plaatz. Figured by Owen, op. cit. pl. v.
fig. 4. Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

The imperfect proximal portion of a dorsal rib, associated
with the preceding specimens; from Gats-Plaatz. Noticed
by Owen, op. cit. p. 5, No. 12.

Presented by W. Gt. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

An imperfect late caudal vertebra apparently belonging
to this series. This specimen is labelled “Jan Willem’s
Farm,” but it is indistinguishable in mineral characters

from the preceding. —
Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

88

- ANOMODONTIA.

The following associated series of bones of the pectoral and pelvic
girdles and limbs include the types of Phocosaurus megischion,
but there is no evidence to show that they may not be referable to
the present form, under which heading they are accordingly

entered provisionally ; they were referred by Owen to Paria-
saurus.

43525 m. The glenoidal extremities of the right scapula and cora-

43525 n.

43525 o.

43525 p.

(fig-)

43525 q.

(Wig.)

43525 x.
(1ig.)

coid ; from the Karoo system of Vers Fontein (?), Prince
Albert district. The coracoid approximates in contour to
the corresponding bone of the Dicynodonts, and us the
straight suture for a distinct precoracoid.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D, NST

The glenoidal portions of the left scapula and precoracoid ;
from Vers Fontein. The foramen in the precoracoid
pierces the bone obliquely.

Presented by W. G'. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

The right humerus; from Vers Fontein. Noticed by
Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’
p. 11, no. 23, as Pariasaurus.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

The left humerus; from Vers Fontein. Figured in
Owen’s ‘Catalogue,’ pl. xii., as Pariasaurus. This and
the preceding specimen show the thin flange-like expan-
sion of the preaxial border above the condyles, charac-
teristic of the typical forms of the suborder, and also the
narrow bar in front of the entepicondylar foramen.
Presented by W. G'. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

The right ulna; from Vers Fontein. Noticed by Owen
in his ‘Catalogue,’ p. 12, no. 25, as Pariasaurus, and
figured by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. xxii.,

“having been referred in the abstract to Titanosuchus. This

specimen unquestionably belongs to the same individual
as the preceding humerus, which is quite different from ©
the corresponding bone of T2tanosuchus.

Presented by W. G'. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

The imperfect left side of the pelvis; from Vers Fontein.
The ilium remains separate from the ischium and pubis,
which are anchylosed together. The extremity of the
preacetabular process of the ilium is wanting, the pubis is-
somewhat imperfect, and the whole of the symphysial

TAPINOCEPHALID&®, 89

region of the ischium is broken away. The ilium is de-
scribed by Owen in his ‘Catalogue,’ p. 13, no. 27, and
referred to Pariasaurus, while the ischium and pubis are
noticed in the same work, p. 11, no. 22, as the right
scapula and coracoid of that genus. The entire specimen
is figured by Seeley in the‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. xxi.,
as the type of Phocosaurus. In woodcut fig. 17, a reversed
restoration of the specimen is given, partly based on the
corresponding bones of the opposite side, and partly on
the Dicynodont pelvis, No, R. 1698 (p.57). In Seeley’s
figure the suture between the pubis and ischium is made
to pass posteriorly to the foramen ; but from a comparison
of the right pubis with that of No. R. 1698, the correspon-
dence is so close that it is practically certain that the
vacuity is the obturator foramen, and consequently that
the ischio-pubic suture should pass through it. The right
pubis seems to indicate that this is really the case, since
below the sutural surface of the acetabulum there is a
flat surface extending obliquely forwards to the foramcn,
which appears to indicate the line of suture.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

43525 s. The right ilium and the imperfect pubis of the same side ;

from Vers Fontein. The ilium is noticed by Owen in his
‘Catalogue,’ p. 13, no. 26, and referred to Pariasaurus,
The symphysial portion of the pene: is broken away, but
the foramen remains.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

43525 t. The proximal half of the right femur ; said to be from Vers

(fg.)

Fontein. Noticed by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ p. 18,
no. 28, and figured by him in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xxxvi. pl. xvi. fig. 8. The distal surface has been
cut and pelished. The long and straight great (outer)
trochanter found in the Dicynodont femur is wanting.
The mineralogical condition is like that of the type of
Tapinocephalus, suggesting that the specimen is from
Jan Willem’s Fontein.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

Genus TITANOSUCHUS, Owen’.

Dentition of a carnivorous type, and differentiated into groups ;
teeth apparently a in number, of which = occupy the position of

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxy. p. 189 (1879).

90 : ANOMODONTIA.

incisors. Skull probably short and deep. Coracoid fused with pre-
coracoid. Humerus with the head placed relatively low, and conse-
quently a short postaxial curve, the distal extremity very wide, the
radial condyle extending far up on the palmar aspect, and an ect-
epicondylar foramen piercing the shaft in a direction ascending
obliquely from the preaxial flange to the postaxial aperture of the
entepicondylar foramen. Pelvis and vertebree unknown.

The pulp-cavities of the teeth appear to have become completely
closed, but (although the contrary opinion has been expressed)
successional teeth were developed. The roots of the teeth terminated
ina point. Unless the specimen described as Glaridodon (infra,
p- 92) prove to belong to this genus the crowns of the teeth are
unknown ; the cross-section of their roots is, however, of the same
general type as in the teeth mentioned below under the heading of
Deuterosaurus.

Titanosuchus ferox, Owen !.
The type and only described species; attains dimensions nearly

or perhaps quite equal to those of T’apinocephalus atherstonei.
Hab. South Africa.

49370. Associated fragments of the anterior portion of the cranium
(Fig.) and mandible; from the Karoo system of Koodos-kop,
Gouph district, Beaufort West. The types ; described and
figured by Owen in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol.
xxxv. pp. 189-198, pl. x1. These specimens have been
either sectionized in various planes, or their alveolar surfaces

have been ground down and polished. In the fragment —

49370 b, of which a fang of a tooth is represented in fig 4
of the plate, an inner row of successional teeth is clearly
seen; a section of one of these teeth presenting the same
triangular contour without a pulp-cavity observable in the
anterior tooth of the type of Tapinocephalus. In the un-
figured fragment 49370a, the inner and outer rows of
teeth are shown both on the worn external surface and in
the section, the contour of both series being almost iden-
tical with that of the teeth of the specimen No. R. 1708,
mentioned under the head of the generically undeter-
mined specimens (p. 93). The left side of the mandibular
symphysis represented in fig. 6 of the plate closely resembles
the corresponding part of the jaw referred to Deutero-

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxv, p. 189 (1879).

:

EP ne Te ee gO ee! Pe

TAPINOCEPHALID 2. 91

saurus. The incisives have less compressed roots than
those which probably belong to the upper jaw.
Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1878.

49367. The left coracoid ; from Koodos-kop. This specimen, which

(1g.)

apparently belongs to the same individual as the following
humerus, is figured by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for
1889, pl. xvi, fig. 4, as the left pubis. The bone is,
however, totally unlike a pubis, and a comparison with
the Dicynodont pectoral girdle, No. 36287 (p. 52), shows
such a close resemblance with the coracoid and precora-

- coid, as to indicate that the present specimen represents

those two bones conjointly. The anterior portion of the
bone is incomplete, so that it cannot be determined whether
there was a precoracoidal foramen. The coracoidal por-
tion closely resembles the coracoid referred to Tapino-
cephalus (p. 83). Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1878.

49369. The imperfect left humerus; from Koodos-kop. Figured by

(Fig.)

~ Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. xx. This specimen,

together with the following one, was found lying on the
surface with the types, and it is almost certain that one or
the other belonged to the same individual as the latter.
In the present specimen the delto-pectoral crest and the
radial condyle are imperfect, and the bar in front of the
entepicondylar foramen is broken away. The upward
extension of the radial condyle is clearly shown; the
ectepicondylar foramen is seen piercing the entire width
of the shaft, its postaxial aperture opening into that of _

the entepicondylar foramen, while its preaxial aperture is

placed on the palmar aspect of the large distal flange in
the same position as in the humerus of Brithopus (p. 98).
Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1878.

49367 a. A more imperfect example of the left humerus; from

Koodos-kop. . Found in association with the preceding
specimens. The proximal extremity is wanting, and the
distal portion imperfect. The entepicondylar foramen,
although crushed, is entire; and the two apertures of
the ectepicondylar foramen are shown.

Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1878.

49368. The right femur; from Koodos-kop. Found with the pre-

(fig)

ceding specimen, and, judging from its mineralogical

92 ANOMODONTIA. .

condition, probably belonging to the same individual.
Figured Sh Seeley, op. cit. pl. xix.
Purchased from T, Bain, Esq., 1878.

49367 b. An imperfect fibula; from Koodos-kop. Figured by Seeley,
(fig.) op. cit. pl. xxi. This specimen appears to have belonged to
he same individual as the humerus No. 49369.

Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1878.

49367 c. Four phalangeal bones ; from Koodos-kop. One of these
(i%ig.) is terminal; the others are figured by Seeley, op. cet. pl.
Be ecu raion whee Purchased from T, Bain, Esq., 1878.

One or both of the two following specumens may belong to
this or an allied form.

47100. A very large tibia; from the Karoo system of the Cape
Colony. This specimen, although indicating an equally
large animal, is longer and less massive than the tibia of -
Tapinocephalus, from which it also differs in contour,

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

R. 519. A flattened tibia, approximating in size and contour to the
preceding specimen; from the Karoo system of the Cape
Colony. A concretion-like structure on one border of the
shaft, which has been cut and polished, appears to indicate

an ulceration of the bone during life.
Presented by Dr. Exton, 1884,

GENERICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.

The following specimens indicate forms more or less Tose allied
to or identical with the preceding genera.

(a. Glaridodon, Seeley '.)
49425. An imperfect incisive tooth ; from the Karoo system of the
(Fig.) Gouph district, Beaufort West. Described and figure by
Seeley in the ‘ Proc. Roy. Soc.’ vol. xliv. pp. 135, 136,
fig. 2,as Glaridodon, of which it is the type. As already
pointed out by the writer (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 576),
there are no characters by which this specimen can be
generically distinguished from T%tanosuchus. Since it was
figured the root has been transversely cut, and the section

1 Proc. Roy. Soe, vol. xliv. p. 185 (1888).

TAPINOCEPHALID. 93

closely resembles that of the lower incisors of Titanosuchus.
Although of the same general type, this tooth differs from
the upper incisors referred to Deuterosaurus in the ab-
sence of the inner basal lobe, and the prominent vertical
ridges on the lateral borders of the posterior aspect of the
crown. Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1878.

b. Specimens of the dentition, some of which were referred

by Owen to Tapinocephalus.

R. 846. A very large imperfect tooth; from the Gouph district,

R. 1708.

(fg.)

Beaufort West. The crown has lost its summit and is
otherwise imperfect, andethe lower part of the root is want-
ing. Thecrown and root have the same compressed form
as in the preceding specimen, although this tooth is of
considerably larger size.

Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880.

Fragment of a jaw showing on the polished surface sections
of teeth ; from the Karoo system of the Cape. Figured by
Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. i. figs. 1-3, where it is
described as part of the mandibular symphysis, and referred
to Tapinocephalus, being incorrectly stated to be one of the
specimens presented by Dr. Atherstone, A thin slice, now
mounted on glass, has been cut from the polished surface.
The sections of the teeth appear to be very similar to
those of Zitanosuchus, an inner series of successional teeth
being shown. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47089. Fragment of a jaw exhibiting sections of large teeth; from

the Great Karoo district. Noticed by Owen in his ‘ Cata-
logue,’ p. 28, no. 53.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

ec. Specimens of vertebre of which itis probable that a large propor-
tion are referable to the present family, although some may
belong to the Pariasauria, There is a probability that the
associated series first mentioned may prove to belong to Titano-
suchus.

R. 1709. The centrum of an anterior dorsal vertebra; from the

Karoo system of Jan Willem’s Fontein', Prince Albert
district. This specimen has been longitudinally bisected
in a vertical plane. It differs from the anterior dorsals

94 : ANOMODONTIA.

mentioned under the head of Tapinocephalus in its flattened

hemal and lateral surfaces ; and since those yertebre are
associated with lumbars of the type of No. R. 1706 (p. 84)

it would appear that the present specimen cannot belong

to the same form as the latter,
Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M. D.. 1872.

R. 1709 a. An imperfect anterior dorsal vertebra; from the same
(Fig.) locality as the preceding, and ‘apparently associated.
Figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia
of §. Africa,’ pl. xi., and referred to Puriasaurus, the
locality being incorrectly given as Vers Fontein. This
specimen, which hasbeen longitudinally bisected in a
horizontal plane, has the costal facet partly on the centrum
and partly on the arch, and the centrum is more rounded

than in the preceding specimen.
Presented by W. G', Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

R.1709 b. A very imperfect dorsal centrum, showing the rib-facets ;
from the same locality, and probably associated with the
preceding.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

R. 1709 c. An imperfect dorsal centrum of the same type; from
| the same locality.
Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

R. 1709 d. Four imperfect caudal vertebre ; from the same locality,
and probably associated with the preceding.
Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

R. 852. Two imperfect centra of large trunk-vertebre; from the
Karoo system of the Gouph district, near Beaufort West.
In their constricted and carinated form these specimens
approximate to the later dorsals of the series noticed

under the head of Tapinocephalus.
Purchased from T. Bain, oa, oy ol OCA

R. 851. Three associated imperfect dorsal centra of the same type
as the preceding ; from the Gouph district.
Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1880.

47106. The imperfect neural arches and spines of three dorsal

vertebree of a large form; from the Karoo system of the

Cape Colony. The height of the neural spine and the

TAPINOCEPHALID&. 95

obliquity. of the zygapophyses at. once distinguishes these
specimens from Parzasaurus.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47106 a, The greater portion of a rib, associated with the preceding.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

The following specimen not improbably belongs to this group.

R. 1663. The imperfect right quadrate of a very large form ; from the

(Ffig.) Karoo system of the Cape Colony. Figured by Seeley in

the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1889, pl. x. figs. 4-6, without generic

determination. This specimen differs from the quadrate

of the Dicynodontia by the presence of an antero-posterior

perforation above the trochlea; and since there are no

other forms which are sufficiently large to have had a

quadrate of the size_of this specimen, there is a strong
presumption that it belon; gs to the present group.

No history,

Family Uncertain.

The incisive teeth of the type referred to Deuterosaurus present
a remarkable approximation to the teeth of the American family
Bolosauride*, in which both the anterior and the cheek-teeth have
their crowns elongated at right angles to the axis of the jaw. The
American forms’ do not have the dental series differentiated into
distinct tusks and cheek-teeth, and the dentition is regarded as
indicating herbivorous habits. The presence of a distinct tusk in
Diadectes and its absence in Hmpedzas show, however, that such
differences are of no great importance. Whether the cheek-teeth of
the skull referred to Deuterosaurus were transversely elongated is
not apparent. :

Tbe humerus of the undermentioned forms approximates to the
type of that of the Tapimocephalide, although of smaller size. The
vertebree of Deuterosaurus and of the undermentioned African form
have a notochordal canal and the centra in the dorsal region much
compressed.

1 See Cope, ‘Trans, Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xvi. p. 288 (1886). In a com-
munication regarding the relations of these European forms to the Bolosauride
Prof. Cope writes to the author as follows:—‘ Your figure of the incisor re-
ferred to Deuterosaurus resembles a good deal the cheek-teeth of Bolosaurus,
and less nearly the incisors of Empedias, owing to the weaker basal shoulder in the
latter. In the few known teeth of Chilonyx the basal shoulder is represented
by an angle only.”

2 In Chilonyx the temporal fossx are roofed. See Cope, ‘ Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc,’ vol. xx. p. 631.

96 ANOMODONTIA,

Till the form of the crowns of the incisive teeth in the Zapio-
cephalide is known it is impossible to say how far the present
group was related to that family; but it would seem that in this
group the incisive teeth were larger in proportion to the jaws than
in the latter.

GENus non det.

Indicated by two dorsal vertebra, the centra of which are mode-
rately compressed, with a subtriangular cross-section and without
hemal carina. The transverse processes appear to have been sup-
ported by flange-like buttresses, and the terminal cups are of mode-
rate depth.

These specimens indicate a reptile of considerably larger size than
the next form, but apparently allied in the structure of the vertebre,

Hab. South Africa.

R. 847. Two imperfect adjacent dorsal vertebre ; from tne Karoo
| system of the Gouph district, Beaufort West. The greater
portion of the neural spines are wanting. The arches are
fairly well preserved, and the capitular rib-facet is clearly
seen on the anterior border of the upper part of the
centrum. The length of the centrum is 0,070 (2°75 inches)

and its vertical diameter 0-066 (2°6 inches).
Purchased from T, Bain, Fsq., 1880.

Genus non det.

Represented by a series of bones, among which the humerus agrees
closely in size and contour with that of Brithopus (infra), but ap-
parently has no ectepicondylar foramen. Vertebree with the centra
much compressed and furnished with a sharp hemal carina; the
centra of the dorsals being smaller and longer than those of the
lumbars. ‘Transverse processes of dorsals supported by three pro-
minent flange-like buttresses. No intercentra in the dorsal series.

These vertebre closely resemble those mentioned under the head
of Deuterosaurus.

Hab. South Africa.

The following associated series of specimens were obtained from the
Karoo system at Bakkars Kraal, in the Rouaville district of the
Orange Free State, and were presented by OC. S. Orpen, Esq., 1884,

R. 533. Two dorsal vertebrae, cemented together by matrix. Figured
(fig.) by the writer in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1889, pl. liv. fig. I.

GENUS NON DET. 97

The centrum of the anterior vertebra is imperfect, but the
hinder one is well preserved. In the form of the trans-
verse process and the sharp carination of the centrum
these vertebree resemble those of the Clepsydropide, hut
the terminal faces are much less deeply cupped.

R. 533a. The left transverse process and zygapophyses of a dorsal
(Fig.) vertebra. Figured (reversed), op. cit. pl. liv. fig. 2.

R. 533 b. An imperfect and crushed posterior dorsal or lumbar
vertebra. The right prezygapophysis and transverse
process remain, but the other parts of the arch and the
spine are wanting.

R. 583. c. An imperfect vertebra belonging to the same region of
the column as the preceding.

R. 533 d. The centrum and base of the arch of a lumbar vertebra.

(fig.) Figured, op. cat. pl. liv. fig. 3. The centrum has been

| somewhat crushed; a reflection of the posterior border on
one side suggests the presence of an intercentrum, but it
is more probable that this is due to crushing.

R. 533 e. Part of the arch of a trunk vertebra.

R. 533 f. Three imperfect caudal vertebree cemented together by
matrix. The neural spines and transverse processes are
imperfect. The centra resemble those of the dorsals in
their comparative length.

R. 5383 g. The imperfect right scapula. The two extremities are

(Fig.) preserved, but the middle is wanting. Figured, op. cit.
pl. ly. fig. 1. In general contour and size this specimen
approximates to the corresponding bone of Platypodosaurus,
although presenting characters which indicate its generic
distinctness.

R. 533 h. The imperfect distal portion of the left humerus. Figured,

(Fig.) with a restoration of the proximal portion, op. cit. pl. lv.
fig. 3. The region of the ulnar condyle is broken away, and
the distal preaxial border is also imperfect. Sufficient of
the latter remains, however, to show that an ectepicondy lar
foramen was probably wanting.

R, 583i. Two portions of a femur. The upper fragment shows
part of the great trochanter, while the lower one comprises
the distal extremity.

PART Iv. H

98 ANOMODONTIA.

R. 533 j. One extremity of an epipodial bone.

R. 533 x. Fragmentary undetermined bones.

Genus BRITHOPUS, Kutorga’.

Syn. Orthopus, Kutorga *.

Hurosaurus, Fischer *.

Definitely known by the humerus, which has both ectepicondylar
and entepicondylar foramina, of which the former merely pierces
the supinator ridge; while its general contour resembles that of the
corresponding bone of Titanosuchus and Tapinocephulus. —

It has been shown by Owen that the type specimen of Orthopus —

is the proximal extremity of a left humerus, probably belonging to
the same individual as the undermentioned specimen. As mentioned
below there is no evidence to show that Deuterosaurus is really
distinct from this genus. Hurosawrus seems to have been founded
upon the evidence of the same specimen as Orthopus; but was
subsequently confounded by Eichwald with the Labyrinthodont
Melosaurus.

Brithopus priscus, Kutorga *.
Syn. Orthopus priomevus, Kutorga °.
Eurosaurus, Fischer °.
The type and only known species. The humerus indicates a
reptile very much smaller than Titanosuchus ferox, although con-
siderably larger than Cynodraco serridens. Trautschold’ describes

and figures part of a femur which he refers to this species.
Hab, Russia. —

39358, Cast of the imperfect distal extremity of the left humerus.
The original, which is the type, was obtained from the
Upper Permian on the western flanks of the Urals in the
Government of Perm, province of Kazan, and is preserved
in the Museum of the University of Kazan. It is figured
by Kutorga in pl. i. of the work above cited; and is
noticed by Kichwald in his ‘ Lethzea Rossieca,’ vol. ii. p. 1626
(1860), as the coracoid of Hurosaurus. It is again figured

1 Beitrage z. Kenntniss d. organischen Ueberreste d. Kupfersandsteins des

Urals, p. 9 (18838). 2 Ibid. p. 15.
% Bull. Soc. Moscou, vol. xv. p. 462 (1842).
4 Op. cit. p. 9 (1838). 5 Ibid. p. 15.

o Toe ir. 7 Mém. Soc. Moscou, vol. xv. pt. i. p. 29, pl. vi.

d
p
:
‘
r
.
q
q

Se ee

OR

Pie det ta ee ee ae ee ee Ta, pes
* - y .

DEUTEROSAURUS. 99

by Meyer in the ‘ Palzeontographica,’ vol. xv. art. 3, pl. xv.
figs. 5-7 (1866). Another figure is given by Owen in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxii. p. 353, fig. 1, in
conjunction with the proximal extremity of the humerus
on which Orthopus was founded. The specimen is also
figured by the present writer in the ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889,
pl. lv. fig. 4, with a restoration of the imperfect postaxial
border. Purchased, 1865.

Genus DEUTEROSAURUS, Eichwald'.

Founded upon a portion of the vertebral column *, which appa-
rently closely resembles that of the African form mentioned above.
The skull referred to this genus by its describer indicates a consi-
derably larger individual than the one to which the vertebre belonged ;
and since the humerus of Brithopus is proportionately somewhat
larger than those vertebre, there would be more reason for referring
the skull to that genus. In the absence of any decisive evidence
one way or other and bearing in mind that Deuterosaurus may be
generically identical with Brithopus, the teeth of the above-mentioned
type are noticed under the present heading.

The above-mentioned skull has the incisive teeth 3 in number,
and comparative small tusks; the number and contour of the cheek-
teeth being unknown. In the incisives (fig. 19) the crowns have
a claw-like outer cusp, with a well-developed basal inner ledge ;
their roots are laterally compressed, with a pulp-cavity of moderate
size.

Deuterosaurus biarmicus, Hichwald °.

_ The type and only described species. ‘The typical vertebral column
indicates a smaller individual than the African form mentioned on
p- 96; but the teeth and skull which have been referred to this
species are of relatively larger dimensions.

Hab. Russia.

R. 303. A somewhat imperfect incisive tooth of the same type as
(Fig.) the incisives of the skull referred by Eichwald to this form ;
from the Upper Permian of the Kargalinsk copper-mines,
Government of Orenburg. Described and figured by
Twelvetrees in the ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 11. vol. ix. p. 338,
pl. viii. fig. 2 (1882), and again by Seeley in the ‘ Proc.
Roy. Soe.’ vol. xliv. p. 136, fig. 1 (1888); the specimen
1 Bull. Soe. Moscou, vol. xxi. No. iii. p. 151 (1848).

» Figured in ‘ Lethzea Rossica,’ pl. lix, ° Loe. cit.
H2

tee Sree
= See

Es

100 ANOMODONTIA,

being in both instances referred without any proviso to
Deuterosaurus. Since the specimen (fig. 19) was figured
the lower surface of the root has been cut and polished ;
and thus exhibits the compressed pulp-cavity, and the

? Deuterosaurus biarmicus.—Lateral aspect of an incisive tooth, wanting the
lower portion of the root; from the Upper Permian of Kargalinsk,
Orenburg. 3.

concentric layers of dentine noticed by Kichwald. Similar
teeth are figured by Eichwald in his ‘ Lethzea Rossica,’
pl. lviil. fig. 8, and also by Trautschold in the ‘ Mém. Ac.
Imp. Nat. Moscou,’ vol. xv. pt. i. pl. vii. figs. 3-5.
Presented by W. H. Twelvetrees, Esq., 1882.

Genus non det.

R. 304. The crown of atusk; from the Upper Permian of Karga-
(fig.) linsk, near Orenburg, Russia. | Described and figured by
Twelvetrees in the ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. 11. vol. ix. p. 338,
pl. viii. fig. 3, as the tooth of a Dinosaur. This specimen
is laterally compressed and has serrated edges, and thus
resembles the tusks of Lycosaurus ; it is smaller and more
slender than the tusks of the skull referred by Eichwald

to Deuterosaurus. |
Presented by W. H. Twelvetrees, Esq., 1882.

Family DIADECTID A.
Dentition of an herbivorous type, the cheek-teeth (fig. 20) being
transversely elongated, with oval crowns, divided into flattened and
subequal moieties by a median vertical ridge at right angles to the

DIADECTID#, 101

longer diameter ; alveoli not separated. Teeth on the vomer. No
secondary posterior nares. Vertebre notochordal, with intercentra ;
neural spines of moderate height, zygosphenal (hyposphenal) articu-
lations present, and the pre- and postzygapophyses approximated to
one another, with horizontal articular surfaces. A tusk may or may
not be present, and there may be either one or two rows of cheek-
teeth.

This family has been regarded by its founder, Cope’, as repre-
senting a distinct subordinal group—Cotylosauria—on account of an
apparent peculiarity in the articulation of the cranium with the
vertebral column. Later on, however, it was suggested that this
peculiarity might be due to the loss of the basioccipital*; and in a
subsequent memoir* this family is placed immediately after the
Bolosauride, which apparently implies that its subordinal dis-
tinction had been withdrawn.

Fig. 20.

Empedias molaris.—Oral and lateral aspects of a cheek-tooth ; from the
reputed Permian of Texas. }.

Genus EMPEDIAS, Cope’.
Syn. Empedocles, Cope’.
The dentition forming an uninterrupted series without a distinct
tusk, and the incisives only distinguished from the cheek-teeth by

their form, having more or less distinct transverse edges °. Number
of upper teeth varying from 14 to 16; cheek-teeth in a single row.

1 Amer. Nat. vol. xiv. p. 304 (1880).

2 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xix. p. 47 (1880).

3 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 288 (1886).

4 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xix. pl. v. (1881). This plate, although
referring to p. 56, was not issued till the next No. (108) in June 1881.

5 Ibid. vol. xvii. p. 516 (1878).—Preoccupied by Stal, 1867.

6 See Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xiv. p. 304 (1880).

= eee ety
'

102 ANOMODONTIA.

Dorsal vertebree with the capitular facet rising on to the arch,
which is coossified with the centrum ; terminal faces of latter deeply
cupped.

Fig. 21.

Empedias molaris.—a, palatal aspect of cranium; 0, do. of right ramus of
mandible ; c, lateral aspect of mandibular symphysis. From the reputed
Permian of Texas. 3. (After Cope.)

Empedias molaris, Cope’.

Syn. Diadectes molaris, Cope 2.

Empedocles molaris, Cope *.
Empedias molaris, Cope +.

Teeth tt ;
one being small; inner and outer triturating surfaces of cheek-teeth
large and flat. Presphenoid with a median keel; pterygoids wide.

Hab. North America (Texas).

upper ones with very wide crowns (fig. 21), the last

R. 613. Part of the left maxilla, containing five posterior cheek-

(Fig.) teeth, mostly imperfect; from the reputed Permian of
Texas. The one entire tooth (fig. 20) is figured by
Seeley in the ‘Proc. Roy. Soc.’ vol. xliv. p. 137, fig. 4

1 Amer. Nat. vol. xii. p. 565 (1878).—Diadectes. 2’ Loe, cit.
3 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xix. p. 47 (1880).
4 Ibid. pl. v. (1881), see note 4 on preceding page.

DIADECTID®. 103

: (1888). The specimen agrees with the corresponding por-
F tion of the skull figured by Cope in the ‘ Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc.’ vol. xix. pl. v. (reproduced in fig. 21).

} Presented by R. Lydekker, Esq., 1885.

Empedias molaris.—Left lateral (a) and occipital (0) aspects of the cranium ;
from the reputed Permian of Texas. 3}. (After Cope.)

R. 572. A somewhat imperfect dorsal vertebra, which from its com-
paratively large size may be provisionally referred to this
species; from Texas. The zygosphenes (hyposphenes) are
well shown, and the characters of the specimen agree
closely with those of the smaller type vertebrae described
by Cope in the ‘ Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xvii. p. 517.
Thus the zygapophyses are much elevated and laterally
expanded, and are connected together back and front.
From the junction the transverse process (diapophysis)
descends as a nearly vertical septum ; the inferior part of
this septum appears to have a distinct capitular facet,
which is thus placed on the side of the arch. The neural
spine is entire, and exhibits the stoutness and quadran-
gular cross-section characteristic of the types. The total
height of this specimen is 0,130. Purchased, 1885.

104 ANOMODONTIA.

Empedias phaseolinus, Cope’.
Syn. Diadectes phaseolinus, Cope ?.
Empedias phaseolinus, Cope *.
Upper cheek-teeth 16 in number, with narrower crowns than in

EL. molars, the last one small. Presphenoid flat ; pterygoids narrow.
Hab. Texas.

R. 575. Fragment of a left maxilla probably belonging to this
species; from the reputed Permian of Texas. This speci-
men shows the broken bases of three cheek-teeth, the
largest of which has a transverse diameter of 0,0145, or
nearly the same as in the type specimen.

Purchased, 1885.

Genus DIADECTES, Cope’.

The type genus. Distinguished from EHmpedias by the presence
of a distinct tusk separating the incisive from the cheek-teeth, and
of a fossa in the alveolar border of the jaw at the inner extremity of
each cheek-tooth. The outer alveolar border of the maxilla diverges
from the line of the tooth-series backwardly and outwardly, which
is not generally the case in Hmpedias.

Diadectes sideropelicus, Cope’.

The type and only described species.
Hab. North America (Texas).

R. 575 a. Part of the left maxilla; from the reputed Permian of

Texas. The broken bases of four cheek-teeth are shown,
with the fossa in the jaw at the inner extremity of each.
The backward divergence of the outer side of the alveolar
border 1s also shown. ‘The largest tooth has a transverse
diameter of 0,012, as in the type. Purchased, 1885,

R. 575 b. A smaller fragment of a jaw showing the bases of two
teeth ; from Texas. Purchased, 1885.

Family CLEPSYDROPIDA.

Dentition of a carnivorous type, and teeth present on the pala-
tines and pterygoids; marginal teeth, although frequently having
one or more enlarged tusks, not differentiated into the three regular

1 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol, xix, p. 46 (1880).—Diadectes.
2 Loe. cit. 3 Ibid, vol. xx. p. 635 (1883),
4 Ibid. vol, xvii. p. 505 (1878). 5 Loc. cit.

CLEPSYDROPID A. 105

groups found in the Galesauride. Vertebre notochordal, with in-
tercentra, and frequently with an extraordinary development of the
neural spines (fig. 24); no zygosphenes, and the pre- and post-
zygapophyses widely separated from one another, with oblique
articular surfaces. Humerus typically with the shaft much con-
stricted, the distal expansion wider than the proximal, and the
proximal articular surface at right angles to the sides of the bone.

Fig. 23.

Stereorhachis dominans.—Palmar aspect of the left humerus, imperfect proxi-
mally ; from the Lower Permian of France. 3. (After Gaudry.)

In the type genus Clepsydrops, Cope’, the three elements of the
pectoral girdle are coossified into a single bone’; while in Dimetr-
odon * the pelvic bones form an innominate.

The humerus of Stereorhachis, Gaudry * (fig. 23), from the Upper
Permian of France, corresponds with the description of that of Clep-
sydrops.

1 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1875, p. 407.

2 See Rep. Amer. Assoc. vol. xxxiii. pl. facing p. 481.

3 See Proc. Amer. Phil. Soe. vol. xvii. pp. 513, 514 (1878).

4 Les Euchainements du Monde Animal, ete.—Fossiles Primaires, p. 279

(1883).

106 | ANOMODONTIA. aa

sy,

Genus NAOSAURUS, Cope. ts
The neural spines of the dorsal and lumbar vertebra enormously
elongated, with paired horizontal processes at intervals. Transverse
processes of dorsals large and prominent, no distinct capitular facet a “
on centrum, although all the ribs have double heads. In Dimetrodon,
Cope *, the horizontal processes of the neural spines of the vertebrie A
are absent. : ;

Naosaurus cruciger, Cope °. ;

The type species. The distal portions of the neural spines of the -
vertebree cylindrical, and the distal horizontal processes represented —
by tubercles.

Fig. 24.

Naosaurus claviger.—Anterior aspect of a dorsal vertebra (partially restored) ; re
from the reputed Permian of Texas. 4. Ce, centrum,
(See Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvi. pl. iii. fig. 1, 1886.)

Hab. North America (Texas).

Fr rn om

at

Eh y
ee
a
a
ee

1 Amer, Nat. vol. xx. p. 545 (1886). }
2 Proc. Amer, Phil. Soe. vol. xvii. p. 512 (1878). ;
3 Amer, Nat. loc. cit. :

7

R. 570*.

CLEPSYDROPID.. 107

Fragment of a maxilla with broken teeth belonging either
to a species of Naosauwrus or Dimetrodon ; from the reputed
Permian of Texas. The broken bases of six teeth remain,
and the crown of one germ-tooth is seen in alveolo. The
teeth accord in size and character with the hinder teeth of
Naosaurus claviger, figured by Cope in the ‘ Trans. Amer.
Bil Sec. vol xvi. pl. na iie. 1. Purchased, 1885.

R. 564. Two portions of the neural spine of a vertebra; from the

R. 564 a.

reputed Permian of Texas. The smaller specimen, which
is evidently from near the distal extremity, exhibits the
subcylindrical section and the lateral tubercles, and thus
resembles the vertebra figured by Cope in the ‘Trans.
Amer. Phil Soc.’ vol. xvi. pl. iii. fig. 3. Purchased, 1885.

Part of the neural arch and spine of a dorsal vertebra
apparently referable to this species; from Texas. In the
contour of the transverse processes and the lower part of
the spine, this specimen approximates to the vertebra of
this species figured by Cope, loc. cit., rather than to the
vertebra of NV. claviger represented in figs. 1, 2 of the same
plate. In the latter figure, the lower part of the spine is
represented as inclining backwards, and the lower hori-
zontal processes curving forwards, but in the present speci-
men both these directions are reversed. Purchased, 1885.

Naosaurus claviger, Cope’.

Larger than the preceding, with the distal extremities of the
neural spines of the vertebre dilated and compressed, and the pro-
cesses large throughout the extent of the spine.

It does not appear possible to distinguish the spines of this species
from those of N. microdus, Cope”, which is characterized by its
smaller teeth.

Hab. North America (Texas).

R. 564 b.

A considerable portion of the distal half of the neural
spine of a dorsal vertebra; from the reputed Permian of
Texas. Resembles the spine of the vertebra figured by
Cope in the ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xvi. pl. ii.
figs. 1, 2. Purchased, 1885.

1 Amer. Nat. vol. xx. p. 545 (1886).
2 See Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 294.

108 ANOMODONTIA.

R. 564.c. Fragment of the spine of a vertebra, showing the base of
a horizontal process ; from Texas. Purchased, 1885.

Specifically undetermined specimens.

R. 576 a. An imperfect dorsal vertebra; from the reputed Permian
. of Texas. Only the proximal portion of the neural spine
remains, the zygapophyses are imperfect, the transverse
processes broken off, and the margins of the terminal cups
of the centrum damaged. Asin No. R. 564a, the neural
spine is inclined backwards, instead of forwards as in Cope’s
figures. Purchased, 1885.

R. 576 b. Portion of the neural spine of a vertebra ; from Texas.
Purchased, 1885.

R. 564d. Fragment of a neural spine ; from Texas. | .
Purchased, 1885.

R. 564e. Part of a neural spine, with the bases of the horizontal |
processes ; from Texas. Purchased, 1885.

Genus EMBOLOPHORUS, Cope’.

Known by vertebree, in which the neural arches are coossified
with the centra, and each dorsal intercentrum carries a facet on
either side for the articulation of the capitulum of the rib. The
dorsal centra have cylindroidal and deeply cupped terminal faces,
and a compressed median portion with a sharp hemal carina; the
transverse processes being short. The height of the neural spine
appears to be unknown.

The intercentra project beyond the edges of the centra.

Embolophorus, sp.

The following specimens indicate a species of much larger size than
the typical LE. fritilus, Cope*, in which the length of the vertebral
centrum is given as 0,004. In the present specimens the length of
the centrum reaches 0,025; and these vertebre agree in absolute
size with the half-sized figures of H. dolloverianus given by Cope in
the ‘ Proc. Amer. Phil. Soe.’ vol._xxil. pl. 1. fig. 4.

Hab, North America (Texas).

R. 569 x. Twosomewhat imperfect dorsal vertebree and an interven-
ing intercentrum; from the reputed Permian of Texas. —

* Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 518 (1878). 2 Loe, cit.

CLEPSYDROPID. 109

The length of the larger centrum is 0,025, and the dia-
meter of its terminal face 0,020. The capitular facets are
well shown on the posterior border of the hemal surface of
the intercentrum. Purchased, 1885.

Embolophorus dolloverianus, Cope'.

The vertebre are still larger than those of the preceding form.
Hab. North America (Texas).

R. 569. Two imperfect dorsal vertebra and an intercentrum, appa-

(Fig.)

rently associated; from the reputed Permian of Texas.
These specimens (fig. 25) agree closely with the types de-
scribed and figured by Cope, of half the natural size, in
the ‘ Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xxii. p. 43, pl. 1. fig. 4
(1884), without specific name. One specimen exhibits. the
centrum and a part of the neural arch, with the zygapo-
physes. The intercentra are of large size and exhibit
the facet for the ribs on the posterior border of the hemal
surface, Purchased, 1885.

Embolophorus dolioverianus.—Posterior (a) and left lateral (4) aspects of an
imperfect dorsal vertebra, and lateral (c) and inferior (¢) aspects of an inter-
centrum ; from the reputed Permian of Texas. 2. pt.z, postzygapophysis ;
tp, broken transverse process; 7, capitular facet of intercentrum.

1 Trans, Amer. Phil. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 287 (1886).

120 _ ANOMODONTIA.

R. 571. The imperfect centrum and base of the neural arch of a
dorsal vertebra; from Texas. Purchased, 1885.

R. 576. The centrum and base of the neural arch of a dorsal

vertebra; from Texas. Purchased, 1885.

GENERICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS,

It is probable that a large proportion of the following specimens
are referable to various genera of the present family, but in the
absence of figures of so many of the typical forms it is impossible
to refer them to their proper position.

All the following specimens were obtained from the reputed
Permian of Texas, and were purchased in 1885.

R. 576 c, An imperfect right quadrate. This specimen approxi-
) mates, both in size and contour, to the corresponding

bone of the skull of Naosaurus claviger figured by Cope

in the ‘Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xvi. pl. ii. fig. 1,
although it does not appear to belong to that species.
The squamous articular surface for the pterygoid 1 18 seen
on the lower part of the inner surface.

R. 566. An imperfect cervical (?) vertebra, wanting the greater
portion of the neural spine. The terminal faces of the
centrum are deeply cupped; the arch, which is distinct
from the centrum, has no transverse process, showing that
the ribs articulated solely with the centrum.

R. 566 a. The centrum of a vertebra probably referable to the
same form as the preceding. There is a prominent capit-
ular rib-facet on the anterior border.

R. 568, An imperfect caudal (?) vertebra. The terminal faces are

but slightly cupped, and there is a large double-headed ©

rib anchylosed to the sides of the centrum, as in the
caudals of Dimetrodon.

R. 573, An imperfect dorsal vertebra of a large form. The trans-

verse process is large and prominent, and the terminal
faces of the centrum are nearly flat.

R. 576 d. Part of the neural arch of a dorsal vertebra, 5 SHO tite
entire transverse process.

GORGONOPID#. EIT

INCERT SEDIS.

Family GORGONOPID ZA.

In the one known representative of this family the temporal fosse
were roofed over, but the cranial bones are not sculptured ; the
dentition being of a carnivorous type, and differentiated into
incisives, tusks, and cheek-teeth. Apparently no secondary pos-
terior nares. No teeth on vomer.

In the roofing of the temporal fossa Gorgonops agrees with Ohilonyx
(supra, p. 95, note 2), and also with the Pariasauride (infra),
although differing from the latter and also from the American
Pariotichide in the absence of sculpturing on the cranial bones.
This genus probably forms a connecting-link between the typical
Theriodontia and the Pariasauria.

Genus GORGONOPS, Owen’.

The type and only known genus; described upon the evidence of
the cranium. Skull depressed, long and narrow, with the orbits
small and lateral, approximated to the occiput, and far removed
from the muzzle. Nares forming small horizontal slits, overhung
by the large nasals. Upper incisives five in number.

Gorgonops torvus, Owen’.
The type and only described species. Of considerable size, the
length of the cranium being 0,205 (8°1 inches).
Hab. South Africa. ;

R. 1647. The imperfect cranium; from the Beaufort beds of the
(Fig.) Karoo system at Mildenhalls near Fort Beaufort. The
type specimen ; figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the
Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pls. xxi., xxii. The preorbital
portion of the specimen is nearly entire, but the hinder
region is imperfect, portions of the roof of both temporal
fossee being broken away. The broken bases of the
incisives are shown on both sides, behind which the
alveolar margins of the jaws have been ground down to
exhibit the alveoli of the tusks; no traces of cheek-teeth
are visible. The vomer is well displayed and is seen to
have no teeth. Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 18538.

* Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 27 (1876). 2 Loe. cit.

112 ANOMODONTIA.

Suborder PARIASAURIA.

Skull with the temporal fossze roofed over, two temporal arcades,
cranial bones typically sculptured, and apparently no secondary

posterior nares. Dentition fully developed. Vertebre notochordal,

frequently with intercentra, and not more than two in sacrum.
Humerus with the inferior aperture of the entepicondylar foramen
situated on the distal aspect. Ilium (fig. 26) with its supra-
acetabular portion forming an elongated triangular plate lying
obliquely to the axis of the sacrum, to which it is attached by a
single rib; ischium and pubis uniting without the intervention of
an obturator foramen; but a small vascular foramen in the pubis,
and the anterior border of the latter everted, with a broad roughened
surface which may have supported. an epipubic ossification. No
median bar to interclavicle.

The typical members of this group were regarded by Owen as
referable to the Dinosauria, under the name of Tretospondyli *, but
their Anomodont character was first pointed out by Cope’, who
included them in his Pelycosauria. .

Family PARIASAURID.

Dentition forming an uninterrupted series of similar teeth, the
crowns of which have more or less distinct vertical flutings or
serrations *, Typically the vertebra with very low and wide arches,
extremely short neural spines, and horizontal zygapophyses.

It is at present difficult to determine whether some of the cha-
racters given under the head of the genus should not navn be given
as family ones.

Genus ANTHODON, Owen *.

Imperfectly known, cranium apparently more vaulted and
narrower than in Partasaurus. Teeth with short, compressed, and
antero-posteriorly expanded crowns, having a convex subtrenchant
free edge, marked by numerous crenulations; roots long, and
narrower than the crowns. Centra of dorsal vertebre with deeply
cupped terminal faces, and no evidence of the presence of intercentra.

1 Tapinocephalus was included in the same group. The name Tretospondyli
is not adopted for the reason that it is also applicable to most of the Theri-
odontia.

2 Proc, Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii. pp. 529, 530 (1878).

3 The Pariotichide, from the reputed Permian of North America, are
distinguished by their dentition being of a carnivorous type (see Nicholson and
Lydekker, ‘ Manual of Paleontology,’ 3rd ed. vol. 11. p. 1056, 1889). —

4 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 14 (1876).

Le eS. ree

PARIASAURIDA. da

This genus is provisionally included in the Pariasauride, being
apparently closely allied to the type genus. The teeth present a
marked resemblance to those of the Dinosaurian family Stego-
sauride*, but there is no doubt that the present form is a true
Anomodont.

Anthodon serrarius, Owen ’.

The type species. Approximately half the dimensions of Paria-
saurus bombidens.

Hab. South Africa.

47337. The imperfect skull; from the Karoo system near Styl-Krantz,
(Fig.) | Sneewberg range*. The type; figured by Owen in his
‘Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’ pl. xiii.
fig. 1. The muzzle is wanting, and posteriorly the speci-
men is broken off through the line of the parietal foramen,
and thence to the quadrate. The outer surface of the
bones of the skull is mostly chipped away, but traces of
sculpture apparently remain in the middle line. The
postorbital flange is distinctly seen in the quadratic region.
The teeth are mostly shown in section. In the description

in Owen’s ‘ Catalogue’ the locality is incorrectly given.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

- 47337 a. Portion of the dorsal region of the vertebral column,
(fig.) associated with the preceding. This specimen, which
contains three imperfect vertebra, and has been vertically

and longitudinally bisected, is described by Owen, op. cit.

p. 71, no. 123, with a representation of a section of one

of the vertebree in pl. lxx. fig. 2. The vertebre approxi-

mate very closely in structure to those of Pariasaurus,

having similar widely extended and horizontal zygapo-

physes, and apparently extremely short neural spines.

The transverse process occupies a similar position between

the zygapophyses, and the rib-facets were more or less
pedunculated. The width between the outer extremities

of the postzygapophyses is 0,067 (2°63 inches), and the

length from the posterior extremity of the zygapophysis

1 See Marsh, Geol. Mag. dee. iii. vol. vi. p. 207 (1889).

2. Loc. cit.
_ 3 Tt is uncertain whether the beds from which this specimen was obtained
are the Beaufort or Stormberg beds; see Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiii.
p- 148, where this species is described as ‘‘ having the characters of the Blink-
water Monster.”

PART IY. I

iat 2 a Pot

114 -ANOMODONTIA.

‘of one vertebra to that of another 0,042 (1°65 inches);
well illustrating the Amphibian feature of the extreme
width of the neural arches. 3

_ Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

47338, Fragment of rock showing in a split surface a portion of the

(f%g.) left mandibular ramus, with teeth ; from the Karoo system
on the Bushman’s river, below Graham’s Town, Albany.

Figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’ pl. xiii. figs. 2, 3.
Presented by A, G. Bain, Esq., 1858.

Anthodon (?), sp.
The following specimen, which presents no characters by which

it can be distinguished from Anthodon, indicates a much smaller

reptile than adult individuals of the type. Its higher geological
horizon tends to confirm its specific distinctness from A. serrarius.
Hab. South Africa.

R. 502. Cast of a fragment of rock showing one lateral aspect of an
imperfect tooth. The original was obtained from the
Wood-bed stage of the Uitenhage system on the Sunday’s
river, Uitenhage, and is preserved in the Museum of the
Geological Society. It is noticed in the ‘Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxiii. p. 164.

Presented by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, 1884.

Genus PARIASAURUS, Owen}.

The type genus. Cranium very broad and much depressed, with
deeply descending postorbital flanges. Marginal teeth with mode-
rately tall, swollen, and narrow crowns, with a few deeply marked
flutings descending from the cutting-edge; roots moderately long
and nearly as wide as the crowns; numerous conical teeth on
palate. Vertebra with comparatively short centra, which apparently
have flattened terminal faces; the dorsal ribs articulating with a
pedunculate rib-facet on the centrum, and a long transverse process
on the arch; intercentra in dorsal and caudal regions. When
known, some 29 vertebree, of which 18 are presacral. Ischia much
produced backwardly. It is suggested that there may have been
a dermal armour.

Pariasaurus serridens, Owen ”.
The type species; known only by the skull. Teeth apparently
some “ in number. If the type specimen retains an approximation

' Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 6 (1876).—Pareiasaurus,
2 Loe, cit.

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PARIASAURIDA. Ba es

to its original contour it would appear that the mandible was com-
paratively narrow and pointed at the symphysis, and the cranium
somewhat less depressed, and with a deeper postorbital flange than
in the next species.

Hab. South Africa.

R. 1710. Fragment of the right mandibular ramus; from the
(Fig.) Beaufort beds of the Karoo system on the Blinkwater
3 river, south of the Winterberg peak’, north of Fort
Beaufort. This specimen, which appears to be all that
now remains of the type skull, has been vertically cut and
polished, and exhibits three teeth in use, and a germ-
tooth in its alveolus. Described and figured by Owen in
his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ p. 8,
no. 15, pl. vii. figs. 1, 2, and also by Seeley in the ‘ Phil.

Trans.’ for 1888, p. 74, pl. xvi. fig. 2.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

R. 1710 a. Cast of the imperfect and distorted skull. The original,
(fig.) | of which the preceding specimen is a fragment, was the
type. The cast is figured by Owen in his ‘ Catalogue,’
pls. vi., vii., and also (from the palatal aspect) by Seeley

in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1888, pl. xvi. fig. 1.
_ Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B,.

Pariasaurus bombidens, Owen’.

This species was originally said to differ from the type by the
teeth having broader serrations, and a more convex contour of the
outer surface, but subsequent observations throw doubt on the
validity of these differences *. It is suggested* that the cranium
was more depressed than in the type, with a deeper postorbital
flange, and a wider and more rounded mandible. It is, however,
difficult to say whether the latter differences are not at least par-
tially due to the crushed and imperfect condition of the type skull.
The length of the entire skeleton is approximately about 8 feet.
The ilium has a prominence in advance of the acetabulum.

Hab. South Africa.

1 See Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. vii. p. 56, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.
vol. xxiii. p. 148, where the original skull is alluded to as the ‘ Blinkwater
Monster.”

2 Cat. Foss. Rept. S. Africa, p. 9 (1876).

3 Seeley, Phil. Trans. for 1888, p. 75. £ Seeley, doc. cit,

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116

R. 1714. The imperfect anterior portion of the skull; from the

(Fig.)

ANOMODONTIA.

Karoo system of Vers Fontein, in the Cape Colony.
The type; figured by Owen in his ‘Catalogue of the

Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa,’ pl. viii. fig. 3, pl. ix.; and

noticed by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1888, pp. 70,
75 (as No. 48525). The nearly entire left ramus of the
mandible, with its teeth, is preserved; and the outer
aspect of the dental series of the upper jaw is also shown.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D., 1872.

49426. The nearly entire skeleton; from the Karoo system of

(f7ig.)

Palimeet + Fontein in the Fraserburg district. This spe-
cimen, which is provisionally referred to the present
species, is described and figured by Seeley in the ‘ Phil.
Trans.’ for 1888, pp. 59-109, pls. xii.—xy. and xvil.—xx.
The axial skeleton is fairly well preserved as far back as
the hinder part of the caudal region, but the whole of the
bones of the hmbs are wanting. The frontal aspect of
the skull is imperfect, many of the bones being broken ;
but there seems to be no evidence in support of the exis-
tence of the so-called “ infranasal” bone introduced in
pl. xii. of the memoir cited between the maxilla and the
premaxilla. In the pectoral girdle a considerable portion
of the large interclavicle and clavicles is preserved ; and
parts of the left scapula and coracoid remain, although not
sufficiently well preserved as to show whether the pre-
coracold was a. separate bone. In the pelvic girdle a
considerable portion of the left innominate remains, which

shows that the ilium was almost identical in general

contour with that of the undermentioned specimen No.
36251 (p. 117), having the same prominence in advance
of the acetabulum. In the restoration of a cervical ver-
tebra given in pl. xvii. of the memoir, both the upper and
lower facets are represented as situated on the centrum,
considerably behind its anterior border; but there does
not appear to be any means of determining whether the
upper costal facet was really so placed, and it is elcar that
the lower one was situated on the anterior border of the
centrum. The prominent (parapophysial) rib-facets of
the dorsal vertebre are very clearly shown. There is no

' Incorrectly given by Owen as Palinut.

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49374 a.

PARIASAURID.®. AT 7,

evidence to show whether the terminal faces of the dorsal
vertebre were flattened or cupped.
Purchased from T, Bain, Esq., 1878.

An imperfect middle caudal vertebra, apparently referable
to a species of this genus; from the Karoo system of the
Cape. This specimen can only be distinguished from
the middle caudals of the skeleton of P. bombidens by its
somewhat superior size.

Purchased from T. Bain, Esq., 1878.

SPECIFICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.

The following specimens are provisionally referred to Pariasaurus.

36248. The proximal extremity of a left humerus ; from the Karoo

system of the Brak river, near Fort Beaufort. This spe-
cimen is of the same type as the one mentioned below
(p. 119) under the name of Propappus, but is of larger
size, and is therefore provisionally referred to the present
genus. ‘The upper extremity of the delto-pectoral crest is
shown, and the postaxial border is entire.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

36247. A specimen which is apparently the imperfect distal ex-

(Fig.)

tremity of a left femur, probably referable to this or an_
allied form ; from the Brak river. Figured by Owen in
the ‘Trans. Geol. Soe.’ ser. 2, vol. vil. pl. xxxiv. fig. 4,
where it is suggested that it may be either a humerus or
a femur; and noticed in his ‘Catalogue of the Fossil
Reptilia of South Africa,’ p. 57, no. 96, where it is re-
garded as the distal extremity of the left humerus of
Udenodon. The specimen is certainly not Dicynodont,
and from its aberrant type probably belongs to the present
group ; it agrees fairly in size with the proximal half of
the femur, and may have been associated with No. 36248.
The inner condyle is much larger than the outer, thus
presenting a marked resemblance to the femur of Echidna.

Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

36251. The imperfect pelvic and sacral region; from the Karoo

(Fig.)

system of the Brak river. Figured by Owen in the ‘ Phil.
Trans.’ for 1862, pls. xxiii., xxiy., and also in his ‘Catalogue

118 ANOMODONTIA.

of the Fossil Reptilia of 8. Africa, pls. xxxvi., xxxvii., as
Dicynodon tigriceps ; a small figure being given by Seeley
in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1888, p. 107, under the same
name. As pointed out on p. 102 of the memoir last cited,
the ilium is supported by only a single sacral rib, which
is of very large size, and the whole structure of the spe-
cimen is essentially the same as in Pariasaurus. The
ischium and pubis accord closely with the corresponding
bones of the innominate No. 47090 mentioned below
under the heading of Propappus, and the position of the
pubic foramen is the same in both. The ischia must,
however, when entire, have been more produced back- ~
wardly than in the latter. The centra of the sacral and
adjacent vertebrae are longer and more compressed later-
ally than in the skeleton referred to Pariasaurus bombi-
dens; but the ilium agrees with that of the latter in the
presence of a protuberance immediately in advance of the
acetabulum, and in the long and narrow form of the
preacetabular portion, which has a prominent ridge on
the anterior border of the dorsal aspect. This specimen

may belong to P. serridens.
Presented by A. G. Oe, 1h .» 1853.

Genus PROPAPPUS, Seeley *.

Founded upon the humerus, which, as being of a totally different

type from that of the Theriodontia and Dicynodontia, may be re-
garded as referable to this group. If the wnder-mentioned pelvis
belong to this form there will be evidence that Propappus is
generically distinct from Pariasaurus.
' The under-mentioned pelvis has the illum wider and more upright
than in Pariasaurus, and without such a prominent ridge on the
anterior border of the dorsal surface, and no prominence immediately
in advance of the acetabulum ; while the ischium was less produced
posteriorly. The humerus (like that referred to Pariasaurus) is
characterized by the comparatively slight expansion of its extremities, —
the stoppage of the delto-pectoral crest below the head, the inferior
position of the entepicondylar foramen, which pierces the bone
obliquely from the posterior to the distal aspect, and the large single
condyle for the radius and ulna, above which there is no expanded
flange.

' Proc, Roy, Soe. vol. xliv. p. 142 (1888).

PARIASAURIDE. 119

_ This form of humerus—especially in the position of the entepi-
condylar foramen—approximates more closely to a mammalian type
than is the case in the Theriodontia. Propappus was at first regarded
as allied to Stereorhachis (fig. 23), both forms being referred to a
separate group under the name of Gennetotheria!. The under-
mentioned innominate presents characters approximating both to a
Labyrinthodont and to a Mammalian type..

Propappus omocratus, Seeley *.

The type species. Of smaller dimensions than Pariasaurus
bombidens,

Hab. South erick.

36250. The somewhat imperfect right humerus; from the Karoo
system of the Brak river, near Fort Beaufort. The type;
noticed by Seeley in the ‘ Proc. Roy. Soc.’ vol. xliv. p. 142.
This specimen has a length of 0,320 (19-7 inches). The
delto-pectoral crest and the opposite border are imperfect,

and the distal condyle has been somewhat flattened.
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

R. 848. The proximal portion of the left femur of this ora closely
allied form ; from the Karoo system of Vinderaars Fontein,
near Beaufort West, onthe southern flank of the Nieuw-
veldt range. This specimen agrees so well in relative size"
and structure with the humerus as to leave little doubt that
it indicates an allied or identical form. It differs from the
femur of the Dicynodontia in the absence of the long outer
trochanter, and approximates to a monotrematous type.
Purchased from T’. Bain, Esq.,'1880.

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: 36246. A left innominate, probably referable to this ae from the
(Fiq.) Karoo system on the road to Block Drift, near F ort Beau-
: fort. The mineral condition of this specimen is identical
with that of No. 36250, so that it might well have belonged
to the same individual. Figured by Owen in the ‘ Trans.
Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2, vol. vii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 1, and also in his

_ } When the term Gennetotheria was first proposed it was used in an ordinal
sense, although subsequently regarded as a suborder of the Anomodontia (Proc,
Roy. Soe. vol. xliv. p. 383). Still later (Phil. Trans. for 1889, p. 292) Lyco-
saurus is given as the typical representative of the Gennetotheria, although no
mention of that genus was made when the group was proposed.

2 Proc. Roy. Soe. vol. xliv. p. 142 (1888).

120 ANOMODONTIA.

Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of S. Africa,’ pl. xxviii.,
and referred to Dicynodon leoniceps. A small figure is
also given by Seeley in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1888, p. 103,
where this reference is provisionally accepted. This
specimen (fig. 26) differs totally from the innominates of
| Dicynodonts (as shown by specimens both from Africa and
4 h : India), and agrees so closely with that of Pariasaurus (as
; pointed out by Seeley), that there can be but little hesi-
tation in referring it to the same group. This is confirmed

Fig. 26.

(?) Propappus omocratus.—Reversed views of the anterior and outer aspects of
the left innominate ; from the Karoo system of the Cape Colony, About }.
i, ilium ; pb, pubis; 7s, ischium ; fo, pubic foramen.

by its marked resemblance to the innominate of the Laby-
rinthodont genus Hryops figured by Cope in the ‘ Amer.
Nat.’ vol. xviii. pl. ii. (1884). The ischiopubic portion
differs widely from that of the Dicynodontia (fig. 3), the
-postacetabular free border of the ischium being very short
and more nearly horizontal. The foramen in the pubis
differs totally in position from the obturator foramen of
the Dicynodontia, piercing the bone in an oblique direction,
and evidently corresponding to the pubic foramen of the
Labyrinthodont pelvis. The thickened everted preaxial
border of the pubis has a roughened surface suggestive of
the articulation of an epipubic bone. ;
Presented by A. G. Bain, Esq., 1853.

= eee Te

ECAUDATA. 121

Clas AMPHIBIA.

Order ECAUDATA.

_ Body of adult short, destitute of a tail, and furnished with four
limbs, of which the pelvic pair are the larger and adapted for
leaping. No gillsin adult. Skull short and wide, with the parietals
confluent with the frontals, and the orbits usually undefined; a
_ “ girdle-bone” in the ethmoidal region, and a predentary ossification.
_Presacral vertebre few in number, and generally proccelous ;

_ vertebral column terminating in a long urostyle; dorsal ribs usually

absent. Ilia prolonged backwards, so as to throw the acetabulum
far behind the sacrum; radius and ulna, and tibia and fibula
respectively fused together; and the calcaneum and astragalus
greatly elongated. Four digits in the manus and five in the pes,
with an additional ossicle in the pes which apparently represents a
prehallux.

Section FIRMISTERNIA.

Coracoids firmly united by a single epicoracoid cartilage ; pre-
coracoids, when present, resting with their distal extremity upon
the coracoids, or connected with the latter by the epicoracoid car-
tilage. A tongue.

Family RANIDA.

Teeth in the upper jaw; sacral processes with slight or no
_ terminal expansion; vertebre proccelous ; no dorsal ribs ; urostyle
articulating with the sacrum by two condyles, and without transverse
processes.

Genus OX YGLOSSUS, Tschudi *.

No teeth on the vomer. Omosternum witha bony style ; sternum
forming a cartilaginous plate. Terminal phalangeals simple; digits
of manus free, those of pes webbed. Head relatively large.

The species of this Oriental genus are of small size, usually not
exceeding 17 inch in length.

* Mém. Soc, Neuchatel, vol. il. art. iii, p. 85 (1889).

122 ECAUDATA,

Oxyglossus pusillus (Owen’).

Syn. Rana pusilla, Owen 2.
Oxyglossus pusillus, Stoliczka *. ,

Head large, triangular, about one third broader than long behind.
Radius and ulna relatively long, and calcaneum and astragalus
comparatively short. |

The association of a great number of specimens in the inter-
trappean clays of Bombay renders it probable that this species does
not belong to Jvalus (in which vomerine teeth are also wanting),
since the members of that genus are of arboreal habits.
- Hab. India (Bombay).

35107. Slab of rock showing several more or less nearly perfect
skeletons; from the intertrappean Eocene beds of Bombay.

Similar to the specimens figured by Stoliczka, op. cit. pl. ix.
Presented by the Rev. Stephen Hislop, 1361.

39485. Three fragments of rock showing imperfectly preserved

skeletons ; from Bombay.
Presented by A. B. Wynne, Esq., 1864.

Genus RANA, Linn.*

- Teeth on the vomer; tympanum distinct or hidden. Omosternum
and sternum with a bony style. Terminal phalangeals acute, trans-
versely dilated or T-shaped; digits of manus free, those of pes
webbed. Vertebral centra elongated. Metacarpals short and stout.

In the type species and. allied forms the length of the humerus is |

somewhat morethan half that of the femur, but in the ‘ Bull-frogs”
the humerus is relatively longer.
For synonymy see Boulenger, ; Catalogue of Batrachia Salen ?
pp.'6, 7 (1882),

Rana meriani, Meyer’ |
Apparently allied to R. temporaria, but with the head somewhat
larger and more pointed, the transverse processes of the 2nd vertebra
directed more anteriorly, and the digits shorter.
Hab, Kurope (Germany).

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. iii. p. 224 (1847).— Rana, 2 Loe. cit.
3 Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind. vol. vi. p. 887 (1869),

4 Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. p. 854 (1766).

5 Neues Jahrb. 1853, p. 163.

grr a

_ RANIDAY | 23:

33064 a. Slab of lignite showing the impression of the skeleton ;
(Fig.) from the Lower Miocene of Rott, near Bonn, Siebenge-
birge. Described and figured by Meyer in the ‘ Palaonto-
graphica,’ vol. vii. p. 130, pl. xvi. fig. 2. The impression
is of the ventral aspect of the skeleton. This specimen may
be regarded as one of the types. Purchased. About 1860.

41086. A split slab of lignite showing the impression of the nearly

entire skeleton; from Rott. This specimen is slightly
larger than the preceding. Purchased, 1868.

R. 60. A split slab of lignite with the impression and some of the

bones of the imperfect skeleton ; from Rott. une skull is

very incomplete.
Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology, 1880.

35657. Slab of lignite with the impression and some of the bones of
a rather smaller skeleton; from Rott. One humerus is
entire. This specimen agrees very closely in size with
the skeleton figured by Meyer, op. cit. pl. xvi. fig. 3. The
contour of the soft parts 1s exhibited. Purchased, 1859.

33064. A split slab of lignite showing the impression and some of
the bones of a nearly entire skeleton, together with the
contour of the soft parts; from Rott. This specimen

agrees 1n size with the preceding.
Purchased. About 1860.

30267. Slab of lignite, showing the impression of the ‘nearly entire
Bes skeleton of a somewhat smaller frog not improbably
belonging to this species. The sacrum is not shown.
The contour of the soft parts of the hind limbs is
preserved. Purchased, 1855.

Rana noeggerathi, Meyer’.

_ A small species, of less than half the size of R. temporaria. Body
slender, the hind limbs very long, and the skull longer than broad.
Humerus scarcely more than half the length of the femur.

The form of the sacral processes and the terminal phalangeals
distinguishes this species from Hyla; while the shortness of the
humerus at once shows its distinctness from Palwobatrachus, apart
from the characters of the sacrum.

Hab. Europe (Germany).

' Neues Jahrb, 1852, p. 466.

124 ECAUDATA.

36379-80. A split slab of lignite showing the impression and traces

of the bones of the skeleton, with some indications of the
Ne contour of the soft parts; from the Lower Miocene of
eu i Rott, near Bonn, Siebengebirge. This specimen agrees in
. all respects with the type skeleton from the same deposits,
Bh figured by Meyer in the ‘ Paleeontographica,’ vol. vil.
pl. xviii. fig. 9. Purchased, 1862.

Section ARCIFERA.

Coracoids and precoracoids connected by an arched epicoracoid
cartilage, of which one side overlaps the other. Tongue present or
absent !,

Family LEPTODACTYLID A’.

Upper jaw toothed; sacral processes with slight or no termi-
nal expansion ; terminal phalangeals never claw-like ; vertebra pro-
ccelous; no dorsal ribs ; urostyle articulating with the sacrum by
two condyles, and without transverse processes. Tongue present.

In the type genus. the humerus of the male is expanded into a
more or less largely developed flange-like plate ee from the
posterior surface.

Genus LEPTODACTYLUS, Fitzinger *.

Syn. Cystignathus, Wagler +.

The type species. Skull smooth and without dermal ossifications ;
teeth on the vomer placed behind the posterior nares; tympanum
very distinct. Outer metatarsals united. Saeral processes with-
out any distinct expansion.

Leptovactplus pentavactplus (Laurenti’).
Syn. Rana pentadactyla, Laurenti °.
Rana labyrinthica, Spix™.
Cystignathus labyrinthicus, Duméril & Bibron °.

1 The Palgobatrachide seem to connect the Phaneroglossa and Aglossa of \
Boulenger’s classification so closely, that such divisions are not advisable in
a paleontological classification.

2 This family is usually known as Cystignathide, but since Cystignathus is a
synonym the above name is substituted.

3 Class. Reptilium, p. 38 (1826).

4 Syst. Ampbib. p. 202 (1830).

6 Synopsis Reptilium, p. 32 (1768).—Rana, Loe. cit.

7 Nov. Sp. Ranar. Brasil. p. 31 (1824).

8 Erpétologie Générale, vol. viii. p. 407 (1841).

LEPTODACYTLID &. 125

Of large size. The conjoint radius and ulna short and broad ;
and the humerus of the male only moderately expanded.
Hab. South America.

18895. The left humerus of a male, imperfect proximally ; from the

(Fig.) Pleistocene cavern-deposits of Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes,

Brazil. Described and figured by Giinther in the ‘ Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist.’ ser. 3, vol. iii. p. 384, pl. xv. fig. D as
Cystignathus labyrinthicus.

Claussen Collection. Purchased, 1845.

18895 a. The right radius and ulna; from Lagoa Santa. Agrees
in relative size with the preceding, and precisely resembles
the corresponding bone of a recent male skeleton, from
Bahia (Zool. Dep. No. 7). Claussen Collection.

18895 b. A right femur, imperfect proximally, apparently belonging
to this species; from Lagoa Santa. Claussen Collection.

18895c. A conjoint tibia and fibula agreeing in relative size with
the preceding; from Lagoa Santa. Noticed by Giinther,
op. cit. p. 384, This and the preceding specimen are
smaller than the corresponding bones of the above men-
tioned recent skeleton. Claussen Collection.

18895 d. A similar specimen; from Lagoa Santa.
Claussen Collection.
The following larger specimens may probably be referred to female

mdividals of this species: all are from the cavern-deposits of
Lagoa Santa, and belong to the Claussen Collection.

18895 .e. The left femur.

18895 f. A conjoint tibia and fibula, wanting the terminal epiphyses,
and agreeing in relative size with the preceding specimen.

18895 g. The conjoint left radius and ulna.

Leptovactplus ocellatus (Linn. *).

Syn. Rana ocellata, Linn. ?

Cystignathus ocellatus, Duméril & Bibron °,

The conjoint radius and ulna short and wide; humerus of male
with the flange enormously expanded, and having a highly convex
posterior border.

Hab. South America (Kastern side).

1 Syst. Nat. ed. 12. vol. i. p. 856 (1766).— Rana
2” Lec. Chhs ° Erpétologie Générale, vol. vili. p. 396 (1841),

126 , - ECAUDATA,

The following specimens were obtained from the Pleistocene cuvern-
deposits of Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, Brazil ; and ik
to the Claussen Collection. Purchased, 1845.

18895 h. A left humerus belonging to a small male individual of
this species, or to a closely allied form. Except for its
smaller size, this specimen closely resembles the humerus
of a recent male skeleton of L. ocellatus, figured by Giinther
in the ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.’ ser. 3, vol. ili. pl. xv. fig. E,
although the radial ridge does not extend quite so ae 7
up. ‘The head is wanting.

18895 1, A similar specimen.

18895j. A left radius and ulna agreeing in relative size vat the
humerus 18895 h. |

ve A similar specimen.

Leptodactylus?, sp.
The radius and ulna longer and more slender than in the pre-
ceding species.
‘Hab. South America (Brazil).
18395 kK. The left radius and ulna, imperfect distally ; “fboen the
Pleistocene cavern-deposits of Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes,
Brazil. This specimen is larger and yet much more slender =
than the corresponding bone of the male of ZL. pentadac-
tylus, No.18895a. Claussen Collection. Purchused, 1845.

SPECIFICALLY UNDETERMINED SPECIMENS.

Fhe following were obtained from the Pleistocene cavern-deposits of
Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, Brazil, and belong to the Claussen
Collection. Purchased, 1845.

188951. The left humerus of a female, imperfect proximally. ‘This
specimen is of the narrow type characteristic of L. penta-
dactylus.

18895 m. A femur agreeing in relative size with the preceding.
18895 n. A calcaneum and astragalus,

18895 o. An imperfect left ilium of the size of that of Z. ocellatus.

18895 p. A vertebra.

LEPTODACTYLID&. 127
18895 q. A parasphenoid.

18895r. The imperfect left humerus of a male. This specimen
appears to be of the type of L. pentadactylus, although
much smaller than No. 18895.

Genus CERATOPHRYS, Wied.

Typically the skull with extensive dermal ossifications, which
completely surround the orbit and have a pitted sculpture ; teeth
on the vomer ; tympanum more or less distinct or hidden. Outer
metatarsals united.

For synonymy see Boulenger, ‘Catalogue of Batrachia Salientia,’
p. 221 (1882). errs

Ceratophrps cornuta (Linn.’).
Syn. Rana cornuta, Linn.?

Skull very large, vaulted, and fully ossified ; the vomerine teeth
in two small patches between the posterior nares; a broad ridge
from the orbit to above the tympanum; orbit very small ; inter-
orbital bar concave ; and tympanum moderately distinct.

For synonymy see Boulenger, op. cit. p. 224.

Hab. South America (Surinam and N. Brazil).

18896. The cranium of a female, imperfect anteriorly; from the
(fig.) Pleistocene cavern-deposits of Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes,
Brazil. Described and figured by Gunther in the ‘ Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist.’ ser. 3, vol. ii. pp. 380-384, pl. xv. figs.

ibsC. Claussen Collection. Purchased, 1845.

18896 a. The cranium of a male, imperfect anteriorly ; from the
(Fig.) cavern-deposits of Lagoa Santa. Described and figured

- by Giinther, op. cit. pp. 8377-880, pl. xv. fig. A.
Claussen Collection.

18896 b. Portions of the upper jaw of a female: ; from Lagoa Santa.
Claussén Collection.

18896 c. The occipital region of the cranium of a female; from
Lagoa Santa. | Claussen Collection..

1 Beitrage z. Naturgeschichte vy. Brasiliens, vol. i. p. 569 (1825).
2 Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. p. 356 (1766).— Rana,
3 Loe, cit.

128% - ECAUDATA,

Family BUFONIDA.

Upper jaw toothless; sacral processes somewhat expanded at
their extremities ; vertebre proccelous; no dorsal ribs; urostyle
articulating with the sacrum by two condyles, and without trans-
verse processes. Tongue present.

Genus BUFO, Laurenti’.
The type genus. No teeth on vomer.

Bufo melanostictus, Schneider’.
Hab. India and China. |

(?) Bufo melanostictus—An imperfect humerus; from the Pleistocene of
Madras. 3%. (From the ‘ Palzontologia Indica.’)

R. 1732. Two imperfect humeri, provisionally referred to this
species ; from the Pleistocene cave-deposits of the Karnul
district, Madras (see ‘ Paleontologia Indica,’ ser. 10, vol. iv.
pt.i.). In their great distal expansion these bones (fig. 27)
agree with the humerus of Bufo and differ from Rana.
Presented by the Director of the Geological Survey of India.

Family DISCOGLOSSIDAL.

Upper jaw toothed ; sacral processes expanded terminally ; verte-
bre opisthoccelous ; small ribs attached to the transverse processes of
the anterior dorsal vertebre ; urostyle articulating with the sacrum
either by one or two condyles, and with a pair of diverging trans-
verse processes at its anterior extremity. Tongue present.

The opisthoccelian character of the vertebre and the presence of
ribs are features in which this family resembles the Caudata.

1 Synopsis Reptilium, p. 25 (1768).
* Hist, Amphib, p. 216 (1791-1801),

DISCOGLOSSID, 129

Genus LATONTA, Meyer’.

Skull with sculptured ossifications, and the parieto-frontal bones
completely ossified [as in Ceratophrys|. Ribs with short, posteriorly
directed processes ; urostyle articulating with sacrum by two
_ condyles.

This genus was regarded by its founder as closely allied to Cerat-
ophrys, the vertebre being described as proceelous*. Cope’, how-
ever, pointed out that it should be referred to the present family,
the transverse processes to the urostyle and the expanded sacral
processes being distinctly shown in Meyer's figure of the type.
The second vertebra in advance of the sacrum in this figure seems
to be distinctly opisthoccelous ; and vertebre of this type are found
in association with the Sansan species.

Latonia seyfriedi, Meyer’.
Syn. Latonia (Ceratophrys) seyfriedi, Meyer °.
The type species. Of the approximate dimensions of Leptodac-
tylus pentadactylus.
GUS EL gi
Hab. Europe (Switzerland).

- 42737. Slab showing the ventral aspect of the imperfect skeleton ;
from the Upper Miocene of Csningen, Switzerland. This
specimen is considerably smaller than the type skeleton
figured by Meyer in his ‘ Fauna der Vorwelt—Saugethiere
etc. aus dem Molasse,’ pl. iv., and may therefore indicate
a male individual. The character of the vertebre cannot
be determined. Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

Latonia gigantea, Lartet’.

Syn. Rana gigantea, Lartet’.
Rana rugosa, Lartet ®.
Latonia rugosa, Cope’.

Very imperfectly known, and therefore only provisionally sepa-
rated from the type species. There is every probability that Rana
rugosa was founded upon small (? male) individuals of this species ;

1 Neues Jahrb. 1848, p. 550.

2 Meyer, Fauna der Vorwelt—Saugeth. etc. aus dem Molasse, p. 19 (1845).

3 Nat. Hist. Rev. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 105 (1865), and Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Philad. ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 75 (1867).

4 Neues Jahrb. 1843, p. 580. 5 Tog. cit.

6 Notice de la Colline du Sansan, p. 41 (1851).— Rana. "Hae: ei.

8 Loc. cit. Preoccupied by Schlegel, ‘ Fauna Japonica-—Rept.’ pl. iii. fig,
(1838).

9 Nat. Hist. Rev. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 105 (1865).

PART IV. K

130 ECAUDATA.

the opisthoccelous charecter of the vertebre of the latter is noticed
by Cope in the ‘ Nat. Hist. Rev.’ vol. v. p. 105.
Hab. Europe (France).

33271. Part of the right maxilla; from the Middle Miocene of
Sansan (Gers). Agrees with the type fragment figured

by Gervais in his ‘ Zool. et Pal. Frangaises,’ pl. lxiv. fig. 24.

Presented by Monsiewr Ed. Lartet, 1857.

Family PALAOBATRACHIDA.

Upper jaw toothed; sacral processes much expanded at the ter-
mination; vertebre procceelous; no dorsal ribs; urostyle articu-
lating with the sacrum by two condyles, and without transverse pro-
cesses. Tongue unknown.

Wolterstorff * regards this family as allied on the one hand to the
Pelobatide and on the other to the Xenopodide’.

Genus PALZEOBATRACHUS, Tschudi’.
Syn. Probatrachus, Peters *.

The type genus. Skull very large, being longer than the whole
of the vertebral column in advance of the urostyle, with the fronto-
parietals anchylosed in the middle line, lst and 2nd vertebrze
-anchylosed together, and the sacral and two vertebra immediately
in advance also anchylosed; vertebral centra very short. No trace
of pollex ; metacarpals long and slender.

The humerus is frequently nearly as long as the femur. The
transverse process of the 8th vertebra, and more rarely that of the
7th, may join with the sacral process in supporting the ilium.

Palzobatrachus diluvianus (Goldfuss’).

Syn. Rana diluviana, Goldfuss °,
Paleobatrachus goldfusst, Tschudi’.

The type species. Smaller than Rana temporaria. Sacral pro-
cess anchylosing with the transverse processes of both the 7th and
Sth vertebree.

1 Jahrb. nat. Ver. Magdeburg for 1886, p. 156 (1887).

2 =Dactylethride. Dactylethra being a synonym of Xenopus, the latter
should be taken as the base of the family name.

% Mém. Soc. Neuchatel, vol. ii. art. 3, p. 81 (1839).

4 Monatsh. k. Ak. Wiss, Berlin, 1877, p. 678.

’ Noy. Acta Ac. Cas. Leop.-Car. vol. xv. p. 119 (1831).—Rana.

6 Loc. cit. 7 Mém. Soc. Neuchatel, vol. ii. art. 3, p. 81 (1839).

> Shae ae

PALZOBATRACHID®, T31L

According to Wolterstorff*, the skeleton figured by Meyer in the
* Paleeontographica,’ vol. vil. pl. xviii. fig. 1, may be regarded as a
- characteristic specimen. The variety elegans, Wolterstorfi’, is of
small size. .

Hab. Europe (Germany).

35549. Fragment of lignite showing the impression of a young
larva; from the Lower Miocene of Rott, near Bonn, Sie-
bengebirge. This specimen accords with the one figured
by Meyer in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. vii. pl. xx.
figs. 1, 3, which is referred by Wolterstorff, in the ‘ Jahrb.
nat. Ver. Magdeburg’ for 1885, p. 51, to this species.

Presented by W. J. Neville, Esq., 1859.

49464. Fragment of lignite with the impressions of two similar
larve ; from Rott. Purchased, 1877.

30271. Four fragments of lignite showing impressions of similar
larvee ; from Rott. Purchased, 1855.

Palzobatrachus gigas, Meyer’.

The largest species; nearly the dimensions of Rana adspersa.
The transverse process of the 8th vertebra joining the sacral process.
Hab. Europe (Germany).

R. 61. Fragment of lignite showing the impression of a larva which
may belong to this species; from the Lower Miocene of
Rott, near Bonn, Siebengebirge. This specimen corre-
sponds very nearly in size with the one figured by
Wolterstorff in the ‘Jarhb. nat. Ver. Magdeburg’ for
1886, pl. x. fig. 3, and provisionally referred to this
species.
Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology, 1880.

Palzeobatrachus meyeri, Troschel *.

- Somewhat more slender and smaller than P. diluvianus, with a
peculiarity in the structure of the coracoid. The structure of the
sacrum is not fully known in the type, but in a specimen pro-
visionally referred to this species by Wolterstorff it seems that the
transyerse process of the 3rd vertebra alone joined the sacral process,

1 Jahrb. nat. Ver. Magdeburg for 1885, p. 47 (1886).

2 Ibid. for 1886, p. 95 (1887).

3 Paleontographica, vol. vii. p. 169 (1859).

4 In Dechen’s Geognost, Beschreib. d. Siebengebirges, 2nd ed. p. 328 (1861),
K2

132 ECAUDATA.

_and that there was a long interval between the compound iliac bar

and the transverse process of the 6th vertebra.
Hab. Europe (Germany ).
41087. A split slab of lignite showing the impression of the skeleton
and the contour of the soft parts of a small frog pro-

ene referred to this species; from the Lower Mio-

cene of Rott, near Bonn, Siebengebirge. This specimen
is slightly smaller than the type specimen figured by
Wolterstorff in the ‘Jahrb. Ver. nat. Magdeburg’ for
1886, pl. viii. fig. 4; and the sacrum appears to be of the
same character as in the larger skeleton represented in
fig. 1 of the same plate, and provisionally referred to this
species. ‘The sacrum is altogether different from that of the
small frog represented in fig. 2 of the same plate as P. di-
luvianus, var. elegans, All the above specimens are from
Rott. Purchased, 1868.

Palzobatrachus bohemicus, Meyer’.

Larger than P. diluvianus, and apparently allied to the Prussian
P. grandipes, Giebel*. Only the transverse process of the 8th ver-
tebra joining the sacral process ; the former process being compara-
tively small. The vertebral column is stated to be shorter than in
P. grandipes.

Hab, Europe Bohemia),

35808. Slab of lignite showing the impression and some of the bones
of an imperfect skeleton apparently belonging to this
species ; from the Lower Miocene of Markersdorf, Bohemia.

This specimen accords in size with the imperfect skeleton -

from the same locality figured by Wolterstorffin the ‘Jahrb.
nat. Ver. Magdeburg,’ for 1886, pl. ix. fig. 1, and also with
that of P. grandzpes represented in fig. 2 of the same plate.

Purchased, 1859.

Palzeobatrachus luedeckei, Wolterstorff *.

Smaller and slighter than P. diluvianus, with very slender limbs ;
the transverse process of the 7th vertebra remaining entirely dis-
tinct from the sacral process ; vacuity between 8th transverse process
and sacral process much smaller than the one between 7th and 8th
transverse processes, which remains open.

Hab. Kurope (Bohemia).

* Palzontographica, vol. vii. p. 180 (1859).
* Jahresber. nat. Ver. Halle, 1850, p. 44.—Palgophrynus.
* Jahrb. nat. Ver. Magdeburg for 1885, p. 67 (1886).

easy oe
Sb
i * c I

PALHOBATRACHID A, 133

37232. Fragment of lignite, showing the impression of one nearly

entire skeleton and part of that of another; from the
Lower Miocene of Kostdlova (? Kostelitz), Bohemia. This
specimen accords with the skeleton from Markersdorf
figured by Wolterstorff in the ‘ Jahrb. nat. Ver. Magde-
burg’ for 1885, pl. vi. fig. 4. Purchased, 1863.

35809. Fragment of lignite showing the ventral aspect of the skeleton
of a rather smaller individual; from the Miocene of Mar-
kersdorf, Bohemia. Resembles the skeleton from the
same locality figured by Wolterstorff, op. czt. pl. vi. fig. 6.

The impression of the left manus is well preserved.
Purchased, 1859.

It is probable that all or the majority of the following specimens are
referable to this species, as being the common Bohemian form.

37231. Fragment of lignite showing the impression and a few frag-
ments of bone of the nearly entire skeleton ; from Kos-
tdlova. Resembles the specimen figured by Wolterstorff,
op. cit. pl. vi. fig. 1, but the characters of the sacrum are
not shown. Purchased, 1863.

36586. Fragment of lignite containing the skeleton of a small indi-
vidual, with the bones in an imperfect condition; from

Markersdorf. ‘The sacral characters are not apparent.
Purchased, 1862.

35810. Fragment of lignite showing the imperfect skeleton ; from
Markersdorf. Agrees in size with the preceding. The
left metacarpals are finely preserved, and show the slender

elongated form characteristic of the genus. ;
Purchased, 1860.

35811. Fragment of lignite with the imperfect anterior portion of
the skeleton; from Markersdorf. One pectoral limb is

well preserved with the exception of the phalangeals.
Purchased, 1860.

35812. The imperfect skeleton of a small individual, in lignite ;
from Markersdorf. Resembles the specimen figured by
Wolterstorff, op. cit. pl. vi. fig. 6. Purchased, 1860.

R. 1731. The impression of the nearly entire skeleton of a small
individual], in lignite; from Markersdorf. Purchased.

35814. Slab of ignite showing the impression and fragments of the
bones of the imperfect skeleton of a large individual; from

134 ECAUDATA.

Markersdorf. The ilia and pelvic limbs are wanting, but
-the characters of the sacrum are well shown.
Purchased, 1860.

35815. Fragment of lignite showing portions of skeleton of two
individuals; from Markersdorf. The bones are much de-

composed. Purchased, 1860.
37233. The impression of a distorted skeleton, in lignite; from
Kostdlova. Purchased, 1863.

35813. A split fragment of lignite showing the impression of the

pes; from Markersdorf. Purchased, 1860.

35817. Slab of lignite showing the impressions of the skeletons of a
number of larvee of this species; from Markersdorf. This
specimen resembles the larva figured by Wolterstorff,
op. cit. pl. iv. fig. 10, and are smaller and narrower than
the larve of P. diluvianus. Purchased, 1860.

36587. Slab of lignite showing impressions of similar larve; from
Markersdortf: Purchased, 1862.

Palzeobatrachus, sp.

The following specimen agrees in size with small individuals of
P. luedeckei, but does not show characters which admit of its specific
- determination.

Hab, Kurope (Germany).

35867. Slab of lignite showing the impressions of the bones of the ~

skeleton and the contour of the soft parts ; from the Lower
Miocene of Osberg, Rhenish Prussia. Purchased, 1360.

Specimens of which the position is uncertain,

30971. The ilia of a comparatively large species ; from the Lower
Miocene (Upper Oligocene) of Allier, France.
Bravard Collection. Purchased, 1852.

30972. A right radius and ulna agreeing in relative size with the
preceding ; from Allier. Bravard Collection.

30974. The distal extremity of the tibia and fibula; from Allier.
Brevard Collection,

26654, Several imperfect bones in matrix ; from the Lower Miocene ~

of Issoire, Puy-de-Dome.
Pomel Collection. Purchased, 1851.

it iecihl ietederi danitentintitat net ne ip toi SEAS 1) TOR eee

ee, ere

Sh

SALAMANDRID ®, 135

Order CAUDATA.

Body long, and either lacertiform or angniform, with a tail; pec-
toral, and generally the pelvic, limbs present. Skull without post-
orbital, supratemporal, and supraoccipital bones, and no parietal
foramen. Ribs short, and the vertebre either amphi- or opistho-
ccelous. No thoracic buckler or ventral scutes. Gills persistent
or caducous. :

The palatines, when present, are approximated in the middle line,
and placed internally to the vomers and pterygoids.

Family SALAMANDRIDA.

Adult without gills; maxille present; teeth in both jaws; ver-
tebrz opistho- or amphiccelous, Palatines present.

Subfamily SALAMANDRIN&.

Palatine teeth in two longitudinal series, diverging posteriorly ;
no teeth on parasphenoid ; vertebrze opisthoccelous and fully ossified.

Genus MEGALOTRITON, Zittel’.

Known by detached vertebree and limb-bones. Vertebree much
depressed, and strongly opisthoccelous the arch expanding into a
broad plate overhanging the centrum, and the zygapophyses very
wide.

_ Megalotriton filholi, Zittel °.

The type species ; typically of large size, the vertebrae measuring
15 millim. in length. The type specimens are from the Quercy
Phosphorites. .

Hab, Europe (France, and ? Germany).

30484. Twelve vertebra belonging either to the present or an allied
species ; from the Lower Miocene (Upper Oligocene) of ©
Mayence. Although of smaller size, these specimens
closely resemble the type vertebre figured by Zittel on
page 420 of the work cited. They are doubtless speci-
fically identical with the smaller vertebra mentioned on
page 421 of the same work.

Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

1 Handbuch der Paleontologie, Abth iii. Band 2 Lief. p. 420 (1888).
2 hae, Cit.

136 s CAUDATA.

Genus HELIARCHON, Meyer’.

Tail long ; 18 or 14 presacral vertebree, of which the characters
are unknown: ribs long, with a spine-like posterior projection near
the proximal end ; carpus and tarsus unossified.

Ffeliarchon furcillatus, Meyer.

The type and only known species. Length about 0,110; skull as
long as broad, and pointed anteriorly ; orbits ovoid.
Hab, Kurope (Germany).

42731. A split fragment of lignite, showing the impression of the

(1uq.) skeleton ; from the Lower Miocene of Rott, near Bonn,

Siebengebirge. The type; figured by Meyer in the ‘ Pa~
leeontographica,’ vol. x. pl. il. figs. 5, 6.

Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

Genus MOLGE, Merrem’*.
Syn. Jriton, Laurenti*® (zon Linn.).

Skull with a ligamentous or bony fronto-squamosal arch; tail
compressed ; carpus and tarsus ossified; ribs without proximal
processes ; 5 digits in pes.

Molge noachica (Goldfuss *).
Syn. Triton noachicus, Goldfuss *.

A small and imperfectly known species; length about 0,064.
Hab, Europe (Germany).

30268. Fragment of lignite, showing the impression of the skeleton ;
from the Lower Miocene of Rott, near Bonn, Siebenge-
birge. Resembles the specimen figured by Meyer in the
‘ Paleontographiea,’ vol. vii. pl. viil. fig. 7.

Purchased, 1855,

42759. Fragment of lignite, showing the imperfect impression of the
skeleton ; from Rott. Purchased, 1871.

' Paleontographica, vol. x. p. 292 (1863).

2 Tentamen Systematis Amphib. p. 185 (1820).

3 Synopsis Reptilium, p. 37 (1768).

4 Nova Acta Ac. Czxs. Leop.-Car. vol. xv. p. 126 (1831).— Triton.
5 Loe. cit,

;
a
;
:
4
;

ee eee ee He ee

AMPHIUMID. 137

GEnvs non cet.

The following specimens may belong either to Molge or Sala-

mandra.

33273. Two imperfect presacral vertebra ; from the Middle Miocene

of Sansan (Gers), France.
Presented by Monsieur Edouard Lartet.

Family AMPHIUMIDA.

No gills in the adult; maxille present; teeth in both jaws;
palatines aborted ; vertebrae amphiccelous.

Genus CRYPTOBRANCHUS, Leuckart’.

— Syn. Proteocordylus, Eichwald 2.
~ Andrias, Tschudi °.
~ Megalobatrachus, Tschudi *.
~ Hydrosalamandra, Leuckart°.

A series of vomerine teeth parallel with and approximated to
those of the margins of the jaws. Two or four branchial arches.
Digits 4-5.

The reduction of the branchial arches to two and the abortion of
the spiracles in C. (Megalobatrachus) maximus do not seem to be
characters worthy of generic distinction.

Cryptobranchus scheuchzeri (Holl’).

Syn. Protée gigantesque, Salamandre gigantesque, Cuvier.
Salamandra scheuchzert, Holl ®.
Proteocordylus diluvit, Kichwald °.
Salamandra gigantea, Meyer »°.
Andrias scheuchzert, Tschudi".
Cryptobranchus primigenius, Van der Hoeven",

1 Tsis, 182i, p. 260.
2 Zool. Specialis, vol. iii. p. 165 (1831).
- 3 Neues Jahrb. 1837, p. 545. 4 Ibid. p. 547.
5 Froriep’s Neue Notizen, vol. xiii. p. 19 (1840).
® Handbuch d. Petrefactenkunde, p. 95 (1830).— Salamandra,
7 Ann. d. Muséum, vol. xiii. p. 411 (1809). Clashes with Salamandra
gigantea, Barton. 8 Loe. cit.
® Zool. Specialis, vol. iii. p. 165 (1831).
10 Palexologica, p. 117 (1832).
11 Neues Jahrb. 1887, p. 545. 12 Jbid, 1838, p. 165.

138 CAUDATA.

Cryptobranchus diluvii-testis, Bronn *.
Hydrosalamandra prisca et primigenia, Leuckart °,
Megalobatrachus scheuchzert, Lydekker *.

Larger than C. maximus of Japan, with a shorter and wider

skull, which approximates to that of O. alleghaniensis. Manus

larger than in C. maximus.
It is probable that in most cases the width of the skull is exag-
gerated by pressure.

Fig. 28.

Cr Ee scheuchzeri.—The imperfect skeleton; from the Upper Miocene
of Giningen. Greatly reduced.

Hab, Europe (Switzerland).

The following specimens are from the Upper Miocene of Bnangen,

Switzerland.

R. 963. Slab of rock showing the greater part of an adult skeleton.
(fig.) Figured by Karg in the ‘ Denkschr. Nat. Schwabens,’
vol. i. pl. ii. fig. 3, as Lacerta; and also by Cuvier in

e ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’ 2nd ed. vol. v. pt. 2, pl. xxv.

fig. 5, and pl. xxvi. fig. 1. Noticed by Meyer in his

‘Fauna der Vorwelt—Saugethiere etc. aus dem Molasse,’

p. 30. This specimen was originally in the collection of

Dr. Ammon of Schaffhausen. No history.

42740. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of the skeleton of a half-
erown individual, with the limbs imperfectly preserved.
The skull is less expanded than in the preceding specimen,
and is thus more like that of the existing species.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

42741. Slab showing the ventral aspect of the nearly entire
skeleton of a young individual, The skull is extremely
expanded by pressure. Van Breda Collection.

' Lethxea Geognostica, vol. ii. p. 1166 (1838),
2 Froriep’s Neue Notizen, vol. xiii. p. 19 (1840).

8 In Nicholson and Lydekker’s ‘Manual of Paleontology,’ 3rd ed. vol. ii,
p- 1040 (1889).

ak

LABYRINTHODONTIA. 139

42742. A split slab showing the imperfect skeleton of a still
younger individual. Van Breda Collection,

2761. Fragment of rock showing the imperfectly preserved skull
of a young individual. Van Breda Collection.

Cryptobranchus tschudii (Meyer’).
Syn. Andrias tschudii, Meyer”.

Smaller than C. maximus, with a skull of nearly the same form,
and a similar short manus.
Hab. Europe (Germany).

42730. Slab showing the impression of the greater part of
(fig.) the skeleton; from the Lower Miocene of Rott, near Bonn,
Siebengebirge. The type specimen; figured by Meyer
in the ‘Paleontographica, vol. vu. pl. ix. fig. 1.
The animal lay on its back ; most of the bones have
perished, and the impressions of the bones of the manus
have disappeared since the specimen was figured. A
comparison of Meyer’s figure with that of C. maximus
given by Moesch in the ‘ Neujahrsblatt nat. Ges. Zurich,’

1887, will show the resemblance betweén the two.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

Order LABYRINTHODONTIA.

Body long, and usually lacertiform (occasionally anguiform), with
a tail; pectoral limbs (when present) shorter than the pelvic limbs ;
the latter, and usually the former, being pentadactylate. Skull
(fig. 29) with the temporal region completely roofed over by post-
orbital and supratemporal bones, and with paired supraoccipitals and
distinct epiotics*, and a parietal foramen. Teeth pointed, with a
large pulp-cavity, and the dentine either simple or more or less pli-
cated. Vertebre either amphiccelous and fully ossified, or with a
notochordal canal, or with large intercentra and the centra repre-
sented by paired lateral pieces (pleurocentra), A bony thoracic
buckler on the ventral aspect composed of a median (interclavicle)
and two lateral (clavicles) plates (fig. 44). Bony scutes frequently
present on the ventral aspect of the body.

Teeth are very generally present on the palatines and vomers, and
more rarely on the pterygoids. There is very generally an ossified
sclerotic ring.

1 Palexontographica, vol. vii. p. 49 (1860). 2 Loe. cit.

3 Baur regards the bone here termed supratemporal as the squamosal, and
vice versd. He also regards the bone generally termed epiotic as the episthotie.

140 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

Protriton salamandroides.—Greatly enlarged view of the frontal aspect of the
skull of a larva, with the characteristic bones shaded; from the Gaskohle
(Lowest Permian) of Bohemia. JN, nasal; F, frontal; P.a, parietal; S.O,-
supraoccipital ; E.p, epiotic; S.Z, supratemporal; S.Q, squamosal P.2.f,
postfrontal; Ju, jugal; P.t.o, postorbital; im, premaxilla; M.S, maxilla;
Q.J, quadratojugal; Q, quadrate. (After Fritsch.)

Suborder LABYRINTHODONTIA VERA.

Crocodiliform Labyrinthodonts, frequently of large size, in which
the bodies of the vertebre in the adult may be either fully ossified,
or of a rhachitomous or embolomerous type’; the vertebre in the
young being apparently always of one of the two latter types.
Dentine of teeth usually more or less plicated. Cranial bones deeply
sculptured, and usually with mucous canals forming a “lyra.” No
internal gills developed.

1 In certain genera like Diplospondylus and Cricotus each caudal vertebra
consists of a centrum mainly carrying the neural arch, and an equally large
and discoidal posterior intercentrum to which the chevrons are united.
These intercentra, according to the views of Cope, correspond with the
chevron-bearing intercentra of Clepsydrops among the Anomodont Reptilia, and

MASTODONSAURIDZ, 141

Some writers divide this group into the two suborders of Stereo-
spondyli and Temnospondyli, according as to whether the vertebree
are fully or imperfectly ossified, but the presence of rhachitomous
vertebre in the young of Jastodonsaurus seems to render such
division inadvisable.

Family MASTODONSAURID i.

Skull triangular, and more or less elongated, with the cranial bones
very strongly sculptured, the occipital condyles ossified, and large
palatal vacuities (fig. 32); dentine of teeth with very complex
plications; no bony ring in sclerotic; and no ventral scutes,
Bodies of vertebrz fully ossified in the adult.

There are large palato-vomerine tusks on the inner side of the
maxillary teeth; and the palatines run parallel to the maxilla.
The mandible has a large postarticular process; and there is a small
inner series of mandibular teeth. In the type genus the pubes are
separate from the ischia, and do not enter into the formation of the
acetabulum ; and the sacral ribs form kidney-like disks,

the wedge-bones of Sphenodon; this type
of structure being known as the embolo-
merous. In the trunk-vertebre of other Fig. 30.
genera like Trimerorhachis (fig. 46) and

Archegosaurus each vertebra (fig. 30) con-
sists of four portions—viz., a basal inter-
centrum (hypocentrum), a pair of pleuro-
centra, and a neural arch. In this rha-
\

chitomous type Cope regards the pleuro-

centra as representing the centrum of the
embolomerous type, since they both carry wAW

the arch; and as he finds that the func-

tional centra in other forms, like Chely-

osaurus, apparently correspond to the 2,
intercentra of Archegosaurus, while the
pleurocentra are small and apparently
about to disappear, it is argued that in
other Amphibia the real centra are totally
wanting, and the vertebral bodies, which
in the caudal region have the chevrons
united to them, are really intercentra, to
which the neural arches have been shifted.

wn" 4
ae
‘ds

Diagram of a rhachitomous verte-
bra ; from the front and left side.
I, pleurocentra; 2, intercentrum;
d, neural spine. (After Fritsch.)

142 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

Genus MASTODONSAURUS, Jeger’.
Syn. Salamandroides, Jeger *.

The type genus. Skull (figs. 31, 32) broad, with slightly concave
lateral borders and an obtuse muzzle; palatal vacuities broadest
near the middle and far removed from the muzzle; premaxillary
vacuities double and somewhat approximated; two small perfora-
tions for the mandibular tusks in advance of the nares; nares oyal
and widely separated; orbits oval, narrowing in front, and situated
some distance in advance of the parietal foramen ; lyra distinct, and
enclosing an elongated diamond-shaped space between the orbits
and nares; frontal long, pointed in front, and entering extensively
into the formation of the inner border of the orbit ; squamosal,
postorbital, and postfrontal short. Usually from three to five
enlarged premaxillary teeth, lateral teeth smaller; anterior vomerine
teeth parallel to those of premaxille; two or more enlarged palato-
vomerine tusks, the palatines and vomer anchylosing together in
this neighbourhood. Cranial sculpture either radiating ridges and
grooves, or pitted. Median plate® (interclavicle) of thoracic buckler
diamond-shaped, with a long posterior spine, and no distinct lateral
wings ; lateral plates (clavicles) not meeting in a long suture in
advance of the middle one.

Mastodonsaurus giganteus, Jeger’.

Syn. Salamandroides giganteus, Jeger >.
Mastodonsaurus giganteus, Jeger °.
Mastodonsaurus jegeri, Alberti".
Labyrinthodon salamandrotdes, Owen °.
Mastodonsaurus salamandroides, Plieninger?’.
Labyrinthodon jegert, Owen".

The type species. Length of skull varying from 0,700 to 1,000.
Cranial and thoracic sculpture coarsely radiate.
Hab. Europe (Germany).

1 Foss. Rept. Wiirttemberg, p. 35 (1828). 2 Ibid. p. 38.

3 See Meyer and Plieninger, ‘ Beitrage Pal. Wirttembergs,’ pl. iii.; and EH.
Fraas, Paleontographica, vol. xxxvi. p. 85, fig. 5.

4 Foss. Rept. Wiirttemberg, p. 89 (1828).—Salamandroides, 5 Loe. cit,

6 Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 1, vol. iii. p. 86 (1833).

7 Beitrag z. Monograph. d. Bunten Sandsteins, etc. p. 286 (1884).

8 Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 512 (1842).

9 Ebenda, p. 57 (1844).

10 Odontograpby, pt. ii. p. 198 (1841).

11 There is no sufficient evidence in support of the alleged occurrence of hig.
species in Britain,

MASTODONSAURIDZ. 143

Mastodonsaurus giganteus.—Frontal aspect of the cranium, with the sculpture

omitted ; from the Lettenkohle (Lowest Keuper) of Wiirtemberg. About

3. SOc, supraoccipital; Hp, epiotic; P, parietal; Sg, squamosal; S.7, supra-

temporal; Q./, quadratojugal ; Ju, jugal ; P¢, postfrontal ; Pz.O, postorbital ;

Fr, frontal; Pr.f’, prefrontal ; LZ, lachrymal ; Na, nasal; Mz, maxilla; the
premaxilla has no letter. (After Fraas.)

Fig. 32.

Mastodonsaurus giganteus.—Palatal aspect of the cranium; from the Letten-
kohle of Wiirtemberg. About 2. (After Miall.)

144 LABYRINTHODONTIA,

11959. Cast of one of the large anterior tusk-like teeth. The
original, which is the type of the genus, was obtained from
the Alum-shales at the base of the Lettenkohle (Lowest
Keuper ') at Gaildorf, Wiirtemberg. The specimen is
described and figured by Jeger in his ‘ Foss. Rept.
Wiirttemberg,’ p. 35, pl. iv. fig. 4; and is preserved in
the Museum at Stuttgart. It is also figured in Owen’s
‘Odontography,’ pl. 63. fig. 1.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

R. 84. The base of a somewhat smaller tooth; from the bone-bed
at the base of the Lettenkohle at Gaildorf. This specimen
has been cut and polished to exhibit the labyrinthic
structure.

Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology, 1888,

43637. A smaller tooth; from the Lettenkohle of Gaildorf. The
summit is wanting. Purchased, 1859.

33091. A still smaller imperfect tooth, in matrix, from the bone-bed
of the Lettehkohle of Gaildorf. Purchased, 1848.

11959 a. Cast of the exoccipitals and basioccipital. The original
was obtained from the Lettenkohle of Gaildorf, and is
described and figured by Jeeger in his ‘ Foss. Rept. Wiirt-
temberg,’ p. 38, pl. v., as the type of Salamandroides.

Mantell Oollection. Purchased, 1838.

48206. Cast of the cranium. The original, which is preserved in .
the Museum at Stuttgart, was obtained in 1833 from the
Alum-shale of the Lettenkohle at Gaildorf. Itis described
and figured by Meyer and Plieninger in their ‘ Beitrag,
Pal. Wiirttembergs,’ p. 64, pl. vi. fig. 1, and pl. vii. fig. 1;

and also by E. Fraas in the ‘ Palaontographica, vol. xxxvi,
pl. 32, pls. i. and ii. Purchased, 1877.

33092. The imperfect centrum of a dorsal vertebra, in a somewhat
crushed condition; from the Lettenkohle of Gaildorf.
This specimen resembles the vertebre figured by Meyer an
Pleininger, op. cit. pl. iv.; of which the characters are
noticed by E. Fraas in the ‘ Paleeontographica,’ vol. xxxvi,

1 The Lettenkohle is regarded by E. Fraas as a primary division of the
Trias, ranking with the Keuper and Muschelkalk.

MASTODONSAURID &. 145

_pp. 78,79. The characteristic diminution in the thickness
of the dorsal half of the centrum is well exhibited.
Purchased, 1848.

33093. Fragments of ribs; from the Lettenkohle of Gaildorf.
Purchased, 1848.

Mastodonsaurus granulosus, E. Fraas’.

Imperfectly known, but readily distinguished by the finely pitted
sculpture of the cranial bones and thoracic buckler.
Hab. Europe (Germany).

33075. Five imperfect sculptured bones; from the Upper Muschel-
kalk bone-bed (Middle Trias) of Crailsheim, Witirtemberg.
The sculpture agrees precisely with that of the type speci-
mens from the same locality figured by Fraas in the

‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xxxvi. pl. vi. figs. 1, 2.
Purchased, 1848.

Mastodonsaurus keuperinus, E. Fraas’.

Imperfectly known. Nearly.or quite as large as M. giganteus,
from which it is readily distinguished by the larger size and greater
relative width of the posterior nares (choane).

Hab, Kurope (Germany).

15270. Slab of sandstone exhibiting the external surface of the left
lateral thoracic plate probably belonging to this species ;
from the Middle Keuper Sandstone (Upper Trias) of Feuer-
bach-Haide, near Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg. In its pitted
structure this specimen differs from the thoracic plates re-
ferred to Capitosaurus, and resembles the larger left lateral
plate of I. giganteus figured by Meyer and Plieninger in
their ‘ Beitr. Pal. Wiirttembergs,’ pl. iv. figs. 1, 2.

Purchased.

Mastodonsaurus indicus, Lydekker (n. sp.).

Known only by a fragment of the thoracic buckler, which indi-
cates a form fully as large as M. giganteus. Definite specific charac-
ters cannot at present be given.

Hab. India.

R. 596. Cast of a considerable portion of the right lateral plate

1 Paleontographica, vol. xxxvi. art. i. p. 94 (1889).
2 Ibid. p. 116.
PART IV. L

146 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

(clavicle) of the thoracic buckler. The original, which is
the type, was obtained from the Denwa group of the Gond-
wanas, on the Denwa river, Satpura district, Central
Provinces, and is preserved in the Indian Museum, Cal-
cutta. Itis figured by the writer in the ‘ Paleontologia
; Indica,’ ser. 4, vol. i. pt. 3, pl. vi. fig. 8, as a Crocodilian
| scuta, and in pt. 5, p. 30, fig. 2 of the same as a supra-
temporal of Mastodonsaurus. Since the date of the latter
figure a cast has been submitted to Dr. E. Fraas, of Munich,
who has compared it with the thoracic buckler of JM.
giganteus, and states that it agrees so closely as to leave
no doubt that it indicates an allied species. The specimen

Mastodonsaurus indicus.—Part of the right lateral thoracic plate; from the
Denwa stage of the Gondwanas of Central India. 3. (From the ‘ Paleeonto-
logia Indica.’)

is represented in fig. 33; the upper part of the border
sloping away from the superior angle is part of the exter-
nal natural border of the plate; the postero-external
angle of the specimen being part of the region from which
the posterior clavyicular process projected.

Made in the Museum, 1885.

MASTODONSAURID &. 147

Genus CAPITOSAURUS, Minster’.

Including Cyclotosaurus, Fraas”.

Skull (fig. 34) with the muzzle often broad and obtuse; palatal
vacuities expanded in front and approximated to muzzle; a large
single premaxillary vacuity in the middle line ; orbits elliptical, and
approximated to the parietal foramen, generally small; lyra in-
distinct and external to orbits and nares; nares large, rounded, and
widely separated ; frontal short, pointed in front, and forming part
of inner border of orbit; squamosal, postorbital, and postfrontal
very short. Premaxillary and maxillary teeth uniform; a number
of small vomerine teeth parallel to those of the premaxille; one or
two large tusks in advance of and behind the posterior nares. Hach
eranial bone strongly pitted at the centre, and in most cases
radiately grooved towards the periphery, but such groovings absent
in the supraoccipital, parietal, squamosal, postorbital, and post-
frontal. The auditory notch may be either open or converted
into a foramen (fig. 34). Median plate (interclavide) of thoracic
buckler intermediate between that of Mastodonsaurus and that of
Metoposaurus*. The fully adult teeth have no central pulp-cavity.

Capitosaurus nasutus, Meyer’.

Average length of cranium 0,330, Auditory slit open. Cranium
somewhat elongated, and narrowing anteriorly, with a sharp muzzle
and comparatively large orbits, of which the axis is somewhat
oblique to that of the cranium. Interclavicle with rounded posterior
extremity like that of Metoposaurus.

Hab. Kurope (Germany).

The following specimens are from the Bunter (Lower Trias)
of Bernburg, Northern Germany.

40041. The cranium, in a somewhat imperfect condition. Both
frontal and palatal aspects are shown, but the extremity
of the muzzle is concealed by matrix. This specimen
accords with the imperfect type skull figured by Meyer

1 Neues Jahrb. 1836, p. 580.
* Palxontographica, vol. xxxvi. art. 1, p. 121 (1889).—Quoted from MS.
notes by Zittel in 1888.
3 See H. Fraas, Paleontographica, vol. xxxvi. p. 135.
* Paleontographica, vol. vi. art. 6, p. 222 (1856).
Lo

148 _ LABYRINTHODONTIA.

in the ‘ Paleeontographica,’ vol. vi. pls. xxv. & xxvi. The .

somewhat narrow contour is well shown; and the open

auditory notch (Meyer, op. cit. pl. xxiv.) is very distinctly

displayed. Purchased, 1866.

42751. Mass of sandstone showing the inner lamin of the bones
of the cranial roof, with the exception of those of the

muzzle. This specimen agrees in size with the preceding.
Purchased, 1871.

36346. The imperfect cranium of asmaller individual. The frontal
aspect is represented by a sandstone cast, or portions of
the inner lamina of bone, of the cranial roof. The upper
portion of the premaxille is wanting, so that the large pre-
maxillary vacuity is shown. Purchased, 1862.

36344. Slab of sandstone exhibiting the palatal aspect of a cranium
agreeing in size with the preceding. The contour pre-
cisely resembles that of the larger specimen figured by
Meyer, op. cit. pl. xxvi. Purchased, 1862.

36347. Slab of sandstone showing the inner lamina of the bones
of the cranial roof, imperfect posteriorly. This specimen
is rather larger than No. 36346. Purchased, 1862.

36348. Slab of sandstone showing the upper surface of the inferior
lamina of the bones of the anterior extremity of the
palate of a small individual. Purchased, 1862,

36350. Fragment of rock showing the inner layer of the bones of
the posterior portion of the cranial roof. This specimen
indicates a small individual, and may be referable to the
next species. Purchased, 1862.

36352. Mass of sandstone showing the greater portion of a mandi-
bular ramus. Purchased, 1862.

30270. Slab of sandstone showing the impression of the ventral
surface of the median place (interclavicle) of the thoracic
buckler, together with a plaster cast taken from the same.
This specimen indicates a small individual. Its contour
is very similar to that of the corresponding bone of Metopo-
saurus figured by EK. Fraas in the ‘ Paleontographica,’
vol, xxxvi. pl. xv., and less like that of C. robustus figured
by Quenstedt in his ‘Mastodonsaurier Wiirttembergs,’
LY die ele Purchased, 1855.

25 oe se aaias f

MASTODONSAURID®. 149

Capitosaurus fronto, Meyer’.

Smaller than C. nasutus, with the facial portion of the cranium
shorter, and much wider at the muzzle; orbits smaller, with the
axis less oblique to that of the cranium. Auditory slit apparently
open.

Hab. Europe (Germany).

36345. Slab of sandstone showing the frontal aspect of the imper-
fect cranium : from the Bunter (Lower Trias) of Bernburg,
Northern Germany. ‘The right orbit is preserved, but the
left orbital region is crushed in and concealed by matrix.
This specimen appears to agree very closely with the im-
perfect posterior portion of the cranium from the same
locality figured by Meyer in the ‘ Palzeontographica,’ vol.
vi, pl. xxviii. fig. 2, as the type of this species. The differ-
ence in the length of the muzzle from that of C. nasutus
is apparent by comparison with the small specimen No.
36346; thus in the latter the interval between the orbit
and extremity of the muzzle is 0,175, against 0,150 in the
present specimen; the two skulls being approximately
equal in size. Purchased, 1862.

Capitosaurus robustus, Meyer’.

Syn. Mastodonsaurus robustus, Quenstedt *.
Cyclotosaurus robustus, KE. Fraas*.

The type of Cyclotosaurus. Of very large size, the length of the
cranium being about 0,610. Auditory slit converted into a foramen
by the junction of the epiotic with the supratemporal; cranium
comparatively short and broad, with a blunt, rounded muzzle, and
relatively small orbits. Epiotics extending behind line of condyles.
Interclavicle long and diamond-shaped, without distinct lateral
wings.

A nearly entire skull is figured by E. Fraas in the ‘ Palexonto-
graphica,’ vol. xxxvi. pls. ix., x., from which the woodcut on the
next page is drawn.

Hab. Europe (Germany). .

_ 1 Paleontographica, vol. vi. art. 6, p. 229 (1856).
2 In Meyer and Plieninger’s ‘ Palaontologie Wiirttembergs,’ p. 11 (1844).
* Mastodonsaurier im griinen Keupersandsteine Wirttembergs (1850).
* Paleontographica, vol. xxxvi. art. 1, p. 121 (1889).

LABYRINTHODONTIA

150
The originals of the following specimens were obtained from the
Middle Keuper (Upper Trias) of Feuerbach-Haide, near Stutt-
ne

gat, Wurtemberg.
37993. Cast of a slab of rock showing the inner lamina of the bones
of the cranial roof. Original figured in Quenstedt’
‘Mastodonsaurier Wirttembergs,’ pl. i. fig. 1.
Purchased, 1864.

37992. Cast of slab showing the palatal aspect of the cranium.
Original figured by Quenstedt, op. cit. pl. 11. fig. 1
Purchased, 1864

Fig. 34,
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(After E. Fraas.)

Capitosaurus robustus—Frontal aspect of the cranium, with the sculpture
Letters as in figure 31.
R. 1439. Cast of slab showing the frontal aspect of the muzzle.

omitted; from the Middle Keuper (Upper Trias) near Stuttgart. Aponte

3
Presented by Prof. K. A. von Zittel, 1888.

Original in the Museum at Munich.

R. 1439 a. Cast of slab showing palatal aspect of the anterior por-
tion of the cranium, with the large vomerine tusks.

9 e

Original in the Museum at Munich.
Presented by Prof. K. A. von Zittel, 1888

R. 1439 b. Cast of slab showing the oral surface of the mandibular

MASTODONSAURID®. 151

symphysis, with its tusks. The original is in the Munich
Museum, and is figured by E. Fraas in the ‘ Paleonto-
graphica,’ vol. xxxvi. pl. xi. fig. 2.

Presented by Prof. K. A. von Zittel, 1888.

R. 1439 c. Cast of slab with the ventral surface of part of the
mandible exposed. ‘The original is in the Museum at
Munich. Presented by Prof. K. A. von Zittel, 1888.

Of the following speciomens from the Middle Keuper Sandstone of
Feuerbach-Haide at least the majority may be referred to this
species.

33074. Slab of sandstone exhibiting the external surface of the
median thoracic plate. This specimen, which seems to
include the imperfect anterior and left lateral moiety of
the bone, accords well with the specimen of which the left
half is figured by Quenstedt in his ‘ Mastodonsaurier
Wiirttembergs,’ pl. iv. fig. 1; and is unlike the corre-
sponding bone of Metoposaurus. Purchased, 1848.

14675. Slab of sandstone showing the impression of the external
surface of the right lateral thoracic plate. This specimen,
which has a simple radiate sculpture, accords with the
imperfect lateral plate figured by Quenstedt, op. ect. fig. 12,
and is unlike the corresponding bone of Metoposaurus.

Purchased,

14676. Fragment of sandstone showing the impression of an imper-
fect lateral plate agreeing with the preceding. The
proximal portion is wanting. Purchased.

15271. Mass of sandstone showing the outer aspect of the greater
part of the left thoracic plate, and the impression of part
of the inner surface of the median plate. Purchased.

BR. 281. Fragment of sandstone showing the outer surface of an
imperfect and smaller lateral thoracic plate.
Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

R. 84. Fragment of sandstone showing the outer surface of a
sculptured bone. The sculpture differs from that of the
preceding specimen by its pitted character, but it is
not certain that the specimen belongs to the thoracic

buckler.
Transferred from the Museum of Practical Geology, 1884.

by
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$52. LABYRINTHODONTIA.

43636. Slab of sandstone exhibiting the outer surface of an imper-
fect sculptured bone. The sculpture is pitted.
Ae Purchased, 1859.

14675. Fragment of sandstone exhibiting the impression of the outer
surface of a bone with pitted sculpture. Purchased.

33073 Slab of sandstone with portions of a sculptured bone.
Purchased, 1848.

Genus METOPOSAURUS, Lydekker (x. nom.).
Syn. Metopias, Meyer’. ;
Skull (fig. 85) broad, with obtuse muzzle; palatal vacuities ex-

panded in front; premaxillary vacuities large and double; orbits
large, oval, situated in the anterior half of the skull, and widely

Metoposaurus diagnosticus.—Fyontal aspect of the cranium, with the sculpture

omitted; from the Keuper (Upper Trias), near Stuttgart. 3. Letters as

in fig. 81. (After E. Fraas.)

separated from one another; lyra enclosing an oblong space between
orbits and nares; nares terminal, large, rounded and approximated ;
frontals pointed behind, and excluded from the border of the orbit
by the junction of the postfrontal with the prefrontal; squamosal,
postorbital, and pestfrontal elongated. ‘Teeth apparently arranged

* Neuer Jahrb, 1842, p. 302. Preoccupied by Gory in 1832 for a genus of
Coleoptera.

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MASTODONSAURID. Bass:

like those of Capitosaurus. Each cranial bone strongly pitted at
the centre, and radiately grooved at the periphery. Median plate
(interclavicle) of thoracic buckler with a rounded posterior extre-
mity and distinct lateral wings; lateral plates (clavicles) meeting
in a long suture in advance of the median plate*. Dentition weak ;
teeth strongly fluted externally, especially at the base, with but
slight internal foldings*,

Metoposaurus diagnosticus (Meyer *).

Syn. Metopias diagnosticns (Meyer*).
Labyrinthodon diagnosticus, Owen”.

The type and only described species. Skull attaining a length of

0,450.

Hab. Kurope (Germany).

37938. The imperfect cranium; from the Middle Keuper (Upper
Trias) near Stuttgart, Wirtemberg. The occiput is im-
perfect, and the extremity of the muzzle is wanting.
Both the frontal and palatal aspects are shown. This
specimen, which is mentioned in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’
for 1874, p. 157, is considerably smaller than the entire
skull figured by Fraas in the ‘ Paleeontographica,’ vol. xxxvi.
pls. xii., xi. The vomers are very clearly shown, and
have the teeth arranged as in Capitosaurus.

Hiberlein Collection. Purchased, 1862.

Gents non det.

The Labyrinthodont represented by the undermentioned species
appears to be allied to Metoposaurus and Capitosaurus; the asso-
ciated teeth represented in fig. 36 are, however, larger than those of

:

Labyrinthodont Jaw.— From the Maleri stage of the Gondwanas of Central
India. 3. (From the ‘ Paleontologia Indica.’)

1 See E. Fraas, Paleeontographica, vol. xxxvi. pl. xv.
2 Ibid. p. 148. 8 Neuer Jahrb. 1842, p. 302.— Meropias, 4 Loc. cit.
5 Palxontology, 2nd ed. p. 216 (1861).

eae LABYRINTHODONTIA.

Metoposaurus, and have a distinct pulp-cavity. Fully ossified vertebrae

are found with the other remains. The bone figured by the writer

in the ‘ Paleontologia Indica,’ ser. iv. vol. i. pt. 5, pl. vi. fig. 3, as 9,

squamosal, appears to be a supratemporal ; and apparently makes a

close approximation to the corresponding bone of Metoposaurus.
Hab. India.

R. 580. Five fragments of sculptured cranial bones; from the
Maleri stage of the Upper Gondwanas at Maleri, 32 miles
north-west of Sironcha, Central Provinces. The sculpture
of some of these specimens closely resembles that of Meto-
posaurus diagnosticus.

Presented by the Director of the Geological Survey of India, 1885.

The following specimen may indicate an allied form.
Hab. Africa.

R. 513. Fragment of a sculptured bone ; from the Karoo system of
the Orange Free State. The sculpture is unlike that of
Tthitidosteus.

By exchange with the Blomfontein Museum, 1888.

Genus TREMATOSAURUS, Braun’.

Skull long, and gradually narrowing in front, with a rounded
muzzle; palatal vacuities pointed in front, and far removed from
extremity of muzzle; premaxillary vacuities small and widely sepa-
rated ; orbits oval, and situated far in advance of parietal foramen,
although not in anterior half of skull; nares some distance behind
muzzle, large, approximated, and elongated; lyra distinct, and en-
closing an ovoid space between the orbits and nares ; frontal long,
pointed at both extremities, and excluded from border of orbit by
junction of postfrontal with prefrontal ; postorbital and postfrontal
elongated. Premaxillary and maxillary teeth small and uniform ;
4 small vomerine teeth parallel to those of the maxilla; two large
vomerine tusks in advance of posterior nares, and three or four
palatine ones behind the same. Cranial bones pitted at the centre,
and radiately grooved at the periphery. Posterior spine of median
plate of thoracic buckler larger and wider than in Mastodonsaurus,
but the general shape of the bone similar.

1 Bericht Naturf. Aerzte, 1841, p. 74.

MASTODONSAURID®. 155

Trematosaurus brauni, Burmeister ’.
Syn. Labyrinthodon braunt, Owen ®.

The type species. Skull with an average length of 0,240, and a
width posteriorly of 0,130; orbits situated midway between the
muzzle and the occiput.

Hab. Europe (Germany).

The following specimens are from the Bunter (Lower Trias) of
Bernburg, Northern Germany.

40042. The imperfect cranium of a small individual. The muzzle
is wanting, but the orbital and postorbital regions are
well preserved, and exhibit the sculpture and lyra very
distinctly. Purchased, 1866.

36354. The imperfect cranium of an adult individual. The muzzle
is wanting, and only the inner lamina of the cranial bones
remains. This specimen agrees in size with the one figured
by Burmeister, op. cit. pl. i. Purchased, 1862.

36369. An imperfect adult cranium. The muzzle is broken off, and

only portions of the cranial bones remain.
Purchased, 1862.

36360. A smaller imperfect cranium. The muzzle is wanting, but
most of the cranial bones remain, with the loss of the
sculpture. The palate is concealed. Purchased, 1862.

42810 a. An imperfect adult cranium, with the counterpart in
matrix. The muzzle is wanting, and the greater portion
of the cranial bones is adherent to the matrix of the
counterpart. Purchased, 1871.

36374. A small imperfect cranium. Portions of the sculpture
remain, and the contour of the right epiotic cornu and
auditory notch is well shown. Purchased, 1862.

36356. The parieto-occipital region of an adult cranium, showing
the sculpture. Purchased, 1862.

36357. A nearly similar specimen, without the sculpture.
Purchased, 1862.

1 Labyrinthodonten aus dem bunten Sandstein, pt. i. p, 69 (1849).
2 Paleontology, 2nd ed. p. 215 (1861).

156 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

36349. The posterior portion of a small cranium, with the counter- ~
_ part in matrix. The counterpart shows the under surface

of the anterior region of the cranial roof.
Purchased, 1862.

R. 1750. A split slab of sandstone showing the imperfect skull.
One piece shows the under surface of the cranial bones of
the parietal and occipital regions. A middle portion con-
tains the hinder region of the cranium. The lower slab
contains the pterygoids, the summits of the maxillary and
palatine teeth, and traces of the mandible. Purchased.

R. 1751. Slab of sandstone showing the under surface of the anterior
half of the cranium. In the region of the muzzle the
bones of the palate, with the premaxillary vacuities and
posterior nares, are exhibited ; while behind the anterior
border of the palatal vacuities only the under surface of
the cranial roof remains. Purchased.

42810 b. Slab of sandstone showing the dorsal aspect of the bones
of the palate. The muzzle is wanting, and the bones
remaining are imperfect. Purchased, 1871.

30269. Slab of sandstone with the dorsal aspect of the bones of the
hinder half of the palate of a smaller cranium.
Purchased, 1855.

33068. Fragment of sandstone exhibiting the dorsal surface of the
hinder half of a nearly similar palate. The bone of part
of the right maxilla is broken away, and thus exhibits the
bases of the teeth. Purchased, 1858.

36363. Part of a small cranium, exhibiting both the frontal and
palatal aspects. Purchased, 1862.

36375. Fragment of sandstone showing the anterior portion of the
palate of a small individual. The specimen is broken off
near the anterior extremity of the palatal vacuities.

Purchased, 1862.

42810. Mass of sandstone showing a portion of a mandibular
ramus, Purchased, 1871.

36369. Slab of sandstone showing the median plate (interclayicle)
of the thoracic buckler. Nearly all the sculpture is lost;
in contour this specimen agrees with the larger —. :
figured by Burmeister, op. cit. pl. iv. fig. 2.

Purchased, 1862.

ANTHRACOSAURID.%. 157

42753. Fragment of rock with the greater part of the right lateral
(clavicle) and a fragment of the median plate of the
thoracic girdle. Part of the sculpture is preserved.

Purchased, 1871.

Genus non cet.

Known by fragmentary bones, characterized by a pustular sculp-
ture (like that of Micropholis), and indicating a large form.
Hab. Europe (Germany).

21530 x. Three imperfect sculptured bones; from the Muschelkalk
bone-bed (Middle Trias) of Crailsheim, Wurtemberg. The
sculpture accords with that of the specimens from the
same locality figured by E. Fraas in the ‘ Paleonto-
graphica,’ vol. xxxvi. pl. vi. figs. 15, 16, as Labyrinthodon
sp.; that term being apparently used as equivalent to
Labyrinthodont. Purchased, 1847.

GENUS non det.

The undermentioned specimens indicate a large Labyrinthodont
in which the teeth have a large pulp-cavity, and much simpler
foldings than in Mastodonsaurus. The specimens No, 48833 are
said to be some of those referred, in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1874,
p. 157, to Metoposaurus diagnosticus, but the teeth are very much
larger than in that species.

Hab. Europe (England).

44833. Fragments of jaws with teeth, in matrix; from the Rhetic
of Aust Cliff, near Bristol. Some of the teeth have been
cut to show the internal structure.

Presented by Benjamin Bright, Esq., 1873.

R. 394. Other fragments of similar teeth and jaws, in matrix; from
Aust Cliff. Enniskillen Ooilection. Purchased, 1882.

Family ANTHRACOSAURID.

Skull usually triangular and more or less angulated, with the
cranial sculpture well marked, the occipital condyles ossified, and
the palatine foramina very small and placed far back; dentine of
the teeth more or less complexly plicated. A ventral armour of
elongated dermal scutes; and probably a sclerotic ring. Bodies of
vertebree fully ossified in the adult; intercentra absent or present.

According to Atthey’s figure of the skull of the type genus, the

158 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

palatines bear teeth and are situated immediately on the inner side
of the maxille, as in the Mastodonsauride. In the typical forms
there is no postarticular process to the mandible.

Genus ANTHRACOSAURUS, Huxley’.

The type genus. Skull broadly triangular, with large postero-
lateral expansions and small epiotic cornua; orbits very small,
subtriangular, approximated, and situated in the hinder third of
the skull; nares small, round, and widely separated; lyra indis-
tinct; frontal excluded from orbit by junction of prefrontal with
postfrontal ; anterior border of orbit formed by prefrontal; vomer
small and toothless. Premaxillary and maxillary teeth few, un-
equal, and forming an irregular series; one large palatine tusk near
the posterior nares, and others further back; mandibular teeth
irregular; pterygoids apparently carrying a number of denticules.
Crowns of teeth ridged, conical, with a transversely oval section at
the base, and laterally compressed and curved near the summit’,
where the marginal ones are carinated; plications of dentine very
complex. Mandibular ramus short and highly arcuated inferiorly *,

Cranial sculpture pitted and very sparsely distributed. Intercentra

apparently absent in vertebral column. Anthracosawrus raniceps,
Goldenberg, does not belong to this genus.
Anthracosaurus russelli, Huxley *.

The type and only described species. Of large size, the cranium
having a length of about 0,360 (14:2 inches), and a width of 0,330
(11°8 inches). Muzzle very broad and rounded. Figures of the
skull &c. are given by Atthey in the ‘ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.’ ser. 4,
vol, xvii. pls. viii—xi. (1876). The type specimen is from the Coal-
Measures (Upper Carboniferous) of Lanarkshire ’.

Hab. Europe (Britain).

30532. Slab of rock showing a large portion of the palate in a very
imperfect condition; probably from the Lower Carboni-
ferous of Burdie House, near Edinburgh. This specimen
extends as far back as the posterior extremity of the

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xix. p. 56 (1863).

2 Atthey, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii. p. 160 (1876).

* See Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii. pl. x.; it was stated in the Rep.
Brit. Assoc. for 1874, p. 159, that the mandible had a postarticular process, but
its absence is clearly shown in this figure. :

4 Loe. cit.

° See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. loc. cit.

a
ie
a
F,

ANTHRACOSAURID.®, 159

dental series, The anterior palatine tusk is seen imme-
diately behind the posterior nares on the left side ; while
other large tusks are shown further back on the palate in
the same position as in Huxley’s figure of the type spe-
cimen in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xix. p. 59,
fig. 1. The contour of the palatine foramina is obscurely
indicated. One of the palatine tusks is beautifully pre-
served. Purchased, 1856.

45859. Slab of shale showing the inner aspect of a portion of the
right ramus of the mandible; from the Coal-Measures
(Upper Carboniferous) of Neweastle. This specimen appa-
rently accords with the entire ramus figured by Atthey in
the ‘Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.’ ser. 4, vol. xviii. pl. x. figs. 1, 2.
Several of the teeth remain, and show the oval contour of
the cross-section, with its larger diameter transverse to the
axis of the jaw. Purchased, 1874.

R. 1740. The articular region of the right ramus of the mandible of
a small individual of this species or of an allied smaller
form; from the Coal-Measures of Northumberland. Re-
sembles the corresponding part of the larger ramus figured .
by Atthey, op. cit. pl. x. fig. 1, and shows very clearly the
absence of a postarticular process.

Presented by J. Wood Mason, E&q., 1880.

37324. Slab showing three vertebree and ribs; from the Coal-
(Fig.) Measures of Airdrie, Lanarkshire. The one vertebra in
which the greater portion of the arch remains and a rib
are figured by Huxley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol, xix. p. 63, fig. 2. The figured vertebra resembles the

entire one figured by Atthey, pl. x. fig. 4.
Purchased, 1863.

45860. Slab showing six imperfect vertebral centra; from New-
castle. Purchased, 1874.

45861. The centrum of a larger vertebra; from Newcastle.
Purchased, 1874.

4562. Slab of shale showing the greater portion of a rib; from
Newcastle. Purchased, 1874.

41851 x. Slab showing portion of the vertebral column with ribs ;
from the Coal-Measures of Jarrow Colliery, Kilkenny.
The vertebree are badly preserved; one rib shows its
double head. Purchased, 1870.

160 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

41851 y. Slab showing the terminal faces of eight vertebral centra ;
from Jarrow. Purchased, 1870.

R. 1740 a. Two small imperfect vertebre apparently belonging to
the same individual as the mandible No. R. 1740; from
Northumberland.

Presented by J. Wood Mason, Esq., 1880.

45863. Slab showing a number of dermal scutes of the ventral
armour; from Newcastle. These scutes resemble the one

figured by Atthey, op. cit. pl. vill. figs. 2, 3.
Purchased, 1874.

R. 43. Fragment of shale showing a similar scute ; from Newcastle.
Presented by T. P. Barkas, Esq., 1880.

Genus MACROMERIUM, Fritsch}.

Imperfectly known. Chiefly characterized by the peculiar features
of the pelvis, which approximates to that of Sphenodon, the ilium
being slender, and the ischium having a very short symphysis, and
thereby differing widely from that of Mastodonsaurus. Teeth large,
with subconical crowns, grooved inferiorly, but towards the summit
smooth, flattened on the inner side, and having distinct fore-and-aft
carine ; a distinct pulp-cavity, and the dentine much infolded at the
base. Cranial sculpture pitted and irregularly distributed. Ver-
tebral centra perforated. Ventral scutes very large.

Macromerium schwarzenbergi, Fritsch”.

Syn. Macromerion (Labyrinthodon) schwarzenbergi, Fritsch 8,

The type species. Of large size, the skull being probably fully
as large as that of Lowomma allmant. Ventral scutes three times
as long as wide.

Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

The originals of the following type specumens were obtained from the
Rothhegendes (Lower Permian) of Bohemia, and are described
and figured by Fraas in his *‘ Fauna der Gaskohle’ The casts
were purchused in 1888.

R. 1465. Cast of a fragment of the cranial roof, embedded in matrix.
Original figured, op. cit. pl. lxy. fig. 1; from Kounova.

1 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. i. p. 29 (1879).—Amended from Macro-
Merion. :
Sitzungsb. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 71 (1876).—Labyrinthodon.

3 Loe. ctt.

igs
—
-_
ays
-
7
-

R. 1466.

R. 1468.

R. 1460.

R. 1461.

R. 1462.

R. 1463.

ANTHRACOSAURID, 161

Cast of a slab showing one side of part of the upper jaw
with teeth. Original figured, op. cit. pl. lxv. figs. 6-9 ;
from Kounova.

Cast of a slab exhibiting parts of the pelvis and an
imperfect vertebral centrum. Original figured, op. cit.
pl. lxix. fig. 1; from Kounova. Portions of the right
ilium and ischium are seen in apposition, while the left
pubis is detached.

Cast of the left ilium and ischium. Original figured,
op. cit. pl. Ixvi. figs. 1, 2; from Kounova.

Cast of a limb-bone, probably the humerus. Original
figured, op. cit. pl. lxvi. fig. 4; from Kounova.

Cast of a limb-bone, probably the femur. Original
figured, op. cit. pl. lxix. fig. 6; from Kounoya.

Cast of an undetermined limb-bone. Original figured,
op. cit. pl. xvii. fig. 12; from Kounova.

Macromerium bayeri, Fritsch *.

Cranial sculpture more strongly marked than in the type species ;
ilium smaller, but with a larger process than in the latter; and the
scutes of the ventral buckler shorter and wider.

Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 1467.

Cast of a slab showing a sacral rib, ilium, and ischium.
The original, which is one of the types, was obtained from
the Rothliegendes (Lower Permian) of Kounova, and is
figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. ii.
pl. lxiv. fig. 8. There is a discrepancy between the cast
and the figure as to the position of the boundary between
the ischium and the sacral rib. Purchased, 1888.

Macromerium (?) simplex, Fritsch °.

A smaller form provisionally referred to this genus, mainly known
by the pelvis.
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

PART IY,

1 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. i. p. 29 (1879).
2 Ibid, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 41 (1885).

162 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

R. 1464. Cast of an imperfect innominate. The original, which is

the type, was obtained from the Rothliegendes (Lower —

Permian) of Kounova; and is figured by Fritsch in his
‘Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. ii. pl. Ixvil. figs. 1, 2.
- Purchased, 1888.

Macromerium scoticum, Lydekker'.

Much smaller than the type species, and agreeing in the size of
the teeth with M. bicolor, Fritsch *, of the Bohemian Permian. The
teeth appear to be very similar to those of the latter °*, showing the
same large pulp-cavity, but are generally somewhat less curved and
more slender. This feature is at present the chief evidence for
regarding this form as specifically distinct from M. becolor, although
its lower geological horizon is probably alone sufficient. There is
no evidence to show in what respects MW. bicolor, which was founded
upon the evidence of the teeth, differs from some of the above-
mentioned small species based upon the pelvis.

Hab. Europe (Scotland).

R. 310. Slab of rock showing the outer surface of the greater por-
(Fig.) tion of the dentary element of the right ramus of the
mandible ; from the Lower Carboniferous of Gilmerton,
near’ Hdinburgh. The type specimen; figured by the
writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlvi. pl. xii.

fig. 1. One large tusk-like tooth is preserved a short dis- —

tance behind the extremity of the symphysis, while the
base of another remains at the extremity ; traces of two
larger tusks are shown at a distance of about 14 inch
behind the second tusk, posteriorly to which all the teeth
are small. ‘he crowns of the teeth accord generally with
those of M. bicolor, figured in pl. lxx. of Fritsch’s memoir,
showing the same distinct caring, and strongly marked
grooves on the smooth surface of the crown; while the
broken teeth exhibit asimilar large pulp-cavity. In their
less marked backward curvature the teeth are more like
those of the type species. ;
Enniskillen Collection. Purchased, 1882.

? Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xlvi. p. 290 (1890).
* Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 41, pl. Ixvii. fig. 15 (1885).
3 See Fritsch, op. cit. pl. lxx. figs. 1-5,

ANTHRACOSAURID. 163

Genus LOXOMMA, Huxley Y;

- Syn. Orthosaurus, Barkas °.
Macrosaurus, Barkas 3.
Megalocephalus, Barkas +.

Skull (fig. 37) forming an isosceles triangle, with large postero- —
external expansions, small epiotic cornua, and very deep auditory
slits ; orbits very large, of irregular oval contour, with a projecting

Fig. 37.

Loxomma allmani.—Frontal aspect of cranium, with the sculpture omitted ;
from the Carboniferous of Northumberland. About 3. PY, prefrontal.
Other letters as in fig. 31. (After Miaill.)

process from the inner and outer borders a short distance behind
the middle; nares small, oval, and widely separated; a lyra
situated on two preorbital ridges ; frontal excluded from orbit by
junction of prefrontal and postfrontal; anterior border of orbit
formed by prefrontal and Jachrymal. Premaxillary teeth three or
four in number, and larger than those of maxilla; large palato-
vomerine tusks before and behind posterior nares; mandibular
teeth few, unequal, and many of them very large. Crowns of teeth

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xviii. p. 293 (1862).

? Coal-Measure Paleontology, p. 61, pl. viii. (1873).

3 Ibid. p. 58, pl. vii.

* Ibid. p. 69, pl. ix. fig. 189.. In description incorrectly given as pl. viii.

M2

164 LABYRINTHODONTIA, ~

much compressed laterally, straight, smooth, with very prominent
fore-and-aft carine'; a large pulp-cavity, and the dentine much
folded. Cranial sculpture pitted, and extending over all the bones.
Mandibular rami slender. Vertebral column with very large inter-
centra, which carry the chevrons in the caudal region.

Orthosaurus and Megalocephalus were founded on the evidence of
imperfect crania, and Macrosaurus on a portion of the vertebral
column ; all being apparently referable to the type species. The
vertebral column on which Macrosaurus was based is described and
figured by Embleton in ‘ Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durham,’
vol, viii. p. 349, pl. vi., and referred to Lowomma. The large inter-
centra are well shown, and approximate to those of the embolome-
rous type. :

Loxomma allmani, Huxley *.
Syn. Orthosaurus pachycephalus, Barkas*.

Macrosaurus polyspondylus, Barkas*.
- Megalocephalus macromma, Barkas”.

The type species. Skull vaulted, with a broad and somewhat
spatulate muzzle; total length usually about 0,333 (13-5 inches),
length in middle line 0,291 (11°5 inches); greatest width 0,227
(9 inches). Crowns of teeth not serrated. :

A skull is figured by Embleton and Atthey in the ‘ Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist.’ ser. 4, vol. xiv. pls. iv.-vii. (1874); the skulls figured by
Barkas are crushed flat, and therefore appear larger. The type
specimen is from the Lower Carboniferous ironstone of Gilmerton °,
near Edinburgh ; an horizon probably corresponding to the upper
part of the Mountain Limestone of England.

Hab, Kurope (Britain).

R. 585. The cranium, wanting the greater part of the inferior
(Fig.) moiety of the mandible; from an ironstone band in the
Coal-Measures (Upper. Carboniferous) of Dawley, near
Coalbrookdale, Shropshire. ‘This specimen is the only
known European Labyrinthodont in which the contour of
the skull is completely preserved; the restored figure

1 In the Permian L. boemicum, Fritsch (Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. ii. pt. i.
p. 16, pl. lviil., 1885), the carinz are serrated.

* Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc. vol. xviii. p. 293 (1862).

3 Coal-Measure Palzontology, p. 61, pl. viii. (1873).

4 Tbid. p. 58, pl. vii. :

° Ibid. p. 69, pl. ix. fig. 189. In description incorrectly given as pl. viii.

® See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xix. p. 56, note.

4
‘
1
'g
!

ANTHRACOSAURIDZ. 165

given in the ‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1873, pls. i., i1., is
chiefly taken from it. Presented by George Maw, Esq.

R. 306. Slab of shale showing the external surface of the left

(Fig.)

dentary element of the mandible ; from the Coal-Measures
(Upper Carboniferous) near Hamilton, Lanarkshire. Five
large tusk-like teeth are shown, one of which is figured in
the accompanying woodcut. This specimen accords with
the imperfect mandible figured by Barkas in his ‘ Coal-
Measure Paleontology,’ pl. ix. fig. 195, and referred to
Pteroplax. Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

R. 57. Fragment of ironstone showing the imperfect crown of one
of the large mandibular tusks; from the Coal-Measures of
Shelton, North Staffordshire. Purchased, 1881.

Fig. 38.

Loxomma allmani.—Outer aspect of a lower tooth; from the Coal-

Measures of Lanarkshire. 7.

R. 1738. Fragment of shale showing the lateral aspect of the

crown of a tusk; from the Coal-Measures of (?) Northum-
berland. Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

R. 1739. Fragment of shale showing one side of a somewhat

smaller tusk; from the Coal-Measures of Northumberland.
Presented by T. P. Barkas, Esq., 1871.

41126. Fragment of shale showing a median thoracic plate (inter-

clavicle) not improbably belonging to this form; from the
Lower Carboniferous of Burdie House, near Edinburgh.
Resembles the specimen figured by Huxley in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol. xviii. pl. xi. fig. 2, and provisionally
referred to Lovomma. Nearly the whole of the unsculp-
tured posterior spine is wanting in this specimen. If
rightly referred this specimen will indicate that the
thoracic plates were small in comparison with the skull.
Purchased, 1868.

166 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

Genus EHOSAURUS, Marsh".

~ Known only by vertebra, which from their fully ossified centra
may indicate a member of this family.

Eosaurus acadianus, Marsh’.

The type species; of large size, the vertebral centra haying a
diameter of about 0,063 (2°5 inches).
Hab. North America.

36820. Casts of two vertebral centra. The originals, which are the
types, were obtained from the Upper Carboniferous of
South Joggins, Nova Scotia, and are described and figured

by Marsh in the ‘ Amer. Journ.’ ser. 2, vol. xxXiv. p. ds

pl. i. figs. 1, 2 (1862), as belonging to an Ichthyopterygian
Reptile. Presented by Prof. O. C. Marsh, 1862.

Family NYRANIIDA.

Skull (figs. 39, 40) with the palatines situated near the middle
line, internally to the vomers and pterygoids, and the palatine
vacuities small and placed far back. Vertebraee ([chthyerpetum)
discoidal. Teeth less complex than in the Anthracosauride. A
ventral armour.

The type genus was placed by Fritsch with the Archegosauride,
although its resemblance to Anthracosaurus was pointed out; it
was subsequently made the type of a family by the present writer *,
and placed next the Archegosauride.

Genus NYRANIA, Fritsch’.

The type genus. Skull (figs. 38, 39) short and wide, with the
epiotic cornua directed outwardly, the orbits situated in the hinder
half, with a wide interorbital bar; position of nares unknown ;
palate covered with minute denticules; a tusk-like tooth in each
vyomer. Known only by the skull. :

Nyrania trachystoma, Fritsch °.

The type and only described species. Length of skull about
0,125 (5 inches).
Hab. Kurope (Bohemia).

1 Amer. Journ. ser. 2, vol. xxxiv. p. 1 (1862). 2. Loe. ott,

* In Nicholson and Lydekker’s ‘Manual of Paleontology,’ 3rd ed. vol. ii.
p. 1032 (1889).

* Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 83 (1885). 5 Loc. .cut.

, v
Eat Vai eo hina

yd i
s , ia <3 =

NYRANIID.E, 167

R. 1451. Electrotype of a slab of shale showing the frontal aspect
of the imperfect cranium, wanting the greater part of the
external sculptured layer. The original, which is one of
the types, was obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest
Permian) of Nyan (Pilsen) ; and is figured by Fritsch in
his ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. ii. pl. Ixii. fig. 1.

Purchased, 1888.

‘

PE Ne ee OLR ee Le Be et

=

Nyrania trachystoma.—Palatal aspect of the cranium; from the Gaskohle
(Lowest Permian) of Nyran, Bohemia. 3. V, vomer; P, palatine; Ps,
parasphenoid ; Pz, pterygoid; QJ, quadratojugal. (After Fritsch.)

R. 1452. Electrotype showing the left half of the oral aspect of the

palate. The original is one of the types, and was
' obtained from Nytéan; it is figured by Fritsch, op. cit.
pl. lxii. fig. 2. The denticules on the pterygoids are
very distinct ; the rough surface of these bones resembling
that of dnthracosaurus as figured by Atthey in the ‘Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist.’ ser. 4, vol. xviii. pl.ix. Purchased, 1888.

R. 1453. Electrotype exhibiting the bones of the palate. Original
from Nytan; figured by Fritsch, op. cit. pl. Lxii. fig. 5.
Purchased, 1888.

R. 1454. Electrotype showing one of the bones of the palate (appa-

me

a
— es ane

sd
y

+
ede
nee
WW

i]
‘is

Ps Bt
:

168 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

rently a vomer) exhibiting denticules and two tusks.
Original from Nytan; figured by Fritsch, op. cit. pl. lx.
figs, 3, 4. Purchased, 1888.

Fig. 40.

Nyrania trachystoma.—Frontal aspect of the cranium; from the Gaskohle of
Bohemia. 3. tm, premaxilla; m, maxilla; N, nasal; L, lachrymal; /,
frontal; Pf, prefrontal; Ptf, postfrontal; Pto, postorbital ; Pa, parietal ;
OS, supraoccipital; sg, squamosal; Squ, supratemporal ; ep, epiotic; QJ,
quadratojugal ; J, jugal. (After Fritsch.)

Genus ICHTHYERPETUM, Huxley’.
Syn. Erpetocephalus, Huxley *.

Apparently very closely allied to Nyrania, but the epiotic cornua
less produced laterally, and the orbits relatively larger. Palate
unknown.

Whether these slight differences are sufficient to justify the
generic distinctness of Vyrania may be doubtful. The present
genus was founded upon the evidence of the vertebral column, while
Eupetocephalus was based upon that of the skull, but it-was sug-
gested in the original description that the two might prove to be
identical.

1 Trans. Roy. Irish Academy, vol. xxiv. .p. 367 (1867).—Amended from

Ichthyerpeton.
2 Ibid, p. 368.

NYRANIIDZE. 169

Ichthyerpetum bradleyz, Huxley '.

Syn. Erpetocephalus rugosus, Huxley *.

The type and only described species. Length of skull about
0,080 (3°15 inches).
Hab. Europe (Ireland).

41851¢. Slab of shale showing the frontal aspect of the cranium

41851 h.

and the lateral aspects of the mandibular rami; from the
Coal-Measures (Upper Carboniferous) of Jarrow Colliery,
Kilkenny. The contour of the cranium is fairly well
preserved, and agrees with that of the imperfect specimen
figured by Huxley in the ‘Trans. Roy. Irish Academy,’
vol, xxiv. pl. xxxii. fig. 2, as Hrpetocephalus, showing
the same slight outward inclination of the extremities of
the epiotic cornua, and the concave posterior border of
the supraoccipitals. Compared with Myrania (fig. 40) the
resemblance is so close as to leave no reasonable doubt of
the close alliance of the two forms. Purchased, 1870.

Slab showing the imperfect skull and a portion of the
vertebral column; from Jarrow. The frontal aspect of
the posterior portion of the cranium is preserved, on the
right side of which is seen the hinder part of a mandibular
ramus. ‘The supraoccipital and epiotic region corresponds
precisely with that of the preceding specimen, and the
position of the orbits is also similar. The vertebral
column agrees with the following examples.

Purchased, 1870.

41851i. Slab of shale showing traces of the precaudal portion of

the skeleton; from Jarrow. The posterior half of the
cranium is very imperfectly preserved, with the loss of
nearly the whole of the sculpture. The left lateral
thoracic plate and the left pelvic limb are indistinctly
indicated ; but the vertebral column is badly preserved.
Purchased, 1870.

41851 j. Fragment of shale showing a portion of the vertebral

1 Trans.

column, bent upon itself; from Jarrow. The vertebra
agree with those of the type specimen figured by Huxley

Roy. Irish Academy, vol. xxiv. p. 367 (1867). * Ibid, p. 368,

~~
170 LABYRINIHODONTIA.

in the ‘ Trans. Roy. Irish Academy,’ vol. xxiv. pl. xxviii.
fig. 1, and do not appear to be of an embolomerous type.

Purchased, 1870, >

41851 k. Fragment of shale containing traces of the anterior part
of a skeleton apparently referable to this form; from
Jarrow. Purchased, 1870.

Family DENDRERPETID AS‘.

Imperfectly known. Skull large and tending more or less to a
parabolic form; the parasphenoid with a short stem, and rough and
expanded body. Teeth smooth at the summit, but deeply grooved
at the base, with simple and irregular plications o the dentine.
According to Dawson the vertebral centra are discoidal.

Genus DENDRERPETUM, Owen’.

The type genus. Skull of an ovoid or subparabolic contour, with
the orbits placed in the middle of the length or posteriorly, the
nares very minute, the nasals large and expanded anteriorly, and
the muzzle rounded.

Dendrerpetum pyriticum, Fritsch *.

Length of skull about 0,065 in middle line, its length exceeding
the width; orbits in middle of length.
Hab. Kurope (Bohemia).

R. 1448. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the ventral
aspect of the cranium. ‘The original, which is the type,

was obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of ©

Nyran (Pilsen); and is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna
der Gaskohle,’ vol. ii. pl. xlix. fig. 1. | Purchased, 1888.

Dendrerpetum (?) deprivatum, Fritsch *.
Length of skull about 0,045 in middle line; skull longer and

1 = Dendrerpetontide, Fritsch.

2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. ix. p. 64 (1853).—Amended from Dendr-
erpeton.

3 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. i. p. 28 (1879).

4 Ibid. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 9 (1885).

ee ee a ee Cer ee ee ee, ee eee pee ss

PAG \i feed

ale

DENDRERPETID%. 171
narrower than in the preceding species, with nearly straight lateral
margins. The generic reference is provisional.

Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

| R. 1449. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the frontal
. aspect of the cranium. The original is the type, and was
obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Nyian
(Pilsen) ; it is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gas-
¥ kohle,’ vol. ii. pl. li. fig. 1. Purchased, 1888.

The three following genera are very imperfectly known, but approai-
mate in the more or less parabolic figure of the skull to Dendr-
erpetum’. The «mperfect young skeleton noticed below (p. 172),
under the name of Platyceps, appears to have rhachitomous

4 vertebree, but this may be merely a feature of immaturity. If

| the vertebree of the adult were fully ossified, it 1s not improbable

that these genera should be included in the Dendrerpetide.

Genus BRACHYOPS, Owen’.

Skull very broad; orbits situated far forwards, large, oval, con-
verging anteriorly, and separated by a very wide interorbital bar ;
nares apparently small. Cranial sculpture faintly radiate; an indis-
tinct lyra present.

Brachyops laticeps, Owen *.

; The type and only known species. Of considerable size; skull

; rather broader than long, with a rounded muzzle, its total length
being 0,107 (4:25 inches), and its greatest width 0,121 (4°75
inches.

Hab. India (Central Provinces).

R. 1737. Cast of the imperfect cranium. The original, which is
preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society, was
obtained from the Mangli stage of the Lower Gondwanas
near Mangli, a small deserted village lying at the northern
extremity of the Wardha Gondwana basin, about 50 miles
south of Nagpur, and 35 north-west of Chanda. It is
figured by Owen in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xi.

1 Compare Owen's figure of the skull of Brachyops with that of Dendrerpetum
foveolatum, given by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. ii. p. 9, fig. 126.
2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. x. p. 473 (1854). 3 Loe. cit.

172 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

pl. ii., and also by Medlicott and Blanford in their ‘ Manual
of the Geology of India,’ pt. i. p. 131.
Made in the Museum.

Genus BOTHRICEPS, Huxley °.
Syn. (?) Platyceps, Stevens’. | ‘

Skull more elongated than in the preceding genus ; orbits placed
near the middle of the skull, and the width of the interorbital bar
only slightly exceeding that of the orbit; nares large. Hpiotic
cornua long and narrow. Cranial sculpture closely and irregularly
pitted. ii

It is highly probable that the flattened skeleton of a small Laby-
rinthodont described and figured as Platyceps wilkinsoni, Stephens *,
belongs to a very young individual of a species of this genus, in
which the skull has its width somewhat increased by pressure,
although (as in Archegosaurus) it was relatively wider than in the
adult.

vigils Sar
‘ee a ae ee ee eee i

Bothriceps australis, Huxley *.

The type species. Rather smaller than Brachyops laticeps, the
extreme length of the skull being 0,095 (3:7 inches), and its greatest
width about 0,095 (3:7 inches). Skull relatively wide, with a
blunted muzzle.

Hab. Australia.

23110. The skull, wanting nearly all the cranial bones; from Aus-
(Fig.) tralia. The type specimen; described and figured by
Huxley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xv. p. 647,
pl. xxii. fig. 1. This specimen was doubtless obtained
from the Hawkesbury beds of New South Wales. The
contour of the epiotic cornua is lost. Purchased, 1848.

Bothriceps huxleyi, Lydekker ’.

Smaller than the preceding species, with a narrower and more
pointed skull (fig. 41). In typical specimens the extreme length of
the skull is about 0,065 (2°6 inches), and its greatest width 0,062
(2:45 inches).

Hab. South Africa (Orange Free State).

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xv. p. 649 (1859).

2 Proc. Linn. Soc. N, 8S. Wales, ser. 2, vol. i. p. 1175 (1887).—Preoccupied._
3 Loe. cit. 4 Loc. ett.

5 Ann, Mag, Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iv. p. 476 (1889).

DENDRERPETID®. ivi;

R. 506. The skull, with a mass of matrix attached which contains
portions of the thoracic buckler and vertebral column ;
from the Karoo system of the Orange Free State. In
those portions of the cranium which are free from matrix
the characteristic pitted sculpture is well shown.

By exchange with the Blomfontein Museum, 1884.

| R. 507. The skull; from the Orange Free State. Thetype; figured

; (Fig.) in woodcut fig. 41. The palate is concealed by matrix.
A portion of the thoracic buckler is shown.

By exchange with the Blomfonteon Museum, 1884.

Fig. 41.

eee.

>

Bothriceps huxleyi.¥Frontal aspect of the skull; from the Karoo system of
; the Orange Free State. 4.

R. 508. The skull; from the Orange Free State. This specimen is

_ much obscured by matrix, but the sculpture is very clearly
displayed near the margins of the upper jaw.

By exchange with the Blomfontein Museum, 1884.

R. 504. Mass of matrix containing two entire skulls and the anterior
portion of a third one, together with imperfect limb-bones
and vertebrae ; from the Orange Free State. The skulls
are rather larger than the preceding ones; in the best
preserved example the orbits appear to have been enlarged
by fracture. The vertebree are too imperfectly preserved
to admit of the determination of their characters.

By exchange with the Blomfontein Museum, 1884.

174 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

R. 505. A larger skull belonging either to the present or a closely
allied species; from the Orange Free State. This speci-
men is much obscured by matrix, but the sculpture is
shown on the mandibular rami.

By exchange with the Blomfontein Museum, 1884. —

Bothriceps (?) major (Owen ').
Syn. Petrophryne (?) major, Owen”.

Very imperfectly known. Of the approximate size of B. australis,
but with the skull apparently resembling that of B. hueleyt in
contour.

Hab. South Africa.

47340. Cast of a fragment of sandstone, containing impressions of
the dental series, with small portions of the contiguous
alveolar plate of the upper jaw. The original, which is
the type, was obtained from (? the Stormberg beds of) the
Karoo system of the Stormberg range, and is preserved in
the Museum of the Geological Society. It is described by
Owen in his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South
Africa,’ pp. 68-69. Made in the Museum.

Genus MICROPHOLIS, Huxley *.
Syn. Petrophryne, Owen +.

Skull approximating in contour to that of Bothriceps, but with a —
pustular sculpture, and the interorbital bar frequently or always
narrower than the transverse diameter of the orbit, and the epiotic
cornua less produced.

Although the sculpture of the upper cranial bones is not shown
in the type of IM. stowet, Huxley’, there can be no doubt of the
generic identity of Petrophryne with Micropholis, as was first pointed
out by Zittel.

Micropholis granulata (Owen’).

Syn. Petrophryne granulata, Owen".
Micropholis granulata, Zittel *.

The type of Petrophryne. Distinguished from MM. stowei by its

1 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 68 (1876).—Petrophryne. 2 Loe. cit.

3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xv. p. 649 (1859).

4 Cat. Foss. Rept. 8. Africa, p. 67 (1876). age Oo BReNs.

8 Loc. cit.—Petrophryne. 7 Loe. cit. b
8

Handbuch der Palontologie, 1 Abth, iii, Band, 2 Lief. p. 3897 (1888).

DIPLOSPONDYLID&. 175

smaller size; the length of the median line of the skull being 0,040.
The skall does not narrow very markedly towards the muzzle,
which is blunt. Other examples are required to show whether the
inferior size of the undermentioned specimens as compared with
the type of MW. stowei is a good specific character.

Hab. South Africa.

R. 510. The skull; from the Karoo system of Tafelberg, Queens-
(Fig.) town district. The type; figured by Owen in his ‘Cat.
Foss. Rept. S. Africa, pl. xx. figs. 13, 14, and 17-20 ;
and also by Zittel in his ‘ Handbuch der Paleontologie,’
1 Abth. ii. Band, 2 Lief. p. 397, fig. 387. Compared
with the figure of the type skull of JM. stowez in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xv. pl. xxi., and allowing
for the imperfect parietal region of the latter, the two

agree exactly in contour.
Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D.

R. 510 a. An imperfect skull, attached to a mass of matrix; from
Tafelberge. The width of the interorbital bar would
appear to be owing to the effects of crushing.

Presented by W. G. Atherstone, Esq., M.D.

Family DIPLOSPONDYLIDA‘*.

Vertebre (at least in the caudal region) of the Surv Tens
type”. A ventral armour.

This family is a provisional one, since it has been Aaa that
the embolomerous and rhachitomous types of vertebral structure may
occur in different parts of the column of the same form’. The type
genus Diplospondylus, Lydekker‘*, of the Permian of Bohemia, is
very imperfectly known, but the cranial bones are not pitted, and
the limb-bones are penetrated by a number of nutrient foramina.

Genus CRICOTUS, Cope’.

Skull (fig. 42) long and triangular, with a narrow muzzle, and
the ovoid orbits situated in the hinder half; cranial bones sculptured,
with alyra. No postarticular process to the mandible. Vertebral

1 =Diplovertebride, Fritsch. = Seep. 140.

3 See Fritsch, Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. ii. p. 4.

* Geol. Mag. dec. ili. vol. vi. p. 825 (1889).—To replace the hybrid Diplo-
vertebron, Fritsch.

5 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad, 1875, p. 405.

176 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

oi i bodies perforated ; first vertebra articulating with skull by a simple
: undifferentiated surface. Tail apparently long. |

pe Hab. North America (Texas).

4 Cricotus heteroclitus, Cope’.
P| : Syn. Cricotus discophorus, Cope ?.
_ The type species. The vertebral centrum on which C. discophorus

Fig. 42.

— ===\

= SSS
———— SS S.
= — = =
= E
= =
= : = eee
== She \

MOLY if qe

SUA

dl ied fl f

SSS

ie nih | i
A

BMS i
il HEA i

A
Cricotus heteroclitus—Ventral scutes (A) and frontal aspect of the cranium

4. (After Cope.)

(B); from the reputed Permian of Texas. 3
was described has a length of 0,009, and a transverse diameter of
0,025. Length of skull about 0,200.

Hab. North America (Texas).
R. 577. Four vertebral centra, some or all of which are referable to

1 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1875, p. 405.
2 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vo]. xvii. p. 186 (1877),

ARCHEGOSAURID”, Wry

the present species ; from the reputed Permian of Texas.
The larger specimen has the same dimensions as the
vertebra above mentioned ; and all the specimens show the
characters of those figured by Cope in the ‘ Trans. Amer.
Phil. Soc.’ 1886, pl. i. (see also Zittel ‘ Handbuch der
' Paleontologie,’ i. Abth. iii. Band, 2 Lief. p. 395, fig. 384).
Purchased, 1885.

Family ARCHEGOSAURID.

Vertebre (at least in the greater part of the column) of the
rhachitomous type. Skull with the occipital condyles either carti-
laginous or ossified ; the palatines running parallel to the maxille ;
large palatine vacuities ; and an ossified sclerotic ring. Dentine of
teeth generally with simple radiate foldings. A ventral armour of
scutes.

It has been proposed to arrange the genera here included in this
family in several families ; but for the present, at least, such divisions
cannot be maintained.

Genus ARCHEGOSAURWUS, Goldfuss *.
Skull (fig. 43) with the occipital condyles unossified, and no

Fig. 43.

=
an
\

Archegosaurus decheni.—¥Frontal aspect of the cranium, with the sculpture
omitted ; from the Rothliegendes (Lower Permian) of Saarbriick. About .
Letters as in fig. 36. (After Miall.)

1 Beitr. vorwelt. Fauna d. Steinkohlengebirges, p. 3 (1847).
PART IY. N

178 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

- teeth on the vomers or middle region of the palate; in the adult the
skull long and triangular, with the orbits in the hinder third, and
inclining to one another anteriorly; and the nares large, ovoid, and
placed some distance behind the muzzle. Median thoracic plate
long, diamond-shaped, and flattened. Neural spines of vertebrae
well developed, without a horizontal expansion at the summits.
Four digits in the manus. :

Archegosaurus decheni, Goldfuss *.

Syn. Archegosaurus medius, Goldfuss *.
Archegosaurus minor, Goldfuss *.

The type species. Skull of adult (fig. 43) nearly twice as long as
broad, with the orbits of an elongate-oval contour and situated very
far back; in large examples with a length of 0,500 (11°8 inches),
but more usually about 0,200 (7:9 inches).

In the young the skull is considerably wider in proportion te its
length, which does not exceed 14 times the width; the apparent
width is frequently much increased by flattening in young specimens.

Hab. Europe (Germany).

The following specimens, or their originals, were obtained from the
Coal-bearing Shales of the Lower Permian (Rothliegendes) of
Lebach and Saarbrick, Rhemsh Prussia ; those deposits having
for a long time been classed with the Carboniferous.

R. 1741. Cast of the imperfect cranium. ‘The original is the type,
and is figured by Goldfuss in his ‘ Beitr. vorwelt. Fauna
d, Steinkohlengebirges,’ pl. i. figs. 1-8, and also by Meyer

in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. vi. pl. xi. fig. 5.
Purchased.

R. 1742. Cast of a slab showing the anterior portion of the skeleton
of a young individual. Original figured by Goldfuss, op.
cit. pl. ui. fig. 1, as A. medius (of which it is the type),
by Meyer, op. cit. pl. xiv. fig. 3, and in Zittel’s ‘ Handbuch
der Paleontologie, 1 Abth. ii. Band, 2 Lief. p. 384,
fig. 3878. The gills remain, and the thoracic buckler is well
shown. Purchased.

R. 1743. Cast of a slab showing the skull, thoracic buckler, and
anterior vertebra of a still smaller individual. Original

1 Beitr. vorwelt. Fauna d. Steinkohlengebirges, p. 3 (1847).
* Ibid p. 6. BP Lt Ws i

ARCHEGOSAURIDZ. 179

figured by Goldfuss, op. c7t. pl. ill. fig. 2, as A. minor (of
which it is the type), and also by Meyer, op. cit. pl. xiv.
fig. 13. Purchased.

R. 1744. Cast of a split nodule, showing the anterior part of the
skeleton of an individual of the same size as the preceding.

Original figured by Meyer, op cit. pl. xiv. fig. 14.
Purchased.

R. 1745. Cast of one side of a split nodule showing the anterior
portion of a skeleton agreeing in size with the type of
A. medius. | Purchased.

_R. 1746. Cast of a slab showing the ventral armour and numerous
limb-bones and ribs. Original figured by Goldfuss, op.
cit, pl. i. fig. 3. Purchased,

R. 1747. Two casts of a split nodule showing portions of the
vertebral column and ventral armour. Original figured
by Goldfuss, op. cit. pl. i1. figs. 1, 2, and also by Meyer,
op. cit. pl. xxi. fig. 1. Purchased.

40162. A split slab showing the nearly entire skeleton, in an
imperfect condition. The skull is badly preserved; in
the middle dorsal region the intercentra are distinct ; the
whole of the tail remains, although its structure is obscure ;
the pectoral limbs are wanting. Purchased, 1866.

35802-3. A split slab with the imperfect skull and part of ventral
armour and some of the ribs.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1861.

35805. A split slab with the imperfect skull and anterior portion of
the vertebral column of a smaller individual. The skull
lacks the muzzle and is badly preserved ; the intercentra
are distinct. Presented by Sur R. Owen, K.C.B., 1861.

35806-7. A split slab showing an imperfect skull agreeing in size
with the preceding specimen. ‘The frontal aspect of the
skull is seen. Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1861.

35797. A split nodule showing the frontal aspect of a nearly entire
skull: The skull has a length in the median line of about
0.200. The outer lamina of bone is adherent to the
counterpart, so that the sculpture is not shown.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1861.
N 2

180 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

35800-01. A split nodule showing the frontal aspect of the hinder
portion of the skull. The sculptured lamina remains in
position between the orbits.

Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1861.

42806. A split nodule exhibiting a smaller skull from the frontal
aspect. The two mandibular rami are displaced and shown
on either side of the cranium. This well-preserved speci-
men is rather smaller than the type skull.

Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

R. 1298. A split nodule showing the skull and thoracic region of an
immature individual. One side shows the under surface of
the cranial bones and the external surface of the thoracic
buckler and ventral scutes; while the other exhibits the
frontal aspect of the skull, without the external lamina,
and the impression of the ventralarmour. ‘The latter slab
also exhibits the imperfect femur and tibia of either side.
The length of the cranium in the middle line is 0,125,
and its greatest width 0,080; the extreme length being
0,160. By exchange, 1888.

40043. A split nodule showing the skull and part of the ventral
armour of a rather smaller individual. Purchased, 1866.

42754. A split nodule showing the skull, ventral armour, and the
impressions of the ribs and limb-bones of an individual
agreeing approximately in size with the preceding specimen.
The skull appears to be relatively wider than in the latter,
but this is due to the mandibular rami being flattened out
alongside of the maxille.

Van. Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

40004. A split nodule exhibiting the imperfect anterior portion of
the skeleton of an immature individual. The sclerotic
plates are well preserved, and faint traces of the vertebral
column remain. Purchased, 1866.

35798. A split nodule with the skull and part of the ventral armour
of a smaller specimen.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1861.

33069. A nodule showing the skull of a young individual. Portions
of the sculptured lamina are wanting, but the specimen
is otherwise well preserved ; its length im the middle line
is 0,080. Furchased, 1848.

ARCHEGOSAURIDA. 181

29003. A split nodule with traces of a smaller skull.

Purchased, 1859.

ev0rS. A split nodule showing the imperfectly preserved skull and

R. 1748.

part of the vertebral column and ventral armour of a
young individual. Purchased, 1866.

A split nodule exhibiting the skull and thoracic buckler
of a young individual. Closely resembles the specimen
figured by Meyer in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. vi.
pl. xiv. fig. 13. Purchased.

42755. A split nodule with the skull and median thoracic plate of

R. 1749.

29001.

29004.

42808.

42807.

35655.

a still younger individual. Resembles the skull figured
by Meyer, op. cit. pl. xiv. fig. 9.
Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

A split nodule showing the skull and thoracic buckler of a
very young individual, In this specimen the skull retains
its natural contour, and is much narrower than in the
preceding example. Purchased.

A split nodule with the imperfectly preserved anterior
portion of the skeleton of a rather older individual.
Purchased, 1859.

A split nodule with the imperfectly preserved skull and
ventral armour of a younger specimen. The skull is
much widened by flattening. Purchased, 1859.

A split nodule showing the impression of part of the vertebral
column, pelvic girdle, and dermal armour; together with
a plaster cast in relief. The ilia and ischia are well
shown, and accord with the larger specimens figured by
Meyer in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. vi. pl. xix.

Van Breda Collection. Purchased, 1871.

A split nodule with imperfect traces of part of the vertebral
column, ribs, and ventral armour. The postzygapophyses
of several of the vertebre are distinctly seen.

Van Breda Collection.

A split nodule showing portions of the vertebral column,
impressions of the limb-bones, and part of the ventral
armour of an immature individual. The dermal scutes
are well shown. Purchased, 1859, »

182 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

29005. Part of a split nodule exhibiting that portion of the ventral
armour of an immature individual where the reversing of
the direction of the lines of the scutes takes place.

Purchased, 1859.

R. 1750. A split nodule showing the imperfect median thoracic |
plate. Purchased.

R. 534. A plaster model in relief taken from a nodule showing the
impression of part of the vertebral column and ribs. The
portion showing the pleurocentra, intercentra (hypocentra),
and ribs is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gas-
kohle,’ vol. 11. p. 14, fig. 123.

Presented by Dr. Anton Fritsch, 1885.

R. 1471. A plaster model in relief taken from a nodule showing
the impression of the lateral aspect of three vertebre.

Original figured by Fritsch, op. ct. pl. lviii. fig. 18.
Purchased.

R. 1455. A plaster model in relief taken from a nodule showing the
impression of the ventral aspect of four caudal vertebree.
Fritsch regards this specimen as being of an embolo-
merous type, the ribs being attached to the intercentra.
The original is figured in pl. lviu. fig. 14 of the work
cited. Purchased.

Genus PLAT'YOPOSAURUS, Lydekker *.
Syn. Platyops, Twelvetrees 2.

Apparently closely allied in cranial characters to Archegosaurus,
but the infoldings of the teeth sinuous instead of straight, and the
orbits more rounded. ;

The relatively greater length of the facial portion of the skull as
compared with Archegosaurus would not, judging from the analogy
of the Crocodilia, of itself be a generic distinction.

This genus has been placed by Zittel * with the Anthracosaurida,
but Trautschold* figures a horseshoe-shaped intercentrum like that
of Archegosaurus.

1 In Nicholson and Lydekker’s ‘Manual of Palzontology,’ 3rd ed. vol. ii.
p- xi (1889).

2 Bull. Soc. Moscou, vol. lv. pt. i. p. 117 (1880).—Preoccupied by Platops,
Newp. 1844. ;

3 Handbuch der Palzxontologie, 1 Abth. iii. Band, 2 Lief. p. 399.

4 Mém. Soc. Moscou, vol. xv. pt. i. pl. iii.

ARCHEGOSAURIDE. 183

Platyoposaurus stuckenbergi (Trautschold’).
Syn. Platyops stuckenbergi, Trautschold *.

Skull relatively longer than in Archegosaurus decheni, its length
exceeding three times the width; total length of skull about 0,456

(18 inches). Said to be distinguished from the typical Platyopo-
saurus (Platyops) rickardi (Twelvetrees *) by the smaller number
. and elliptical section of the teeth. |
: fab. Kurope (Russia).
4 R. 694. Three fragments of sculptured bones; from the Upper
: Permian (Zechstein) of the Government of Perm. ‘The
2 sculpture resembles that of the type skull figured by
: Trautschold in the ‘Mém. Soc. Moscou,’ vol. xv. pt. i.
: plea. Purchased, 1886.
, Genus ACTINODON, Gaudry ‘.
4 Skull (fig. 45) much shorter and wider than in Archegosaurus,
x with the orbits placed in the middle of the length, the nares large
a and widely separated, the muzzle broad and rounded, the occipital
q * condyles ossified, and a number of denticules on the vomer and

a
rs

he

Actinodon latirostris. — Thoracic buckler; from the Rothliegendes (Lower
Permian) of Autun. Reduced. ent, medial plate; ep, lateral plate ;
0, pectoral girdle. (After Gaudry.)

large tusks in the palatines. Middle and lateral plates of thoracic
buckler (fig. 44) shorter, wider, and more curved than in Archego-
E saurus. Tarsus fully ossified. The epiotic cornua are well developed,

1 Mém. Soc. Moscou, vol. xy. pt. i. p. 10 (1884).— Fiatyops.

a: Loe. Ct. B Locker.

# Nouv. Archiv. d. Muséum, vol. iii. pp. 22.23 1867),

184 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

and separated by a deep notch from the posterior expansion of the
supratemporal. .

It has been suggested by Gaudry* that this genus is identical with
Sclerocephalus, Goldfuss?; but if Zittel* is correct in identifying
Weissia, Branco *, with the latter, that genus will be distinguished
by the slight development of the epiotic cornua, and the absence of
a notch between the epiotic and the supratemporal. In the so-called
Weissia the lateral borders of the cranium are convex instead of
concave as in Actinodon.

Actinodon latirostris (J ourdan ays

. Syn. Archegosaurus latirostris, Jourdan °®.
2 Actinodon latirostris, Gaudry 7.
Actinodon frossardi, Gaudry °.

The type species. Skull (fig. 45) about one third longer than

Fig. 45.

Sa

= : we os
ee NY
= - = =

le
y

Actinodon latirostris.— Frontal aspect of the cranium, with the sculpture
omitted ; from the Lower Permian of Saarbriick. 3. Pt./’, postfrontal ;
Pmx, premaxilla; other letters as in fig. 31 (p. 148).

—

1 Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. d’Autun, vol. i. p. 29 (1888). :

2 Beitr. vorwelt. Fauna d. Steinkohlengebirges, p. 13 (1847).

3 Handbuch der Paleontologie, 1 Abth. iii. Band, 2 Lief. pp. 391, 392.

4 Jahrb. preuss. geol. Landesanstalt for 1886, p. 22 (1887).

5 Verh. nat. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. vol. vi. p. 78 (1849).—Archegosaurus.

& Loc. cit. 7 Nouv. Archiv. d. Muséum, vol. iii. p. 31 (1867).
3 Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 2, vol. xxv. p. 577 (1868).

ARCHEGOSAURID ®. 185

broad, with an extreme length of about 0,150 (6-2 inches) in adult
specimens. Teeth with a small basal swelling, and foldings in the
osteodentine. A ridge running from each orbit to the nares
forming the boundaries of a median depression.

So far as the writer can see there appears to be no reason for
departing from Gaudry’s original identification of the French form
with Archegosaurus latirostris. Fritsch’ has, indeed, regarded the
latter as inseparable from Sclerccephalus heeuseri, Goldfuss, but
that identification falls to the ground if Weissia be generically
identical with the latter. The elongate form of the nares in the
type specimen is probably due to imperfection.

Hab. Europe (Germany and France).

R. 1299. A split nodule showing the skull of an immature indi-
(Fig.) vidual ; from the Rothliegendes (Lower Permian) of
Lebach, near Saarbriick, Rhenish Prussia. In this
specimen (fig. 45) the sculptured lamina of bone is adherent
to the counterpart. It cannot be specifically distinguished
from the larger imperfect type skull figured by Meyer in
the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. vi. pl. x. figs. 2, 3.
By exchange, 1888.

R. 1605. Slab of shale showing the skull and thoracic buckler, in
' an imperfectly preserved condition; from the Rothlie-
gendes (Lower Permian) of Muse, near Autun (Sadne-et-
Loire), France. Of the skull the frontal aspect is shown,
with the loss of most of the superficial layer of bone.
This skull—which agrees in all respects with the one
figured by Gaudry in his ‘Enchainements &c., Fossiles
Primaires,’ p. 265, fig. 261, as Actinodon frossardi,—is
specifically indistinguishable from the preceding, although

of larger size. In both, the orbits and nares have the
same relative size and dimensions; and the preorbital
ridges and median dispersion are equally clear in both.

In the present specimen the boundaries of the individual
bones are visible, and these agree precisely with the figure

of the type of Archegosaurus lutircstris. Purchased, 1889.

R. 1085. Cast of a slab of shale exhibiting the dorsal aspect of an
entire skeleton, in an imperfectly preserved condition,
referred by Gaudry to Actinodon frossardi. The original,
which is preserved in the Museum at Paris, was obtained

| Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. p. 65.

186 - LABYRINTHODONTIA.

from the Lower Permian of Télots, near Autun. It is
figured of the natural size by Gaudry in the ‘Nouv.
Archiv. d. Muséum,’ vol. x. pl. i., and on a reduced scaie
- in the ‘Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. d’Autun,’ vol. i. pl. ii. (1888),
as Actinodon frossardi. The extremity of the muzzle is
abnormally expanded by pressure. The orbits appear to
be smaller than in the preceding specimen, but the pre-
orbital ridges and median depression are very distinct.
The contour of the skull seems to be more like that of the

type of A. brevis, Gaudry.
Presented by Prof. Albert Gaudry, 1888.

Genus COCHLEOSAURUS, Fritsch.

Skull (imperfectly known) of the same general contour as in the
preceding genus, but with a posterior projection from each supra-
occipital, the squamosal of either side divided into an anterior and
a posterior moiety, and no epiotic cornua. It is considered that
the jugal entered into the formation of the outer border of the
orbit.

Cochleosaurus bohemicus, Fritsch’.
Syn. Melosaurus bohemicus, Fritsch °.

The type species. Length of skull about 0,165 (6°6 inches).
flab. Kurope (Bohemia).

47493. Cast of a slab showing the dorsal aspect of the ee
skull. The original, which is the type, was obtained from
the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Ny¥an (Pilsen), and
is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. 11.
pl. lx. fig. 1, and diagrammatically on p. 30, fig. 137.

Presented by Dr. Anton Fritsch, 1876.

** Genus GAUDRYA, Fritsch’.

Founded upon the anterior extremity of a palate, in which there
are two vomers, a single row of marginal teeth, and numerous
small teeth on the palatines. It does not appear how this form
can be distinguished from the preceding or following genera.

1 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 30 (1885).
2 Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 71 (1876).— Melosaurus.
teu! fai clad y=

4 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 31 (1885).

ARCHEGOSAURID®. 187

** Gaudrya latistoma, Fritsch '.

The type. Apparently of the size of Chel, Lees vranyt.
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 1470. Cast of a fragment of shale showing the palatal aspect of
the anterior extremity of the cranium and a portion of
the mandible. The original, which is the type, was
obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Nyian,

Bohemia, and is figured by Fritsch in his ‘Fauna der

t- Gaskohle,’ vol. ii. pl. lxi. fig. 1. Purchased, 1888.

a
be
a
=
a
.,
“oe 34
hee
a
ae
ay

3 3 Genus CHELYOSAURUS, Fritsch *.
2 Syn. Chelyderpeton, Fritsch *.

Skull somewhat larger and narrower than in Cochleosaurus, but

_--~—s without posterior processes to the supraoccipitals ; a single squa-

q mosal on either side, distinct epiotic cornua, nares probably very

minute, anterior border of the orbit formed by the prefrontal .and

" postorbital, and outer border by the postorbital. The occipital con-

dyles appear to have been unossified ; the vertebrae are more ossified

than in Archegosaurus, having a basal element to the centra (hypo-

centrum pleurale); the intercentra are relatively very large; and
x the tarsus is well ossified.

= Chelyosaurus vranyi, Fritsch*. _
Fi Syn. Chelyderpeton vranii, Fritsch °.
3 .The type and only described species. Skull about one third

longer than broad, its extreme length being 0,170 (6°7 inches).
Hab. Kurope (Bohemia).

R. 1456. Cast of a slab showing the ventral scutes, the pelvis and
part of the caudal region, and one pelvic limb. The
original, which is the type, was obtained from the Roth-

; liegendes (Lower Permian) of Oelberg, and is figured by

4 Fritsch in the ‘ Sitzungsber. k. béhm. Ges. Wiss.’ for 1877,

p. 207, and also in his ‘Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. ii. pl. liv.

Purchased, 1888.

1 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 31 (1885).
a 2 Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1877, p. 208 (1878).—Amended from

a Chelydosaurus.

a 3 Jahresb. k, bdhm. Ges. Wiss. 1877, pp. xx, xxi.

a : 4 Sitz. k. bdhm. Ges. Wiss. for 1877, p. 208 (1878). °
ia 6 Jahresb. k. bdhm. Ges. Wiss. 1877, pp. xx, xxi.

188 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

R. 1457. Cast of a fragment of shale showing the frontal aspect of
the anterior portion of the cranium. The original was
obtained from the Rothliegendes of Ruppersdorf, and is
figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. 11.
plalyatic. cd: Purchased, 1888.

R. 1458. Cast of a fragment of shale showing a lateral aspect of a
sacral region, referred by Fritsch to this form. The
original, which is from Oelberg, is figured by Fritsch, op.
cit, p. 24, fig. 133. Both the intercentra (hypocentra)
and the basal portions of the pleuralia (hypocentra arcalia)
are shown. Purchased, 1888.

Genus SPHENOSAURUS, Meyer’.

Known only by a portion of the trunk, which is regarded by
Fritsch as indicating a Labyrinthodont allied in the structure of the
vertebre to Chelyosaurus, although considered by Baur* to belong
to a reptile. Cope* adopts the view of the Labyrinthodont affinity
of the genus, and makes it the type of the family Sphenosauride,
which includes Chelyosaurus and Sparagmites, and differs from the
Archegosauride by the presence of the hypocentrum pleurale.

Sphenosaurus sternbergi (Fitzinger *).
Syn. Paleosaurus sternberyi, Fitzinger ’. ;

Apparently about one half the size of Eryops megacephalus.
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 1459. Cast of a slab of red sandstone exhibiting the ventral
aspect of the thoracic and sacral region of the vertebral
column, the pelvis, and one femur. The original, which
is the type, is preserved in the Museum at Prague, and,
according to Fritsch, was probably obtained from the
Permian at the foot of the Riesengebirge, Bohemia. It is
figured by Meyer in his ‘Fauna der Vorwelt—Saurier
aus dem Muschelkalk,’ pl. lxx., where it is regarded as
having been obtained from the Bunter; it is also figured
by Fritsch in his ‘Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. ii. pl. lix., a
diagrammatic restoration being given on p. 28, fig. 136,

1 Fauna d. Vorwelt—Saurier aus d. Muschelkalk, p. 141 (1847).
2 Biol. Centralblatt, vol. vi. p. 356 (1886).

3 Amer. Nat. vol. xx. p. 77 (1886).

4 Ann. Wien. Museums, vol. ii. p. 171 (1840).—Paleosaurus,

5 Loc. cit.

ni i a oe ih i

ARCHEGOSAURID &. 189

of the same yolume. If the latter restoration be correct,
the intercentrum (hypocentrum arcale of Fritsch) will be
ereatly developed, and the central elements (pleurocentra
and hypocentra pleuralia of Fritsch) proportionately re-
duced. Purchased, 1888.

Genus SPARAGMITES, Fritsch’.

Syn. Calochelys, Fritsch ?.

Known only by a portion of the vertebral column of a small
form, in which the neural spines are low and semicircular; the
general structure being similar to that of Chelyosaurus.

Sparagmites lacertinus, Fritsch *.
Syn. Calochelys lacertina, Fritsch *.

The type and only described species.
Hab. Kurope (Bohemia),

R. 1450. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing part of the
vertebral column. The original is the type, and was
obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Nytan
(Pilsen) ; it is figured by Fritsch in his ‘Fauna der Gas-
inohiley vols iis ple ine fies 1 Purchased, 1888.

Genus TRIMERORHACHIS, Cope’.

Skull of moderate width and length, with the round orbits in the
anterior half, and the nares very widely separated from one another
and approximated to the orbits; occipital condyles unossified ; two
rows of upper and one row of lower teeth; cranial sculpture net-
like. Vertebre (fig. 46) without distinct neural spines, and the
ossification of the intercentral and pleurocentral elements very
superficial.

The absence of neural spines to the vertebre distinguishes the
present genus from all the others of the group, and the genus is
accordingly regarded by its founder as the type of a family—7vi-
merorhachidee. :

| Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 15 (1885).

2 Ibid. vol. i. pt. i. p. 28 (1879).—Preoccupied by the Chelonian Callichelys,
Gray (1863).

3 Loc. cit.— Calochelys. * Loe. cit.

5 Proc, Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 524 (1878).

4]
4
1%

190 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

Trimerorhachis insignis, Cope
The type species. Length of skull about 0,160 (6°3 inches) ;
length of intercentra 0,010 (0-4 inch); the latter dimensions
indicating an animal about one third the size of Eryops meqa-
cephalus.
Hab. North America (Texas).

R. 576 x. The basioccipital region of the cranium, a fragment of
the mandible, and four vertebree ; from the reputed Per-
mian of Texas. These specimens agree in all respects
with the corresponding elements represented in fig. 46 ;
the neural arches retain, however, their proper relative
position to the intercentra. Purchased, 1885.

Fig. 46.

Trimerorhachis insignis.—a, occipital region of cranium ; 6, mandibular articu-
lation ; ¢, posterior view of the same; d, part of the vertebral column, with
the neural arches crushed down; é, another portion of the vertebral column.
From the reputed Permian of Texas. }. , pleurocentrum; 2, intercen-
trum,

R. 574. Two fragments of jaws probably belonging to this species ;
from Texas. | Purchased, 1885.

R. 574 x. Three imperfect bones, apparently associated with the
preceding ; from Texas. The expanded bone is probably
part of the pectoral girdle, while the other two specimens
appear to belong to the limbs. Purchased, 1885.

1 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 524 (1878).

4
4
s

eg ee ee,

ERYOPS. : 191

R. 574 y. The distal half of a femur; from Texas. This specimen
accords in contour with the much larger femur of Lryops
ficured by Cope in the ‘ Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xix.
pl. iv. figs. 15, 16, 19, being nearly of the same absolute
size as the figure. Purchased, 1885.

Famity Positron Uncertain.

Rhytidosteus differs from the typical Archegosauride in the
absence of large palatal vacuities, and thereby approximates to the
Anthracosauride and Nyraniide, and also agrees with the latter in
the presence of denticules on the palate. The presence of denti-
cules on the mandible appears to connect Ehytidosteus with Eryops,
and if the latter had a closed palate of similar type the family
name Hryopide, proposed by Cope, should be adopted for this group.

Genus ERYOPS, Cope’.
Syn. Rhachitomus, Cope’.

a . LEpicordylus, Cope’.

_ ; ~ Parioxys, Cope *.

3 Skull ° vaulted, comparatively short and wide, with large
4 postero-lateral expansions, the round and rather small orbits in
4 the posterior half, the nares ovoid, widely separated, and placed
= some distance behind the extremity of the broad and blunt muzzle,
a and the occipital condyles ossified. Mandible with alveolar parapet,
ag but without postarticular process. ‘Teeth subconical and pointed ;
a anterior ones enlarged; hinder ones small; minute denticules on

the mandibular ramus internally to the alveoli; probably similar
denticules on the palate; upper teeth in a single row. Cranial
sculpture coarsely pitted and ridged. The synonymy is taken from
Cope, ‘ Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xvi. p. 286.

4s Eryops megacephalus, Cope °.

Syn. Rhachitomus valens, Cope’.

The type species ; of very large size. Skull with the length in
the median line equal to the width, the muzzle very broad and
blunt, and the orbits forming the most prominent point in the
profile; extreme length about 0,575 (22°5 inches), length in median
line about 0,465 (18-3 inches).

Hab. North America (Texas).

ee oh. a
ey :

eee

a 1 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 188 (1877). ? Ibid. p. 526 (1878).
4 ® Ibid. p. 515 (1878). 4 Ibid. p. 521 (1878).

= ° See Amer. Nat. vol. xvili. pp. 34, 35, figs. 5, 6.

6 Proc, Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xvii. p. 188 (1877). T Ibid. p. 526 (1878).

192 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

The following specimens were obtained from the reputed
Permian of Texas. Purchased, 1885.

R. 565, Fragment from the anterior extremity of the cranium, —
showing the broken bases of three large teeth. This and
the following specimens of teeth are referred to this species |
on account of their large size. |

hint R. 570. Two fragments of the cranium, each with the base of a
a large tooth.

R. 570 a, Fragment of a mandibular ramus. ‘This specimen shows
the broken bases of three very large and some smaller
teeth, internally to which the summit of the inner surface
of the bone carries a number of minute knob-like den-
ticules. It seems to have belonged to the same individual
as No. R. 565,

Fig. 47,

Eryops megacephalus.—Left lateral aspect of two trunk-vertebre ; from the
reputed Permian of Texas. 3. s, neural spine; pr.z, prezygapophysis;
pt.z, postaygapophysis ; p/, pleurocentrum ; 2, intercentrum.

R. 570 b. Part of a mandibular ramus, which appears to be from
the posterior region of the same jaw as that to which the
preceding specimen belonged. The inner part is wanting.

R. 570 c, Fragment of a mandibular ramus with nine imperfect
teeth. This specimen, in which the inner lamina is
wanting, may have belonged to the opposite side of the
jaw to which the two preceding specimens pertained.

ERYOPS. 193

Fs R. 576. Several associated vertebrae, two of which are represented

= 86 (Fig)

(fg.)

R. 470.

in woodcut, fig. 47. These specimens accord with the
portion of the vertebral column figured by Cope in the
‘Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.’ vol. xix. pl. iii. The intercentra
distinctly show in several cases a capitular rib-facet on
the posterior border of their lateral surface. The close
resemblance of these elements to the intercentra of Hmbo-
lophorus (No. R. 569, p. 109) appears to be conclusive
that Cope is right in regarding them as the homologues of
the latter, and that they are not (as has been contended)
part of the centrum of the vertebra.

Eryops africanus, Lydekker *.

Known by part of the mandible, which has an approximate length
of about 0,400 (15:8 inches), and apparently indicates a species
of somewhat smaller size than EH. megacephalus, with the sym-
physial teeth relatively less enlarged and the intercentrum less
fully ossified. The generic reference is provisional.

Hab. South Africa.

R. 466. The imperfect right ramus of the mandible; from the

Karoo system of South Africa. The glenoidal region and
the greater part of the dentary bone are entire, but the

region between the two is imperfect. This specimen is

the type, and the dentary region is figured by the writer
in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlvi. pl. xii. fig. 2.
The absence of a postarticular process is clearly shown.
To the inner side of the alveolar tract the surface of
the bone carries a band of minute denticules precisely
similar to those found in the mandible (No. R. 570 a, 6)
referred to Hryops megacephalus (p. 192); and there are
no characters by which the present specimen can be

~ generically distinguished from the latter.

Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

An intercentrum, apparently associated with the pre-
ceding ; from South Africa. Noticed by the writer in the
‘ Paleontologia Indica,’ ser. 4, vol. 1. pt. iv. p. 10, where
it is referred to Rhytidosteus ; and figured in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlvi. pl. xii. figs. 3, 4. This
specimen is rather smaller than the intercentra (No. R.
576) of Eryops megacephalus, and therefore agrees in
relative size with the mandible; it is also less ossified

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlvi. pt. 2 (1890).

PART IY. O

194 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

internally, and is thus more crescent-like, It exhibits
facets for the capitula of the ribs on the posterior border
of the upper extremity of the outer surface. Rhachitomous
vertebra from the Karoo system of the Cape are preserved

in the Museum at Munich (as the writer is informed by -

Dr. E. Fraas), which may belong either to the present
form or to Rhytdosteus.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

Genus RHYTIDOSTEUS, Owen’.

Skull depressed an drelatively short ; orbits situated in the pos-
terior half, and separated from one another by the whole width of
the cranium ; nares placed far behind the muzzle, directed laterally,
and likewise separated by the whole width of the cranium ; occipital
region unknown; palate extensively ossified, without vacuities near
the medial line (so far as shown). Mandible without alveolar
parapet, but with a postarticular process. A row of comparatively
small premaxillary and maxillary teeth, and on either side of the
hinder maxillary teeth an irregular series of denticules, while
smaller denticules spread out over the palate; one large tusk in
advance of, and another behind, the posterior nares; a series of
denticules on either side of the marginal row of mandibular teeth.
Teeth with complex foldings and large pulp-cavity. Sculpture
coarsely radiate, with an indistinct lyra between orbits and nares.

This genus is referred to the present group on account of the
presence of denticules on the jaws, by which it appears to be allied to
Eryops. The full ossification of the palate differs, however, so re-
markably from that of Archegosaurus, that the genus should probably
be referred to another family. Whether, however, it should form
the type of a distinct family (in which Hryops should probably be
included) or should be classed with the Nyranide, cannot be deter-

mined until the relations of the bones of the palate are fully known.
_ The position of the orbits in the present genus is quite peculiar.

Rhytidosteus capensis, Owen’.
The type and only described species. Length of skull probably
about 0,250 (9°8 inches); muzzle very broad and blunt.
Hab. South Africa.

R. 455. The flattened skull, wanting the posterior portion of the
(Fig.) cranium, and with the mandible imperfect; from the
Karoo system of Beersheba, Orange Free State. The type
specimen ; figured by Owen in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 333 (1884).
SOC Cll

PHOLIDOGASTER. 195

Soc.’ vol. xl. pls. xvi., xvii., all the figures being reversed.
In the figure of the palate (pl. xvii. fig. 1) the aperture
marked vc is a fracture. The median bone which Owen
terms the palatine is more probably the anterior extremity
of the parasphenoid ; while it is probable that at least a
considerable portion of the bones termed vomers represent
the palatines. If this be so the structure of the palate
will approximate very decidedly to that of Nyrania.
The absence of a postarticular process to the mandible is
wellshown ; in the figure too short a space is allowed for
the missing portion of the ramus.

By exchange with the Blomfonteen Museum, 1884.

R. 503. Four fragments of bones of the cranium apparently referable
to this species, and probably associated with the preceding
specimen; from Beersheba. One of these specimens in-
cludes a bone which appears to be the greater portion of
the quadrate, attached to which are fragments of two
other bones.

By exchange with the Blomfontein Museum, 1884.

Incerte sedis.
Genus PHOLIDOGASTER, Huxley’.
_ Very imperfectly known, the frontal aspect of the skull being
concealed in the type. There is complete ventral armour; the
ventral surface of the vertebre closely approximates to that of
Sphenosaurus, and suggests that the present genus indicates an
allied rhachitomous type.

’ Pholidogaster pisciformis, Huxley ’.
The type and only described species. Length of skull about
0,177 (7 inches); total length of skeleton about 1,116 (44 inches).
Hab. Europe (Scotland).

30534. Slab of shale showing the ventral aspect of the skeleton ;
(Fig.) from the Lower Carboniferous of Gilmerton, near Edin-
burgh. The type specimen ; figured by Huxley in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xviii. pl. xi. figs. 3, 4.
The mandible, lateral thoracic plates, ventral armour, and
the ventral aspect of the later thoracic vertebree are well
shown. ‘The contour of the vertebree so strongly resembles
that of Sphenosaurus as to suggest that they are really
intercentra. Purchased, 1856.

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe, vol. xviii. p. 294 (1862). 2 Loe. cit.
02

196 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

Salamandriform Labyrinthodonts, in which the vertebral centra
are elongated, and constricted in the middle, with traces of the
| , . notochord internally ; and the ribs generally long, curved, and
bb double-headed. Teeth with large pulp-cavities, and without pli-
i cations of the dentine. Occipital region of the skull and the pubis
ossified. Scutes may be present on the dorsal as well as on the
ventral aspect; and the carpus and tarsus may be ossified or
cartilaginous.

$

i

Ee Suborder MICROSAURLA.
|

}

Family UROCORDYLID A.

Stout and long-tailed forms, with the epiotic cornua frequently
much produced, and pitted cranial bones; neural spines and chevrons
of caudal vertebra much dilated at their extremities, and pectinated ;
no caudal ribs. No dorsal scutes.

Genus VROCORDYLUS, Huxley’.

The type genus. Skull triangular, truncated behind, with
rounded muzzle and aborted epiotic cornua. ‘Teeth slender, pointed,
and smooth, with a slight backward curvature ; pulp-cavity large ;
no trace of labyrinthic structure. Neural spines of caudal vertebree
tall, slender, and expanded in a fan-like manner ; chevrons usually :

shorter and wider. Tail deep and strong, with some 80 vertebree.
Ribs strong, three times the length of the vertebra, with distinct |
double heads. Middle thoracic plate thin and shield-like ; ventral

scutes oat-like.

Urocordylus wandesfordi, Huxley ’.
Syn. Urocordylus reticulatus, Hancock and Atthey °*..-

The type species. Length of skull about 0,033 (1:3 inches),
length of body 0,595 (19:5 inches).
_ Hab. Kurope (Ireland and England).

41851 e. Slab of shale showing the impression of part of the skeleton;
from the Coal-Measures (Upper Carboniferous) of Jarrow
Colliery, Kilkenny, Ireland. Accords with the type skeleton
figured by Huxley in the ‘Trans. Roy. Irish Academ Vor
1 Trans. Roy. Irish Academy, vol. xxiv. p. 359 (1867),
2 Loc. cit.

3 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 182 (1869); see also Nat. Hist,
Trans. Northumb. and Durham, vol. iii. p. 810 (1870).

UROCORDYLID#. 197

vol. xxiv. pl.xx. The anterior caudal region is well shown ;

and the ventral scutes are also exhibited.
Purchased, 1870.

41851 f. Slab showing the impression of the anterior portion of a
skeleton apparently referable to this form; from Jarrow.
Purchased, 1870.

Urocordylus scalaris, Fritsch '.
Distinguished from the type species by the greater expansion of
the summits of the neural spines and chevrons of the caudal vertebra.
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 355. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing portions of
the skeleton. The original, which is one of the types,
was obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of
Nyan (Pilsen), and is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna
der Gaskohle,’ vol. 1. p. 129, fig. 76. Purchased, 1882.

R. 356. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing portions of
the skeleton. Original from Nyfan. Purchased, 1882.

Genus CERATERPETUM, Huxley ’.

Syn. Semncosaurus, Fritsch 3.

Skull parabolic and of great width, with very long epiotic cornua.
Maxillary teeth short and smooth. Neural spines of caudal ver-
tebree low and wide, overlapping one another, and in close contact ;
chevrons of same similarly expanded. Tail with some 40 vertebre.
Ribs four times the length of the vertebra. Middle thoracic plate
stout and triangular ; ventral scutes oblong.

Ceraterpetum galvani, Huxley *.
The type species. Length of skull in middle line about 0,026
(1 inch). Total length of skeleton about 0,253 (10 inches).
Hab. Europe (Ireland).
41851 a. Slab of shale showing the impression of part of the
vertebral column ; from the Coal-Measures (Upper Car-

boniferous) of Jarrow Colliery, Kilkenny.
Purchased, 1870.

1 itz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 73 (1876).

2 Trans. Roy. Irish Academy, vol. xxiv. p. 354 (1867).—Keraterpeton.
3 Sitz. k. bohm, Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 72 (1876).

* Loe. cit.

: PS PRSIIe

198 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

41851 b. Slab showing the imperfect skeleton of a small individual ;
from Jarrow. ‘This specimen is much smaller than either
of the two types figured in the ‘Trans. Roy. Irish
Academy,’ vol. xxiv. pl. xix. Purchased, 1870.

41851 c. Slab with the imperfect skeleton of a somewhat larger
individual; from Jarrow. Purchased, 1870.

41851 d. Slab showing the impression of a pelvic limb not im-
probably belonging to this form. Purchased, 1870.

Ceraterpetum crassum, Fritsch’.
Syn. Scincosaurus crassus, Fritsch ?.
The orbits smaller, and the skull smaller in proportion to the body

than in the type species.
Hab. Kurope (Bohemia).

The originals of the following specimens were obtained from the

Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Nyran (Pilsen). The specimens
were purchased in 1882. .

R. 351. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing portions of
the skeleton, among which is the median thoracic plate.
Original figured by Fritsch in his ‘Fauna der Gaskohle,

vol. i. pl. xxvil. fig. 4, and the thoracic plate in pl. xxix.

fess

R. 352. Electrotype showing the dislocated skeleton. A pes is
figured by Fritsch, op. cit. pl. xxviii. fig. 10.

R. 353. Electrotype showing the imperfect skeleton, The sacral
region and pelvic limbs figured by Fritsch, op. cit. pl. xxx.
figs 1.

R. 354. Electrotype exhibiting the thoracic and caudal regions.
Nine of the ventral scutes are figured by Fritsch, op. cit.
pl. xxx. fig. 5,

1 Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 72 (1876).—Scincosaurus,
2 Loe. cit,

‘ or
ee ee ee aa a

LIMNERPETID &, 199

Famity UNCERTAIN.

Genus LEPTERPETUM, Huxley’.

Tail long. Skull long and triangular, with the orbits in the
middle of the length; mandibular symphysis elongated. Thoracic
buckler unknown; ventral scutes long and rhomboidal. Ribs thin
and curved. Caudal vertebre with long chevrons, about 25 in
number. Carpusand tarsus unossified.

Lepterpetum, sp.

The following specimen indicates an individual of larger size than
the type specimen of the typical LZ. dobbsi, Huxley ° (which measures
6 inches in length), but there is not sufficient evidence to show
whether it is specifically distinct.

Hab. Kurope (Ireland).

41851. Slab of shale showing an imperfect skeleton apparently
referable to a member of this genus; from the Coal-
Measures (Upper Carboniferous) of Jarrow Colliery, Kil-
kenny. The length of the vertebral centra in the dorsal
region is 0,060. Purchased, 1870.

Lepterpetum (?), sp.
The undermentioned specimen has been provisionally referred by

Fritsch to this genus.
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 374a. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing portions of
the skull. ‘The original was obtained from the Gaskohle
(Lowest Permian) of Nyéan (Pilsen), and is described and
figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. i.
p- 172, pl. xh. fig. 10. Purchased, 1882.

Family LIMNERPETIDA.

Body longer and tail shorter than in the preceding family, the
skull being broad and frog-like, with smooth bones; the neural
spines and chevrons of the caudal vertebra simple, and caudal ribs
present. Teeth small, with their summits either smooth or grooved,
and the pulp-cayity large. Ventral scutes sculptured; no dorsal
armour.

1 Trans. Roy. Irish Academy, vol. xxiv. p. 362 (1867).—Lepterpeton.
2 Loe. cit.

200 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

Genus LIMNERPETUM, Fritsch’.
Syn. Microdon, Fritsch ?.
The type and only described genus. All the species are small.

Limnerpetum elegans, Fritsch *.
Ventral scutes small, ovoid, with concentric and oblique sculpture ;

less wide than in L. laticeps.
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 357. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the greater
part of the skeleton. The original is the type, and was
obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Nyfan ~
(Pilsen). The specimen forms the subject of pl. xxxiv. of

vol. i. of Fritsch’s ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle.’
Purchased, 1882.

Limnerpetum laticeps, Fritsch ’*.
‘Syn. Microdon laticeps, Fritsch °.

Ventral scutes small, much broader than long, with a thickened
posterior border and concentric sculpture, Total length about 0,100
(3°9 inches).

Hlab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 358. LElectrotype from a fragment of shale, exhibiting the
nearly entire skeleton. The original, which is the type,
was obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of
Tiemosna (Pilsen), and is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna
der Gaskohle,’ vol. i. p]. xxxvi. fig. 1. Purchased, 1882.

Limnerpetum obtusatum, [Fritsch °.

Ventral scutes of medium size, ovoid, with radiating sculpture ;
those of thoracic region with thickened posterior border, which dis-
appears in the pelvic region. Body relatively larger, and tail
shorter than in L. laticeps; total length about 0,160 (6:3 inches),

Hab, Kurope (Bohemia).

R. 359. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the nearly
entire skeleton. The original is the type, and was ~
obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Nytan
(Pilsen). It is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gas-
kohle,’ vol. i. pl. xxxv. figs. 1-7; the ventral scutes being
figured on pp. 155-156, figs. 95-98. Purchased, 1882.

1 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. iii. p. 147 (1881).—Limnerpeton.
? Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 73 (1876).—Preoccupied.
3 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. iii. p. 152 (1881).

4 Ibid. pt. i. p. 28 (1879).—Mierodon. 5 Loc. cit.

6 Ibid. pt. ili, p. 154 (1881).

HYLONOMIDZ. 201

Family HY LONOMID AL.

_ Body slender and lizard-like; skull narrow, with smooth or
faintly sculptured bones; neural spines of vertebrae well developed,
and long and slender ribs. Teeth smooth, or with grooved summits.
The whole body covered with sculptured scutes (fig. 48). Internal
gills may be developed. For Smilerpetum and Hylerpetum see
Addenda.

Genus HYLONOMUS, Owen* (ea Dawson).

Syn. Stelliosaurus, Fritsch ?.

Hyloplesion, Fritsch °.

The type genus. Skull broad, narrowing in front, with rounded
muzzle, and the orbits in the anterior half; cranial bones smooth,
with a few irregular pits. Hyloplesion was identified with Holo-
nomus by Credner *.

For the type species see Addenda.

Hylonomus longicostatus (Fritsch ’).

Syn. Stelliosaurus longicostatus, Fritsch °.
_ Hyloplesion longicostatum, Fritsch 7.

Total length about 0,085 (3°6 inches).
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 372. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the post-
cephalic portion of the skeleton. The original was ob-
tained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Tiemosna
(Pilsen), and is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der
Gaskohle,’ vol. i. pl. xxxvi. fig. 2. Purchased, 1882.

R. 373. Two electrotypes from fragments of shale, exhibiting im-
perfect skeletons ; the originals were obtained from the
Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Nyian (Pilsen), and are
ficured by Fritsch, op. cit. pl. xxvii. fig. 5, and pl. xlvy.
fie. 6. Purchased, 1882.

? Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xviii. p. 238 (1862).

* Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 72 (1876).—Withdrawn.
3 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. iv. p. 160 (1883).

4 Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xxxvii. p. 734 (1885).

5 Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 72 (1876).—Stedliosaurus.
8 Loe. cit.

7 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. iv. p. 160 (1883).

202 -- LABYRINTHODONTTA, | ‘
Genus SEELEYA, Fritsch’. q

Head large and tail short (fig. 48). Skull long and triangular, a
with the premaxillary teeth larger than those of the maxilla, and ;
small teeth on the bones of the palate. Ribs long, stout, and ;
curved. 7
F ig. A8. 4

ah

ge, a ad

‘

}
i]

aes eR ee Ey
CO Sete aioe y Ree, Se ee

1
| yi
} Sceleya pusilla—A. Restoration of the ventral aspect, with the scutes removed

from the left side; B. Lateral aspect of the thoracic and caudal region ;

from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Bohemia. }. (After Fritsch.)

g 1 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt, iv. p. 166 (1883). tar .

SS hgeeee ss s

HYLONOMID &. 203

Seeleya pusilla, Fritsch’.

The type and only described species; total length 0,023 (0-9
inch).
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 343. Electrotype from a fragment‘of shale, showing the entire
skeleton. The original is the type, and was obtained from
the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Ny¥an (Pilsen); it is
figured by Fritsch in his ‘Fauna der Gaskohle,’ pl. xl.
fie. 0; Purchased, 1882.

Genus RICNODON, Fritsch °.

Body short, with a relatively large parabolic skull, of which the
bones are marked by minute pits. The pectoral limbs nearly as
large as the pelvic. Denticules on the parasphenoid and pterygoids-
Scutes large, with thickened posterior border.

Ricnodon trachylepis, Fritsch °.

Imperfectly known ; distinguished from R. copei and R. dispersus,
Fritsch, by the characters of the scutes.
Hab. Kurope (Bohemia).

R. 374. Electrotype from a fragment of_ shale, showing the ventral
scutes. .The original is one of the types, and was obtained
from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Ny¥an (Pilsen) ;
it is figured by Fritsch in his ‘Fauna der Gaskohle,’
Volt. pl.ixiv. fie: 13, Purchased, 1882.

Genus ORTHOPLEUROSAURWUS, Lydekker (n. nom.).
Syn. Orthocosta, Fritsch *.

Neural spines of vertebree longer than in Seeleya, and the ribs
short and straight.

Orthopleurosaurus microscopicus (Fritsch °).

Syn. Orthocosta microscopica, Fritsch °.

The type and only described species. Very minute.
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

1 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. iv. p. 165 (1883).
216d. py. (GC

3 Ibid. p. 170.

4 Ibid. pt. i. p. 28 (1879).—Hybrid.

5 Loe. vit.— Orthocosta,

S° Loc. cit.

a —~

204 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

R. 349. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the imperfect
hinder half of the skeleton. The original, which is the |
type, was obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) oz
Nyan (Pilsen), and is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna
der Gaskohle,’ vol. 1. pl. xliv..figs. 1,2. Purchased, 1882.

Family MICROBRACHID A.

Small, slender forms, with very short pectoral limbs, strongly

sculptured cranial bones, and scutes covering the whole body’.

Ribs stout and curved, and of nearly equal length throughout the
series. Middle thoracic plate very broad, with a long posterior
process.

Genus MICROBRACHIS, Fritsch *.
The type genus. |

Microbrachis pelicani, Fritsch °.

The type species. Totallength about 0,125. Twenty-eight upper
teeth ; cranial sculpture very elaborate; teeth on stem of para-

sphenoid.
Hab, Europe (Bohemia),

R. 369. Three electrotypes from fragments of shale, one showing
the postcephalic portion of the skeleton, the second the
skull, and the third the imperfect skeleton. The originals
were obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of
Nyran (Pilsen), and are figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna
der Gaskohle,’ vol. i. pls. xlv. and xlvii.

Purchased, 1882.

R. 370. Two electrotypes from a fragment of shale, showing the
ventral and dorsal aspects of part of the vertebral column.
The original was obtained from Nytan, and is figured by
Fritsch, op. cit, pl. xlviii. fig. 8. Purchased, 1882.

1 Tn the definition of the family in the ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. i. p. 173, it
is stated that there are only ventral scutes; but in the fig. on p. 175 the whole

body is scutellated.
2 Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 72 (1876).

3 Loe. cit.

DOLICHOSOMATID A, 205

Microbrachis mollis, Fritsch’.

Twelve upper teeth; cranial sculpture simpler than in type
species.
Hab, Kurope (Bohemia).

R. 371. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the greater
portion of the skeleton, the caudal region wanting. The
original was obtained from the Gaskohle (Lower Permian)
of Nytan (Pilsen) ; the skull is figured by Fritsch in his
‘Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. i. pl. xlviii. fig. 1.

Purchased, 1882.

Suborder AISTOPODA.

Body long and snake-like, without limbs, and apparently without
pectoral or pelvic girdles. Vertebree with elongated centra and
aborted neural spines. Ribs slender, and barbed like those of
fishes. Teeth smooth, without plications of the dentine. External
gills probably persistent.

Family DOLICHOSOMATIDA.

All the members of the suborder are included in this family, which
is equivalent to both the Phlegethonide and Molgophide of Cope.

Genus DOLICHOSOMA, Huxley’.

Skull small, and tapering from occiput to muzzle, with smooth
bones, extensive vacuities in the preorbital region, and the nasals,
parietals, and frontals anchylosed together; mandible as long as
cranium, with very slender rami. Vertebre about 150 in number,
with very strongly developed transverse processes. Ribs at first
angularly bent, then straight, with two processes. No evidence of
dermal armour.

Dolichosoma longissimum, Fritsch *.
Vertebree exceeding 150 in number; the ribs twice the length of
the vertebra ; total length about 0,707 (28 inches).
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

1 Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 179 (1876).
2 Trans. Roy. Irish Academy, vol. xxiv. p. 866 (1867).
3 Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 72 (1876).

206 LABYRINTHODONTIA. &

R. 360. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing a consider-
able portion of the skeleton, without the skull. The
original was obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian)

~ of Nyfan (Pilsen), and is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna
der Gaskohle,’ vol. i. pl. xvii. fig. 1. Purchased, 1882.

R. 361. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, exhibiting the skull
and cervical vertebre. Original from Nyfran; figured by
Fritsch, op. cit. pl. xviii. fig. 1. ~ Purchased, 1882.

Dolichosoma (?) angustatum, Fritsch *.

Founded on an imperfect skull with anchylosed frontals, which is
provisionally referred to this genus, but may belong to Ophiderpetum.
Hab. Kurope (Bohemia).

R. 362. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the skull.
The original is the type, and was obtained from the Gas-
kohle (Lowest Permian) of Nyfan (Pilsen); it is figured
by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. i. pl. xxi. fig. 1.

‘ Purchased, 1882.

Genus OPHIDERPETUM, Huxley ’.

Skull imperfectly known, but probably shorter and wider in front
than in Dolichosoma. Vertebree about 100 in number. Ribs with
a dorsal and a ventral process near the proximal extremity. Ven-
tral armour in the form of oat-like scutes ; dorsal surface of the
body covered with shagreen-like tubercles; toothed plates in the
neighbourhood of the cloaca.

Ophiderpetum brownriggi, Huxley’.
Syn. Ophiderpeton nanum, Hancock & Atthey +,
The type species. Length of skull about 0,042 (1:6 inches) ;
total length of large examples exceeding 0,534 (21 inches).
O. nanum was founded on a small specimen from Northumberland
which cannot be specifically distinguished from the present form.
Hab. Europe (Ireland and England).

418511. Fragment showing the impression of the anterior part of
the skeleton of a small individual; from the Coal-Measures

1 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. ii. p. 117 (1880).

2 Trans. Roy. Irish Academy, vol. xxiv. p. 364 (1867).— Ophiderpeton.

3 Loe. cit.

4 Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 276, See also Nat. Hist. Trans.
Northumb, & Durham, vol. iii. p. 79 (1869).

DOLICHOSOMATIDZ. 207

(Upper Carboniferous) of Jarrow Colliery, Kilkenny, Ire-
land. The head is badly preserved, but appears to have
been of a parabolic shape. Except for its smaller dimensions
- this specimen cannot be distinguished from the type skele-
ton figured by Huxley in the ‘Trans. Roy. Irish Academy,’
vol. xxiv. pl. xxii. fig. 1. The impressions of the ventral
scutes are distinctly visible. Purchased, 1870.

Ophiderpetum granulosum, Fritsch’.

Length of ventral scutes half that of the vertebral centra ; trans-
verse processes of vertebre occupying one third the length of the
centra. Smaller than O. brownriggt.

Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 363. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, exhibiting the middle
region of the skeleton, with the ventral scutes and dorsal
granules. The original was obtained from the Gaskohle
(Lowest Permian) of Nyfan (Pilsen); and is figured by
Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. i. pl. xvii. fig. 2.

Purchased, 1882.

Ophiderpetum pectinatum, Fritsch’.
Ventral scutes rugose, and three times the length of the vertebral

centra. Smaller than O. brownrigqi.
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 364. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the ventral
scutes. The original, which is one of the types, was
obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Nytan
(Pilsen); and is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gas-

kohle, vol. i. pl. xx. fig. 1. Purchased, 1882.

R. 365. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, exhibiting the plates
in the cloacal region. Original from Nyian; figured by
Fritsch, op. cit. pl. xx. fig. 5. Purchased, 1882.

Ophiderpetum vicinum, Fritsch’.
Ventral scutes as long as the vertebral centra; transverse pro-
cesses of vertebre occupying more than half the length of the centra.

Nearly as large as the type species.
Hab, Europe (Bohemia).

? Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. i. p. 27 (1879).
2 Loe. cit.
3 Loe, cit.

208 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

R. 367. Hlectrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the ventral
scutes. The original, which is one of the types, was
obtained from the Rothliegendes (Lower Permian) of Kou-
nova; and is figured by Fritsch in his ‘Fauna der Gas-
Kkoltles pli xix, tes 22; Purchased, 1882.

Ophiderpetum corvini, Fritsch’.

Cloacal plates very large, much curved and strongly toothed.
Hab. Kurope (Bohemia).

R. 366. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing one of the
cloacal plates. The original, which is one of the types,
was obtained from the Permian of Kounova; and is
figured by Fritsch in his ‘Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. i.
pieeexe sez: Purchased, 1882.

Ophiderpetum zieglerianum, Fritsch ’.
Characterized by the great length of the ventral ae which

are quite smooth.
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

R. 368. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing a mass of
ventral scutes. The original, which is the type, was ob-
tained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian) of Ziegler-
schacht, near Ny¢an (Pilsen); and is figured by Fritsch in ~
his ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. i. pl. xx. fig. 14. Hach
scute consists of three pieces. Purchased, 1882.

Suborder BRANCHIOSAURIA.

Short-tailed Salamandriform Labyrinthodonts, in which the verte-
bral centra are barrel-shaped, with a notochordal canal which expands
in the middle of each centrum ; ribs short and straight, with a simple
expanded head. Teeth with large pulp-cavities, and no plication of
the dentine. Occipital region of the skull and the pubis cartila-
ginous. ‘There are no dorsal scutes; and the carpus and tarsus are
unossified.

Family APATEONIDA,

In this family the skull is generally longer than in the Protri-
tonide; the teeth have flutings near the summit; and all the ver-
tebree carry ribs. Both the median and lateral thoracic plates are
stalked. The form of the parasphenoid is of the same general type
as in the Protritonide, but the stalk is relatively shorter.

1 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. ii. p. 124 (1880). * Loe. cit.

APATEONID A. 209

Genus MELANERPETUM, Fritsch '.

The characters in which this genus differs from the typical but
imperfectly known Apateon, Meyer’, of the German Carboniferous,
are not indicated by its founder. The median thoracic plate has a
long stem.

Melanerpetum pulcherrimum, Fritsch °.

Of larger size than the typical WM. pusellum, with a shorter and
wider skull. It is suggested * that the one may be the adult of the
other.

Hab, Europe (Bohemia).

R. 350. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the entire
skeleton. The original is the type, and was obtained from
the Rothliegendes (Lower Permian) of Ruppersdorf, near
Braunau ; and is figured by Fritsch in his ‘Fauna der
Gaskohle,’ vol. i. pl. xiv. fig. 1. Purchased, 1882.

Fig. 49.

Melanerpetum pusillum.—Frontal aspect of the cranium; from the Rothlie-
gendes (Lower Permian) of Bohemia. §. 2B, branchiz ; Os, supraoccipital ;
other letters as in fig. 29, p. 140. (After Fritsch.)

1 Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. pt. i. p. 27 (1879).—Melanerpeton.
? Neues Jahrb. 1844, p. 49. ¥ Loe. ttt. 4 Fritsch, doc, cit.
PART I1Y. 1p

210 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

Family PROTRITONIDA’.

Skull (fig. 29) broad and parabolic, with the small palatines?
lying in the middle line immediately behind the yomers, and sepa-
ie rated from the maxille ; parasphenoid with a long stalk and a shield-
{a _ like posterior extremity; teeth smooth, with a large pulp-cavity.
i Ventral scutes small, pointed, sculptured, and arranged in rows.

(| ~ Genus PROTRITON, Gandry °.

Syn. Salamandrella, Gaudry *.
_ Branchiosaurus, Fritsch°®.
(?) Pleuronoura, Gaudry °.

The type genus. Skull wide, with very large orbits, and some
30 bony plates in the sclerotic; cranial bones very slightly pitted ;
no teeth on the parasphenoid, pterygoids, or palatines, but according

, to Fritsch a few minute ones on the vomers. Median thoracic plate
rhomboidal, without a stem, rounded anteriorly, and the middle of
the outer surface granulated. Four digits in manus ’.

Internal gills were developed in the young, in which there was no
ventral armour. .

The identity of Branchiosaurus with Protriton is pointed out by
Geinitz and Deichmiiller*; Fritsch°® also showed that Protriton was
founded on a very early larva, and Plewronowra on a somewhat
later larva, apparently inseparable from the form to which he applies
the name Lranchiosaurus. The same view is also adopted by Cred-
ner *°, who retains, however, the name Branchiosaurus",

Protriton petrolei, Gaudry ™”.

Syn. Salamandrella petrolei, Gaudry **.
? Pleuronoura pellati, Gaudry ™,

1 = Branchiosauride, Fritsch. ;

2 See the figure in Zittel’s ‘Handbuch der Palzontologie,’1 Abth. iii. Band,
2 Lief. p. 370.

3 Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. iii. p. 300 (1875).

* Comptes Rendus, vol. lxxx. p. 442 (1875).—Preoccupied,

* Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 72 (1876).

6 Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. vii. p. 72 (1879).

’ Teste Credner. In the restoration given by Fritsch, the manus is repre-
sented with five digits.

8 See Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xxxvi. p. 685 (1884).
| ® Fauna der Gaskohle, vol. i. p. 94.
t 10 Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xxxviii, pp. 577-578 (1886).
11 See Geol. Mag. decad. iii. vol. iv. p. 276 (1887).
) 12 Comptes Rendus, vol. lxxx. p. 442 (1875).—Salamandrelia.

13 L0G. ‘Cit.

14 Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. iii. p 300 (1875).

PROTRITONID&. Ott

Branchiosaurus gracilis, Credner '.
Branchiosaurus amblystomus, Credner *.

The type species. Length of adult about 0,202 (8 inches).
: Fig. 50.

Protriton petrolei.—Skeleton of larva ; from the Rothliegendes (Lower Permian)
of Autun. 4. (After Gaudry.)

The specific identity of the larval B. gracilis with the adult B.
amblystomus, of the Rothhegendes of Saxony, is admitted by their
describer * ; while the impossibility of separating the former from the
larval P. petrolei of the corresponding beds of France was pointed
out by Geinitz and Deichmiiller *.

Hab. Europe (France, Saxony, and Thuringia).

R. 489. Fragment of shale showing the skeleton of a larva; from
- the Rothliegendes (Lower Permian) of Millery, near Autun
(Saéne-et-Loire), France. This specimen agrees in all

respects with the one represented in fig. 50.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

R. 1300. Slab of shale with several larval skeletons ; from Millery.
Purchased, 1888.

Protriton salamandroides (Fritsch °).
Syn. Branchiosaurus salamandroides (Fritsch °).

The type of Branchiosaurus. Distinguished from the preceding
species by the stouter vertebra of the larva, in which the proportion
of the width to the length is 1 to 8 instead of 1 to 13. The trans-
verse processes of the vertebre are also stouter and wider.

Hab. Europe (Bohemia).

1 Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xxxiii. p. 306 (1881). 2 Ibid. p. 575.
3 Ibid. vol. xxxviii. pp. 577, 578 (1886).
4 Vide ibid. vol. xxxvi. pp. 685-686 (1884),
5 Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 72 (1876).—Branchiosaurus.
8 Loe, cit.
P2

212 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

R. 348. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the skeleton
of a larva. The original was obtained from the Gaskohle

(Lowest Permian) of Ny¥an (Pilsen); and is figured py

Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gaskohle,’ vol. i. pl. i. fig. 1.

Except for its better state of preservation, this specimen

can scarcely be pine yenca from the larvee of P. petrolet.
Purchased, 1882.

R.1604. Fragment of shale with the skeleton of a larger individual ;
from the Gaskohle of T'remosna (Pilsen).
Purchased, 1889.

Famity Posttion UNCERTAIN.

The following genera are included by Fritsch in the preceding
family, but only the skull is known. The parasphenoid has the
expanded base characteristic of Branchiosaurus.

Genus SPARODUS, Fritsch’.
Syn. Batrachocephalus, Fritsch ”.

Skull with strong marginal teeth, and a number of conical teeth
on the anterior bones of the palate. According to Fritsch’s resto-
ration the palatines are interposed between the vomers and maxille.

Sparodus validus, Fritsch *.
Syn. Batrachocephalus validus, Fritsch *.

The type species. Length of skull about 0,033; 17 mandibular
teeth, of which the first three are double the size of the others ; 27
teeth in each vomer, and 11 in each maxilla; outer surface of man-
dible smooth.

Hab. Kurope (Bohemia).

R. 345. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the palatal
aspect of the skull. The original, which is one of the
types, was obtained from the Gaskohle (Lowest Permian)
of Ny¥an (Pilsen) ; and is figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna
der Gaskohle’, vol. i. pl. vii. fig. 1. Purchased, 1882.

R. 344. Electrotypes from two fragments of shale, exhibiting the
mandible and part of the palate. Originals from Nyfan ;
figured by Fritsch, op. cit. pl. viii. figs. 4, 5.
Purchased, 1882.
1 Fauna der Gaskoble, vol. i. pt. i. p. 84 (1879).

2 Sitz. k. bohm. Ges. Wiss. for 1875, p. 76 (1876).—Preoccupied by
Bleeker, 1846. 3 Loc. cit—Batrachocephalus. * Loe. cit.

PROTRITONID 213

Sparodus crassidens, Fritsch’.
Syn. Batrachocephalus crassidens, Fritsch ”.

Twenty-five maxillary teeth, which are smaller than in the type
species, and of which the anterior ones are not enlarged; vomerine
teeth apparently less numerous; outer surface of mandible pitted.

Hab, Europe (Bohemia).

a R. 347. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the palatal
a. aspect of the skull and the middle thoracic plate. The
a original, which is one of the types, was obtained from the
Rothliegendes (Lower Permian) of Kounova; and is
figured by Fritsch in his ‘ Fauna der Gaskoble,’ vol. 1. pl. x.
fief: Purchased, 1882.

R. 346. Electrotypes from two fragments of shale, showing parts
of the upper and lower jaws. Originals from Kounova ;

figured by Fritsch, op. cit. pl. ix. figs. 4, 9.
Purchased, 1882.

Genus DAWSONIA, Fritsch’.

The vomers much smaller than in Sparodus, and having only a
few teeth at their antero-external angles; small denticules on the
stem of the parasphenoid and the anterior portions of the pterygoids,
and long teeth on the outer border of the latter; cranial bones
strongly sculptured.

Dawsonia multidens, Lydekker (n. nom.).
Syn. Dawsonta polydens, Fritsch +.

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The type and only described species. Length of skull about
0,038.
Hab. Europe (Bohemia),

The originals of the following specimens, which include the types, were
obtained from the Rothliegendes (Lower Permian) of Kounova.
The specimens were purchased in 1882.

R. 340. Electrotypes from two fragments of shale, showing the
parasphenoid and fragments of the skull. Originals
figured by Fritsch in his ‘Fauna der Gaskohle,’ yol. i.
pl. xi. fig. 6, and pl. xii. fig. 7.

1 Sitz. k, bobm. Ges, Wiss. for 1875, p. 76 (1876).—Batrachocephalus.
2 Loe. cit.
3 Fauna der Gaskohile, vol. i. pt. i. p. 89 (1879). 4 Ibid. p. 90.—Hybrid,

214 LABYRINTHODONTIA.

R. 342. Electrotypes from two fragments of shale, exhibiting portions
of the skull. Originals figured, op. et. pl. xi. figs. 3, 5.

il a : R. 341. Electrotype from a fragment of shale, showing the middle
thoracic plate. Original figured, op. cit. pl. xi. fig. 13.

SUBORDINAL Position UNCERTAIN.

It is impossible to assign the following forms to any definite serial
position, even if the whole of them are rightly referred to the Laby-
rinthodontia.

Anthracerpetum crassosteum, Owen !.

Known by fragments of teeth, and cranial and other bones.
Hab. Europe (Wales). .

ie R. 674. Four fragments of rock with imperfect bones; from the
(Fig.) | Coal-Measures of Llantrissent, Glamorganshire. Thetypes;

figured by Owen in the ‘Geol. Mag.’ decad. i. vol. 11. pl. i.

figs, 1-4. Presented by J. EH. Lee, Esq., 1885.

Lepidotosaurus duffi, Hancock & Howse’.

Known by the undermentioned specimen, which indicates a
reptile of the approximate size of Sphenospcndylus ; it is stated in
the ‘Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1874, p. 187, that the evidence for
referring this form to the Labyrinthodontia is insufficient.

Hab. Europe (England).

R. 723. One half of a split slab, showing part of the thoracic region
in a badly preserved condition ; from the Marl-slate (Mid-
dle Permian) of Midridge, Durham. This specimen is the
counterpart of the type slab figured in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxvi. pl. xxxviil.

Presented by W. C. Stobart, Hsq., 1886.

Genus non det.

Known only by the undermentioned specimen, which indicates a
form about one-third the size of Eryops megacephalus.
Hab. Tasmania.

R. 500. Cast of a femur; from strata of unknown age in Tasmania.

The contour of the distal half approximates to that of the

femur of Eryops figured by Cope in the ‘Proc. Amer.

Phil. Soc.’ vol. xix. pl. iv. The length of the specimenis
0,065. Presented by Sir It. Owen, K.C.B., 1884,

1 Geol. Mag. decad. i. vol. ii. p. 6 (1865).— Anthrakerpeton.
2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. p, 557 (1870).

ICHNITES. 215
ICHNITES.
A. Specimens which are probably in most cases of Labyrinthodont
origin.

CHIROSAURUS, Kaup'.
Syn. Chirotherium, Kaup ®. |

The impressions of both feet are pentadactylate, with distinct

nails ; those of the manus being rather more than half the size of

those of the pes. The pollex is short, and projects nearly at right
angles to the axis of the third digit ; the third digit of the pes‘is the
largest.

The Labyrinthodont nature of these footprints was suggested by
Owen *; Miall * considered that some of them might by Dinosaurian ;
Winkler’ regards them as formed by Zrematosaurus brauni, but
the larger size of Capitosaurus nasutus is in favour of those of the
type species of Chirosaurus having been made by the latter animal.
The name Chirosawrus is earlier than either Capitosaurus or Trem-
atosaurus.

The so-called Chirotherium minus appears to indicate another
genus (vide infra).

Chirosaurus barthi, Kaup’.

Syn. Chirotherium bartht, Kaup ’.

Chirotherium majus, Sickler °.

The type species, occurring typically in the Bunter of Hessberg.
The footprints of the pes usually have a length of about eight inches
in large individuals. |

The name Chirotherium geinitzi, Hornstein’, has been applied to
an animal indicated by footprints of the same general form, but
differing decidedly in contour; the type specimen being from the
Bunter of Karlshafen.

Hab. Kurope (Germany)

1 Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 328. As it was considered that these footprints
were probably Mammalian, the name Chirotheriwm was proposed, but in the

_ event of their proving to be Saurian the alternative name Chirosaurus was also

‘given. 4 Doe. Cte.

3 See Paleontology, 2nd ed. p. 190 (1861).

4 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1873, p. 244.

5 Archiv. Mus. Teyler, sér. 2, vol. ii. p. 187 (1886).

8 Neues Jahrb. 1835, p. 328. 7 Loe eit.

8 Die yorziiglichsten Farhten-Abdriicke, etc., von Hildburghausen (1836).—
Not seen.

9 See Archiv. Mus. Teyler, sér. 2, vol. ii. p, 174.

216 ICHNITES.

R. 728. Slab showing casts of footprints; from the Bunter Sand-
(Fig.) stone (Lower Trias) of Hessberg, near Hildburghausen, on
the flanks of the Thuringerwald. Noticed and one of the

~ casts of the hind feet figured by Buckland in his ‘ Geology

and Mineralogy ’ (Bridgewater Treatise), 1st ed. p. 265,

ple. Purchased, 1839.

R. 728 a. Plaster cast of the same slab, showing the impressions.
Made in the Museum.

Chirosaurus stortonensis (Morton’).

Syn. Chirotherium stortonense, Morton ?.

The impressions of the pes of this form differ from those of C. barthi
in being stouter and shorter, with the digits less widely separated
and the first digit placed nearer to the heel. Their usual length is
about 8°7 inches ; and they approximate in form to the much larger
impressions from the Keuper of Torperley (Cheshire) described by
Egerton* as Chirosaurus (Chirotherium) herculis. The latter im-
pressions measure upwards of 15 inches in length, and were pro-
bably made by an animal of the size of Mastodonsaurus giganteus. —

Hab. Europe (England).

The following specimens were obtained from the Lower ire
(Upper Trias) of Cheshire.

44826. Slab showing impressions of the feet ; from Storeton (Stour-
ton) Hill, near Birkenhead.
Presented by B. Bright, Esq., 1873.

R. 729. Slab with casts of impressions of the feet ; from Storeton.
Presented by f Tomkinson, Esq.

R. 730. Two slabs with casts of footprints ; from Storeton.
No history.

R. 398. Ten slabs of sandstone showing footprints, or casts of the
same; from Storetun.
Presented by C. Westendarp, Esq., 1884.

R. 414. Impression of a hind foot; from Storeton.
Purchased, 1884,

21831. Slab showing casts of footprints; from Lymm, near War-
rington, Purchased, 1848,

1 Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. 1863,,p. 17.—Chirotheriwm. 2 Loe, cit.
3 Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1888, p. 492.

ICHNITES. il a

R. 731. Two slabs with the impression of a foot and a cast of the
same; from Lymm. No history.

R. 295. Six slabs of sandstone showing the impressions of feet ;
from Lymm. Egerton Collection. Purchased, 1882.

39162. Slab with cast of an impression of one of the hind feet ;
from Cheshire. Purchased, 1865.

-37721. Natural casts of impressions of feet ; from Cheshire.

Saul Collection. Purchased, 1863.

19621. Slab showing numerous impressions of the feet in a single
track; from Lymm. Presented by Lord F. Egerton, 1845.

R. 732. A small slab showing the casts of one medium-sized and
one smaller footprint ; from Lymm. No history.

R. 733. A slab with casts of the impressions of the feet of a small
individual; probably from Cheshire, No history.

GENUs non det.
(Chirotherium minus, Sickler *.)

In this form the pollex and hallux appear to have been very
minute, and were probably situated in the middle of the carpus or
tarsus, so that the footprints appear to be tetradactylate ; the other
digits are longer and narrower than in Chirosaurus barthi, with
much longer nails. The space between the individual footprints is
relatively greater than in the latter. The prints of the pes have a
length of 3:5 and a width of 2-5 inches.

Hab. Europe (Germany).

R. 419. Slab of rock showing impressions of footprints; from the
Bunter (Lower Trias) of Vogelsberg, near Johannisburg,
East Prussia. Similar impressions are figured by Winkler

in the ‘ Archiv. Mus. Teyler, sér, 2, vol. ii. pl. vi.
Purchased, 1884,

Genus non det.

The following pentadactyle footprints differ considerably from
those of Chirosaurus; they have no lateral appendage, and the
digits are wide apart and slender, with well-marked nails. The
prints have a length of 2-3, and a width of 1-7 inches.

Hab. Europe (Germany).

1 Die vorziiglichsten Farhten-Abdriicke, ete., von Hildburghausen (1836),—
Not seen.

ES ———

218 ICHNITES.

R. 734. Plaster-cast of a slab with footprints. The original was ©

obtained from the Bunter Sandstone (Lower Trias) of
Hessberg, near Hildburghausen, on the flanks of the Thur-
ingerwald; it is described and figured by Sickler in his
‘ Die vorziiglichsten Farhten-A bdriicke, etc., yon Hildburg-
hausen,’ p. 8, pl. vii.; the cast being otived and figured
by Buckland in his aienloes aud Mineralogy’ (Bridge-
- water Treatise), Ist ed. p. 265, pl. 26’". Similar footprints
are figured by Winkler in the ‘ Archiv. Mus. Teyler,’ sér.
2, vol. ii. pl. viii. No history.

CHELICHNUS, Jardine '.

Chelichnus duncani (Owen ’).
Syn. Testudo duncani, Owen *.

Founded upon pentadactylate footprints, showing distinct nails,
and having a diameter of from 1 to 2 inches, which were regarded
by their describer as of Chelonian origin.

Hab, Europe (Scotland).

43576. Two slabs with footprints; from the Bunter Sandstone
(Lower Trias) of Corncockle Muir, near Applegarth, Dum-
friesshire, Purchased, 1872.

Genus non det.

(Chirotherium reiteri, Moore *.)

The small footprints of the undermentioned type show no signs of
affinity with the genus to which they have been referred.
Hab. North America.

40328. A small slab showing impressions of the foot of a compara-
tively small animal, apparently corresponding with those

described under the above name; from the Coal-Measures |

of Phenixville, Pennsylvania. Purchased, 1867.

Genus RHYNCHOSAURUS (supra, i. p. 296).

It has been suggested that the small tracks of the undermenticned ~

type may be those of Rhynchosaurus.

1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 209 (1850).
2 Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1841, p. 160 (1842).— Testudo. 8 Loe. cit.
4 Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. y. p. 292 (1873).

ICHNITES, 219

. A small slab containing numerous footprints; from the

Keuper sandstone (Upper Trias) of Staunton, two and a

half miles from Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire.
Purchased, 1848.

33156. A small slab with similar tracks ; fron Staunton.
Purchased, 1858.

38805. Small slab with similar impressions; from the Keuper of

Coven, near Brewood, South Staffordshire.
Presented by Rev. H. Houseman, 1862.
38803. Fragment of rock with similar tracks ; from Coven.
Presented by Rev. H, Houseman, 1862.
40154. A very large slab, with numerous impressions of the feet of

the same form as the preceding; from Coven.
Presented by Rev. H. Houseman, 1862.

SAURICHNITES, Geinitz *.

Founded upon the evidence of small footprints with short digits
which are regarded as those of Labyrinthodonts. While some of
these footprints are pentadactylate (S. lacertoides), others (S. sala-
mandroides) have but four digits in the manus.

Saurichnites rittlerianus, Hochstetter *.

-Saurichnites perlatus, Fritsch (MS.).
Hab. Europe (Bohemia).
R. 1474. Cast of a slab showing two perfect and three imperfect

footprints of these two forms. Original from the Lower
Permian of Semil, Bohemia. Purchased, 1888.

MACROPTERNA, Hitchcock °.

‘Three or four digits in the manus, and four in the pes ; the manus
much smaller than the pes.

Macropterna divaricans, Hitchcock *.

Of small size. Length of middle toe 0-7 inch.
Hab. North America.

‘1 Neues Jahrb. 1861, p.65. Verh. geol. Reichsanatalt, 1868, p. 482.
8 Mem. Amer. Acad. ser, 2, vol. iii. p. 283 (1848). 4 Loe. cit,

220 ICHNITES,

28105. Three slabs showing footprints; from the reputed Trias of
Turner’s Falls, Connecticut river, Massachusetts.
Presented by Prof. C. U. Sheppard, 1852.

B. Specimens which are probably for the most part of Reptilan
origin, although some may possibly be Avian,

BRONTOZOUM, Hitchcock *.

Founded on large tridactylate footprints, in which all the digits
are directed forwards, the inner digit being the shortest, and the
terminal claw long and tubular. There are no impressions of the
manus.

Brontozoum giganteum, Hitchcock ’.

Syn. Ornithichnites giganteus, Hitchcock 3,
Ornithoidichnites giganteus, Hitchcock +,

The type species; of very large size, the length of the middle
digit being 12:5 inches, and that of the whole foot 14 to 18 inches.
Hab. North America.

20042. Two slabs with impressions of feet ; from the reputed Trias
of Greenfield, Massachusetts. Purchased, 1846,

Brontozoum sillimani, Hitchcock ’,

Syn. Ornithordichnites sillumani, Hitchcock °,
Brontozoum sillimanium, Hitchcock 7.

Founded on smaller tracks than those of the type, in which the
middle toe has a length of 6 inches, the total length of the foot
being 8 inches.

Hab. North America.

36593. Slab showing the impression of a foot; from the reputed
Trias of the Connecticut river, Massachusetts.
Presented by Prof. Hitchcock, 1862.

Brontozoum validum, Hitchcock *.
Hab, North America.

1 Mem. Amer. Acad. ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 169 (1848).

? Amer. Journ. ser, 1, vol. xxix. p. 316 (1836).— Ornithichnites,

3 Loe. cit.

4 Final Rep. on Geology of Massachusetts, vol. ii. p. 484 (1841).

5 Amer. Journ, ser, 1, vol. xlvii. p. 317 (1844).— Ornithoidichnites,

Boe cir. 7 Mem. Amer. Acad. ser, 2, vol. iii. p. 171 (1848).
8 ? Ichnology of New England (1858).— No? seen.

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ICHNITES. Dey

20045 a. Slab showing tracks of this and other forms; from the
reputed Trias of Greenfield, Massachusetts.
. Purchased, 1846.

ANISOPUS, Hitchcock ?.

Manus and pes with four digits each ; the pes being nearly twice
as large as the manus.

Anisopus gracilis, Hitchcock ’.
The type species. Length of the foot 0-9 inch.
Hab. North America.

36594. Slab of sandstone with footprints; from the reputed Trias
of the Connecticut river, Massachusetts.
Presented by Prof. Hitchcock, 1862.

Tracks of this form are also shown on the slabs 18322 and 20045
(infra).
ANOMOG&PUS, Hitchcock *.
Manus apparently with five digits, pes with three, all of which

_are directed forwards. Heel long.

Anomepus intermedius, Hitchcock *.
Hab. North America.
28106. Slab with a footprint; from the reputed Trias of Turner’s

Falls, Connecticut river, Massachusetts.
Presented by Prof. C. H. Sheppard, 1852.

Anomeepus curvatus, Hitchcock’.
Anomeepus gracillimus, Hitchcock °:
Syn. Brontozoum gracillimum, Witcheock ’.
Hab. North America.

18322. Two large slabs of shale with impressions of the feet of
| these and the preceding forms, together with those of
Anisopus gracilis, Grallator cuneatus, and Tridentipes
elegantior ; from Turner’s Falls. Purchased, 1844.

1 Mem. Amer. Acad. ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 226 (1848).—Preoccupied. ,

2 Loe. cit. 3 Loc. cit.
4 Supplement to Ichnology of New England, p. 2 (1865).
5 Loc. cit. 6 Loc. cit.

7 Mem. Amer. Acad. ser. 2, vol. iii. p. 175 (1848).

pated Trias of Greenfield, Maesohnleeee
Purchased

Tracks of A. intermedius and A. gracillimus are also ‘sho wv
the slab 20045 a (supra, p. 22), ae

. Gnatien Hitcheock ’.
Small forms founded upon impressions of the tridactyl
ee |
Grallator cuneatus, Hitchcock *.
Hab. North America. ae
Tracks of this form are shown on the slabs 20045 4 a and 2
(p. 22).
TRIDENTIPES, de

“Tridentipes elegantior, Hitchcock a

Hab. North America.
Tracks of this form are shown on the slab 18322 (p. 221),

1 Ichnology of New England, p. 72 (1858).—Not seen.
2 Loe. cit.

3 Ibid. p. 88.—Not seen.

4 Loc. cit.

ADDENDA. 223

ADDENDA TO LABYRINTHODONTIA.

(The following specimens were overlooked until the preceding por-
tion of the teat was in type ; the whole of them were determined
by Sur J. W. Dawson.)

Family DENDRERPETID/ (p. 170).
Genus DENDRERPETUM (p. 170).

Dendrerpetum acadianum, Lyell & Dawson!.

The type species.
Hab. Nova Scotia.

434-438. Fragments of rock showing numerous imperfect remains ;
from the Coal-Measures of Nova Scotia.
j By exchange, 1884.

Dendrerpetum oweni, Dawson’.

Readily distinguished from D. acadianum by its smaller size,
more delicate cranial structure, longer and more curved teeth, and
narrower and more pointed ventral scutes.

Hab. Nova Scotia,

R. 439. Fragment of rock showing part of a jaw, cranial bones, and
ventral scutes; from the Coal-Measures of Nova Scotia.
By exchange, 1884.

Family HYLONOMIDAZ (p. 201).
Genus HYLONOMUS (p. 201).

Hylonomus lyelli, Dawson’.

_ The type species. Length from 0,127 to 0,152 (5 to 6 inches).
Teeth numerous.
Hab. Nova Scotia.

443-445. Fragments of rock showing numerous fragmentary
remains ; from the Coal-Measures of South Joggins, Nova

Scotia. No. R. 445 shows part of a maxilla and palatine.
By exchange, 1884 ,

a ? Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol, ix. p. 58 (1853).
ag 2 Air-Breathers of the Coal-Period, p. 32 (1868).
3 Quart. Journ. Soe, vol. xvi, p. 274 (1859).

~

224 ADDENDA.

Hylonomus wymani, Dawson !.
Smaller and more slender than the type species, with the teeth

less numerous (about 22 in mandible), shorter and more obtuse.
Hab. Nova Scotia. | |

R. 446. Fragments of rock with imperfect remains ; from the Coal-
Measures of South Joggins, Nova Scotia.
By exchange, 1884.

Hylonomus latidens, Dawson”.
Said to be of stouter build than the type species; with relatively
shorter limbs. Generic position doubtful.
Hab. Nova Scotia.

R. 447. Fragment of rock with part of a jaw and other imperfect
remains; from the Coal-Measures of South Joggins, Nova
Scotia. By exchange, 1884.

Genus SMILERPETUM, Dawson ’.

Very imperfectly known. Said to be distinguished from Hylono-
mus by the wedge-shaped teeth, the presence of numerous teeth on
the vomers and palatines, and the form of the presumed caudal
vertehbee. |

Smilerpetum aciedentatum, Dawson *.

Syn. Hylonomus aciedentatus, Dawson °.

The type and only described species.
Hab. Nova Scotia.

R. 433. Three fragments of rocks showing part of a jaw and some
other imperfect remains ; from the Coal-Measures of Nova
Scotia. By exchange, 1884.

Genus HY LERPETUM, Owen’.

Imperfectly known. Cranial bones finely striated. Marginal
teeth conical, smooth at the base, but finely grooved near the sum-
mit; numerous small palatal teeth, with some larger ones. Ver-
tebree with short and cylindrical centra, and well-developed spines
and zygapophyses. :

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 276 (1859).

2 Phil. Trans, for 1882, p. 637 (1888). 3 Ibid. p. 638.—Smilerpeton.

4 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xvi. p. 275 (1859).—Hylonomus.
5 Loe. cit.

6 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 281 (1862).—Aylerpeton.

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ADDENDA. 225

Hylerpetum dawsoni, Owen ‘.

The type species. Length of mandible 0,044.
Hab. Nova Scotia.

BR. 441-442. Four fragments of rock, showing a tooth and numerous
dermal scutes; from the Coal-Measures of Nova. Scotia.
The scutes resemble the specimens figured by Dawson in
the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1882, pl. xli. By ewchange, 1884.

Hylerpetum longidentatum, Dawson’.

Said to be distinguished from the type species by the longer and
more slender teeth, and the greater breadth of the median thoracic
plate.

fab. Nova Scotia.

R. 440. Four fragments of rock, showing part of ajaw, an imperfect
median thoracic plate, and numerous dermal scutes; from
the Coal-Measures of South Joggins, Nova Scotia.

By exchange, 1884.

Family Uncertain.

Genus FRITSCHIA, Dawson ’.
Comprises a small lizard-like form, characterized by its slender
rod-like dermal scutes, which resemble those of Ophiderpetum. The
genus may perhaps be allied to Urocordylus.

Fritschia curtidentata, Dawson *.

The type species.
Hab. Nova Scotia.

R. 449. Fragment of rock, showing part of a jaw and other imper-
fect remains ; from the Coal-Measures of South Joggins,
Nova Scotia. By exchange, 1884.

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 241 (1868)
2 Phil. Trans. for 1882, p. 640 (1883),
5 Ibid. p. 641. 4 Loe. cit.

BART [Vi Q

SUPPLEMENT.

Order ORNITHOSAURIA (supra, i. p. 2).

Family RHAMPHORHYNCHID/ (supra, i. p. 27).
Genus SCAPHOGNATHUS (supra, i. p. 27).

Scaphognathus purdoni, Newton’.

Of large size, the length of the skull being approximately 0,190
(7-5 inches). Teeth apparently more numerous than in type species ;
preorbital vacuity more ovoid, and the whole cranium less depressed,
with a distinct median channel between the prefrontals and frontals.

fab. Kurope (England).

R. 1613. Cast of the cranium, showing the brain in situ, but want-
ing the greater portion of the rostrum. The original was
obtained from the Upper Lias of Whitby, Yorkshire, and
is figured by Newton in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1888,
pls. Ixxvil., Ixxvili, Some remarks on the relations of the
bones are made by Baur in the ‘Geol. Mag.’ decad. 111.
mole vie emails Made in the Museum, 1888.

Genus RHAMPHORHYNCHUS (supra, i. p. 29).
_ Rhamphorhynchus gemmingi (supra, i. p. 31).

R. 1692. Cast of a slab of lithographic limestone, showing the bones
and the impression of the patagium of the left pectoral
limb. The original was obtained from the Lower Kime-
ridgian of Winterberg, near Eichstadt, Bavaria; and is
preserved in the Museum at Munich. It is described and
figured by Zittel in the ‘ Paleontographica,’ vol. xxix.
Devel luxe By exchange, 1889.

Rhamphorhynchus jessoni, Lydekker (n. sp.).
A provisional species, apparently allied to R. gemnung. The
cervical vertebrae show « distinct facet on the centrum for the

1 Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xliii. p. 486 (1888).

SUPPLEMENT. Dip 7

articulation of a cervical rib. ‘The pelvis and sacrum exhibit the
characteristic features of the genus; the ischium being anchylosed
to the ilium, and the latter attached to four vertebree of the sacrum
by anchylosed ribs.

Hab. Kurope (England).

R. Eee Portions of the skeleton ; from the Oxford Clay, St. Ives,

. Huntingdonshire. The types. These comprise several

vertebre, from the cervical, dorsal, and sacral regions ; the

imperfect ilia and ischia; one femur, and the distal half of
another ; and some other fragmentary bones.

Presented by T. Jesson, Esq., 1890.

Order CROCODILIA (supra, i. p. 42).

The Metriorhynchine (infra) show that the presence of dermal
scutes and the absence of sclerotic plates are not invariable charac-
teristics of the order.

Family CROCODILID (supra, i. p. 44).

GENERICALLY icneaeeanen REMAINS.

From the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills, India (supra, 1. p. 57).
These specimens belong to the Cautley Collection. Presented, 1840.

R. 954. A slightly imperfect right coracoid, remarkable for its
extreme curvature.

R. 952. The imperfect proximal extremity of the right humerus of
a very large individual.

R. 952 a. The proximal half of a smaller left humerus.

R. 947. The distal half of a right humerus. ‘The radial condyle is
very strongly developed.

R. 947 a. The distal half of a similar right humerus.

R. 948. The distal extremity-of a right humerus. The radial con-
dyle is less prominent than in the preceding specimens.

'R. 949. The distal extremity of a rather smaller right humerus.

R. 945. The distal portion of the left humerus of a very large

individual, in a somewhat waterworn condition.
a2

928 SUPPLEMENT.

R. 946. The distal portion of a rather smaller left humerus, much
waterworn.

. 950. The distal portion of a still smaller left humerus.
1589. The distal extremity of a very small left humerus.
1588. The proximal extremity of a right femur.

. 1589 a. The distal portion of a left femur.

bo bd bd bd bd

. 1589 b. The distal portion of a left femur agreeing in size with
the preceding, but wanting the outer condyle.

R. 1590. The distal portion of a left tibia.
. 1590 a. The distal portion of a smaller left tibia.

td

. 578. A first sacral vertebra, wanting the ribs and all the zyga-
pophyses excepting the left prezygapophysis.

Genus CROCODILUS (supra, i. p. 52).

Crocodilus spenceri (supra, i. p. 60).
R. 1753. The nearly entire skull of an adult individual; from the
(Fig.) London Clay of Sheppey. The type of C. toliapicus ;
figured by Owen in his ‘ Reptilia of the London Clay’
(Mon.*Pal. Soc.), vol. i. pl. 1, A. No history.

Genus TOMISTOMA (supra, 1. p. 62).
Tomistoma (?) macrorhynchus (supra, i. p. 64).
Koken’, after regarding this species as probably referable to
Tomistoma, concludes that it really belongs to Thoracosaurus ;
although differing from the type species of the latter in the absence
of the preorbital vacuity, and in the junction of the nasals with the

premaxille. The species is recorded by this writer from the Maas-
tricht Cretaceous.

Genus GARIALIS (supra, i. p. 65).

Garialis (?) dixoni (supra, i. p. 69).

33238 a. The imperfect left humerus of an immature Crocodilian

which may belong to this species; from the Middle
Eocene of Bracklesham, Sussex.
Hastings Collection. Purchased, 1855.

Zeitschr, deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xl. p. 754 (1889).

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SUPPLEMENT. 229

Family GONIOPHOLIDIDZ: (supra, i. p. 76).
Genus GONIOPHOLIS (supra, i. p. 79).
Goniopholis (cf. crassidens, suprd, i. p. 79).

The cervical vertebre of this genus are readily distinguished
from those of Metriorhynchus by their longer centra, in which
the hemal carina is either slight or absent.

26007. A cervical vertebra wanting the greater part of the neural
arch ; from the Wealden of Sussex.

Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.

R. 140. The centra of two cervical vertebre ; from the Wealden
of the Isle of Wight. These and the preceding specimens
precisely resemble the cervical of No. R. 605 (supra, i.
p. 81), although they are of smaller size.
Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.

R. 1614. A nearly entire lumbar vertebra of avery large individual ;
from the Wadhurst Clay near Hastings. On the right
side the neural arch is entire with the exception of the
greater part of the transverse process.

Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1888.

R. 1614 a. A bone which, judging from its mineralogical con-
dition, appears to have been associated with the preceding,

and which may be an “intermediate” rib ; from the same
locality.

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Dawson Collection.
R. 1729. An imperfect scute probably belonging to this genus, and
_ perhaps associated with the preceding; from the same
locality. From the great height of the ridge and the
irregular contour and small size of the horizontal plate, it
is probable that this specimen is one of the irregular

scutes of the nuchal region.
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1889.

36529. The imperfect left coracoid of a smaller Crocodilian pro-
bably belonging to this genus; from the Wealden of
Cuckfield, Sussex. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1853.

Goniopholis minor, Koken’.

Founded upon a cervical vertebra from the Wealden of Germany,
characterized by. its smal] dimensions. It has yet to be proved

1 Pal. Abhandl. vol. iii. pt. v. p. 332 (1887).

230 SUPPLEMENT.

that this form is distinct from G. tenuidens of the Purbeck (supra,
1. p. 83).
Hab. Kurope (Germany and England).

R. 214. A series of associated specimens, comprising the nearly
entire second dorsal vertebra, right coracoid, right humerus,
distal portion of right femur, and some fragmentary bones ;
from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. The dorsal vertebra
agrees precisely in size with the type cervical figured by
Koken in the ‘ Pal. Abhandl.’ vol. iii. pl. xxxv. fig. 5; the
length of the centrum being 0,025 (0-98 inch), and its
transverse diameter 0,029 (1:15 inch). The agreement in
the length of the dorsal with that of the type cervical
would seem to indicate that the larger centrum figured on
page 333, fig. 12 of the memoir cited as a last cervical
belongs to a different form. The length of the coracoid
is 0,052 (2:05 inches), and that of the humerus 0,072
(2:8 inches). Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.

Family TELEOSAURID: (supra, 1. p. 91).
Subfamily MerrioRHYNCHIN& (supra, i. p. 91).

The following additional characters may be given’ :—Sclerotic
plates in the orbit; no dermal scutes; mandible, at least in most
cases, without lateral vacuity. For the distinctive characters of
the vertebral column, limbs, and pectoral and pelvic girdles, see
Hulke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, pp. 417-442 ?.

Genus GEOSAURUS (supra, i. p. 271).
Syn. Dacosaurus (supra, i. p. 92).
Cricosaurus, in parte (supra, 1. p. 95).
Carine of the teeth serrated, and the enamel smooth.

Geosaurus maximus (supra, 1. p. 92).
= Dacosaurus maximus (1. ¢.).

41802. An imperfect cervical vertebra probably referable to this
species ; from the Kimeridge Clay of Ely. This specimen

* See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 57. It is there stated, on the
evidence of Deslongchampys’s figures, that the mandible of Metriorhynchus has-
a vacuity, but Mr. Leeds’s specimens show this to be incorrect.

? The imperfect bone represented in fig. 1, p. 428, of that memoir as a —
scapula is really a coracoid, with the bar of the fontanelle broken away.

SUPPLEMENT, — PSL

agrees in size with the vertebre of No. 40103 b (supra, i.
p- 93), but appears to have occupied a more. anterior
position in the neck. Only a portion of the right side of
the neural arch remains. The specimen closely resembles

in structure the cervicals of Metriorhynchus.
Purchased, 1869.

Genus SUCHODUS, Lydekker’.

Skull with the general characters of Metriorhynchus, but shorter
and wider, with fewer teeth, and no distinct expansion of the
extremity of the mandible, and without a long interval between the
4th and 5th tooth. Teeth with compressed and carinated crowns,
having nearly smooth enamel, and without serrations on the carine. .

This genus appears to connect Metriorhynchus by dental cha-
_racters with Geosaurus, while in the form of the mandible and the
reduced number of teeth it approximates to Machimosaurus.
Metriorhynchus brachyrhynchus, Deslongchamps?, of the Oxfordian
of Normandy, approximates to this genus in its relatively short
rostrum.

Suchodus durobrivensis, Lydekker?.

The type and only described species. Of the approximate size of
Metriorhynchus brachyrhynchus, but with a broader rostrum, rela-
tively shorter and wider nasals, which do not reach the premaxille,
and a narrower orbital notch, in which the fronto-prefrontal suture
is almost a continuation of the posterior border of the orbit; 12 or
13 lower teeth ; cranial sculpture slightly developed.

The type of this species is part of a mandible without teeth
in the collection of Mr. A. N. Leeds.

Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1711. Cast of a tooth. The original belongs to an imperfect
skull from the Oxford Clay near Peterborough, preserved
in the collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury, near:
that town. Made in the Museum, 1888.

Genus METRIORHYNCHUS (supra, i. p. 95).
Syn. Cricosaurus, in parte (loc. cit.).

The enamel of the teeth has well-marked vertical ruge, and

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xlvi. pt. ii. p. 288 (1890),
2 See ‘Notes Paléontologiques,’ p. 333, pl. xxiii. (1869). 3 Loe. cit,

BO SUPPLEMENT.

there are no serrations on the carine. The mandible has a distinct
terminal expansion, with a long interval between the 4th and 5th
tooth.

(In fig. 14, Pt. I., dv = prefrontal. |

Metriorhynchus superciliosum’ (supra, i. p. 96).
Syn. ? Metriorhynchus blainviller, Deslongchamps?.

= Teleosaurus blainvillei, Deslongchamps *.
Steneosaurus dasycephalus, Seeley *.

In the type cranium’ the prefrontals have only a very short
sutural junction with the frontals and a straight inner border ;
whereas in the type of M. blainvillec®, of the Kelloway rock, the
prefrontals have a long sutural junction with the frontals and a
convex inner border. The large series of skulls in the collection of
Mr. A. N. Leeds shows, however, such a great variation in these
respects that they cannot be regarded as of specific value.

Hab. Europe (France and England).

The following specimens were obtained from the Oxford Clay near
Peterborough, and, unless the contrary is stated, were presented
by A. N. Leeds, Esq., 1889.

R. 1665. Cast of the frontal region of the cranium. The original,
which is a portion of the type of Stencosaurus dasycepha-
lus, is preserved in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge ;
it indicates a comparatively large individual. ‘The con-
tour of the prefrontals is somewhat intermediate between
that uptaining in the type of the present species and that
of the so-called MW. blainvillec.

Made in the Museum, 1889.

R. 1666, The nearly entire skull of a smaller individual. The
contour of the prefrontals is almost exactly the same as
in the type cranium.

R. 1530. The imperfect skull of an individual agreeing in size with
the preceding. The posterior half of the right prefrontal
is entire, and has the short sutural junction with the

1 Amended from supercitiosus.

? Notes Paléontologiques, p. 295 (1869).

3 Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm, sér. 2, vol. i. p. 146 (1867).

* Index to Aves ete, in Cambridge Museum, p. 140 (1869).—No description,
° Notes Paléontologiques, pl. xx. fig 2. 6 Ibid. pl. xx. fig. 1,

SUPPLEMENT. 233

frontal and nearly straight inner border characteristic of
the type.

R. 1529. The imperfect skeleton of a smaller individual apparently
referable to this species. The prefrontals have a convex
inner border. In this specimen the sutures are very
indistinct and thereby suggest maturity; but since the
same feature occurs in all the smaller skulls of this type
in the collection of Mr. Leeds, it would seem that this
is not the case.

Specifically Undetermined Specimens.

24805. The centrum of a cervical vertebra; from the Kimeridge
Clay of Devizes, Wiltshire. Closely resembles the cervicals

of M. superciliosum, No. R. 1529.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1849.

42094. Two imperfect cervical vertebre; from the Neocomian
x bone-bed of Potton, Bedfordshire. These specimens,
. which were probably derived from the Kimeridge Clay,
have longer centra, with a more prominent hzmal carina,
than the preceding specimen. Purchased, 1870.

42096. An imperfect cervical vertebra of similar type; from Potton.
Purchased, 1870.

46805. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra; from Devizes.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

2 46805 a. The crushed centrum of a dorsal vertebra; from Devizes,
3 Cunnington Collection.

3 46805 b. The centrum of a lumbar vertebra; from Devizes.
Cunnington Collection.

=

46805 c. The centrum and base of the arch of a caudal vertebra;
from Devizes. Cunnington Collection.

44179. Three imperfect centra of dorsal vertebre ; from the Kime-
ridge Clay of Weymouth, Dorsetshire. These specimens
are the only recorded instance of the occurrence of Metrio-
rhynchus at this locality. Purchased, 1873.

> 47990. The three teeth entered in Pt. 1. p. 94 under the head of
a Dacosaurus are referable to Metriorhynchus.

934 SUPPLEMENT,

Incerte Sedis. a

Genus CROCODILAEMUS, Jourdan (MS.’). of]

Syn. Chelosaurus, Jourdan 2. Alligatorium, Jourdan 3, :

; . Characterized by the extreme complexity of the dermal skeleton, 3
Hi in which the scutes are pitted, and by the nearly equal size of the Zz
ih teeth. 4
Crocodilzemus jourdani, Lydekker (n. sp.). :

The type species ; typically of small size.

Hab. Europe (France).

The cast of the type specimen (No. 40344) is entered in Part I.
p. 98, as Metriorhynchus (?), sp.

Subfamily TELEosauRIN& (supra, 1. p. 102).
Genus STENEOSAURUS (supra, i. p. 108).
Steneosaurus brevidens (supra, i. p. 115).

R. 1477. A number of associated bones; from the Great Oolite
near Northampton. The chief specimens are portions of
the skull, the glenoidal portion of the right coracoid,
two imperfect cervical and several dorsal vertebre, the
imperfect femora, portions of ribs, and part of a
dermal scute. In the skull the greater portion of the
cranial and a part of the mandibular rostrum are
preserved. In size the cranium agrees with the one
figured on p. 186 of Phillips’s ‘ Geology of Oxford.’ The
two cervical vertebrae agree in size with No. 4821 (supra,
i,p. 115), and belong to the anterior part of the neck.
The anterior cervical has a blunt hemal carina, and
closely resembles the one figured by Phillips, op. cit.
p. 200, diagram lvii. The dorsals are smaller than No.
R. 79 (supra, i. p. 115), which may indicate a distinct
and larger species. Purchased, 1889.

R. 1477 a. An imperfect anterior cervical vertebra agreeing in size
with the cervicals of the preceding specimen; from the
Great Oolite near Northampton. The centrum is entire, :
but the greater portion of the neural spine is wanting. eS
The hemal surface is deeply concave, and excavated above
the level of the transverse processes. Purchased, 1889.

a . %

1 Quoted by Deslongchamps, ‘ Notes Paléontologiques,’ p. 119 (1867).
| 2 Extr. Procés-Verb, Soc. Agric. Lyon, vol. vi. p. vii (1862).
3 Ibid, p. xii.

5
‘
a)

Bee HEE

SUPPLEMENT, 2B

The following specomens may indicate an immature
individual of this species.

R. 1478. A series of associated bones; from the Great Oolite of
Northampton. These comprise several imperfect cervical
and dorsal vertebrae, fragments of jaws, ribs, and other
bones, together with some teeth which may or may not be
associated. ‘The cervical vertebre, although smaller, agree
‘in form with those of No. R. 1477; and are quite
different from the smaller and more elongated type figured
by Phillips, loc. cit. fig. 1, and referred to Teleosaurus
subulidens. Purchased, 1889.

Order PARASUCHIA (supra, i. p. 123).

According to Koken! there is no middle Eustachian canal in this
group, the channel described as such being incorrectly named.

Recent observations show that the skull of Phytosaurus 1s con-
structed so essentially on the Rhynchocephalian plan as to entail

the necessity of raising the Parasuchia to the rank of a distinct

order. The Crocodilia can, therefore, be much more exactly defined
than was previously possible.

In the skull of Phytosaurus (Pt. I. pp. 124-5) the arrange-
ment of the temporal arcades is strictly the same as in Sphenodon;
and a similar resemblance occurs in the structure of the palate—
notably in the junction of the vomer with the pterygoids, and the
relations of the palatines, pterygoids, and quadrates ; while in both
forms there is a vacuity on the occipital aspect between the quadrate
and quadrato-jugal. The great development of the premaxillary
rostrum of Phytosaurus is similar to the condition obtaining in the
Rhynchocephalian genus Champsosaurus and the Ichthyopterygia.
The abdominal ribs are of the chevron-like type found in Sphenodon,
and quite different from those of the Crocodilia.

The Parasuchia, therefore, resemble the Rhynchocephalia and
Ichthyopterygia in the structure of the skull, abdominal ribs, and
probably of the clavicular arch; while they agree with the Croco-
dilia in the characters of the vertebre and the dermal armour ;
their thecodont dentition being likewise an Archosaurian character.
It depends on the relative degree of importance attached to cranial
as opposed to vertebral and dermal characters whether the order
should be retained in the Archosaurian or transferred to the
Streptostylic Branch. The Aétosauria should probably be included
in the Parasuchia.

‘ | Zeitschr, deutsch. geol. Ges, vol. xl, p. 764 (1889).

236 SUPPLEMENT.

€

Order DINOSAURIA (supra, i. p. 131).
Suborder SAUROPODA (supra, i. p. 181).

Family CETIOSAURID ZK (supra, i. p. 138).
Genus CARDIODON, Owen ’.

Founded upon teeth, which are of comparatively small size, with
short, broad, and highly incurved crowns, of which the enamel is
marked by distinct vertical ruge.

It has been suggested that these teeth belong to Cetiosaurus oxoni-
ensis (supra, il. p. xX), one of them having been figured on page 258
of Phillips’s ‘ Geology of Oxford’ under that name—in which case
the present name should supersede Cetrosauwrus. They would,
however, agree better in relative size with the vertebra described
as Bothriospondylus robustus (supra, i. p. 171), which appears
to be of a longer type and has a shallower fossa than the dorsals
of C. owoniensis.

Cardiodon rugulosus, Owen ’.
Syn. (?) Bothriospondylus robustus (supra, i. p. 171).
The type species.
Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1527. The imperfect crown of a tooth; from the Great Oolite
(Lower Jurassic) of Cirencester. When entire this speci-
men must have agreed closely with the type tooth figured
in Owen’s ‘ Odontography,’ pl. 75 4. figs. 7, a, 6.

Presented by Prof. G. S. Boulger, 1889. —

Genus MOROSAURUS, Marsh’.

Apparently nearly allied to Cetosaurus, but with a relatively
shorter humerus. In WM. lentus, Marsh*, the arches of the dorsal
vertebree are extremely long.

1 Odontography, pt. ili. p. 291 (1845).

2 Ibid, pl.'75 A. fig. 7 (1845). This plate was issued with the third part of

the work.
3 Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xv. p. 242 (1878).
4 Tbid, vol. xxxvii. p. 833 (1889).

Fa
&
e
:

SUPPLEMENT. 237

Morosaurus brevis (Owen).
Syn. Cetrosaurus brevis, Owen (supra, i. p. 139).
Pelorosaurus bogies) Mantell 1.
Bothriospondylus dcp. Owen (supra, i. p. 142).
Morosaurus becklest, Marsh ?.

As already noticed by the writer ° there is no evidence to show
that the limb-bones on which P. becklest was founded, together with
the dorsal vertebra described as Bothriospondylus elongatus, are not
referable to the present form, which was founded upon the evidence
of caudal vertebrae. The whole are therefore provisionally regarded
as belonging to a single species. If rightly associated the humerus
will be shorter in proportion to the vertebre than in the typical
American species. The ilium No. 2576 (supra, 1. p. 143) presents
all the characters of that of Morosaurus and probably also belongs
to the same form.

>

Genus PLEUROCGLUS, Marsh *.

Represented by small forms, which are characterized by the
crowns of the teeth being less spoon-shaped and more like compressed ©
cones than those of Morosaurus ; and the elongation of the centra of
the cervical and dorsal vertebre (fig. 52), the latter having a very
long and deep lateral cavity gradually shelving upwards towards the
neural arch, and with the opisthoccelous character very strongly
marked.

Pleuroccelus valdensis, Lydekker’.

Typified by teeth (fig. 51), which from their small size and
contour are provisionally referred to this genus. The undermen-
tioned vertebre approximate to those of the typical species.

Possibly this type of tooth may indicate more than one species.

To this species belong the teeth entered in Part I. p. 185 under
the heading of Hylcosaurus.

Hab. Kurope (England).

1 Proc, RB. Inst. vol. i. p. 158 (1852).—No description.

2 Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xxxvii. p. 325 (1889).

° Nicholson & Lydekker, ‘ Manual of Paleontology,’ 3rd ed. vol. ii. p. 1179
(1889).

+ Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xxxv. p. 90 (1888).

® Geol. Mag. dec. ili. vol. vi. p. 325 (1889).

238 SUPPLEMENT.

3562. The upper portion of a tooth belonging either to this or an
allied form ; from the Wealden of Cuckfield. This speci-
men is remarkable for the expansion of the lateral angles

aeaeaa sill

Pleurocelus valdensis.—Outer and profile views of a tooth ;
from the Wealden of Sussex. }.

of the crown, which thus assumes a somewhat. trefoil-like
shape. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

3534. The flattened upper portion of a more normally shaped tooth ;
from Cuckfield. Mantell Collection.

R. 1616. The imperfect centrum of a dorsal vertebra probably
(fvg.) belonging to a somewhat immature individual of this

Fig. 52.
S

ahh (i oo 77

ie i a
i

i » ‘

INA
ie Ay I
‘ait

Nin

O iH

| I

Pleurocelus nanus. Right lateral and posterior aspects of the centrum of a
dorsal vertebra ; from the Potomac beds of North America. 4}. s, surface
for articulation of neural arch; f, lateral pit ; 7, neural canal; a, anterior
ball ; p, posterior cup. (After Marsh.)

form; from the Wealden of Sussex. This specimen, of_
which the anterior half is wanting, is described and figured
by the writer in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Sce.’ vol. xlyvi.

a
Fy

R. 1730.

R., 1621.

SUPPLEMENT. 239

pt. 2, pl. ix. figs. 1, 1a. In its elongated form, deep pos-
terior cup, and large upwardly-shelving lateral cavity,
it resembles the dorsal of the typical P. nanus (fig. 52).
The length when entire was approximately 0,076 (3 inches)
against 0,097 (3°8 inches) in the latter. The smooth
outer surface of the bone is in marked contrast to the
roughness found in the extremely young vertebre de-
scribed as Bothriospondylus suffosus (see p. 243).

Mantell Collection.

An imperfect adult vertebra probably belonging to the
same form as the preceding, or one closely allied thereto ;
from the Wealden of Brook, Isle of Wight. Described
and figured by the writer, op. cit. pl. ix. figs. 2,2a. The
lower half of the centrum is wanting, the terminal sur-
faces are imperfect, and the outer lamina of bone is more
or less completely gone from the upper part of the lateral
surfaces of the centrum, by which the contour of the upper
half of the lateral cavity is wanting. The fracture of the
centrum extends through the central pit of the lateral
cavity. When entire the length of the centrum was some
4 inches. Presented by the Dorsetshire Museum, 1889.

- The following specimen may belong either to the present

or the next family.
The distal extremity of a right femur; from the Wealden,

4 : probably of Brook, Isle of Wight. This specimen, which
4 has been somewhat flattened by crushing, presents the
a general characters of the femur of Atlantosaurus, but is of
‘ considerably smaller size. In its colour and mineral
3 condition it is similar to No. 36559 (supra, i. p. 139).

- Baber Collection. Purchased, 1889.
oe. | Family ATLANTOSAU RIDE (supra, i. p. 143).
aa

a ‘ This family name is provisional. It has been stated that the
undermentioned forms are not referable to this family, but this
s was probably due to a misconception of the nature of the pelvis.

a Genus PELOROSAURUS (supra, i. p. 145).

< Syn. Neosodon, De La Moussaye '.

ee (?) Gigantosaurus (supra, i. p. 146).

* Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. xiii. p. 51 (1885).

240 SUPPLEMENT.

Includes very large forms which appear to be closely allied to the
American Brontosaurus.

The accompanying table gives the dimensions of the bones of the
species of this genus compared with those of allied forms.

Atlantosaurus.
Brontosaurus
Pelorosaurus
conybeart,
Pelorosaurus
humerocristatus
and Leedsi.
Hoplosaurus.
Morosaurus
(type).
Cetiosaurus.
Morosaurus
brevis

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

iw)
ris

,, |. humerds...sa..:| ....| 50?) 54-1) 07 alsee Oram ees
» Wsehium <..s.cscecl ose [40-0 nee BBs 1-27 ain aI ene
he FOI" semnaeee se eo BOO? basse cen | tee | SO OE

Width of dorsal centrum. | ... | 13 | ... sie tnt $OCD ae lane vie 6
ts Dunvant rey en ee ela le eT ey Laces nae “ie 7
ss Calas est catabolic) anleeee vos | eles a2 | sere cone cant am

Pelorosaurus conybeari (supra, i. p. 145).

R. 1610. The crown of a tooth, perhaps referable to this species ;
(fig.) fromthe Wealden of Kent. This specimen (fig. 53), which

(?) Pelorosaurus conybeari.—Inner aspect of the crown of a tooth; from the
Wealden of Kent. + (From the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’)

? Caudal vertebrx of a larger individual are nearly equal to those of Bronto-
saurus in point of size.

-

ETE Ee ee Tee: oe ee a nee eS

SUPPLEMENT. 941

has been somewhat water-worn, is figured by the writ
in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlv. p. 243, fig.
where it is provisionally described as Ornithopsis.
differs in contour from the tooth of Hoplosaurus armatus ;
but if referable to the present form must be one of the
smaller teeth, since it is inferior in dimensions to those
mentioned under the head of P. humerocristatus.
Presented by H. Willett, Esq., 1888.

Pelorosaurus humerocristatus (Hulke).
Syn. Ornithopsis humerocristatus (supra, i. p. 151).

The teeth from the Portlandian of Boulogne described by Sauvage
as Iguanodon precursor * and subsequently as Caulodon precursor’,
and by De la Moussaye as MNeosodon *, probably indicate a form
closely allied to or identical with the present *.

R. 1484, Cast of the proximal extremity of a right tibia which
may be referable to this form. The original was obiained
from the Kimeridge Clay at Ely, and is preserved in the
Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge.

Made in the Museum, 1888.

R. 1485. Cast of the centrum of a late caudal vertebra, probably
specifically identical with the preceding. History the
same as that of the latter. Made in the Museum, 1888.

Pelorosaurus manseli (Hulke).
Syn. Ornithopsis manseli (supra, i. p. 152),

R. 1486. Cast of an imperfect sacral vertebra, which from its com-
paratively small size may be referable to this species.
The original, which was obtained from the Kimeridge
Clay of Stretham (Cambridgeshire), is preserved in the
Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge. It is mentioned by
Seeley in his ‘ Index to Remains of Aves &c. in Cambridge
Mus.’ pp. 94, 95, as one of the types of Grgantosaurus,
and provisionally referred to the cervical region.
Made in the Museum, 1888.

1 Bull. Soe. Géol. France, sér. 3, vol. iv. p. 438 (1876).

2 Ibid. vol. xvi. p. 626 (1888).

8 Ibid. vol. xiii. p. 51 (1885).

4 See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. pp. 244, 245 (1889).
Pater LV. R

42 SUPPLEMENT.

' Pelorosaurus leedsi (Hulke').
yn. Ornithopsis leedst, Hulke ?.

Of gigantic size, and only separable from P. humerocris-
tatus on account of its lower geological horizon. The pelvis so
closely resembles that of Brontosaurus (supra, i. p. 144, fig. 23) as
to show that the two forms were closely allied.

The types were originally described as being from the Kimeridge
instead of the Oxford Clay, while the ventral aspect of the pubis and
ischium was mistaken for the dorsal’.

R. 1716. Cast of the imperfect centrum of a lumbar vertebra. The
original was obtained from the Oxford Clay near Peter-
borough, in association with the type pelvis, and is pre-
served in the collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury,
near that town. The portion of the body of the centrum
above the cavity is wanting, but the contour of the pos-
terior terminal face is fairly well preserved. The width
of the posterior face is about 0,292 (11:5 inches); the
length of the associated ischium being 0,897 (35:5 inches).
The corresponding dimensions of Brontosaurus eacelsus are
0,354 (14 inches) and 1,012 (40 inches). The neural
arch belonging to the present specimen has the same
expanded spine as in Brontosaurus.. Caudal vertebre in
the collection of Mr. Leeds from the same deposits, which,
although not associated, doubtless belong to this species,
are indistinguishable from those of Brontosaurus. One of
them has a total height of 0,658 (26 inches), a width
across the centrum of 0,292 (11°5 inches), and a height
above the latter of 0,261 (10-3 inches) ; the corresponding
dimensions in Brontosaurus being 0,726 (28 inches), 0,805
(12 inches), and 0,267 (10:5 inches). The presence of
well-defined prezygapophyses and a single chevron-facet
as well as the expanded neural spine at once distinguishes
these vertebrae from the caudals of Cetiosaurus. (See
table of measurements on p. 240 for comparative di-
mensions of the bones of this species.)

Made in the Museum, 1889.

** Bothriospondylus suffossus (supra, i. p. 170). ~

Incorrectly referred in Part I. to the Theropoda (see Intreduction
to 2B t. Wil. p.-0x).

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xliii. p. 695 (1887).— Ornithopsis
> Loe. ctt. 3 Ibid. vol. xlv. p. 391.

. % egg A gh ve
nr as nt oh ee re

ee ee Pe eee Se ene es

SUPPLEMENT, 243

The vertebra on which this species (the type of Bothriospondylus)
was founded indicate an immature and perhaps fvetal Dinosaur,
which may be the young of Pelorosaurus humerocristatus or of P.
manseli ; or may perhaps be a smaller form allied to Plewroccelus.

Genus HOPLOSAURUS, Gervais’.
Syn. Ornithopsis, Seeley (supra, i. p. 146).
The ischium is wider in proportion to the pubis than in Peloro-

saurus leedsi, a difference which may probably be regarded as
indicating the right of the present form to stand as a distinct genus

Hoplosaurus armatus, Gervais °.
Syn. Ornithopsis hulkei, Seeley (supra, i. p. 146).
Ornithopsis eucamerotus, Hulke (supra, i. p. 146).
Pelorosaurus armatus, Lydekker °.
The type species: founded or. the tooth represented in Pt. I.
p. 147, fig. 24. The dimensions of some of the bones are given in
the table on p. 240.

Suborder THEROPODA (supra, i. p. 154).
Family CHELURIDE (sup ra, — | |

In the definition of this family it should be stated that the middle
and posterior cervical vertebre may be amphiccelous,

Genus CALAMOSPONDYLUS, Lydekker *.

Known only by cervical vertebrae, which are relatively shorter
than in the type genus, and were probably all opisthoccelous.

Calamospondylus foxi, Lydekker ’.

The type and only described species.
Hab. Europe (England).

1 Zool. et Pal. Frangaises, Ist ed. p. 263 (1852).— Oplosaurus.
2 Loe. cit.

3 Geol. Mag. dec. iii. vol. vi. p. 325 (1889).

4 Ibid. p. 121 (1889).

& Loc. cit.

R2

244 SUPPLEMENT,

R. 901. Two associated cervical vertebrae, one of which has lost the
(f7g.) greater portion of the neural arch; from the Wealden of
the Isle of Wight. The types; the entire specimen is
figured by the writer in the ‘ Geol. Mag.’ decad. 3, vol. vi.

p. 120, reproduced in fig. 54.
Fox Collection. Purchased, 1882.

Fig. 54.

Calamospondylus foxi.—Anterior an‘ left lateral aspects of a cervical
vertebra; from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. 3.

Family MEGALOSAURID Ai (supra, i. p. 157).
Genus MEGALOSAURUS (supra, i. p. 157).
Megalosaurus dunkeri (supra, i. p. 163°).

This species was founded upon a tooth of comparatively large
size presenting the characters noticed in Part I. Referring the
undermentioned specimen to this species on account of its relatively
large size and its geological horizon, it will be further characterized
by its elongated metatarsals, in which the second was much longer
than the fourth, both of these bones haying their antero-internal
borders rounded, while the distal surface of the fourth is com-
paratively narrow.

The type specimen was obtained from the lower division of the
Hastings beds, equivalent either to the Wadhurst Clay or the
underlying Ashdown beds.

R.1525. The second left metatarsal ; from Hollington quarry, near
(lig.) Hastings; belonging to the same individual as the fourth
metatarsal, No. R. 604d (supra, i. p. 167). The two bones

1 The authority for this species should be Dames, Sitzungsb. Ges. nat. Berlin,
1884, p. 187.

SUPPLEMENT. 245

are figured together by the writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlvi. p. 46, fig. 4. The present specimen
was obtained in 1889 at a distance of about 180 yards to
the eastward of the spot where No. R. 604d was found in
1884, The vertebra, No. R. 604 a (supra, i. p. 166), the
tibia R. 604¢ (cbid. p. 167), and No, R. 604d were all
found together. ‘Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1889.

R. 1525 a. An imperfect later caudal vertebra apparently associated
with the preceding ; from Hollington quarry. The neural
arch is crushed down upon the centrum, and the transverse
processes are imperfect. Dawson Collection.

Megalosaurus oweni, Lydekker’. »

Smaller than the preceding species, with the second metatarsal
only slightly longer than the fourth ; both those bones having sharp
antero-internal borders, and the distal surface of the fourth being
broad and squared.

This species is founded on the metatarsus No. 2559 (supra, i.
p- 167), which really belongs to the right side, the metatarsal
described by Owen as the 2nd being the 4th, and vice verséd. The
metatarsal which was compared in Part I. with the 4th of MW. dunkert
is really the 2nd of the right side.. No. 2661 (supra, i. p. 168) will
be the 4th of the left side; while Nos. 2680 and 2574 (loc. cit.)
belong to the right side.

The type specimen is from the Upper part of the Tunbridge
beds, which overlies the Wadhurst Clay, and it is probable that
most or all the specimens from these beds at Cuckfield and the
Weald Clay of the Isle of Wight, entered in Part I. under the head
of M. dunkeri, belong to this species.

Hab, Europe (England).

GENus non det.

It is suggested that the undermentioned specimens may possibly
belong to Megalosaurus.

R. 1412. The axis vertebra and intercentrum of a Dinosaur; from
(Fig.) the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Described and figured

1 Geol. Mag. dee. iii, vol. vi. p. 325 (1889).

246 SUPPLEMENT.

Fig. 55.

Left lateral (A), anterior (B), and hamal (C) aspects of the axis vertebra of a
Dinosaur ; from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. 4%. a, upper (dia-
pophysis) costal articulation; 6, lower do. (parapophysis); ¢, axial
intercentrum (hypapophysis); @, articulation for centrum of atlas
(odontoid process); ¢, articulation for inferior ring of atlas. (Hrom
the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soce.’).

by the writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xly.

p. 44, fig. 2; the figure being reproduced in the ac-
companying woodcut. ow Collection. Purchased, 1882.

Family ANCHISAURIDA (supra, i. p. 174).

In addition to their more or less oblique and continuous serration
the teeth are characterized by their short and somewhat thickened
crowns, of which the posterior border is either slightly convex or
nearly straight.

In the Megalosawride the crowns are more compressed and taller,
with a distinctly concave posterior border; Epicampodon (supra, 1.
p. 174, fig. 29) approximating to this type.

Genus THECODONTOSAURUS (supra, i. p. 174).

The teeth with the posterior border distinctly convex.

It is possible that Anchisaurus may prove to be inseparable from
this genus, and in that, if not in any, case the family name Theco-
dontosauride should be adopted.

Thecodontosaurus platyodon (Riley and Stutchbury ’).
Syn. Paleosaurus platyodon, Riley and Stutchbury ”.

* Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. ii. p. 398 (1836, vol. dated 1838).—Paleosaurus,
4 Loe. cit.

SUPPLEMENT. 947

Larger than 7’, antiquus (supra, i. p. 175), with broader teeth in
which the serrations appear to be less oblique.

Referred to this genus by Huxley in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol. xxvi. pp. 48-44, where it is stated-that no difference can
be detected in the direction of the serrations between the teeth of
this from and 7. antiquus; but the undermentioned specimens

certainly have them less oblique than in the figure of the type of

the latter, in which respect they resemble the original figure of the
type of the present species.
Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1695.

The crowns of two small teeth; from the Upper Trias
(? Lower Keuper) of Somersetshire. The larger, although
of considerable dimensions, precisely resembles the figure
of the type tooth given in the ‘Trans. Geol. Soc.’ ser. 2,
vol. v. pl. xxix. fig. 5+. Although the lower portion of
the anterior border is imperfect, the serrations can still
be detected continuing to the base of the crown.
Presented by Prof. Jager, 1889.

Specmens which may be referable ether to T. antiquus

R. 1539.

R. 1544.

R. 1551.

R. 1535.

or T. platyodon.

Mass of rock showing the dorsal aspect of the imperfect
right ilium, and a fragment of another bone; from the
Upper Triassic (Lower Keuper) bone-bed near Bristol.
The ilium accords with the specimen figured by Huxley in .
the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxvi. pl. 11. fig. 7, from
the inner side. By exchange, 1888.

The imperfect distal half of a femur; from the Bristol
bone-bed. By exchange, 1888.

Mass of rock showing the ventral surface of a phalangeal
of the pes; from the Bristol bone-bed.
By exchange, 1888.

Fragment of rock showing the ventral aspect of the
centrum of a caudal vertebra; from the Bristol bone-bed.
By exchange, 1888.

1 In the reproduction of this figure given in Part I. p. 174, the serrations are
made too oblique.

RE

248 SUPPLEMENT,

R. 1534. Fragment of rock showing the ventral aspect of a later

caudal vertebra ; from the Bristol bone-bed.
By exchange, 1888.

Other specimens from the same deposit which cannot be satis-
factorily determined were obtained at the same time as the preceding.

Genus MASSOSPONDYLUS |, Owen (emend. Lydekker *).

Imperfectly known. Centra of dorsal vertebrae much constricted
and inferiorly excavated, with oval terminal faces. The teeth
(figs. 56, 57) probably belonging to this genus have the posterior
border of the crown either sinuous or nearly straight.

The genus was founded by Owen on the evidence of caudal
vertebre, but since the description is insufficient and there is no
figure, it has been suggested that it may be permissible to regard
the original of the undermentioned vertebra as the type.

Massospondylus carinatus, Owen 3 (emend. Lydekker o

The type species. Apparently about two thirds the size of
Megalosaurus dunkeri. Teeth unknown.

Fig. 56,

Massospondylus hislopi.— Posterior Massospondylus (?) rawesi.—Poste-
and external aspects of the rior and external aspects of the
crown of a tooth; from the crown of a tooth; from the
Maleri stage of the Indian Lameta beds near Nagpur, 2,

Gondwanas. +. (From the
‘ Paleontologia Indica.’ )

The teeth referred to the Indian M. hislopi, Lydekker’ (fig. 56),
have comparatively thick crowns; that form being probably of
approximately the same age as the present one,

Hab. Africa.

1 Cat. Foss. Rept. Mus. R. Coll. Surgeons, p. 97 (1854).
2 Rec. Geol, Surv. Ind. vol. xxi. p. 146 (1888).
8 Loe. cit. 4 Loe. cit. > Op. cit. vol. xxiii. pt. i, (1890).

SUPPLEMENT, 249

R, 1312. ‘Cast of the centrum and base of the arch of a dorsal
vertebra. The original (fig. 58), which is preserved in
the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons (No. 336),
is taken as the type, and was obtained from the Storm-
berg * beds of the Karoo system, at Harrismith, near the
Drakensberg range, in Basutoland. It is described and
figured by the writer in the ‘Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind,’
vol. xxi, p. 147, fig. 3. Made in the Museum, 1888.

Massospondylus carinatus.—Lateral and hemal aspects of the centrum of a
dorsal vertebra ; from the Stormberg beds of the Karoo system of Basuto-
land. 3. (From the ‘ Rec. Geoi. Surv. Ind.’)

R. 1312 a. Cast of a phalangeal of the pes probably referable to this
form. The history of the original is the same as that of
the preceding specimen ; and it is figured by the writer
loc. ct. Made in the Museum, 1888.

Massospondylus (?) rawesi, Lydekker °,

Known by a tooth which has a more compressed and straighter
crown than in the teeth referred to MW. hislopi. Generic reference
provisional,

Hab. India.

1 See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xxiii. p. 144.
? Ree. Geol. Sury, Ind. vol. xxiii. p. 22 (1890).

250 mis SUPPLEMENT.

R. 1736. Cast of the crown of a tooth. The original, which is the
type, is preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society,
and was obtained at Takli, near Nagpur, Central Provinces,
having probably been derived from the Infratrappean
Lameta beds, which are approximately of Middle Creta-
ceous age. It is noticed by Hislop in the ‘Journ. Bombay

As. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 196 (1861), and also in the ‘ Quart.

3 | a Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xx. p. 281 (1864); and is described

: and figured by the writer in the ‘Rec. Geol. Sury. Ind.’ ;

vol. xxiii. p. 21, fig. 1, from which woodcut fig. 57 is “8

reproduced. Made in the Museum, 1889. q

7;
¥

Family Uncertain.

Genus ARCTOSAURWUS, Adams’.

Known only by an imperfect cervical vertebra (fig. 59). Mitre

] Arctosaurus oshorni.—Right lateral (A), neural (B), posterior (C), and anterior
| (D) aspects of an imperfect cervical vertebra; from Bathurst Island. 4.
(From the ‘ Proc. R. Irish Academy.’)

| 1 Proc. R. Irish Academy, ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 177 (1875).

SUPPLEMENT. 9bt

centrum of that specimen is amphiccelous, with a sharp hemal

carina, considerable lateral compression, and a highly curved ventral
profile. The neck of the animal to which it belonged was evidently
much arched; and from the general characters of the vertebra, and
especially the deep median incisions between the zygapophyses, it is
probable that it belonged to a Dinosaur allied to the Anchisauride.
This is confirmed by the longitudinal fissure in the centrum, which
is probably due to the crushing in of a central cavity.

Arctosaurus osborni, Adams’.

The type and only described species. Apparently somewhat
smaller than Calamospondylus foat.
Hab. Arctic America.

R. 1611. Cast of a crushed and imperfect cervical vertebra. The
original (fig. 59), which is the type, and is preserved in
the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin, was obtained
from beds of unknown age at Rendezvous Mountain, at
the north end of Bathurst Island. It is described and
figured by Adams in the Proc. R. Irish Academy, ser. 2,
vol. i. p. 177 e¢ seg.; and also. by the present writer in
the ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. iii. vol. vi. pp. 352, 353. The
neural spine, the right prezygapophysis, and the costal
facets of both sides are wanting; and a great part of the
outer surface of the left side of the centrum is likewise
absent. Presented by the Director of the Science and

Art Museum, Dublin, 1889.

Suborder ORNITHOPODA (supra, i. p. 175).

Family STEGOSAURID &.
= OmosAaURID2 (supra, i. p. 176).

Genus STEGOSAURUS, Marsh’.
Syn. Omosaurus, Owen (supra, i. p. 177). Preoccupied by Leidy, 1856. ~

The absence of an inner trochanter in the American forms is not
regarded by Marsh (‘ Amer. Journ.’ ser. 3, vol. xxxvil. p. 327) as

a generic distinction.

1 Proc. R. Irish Academy, ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 177 (1875).
2 Amer. Journ, ser. 3, vol. xiv. p. 513 (1877).

€. gies Ata
_ Sed lain

+

= —~

52 SUPPLEMENT,

Stegosaurus armatus (Owen).

Syn. Omosaurus armatus, Owen (supra, i. p. 177).

Stegosaurus hastiger (Owen).

Syn. Omosaurus hastiger, Owen (supra, i. p. 179).

Genus HUSCELESAURUS, Huxley’.

Imperfectly known and provisionally referred to the Stegosauride.
Limb-bones solid’; femur with a large inner trochanter; tibia
with small proximal expansion, and apparently suturally connected
at its extremities with the fibula; astragalus and caleaneum respec-
tively united closely with the tibia and fibula.

The caudal vertebra, phalangeals, and a pelvic bone which appears
to be the preacetabular portion of a pubis, figured by Fischer in the
‘Arch. du Muséum,’ sér, 1, vol. vi. pl. xi. (1870), were obtained with
the undermentioned specimens, and doubtless belong either to the
present or the next genus. ‘The vertebre appear to be of an
Iguanodont type.

Euscelesaurus browni, Huxley’.

The type species. Approximating in size to Zguanodon mantelli,
the femur measuring about one yard in length.
Hab. South Africa.

The following specimens include the types, and were obtained at
Aliwal North*, in the Stormberg range, from the Stormberg beds
of the Karoo system. They were presented to the Museum in

~1888 by Professor T, H, Huxley.

R. 1625. Theimperfect right femur. The type specimen; described
by Huxley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxiii.
pp. 1-4. Both articular extremities are wanting, and the
greater portion of the inner trochanter is broken away.
In some respects the contour of this bone is nearer to the
femur of Iguanodon than to that of Stegosaurus.

R. 1625 a. The proximal extremity of the left tibia and fibula.
Noticed by Huxley, op. cit.p. 4. The part regarded in
that notice as the cnemial crest appears to be the head of

* Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc, vol. xxiii. p. 4 (1867).—Huskelesaurus.
2 Vide infra. 3 Loc, cit.
4 See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 144.

SUPPLEMENT. 253
the fibula. This specimen agrees in relative size with the
type, and probably belonged to the same individual ; it
approximates to the corresponding bones of Stegosaurus,
there being apparently a bony union between the tibia
and fibula.

R. 1625 b. The distal extremity of the left tibia and fibula, with
the astragalus attached to the former. Noticed by Huxley,
op. cit. p. 4, as belonging to the right side. This speci-
‘men is probably the distal portion of the preceding. The
tibia is much less expanded than in Jguanodon, and the
three bones appear to be united, as in Stegosaurus.

R. 1625 c. Fragmentary undetermined bones. Two of these speci-
mens have been cut and polished in order to exhibit their
internal structure, which appears to be completely solid.
It is stated in the original description that these speci-
meus show a large medullary cavity, but this statement
seems to be due to a misapprehension of their structure.

Genus ORINOSAURUS, Lydekker’.

Syn. Orosaurus, Huxley ”.

Distinguished from the preceding by the much greater expansion
of the head of the tibia, which has a large cnemial crest like that
of Iguanodon. Apparently no bony union between the tibia and
fibula. The genus may form a link connecting the Stegosauride
and Iguanodontide.

Orinosaurus capensis, Lydekker *.
Syn. Orosaurus, sp., Huxley *.

The type species. Considerably larger than Huscelesaurus browne.
Hab. South Africa.

R. 1626. The proximal extremity of the left tibia; from the Storm-
berg beds of the Karoo system at Aliwal North, in the
Stormberg range. The type specimen. Described by
Huxley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxiii. pp. 4,
5, as the distal extremity of the femur ; but redetermined

1 Geol. Mag. dee, iii. vol. vi. p. 353 (1889).

2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 5 (1867).—Preoccupied by Oreo-
sawrus, Peters, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1862, p. 201.

Sy L0c.. Cit. 4 Loc. cit.

254 SUPPLEMENT.

by the writer in the ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. iii. vol. vi. p. 353.

This bone accords so closely with the proximal extremity

of the tibia of Iguanodon, that there is no doubt but that

- it is the corresponding bone; and were it not apparently
solid throughout it might be referred to the same family.

Presented by Professor T. H. Hucley, 1888.

R. 1626 a. The middle portion of a right femur agreeing in relative
size with the preceding ; from the same locality. Noticed
by Huxley, op. cit. p. 1, as a left femur of Huscelesaurus.
It is possible that this bone may belong to the present
form. Presented by Professor T. H. Husley, 1888,

Family SCELIDOSAURID A (supra, i. p. 180).

Genus SYNGONOSAURUS, Seeley *.

Imperfectly known, and provisionally referred to this family.
Dorsal vertebree with compressed centra, to which the arches are
firmly united, tall neural canal, and no rib-facets on the arches.
Terminal faces of anterior dorsals triangular, and a sharp hemal
ridge to centrum, whieh disappears later in the series.

Syngonosaurus macrocercus, Seeley *.

The type and only described species. The following specimens
agree with the type dorsals, but it is not easy to see how they differ
from those described in the memoir cited (p. 613) as Hucercosaurus.

Hab. Kurope (England). s

R. 460. An imperfect dorsal vertebra; from the Cambridge Green-
(Fig.) sand. Described and figured by the writer in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlv. p. 43, fig. 1, and provisionally
referred to this species. The figure is reproduced in wood-
cut fig. 60. The tall and narrow neural canal is a feature
in addition to those mentioned in the description, in which

this vertebra agrees with the Scelidosauride.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884,

R. 460 a. A more imperfect dorsal vertebra, which has been trans-
versely fractured and the broken surfaces polished ; from

’ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxv. p. 621 (1879).
* Loc, Cit.

SUPPLEMENT, 25d

the Cambridge Greensand. Probably associated with the
preceding ; noticed by the writer, l. c. p. 42.
Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

BR. 460b. The centrum and base of the arch.of a nearly similar
dorsal vertebra, which has been longitudinally bisected in

a Fig. 60.

ea V4
SIVA
ae

StS
S

Zz ? Syngonosaurus macrocercus.—Posterior and left lateral aspect of an imperfect
a dorsal vertebra; from the Cambridge Greensand. +. 7@.p, transverse pro-

cess; pt.z, postzygapophysis; 2.c, neural canal. (From the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’)

a : a vertical plane; from the Cambridge Greensand. Pro-
bably associated with the preceding ; noticed by the writer,
l. 6. Presented by Sir R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

R. 460. An imperfect dorsal vertebra probably belonging to the
oi same individual as the preceding; from the Cambridge
“ Greensand. Presented by Six R. Owen, K.C.B., 1884.

46376. The centrum of a sacral vertebra which belongs to the pre-
. sent or an allied form ; from the Cambridge Greensand.
Cunnington Collection. Purchased, 1875.

GeNts non det,

The following specimen probably indicates a Dinosaur allied to

256 SUPPLEMENT.

the American Cretaceous forms described as Ceratops, and the Euro-
pean Neocomian Struthiosaurus (Cratwomus).

R. 1656. An imperfect bone which is provisionally regarded as one
(fig.) of the horn-cores of the skull; from the Wealden of Brook,
Isle of Wight. This specimen, which is described and
figured by the writer in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xlvi. pt. 2, is extensively hollowed at the base, and
presents a striking resemblance to the horn-cores figured
by Marsh in the ‘ Amer, Journ.’ ser. 3, vol. xxxvi. pl. X1.,
as the types of Ccratops, and ina less marked degree to the
larger bone figured by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc.’ vol. xxxvii. pl. xxvii. fig. 4, as Cratwomus, and which
is stated by Marsh, in the ‘Geol. Mag.’ dec. iii. vol. vi.
p. 207, to belong to the skull.
Presented by the Dorsetshire Museum, 1889.

Family IGUANODONTID (supra, i. p. 191).

Genus CRYPTODRACO, Lydekker *.
Syn. Cryptosaurus, Seeley ?.

Typically known by the femur, which is characterized by its
straight and stout shaft, on which the inner trochanter forms a
ridge, and the absence of an intercondylar groove on the anterior
aspect. Qn the proximal aspect of this bone the head is larger
than the great trochanter.

Cryptodraco eumerus (Seeley ).

Syn. Cryptosaurus eumerus, Seeley *.

The type species. Of comparatively small size, the length of the
femur being 0,312 (12°25 inches).
Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1609. Cast of the right femur. The original, which is preserved
in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, and is the type,
was obtained from the Oxford Clay, locality unknown. It
is figured by Seeley in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xxxi. pl. vi., and is noticed by the writer on p. 45 of

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlyv. p. 46 (1889),

* Lbid vol. xxxi. p. 149 (1875).—Preoecupied by Geoffroy (1831).
* Loe. cit,— Cryptosaurus, 4 Loc. ait,

“*
=

tell

SUPPLEMENT. 257

vol. xlv. of the same serial. The inner trochanter and
the outer condyle are broken away.
Made in the Museum, 1888.

R. 1617. An imperfect dorsal vertebra which would agree in rela-
tive size with the type, and may be referable to the present
form ; from the Oxford Clay of Weymouth. This speci-
men, which has been bisected in a vertical longitudinal
plane, shows the centrum and the base of the neural
canal. The length of the former is 0,061 (2-4 inches), and
its transverse diameter 0,051 (2 inches). It has some-
what the same degree of lateral compression as in the
dorsals of Iqguanodon dawsoni, and the neural canal is of
the low type characteristic of the Jquanodontide as dis-
tinguished from the Scelidosauride.

Presented by R. Lydekker, Esq., 1889.

Genus CAMPTOSAURUS, Marsh’.

Syn. Camptonotus, Marsh ?.
Including Cumnoria, Seeley (supra, i. p. 195).

Teeth simpler than in the typical group of Iguanodon. Cervical
vertebree opisthoccelous ; sacrals flattened inferiorly and not anchy-
losed. Manus with five normal digits. Ilium (supra, i. p. 192,
fig. 35) typically deep, with short and pointed pre- and postacetabu-
lar processes, the latter having a distinct ventral plate ; pubis rela-
tively stout, and as long as ischium. Femur slightly longer than
tibia, with curved shaft and pendent inner trochanter; typically
four functional digits in pes.

The following forms are provisionally referred to this genus, their
small size distinguishing them from all known members of the Pro-
iguanodont group of Jguanodon.

Camptosaurus valdensis, Lydekker *. -

Of the approximate size of C. leedsi, but doubtless, on account of
its higher geological horizon, specifically distinct.

Hab. Europe (England). :

Type, the femur No. R. 167, supra, i. p. 195.

The mandibular ramus, No. 180, supra, i. p. 227, is provisionally
referred to this species.

' Amer. Journ. ser. 3, vol. xxix. p. 169 (1885).

? Ibid. vol. xviii. p. 501 (1879).—Preoceupied by Uhl for a genus of Ortho-
pterous Insects in 1864.

3 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 48 (1889),
PART IV, S

ae

See)

258 SUPPLEMENT,

Camptosaurus prestwichi (Hulke).

Syn. Lguanodon prestwicht, Hulke (supra, i. p. 196).
Cumnoria prestwicht, Seeley (supra, i. p. 196). :
Provisionally referred to this genus. Distinguished from the type
species (supra, 1. p. 192) by the presence of a long preacetabular

process to the ilium.

Camptosaurus leedsi, Lydekker ’.

Of small size, the length of the femur being 0,280 (11-2 inches) ;
inner trochanter of latter in proximal half of shaft.
Hab, Europe (England).

R. 1608. Cast of the left femur. The original (fig. 61), which is

Camptosaurus leedsi.—Inner aspect of the left femur ; from the Oxford Clay,
near Peterborough. 3. a, head; 8, lesser trochanter; c, inner do. ;
d, intercondylar groove ; ¢, entocondyle. (From the ‘Quart. Journ, Geol.

Soc.’)

1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 48 (1889).

ae eS ee ee A ee
eo.

> Lee ae

ae eee 2 ae ee

SUPPLEMENT, BAY

the type and only known specimen, was obtained from
the Oxford Clay (Middle Jurassic) near Peterborough,
Northamptonshire, and is preserved in the collection of
A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury, near that town. It is
described and figured by the writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlv. pp. 45-48, fig. 3.

Made in the Museum, 1888.

Genus IGUANODON (supra, i. p. 195).

Proiguanodont Group (supra, i. p. 198).

I, fittont shows that the flattening of the hemal surfaces of the
sacral vertebra is not characteristic of all the members of this
group. The ilium is always relatively deep, without reflection of
the upper border. Jguanodon prestwicht is transferred from this
group to Camptosaurus, see p. 258.

Iguanodon dawsoni (suprd, i. p. 196).

Ilium deep, without reflection of superior border; the preaceta-
bular process being comparatively shallow, with a broad horizontal
roof-like inward extension at its origin from the preacetabular notch,
and an outward inclination of its lower border near the extremity ;
postacetabular portion long, deep, and rounded terminally, with
slight inflection of inferior moiety; pubic process directed forward.
Femur (infra) with nearly straight shaft; and head set approxi-
mately at right angles to the latter; form of inner trochanter un-
known.

These characters are given as supplementary to those mentioned
in Pt. I. The type ilium is refigured in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc.’
vol. xlvi. p. 37, fig. 1 B.

The specimens, Nos. R 604, 604 a, 811, 811 a (supra, i. pp. 198—
200), are referred below to I. hollingtoniensis, so that the sacrum
and ischium of the present form are unknown.

R. 1627. An associated series of bones; from the Wadhurst Clay of
Brede, Sussex. These specimens comprise the left scapula
(a) with the articular surfaces imperfect ; the shaft of the
left humerus (6); the distal two thirds of the left ulna
(c); the middle portion of the right ilium (d); the im-
perfect right femur (e), with the ventral surface embedded
in matrix; the shafts of the two tibie, and the distal ex-
tremity of the left tibia(f); the third left metatarsal
s2

260

’ SUPPLEMENT.

(g); and three imperfect caudal vertebra. The ilium,

which exhibits the acetabulum, the portion immediately
above the same, and the preacetabular notch, agrees pre-

‘cisely with that of the type, and affords the grounds of

the specific reference. The femur has lost the distal ex-
tremity, and the portion of the shaft on which the inner
trochanter is situated is very imperfect. ‘The length from
the interval between the greater trochanter and the upper
extremity of the intercondylar fissure is 0,834 (29 inches),
and the total approximate length about 0,937 (37 inches).
The head is placed nearly at right angles to the shaft, and
there is but a slight convexity of the anterior border of
the latter, in both of which respects this bone resembles

the femur of J. mantelli.

R. 1734.

These specimens are noticed by the writer in the ‘ Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlvi. p. 38.
~ Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1889.

Cast of an almost entire late cervical vertebra, not im-
probably belonging to this species. The original was
found in a nodule of hardened Wealden Clay on the
beach at Hastings, and is in the possession of P. Rufford,
Esq.; of Hastings. It is described and figured by the

writer in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol, Soc.’ vol. xlvi. p. 44,

fig. 3. With the exception of some damage to the rim
of the posterior cup of the. centrum, the specimen is
perfect. The total height is 0,330 (13 inches), the height

from the base of the neural canal to the summit of the spine’

0,177 (7 inches), and the transverse diameter of the
posterior cup of the centrum 0,164 (6°5 inches).
Made im the Museum, 1889.

Iguanodon fittoni, Lydekker '.

Apparently of somewhat smaller dimensions than J. dawwsoni.
Ilium very deep, with its superior border convex and not reflected
and the external surface very concave ; the preacetabular process

very deep, and probably comparatively short, without horizontal in-
ward extension at its origin, and no outward inclination of the in-
ferior border; postacetabular portion deep and pointed terminally,

with the inferior moiety much inflected so as to form a wide shelf
placed nearly at right angles to the lateral surface ; preacetabular

| Geol. Mag. dee. iii. vol. vi. p. 354 (1889).

x4 oe ia >

ee ee ae ee ee ee Pe ep a

iG he og

SUPPLEMENT. 261

notch very shallow, and pubic process deflected; interval between
pre- and postacetabular notches short. Sacral vertebrae with
rounded hemal surfaces and anchylosed together. Femur with
‘crested’ inner trochanter placed lower down than in J. mantel.
With the exception ofits long preacetabular process, the contour
of the ilium approximates to that of the type species of Camptosaurus
(supra, 1. p. 192).
- Hab. Europe (England).

R. 1635. The nearly entire left ilium ; from the Wadhurst Clay of
(fig.) Shornden, near Hastings, Sussex. The type specimen ;
noticed by the writer in the Geol. Mag. dec. iii. vol. vi.
p. 304, and figured in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol.
xlvi. p. 37, fig. 1C. The preacetabular process has been
broken, and the greater portion of the pubic process is
wanting. The portion remaining shows, however, that
the latter was deflected, as in Camptosaurus. The ilium
is proportionately deeper and more concave externally
than in J, dawsoni, while the ischial attachment is less
defined. This specimen was obtained at a higher horizon
than the types of J. dawsonz, which also came from the
same quarry. Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1889.

_ R.1635a. The proximal extremity of the left ischium, apparently
belonging to the same individual as the ilium. This spe-
cimen was found in the same stratum at a distance of 25
yards westward of the spot where the ilium lay*. It is
of the same form as the ischium of J. hollingtoniensis.
Dawson Collection.

R. 1635 b. The imperfect sacrum, apparently belonging to the same
individual as the preceding. The vertebre, although
larger, are of the same form as in the sacrum referred to
I. mantelli (No. 37685, supra, i. p. 220). This specimen
was found 25 yards westward of the ischium, or 50 yards
from the ilium. Dawson Collection.

R. 1635 c. The centrum ofa caudal vertebra, found with the ischium.
; Dawson Collection.

R. 1635 d. Three imperfect and much worn upper teeth found in the
neighbourhood of the type ilium. Dawson Collection.

1 Associated specimens are often found far apart in these deposits; thus the
two metatarsals of Megalosaurus dunkcri (p. 245) lay about 180 yards from one
another.

262 SUPPLEMENT.

Iguanodon hollingtoniensis, Lydekker’.

Considerably smaller than J. dawsoni, the limb-bones being of
the approximate size of those of J. mantel, but the vertebrae some-
what larger, Ihum (imperfect) deep, with its superior border not
reflected ; the preacetabular process less deep than in J. jittona,
without inner extension; contour of postacetabular portion un-
known ; preacetabular notch deep, and pubie process directed for-
wards ; interval between pre-and postacetabular notcheslong. Ischitum
as in Camptosaurus. Sacral vertebra with flattened hemal surfaces,
and not anchylosed together. Femur (length 0,880=32 inches)
with curved shaft, ‘pendent’ inner trochanter, placed in lower
half of the bone, and the head set obliquely to the shaft. Anterior
and middle dorsal vertebre with compressed centra ; rib-facet in
middle dorsals rising to summit of neural platform. The scapula
of the skeletons, Nos. R. 33, R. 1636, is relatively larger than
in other species; that bone in the latter skeleton bere i
able for its length and slenderness.

In the structure of the sacrum, ischium, and femur this species
agrees with Camptosaurus, from which it is, however, at once dis-
tinguished by the modification of the phalangeal of the pollex into
a spine, as in typical species of Jguanodon.

Hab, Kurope (England),

It is probable that the imperfect skeleton No. R. 33 (supra, i.
p. 226), from Hollington quarry, belongs to this species. The bone

‘catalogued’ as a fragment of an ilium proves to be the imperfect

right coracoid.

R. 1148 (supra, i. p. 217). These specimens with the following
(fig.) associated ones are the types. The right femur, which
shows the entire inner trochanter, is figured by the writer

in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlvi. p. 41, fig. 2.

R. 1629. An associated series of bones belonging to the same indi-
vidual as the preceding; from the Wadhurst Clay of
Hollington quarry, near Hastings, Sussex. These comprise
the imperfect scapule (a); the crushed left radius and ulna
(6); the phalangeal spine of the pollex (c); the left femur

(d); the imperfect left tibia (e); the proximal portion of —

the left fibula (f); the second left metatarsal and the
associated proximal phalangeal (g); and several frag-
ments of ribs and other bones. The femur, which has

? Geol. Mag. dec. iii. vol. vi. p. 8355 (1889).

R. 1632.

SUPPLEMENT, 2638 -

been crushed and broken into several fragments, and has
lost the extremity of the inner trochanter, agrees approxi-
mately in size with that of I. mantell (e.g. No. 2650,
supra, i. p. 223); its total length being 0,880 (32 inches).
The convexity of the shaft and the obliquity of the head
are well shown. The length from the upper extremity of
the intercondylar fissure to the interval between the
greater trochanter and the head is 0,644 (25:5 inches).
Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1889.

Ten associated imperfect sacral and caudal vertebree ; from
Hollington quarry. These specimens were obtained a short
distance from the preceding, and almost certainly belong
to the same individual; they are noticed by the writer in
the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ op. cit. p. 40. The sacrals,
which have flattened hemal surfaces and were not anchy-
losed together, precisely resemble those of No. R. 811
(infra). Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1889.

R. 1632 a. Three imperfect and much crushed cervical vertebre

and the distal portion of a metatarsal, associated with the

preceding. The cervicals resemble those of R. 33.
Dawson Collection.

R. 1632 b. The terminal phalangeal of the second digit of the left

pes, associated with the preceding. Dawson Collection.

R. 604-811. These specimens (supra, i. pp. 198, 199), which came

(fig.)

from the Hollington quarry, are referred to this species
on account of their resemblance to the preceding, and also
on the ground that the undermentioned ilium is different
from that of I. dawsont. The left ischium is figured in
Part I. p. 199, in association with the ilium of the latter
species. The dorsal vertebrae agree with those of No.

R. 1148.

R. 811 b. The imperfect and crushed left ilium, associated with the

preceding specimens ; from Hollington quarry. Noticed
by the writer in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol. xlvi.
p. 42+. The extremities of the preacetabular and pubic
processes are wanting, and the postacetabular portion is
imperfect, The preacetabular process differs from that of
I. dawsoni in the absence of an inner extension. Com-
pared with the ilium of J. fittonz, this specimen differs by
the shallower preacetabular process, the longer interval

’ Incorrectly said to be the specimen figured on p. 37, fig. 1 E,

264" = SUPPLEMENT.

between the pre- and postacetabular notches, the deeper
preacetabular notch, and apparently by the more forward
direction of the pubic process. It apparently closely re-
sembles the ilium of No. R. 1636; its diameter being
probably somewhat increased by pressure.

Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1884.

R. 1636. An imperfect skeleton, probably referable to this species ;
(fig.) from the Wadhurst Clay of Shornden, near Hastings.
The bones preserved comprise a number of imperfect
vertebree and ribs; the imperfect right scapula and cora-

coid; a humerus, radius, and ulna; part of the right

ilium ; the left femur, with the shaft very imperfect ; the
head of a tibia; part of a fibula; an imperfect astragalus,
with other bones of the feet ; and a sternal (?) bone. The
ilium is figured (reversed) by the writer in the ‘Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soe.’ vol. xlvi. p. 37, fig. 1 E’. |

. Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1889.

R. 1634. A middle dorsal vertebra, probably referable to this
species; from Shornden. This specimen, in which the
neural spine is wanting, agrees in size with the earlier
dorsals of the preceding specimens. The costal facet is
placed on the level of the neural platform, and thus re-
sembles the figured dorsal of I. dawson (supra, i. p. 197);
but in addition to its much smaller dimensions the present
specimen is distinguished by its much more compressed
and carinated centrum. The length of the centrum is
0,110 (4 inches), its height 0, ,089 (3°5 inches), ard its
width 0,076 (3 inches).

Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1889.

Specifically Undetermined Specimens from the Wadhurst Clay near
Hastings. All belong to the Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1889.

R. 1633. A left humerus, imperfect proximally ; from Hollington.

R. 1633 a. The centrum of a dorsal vertebra, apparently associated
with the preceding.

R. 1631. An imperfect ulna.

R. 1630. The two extremities of the tibia, and the imperfect astra-
galus of the left side. Although slightly the astragalus
resembles the corresponding bone of No. R. 33 (seep. 262).

| In the text of the paper cited the specimen No. R. 8111, b (p. me is
incorrectly given as the figured one.

SUPPLEMENT. 265

R. 1628. A left fibula; from Shornden. Since this bone is larger
than the fibula of J. hollingtoniensis, it may probably be
referred to I. dawsoni.

R. 1628 a. The centrum of a late caudal vertebra, associated with
the preceding,

R. 1628 b. The centrum of a later caudal vertebra, associated with
the preceding.

The following specimen is from the Ashdown Sand, below the -
Wadhurst Clay.
R. 1637. A slightly imperfect cervical vertebra ; from Ecclesbourne,

; Sussex. This specimen resembles the cervicals of I. hol-
lingtoniensis. | Dawson Collection.

Euiguanodont Group (supra, i. p. 200).
The ilium is always shallow, with a reflected superior border.

Iguanodon bernissartensis (supra, i. p. 201).

R. 1735. Cast of the left ilium. The original is part of the type
' skeleton of J. seelyz, and was obtained from the Wealden
of Brook, Isle of Wight; it is figured by Hulke in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xxxviii. pl. iv. fig. 1 (vide
supra, i. p. 214, fig. 46). A comparison with Nos. 28685,
28686 (supra, i. p. 213) shows that the latter ilium
belongs to a somewhat larger individual, but (allowing for
distortion) has the same general contour. The present
_~ specimen shows a similar longitudinal ridge on the outer
aspect of the postacetabular portion, although, as stated

in Part I., this is not represented in the figure.
Made in the Museum, 1889.

R. 1658. The original of No. 28679 (supra, i. p. 217).
Presented by the Dorsetshire Museum, 1889.

R. 1657. The proximal phalangeal of the fourth digit of the right
pes; from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight, The distal
portion appears to have been crushed down.

Presented by the Dorsetshire Museum, 1889.

No. R. 1148 (supra, i. p. 217) has been made the type of J. hol-
lingtonienses.

266 SUPPLEMENT.

Iguanodon mantelli (supra, 1. p. 218). |
The ilium No. R. 113 (i. p. 222) is figured by the writer in the
‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’ vol. xlvi. p. 37, fig. 1 D.
The calcanea Nos. R. 131 & 28671 (i. p. 225) belong to Sauropoda.

The following specimens are not specifically determined.

R. 1659. The terminal phalangeal of the middle digit of the pes of
a large form ; from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight.
Presented by the Dorsetshire Museum, 1389.

[ Cetiosaurus brachyurus, Owen *. |

2109. The centrum and base of the neural arch of a vertebra appa-

rently referable to the anterior part of the caudal region
of a comparatively small Iquanodon (? I. mantell) ; from
the Wealden of Sussex. One of the types of C. brachy-
urus ; noticed by Owen in the ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1841],
p. 100. Mantell Collection. Purchased, 1838.

Generically Undetermined Specimen.

46770. An imperfect sacral vertebra; from the Wealden of the
Isle of Wight. This specimen, which retains a portion of
the rib of the left side, agrees precisely with the second
sacral of the undetermined specimen No. R. 144 (Pt. I.
p. 246). The sacrals, Nos. 46773 and 2127 (Pt. I. p. 230),
are likewise of the same type. These vertebra are much less
compressed than those of the sacrum referred to J. mantelli,
and in their flattened hemal surface approximate to J.
hollingtoniensis, although the centra are lower and nar-

rower. If the above-mentioned sacrum be rightly referred -

to I. mantelli, the present type of sacrum may belong to
Sphenospondylus. Purchased, 1875.

Order ICHTHYOPTERYGIA (supra, ii. p. 1).
Family ICHTHYOSAURIDE (supra, i. p. 6).

Genus OPHTHALMOSAURUS (supra, ii. p. 81).
The specimens in the collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq., show that

in the type species at least the teeth were very small and few in_

number, and that the femur was about one half the size of the
humerus.

1 Rep. Brit, Assoc, for 1841, p. 100 (1842).

SUPPLEMENT. 26

~I

Ophthalmosaurus icenicus (supra, ii. p. 9).

In addition to the characters given in Pt. JI. it may be observed
that the postaxial facet of the humerus is narrow and terminates
in a point, and that the radial and ulnar facets are also narrow, and
the former with a pointed termination. The late cervical vertebre
have no channel on the hemal surface.

No. R. 472 (supra, ii. p. 12) is undoubtedly a femur of this
species; while No. R. 472 a (ibid p. 29) is also a femur of
this or an allied species, in which the third facet is scarcely
marked. The humeri Nos. 47885, 4647 (ibid. p. 11) show ail the

characters of this specics, and may therefore perhaps be from the
Oxford Clay.

Fig. 62.

AY
AS
BN A

Ophthalmosaurus icenicus. —Dorsal aspect of part of the right pectoral limb, with
a view of the distal extremity of the humerus. 4. , humerus; a, troch-
anteric ridge of do.; 7, radius; w, ulna; p, pisiform.

R. 1667. The left scapula ; from the Oxford Clay near Peterborough.
Accords with the corresponding bone of the type.

; Presented by A, N. Leeds, Esq., 1889.

‘
;
.
J
1
A
‘

,_ -

— -——

oS

268 SUPPLEMENT. ‘

R. 1668. The proximal portion of the right pectoral limb; from the
(f%g.) Oxford Clay near Peterborough. These specimens com-
prise the humerus, radius, ulna, intermedium, and two
other small bones. The humerus with the radius and
ulna (fig. 62) are figured in the woodcut on the preceding
page. Presented by A. N. Leeds, Hsq., 1889.

Ophthalmosaurus pleydelli, Lydekker (n. sp.).

Humerus shorter than in the preceding species, the postaxial facet
being relatively larger and wider, with a blunt and rounded termi-
nation, and the radial and ulnar facets also wider and shorter, the
latter having a rounded termination. Hindmost cervical vertebra’
with a channel on the hemal surface.

F \
AW
Yodit A I Vetus)

Hit, Perit tia TAIN
PUN NY

i “12

Ophthalmosaurus pleydelli.—Reversed view of the left humerus ; from the Kime-
ridge Clay of Gillingham, Dorsetshire. 3 nat. size. a, trochanteric ridge ;
r, radial facet; w, ulnar do.; p, facet for pisiform.

There is no decisive evidence to prove that this provisional species

is distinct from Ichthyosaurus (?) dilatatus (supra, ii. p. 30), but”

if the specimens there provisionally referred to that species are

es

Aa Lees a) ae

eS oe ia

<e'
é

q
x.
yaa
*
ok
a
4

oe

- SUPPLEMENT. 269

correctly determined, and if (as is the casein the type species) large
teeth are invariably wanting in Ophthalmosaurus, then the present
form will be specifically distinct.

It is probable that the specimens Nos. 46491, 46473, 46407,
47885, and 46474 (supra, ii. pp. 10, 11) are referable to this

* species.
2. Hab. Europe (England).
A R. 1712. Cast of the left humerus. The original, which is the

a type, was obtained from the Kimeridge Clay of Gilling-
4 ham, Dorsetshire, in association with other bones, and is
preserved in the Museum of Dorset. It is figured in the
woodcut on p. 268. A smaller propodial found with this
bone is believed to be the humerus of an Ichthyosaurus,
to which some large teeth also found at the same spot
"4 a probably belong. Made in the Museum, 1889.

E. R. 1712 a. Cast of the centrum of one of the hindmost cervical
. vertebre. The original (fig. 64), together with a number
of other vertebre, was found in association with the type

Ophthalmosaurus pleydelli.—Anterior and left lateral aspects of a cervical ver-
tebra; from the Kimeridge Clay of Gillingham. 43 nat. size. a, upper;
b, lower costal facet.

s humerus, and is figured in the accompanying woodcut.
. The dimensions are, length 0,038 (1:15 inches), height
& ? 0,057 (2:25 inches), width (posterior face) 0,071 (2°8
er inches). Made in the Museum, 1889.

270

SUPPLEMENT.

Genus ICHTHYOSAURUS (supra, ii. p. 12).
Ichthyosaurus (?) thyreospondylus (supra, ii. p. 34).

R. 1684.

R. 1996.

R. 1997.

The centrum of a caudal vertebra of the short type charac-
teristic of this species; from the Portland Oolite of the
Isle of Portland. This appears to be the only Ichthyoptery-
gian specimen recorded from the English Portlandian.
Presented by G. Clifton, Esq., 1889.

Ichthyosaurus communis (supra, ii. p. 41).

Slab showing the entire skeleton of a comparatively small
individual; from the Lower Lias of Lyme-Regis. The
dorsal aspect of the skull and limbs, and the left lateral
aspect of the vertebre are shown. The contour of the
skull is better shown than in other specimens in the
Museum. Presented by F. Harford, Esq., 1889.

Slab showing the right lateral aspect of the skull and
cervical vertebre of an individual agreeing in size with
the preceding, and probably referable to this species. .

Presented by F. Harford, Esq., 1889.

Fig. 65.

Ichthyosaurus intermedius.—Ventral aspect of part of the left pectoral limb

from

the Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar. fu, humerus; 7, radius; -

wv, ulna; 7’, radiale ; 7, intermedium; wu’, ulnare; ¢, centrale. 4 nat. size,

SUPPLEMENT, 271

Ichthyosaurus intermedius (suprd, ii. p. 55).
R. 1664. One half of a split slab of rock, showing part of the
(fig.) thoracic region and the imperfect left pectoral limb of a
small individual ; from the Lower Lias of Barrow-on-Soar,
Leicestershire. The other half of this specimen is pre-
served in the Museum at Leicester; the present half
(fig. 65) is described and figured by the writer in the
‘Geol. Mag.’ dee. iii. vol. vi. p. 389. The contour of the
soft parts of the paddle is clearly indicated on the matrix,
which also exhibits transverse strize which have been
regarded as the impressions of muscular bundles in the

postaxial flap of the paddle.
Presented by Montagu Browne, Esq., 1889.

Genus TEMNODONTOSAURUS, Lydekker'.
Distinguished from Ichthyosaurus by its smooth and carinated
teeth.

Temnodontosaurus platyodon (Conybeare).
Syn. Ichthyosaurus platyodon, Conybeare (supra, ii. p. 94).
The type species.

Temnodontosaurus trigonodon (Theodori).
Syn. Ichthyosaurus trigonodon, Theodori (supra, ii. p. 105).

Order SAUROPTERYGIA (supra, ii. p. 118).

Since the publication of Part II. the writer has come to the con-
clusion that the elements of the pectoral girdle regarded by Mr.
Hulke as the omosternum more probably represent the clavicles and
interclavicle °,

Family PLESIOSAURID# (supra, ii. p. 120).
Genus PLIOSAURUS (supra, ii. p. 120).
Pliosaurus brachydirus (supra, ii. p. 123).
Some or all of the following specimens may be referable to this

species. The Portlandian specimens are the only recorded examples
of the occurrence of this genus in that horizon.

? In Nicholson and Lydekker’s Manual of Paleontology, 3rd ed. vol. ii. p. xi
(1889).
2 Ibid. p. 1069.

ae we

~an

a

——

272 SUPPLEMENT.

R. 1681. The crowns of three associated teeth ; from the Kimeridge
Clay of the Isle of Portland. One is of large size.
Presented by G. Clifton, Esq., 1889.

R. 1679. The head of an ischium ; from the Portland Oolite of the
Isle of Portland. Presented by G. Clifton, Esq., 1889.

R. 1680. The distal portion of a propodial bone apparently refer-
able to this genus; from the Portland Oolite of the Isle of
Portland. _ Presented by G. Clifton, Esq., 1889.

Pliosaurus ferox (supra, il. p. 145).

If the undermentioned be rightly referred to this species, it will
be characterized by the absence of a central mammilla on the ter-
minal faces of the cervical vertebrae, and by their prominent costal
articulations ; and also by the form of the epipodial bones, which are
similar to those of Peloneustes, and thus more elongated them 1 in the
Kimeridgian species of Plosaurus.

The originals of the following specimens, which belong to one indi-
vidual, were obtained from the Oxford Olay near Peterborough,
and are preserved m the collection of A. N. Leeds, Esq., of Hye-
bury, near that town. The casts were made in the Museum in
1889.

R. 1661. Cast of an anterior (? upper) tooth. The original is
figured by the writer in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
vol. xlvi. pl. v. fig. 1. The ridges on the crown are placed
more closely and the carinz less defined than in typical
examples,

R. 1661 a. Cast of the centrum and ribs of a late cervical vertebra.
Original figured by the writer, op. cit. pl. v. fig. 2. The
terminal faces are subcylindrical; the dimensions are,
length 0,045 (1°75 inches), height 0,092 (3-6 inches),
width 0,102 (4 inches).

R. 1661 b. Cast of the centrum of a later cervical vertebra. The
original, which has been somewhat shortened by crushing,
is noticed by the writer, op. ct. p. 51. The terminal
faces are transversely ellipsoidal, and have a height of
0,095 (3:7 inches) and a width of 0,109 (4:3 inches),
This vertebra has a strong general resemblance to the
slightly smaller specimen, No. 47429 (supra, 11. p. 146),

SUPPLEMENT, AT,

but has more prominent costal articulations—a difference
which may not improbably be explained partly by indi-
vidual variation, and partly by the edges of the costal
articulations of the latter having been broken. On the
right side the two costal facets are separate, but on the
left they have coalesced. This and the preceding speci-
men closely resemble the vertebree from the Oxford Clay
of Huntingdonshire, to which the name P. pachydirus
(vide supra, il. p. 145) was applied.

Genus PELONEUSTES (supra, ii. p. 151).

Tt appears that all the smaller forms hitherto included in Plio-
saurus should be referred to this genus, in which the cervical centra
are generally longer in proportion than in the latter, their length
being usually greater than half the vertical diameter of the terminal
faces. The vertebre referred to P. wequalis (supra, il. p. 153) are,
however, relatively shorter than in the Oxfordian species, unless this
is due to the effects of pressure. It appears that the pelvic limb
is larger than the pectoral, and that the humerus and femur have
-anearly similar distal contour. In fig. 50, Pt. II. p. 154, the post-
axial expansion of the distal extremity is broken away, the same
being the case with the propodial of No. 47410 (cbid. p.158). Both
the latter specimen and the one represented in Pt. II. fig. 52, p. 155,
are pelvic limbs.

Peloneustes evansi (Seeley).

Syn. Phosaurus evansi (supra, ii. p. 128).

A comparison of the undermentioned specimens with the cervical
vertebre of P. philarchus shows that they can only be distinguished
by their larger dimensions. It is probable that the mandible and
paddle in the Eyebury Collection, noticed in Pt. II. p. 154, belong
to this form, since they agree in relative size with the vertebre’

The originals of the following specimens belong to the type series ob-
_ tained from the Oxford Clay near St. Neots, Huntingdonshire,
and preserved in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge (vide
supra, li. p. 129). The casts were made in the Museum in
1889.

R. 1713. Cast of the centrum of the fourth cervical vertebra.
Original figured by Seeley in the ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol.

1 See Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlvi. p. 52.
PART IV, , T

O74 SUPPLEMENT,

Soc.’ vol. xxxiil. p. 718, and reproduced in Pt, II. p. 129
of this work’, the dimensions being given on p. 128.
Since the figure was drawn the anterior face of the speci-
men has been cleaned from matrix, and thus shows that the
dotted extension of the upper part of the anterior face in
the profile view is incorrect. Allowing for difference of
serial position, this and the following specimen are undis-
tinguishable in contour from the cervicals of P. philarchus,
Nos. R. 1414, R. 1414 a (supra, ii. p. 158).

R. 1713 a. Cast of the centrum of the fifteenth cervical vertebra.

Genus CIMOLIOSAURUS (supra, ii. p. 180).

Cimoliosaurus valdensis (suprd, ii. p. 188).

R. 1612. The imperfect neural arch of a dorsal vertebra; from the
Wadhurst Clay near St. Leonards. The left transverse
process is wanting.

. Dawson Collection. Purchased, 1889.

R. 1612a. The centrum of a caudal vertebra, probably belonging
to the same individual as the preceding specimen.
Dawson Collection.

Cimoliosaurus portlandicus (supra, ii. p. 227).

The following specimens were obtained from the Portland Oolite of &

the Isle of Portland, and were presented by George Clifton, Esq.,
1889.

R. 1674. The flattened centrum of a middle or posterior cervical

vertebra. Of the type of No. 45904 (supra, ii. p. 228), but
probably larger.

R. 1674a. One of the bones situated between the ee and
phalangeals, ;

R. 1674 b. A crushed phalangeal bone, associated with the two pre-
ceding specimens.

R. 1678. An associated series of 18 vertebral centra of a young in-
dividual. These comprise two anterior cervicals (a), 11
late cervicals and pectorals (6), 4 anterior dorsals (c), and

1 The view of the terminal face is stated in Pt. II. to be from the wae
instead of the posterior aspect.

SUPPLEMENT. 275

one later dorsal (d), The anterior dorsals are of the
elongated type of No. 41238 a* (supra, ii. p. 228), while
the later cervicals are short like 45904 (J. ¢.). The an-
terior dorsals have elliptical terminal faces, while the faces
of the later dorsal are subcylindrical.

R. 1676. Slab showing the dorsal aspect of the left coracoid, imper-
. fect anteriorly. This specimen agrees in size with the
scapula and coracoid, No. 41217 (supra, i. p. 230) ; it is,

however, much less imperfect than the latter.

R. 1677. A bone which is probably an ischium of an immature in-
dividual.

R. 1606. The slightly imperfect centrum of an anterior or middle
cervical vertebra; from the Portland Oolite of the Isle of
Portland. No history.

R. 1607. The slightly imperfect centra of two posterior cervical
(fig.) vertebre; from the ‘ash-bed’ of the Purbeck of the
e- Isle of Portland. Described, and one of the specimens
a figured by the donor in the ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.’
a vol. xlvi. p. 48, fig.5. The dimensions are—length 0,048
a > (1°9 inch), height 0,048 (1°9 inch), width 0,061 (2-4
inches). These are somewhat larger than those of the type
cervical of Plesiosaurus carinatus figured by Phillips, and
a considerably larger than those of Nos. 41238 and 45904
4 (supra, ii. p. 227). It was considered in Part II. that No.
41238 would agree in relative size with the type pelvic
limb; but a subsequent comparison with the skeleton of
C. richardson has shown that the present specimen. pre-
sents nearer proportionate dimensions. The present spe-
cimen differs from Nos. 41238 and 45904 by the more
prominent hzemal carina and the deeper depressions on
either side; this being probably due to the waterworn
condition and immaturity of the two former specimens.
In this respect the present specimens agree with the one
figured by Phillips. The undetermined propodial, No.
21974, mentioned in Part II. p. 227, may belong to this
# form, although indicating a small individual.
q Presented by R. Lydekker, Esq., 1889.

Ms 1 In Part II. pp. 228, 229, the number 41288 occurs three times; the second
iq and third repetitions should respectively have the suffix a and 0.

276 SUPPLEMENT,

Cimoliosaurus richardsoni (supra, ii. p. 240).

A figure of the proximal portion of the pectoral limb of the type
specimen is given in fig. 66. An inspection of the type has shown

Cimoliosaurus richardsoni.—Ventral aspect of part of the right pectora limb;
from the Oxford Clay of Weymouth. }. 4h, humerus; ¢r, trochanter
of do. ; 7, radius; uv, ulna; 7', radiale; 7, intermedium; w', ulnare. It is
probable that 7’ and the subjacent bone are not the proper bones for the
positions they occupy.

that the coracoids have a median bar connecting them with the
scapulee.

Specifically Undetermined Specimens.

R. 1683. The centrum of a caudal vertebra; from the Portland
Oolite of the Isle of Portland. This specimen is charac-
terized by its extreme shortness, in which respect it re-
sembles the Kimeridgian C. brachistospondylus, although
indicating a smaller individual than the types of the latter.

Presented by G. Clifton, Esq., 1889.

R. 1669. A left humerus; from the Oxford Clay near Peterborough.
Except in being slightly longer, this bone is indistinguish-
able from the humerus of the type skeleton of C. richard-
sont represented in woodcut, fig. 66, and indicates a form
allied to that species or to C. plicatus.

Presented by A. N. Leeds, Esq., 1889.

= 1670.

R. 1682.

SUPPLEMENT. RZ

An associated left radius and ulna; probably from the
Kimeridge Clay ; locality unknown. These bones have
the general contour of those of C. plicatus and C. richard-
sont, but the radius is more elongated; it is not impro-
bable that they belong to C. truncatus or an allied form.
Presented by the Dorsetshire Musewm, 1889.

A large humerus, wanting a portion of the shaft, pro-
bably referable to this genus; from the Kimeridge Clay of
the Isle of Portland. This specimen closely resembles No.
31791 (supra, il. p. 148), and it is not improbable that
both may be referable to C. truncatus.

Presented by G. Clifton, Esq., 1889.

Genus PLESIOSAURUS (supra, ii. p. 252).

Plesiosaurus dolichodirus (supra, i. p. 255).

It may be observed that the name Plestosaurus priscus, Parkinson’,
was applied to the vertebre figured by Conybeare in his original
description of the genus, but it cannot be determined to which of
the forms subsequently named P. dolichodirus and P. hawkinsi these
specimens are referable.

R. 1756.

Slab showing a considerable part of the vertebre and the
pelvis, together with the paddles of- the right side pro-
bably referable to the same individual; from the Lower
Lias of Lyme-Regis. Sixteen cervical vertebree now re-
main ; these and the dorsals being seen from the right
side, while the pelvis and anterior caudals have their
dorsal surfaces exposed. The ilia are well displayed, and
the paddles show all the features characteristic of this
species. Purchased, 1889.

1 Introduction to Oryctology, p. 294 (1822).

~~ pa eg = = - — oo
ij ahs = eo ee eee
NE Sate ern SR I Se a TEED at leo

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

“a

GENERA AND SPECIES, INCLUDING SYNONYMS.

Actinodon, 183.
frossardi, 184.
latirostris, 184.

f@lurosaurus, 74.
curvimola, 77.
felinus, 74.
sp., 76.

Alligatorium, 234.

Andrias, 137.
scheuchzeri, 137.
tschudii, 139.

Anisopus, 221.
gracilis, 221.

Anomeoepus, 221.
curvatus, 221.
gracillimus, 221.
intermedius, 221.

Anthodon, 112.
serrarius, 113.
sp., 114.

Anthracerpetum,

214.
crassosteum, 214.
Anthracosaurus,

158.

raniceps, 158.
russelli, 158.
Archegosaurus,
Evé.
decheni, 178.
latirostris, 184.
medius, 178.
minor, 178.
Arctosaurus, 250.
osborni, 251.

Batracocephalus,
212.

crassidens, 213.
validus, 214.
Bothriceps, 172.

australis, 172.

OF

Bothriceps (cozz.).
huxleyi, 172.
major, 174. :
Bothriospondylus,
242

elongatus, 237.
robustus, 236.
suffosus, 242.
Brachyops, 171.
laticeps, 171.

Branchiosaurus, 210.

amblystomus, 211.
gracilis, 211.
salamandroides, 211.

Brithopus, 98.
priscus, 98.

Brontozoum, 220.
giganteum, 220.
sulimani, 220.

_ validum, 220.

Bufo, 128.

- melanostictus, 128.

Calamospondylus,
243.
foxi, 243.

Calochelys, 189.
lacertina, 189.

Camptosaurus, 257.

leedsi, 258.
prestwichi, 258.
valdensis, 257.
Capitosaurus, 147.
fronto, 149.
nasutus, 147.
robustus, 149.
Cardiodon, 236.
rugulosus, 236.
Caulodon, 241.
precursor, 241.
Ceraterpetum, 197.

crassum, 198.

Ceraterpetum (conz.).
galvani, 197.

Ceratophrys, 127.
cornuta, 127.

Chelosaurus, 234.

Chelichnus, 218.
duneani, 218.

Chelyderpeton,

187.

vranii, 187.
Chelyosaurus, 187.
vranyi, 187.
Chirosaurus, 215.
barthi, 215.
herculis, 216.
stortonensis, 216.
Chirotherium, 215.
barthi, 215.
geinitzi, 215.
_herculis, 216.
majus, 215.
minus, 217.
Cimoliosaurus, 274:
portlandicus, 274.
richardsoni, 276.
valdensis, 274.
Cirognathus, 49.
cordylus, 49.

Cistecephalus, 45.

arctatus, 48.
bathygnathus, 47.
chelydroides, 46.
leptorhinus, 47.
microrhinus, 46.
planiceps, 47.
Cochleosaurus, 186.
bohemicus, 186,
Cricotus, 176.
discophorus, 176.
heteroclitus, 176.
Crocodilzmus, 234.
jourdani, 234.

te

oe eS

280

Crocodilus, 228.
spenceri, 228,
Cryptobranchus,
137.

alleghaniensis, 138.
diluvii-testis, 138.
maximus, 138.
primigenius, 137.
scheuchzeri, 137.
tschudii, 139.
Cryptodraco, 256.
eumerus, 256.
Cryptosaurus, 256.
eumerus, 256.
Cyamodus, 7.
laticeps, 8.
muensteri, 7.
rostratus, 7.
tarnowitzensis, 9.
Cyclotcsaurus, 147.
robustus, 149.
Cynochampsa, 73.
laniaria, 73.
Cynodraco, 74.
major, 74.
serridens, 74.
Cynosuchus, 71.
suppostus, 71.
Cystignathus, 124.
labyrinthicus, 124.
ocellatus, 125.

Dacosaurus, 230.
maximus, 230.
Dawsonia, 213.
multidens, 213.
polydens, 213.
Dendrerpetum, 170,
223.
acadianum, 223.
deprivatum, 170.
oweni, 223.
pyriticum, 170.
Deuterosaurus, 99.
biarmicus, 99.
Diadectes, 104.
molaris, 104.
phaseolinus, 104.
sideropelicus, 104.
Dicynodon, 16.
baini, 24,
copei, 37.
curvatus, 23.
declivis, 34.
dubius, 21.
dunni, 36.
feliceps, 20.
lacerticeps, 18.
leoniceps, 19.
microtrema, 36.
wurrayl, 37.

INDEX.

Dicynodon (conz.).
orientalis, 41.
pardiceps, 21. ©
parvidens, 26.
rectidens, 23.
recurvidens, 19.
simocephalus, 22.
strigiceps, 30.
testudiceps, 24.
tigriceps, 24.

Dimetrodon, 106.
eruciger, 106.

Diplospondylus, 175.

Diplovertebron, 175.

Dolichosoma, 205.
angustatum, 206.
longissimuni, 209.

Embolophorus, 108.
dolloverianus, 109.
fritillus, 108.
sp., 108.

Empedias, 101.
molaris, 102.
phaseolinus, 104.

Empedocles, 101.
molaris, 102.

Endothiodon, 64.
bathystoma, 65.
microps, 65.
uniseries, 65.

Eosaurus, i65.
acadianus, 166.

Epicordylus, 191.

Erpetocephalus, 168.

rugosus, 169.
Eryops, 191.

africanus, 193.

megacephalus, 191.
Eurosaurus, 98.
Eurycarpus, 53.

owenl, 50.
Euscelesaurus,

252.
bronni, 252.

Fritschia, 225.
curtidentata, 225.

Galesaurus, 68.
planiceps, 68.
Garialis, 228.
dixoni, 228.
Gaudrya, 186.
latistoma, 187.
Gecsaurus, 2380.
maximus, 230.
Glaridodon, 92.
Goniopholis, 229.
crassidens, 229.
minor, 229,

Gorgonops, 111.
tortus, 111.

Grallator, 222.
cuneatus, 222.

Heliarchon, 136.
furcillatus, 136.

Hoplosaurus, 243.
armatus, 243.

Hydrosalamandra,

prinmigenia, 138.
prisca, 138.
Hylerpetum, 224.
dawsoni, 225.
longidentatum, 225.

Hylonomus, 201, 223.

aciedentatus, 224.
latidens, 224.
longicostatus, 201.
lyelli, 228.
wymani, 224.

Hy loplesion, 201.
longicostatum, 201.

Hyorhynchus, 80.
platyceps, 80.

Ichthyerpetum, 168.

bradleye, 169.
Ichthyosaurus, 270.
communis, 270.
intermedius, 271.
platyodon, 271.
trigonodon, 271.
Iguanodon, 259.
bernissartensis, 265.
dawsoni, 259.
fittoni, 260.
hollingtoniensis, 262.
mantelli, 266.
precursor, 241.
prestwichi, 258.

Keirognathus =
Cirognathus.
Keraterpeton =
Ceraterpetum.
Kistecephalus =
Cistecephalus..

Labyrinthodon,
142.

brauni, 155.
diagnosticus, 153.
jegeri, 142.
salamandroides, 142.
schwarzenbergi, 160.
Latonia, 129.
gigantea, 129,
rugosa, 129.
siefriedi, 129.

ats ot it als

Lepidotosaurus,
214.
duffi, 214.
Lepterpetum, 199.
dobbsi, 199.
sp., 199.
Leptodactylus, 124.
ocellatus, 125.
peutadactylus, 124.
sp., 126.
Limnerpetum, 200.
elegans, 200.
laticeps, 200.
obtusatum, 200.
Loxomma, 163.
allmani, 164.
bavaricum, 164.
Lycosaurus, 78.
curvimola, 77..
pardalis, 78.
tigriceps, 78.

Macromerium, 160.
bayeri, 161.
schwarzenbergi, 160.
seoticum, 162. ~
simplex, 161.

Macropterna, 219.
divaricans, 219.

Macrosaurus, 163.
polyspondylus, 164.

Massospondylus,

248,

carinatus, 248.
hislopi, 248.
rawesi, 249.
Mastodonsaurus,
142. pe
iganteus, 142.
Be relosns, 145.
indicus, 145.
jegeri, 142.
keuperinus, 145.
salamandroides, 142.
Megalobatrachus,
137.
scheuchzeri, 138:

Megalocephalus, 163.

macromma, 164,
Megalosaurus, 244.
dunkeri, 244
oweni, 245.
Megalotriton, 135.
filholi, 135.
Melanerpetum, 209.
pulcherrimum, 209.
pusillum, 209.
Melosaurus, 186.
bohemicus, 186.
Metopias, 152.
diagnosticus, 153.
PART IV.

INDEX.

Metoposaurus, 152.
diagnosticus, 153.
Metriorhynchus,
233.
blainvillei, 134.
superciliosum, 254.
Microbrachis, 204.
mollis, 205.
pelicani, 204.
Microdon, 200.
laticeps, 200.
Micropholis, 174.
granulata, 174.
Molge, 136.
noachica, 135.
Morosaurus, 237.
becklesi, 237.
brevis, 237.

Naosaurus, 106.
claviger, 107,
cruciger, 106.
microdus, 107.

Neosodon, 259.

Nyrania, 166.
trachystoma, 166.

Nythosaurus, 68.
larvatus, 68.

Omosaurus, 251.
armatus, 252.

hastiger, 253.

Ophiderpetum, 206.

brownriggi, 206.
corvini, 208.
granulosum, 207.
nanum, 206.
pectinatum, 207.
vicinum, 207.
zieglerianum, 208.
Ophthalmosaurus,
266.
icenicus, 267.
pleydelli, 268.
Orinosaurus, 253.
capensis, 253.
Ornithoidichnites,
220.
giganteus, 220.
sillimani, 220.
Ornithopsis, 241,
243.

. eucamerotus, 243.
hulkei, 243.
humerocristatus,

241.
leedsi, 242.
manseli, 241.
Orosaurus, 253
Orthocosta, 203.
microscopica, 203.

281

Orthopleurosaurus,
203.
microscopicus, 203.
Orthopus, 98.

primevus, 98. ee Tf,
Orthosaurus, 163. [Fae]
pachycephalus, 164. Le EP
Oudenodon = pit Pa
Udenodon. he.

Oxyglossus, 121.
pusillus, 122.

Palzobatrachus,
130.
bohemicus, 132.
diluvianus, 130.
gigas, 131.
goldfussi, 130.
luedeckei, 132.
meyeri, 151.
sp., 133.
Palzosaurus, 246.
platyodon, 246.
sternbergi, 189.
Pariasaurus, 114.
bombidens, 115.
serridens, 114.
Parioxys, 191.
Peloneustes, 273.
evansi, 273.
Pelorosaurus, 239.
armatus, 245.
becklesi, 237.
conybeari, 240.
humerocristatus, 241.
leedsi, 242.
manseli, 241.
Petrophryne, 174.
granulata, 174.
major, 174.
Phocosaurus, 82.
megischion, 83.
Pholidogaster, 195.
pisciformis, 195.
Placodus, 2.
andriani, 5.
bathygnathus, 2.
bombidens, 5.
gigas, 2.
hypsiceps, 2.
impressus, 6.
laticeps, 8.
muensteri, 7.
pachygnathus, 2.
quinimolaris, 6.
rostratus, 7.
Platyceps, 172.
wilkinsoni, 172.
Platyops, 182.
rickardi, 183.
stuckenbergi, 183.
U

282
Platyoposaurus,
182.

rickardi, 183.
stuckenbergi, 183.

Platypodosaurus, 62.

robustus, 62.
Plesiosaurus, 277.
dolichodirus, 277.
priscus, 277.
Pleuroccelus, 237.
nanus, 238.
valdensis, 237.
Pleurcdus, 9.
bicolor, 9.
Pleuroneura, 210.
pellati, 210.
Pliosaurus, 271.
brachydirus, 271,
evansi, 273.
ferox, 271.
Probatrachus, 130.
Procolophon, 13.
griersoni, 13.
laticeps, 15.
minor, 14.
trigoniceps, 13.
Propappus, 118.
omocratus, 119.
Proteocordylus, 137.
diluvii, 137,
Protriton, 210.
petrolei, 210.
salamandroides, 211.
Ptychognathus, 33.
alfredi, 35.
boopis, 37.
decliyis, 34.
depressus, 35.
latirostris, 35.
orientalis, 41.
pusillus, 49.
verticalis, 37.
Ptychosiagum, 33.
declive, 34.
latirostris, 35.
microtrema, 36,
murrayi, 37.
orientale, 41.

Rana, 122.
cornuta, 127.
diluviana, 130.
gigantea, 129.
labyrinthica, 124.
meriani, 122.

INDEX.

Rana (cont.).
noeggerathi, 123.
ocellata, 125.
pentadactyla, 124.
pusilla, 122.
rugosa, 129.

Rhachitomus, 191.
valens, 191.

Rhamphorhynchus,

226.
gemmingi, 226.
jessoni, 226.

Rhytidosteus, 194.
capensis, 194.

Ricnodon, 203.
trachylepis, 203.

Salamandra, 137.
gigantea, 137.
scheuchzeri, 137.

Salamandrella, 210.
petrolei, 210.

Salamandroides,

142.
giganteus, 142.

Saurichnites, 219.
perlatus, 219.
rittlerianus, 219.

Scaloposaurus, 70.
constrictus, 71.

Scaphognathus, 226.
purdoni, 226.

Scincosaurus, 198.
erassus, 198.

Scelerocephalus, 185.

heeuseri, 185.
Seeleya, 203.
pusilla, 203.
Smilerpetum, 224.
aciedentatum, 229.
Sparagmites, 189.
- lacertinus, 189.
Sparodus, 212.
crassidens, 215.
validus, 212.
Sphenosaurus, 188.
sternbergi, 188.
Stegosaurus, 251.
armatus, 252.
hastiger, 252.
Stelliosaurus, 201.
longicostatus, 201.
Steneosaurus, 234.
brevidens, 234.
dasycephalus, 232.

Stereorhachis, 105.
dominans, 105.

Suchodus, 231.
durobrivensis, 231.

Syngonosaurus, 254,
macrocercus, 254.

Tapinocephalus, 82.
atherstonei, 83.
Temnodontosaurus,
271.
platyodon, 271.
trigonodon, 271.
Testudo, 218.
duncani, 218.
Thecodontosaurus,
246.
platyodon, 246.
Theriognathus, 64
microps, 65.
Tigrisuchus, 80.
simus, 80.
Titanosuchus, 8&9.
ferox, 90.
Tomistoma, 228. |
macrorhynchus, 228.
Trematosaurus, 154.
brauni, 155.
Tridentipes, 222.
elegantior, 222.
Trimerorhachis, 189.
insignis, 190.
Triton, 136.
noachicus, 136.
Tropidostoma, 36.
dunni, 36.

Udenodon, 28.
baini, 29.
brevirostris, 29.
greyi, 32.
magnus, 3l.
megalops, 30.
prognathus, 31.
raniceps, 29,
rugosus, 29.
sp., 32.
strigiceps, 20.

Urocordylus, 196.
reticulatus, 196.
scalaris, 197.
wandesfordi, 196. _

Weissia, 184.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

OF

GENERA AND SPECIES TO THE ENTIRE WORK.

Acanthopholis,i. 183. | Anostira, iii. 143. Atlantochelys, iii.
horridus, 1. 185. anglica, ii. 143. 229.
platypus, i. 153. ornata, iil. 1438. -Atlantosaurus, i. 144.
Achelonia, iii. 150. radiolina, ii. 144. immanis, i. 145.
formosa, iii. 151. Anthodon, iv. 112. montanus, i. 145.
—Acichelys, iii. 150. serrarius, iv. 113. Atoposaurus, i. 302.
redenbacheri, iii. 151. sp., Iv. 114. oberndorferi, i. 302.

Acrosaurus, i. 293.

Anthracerpetum, iv. | Aulacochelys, iii. 22.
Actinodon, iv. 183. 214.

circumsuleata, iii. 22.

frossardi, iv. 184. crassosteum, iv. 214. Axestus, ii. 7.
3 latirostris, iv. 184. Anthracosaurus, iv.
Adocus, iii. 129. 158. Baptanodon, ii. 60.
#@lurosaurus, iv. 74. raniceps, iv. 158. discus, ii. 60.
curvimola, iv. 77. russelli, iv. 158. natans, ii. 60.
felinus, iv. 74. ~ Apatosaurus, i. 145. Baptemys, iii. 129,
sp., iv. 76. Aphelosaurus, i. 293. 43.
f@olodon, i. 101. lutevensis, i. 295. Batagur, iii. 120.
priscus, i. 101. Apholidemys, iii. 145. bakeri, iii. 124.
Aetosaurus, i. 275. Aplax, iii. 150. cautleyi, iii. 120.
_Agomphus, iii. 129. oberndorferi, iii. 151. dhongoka, iii. 125.
Alligator, i. 44. Archeochelys, iii. durandi, iii. 125.
darwini, i. 46. 218. falconeri, iii. 120.
hantoniensis, i. 45. valdensis, iii. 219. kachuga, iii. 124.
latirostris, i. 45. Archegosaurus, iv. lineata, iii. 124.
multiscutatus, 1. 45. LEE thurgi, iii. 120.
punctatus, i. 45. decheni, iv. 178. Batrachocephalus,
sp., 1. 40. latirostris, iv. 184. iv. 212.
Alligatorium, iv. 234. medius, iv. 178. erassidens, iv. 213.
Allopleuron, iii. 27. - minor, iv. 178. validus, iv. 214.
___ hoffmanni, iii. 30. Arctosaurus, iv. 250. Batrachosaurus, i.
Amphiemys, iii. 129. osborni, iv. 251. 295.
.Amphisaurus, i. 174. Ardeosaurus, i. 291. Bellia, iii. 106.
~Anchisaurus, i. 174. brevipes, i. 291. erassicollis, iii. 107.
Andrias, iv. 137. Argillochelys, iii. 40. sivalensis, iii. 106.
scheuchzeri, iv. 137. antiqua, ii. 41. theobaldi, iii. 108.
tschudii, iv. 139. convexa, iii. 48. Belodon, i. 124.
Anguisaurus, i. 293. cuneiceps, iii. 44, kapffi, i. 124.
Anisopus, iv. 221. sp., lii. 41, 44. plieningeri, i. 128.
gracilis, iv. 221. subcristata, ili. 47. Bothremys, iii. 174.
Anomecepus, iv. 221. Aristosuchus, i. 157. Bothriceps, iv. 172.
curvatus, iv. 221. pusillus, i. 158. australis, iv. 172.
gracillimus, iv. 221. Aspidonectes, iii. 7. huxleyi, iv. 172.
intermedius, iv, 221. gergensi, ili. 11, major, iv. 174.

v2

284

Bothriospondylus, i.
170, iv. 242. -
elongatus, i. 142, iv.

237.
magnus, i. 142
robustus, i. 171, iv.
236. .
suffosus, i. 170, iv. 242.
Brachydectes, i. 84.
major, i. 85.
minor, 1. 85.
Brachyops, iv. 171.
laticeps, iv. 171.
Brachytrachelus, i.
27.

crassirostris, i. 28.
Branchiosaurus, iv.
210.
amblystomus, iv. 211.
gracilis, iv. 211.
salamandroides, iv.
211.
Brimosaurus, ii. 180.
grandis, il. 247.
Brithopus, iv. 98.
priscus, iv. 98.
Brontosaurus, i. 144.
excelsus, 1. 144.
Brontozoum, iv. 220.
giganteum, iv. 220.
sillimani, iv. 220.
validum, iv. 220.
Bufo, iv. 128.
melanostictus, iv. 128.

Cachuga, iii. 123.
dhongoka, ii. 1265.
lineata, ii. 124,
sp., li. 127.
tectum, iii. 127.

Caiman, i. 44.

Calamospondylus, iv.

248.
foxi, iv. 243.

Calochelys, iv. 189.
lacertina, iv. 189.

Camptonotus =

Camptosaurus.

Camptosaurus, i. 192,

iv. 257.
“dispar, i. 192.
leedsi, iv. 258.
prestwichi, iv. 258.
valdensis, iv. 257.

Capitosaurus, iv. 147.
fronto, iv. 149.
nasutus, iv. 147.
robustus, iv. 149.

Cardiodon, iv. 236.
rugulosus, iv. 236.

Caulodon, iv. 241.
precursor, iv. 241].

INDEX, PARTS I.—IV.

Ceraterpetum, iv. 197. | Chelydra, iii. 134. |

crassum, iv. 197.
galvani, iv. 198.
Ceratochelys, ii. 159.
sthenurus, iii. 160,
166.
Ceratophrys, iv. 127.
cornuta, iv. 127.
Ceratosaurus, i. 157.
nasicornis, i. 157.
Cetiosaurus, i. 136.
brevis, 1. 1389, iv. 237.
glymptonensis, 1. 138.
humerocristatus, i.
tol:
longus, i. 137.
mediusg, i. 137.
oxoniensis, i. 137.
Cheelosaurus, iv. 234.
Chaibassia, iii. 99.
theobaldi, iii. 99.
tricarinata, ili. 99.
Chelichnus, iv. 218.
duneani, iv. 218.
Chelodina, iii. 168.
longicollis, ii. 168.
Chelone, iti. 27.
acuticeps, ili. 53.
antiqua, ili. 41.
belli, iii. 190.
benstedi, iii. 34.
breviceps, ii. 41, 64.
caimperi, 111. 30.
convexa, ili. 44, 48.
costata, ili. 190.
crassicostata, iii. 60.
cuneiceps, 111. 44,
declivis, iii. 48.
gigas, ill. 225.
girundica, ili. 30.
harvicensis, iil. 64.
hoffmanni, iii. 30.
jessoni, ili. 36.
latiscutata, iii. 60.
longiceps, iii. 57.
mantelli, iii. 190.
planiceps, iii, 203.
planimentum, iii. 64.
pulchriceps, iii. 176.
sp., iii. 30, 35.
subcarinata, iii. 47.
subcristata, iii. 47.
trigoniceps, iil. 53.
Chelonemys, iii. 184.
ovata, 111. 184.
plana, ili. 184.
Chelonia =Chelone.
Chelonides, iii. 197.
wittei, iii. 197.
Clelyderpeton, iv.
187.

yranil, iv. 187.

decheni, iii. 136.
murchisoni, iii. 135.
ceningensis, 111. 139.
serpentina, ii. 135.
Chelydropsis, iii. 154.
Chelyosaurus, iv. 187.
Vrallyl,Ay. Oven
Chelys, iii. 220. ©
blakei, ii. 220.
Chelytherium, iii.
222. .

obscurum, ili. 222.
Chirosaurus, iv. 215.
barthi, iv. 215.
herculis, iv. 216. 3
stortonensis, iv. 216.
Chirotherium,, iv. 215.
barthi, iv. 215.
geinitzi, iv. 215.
herculis, iv. 216.
majus, iv. 215.
minus, iv. 217.
stortonense, iv. 216.
Chitra, iii. 4.
indica, ill. 4.
Chlamydosaurus, i.
276

bennetti, i. 276.
kingi, 1. 276.
Chondrosteosaurus,
i. 146.
gigas, 1. 142, 146.
magnus, 1. 146.
Chrysemys, iii. 118.
bicarinata, iii. 119.
testudiniformis, ii.
118.
Cimoliochelys, | iii.
27

benstedi, iii. 34.
Cimoliornis, i. 10.
diomedius, 1. 13.
Cimoliosaurus, ii.
180, iv. 274.
australis, ii. 220.
bernardi, ii. 185.
biangulatus, ii, 227.
brachistospondylus, ii.
200. i
brevior, ii. 243.
cantabrigiensis, ii. 188.
chilensis, 11. 222.
constrictus, ii. 212.
durobrivensis, ii. viii.
eurymerus, ii. 205.
grandis, 247.
haasti, ii. 215.
hoodi, ii. 245.
latispinus, ii. 222,
limnophilus, ii. 224.

Cimoliosaurus (cont.).

magnus, ti. 211.

neocomiensis, ii. 223.

oxoniensis, ii. 209.

planus, ii. 217.

plicatus, 11. 234.

portlandicus, ii. 227,
iv. 274,

richardsoni, ii. 240, iv.

276.
smithi, ii. 215.
tenuis, li. 188.
triangulatus, 11. 227.
trochanterius, ii. 190.
~ sp., ii. 210, 211, 227,
244, 445.
truncatus, il. 230.
valdensis, ii. 188, iv.
«274.
Cirognathus, iv. 49.
eordylus, iv. 49.

Cistecephalus, iv. 45.

arctatus, iv. 48.
bathygnathus, iv. 47.
chelydroides, iv. 46.
leptorhinus, iv. 47,
microrhinus, ty. 46.
planiceps, iv. 47.
Cistudo, iii. 103.
europea, iii. 103.
Claudius, iii. 129.
Clemmys, iii. 105.
biearinata, ili. 119.
hamiltoni, iii. 105.
hydaspica, iii. 106.
kargi, 111. 135.
paleindiea, iii. 105.
punjabiensis, i. 108.
sivalensis, iii. 106.
theobaldi, ii. 108.
watsoni, ii}. 120.
Clidastes, i. 272.
sp., 1. 272.
Cochlecsaurus, iv.
186.
bohemicus, iv. 186.
Ccelurus, i. 156.
dayiesi, i. 156.
fragilis, i. 156.

Colobo nchus, i.
10.
_ .euvierit1. 12.

sedewicki, 1. 15.
Colossochelys, iii. 71.
_atlas, i. 74.
Cclucer, i. 250.
gervaisi, i. 252.
molurus, i. 253.
mucosus, i. 250.
oweni, i. 252.
papyraceus, i. 251.
sansaniensis, 1. 251.

INDEX, PARTS I.—IV.

Coluber (cont.).
scalaris, i. 252.
Colymbosaurus, ii.
180.
dutertrei, ii. 248.
megadirus, ii. 190.
Compsemys, iii. 137.
Compsognathus, i.
156.
longipes, i. 156.
Conchiosaurus, ii.
295.
clavatus, i. 295.
Coniasaurus, i. 289.
crassidens, i. 289.
Coryphodon, i. 250.
blumenbachi, i. 250.
Cretornis, i. 10.
hlavatschi, i. 14.
Cricosaurus, i. 95.
elegans, i. 98.
Cricotus, iv. 176.
discophorus, iv. 176.
heteroclitus, iv. 176.
Criorhynchus, i. 10.
simus, i. 16.
Crocodilzemus, i, 95,
98, iv. 234.
jordani, iv. 234.
Crocodilus, i. 53.
arduini, i. 60.
basifissus, i. 70.
biporcatus, 1. 59.
bollensis, i. 109.
bombifrons, i. 54.
brauniorum, 1. 46.
bruchi, i. 46.
cadomensis, i. 118.
cantabrigiensis, i. 75.
champsoides, i. 60.
clavirostris, 1. 70.
crassidens, i. 71.
cultridens, i. 90.
ebertsi, 1. 50.
elaverensis, i. 46.
gangeticus, 1. 65.
hastingsia, 1. 45.
isorhynchus, i. 64.
~ leptodus, i. 68.
longirostris, 1. 65.
macrorhynchus, i. 64.
medius, 1. 46.
paleindicus, i. 58.
palustris, 1. 54.
plenidens, i. 53.
porosus, i. 59.
priscus, 1. 101.
rateli, i. 46.
rathi, i. 46.
rollinati, i. 74.
Bailie te 7 1.
sivalensis, i. 5).

285

Crocodilus (conz.).
spenceri, i. 60.
superciliosus, i. 96.
temporalis, i. 106.
tenuirostris, i. 65.
toliapicus, i. 60.

Cryptobranchus, iv.

137.
alleghaniensis, iv. 138.
diluvii-testis, iv. 138.
maximus, iv. 138.
primigenius, iv. 137.
scheuchzeri, iv. 137.
tschudii, iv. 139.

Cryptodraco, iv. 256.
eumerus, iv. 256.

Cryptosaurus, iv. 256.
eumerus, iv. 256.

Cumnoria, i. 195, iv.

257.
prestwichi, 1. 196, iv.
258.

Cyamodus, iy. 7.
laticeps, iv. 8.
muensteri, iv. 7.
rostratus, iv. 7.
tarnowitzensis, iv. 7.

Cyclotosaurus, iv. 147.
robustus, iv. 149.

Cycnorhamphus, i.9.
suevicus, i. 10.

Cynochampsa, iy. 73.
laniaria, iv. 73.

Cynodraco, iv. 74.
major, iv. 74.
serridens, iv. 74.

Cynosuchus, iv. 71.
suppostus, iv. 71.

Cystignathus, iv. 124.
labyrinthicus, iv. 124.
ocellatus, iv. 125.

Dacochelys, iii. 173.
delabechei, iti. 173.
Dacosaurus, i. 92, iv.

230.
lissocephalus, i. 92.
manseli, i. 92.
maximus, 1. 92, iv. 230.
primeevus, i. 92.
Dakosaurus (see Da-
cosaurus).
Damonia, iii. 104.
hamiltoni, iii. 105.
Dawscnia, iv. 213.
multidens, iv. 213.
polydens, iv. 213.
Dendrerpetum, iv.
170.
deprivatum, iv. 170.
pyriticum, iv. 170.
Dermatemys, iii. 129.

286

Deuterosaurus, iv. 99.

biarmicus, iv. 99.
Diadectes, iv. 104.
molaris, iv. 102.
phaseolinus, iv. 104.
sideropelicus, iv. 104.
Dicynodon, iv. 16.
baini, iv. 24.
copei, iv. 37.
curvatus, iv. 23.
declivis, iv. 34.
dubius, iv. 21.
dunni, iv. 36.
feliceps, iv. 20.
lacerticeps, iv. 18.
leoniceps, iv. 19.
paicrotrema, iv. 36.
murrayi, iv. 37.
orientalis, iv. 41.
pardiceps, iv. 21.
parvidens, iv. 26.
rectidens, iv. 23.
recurvidens, iv. 19.
simocephalus, iv. 22.
strigiceps, iv. 30.
testudiceps, iv. 24.
tigriceps, iv. 24.
Digerrhum, iii. 205.
bullocki, ii. 206.
Dimetrodon, iv. 106.
cruciger, iv. 106.
Dimorphodon, i. 37.
banthensis, i. 37.
macronyx, i. 37.
Dinodocus, i. 136.
mackesoni, i. 136.
Dinosaurus, i. 171.
gresslyi, i. 172.
Diopecephalus, 1. 4.
kochi, i. 6.
longicollum, i. 9.
rhamphastinus, 1. 8.
Diplocyncdon, i. 45.
darwini, i. 46.
gracilis, i. 50.
hantoniensis, i. 45.
plenidens, i, 50.
rateli, 1. 46.
sp., 1. 50. .
Diplodocus, i. 132.
longus, i. 132.

Diplospondylus, _ iv.
175

Diplovertebron, iv.
175.
Discosaurus, ii. 180.
vetustus, li, 211.

Dolichosaurus, i. 275.

longicollis, i. 275.
Dolichcsoma, iv. 205.
angustatum, iv. 206.
Jongissimum, iv. 205.

INDEX, PARIS I.—IV.

Doratorhynchus, i. 10.

validus, i. 26.
Dorygnathus, i. 37.
banthensis, i. 37.

Draczenosaurus, i. 288.

croizeti, i. 288.
Dracosaurus, ii. 288.
brennii, ii. 288.
giganteus, li. 293.
Dryptosaurus, i. 169.
aquilunguis, i. 170.

Echinodon, i. 247.
becklesi, i. 247.
Edestosaurus, i. 272.

Elasmosaurus, ii. 180.

constrictus, ii. 212.
orientalis, ii. 247.
platyurus, ii, 215.
Embolophorus, _ iv.
108.
dolloverianus, iv. 109.
fritillus, iv. 108.
sp., iv. 108.
Empedias, iv. i01.
molaris, iv. 102.
phaseolinus, iv. 104.
Empedocles, iv. 101.
molaris, iv. 102.
Emyda, ii. 22.
ceylonensis, iil. 23.
vittata, i. 23.
Emydura, iii. 168.
macquarie, 111. 169.
Emys, iii. 102.
benstedi, ii1. 34.
bicarinata, iu. 119.
comptoni, ii. 93.
conybeari, iii. 173.
crassus, ii. 110.
delabechei, iii. 173.
dhongoka, ii. 125.
europea, li. 103.
hamiltoni, iii. 105.

hordwelliensis, iii. 110.

leevis, ii. 171.
lineata, iti. 174.
lutaria, ii. 103.
mantelli, i, 190.
namadica, iii. 127.
nicoleti, 11. 109.
orbicularis, iii. 103.
parkinsoni, iil. 64.
scutella, 111. 91. -
tecta, iii. 127.
tentoria, iii. 127.
testudiniformis, iii.
118.
thurgi, iii. 120.
turfa, ii. 103.
Enaliochelys, iii. 148.
chelonia, ili, 148,

Endothiodon, iv. 64. 7
bathystoma, iv. 65.
microps, iv. 65.
uniseries, iv. 65.

Engyommasaurus, i.

105.
brongniarti, i. 107.

Eosaurus, iv. 165.
acadianus, iv. 166.

Ecsphargis, ili. 225.
gigas, iil, 225.

Epicampodon, i. 174.
indicus, i. 174.

Epicordylus, iv. 191.

Eretmosaurus, ii. 248.
rugosus, li. 249,
sp., 1. 251.

Erpetocephalus, | iv.

168.

rugosus, iv. 169.
Erquelinnesia, iii. 51.
gosseleti, i. 60.
Eryops, iv. 191.
africanus, iv. 193.
megacephalus, iv. 191.
Eucamerotus, i. 146.
Ewclastes, ii. 51.
gosseleti, 1ii. 60.
sp., 1. 68.
Eurosaurus, iv. 98.
Euryaspis, iii. 150.
radians, ii. 151.
Eurycarpus, iy. 50.
oweni, iv. 50.
Eurysternum, iii. 150.
crassipes, il. 151.
wagleri, ii. 151.
Euscelesaurus, iv.

browni, iv. 252.

Fritschia, iv. 225.
curtidentata, iv. 225.

Galesaurus, iv. 68.
planiceps, iv. 68.

Garialis, i. 65, iv. 228.
crassidens, i. 71.
dixoni, i. 69, iv. 228.
gangeticus, i. 65.
hysudricus, i. 67.
leptodus, i. 68.
macrorhynchus, 1. 64.
neocesariensis, i. 70.
pachyrhynchus, i, 69.
priscus, 1. 101.

Gaudrya, iv. 186.

latistoma, iv. 187.
Gavialis (see Gari-
alis).
Gavialosuchus, i. 62.
eggenburgensis, 1. 63,

Geoemyda, iii. 99.
- tricarinata, iii. 99.
Geosaurus, i. 271, iv.
230.
giganteus, 1. 271.
maximus, i. 92, iv.
230.
soemmerringi, i. 271.
Gigantosaurus, i. 146,
iv. 239..
megalonyx, i. 151.
Glaridodon, iy. 92.
Glossochelys, iii. 51.
harvicensis, ili. 64.
Glyptosaurus, i. 278.
Gnathosaurus, i. 96.
Goniopholis, i. 79, iv.
229.
crassidens,i. 79, iv. 229.
minor, i. 80, iy. 229.
pugnax, i. 80.
simus, 1. 83.
tenuidens, i. 83.
undidensg, i. 80.
Gorgenops, iv. 111.
torvus, iv. 111.
Grallator, iv. 222.
cuneatus, iv. 222.
Gresslysaurus, i. 17].
ingens, i. 172.

Gryphus, i. 12.

Hadrianus, iii. 72.
Hadrosaurus, |. 243.
toulki, i. 244.
Halilimnosaurus, i.
271.
crocodiloides, i. 271.
Hardella, iii. 119.
thurgi, iii. 120.
Helemys, iii. 216.
serrata, ii. 216.
Heliarchon, iv. 136.
furcillatus, iv. 136.
Heterosuchus, i. 74.
valdensis, 1. 74.
~ Homeeosaurus, i. 291.
brevipes, i. 291.
maximiliani, i. 291.
Homopus, iii. 91.
comptoni, iii. 93.
scutella, ii. 91.
Hoplosaurus, iv. 243.
armatus, iv. 245.
Hydraspis, iii. 169.
leithi, ii. 170.
macquarii, ili. 169.
ceningensis, il. 135.
Hydrosalamandra,
iv. 137.
primigenia, iv. 138.
prisca, iv. 138.

INDEX, PARTS I.—IY.

Hydrosaurus, i. 281.
Hyleochampsa, i.
76.
vectiana, i. 77.
Hyleochelys, iii. 185.
belli, ii. 190.
emarginata, iii. 189.
lata, in. 195:
latiscutata, ii. 186.
Hyleosaurus, i. 185.
oweni, i. 185.
Hylerpetum, iv. 224.
dawsoni, iv. 225.
longidentatum, iy.
225.
Hylonomus, iv. 201,
2038.
aciedentatus, iv. 224.
latidens, iv. 224.
longicostatus, iv. 201.
lyelli, iv. 2238.
wymani, iv. 224.
Hyloplesion, iv. 201.
longicostatum, iv. 201.
Hyorhynchus, iv. 80.
platyceps, iv. 80.
Hyperodapedon, i.
297.
gordoni, 1. 298.
huxleyi, i. 299.
Hyposaurus, i. 90.
derbianus, 1. 91.
Hypsilophodon, i.
193.
foxi, 1. 193.

Ichthyerpetum, _ iy.
169.
bradleyze, iv. 169.
Ichthyosaurus, ii. 12,
iv. 270.
acutirostris, li. 73.
advenus, ii. 114.
zequalis, 11. 115. 4
angustidens, 11. 113.
atavus, li. 113.
australis, ii. 113.
bonneyi, i. 114.
brachyspondylus, ii.
34,

breviceps, ii. 52.
campylodon, ii. 15.
carinatus, ii. 113.
ceramensis, li. 113.
chalorodirus, ii. 113.

chiroligostinus, ii. 94.

chiroparamecostinus,
li. 55.

chiropolyostinus, — ii.

chirostrongulostinus,
ii, 83.

287

Ichthyosaurus (cont.).
communis, li. 41, iv.
270.
coniformis, ii. 113.
conybeari, 11. 33.
cornalianus, ii. 114.
crassicostatus, ii. 113.
crassimanus, il. 105.
cuvieri, li. 22.
dilatatus, ii. 30.
doughtyi, ii. 114.
entheciodon, i. 32.
fortimanus, iil. Xvili.
gaudensis, ii. 113.
giganteus, ii. 94.
grandipes, ii. 83.
hectori, ii. 113.
hexagonus, ii. 113.
hildesiensis, 1i. 30.
hygrodirus, ui. 113.
indicus, ii. 22.
ingens, ii. 113.
integer, ii. 71.
intermedius, il. 5d, iv.
210.
laticeps, i. 89.
latifrons, ii. 89.
latimanus, ii. 53.
leptospondylus, ii. 31.
lonchiodon, ii. 92.
longifrons, ii. 76.
longimanus, ll, XViil.
longipinnis, ii. 73.
longirostris, i1. 89.
macrophthalmus, ii.
£35
marathonensis, ii. 113.
megalodirus, i. 113.
microdon, ii. 73.
nordenskioeldi, ii. 113.
normannia, ii, 22.
ovalis, ii. 29.
planartus, ii. 114.
platymerus, i. 1]4.
platyodon, 1. 94, iv.
271.
polaris, ii. 114.
polyptychodon, ii. 16.
posthumus, li. 22.
quadriscissus, 11. 73.
rheticus, ii. 114.
sinuatus, ii. 83.
strombecki, i. 16.
tenuirostris, il. 83.
thyreospondylus, il.
trigonodon, ii. 108, iv.
7 ol
trigonus, li. 22.
triscissus, li. 114.
walkeri, ii. 114.
zetlandicus, ii. 76.

288

Idiochelys, iii. 184.
fitzingeri, ii. 184.
wagneri, ill. 184.
wagnerorum, iii. 184.

Iguana, i. 277.
europea, i. 277.

Iguanodon, i. 195, iv.

- 259. .

bernissartensis, i. 201,
iv. 265.

dawsoni, i. 196, iv. 259.

fittoni, iv. 260.

foxi, 1. 193.

hollingtoniensis, iv.
262.

mantelli, i. 218, iv. 266.

precursor, iv. 241.

prestwichi, i. 196, iv.
258.

seelyi, i. 201.

sp., 1. 226.

Ischyrodon, ii. 120.
meriani, ii. 131.

Ischyrcsaurus, i. 146.
manseli, i. 152.

Jacare, i. 44.

Kachuga=Cachuga.
Keirognathus = Ci-

rognathus.
Keraterpeton=Cera-

terpetum.
Kistecephalus=Cis-

tecephalus.

Labyrinthodon, iv.

142.

brauni, iv. 155.

diagnosticus, iv. 153.

jegeri, iv. 142.

salamandroides, iv.
142.

schwarzenbergi, iv.
160.

Lacerta, i. 287.
bifidentata, i. 287.
gangetica, i. 65.
gigantea, 1. 271.
lamandini, 1. 287.

Lzlaps, i. 169.
aquilunguis, i. 170.

Lariocsaurus, ii. 284.
balsami, ii. 284.

Latonia, iv. 129.
gigantea, iv. 129.
rugosa, iv. 129.
siefriedi, iv. 129.

Lepidotosaurus, _ iy.

214.
duffi, iv. 214.

INDEX, PARTS I,—IV.

Lepterpetum, iv. 199.

dobbsi, iv. 199.
sp., iv. 199.
Leptodactylus, iv.
124.

ocellatus, iv. 125.

pentadactylus, iv. 124.

sp., iv. 126.

clifti, i. 65.

crassidens, i. 71.

gangeticus, i. 65.
Lestosasaurus, i. 269.

elegans, iv. 200.
laticeps, iv. 200.
obtusatum, iy. 200.
Liodon, i. 264.
anceps, 1. 265.
brumbyi, i. 267.
dyspelor, i. 267.
haumuriensis, i. 267.
lundgreni, 1. 265.
perlatus, i. 267.
sp., i. 266.
Liopleurodon, i. 120.
bucklandi, i. 160.
ferox, 1. 145.
grossouvrel, i. 130.
Loxomma, iv. 163.
allmani, iv. 164.
bayaricum, iv. 164.
Lutkesaurus, ti. 172.
sp., 11.) 179.
Lutremys, iii. 102.
europea, 1. 103.
Lycosaurus, iv. 78.
curvimola, iv. 77.
pardalis, iv. 78.
tigrinus, iv. 78.
Lytoloma, iii. 51.
cantabrigiense, iii. 68.
crassicostatum, iii. 60.
longiceps, ili. 57.
planimentum, iii. 64.
SPipalll (08.00 ~

trigoniceps, iii. 53.

Macellodus, i. 289.
brodiei, i. 289.
Machimosaurus, i.
103,
hugii, i. 103.
mose, i. 104.
Macrochelys, iii. 224.
Macroclemmys, iii.
134.
temmincki, iii. 134.
Macromerium, | iy.
160.
bayeri, iv. 161.

Leptorhynchus, i. 65.

}+-Limnerpetum, iv. 200. -

Macromerium (comt.).
schwarzenbergi, iv.
160.
scoticum, iv. 162.
simplex, iv. 161.
Macromerosaurus, ii.
286

plinii, ii. 286.
Macropterna, iv. 219.
divaricata, iv. 219.
Mactor zeae i
87. ;

meyeri, 1. 88.
schaumburgensis, i. 87.
Macrosaurus, iv. 163.
polyspondylus, iv. 164.
MacrseE aaa re
108.

bollensis, i. 109.
Macrotrachelus, i. 4.
longirostris,i.5,
Macrurosaurus, i.

153.

semnus, 1. 153.
Manouria, iii. 71.
emys, iii. 72.
Massospondylus, iv.
248.
carinatus, iv. 248.
hislopi, iv. 248.
rawesi, iv. 249.
Mastodonsaurus, iv.
142.
giganteus, iv. 142.
granulosus, iv. 145.
indicus, iv. 145.
jegeri, iv. 142.
keuperinus, iv. 145.
salamandroides, iy.
142.
Mauisaurus, ii. 180.
gardneri, ii. 212.
hasti, ii. 215.
latibrachialis, ii. 247.
Megalania, i. 281.
prisca, i. 284.
Mega iv.
7.

scheucherziliyadean
Megalocephalus, iv.

macromma, iv. 164.
Megalcchelys, iii. 74.
sivalensis, iii. 74.
Megalosaurus, i. 159,
iv. 244.
bredai, i. 168.
bucklandi, i. 159.
dunkeri, i. 163, iv.
244,

insignis, i. 165.

Megalosaurus (cont.).
oweni, iv. 245.
sp., i. 163.

Megalotriton, iv. 135.

filholi, iv. 135.
Megasternum, iii.
205.
koenigi, iii. 206.
Melanerpetum, iv.
: 209.
pulcherrimum, iv. 209.
pusillum, iv. 209.
Melanochelys, iii. 99.
Melitosaurus, i. 62.
champsoides, i. 64.
Melosaurus, iv. J&6.
bohemicus, iv. 186.
Mesosaurus, ii. 300.
tenuidens, ii. 300.
tumidus, ii. 302.
Metopias, iv. 152.
diagnosticus, iv. 153.
Metcposaurus, iv.
152.
diagnosticus, iv. 153.
Metriorhynchus, i.
95, iv. 233.
blainvillei, iv. 234.
elegans, i. 98.
moreli, i. 97.
sp., i. 98.
superciliosum, i. 96,
iv. 234. ~
Microbrachis, iv. 204.
mollis, iv. 205.
pelicani, iv. 205.
Microdon, iv. 200.
laticeps, iv. 200.
Micropholis, iv. 174.
~ granulata, iv.-174.
Miolania, iii. 159.
minor, iil. 160.
oweni, ili. 166.
platyceps, ii. 160.
-Mixosaurus, i. 114.
Molge, iv. 136.
noachica, iv. 136.
Monitor, i. 281.
dracena, i. 282.
Morcsaurus, i. 134, iv.
237.
becklesi, iv. 237.
brevis, iv. 237.
grandis, i. 133.
Mosasaurus, i. 261.
bavaricus, i. 271.
belgicus, i. 261.
camperi, i. 261.
dekayi, i. 264.
giganteus, i. 26].
gracilis, i. 273.

INDEX, PARTS-I.—IV.

Mosasaurus (cont.).
hofmanni, i. 261.
maximus, i. 264.
stenodon, i. 265.

Mosellosaurus, i. 105.
rostro-minor, i. 106.

Murzenosaurus, ii.

180.
brachyspondylus, ii.
190.
leedsi, ii. 234.
manseli, ii. 170.

Mystriosaurus, i. 108.
bollensis, i. 109.
brevior, 1. 111.
brongniarti, i. 107.
chapmani, 110.
egertoni, i. 109.
laurillardi, i. 110.
longipes, i. 109.
macrolepidotus, i. 110.
mandelslohi, i. 109.
minimus, i. 112.
muensteri, i. 109.
schmidti, i. 109.
speciosus, i. 110.
stukelyi, i. 109, 110.
tenuirostris, i. 107.
tiedmanni, 1. 109.

Nannosuchus, i. 84.
gracilidens, 1. 84.
Naosaurus, iv. 106.
claviger, iv. 107.
cruciger, iv. 106.
microdus, iv. 107.
Nectoportheus, i.
264.
Neosodon, iv. 239.
Neusticosaurus, 1.
285.
edwardsi, ii. 285,
pusillus, 11. 285,

Nicoria, ii. 99.

tricarinata, ili. 99.
Nothosaurus, ii. 288.
aduncidens, ii. 293.

andriani, ii. 299.

angustidens, 1i. 299.
bergerl, ii. 299.
giganteus, ll. 293.
-latifrons, ili. xvill.
mirabilis, 11. 288.
mougeoti, ii. 299.
muensteri, il. 299.
schimperi, ii. 299.
venustus, ii, 295.
Notochelone, iii. 70.
costata, ii. 70.
Notochelys, tii. 70.
costata, ii. 70.

289

Nuthetes, i. 247.
destructor, i. 247.

Nyrania, iv. 166.
trachystoma, iv. 166.

Nythosaurus, iv. 66.
larvatus, iv. 66.

Ocadia, iii. 108.
crassa, ii. 110.
nicoleti, iii. 109.
oweni, iii. 115.
Oligosomus, ii. 180.
Omosaurus, i. 177, iv.
251.

armatus, i. 177, iv.
252.

hastiger, i. 179, iv.
258.

sp., i. 180.

Oodlithes, i. 122.
bathonice, i. 122.
Ophiderpetum, iv.
206.
brownriggi, iv. 206.
corvini, iv. 208.
granulosum, iv. 207.
nanum, iv. 206.
pectinatum, iv. 207.
vicinum, iv. 207.
zieglerianum, iv. 208.
Ophisaurus, i. 278.
moguntinus, i. 278.
Ophthalmosaurus, il.
8, iv. 266.
cantabrigiensis, ii. 9.
icenicus, ii. 9, iv. 267.
pleydelli, iv. 268.
sp., 1. 12.
Orinosaurus, iv. 253.
capensis, lv. 253.
Ornithocephalus, i. 4.
antiquus, i. 5.
banthensis, i. 37.
brevirostris, i. 4.
crassirostris, i. 28.
gemmingi, i. 31.
grandis, 1. 32.
longicaudatus, i. 29.
longirostris, i. 5.
meyeri, 1. 4.
muensteri, i. 80.
rhamphastinus, i. 8.
Ornithochirus, i. 10.
clifti, i. 25.
compressirostris, i, 11.
curtus, 1. 26.
cuvieri, i. 12.
daviesi, 1. 23.
diomedius, i. 138.
fittoni, i. 15.
giganteus, i. 12,

73.
7)

290

Ornithochirus (cont.).
hlavatschi, i. 14.
nobilis, i. 24.
sedgwicki, i. 15.
simus, i. 16.
sp., 1. 25.
validus, i. 26.

_ Ornithodesmus, i. 42.

cluniculus, i. 42.
Ornithoidichnites, iv.
220.
giganteus, iv. 222.
sillimani, iv. 221.
Ornithopsis, i. 146, iv.
241, 248.
eucamerotus, i. 146, iv.
243.
hulkei, i. 146, iv. 243.
humerocristatus, i. 151,
iv. 241.
leedsi, i. 151, iv. 242.
manseli, i. 152, iv. 241.
Orophosaurus, ii. 182.
pauciporus, ii. 247.
Orosaurus, iv. 253.
Orthocosta, iv. 203.
microscopica, iv. 203.
Orthomerus, i. 241.
dolloi, i. 241.
Orthopleurosaurus,
iv. 203.
microscopicus, iv. 203.
Orthopus, iv. 98.
primeevus, iv. 98.
Orthosaurus, iv. 163.
pachycephalus, iv. 164.
Osteopygis, iii. 51.
Oudenodon = Udeno-
don.
Oweniasuchus, i. 84.
major, 1. 85.
minor, i. 85.
Oxyglossus, iv. 121.
pusillus, iv. 122.

Pachypleura, ii. 285.
edwardsi, ii. 285.
Pachyrhamphus, i.
27

crassirostris, 1. 28.
Pachyrhynchus, iii.
51

gosseleti, ii1. 60.
longiceps, ili. 57.
planimentum, ili. 64.
trigoniceps, iil. 53.
Palzobatrachus, iv.
130.

bohemicus, iv. 132.
diluvianus, iv, 130.

INDEX, PARTS I.—IV.

Paleeobatrachus
(cont. ).
gigas, iv. 131.
goldfussi, iv. 1380.
grandipes, iv. 132.
luedeckei, iv. 132.
meyeri, iv. 131.
sp., iv. 133.
Palezochelys, iii. 101.
bussenensis, iii. LOL. -
Palzomedusa, iii.
150.
testa, ili. 151.
Palzophis, i. 257.
porcatus, i. 258.
sp., 1. 260.
toliapicus, i. 257.
typheus, i. 258.
Palzopython, i, 253.
cadurcensis, i. 254.
filholi, i. 255.
Palzornis, i. 10.
clifti, i. 25.
Palzosaurus, iv. 246.
piatyodon, iv. 246.
strenbergi, iv. 188.
Palwovaranus, i. 279.
cayluxi, i. 279.
Paleryx, i. 253.
depressus, i. 255.
filhol, i. 255.
rhombifer, i. 254.
Pangshura, iii. 123.
flaviventris, iii. 127.
tecta, ili. 127.
tentoria, iii. 127.
Parachelys, iii. 195.

eichstzedtensis, 111. 195.

Parasuchus, i. 130.
hislopi, i. 1380.
Pariasaurus, iv. 114.
bombidens, iv. 115.
serridens, iy. 114.
Parioxys, iv. 191.
Pelagosaurus, i. 105.
brongniarti, i. 107.
typus, i. 106.
Pelobatochelys, iii.
152.
blakei, iii. 153.
Pelomedusa, iii. 171.
galeata, iii. 171.

Peloneustes, ii. 151, iv.

273.
zequalis, ii. 152.
evansi, iv. 273.
philarchus, ii. 154.
Pelorosaurus, i. 145,
iv. 239.
armatus, iv. 243.
becklesi, iv. 237.

Pelorosaurus (cont.).
conybeari, i. 145, iv.240.
humerocristatus, iv.

241,
leedsi, iv. 242.
manseli, iv. 241.

Peltocephalus, iii. 171.
levis, iii. 171.

Peltochelys, iii. 137.

Peltosaurus, i. 278.
Periops, i. 252.
gervaisi, 1. 252.
Petrophryne, iv. 174.
granulata, iv. 174.
major, iv. 174.
Petrosuchus, i. 89.
leevidens, 1. 89.
Phocosaurus, iv. 82.
megischion, iv. 83.
Pholidogaster, iv. 195.
_ pisciformis, iv. 195.
Pholidosaurus, i. 87.
meyeri, i. 88.
schaumburgensis, i. 87.
Phytosaurus, i. 124,
iv. 235.
cubicodon, i. 124
eylindricodon, i. 124. ~
plieningeri, i. 128.
Pilemophis, i. 250.
sansaniensis, i. 251.
Piocormus, i. 292.
laticeps, 1. 292.
Piptomerus, ii. 180.
hexagonus, ii. 247.
megaloporusg, ii. 247.
microporus, ii. 247.
Pistosaurus, ii. 287.
longzevus, 11. 287.
Placodus, iv. 2.
andriani, iv. 5.
bathygnathus, iv. 2.
bombidens, iy. 5.
gigas, lv. 2.
hypsiceps, iv. 2.
impressus, lv. 6.
laticeps, iv. 8.
muensteri, iv. 7.
pachygnathus, iv. 2.
quinimolaris, iv. 6.
rostratus, iv. 7.
Placosaurus, i. 279.
margariticeps, 1. 279.
Plastremys, iii. 1895.
lata, iii. 195.

: Platecarpus, i. 269.

curtirostris, 1. 270.
mudgei, i. 271.
oweni, i. 270.

sp., 1. 271,

Platemys, iii. 170.
bowerbanki, iii. 171.
bullocki, iii. 206.
concinna, ili. 206.
dixoni, iii. 190.

_emarginata, ili. 189.
latiscutata, iii. 186.
mantelli, iii. 180.
ovata, ili. 206.

Platyceps, iv. 172.
wilkinsoni, iv. 172.

Platychelys, iii. 216.
anglica, iii. 217.
oberndorferi, iil. 216.

Platycposaurus, iv.

182.
rickardi, iv. 183.
stuckenbergi, iv. 183,

Platyops, iv. 182.

- rickardi, iv. 183.
stuckenbergi, iv. 183.

Platypodosaurus, iv.
62

robustus, iv. 62.

Plesiochelys, iii. 196.
brodiei, iii. 201.
hannoyerana, ili. 198.
rugosa, ili. 130.
solodurensis, iii. 197.
sp., 1. 198, 199, 202.
valdensis, iii. 199.

Plesiosaurus, ii. 251,

bye QT:

affinis, ii. 190.
arcuatus, ii. 163.
australis, 11. 220.

| balticus, ii. 185.
bernardi, ii. 185.
bitractensis, 283.

brachistospondylus, ii.
200.

brachycephalus, ii.
266.
brachyspondylus, ii.
139, 190.
carinatus, ii. 168, 227.
chilensis, li. 222.
cliduchus, 11. 255.
ccelospondylus, ii. 271.
constrictus, ii. 212.
conybeari, il. 269.
costatus, ii. 282.
cramptoni, ii. 161.
crassicostatus, ii. 220.
cycnodirus, li. 246.
dzedicomus, ii. 230.
degenhardti, ii. 224.
dewalquil, i. 254.

dolichodirus, ii. 255,

iv. 277.
eleutheraxon, i. 259.

INDEX, PARTS I.—IY.

Plesiosaurus (conz.).

ellipsospondylus, ii.
172.

erraticus, 245.
etheridgei, ii. 260.
eurymerus, ii. 205.
euryspondylus, ii. 246.
gardneri, 1. 212.
giganteus, ii. 123.
grandis, ii. 123,
gulo, ii. 247.
gurgitis, li. 223.
hawkinsi, ii. 260.
helmerseni, ii. 212.
hexagonalis, ii. 234.
holmesi, ii. 247.
homalospondylus, ii.
253.
hoodi, 1i. 245.
ichthyospondylus, ii.
185

indicus, ii. 160.
infraplanus, i. 234.
jenensis, ii. 299.
levis, 11. 139.
laticeps, ii. 269.
latispinus, ii. 222,
269.
leedsi, 11. 234.
limnophilus, ii. 224.
lockwoodi, ii. 247.
longirostris, ii. 271.
mackayi, li. 247.

macrocephalus, ii. 266. |

macrodirus, ii. 190.

macrospondylus, il.
247.

manseli, 11. 190.

megacephalus, 11. 166.

megadirus, ii. 190.

neocomiensis, u. 183,

223.
nordmanni, ii. 247.
ophiodirus, ii. 246.
oxoniensis, ii. 209.
pachyomus, u. 185,
2
pentagonus, ii. 248.
philarchus, ii. 154.
planus, ii. 217.
platydirus, ii. 246.

_ plicatus, ii. 2380, 234.

pecilospondylus, ii.
246

posidoniz, ii. 284,
priscus, iv. 277.
profundus, 1. 299.
propinquus, ii. 170.
recentior, li. 139.
rostratus, ii. 271.
rugosus, ll, 249.

291

Plesiosaurus (cont.).
simpsoni, ii. 170.
smithi, ii. 215.
sp., li. 264, 274.
speciosus, ii. 288.
sterrodirus, ii. 152.
subdepressus, ii. 2380.
suevicus, li. 248.
suprajurensis, 11. 248,
sutherlandi, ii. 247.
traversi, ii. 247.
trigonus, li. 248. °
triotarsostinus, ii. 260.
trochanterius, ii. 190.
truncatus, ii. 230.
validus, ii. 190.
winspitensis, li. 227.

Plesiosuchus, i. 92.
manseli, i. 92.

Plestiodon, i. 281.
cadurcensis, i. 281.

Pleuroccelus, i. 134, iv.

237.
nanus, iv. 238.
valdensis, iv. 237.

Pleurodon, i. 53.
erocodiloides, i. 53.

Pleurodus, iv. 9.
bicolor, iv. 9.

Pleuroneura, iv. 210.
pellati, iv. 210.

Pleurcsaurus, i. 293.
goldfussi, i. 293.

Pleurosternum, iii.

205.
bullocki, iii. 205.
coneinnum, iil. 205.
emarginatum, ili. 189,
205.
koeneni, iii. 186.
latiscutatum, iii. 186.
ovatum, iti. 205.
oweni, iii. 207.
portlandicum, ii. 215.
sedgwicki, iii. 207.
typocardium, iii. 207.
vansittardi, ii. 297.
Plioplatecarpus, i.
261.
Pliosaurus, ii. 120, iy.
271.
eequalis, ii. 152.
archiachi, ii. 147.
brachydirus, ii. 123,
iv. 271.
brachyspondylus, ii.
140.

evansi, ii. 128, iv. 273.
ferox, li. 145, iv. 271.
gamma, li. 140.
giganteus, ii. 131.

292

Pliosaurus (cont.).
gigas, 11. 212.
grandis, li. 131.
grossouvrei, ii. 130.
macromerus, ii. 131.
nitidus, li. 140.
pachydirus, ii. 145.
planus, 11. 143.
portlandicus, ii. 127.
simplex, ii. 140.
suprajurensis, li. 248.
trochanterius, i. 190.
wosinskii, ii. 130.

Podocnemis, iii. 171.
bowerbanki, ii. 171.
delabechei, iii. 171.
indica, iii. 172.
leevis, i. 171.

sextuberculata, ii. 172.
Poekilopleuron, i. 159.

bucklandi, i. 159.
pusillus, i. 158.
Poikilopleuron =
Poekilopleuron.
Polacanthus, i. 189.
FOR, AALSY,
Polycotylus, ii. 180.
latipinnis, ii. 247.
suprajurensis, 11. 248.
tenuis, 11. 188.
Polyptychodon, ii.
2:

archiachi, ii. 147.
continuus, 11. 179.
ferox, li. 145.
interruptus, ii. 173.
Pristichampsa, i. 74.
rollinati, i. 74.

Probatrachus, iv. 130.

Procolophon, iv. 13.
griersoni, iv. 13.
laticeps, iv. 15.
minor, iv. 14.
trigoniceps, iv. 13.

Proganochelys,iii.222.

quenstedti, iti. 222.
Proiguana, i. 277.
europeana, i. 277.
Propappus, iv. 118.
omocratus, iv. 119.
Propleura, iii. 51.
Propseudopus, i. 278.
Proteocordylus, iv.
137.
diluvii, iv. 137.
Froteosaurus, ii. 12.
Proterosaurus, i. 301.
meyer, i. 801.
speneri, i. 302.
Protochelys, iii. 220.
stricklandi, iii. 220.

INDEX, PARTS I.—IV.

Protosphargis, iii.
28.
veronensis, iii. 228.
Protostega, ii. 229.
anglica, ili. 229.
gigas, 11. 229.
neptunia, i11. 229.
tuberosa, ili. 229.
Protriton, iv. 210.
petrolei, iv. 210
salamandroides, iv.
aids,
Psammochelys, | iii.
222.
keuperina, ili. 222.
Psephoderma, iii. 231.
alpinum, iii. 231.
anglicum, iii. 231.
Psephophorus, iii.
224.

sealdi, ili. 224.
sp., i. 224.
Pseudopus, i. 278.
moguntinus, i. 278.
Pseudotrionyx, ili.
145.
delheidi, iti. 145.
Pterodactylus, i. 4.
aclandi, 1. 36.
antiquus, i. 5.
bucklandi, i. 34.
clifti, i. 25.
compressirostris, i. 11.
conirostris, i. 12.
crassirostris, 1. 28.
curtus, 1. 26.
cuvieri, i. 12.
daviesi, i. 23.
duneani, i. 34.
elegans, 1. 7.
eurychirus, i. 10.
fittoni, i. 15.
gemmingi, i. 31.
giganteus, i. 12.
grandis, i. 32.
kiddi, i. 34.
kochi, i. 6.
longicaudata, i. 29.
longicollum, i. 9.
longirostris, i. 5.
macronyx, i. 37.
macrurus, 1. 26.
manseli, 1. 40).
marderi, i. 37.
meyer, i. 4.
muensteri, 1. 80.
nobilis, i. 24.
pleydelli, i. 41.
pulchellus, i. 7.
rhamphastinus, 1. 8.
scolopaciceps, i. 6.

Pterodactylus (cont.).
simus, i. 16.
spectabilis, i. 7.
suevicus, i. 9.
validus, 1. 26.
woodwardi, i. 16.
wurtembergicus, i. 10.

Ptyas, i. 250.
mucosus, i. 250.

Ptychogaster, iii. 95.
cayluxensis, iii. 98.
emydoides, 111. 95.
pomeli, iii. 97.

Ptychognathus, iv.

33

alfredi, iv. 35.
boopis, iv. 37.
declivis, iv. 34.
depressus, iv. 35,
latirostris, iv. 35.
orientalis, iv. 41.
pusillus, iv. 49.
verticalis, iv. 37.
Ptychosiagum, iv. 33.
declive, iv. 34.:
latirostris, iv. 35.
microtrema, ly. 36.
orientale, iv. 41.
Puppigerus, iii. 51.
breviceps, iii. 41, 64.
convexus, ili. 48.
crassicostatus, iil. 60.
latiscutatus, iil. 60.
longiceps, ii. 57.
subcarinatus, iii. 47.
subcristatus, 111. 47.
Pylmophis = Pile-
mophis.
Python, i. 253.
cadurcensis, i. 254.
molurus, i. 253.

Rana, iv. 122.
cornuta, iv. 127.
diluviana, iv. 130.
gigantea, iv. 129.
labyrinthica, iv. 124.
meriani, iv. 122.
neeggerathi, iv. 123.
ocellata, iv. 125.
pentadactyla, iv. 124.
pusilla, iv. 122.
rugosa, iv. 129.

Regnosaurus, i. 184.
northamptoni, i. 184.

Rhacheosaurus, i. -

95.

Rhachitomus, iv. 191.

valens, iv. 191.

Rhamphocephalus,
i. 33.
bucklandi, i. 34.
depressirostris, 1. 36.

Rhamphorhynchus,

i. 29, iv. 226.
bucklandi, 1. 34.
crassirostris, 1. 28.
depressirostris, i 30.
gemmingi, i. 31, iv.

26.

grandis, i. 32.
jessoni, iv. 226.
longicauda, i. 29.
longicaudatus, i. 29.
longimanus, i. 31,
meyeri, i. 31.
muensteri, i. 30.
phylluris, i. 30.

Rhamphosaurus, i.

Doty

Rhamphosuchus, i.
ak

erassidens, i. 71.
Rhinochelys, iii. 175.
brachyrhina, iii. 179.

cantabrigiensis, iii.
176.

elegans, iii. 178.

jessoni, ili. 180.

macrorhina, iii. 177.

pulchriceps, iii. 176.

sp., iii. 180.

Rhinoclemmys, iii.

99

Rhinosaurus, i. 264.
Rhomaleosaurus, ii.
158.
cramptoni, ii. 161.
Rhynchosaurus, i.
296.

articeps, i. 296.

Rhynchosuchus, 1.62.

Rhytidosteus, iv.
194.
capensis, iv. 194.
Ricnodon, iv. 203.
trachylepis, iv. 203.

Salamandra, iv. 137.
gigantea, iv. 137.
scheuchzeri, iv. 137.

Salamandrella, iv.

210.
petrolei, iv. 210.
Salamandroides, iv.
142.
giganteus, iv. 142.

Saniva, i. 278.

Sapheosaurus, i. 292.
laticeps, i, 292.

INDEX, PARTS I.—Iv.

Sapheosaurus (cont.).
thiollierei, i. 292.
Sauranodon, ii. 60.
Saurichnites, iv. 219.
perlatus, iv. 219.
rittleriauus, iv. 219.
Saurillus, i. 289.
obtusus, i. 289.

Saurosternum, i. 295.

baini, i, 295.
Scaloposaurus, iv. 70.
constrictus, iv. 71.
Scaphognathus, i.
27, iv. 226.
crassirostris, i. 28.
purdoni, iv. 226.
Scelidosaurus, i. 181.
harrisoni, i. 181.
Scincosaurus, iv. 198.
crassus, iv. 198.
Scincus, i. 288.
croizeti, i. 288.
Sclerocephalus, iv.
185.
heuseri, iv. 185.
Seeleya, iv. 203.
pusilla, iv. 203.
*Simosaurus, ii. 299.
guillardoti, ii. 299.
guillielmi, ii. 299.
mougeoti, ii. 299.
pusillus, 11. 285.
Smilerpetum, iv. 224.
aciedentatum, iv. 224.
Sparagmites, iv. 189.
lacertinus, iv. 189.
Sparodus, iv. 212.
crassidens, iv. 213.
validus, iv. 212.

Sphencsaurus, iv. 188.

sternbergi, iv. 188.
Sphenospondylus, i.
238.

gracilis, i. 238.
Spondylosaurus, ii.
120.

fahrenkohli, ii. 247.
fearsi, ii. 130.
Stagonolepis, i. 128.
robertsoni, 1. 129.
Staurotypus, iii. 143.
Stegochelys, iii.
233. .
planiceps, 11. 233.

Stegosaurus, i. 177;

iv. 251.
armatus, iv. 252.
hastiger, iv. 252.
stenops, i. 176.
Stelliosaurus, iv. 201.
longicostatus, iv. 201.

203,

293

Steneosaurus, i. 108,
iv. 234.
bollensis, i. 109.
brevidens, i. 115, iv.
234.
brevior, i. 111.
bronni, i. 106.
chapmani, i. 110.
dasycephalus, iv. 234.
edwards, i. 117.
elegans, i. 98.
heberti, i. 109.
larteti, i. 114.
latifrons, i. 113.
longirostris, i. 116.
manseli, i. 92.
megarhinus, i. 117.
megistorhynchus, i.
116.
minimus, i. 112.
rostro-major, i. 116.
sp.; 4 RET.
stephani, i. 114.
Stereorhachis, iv. 105.
dominans, iv. 105.
Stereosternum, ii. 300.
tumidum, ii. 302.
Streptospondylus, i.
201.

major, i. 201.
Stylemys, iii. 93, 196.
culbertsoni, iii. 94.

hannoyerana, iii. 198.
nebrascensis, iii. 94.
sp., 1. 94.
Suchodus, iv. 231.
durobrivensis, iv. 231.
Suchosaurus, i. 89.
cultridens, i. 90.
leevidens, i. 90.
Syngonosaurus, iv.
254.
macrocercus, iy. 254.

Taniwhasaurus, i.
269
oweni, 1. 270.
Tanystrophzus, i.
155.
Tapinocephalus, iy.
atherstonei, iv. 83.
Taphrosphys, iii. 174.
sp., li. 174.
Teleidosaurus, i. 102.
calvadosi, i. 103.
joberti, i. 103.
Teleosaurus, i. 118.
bollensis, i. 109.
brevidens, i. 115.

294

Teleosaurus (cont.).
brevior, 1. 111.
cadomensis, 1. 118
chapmani, i. 110.
edwardsi, i. 117.
geoffroyi, i. 120.
gracilis, i. 101.
larteti, i. 114.
latifrons, i. 113.
megarhinus, i. 117.
megistorhynchus, 1.

minimus, i. 112.
mos, 1. 104.
mosellana, 1. 106.
oplites, i. 107.
priscus, i. 101.
subulidens, i. 121.
superciliosus, i. 96.
temporalis, i. 106.
Telerpeton, i. 295.
elginense, 1. 295,
Temnodontosaurus,
iv. 271.
platyodon, iv. 271.
trigonodon, iv. 271.
Teratosaurus, i. 171.
suevicus, i. 172.
Testudo, iii. 172.
atlas, ili. 74.
canetotiana, ili. 94,
cautleyi, ili. 96.
duneani, iv. 214.
emys, iii. 72.
escheri, ili. 89.
eurysternum, iii. 90.
frizaciana, iii. 94.
gigantea, ili. 90.
hemispheerica, iii. 94.
larteti, iii. 90.
lata, iii. 94.
leithi, iii. 170.
longicollis, iii. 168.
nebrascensis, ili. 94.
orbicularis, iii. 103. -
owenl, ili. 94.
plana, iii. 60.
punjabiensis, iii. 87.
pygmeea, ili. 94.
robusta, ili. 75.
sloanei, ili. 89.
sp., 83, 84, 91.
spratti, iii. 74.
stricklandi, iii. 74.
Thalassemys, iii. 148.

reutimeyeri, ili. 148.
Thalassochelys, iii.
49,

crassicostatus, iii. 60.
eoceenica, 111. 50.

INDEX, PARTS I.—Iv.

Thalassochelys
(cont.).
planimentum, ili. 64.
sp., lii. 50.
Thaumatosaurus, ii.
159.
arcuatus, ii. 163.
carinatus, ii. 168.
cramptoni, ii. 161.
indicus, 11. 160.
megacephalus, ii. 166.
mosquensis, i. 145.
oolithicus, ii. 160.
philarchus, ii. 154.
propinquus, ii. 170.
zetlandicus, ii. 167.
Thecodontosaurus, i.
174, iv. 246.
antiquus, i. 175.
platyodon, i. 174, iv.
246.
Thecospondylus, i.
152,

daviesi, i. 156.
horneri, i. 152.
Theriognathus, iv. 64.
microps, iv. 65.
Theriosuchus, i. 77.
pusillus, i. 78.
Thoracosaurus, i. 70.
erandis, i. 70.
macrorhynchus, i. 64;
iv. 228,
neocesariensis, 1. 70.
Tigrisuchus, iv. 80.
simus, iv. 80.
Titanosaurus, i. 134,
144.
indicus, i. 134.
sp. a, 1. 135.
sp. 0, i. 136.
Titanosuchus, iv. 89.
ferox, iv. 90.
Tomistoma, i. 62, iv.
228.
champsoides, i. 64.
eggeenburgense, i. 63.
macrorhynchus, i. 64,
iv. 228.
Toxochelys, iii. 129.
Trachodon, i. 243.
cantabrigiensis, i. 244,
foulki, i. 244.
mirabilis, i. 244.
Trachyaspis, iii. 129.
xgyptiaca, ii. 131.
hantoniensis, iil. 131.
lardyi, iii. 131.
mioccena, ili. 130.
sanetze-crucis, ili.
130.

Trachydermochelys,
iii. 182.
phlyctznus, ili. 182.
Trematosaurus, iv.
154.
brauni, iv. 155.
Tretosternum,iii. 137.
bakewelli, iii. 138.
punctatum, iii. 141.
Tridentipes, iv. 222.
elegantior, iv. 222.
Trimerorhachis, iv.
189.
insignis, iv. 190.
Trinacromerum, ii.
180.
bentonianum, ii. 247.
Trionyx, iii. 7. .
aquitanicus, ii. 10.
bakewelli, iii. 138.
barbare, iii. 13.
bowerbanki, iii. 19.
circumsulcatus, i1. 22.
gangeticus, ili. 8.
gergensi, ili. 11.
henrici, ii. 13.
hurum, iii. 9.
incrassatus, ii. 17.
marginatus, 111. 13.
parisiensis, 11. 12.
phayrei, iti. 10. -
planus, ii. 18.
rivosus, iil. 19.
vittatus, iii. 21.
Triton, iv. 136.
noachicus, iv. 136.
Tropidemys, iii. 155.
expansa, ili. 156.
gibba, i. 156.
langi, iii. 156.
valanginensis, iii. 156.
Tropidonotus, i. 251.
atavus, i. 251. -
Tropidostoma, iv. 36.
dunni, iv. 36.
Tupinambis, i. 286.
bengalensis, i. 282.
nigropunctatus, i. 287.
teguixin, i. 286.
Tylosaurus, i. 264.

Udenodon, iv. 28. .
baini, iv. 29.
brevirostris, iv. 29.
greyl, iv. 32.
magnus, iy. dl.
megalops, iv. 30.
prognathus, iv. 31.
raniceps, lv. 29.
rugosus, iy. 29.

odon (cont.).

sp., iv. 321.
strigiceps, iv. 30.
rdylus, iv. 196.

INDEX, PARTS I.—Iv.

Varanus, i. 281.
bengalensis, i. 282.
draceena, i. 282.
giganteus, i. 282.
margariticeps, i. 279.
priscus, i. 284.
sivalensis, i. 283.
sp., 1. 282.

END OF PART IV.

295

Weissia, iv. 184.

Zanclodon, i. 171. :
levis, i. 172.
sp. a, 1. 172. :
sp. 6, i. 173.
suevicus, i. 172.

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= s 4 A = GY e~ = a =
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~ > ke | > i ‘a ; Ys > > es
- = ie ou = MAF 2 = = -
LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIYVYE!IT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTI
A 7 Ww . za ree ¢ w F fies oy Se 2] L re e : ” aa *
Ee ae ee: a ee.

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