qQL
441.5
I5X
1901
pt. .3
f asc . 1
INVZ
iliiiMlliiillliliMiiili
=!■
lift
xitiAi4i*itytttii.tniitt*4»^^^mimm^mi
-"J
ryvh
¥yf/
CATALOGUE
OF THE
INDIAN DECAPOD CRUSTACEA
*^^
IN THE
COLLECTION
OP THE
INDIAN MUSEUM.
PART III. MACRURA.
FASCICULUS I. THE PRAWNS OF THE PENEUS (JROUP.
"^ BY ^T^
i A. ALCOCK. M.B., LL.D., C.I.E., F.R.S. M
i'7 LIEUTIiNANT-COLONISL, INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICE; CORRESPONDING MEMBER 01' Til K ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY CittV
^ MEMBER OF THE NETHERLAND ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND OP THE CALIFORNIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES; K^^
^- SUPERIXTENDENT OF THE INDIAN MUSEDM ; AND PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY !^V^
ff'l AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY IN THE MEDICAL COLLEiiE. I'AI.CCTTA. • ia,V-")l
m^
i^
CALCUTTA: (^
■ THE TRUSTEES OF THE INDIAN ML'SKIM. ^^^
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM.
Cf^ 1906. ^^^
p^ Price Seven Rupees. --"^
■ ' ' . - - - ._ . .. . - . — . _ ..... — ..... — . iii":«r'V\ff(«^'ir\^i-^
1% 4, CATALOGUE
^ r \^ OF THE
^'Indian decapod Crustacea
IN THE
COLLECTION
OF THE
INDIAN MUSEUM.
PART III. MACRURA.
FASCICULUS I. THE PRAWNS OF THE PENEUS GROUP.
BY
A. ALCOCK, M.B., LLD., CLE., F.R.S.
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, INDIAN MEDICAL SERVICE; CORKESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ZOOLOOICAL SOCIETY; HONORARY
MEMBER OF THE NETHERLAND ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETV, AND OF THE CALIFORNIAN ACADEMY OP SCIENCES;
SUPERINTENDENT OP THE INDIAN MUSEUM; AND CROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY
AND COMPAIIATIVE ANATOMY IN THU MEDICAL COLLEGE, CALCUTTA.
CALCUTTA :
PRINIKD BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE INDIAN MUSEUiM.
1906.
Price Seven Rupees.
CONTENTS OF PART III. FASCICULUS I.
Bibliographic Index ... ... ... ... ... ... pp. i — ii.
Introbtjction ... ... ... ... ... ... pp. 1 — 3.
Systematic Part ... ... ... ... ... ... pp. 4 — 46.
Table of the Genera and Species of Recent Pen ei... ... ... ... pp. 47 — 65.
GENERAL INDEX TO THE LITERATURE.
In addition to the papers below specified, the following, cited in the biblio-
graphical index already published in the first fascicle of Part I. (1901) and in
the first fascicle of Part II. (iy;)5j of this Catalogue, contain references to
Peneus : —
Adensamer, 111. Alcock, 113. Alcoek and Aiuk'i-son, 6. Bate, 7. Bell, 8. Benedict, lli3.
Boas, 9. Bon-adaile, 131. Bosc, 11. Brocclii, U. Cams, 17. Dana, 21. De Haan, 23. de Man,
24, 25, 157, 16S,-159, IGO, IGl. Desmai-est, 29. Dofleiu, 164. Fabrieius, 31. Faxon, 166, J67.
Gibbes, 170. Guerin, 17-i. Haswell, 37, 38. Heller 40, 41, 178. Henderson, 43. Hei-bst, 44.
Hess, 181. Hilgendorf, 45, 183. Holmes, J 86. " Investigator," 48. Kingsley, 50. Krauss, 53.
Lamarck, 54. Lanchester, 191, 192. Latrellle, 55, 57. Leach, 59, 60. Lucas, 62. von Martens,
200. Miers, 67, 68, 69, 70. Milne Edwards, 79, 80. Moreira, 223. Nobili, 227, 229. Olivier,
234. Ortmann, 83, 84. Ozorio, 238. Randall, 243. Kathbun, Mary J., 86, 87, 247. Richters, 88.
Risso, 89, 90. Say, 254. Smith, 260. Stead, 264. Stebbing, T. R. R., 97. -Streets, 269. Thall-
witz, 272. Verrill, 274. Walker, 105. Whitelegge, 108.
281. Bate, C. Spence. — On the Pena'idea. Annals nml Mayazine of Natural History, .series
5, Vol. VIII., 18SJ. London.
282. Bianco, Salvatoee Lo. — Le Pesche Pelagiche Abissali di Capri. Zooloyische
Station zu Neapel ; Mittheilungen, XV, 1902.
283. Bokeadaile, L. A. — On Some Crustaceans from the South Pacific, Part III., Macrura. Fro-
ceedinys of the Zooloyical Society, 1898. London.
284. Capello, F. de Beito.- -Observa(,-oes Aeerea do Pcnceus Bocagei, Johnson. Memorias da
Academia Real das Sciencias de Lishoa, Classe dc Sci. illath.
Fhys. e Nat.; nov. ser.. III., ii., 1865.
285. DE Man, J. G. — Eine Neue Penaeide aus der Java-See. Zoologischer Anzciger, 1896.
Leipzig.
286. „ „ Berieht iiber die Decajjoden >ind Stomatopoden. Zoologische Jukr-
hitcker, Aith.fiir Systematik, etc., X., 1898. Jena.
287. Hellkr, C. — Beitriige zur niiheren Kenntniss der Maeroui'en. Sitzungsberichte der Math.
Naturioissenschaftlichen Classe der K. Akademie, Wien. Bd.
XLV., Abth. i., 1862.
288. Johnson, J. Y. — Ou a New Species of Penaus from the coast of Portugal. Proceedings of
the Zoological Society, 1863. London.
289. ,, „ On Penaeus Bocagei. Id. 1867.
290. Kingsley, J. S. — Notes on the North .American Carldea. Proceedings of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, XXX., 1878 (1879).
291. „ ,, List of the North American Crustacea. Bulletin of the Esse.v Institute,
Salem, Mass., X , 1878 (1879).
11
292. KiNGSLET, J. S. — Carcinological Notes, No. V. Bulletin of the Essex Institute, XIV.
1882 (1883).
293. KiSHiNOrTE, K. — Japanese Species of tlie Genus Penajus. Journal of the Fisheries
Bureau, Vol. VIII., No. 1, 1900. Tokyo.
294. List, T. — Morphologisch-biologische Studien liber den Bewegungsapparat der Arthropoden.
Zoologische Station zii Neapel, Mittheilungen, XII., 1897.
295. Mayeb, Paul. — Carcinologische Mittheilungen, No. III. Zoologische Station zu Neapel,
Mittheilungen, I., 1879.
296. MiEBS, E. J. — Notes on the Penseidas in the Collection of the British Museum. Proceedings
of the Zoological Society, 1878. London.
297. NoBiLi, G. — Crostacei di Sarawak. Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Com-
parata della B. Universita di Torino. XVI., No. 397, 1901.
298. „ „ Diagnoses Preliminaires de Vingt-huit Especes Nouvelles de Stomatopodes et
Decapodes de la Mer Rouge. Bulletin du Museum d' histoire
naturelle, 1904, No. 5. ' Paris.
299. „ „ Decapodes Nouveaux des Cotes d'Arabie et du Golfe Persique. Id., 1905,
No. 3.
300. Oetmann, a. — Die Deeapoden Krebse des Strassburger Museums, I. Theil. Zoologische
• Jahrhilcher, Ahth. f Systematik, etc., V., 1890. Jena.
301. Eathbun, Mart J. — The Braehyura and Macrura of Porto Rico. Bulletin of the United
States Fisheries Commission for 1900, Vol. II. Washington,
1901.
302. Senna, A. — Le Esplorazioni *Abissali nel Mediterraneo. Bulletino della Soeieta, Fntomo-
logica Italiana, XXXIV., 1902. Firenze.
303. Smith, S. I. — Abstract of a Notice of the Crustacea collected by Prof. C. F. Hartt on the
coast of Brazil. American Journal of Science and Arts, s^r. 2,
Vol. XLVIII., 1869. New Haven, Conn,
304. „ „ Notice of the Crustacea collected by Prof. C. F. Hartt on the coast of Brazil.
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,
Vol. II., ]IS7 1-7.3. New Haven.
305. „ „ Occasional Occurrence of Tropical and Subtropical Species of Decapod Crusta-
cea on the coast of New-England. Id. IV., 1877-82.
306. „ „ On some Genera and Species of Penseids. Proceedings of the United States
National Museum, Vol. VIII., 1885. Washington.
307. Stebbing, T. R. R. — South African Crustacea, Part III. Marine Investigations in South
Africa, Vol. IV., J 905. Cape Town.
308. Stimpson, W. — Prodromus Descriptiouis Animalium Evertebratorum, etc. Part VIII.
Crustacea Macrura. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, 1860 (1861).
.309. ,, „ Notes on N. American Crustacea in the Museum of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution. No. Ill: read Oct. 2nd 1871. Annals of the Lyceum of
Natural History of New York. Vol. X., 1874.
310. Wood-Mason, J. — Natural History Notes from H. M. Survey Ship "Investigator," ser. II.,
No. 1. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser, 6, Vol.
VIII., 1891. London.
311. Alcock, A.— A Revision of the Genus Peneus. Id., ser. 7, Vol. XVI., 1905.
I. INTRODUCTION.
This publication is the Third, but an independent, Part of a monograph of
the Decapod Crustacea of that portion of the Oriental Region which lies within
the political boundaries of British India : it treats only of the prawns of the
maniple Peneus.
The group, of which Peneus monodon Fabricius is the type, forms with the
genera Solenoceni Lucas, Parasolenocera "Wood-Mason, Peneopsis A. Milne
Edwards, PhUonicm Spence Bate, Halijjoras Spence Bate { = IIijriienopenens
S. I. Smith), Artemisia Spence Bate, and perhaps also Fimchalia Johnson, a
sub-family of the Peneidse.
This sub-family {Peneinm) is distinguished from the two other sub-families
{Aristeinse and Sicijoninas) which constitute with it the family Peneidse, by
possessing, on the inner side of the basal joint of the antennular peduncle, a
large, twisted, setose plate that forms a sort of protection, on the inner side,
to the eye.
Peneus differs from all the other genera of its sub-family (1) in having only
one gill-plume (artlirobranch) on the epimeral articulation of the penultimate
thoracic leg, and (2) in not having the cervical groove continued as a distinct
impression right across the dorsum of the carapace.
For a statement of the views here adopted as to the relations of the family
Peneidse to the other families and sections of the suborder Macrura, I would
refer to pp. 8-11 of my Catalogue of Indian Deep Sea Crustacea Decapoda
Macrura and Anomala in the Indian Museum, and also to the tabular statement
on p. 15 of the first fascicle of the first part of this Catalogue, published
m 1901.
The prawns of the Peneus group are found in the greatest abundance and
variety in the Indo-Pacific, from the Red Sea and east coast of Africa (as far
as 33° S.) to Japan and Australia. Eastwards of this centre they send oifshoots
(4 or 6 species) to the shox-es of California and Panama, and westwards they
occur in the Mediterranean (4 species) and its Atlantic gate (one of the Medi-
terranean species occasionally straggling into British waters), and all along the
Atlantic coasts of America from New England to Brazil (9 or 10 species), one
species ranging perhaps as far south as the northern end of Patagonia.
The Penei are particularly fond of wai'm shallow seas, and in Indian limits
they swarm, both in their larval and in their adult stages, in muddy waters
such as those into which the numerous deltas of the Bay of Bengal discharge.
Some of the smaller and harder-shelled species, however, like Metapeneus
sfridulans and mogiensis and Trachypenevs asper, are often found in clear water
on a bottom of coral- shingle, dead shells, etc. ; while a few thin-shelled species,
such as Metapeveiis coniger and several of the species of Farapeneus, belong to
the necton, and are only taken in deep water.
Like most other Malacostraca the Penei are scavengers; but many are
carnivorous in a better sense, and several species prey upon marine larvee and
microscopic algae.
As a rule the female is larger than the male and has a longer rostrum, the
latter being a persistent juvenile character. On the other hand, the male not
seldom differs from the female, either in the form of the terminal joints of the
third maxillipeds, or in the sculpture of the basal joints of the last pair of
thoracic legs.
Penei, both as larvae and as adults, form the food of many fishes. Beyond
this, they in themselves constitute a not inconsiderable part of that plenteous
harvest of the sea which in this country still runs to waste for want of capital
and enterprise. What the prawn-fisheries of India might be worth it is difficult
to say ; but a statement published by Kishinouye, in the Journal of the Fisheries
Bureau of Tokyo for the year 1900, that the dried prawns annually exported
from Japan into China are valued at 200,000 yen (or a httle over £20,000),
shows that there must be possibilities in them.
In conclusion, a word may be said upon the subject of "genus and species-
making."
In splitting the group into geneea, scrutiny has been directed to the
following points : —
(1) The fissures and sutures of the carapace:
(2) The rostrum: whether serrated dorsally and ventrally, or only dor-
sally :
(3) The endopodite of the maxUlules: whether segmented or not:
(4)) The presence or absence of exopodites on the thoracic legs :
(5) The number and distribution of the epipodites and branchite.
As regards species, characters founded on the length and dorsal armature
of the rostrum tend to mislead ; for not only is this part of the body variable
in itself and liable to malformation, but it also often exhibits sexual differences,
and changes its proportions during growth, in the same species.
On the other hand, the details of sculpture of the carapace are specifically
constant, irrespective of sex and age; and the relative length of the sixth
abdominal somite, and the relative length of the telson and the state of its
8
edges — as to whether they are smooth or are spiny — are also fairly to be
depended upon.
Good specific characters (with the qualifications noted against each) are
furnished by the following parts : —
(1) The antennular fiagella: but in the male they are sometimes longer
than they are in the female, and occasionally {e.g., in the adult male of Metape-
neus coniger and Parapeneus rectacutua) are specially modified :
(2) The external (3rd) maxillipeds, as regards their length and the form
and manner of articulation of their dactylus : but the length is often different
in the two sexes and young of theisame species, and occasionally {e.g., several
species of Peneus proper) the dactylus of the male is quite unlike that of the
female, both in form and in mode of articulation :
(3) The chelipeds, as regards their length, and specially as regards the
spines of their basal joints : in some species, however, {e.g., Mefapeneus Dobsoni
and M. Joyneri) the spine of the basis of the 3rd pair of chelipeds is peculiarly
modified in the male :
(4) The fourth pair of legs, as regards their length and the form of their
merus : but the merus occasionally exhibits sexual differences :
(5) The fifth pair of legs, as regards their length, the sculpture of their
merus, and the presence or absence of an exopodite : but the length sometimes
changes with age and differs with sex, and the form of the merus (e.g., in
several species of Metapeneus) is sometimes quite peculiar in the male : again,
in the female of Metapeneus Dobsoni, this pair of legs is usually represented only
by a coxa and stump :
(6) The form of the andricum, or petasma, and thelycum : but only when
dealing with adults.
II. SYSTEMATIC PAKT.
Suborder MACRURA, Dana:^
Section MACRURA CARIDIDES, DeHaan:^
Subsection PBNEIDEA, Spence Bate:^
Family PENEID^, Spence Bate:*
Subfamily PENEIN^:^
PENEUS, Fabr.
Pensus, Fabricius, Entomol. Syst. Suppl., 1798, p. 408 : Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crnst. VI. 1803, p. 246: Leach,
Trans. Linn. Soc. XI. 1815, pp. S36, 347, and Malacost. Podophth. Biit. text of pi. xlii : Deemarest, Consid. Gen.
Crnst., 1825, p. 224: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crnet. II. 1837. p. 411 : DeHaan, Faun. Japon., Crust., 1849,
p. 188: Uana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust., pt, I., 1852, p. 601: Bell, Brit. Stalk-eyed Crust., 1853, p. 317 : Heller,
Crnst. Siidl. Burop., 1863, p. 292: Miers, P.Z.S. 1878, p. 298: Boas, Stud. ov. Decapod., Vid. Selsk. Skr., 6
Rfekke, Nat. o. Math. Afd. 1.2, 1880, p. 165 : Spence Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5! VIII. 1881, p. 173, and Glial-
lenger Macrura, 1888, p. 229 : Haswell, Cat. Austral, Crnst. 1882, p. 198 : S. I. Smith, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. VIII.
1885, p. 170 : Ortmann in Bronn's Thier Reich, Malacostraca, pp. 1118-1120: Holmes, Occas Papers Calif. Acad.
Soi. VII. 1900, p. 217 : Kishinouye, Journ. Fisheries Bureau, 'I'okyo, VIII. No. 1, 1900 : Alcock, Cat. Indian Deep
Sea Crust. 1901, p. 13 ; and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7 (XVI) 1905, p. 510.
The "genus" Peneus (type P. monodon) was established in the year 1798
by Fabricius for three species from the " Indian Ocean." One of these species
P. planicornis, is described as having the antennular fiagella compressed, and so
should, perhaps, be transferred to the genus Solenocera of Lucas.
H, Milne Edvrards recognised eleven species of Peneus, but two of them
have since been transferred to Solenocera.
In 1881, in a preliminary notice of the " Challenger " Peneidea^ based
upon a critical examination of the elder Milne Edwards' typical specimens,
Spence Bate enumerated sixteen species under the genus Peneus, exclusive of
one of Milne Edwards' species which he wrongly transferred to Peneopsis.
[Peneoj)sis A. M. Bdw., has never, I believe, been characterized formally ; l)ut
as, like Ealijwrus and all Peneinas except Peneus, it has a pair of arthrobranchiae
on the penultimate pair of legs, it need not be considered further in this place].
In 1885, in Vol. VIII of the Proceedings of the United States National
1 Vide Cat. Indian Deep Sea Crnst., p. 8, and Oat. Indian Decapod Crust., Pt. I. Fasc. i., p. 13.
5 Vide Cat. Indian Deep Sea Crnst., p. 9.
» Vide Cat. Indian Deep Sea Crust., p. 10.
* Vide Cat. Indian Deep Sea Crnst., p. 11.
6 Vide Cat. Indian Deep Sea Crnst., p. 13.
* Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) VIII, p 1(>9.
Museum, S. I. Smith divided the species of Peneus into two generic groups,
namely (1) Peneus proper, with P. caramote and its kind as types, and (2) Para-
peneus, typified by P. longirostris Lucas ( = P. memhranaceus of Heller). This
arrangement has been accepted by most subsequent authors.
In 1891, in Vol. VIII (Cth series) of the Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, "Wood-Mason took a further step in splitting from Parapeneus a third
generic group Matapeneus, with M. affinis Bdw. as the type. Wood-Mason also
recognized, among the Penei lying outside the limits of Smith's restricted genus
Peneus, that P. siyliferus Edw. constituted a fourth distinct type, to which he
gave the MS. name Parapeneopsis.
In 1896, in the Zoologischer Anzeiger, de Man described a new Peneid,
which from the peculiar size and length of the 1st pair of male chelipeds he made
the type of a distinct genus Heferopeneus. It now appears from' Nobili's obser-
vations, that the difference between Heteropeneus and Peneus is, perhaps, rather
less than that between the latter genus and Parapeneiis, Metapeneus, and Para-
peneopsis.
At the present moment the number of valid species appertaining to the
Peneus group is, perhaps, about 75. They may be distributed in 8 genera,
namely : Peneus (sensu restricto), which is represented all round the globe in
tropical and temperate latitudes ; Heferopeneus, which is confined to the Bast
Indian Archipelago ; Parapeneus (sensu restricto), whose range extends from
the W. Indies and Atlantic coasts of America westwards, through the Medi-
terranean, to Oriental seas and the western Pacific, and whose habitat is uectic
rather than littoral ; Metapeneus, which, with two doubtful exceptions in the
"West Indies, is restricted to the Indo-Pacific; Parapeneopsis, which is also i-e-
stricted to the Indo-Pacific ; Xiphope.neus, which is confined to tropical and sub-
tropical parts of the Atlantic coast of America ; Trachypeneus, which is found,
on the one hand, off the West Indies and the neighbouring coasts of America,
and, on the other hand, in Oriental seas from India to Japan; and Atypopeneus,
which is known with certainty only from the Bay of Bengal, but perhaps occurs
also in the China Sea.
The following are the diagnostic points common to the whole group : —
Rostrum well developed, laterally compressed. Carapace with post-anten-
nular (antennal) and hepatic spines, sometimes with a small post-ocular (orbital)
tooth or spine, and sometimes with a spine (branchiostegal) at or near its antero-
inferior angles. The cervical groove is never impressed across the tergum of the
carapace. Abdomen long, with some of its posterior somites compressed and
their terga carinated.
Eyes large. Basal joint of antennular peduncle hollowed dorsally to lodge
1 BoUetino dei Mnsei di Zoologia at Anatomia cotnparata della K. CJniversita di Torino, No. -155, 1903.
6
the eye ; its outer edge terminates in a spine, and from the proximal end of its
inner edoe there springs a twisted setose scale (antennular scale) which forms a
sort of inner wall to the orbit : the antennular flagella are cylindrical and taper-
ing and may be short or long, but are never as long as the body. Antenna!
scale large and foliaceous ; its outer edge is rigid and terminates acutely
antennal flagellum very long. The mandible has a jagged cutting edge and
a broad grinding crown : its palp (endopodite) is large and broadly foliaceous,
consisting of two segments of which the anterior is very much the larger. The
endopodite of the maxillule (1st maxilla) may be long and 2, 3, or 4 jointed, or
may be without segmentation and truncated : that of the true maxilla is short.
The endopodite of the 1st maxillipeds is slender and b-jointed, that of the
2nd and that of the 8rd consist of 7 segments. The exopodite of the 2nd and
3rd maxillipeds is very well developed, being curved, compressed, stiffish, and
made up, like the flagella of the antennae, of numerous small joints. The 3rd
maxiUipeds are long and pediform. The first three pairs of legs are chelate, the
1st pair usually being the shortest and the 3rd pair usually the longest. The
last two pairs of legs are monodactylous. Exopodites are usually present on all
or all but the last pair of thoracic legs, but are sometimes altogether wanting.
No podobranchise exist on any of the legs, and only one artlirohrancTi — the
posterior one — is present on the penultimate legs. The gills are the modified
pUyllobranchife known as dendrobranchige : that is to say, each gill-plume con-
sists of two series of plates arranged one on each side of a median stem, but
each plate is more or less fringed or branched.
The abdominal appendages are of moderate length, the exopodite being
longer than the endopodite. In the first pair there are no endopodites, but
in the male their place is taken by a pair of more or less rigid, longitudinally
pleated and convoluted plates, known as the " petasma " or " andricum," which
together form a tube or canal. In the second pair the endopodite carries at its
base in the male a fleshy papilla.
According to Zittel the first remains of Peneiis, as far as is known at pre-
sent, appear in the Lithographic slates of Bavaria {Jurassic.)
Key to the genera included in the Peneus group.
Indian genera are printed in capitals,
I. Rostrum serrated on both edges : a pleurobranch on the last thoracic
somite (XIV) : exopodites on all, or all but the last pair of the
thoracic legs : —
1. First pair of chelipeds short and slender in both sexes ... Peneos.
2. The first pair of chelipeds of the male are, typically, stouter
and much longer than, the 2nd and 3rd pairs ... ... Heteropeneus.
II. Rostrnm seiTated on its dorsal edge only : —
1. A pleiirobranch on somite XIII but not on somite XIV : —
i. Exopodites on all, or all but the last pair of the
thoracic legs ...
ii. No exopodites on any of the thoracic legs
2. No pleurobranchine on somites XIII and XIV : all the thora-
cic legs with exopodites : —
i. Epipodites absent from at least the last three pairs of
thoracic legs
ii. Epipodites absent only from the last two pairs of
thoracic legs : —
a. Last two pairs of thoracic legs of normal
fonn : —
a. Antennular flageUa short
j3. Antennular flagella much longer
than the carapace
h. Last two pairs of thoracic legs flagelliform
Peneus, Fabr. {sensu restricto).
Metapenbits.
Parapeneus.
Parapeneopsis.
Teachypeneus.
Attpopeneus.
Xiphopeneus.
Sidney I, Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. VIII. 1885, p. 170.
Type: P.caramote, Risso.
Rostrum toothed both dorsally and ventrallj. Antero -inferior angles of
carapace not spiniform. Post-antennular sulcus of carapace defined by a dorsal
as well as by a ventral ridge.
Antennular flagella short or of moderate length. Endopodite of maxillnles
(1st maxilte) elongate and distinctly three- jointed. Exopodites present on all,
or all but the last pair of the thoracic legs.
Epipodites present on all but the last two thoracic appendages: pleur'o-
branchias present on the six posterior thoracic somites.
Andricum symmetrical, simple, pod-shaped : it consists of two lobes finely
interlocking all along their anterior border and capable of loose apposition in
more or less of their posterior border, the opposed faces being concave.
The dactylus of the 8rd maxillipeds often shows modifications of a second-
ary sexual nature in the adult male.
The branchial formula is as follows : —
Somite
Podobranchia?
Arthrobranch
i»
Pleurobranchiee
Total
VII
ep.
1 (small)
0
=
ep.-Hl
VIII
. ep. 4 1
2
0
=
ep.-l-3
IX
ep.
2
=
ep.-h3
X
ep.
2
=
ep. + 3
XI
ep.
2
=
ep.-l-S
XII
ep.
2
=
ep.-fS
XIII
0
1
=
2
XIV
0
0
=
1
Total
6ep. + 1
12
= 6ep.-l-l9
8
P. canaliculatus.
P. semisulcatus.
In addition to the Indian forms hereafter specified, I have examined the
following species :— P. caramote, P. australiensis, P. latisulcatus, P. brasiliensis,
P. setifer, P. s tylirostris.
Key to the Indian species of the genus Peneus {sensu restricto).
I . Telson with three spinules in the distal half of each border: carapace with
three median longitudinal dorsal grooves— one of which is excavated
in the post-rostral crest— all extending nearly up to its posterior
border ...
II, Telson without marginal spinules : the three median dorsal grooves, if
defined, never reach to the posterior border of the carapace : —
1. Exopodite of last pair of thoracic appendages absent or quite
vestigial : a longitudinal post-antennal *suhhepatic crest
near the antero-lateral angle of tVie carapace ...
2. Exopodite of last pair of thoracic appendages small but well
formed : —
i. An oblique post-antennal subhepatic crest near the
antero-lateral angle of the carapace : upper anten-
nnlar flagellum not longer than its peduncle
ii. No subhepatic crest on the carapace : upper antennular
flagellum a good deal longer than its peduncle : —
a. Dactylus of external maxillipeds of adult
male about as long as the propodite :
rostral crest, in both sexes, of only
moderate height
6. Dactylus of external maxillipeds of adult
male hardly half the length of the propo-
dite : rostral crest conspicuously high
and of a broadly triangular form in both
sexes
c. Dactylus of external maxillipeds of male
from 1| to 2f times the length of the
propodite : rostral crest high, but not
forming a decided triangle ...
P. monodon.
P. indicus.
merguietisis.
P. penicillatus.
1. Peneus monodon, Fabricius, Bate. Plate I., fig. 1, la-b.
f Penseus monodon, Fabricins, Entomol. Syst., Suppl., p. 408, 1798: ? Bosc, Hist. Nat, Crust. II. p. Ill, 1802 :
? Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. VI. p. 24,9, 1803 : ? Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. V. p. 206, 1818 : ? Deamareat,
Coiisid. Gen. Crnst., p. 225, 1825: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crnst. II. p. 416, 1837:? Kraass, Sadafr. Croat.
p. 55, 1843: Stimpson, Proo. Acad. Philad. 1860, p. 44 : Heller, Novara Crust., p. 122, 1865. Spence Bate, Ann.
Mag, Nat. Hist, (5) VIII. 1881, p. 178, and Challenger Macrura, 1888, p. 250 (part.) pi. xxiv. fig. 1 : Haswell, Cat.
Anatral. Crnst. p, 199, 1882 : ? Miers.P.Z.S,, 1884, p. 15 : Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) V, 1893, p, 447 (part.)
? Ortraann in Semon'a Zool. Forachnngsr. in Austr. u.d. Malay. Arch., 1894, p. 9 : ? de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. X.
1898, p. 677 : Doflein, Abh. bayer. Akad., Miinchen, XXI. iii. 1902, p. 632 : ? Nobili, Boll. Mus. Torino, XVIII.
1903, No, 452, p, 1 : ? Stebbing, Mar. Inv. S. Afr., Crnst. III. 1905, p. 74.
* The subhepatic crest (truly poat-antennal in position) which is present only in P. japonicus, semindcatus
and monodon, is not to be contused with the strong oblique post-antennular crest (running from the so-called
'' anlennal supine ") which is present in all the species.
9
Pena?«s canna<us, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp,, Cmst, pt. I. p. 602, pi. xl. fig. 2,1832: Heller, Novara Crast.
p. 123: Walker, Journ, Linn. Soc, Zool. XX. 1887, p. 112.
? Penasus eseuUntus, Haawell, P.L.S., N. S. Wales, 1879, p. 38, and Cat. Austral. Crnst., p. 200, 1882 : Stead,
Zoologist (4) II. 1898, p. 209.
Penpeus ashiaJca, Kishinonye, Jonrn. Fish. Bur., Tokyo, VIII. i. 1900, pp. 7, 14, pi. iii : Eathbun, Proo. U.S.
Nat. Mns. XXVI. 1902, p. 38 : Nobili, Boll. Mus. Torino, XVITI. 1903, No. 455, p. 2.
The species here described and figured is the P. monodon figured in the
Challenger Report : it differs from DeHaan's P. semisulcatus in having an exo-
podite on the last pair of thoracic legs. It is not the P. monodon of authors in
general which appears to include P. monodon and P. semisulcatus.
Rostrum nearly straight, rarely reaching to, and still more rarely beyond,
the tip of the antennular peduncle in the adult, though in the young it may be
relatively longer: dorsally it has 6-8 (usually 7) teeth, ventrally 8. The
dorsal teeth form a keel or crest of moderate height, which is continued as a
deeply-grooved post-rostral crest to about one-third of an eye-length fi'om the
posterior border of the carapace : on either side of the crest is a groove, which
ends just behind the last (epigastric) tooth.
The cervical groove is defined only in the neighbourhood of the hepatic
spine, wherd' it is deep.
There is no post-ocular spine; but the post-antennular ("antennal") spine
is strong, and is continued obHquely backwards as a sharp ridge to the base
of the strong hepatic spine. Above and parallel with this post-antennular
crest is another short ridge, post-orbital in position, which meets the cervical
groove; and between these two ridges is a deep post-antennular sulcus, more
or less filled with tomentum, which undermines the hepatic spine. The
branchial region is defined anteriorly by an oblique ridge and groove, which run
from the base of the hepatic spine towards the base of the antenna.
The 4th — 6th abdominal terga are carinated in the middle line, the 4th
in its posterior three-fourths only; and the carina of the 6th ends acutely.
The 5th abdominal somite is about two-thirds the length of the 6th, and the
6th is a httle shorter than the telson. The lateral borders of the telson are
non-spinose.
The antennular scale reaches well beyond the eyes : the upper or outer
(longer) antennular flagellum is very considerably shorter than its peduncle.
The antennal scale reaches hardly half an eye-length beyond the tip of the
antennular peduncle.
The external raaxillipeds reach to the anterior third of the antennal scale :
their dactylus, in the adult male, is about as long as the propodite, from
the inner side of which it arises : from the tip of the propodite springs a pencil
of setK which can be lodged in the concave inner side of the dactylus ; the tip
of the dactylus is bluntly rounded. In the female the dactylus is a tapering
joint articulating in the ordinary way end-on with the propodite.
2
10
The 8rd (longest) chelipeds usually reacli, in the adult, nearly to the tip
of the antennal scale; but their length varies somewhat according to sex
and age.
In the 1st and 2nd chelipeds the ventral border of the basis is produced
into an antrorse spine; and in the 1st alone the same border of the ischium is
similarly but less acutely produced.
All the thoracic legs have an exopodite.
The "petasma," or "andricum," is symmetrical: it consists of two simple
lobes which by their apposition form a sort of tube : the lobes (in the adult)
are united all along their anterior (upper) edge by microscopic booklets, and
each lobe is deeply channelled and is strengthened all along its posterior (lower)
edge by a strongly-calcified S-shaped rib.
Tne "thelycum" is rudely oval and consists of two lobes, the inner
(opposed) edges of which are more or less raised.
This species grows to a length of over 9 inches.
The collection contains 44 specimens registered under the following
numbers : —
Orissa and Ganjam, 20-33 fathoms. '
Ofi Indus Delta, 30-72 fathoms.
G. of Martaban, 20 fathoms.
Ofi Pulicat (Madras).
Madras and Pondichery.
[
3927-
3932
5053
9
10
11143
1162
10 ■
10
5054
10
5055
10
4380-
4382
9
"3487-
3492
4383-
-4386
!-
J
' Investigator."
Purchased.
Su€
J. Wood-Maso:
-3
2. Peneus semistjlcatus, DeHaan. Plate I., fig. 2.
Penwiis semisulcntus, De Haan, Pann. Japon. Crnst., p. 191, pi. xlvi. fig. 1, 1849: Stimpson, Proc. Ac. Philad.
1860, p. 44 : Hellfir, Novara Crust., p. 121, 1865: Miers, P.Z.S. 1S78, p. 299 (part.): Haswoll, P.L.S., N. S. Wales,
1879, p. 38, and Cat. Austral. Crust., 1882, p. 199 : de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 185, and Jonrn, Linn.
Soc, Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 284, and in Max Weber's Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Oet-Ind. II. 1892, p. 510, and Zool.
Jahrb., Syat. etc., X. 1898, p. 677 : Ortmann, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., V. 1890, p. 450 (part.) : Nobili, Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genov. (2) XX. 1899, p. 232, and 1900, p. 474: Lancliester, P.Z.S. 1901, II. p. 570: Dofleiii, Abh. Ak. Jluiichen,
1902, p. 630.
? Penxus semisulcatus var exsiUcatus, Hilgendorf, MB. k. Akad. Berlin, 1878, p. 843.
JTenieus tahitensis, Heller, Novara Crust., pi. xi. fig. 2, 18C5.
Penasus monodon, Kishinouye, Journ. Fish. Bur. Tokyo, VIII. i. 1900, pp. 7, 15, pi. ii. fig. 1, pi. vii. fig. 3, 3o.
The P. monodon of many authors includes this species, which strongly
resembles P. monodon Fabr., but is distinguished by the following specific
characters : —
11
The last pair of thoracic legs have no esopodite, or, at most and very
rarely, a mere papilla -like vestige of one.
The rostrum has a distinct double curve, and commonly, even in large
adults, reaches a short way beyond the tip of the antennular peduncle : the
groove on either side of the rostrum is less distinct, and ends in front of the
last (epigastric) tooth.
The cervical suture (which, as in P. monodon, is present only in the vicinity
of the hepatic spine) is much less distinct ; and the post-antennal or subhepatic
ridge, which defines the branchial region anteriorly, is horizontal, not oblique.
The upper (outer) antennular flagellum is longer than its peduncle.
The external maxillipeds and third chelipeds may be a little longer, the
latter sometimes reaching beyond the tip of the antennal scale ; but as the
length of these appendages varies with age and sex, this is not a character of
much importance.
This species grows to a length of at least a foot. It is the commonest
salt-water prawn of the Calcutta market, and is found all round the coasts of
India and Ceylon from Karachi to Mergui and the Andamans.
The collection contains 75 specimens, registered under the following
numbers : —
3123 4327-30 4336-38
~5~' 9 ' 9
8155
8713 4326
6 • ;;
»
3010
7
4289-90
7
2971-98
9
5056
10
4320-21
4322-24
4333-35 4339-41
9
9 ■ 9
4325
9
4496-99
Hooghly Delta.
Mersrui.
Andamans.
Karachi.
Pulicat.
^
9
4331
9
4342
^ 9
Ganjam and Orissa. '
Akyab.
Madras and Pondicherry.
Canara (Malabar coast).
Bombay.
Colombo.
Nagasaki.
A. J. Milner and Mus. Collector.
J. Anderson.
G. H. Booley : F. Day.
Karachi Museum.
" Investigator."
F. Stoliczka.
Purchased.
F. Day.
Purchased.
J. Anderson.
Berlin Museum.
12
3. Peneus indicus, Edw. Plate I. fig,, 3, 3a.
PewKus i«ciicas, Milae Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crast. II. p. 415, 1837: Dana, U.S. Expl Exp, Crust, pt. I.,
p. 604, 1852 : Heller, Novara Crnst p. 122, 1865 : Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berlin, 1878, p. 844 : Miers, P.Z.S., 1878,
p. 301: Spence Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) VIII. 1881, p. 177, pi. xii. fig. 5, and Challenger Macrura, 1888,
p. 248, pi. xxxiii. fig. 2 : de Man, in Max Weber's Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Ost-Ind. II. 1892, p. 511 pi. xxxix. fig.
53 and Zool. Jahrb., Syst., X. 1898, p. 680 : Henderson, Trans. Liun. Soo. (2) V. 1893, p. 447 : Ortmann in Se-
moa's Zool. Porschnngsr. Austral, etc. 1894, p. 10 : Lanohester, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) VI. 1900, p. 263 : Nobili,
Ann. Mus. Geneva (2) XX. 1900, p. 474, and Boll. Mus. Torino, XVI. 1901, No. 397, p. 2, and XVIII. 1903,
No. 447, p. 1, No. 452, p. 2, and No. 455, p. 2.
This is an extremely variable species, especially in respect of the length of
the rostrum, which in young individuals projects far beyond the tip of the
antennal scale, whereas in adults it is often not longer than that of P. monodon.
Large adults of P. indicus strongly resemble P. monodon, but differ con-
stantly in the following particulars : —
The post-antennular ("antennal") and hepatic spines are not so strong and
salient: the post-antennular or hepatic sulcus is not nearly so deep, and the
ridges defining it are not so prominent: and there is no sub-hepatic ridge defin-
ing the branchial region anteriorly.
The rostrum has a manifest double curve, and usually reaches beyond the
tip of the antennular peduncle; dorsally it has 8 — 10 teeth, ventrally 4 — 6. The
groove ou either side of the rostrum ends beside the last (epigastric) tooth.
The post-rostral crest is faintly canaliculate, and ends nearly an eye-length in
front of the posterior border of the carapace.
The upper (outer) antennular flagellum is about 1^ times the length of the
peduncle.
The sixth abdominal somite is as long as the telson.
This species attains a length of about 8 inches. It occurs all round the
coasts of India and Ceylon, from Karachi to the Andamans.
There are 112 specimens in the collection, registered as follows : —
3007-9 4371-72
Karachi Karachi Museum.
Pulicat (Madras). ^
C " Investigator."
Orissa and Ganjam. )
Malabar coast. J. Wood-ilasou.
Madi-as. Purchased.
Colombo. J. Anderson.
Andamans. G. H. Booley.
7 •
9
4291-93
7
3999-40.5
3 4231
5060
9
■ 9 ■
10
4343^8
4350-51
9 ■
9
4349
9
4352-54
9
4355 4716-18
9 ■
9
4357-
9
■60
4363-
9
-64
4361-
•62
4682-
-85
13
Hooghly Delta. J. Wood-Mason.
Singapore. J. Wood-Mason.
Bombay. Purchased.
3(1. Peneus indicds var. meeguiensis, de Man. Plate II., fig. 4.
Jourii. Linn. Soc, Zool., XXII. 1888, p. 287, pi. xviii. fig. 8, xix. fig. 1.
Dr deMan, who at first regarded this form as distinct, has since (in Max
"Weber's Zool. Brgebn. einer Reise in Niederl. Ost-Ind. II., p. 511) united it
with P. indicus Bdw. Dr J. R. Henderson concurs.
Large adults of this variety are distinguished by the rostral crest, which
is so high as to assume a broadly-triangular form : beneath the crest the rostrum
is nearly straight.
Adult males are further distinguished by the form of the dactylus of the
external maxillipeds, which joint is hardly half the length of its propodite and has
a subacute point.
This form reaches a length of over 8 inches.
There are 66 specimens in the collection, registered as follows : —
3188
5
8154
Karachi. Karachi Museum.
Types. Mergui. J. Anderson.
2481
-^ Hooghly Delta. J. H. Row.
4366-70 4376-79
9 9
3944-70 5061
q : -jTr- Orissa and Ganjam.
No Localit/. J. Wood-Mason.
421-426
10
4373-75
"Investigator."
Palk Strait.
Bombay. F. Day.
Sb. Peneus indicus var. penicillatus. Plate IL, fiff. 5.
Peneus penicillatus, Wood-MaaoQ US. (n.-ime only) : Aloock, Ann, Mag. N.H. (7) XVI. 1905, p. 525.
This variety is distinguished by the form of the 8rd or external maxillipeds of
the male. In these appendages the carpus and propodite are much shorter and
coarser than they are in indicus and merguiensis, but on the other hand the dac-
tylus is a long tapering joint from li to 2f times the length of the propodite, and
the pencil of hairs occupying the groove on the inner side of the dactylus is of
almost corresponding length.
14.
The rostral crest is not so high as that of indicus var, merguiensis, but is
higher than that of typical indicus, and this intermediate form of rostrum also
characterizes females taken in company with males of penicillatus.
This form grows to a length of six inches.
There are 28 specimens in the collection, registered as follows:
9277
-g- Mergui. j
3933-43 I " Investigator."
g Orissa Coast. '
3044
7 Karachi. Karachi Museum.
4366 4365
9 • ~Q~ Hooghly Delta. ^
4394 4671-81 \ Purchased.
9 • 9 Bombay. -'
The striking characters of merguiensis and penicillatus are shown in the ex-
ternal maxiUipeds of the male — appendages which in certain species of Aris-
taeus, Eemipeneus, and Benthesicj/vius also exhibit secondary sexual differences.
But the fact that, in the forms now under consideration, the differences in the
male external maxUlipeds are correlated with a decided difference in the shape
of the rostrum, which is also shared by the females taken in the same company,
precludes us, for the present, from regarding merguiensis and penicillatus as
allomorphic males of P. indicus, or as anything but incipient species.
4. Peneus CANALiouLATDS, Oliv. Plate II., fig, 6a.-c. = <».fft«'« cv<s- &^&^
Penieus canaliculatus, Olivier, Enoyclopedie Mefchodiqne VIII. p. 660, 1811: Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat.
Crnst,, II. 1837, p. 414: ?? DeHaan, Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 190, 1849 : Stimpson, Proo. Acad. Philad, 1860, p.
44 : Heller, Novara Crust., 1865, p. 121 : Hilgendorf in v. d. Decken's Eeisen Ost-Afr. III. i. 1869, p. 102, and
MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 843: Miers, P.Z.S. 1878, p. 298: Haswell, P.L.S., N.S. Wales, 1879, p. 38, and Cat.
Anatral. Crust. 1882, p. 198 : ? Spence Bate Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. (5) VIII. 1881, p. 174, and Challenger Macrura,
1888, p. 243, pi. xxxii. fig. 1, 2 : Ozorio, Journ. Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Lisb. XI. 1885-87, p. 230 : de Man, Notes
Leyden Mus. II. 1880, p. 185 and Archiv f. Ntiturges. LIII. i. p, 564, 1887-88, and in Weber's Zool. Ergebn,
Niederl. Ost-Ind. II. 1892, p. 510: Ortmann, Zool. Jalirb., Syet, V. 1890, p. 448, pi. xxxvi, fig. 2a, h: Henderson,
Trans. Linn. Soo. (2) V. 1893, p. 450 : Stead, Zoologist, 1898, p, 209 : Nobili, Ann. Mus. Genov. 1899, p. 232, and
1900, p. 474, and Boll. Mus. Torino, 1901, No. 397, p. 1 ; Borradaile in Stomap. and Macr. of Willey's Exp., 1899,
pp. 395, 398, 404: Kisliinouye, Journ. Fish. Bur. Tokyo, VIII. i. 1900, pp. 6, 11, pi. i, pi. vii. fig. 1,1a: Whitelegge,
Mem. Austral. Mus. IV. pt. 2, 1900, p. 197: Rathbun, P.U.S. Nat. Mus., 1900, p. 311 : ? Lanohester, P.Z.S. 1901,
II. 671, pi. xxxiv. fig. 5 : Doflein, Abh. bayer. Ak. Munchen, 1902, p. 630.
Penssus canaliculatus var. japonicus, Spence Bate, Challenger Macrura, p. 245 pi. xxxi, xxxii. fig. 4, xxxvii.
fig. 2, 1888.
Pemsus canaliculatus var, australiensis, Spence Bate, op. cit. p. 248, pi. xxxii. fig. 3 : de Man, Abh. Senokenb
Nat. Ges., 1902, p. 905.
Penxus marginatus, Randall, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad. 1839, p. 146.
Penseus plehejus, noBS, Aich. {. Naturges. xxxi. i. 1865, pp. 168, 172, pi. vii. fig. 19: deMan, Zool. Jahrb.,
Syst., II. 1887, p. 714.
15
The Indian form agrees with Kishinouye's figures of P. cmialiculakis and
■with Spence Bate's of P. canaliculatus var. japonicus. As Stimpson and others
have remarked, DeHaan's description certainly does not apply to this species.
The largest of our Indian specimens is 7 inches long.
The rostrum, which is slightly double-curved, reaches just beyond the
tip of the antennular peduncle : dorsally it has 9-11 teeth, ventrally 1.
The groove on either side of the rostral crest is co-extensive with the post-rostral
crest (which is itself canaliculate) to within half-an-eye-length of the posterior
border of the carapace.
There is a small post-ocular spine, continued as a short ridge running
parallel with the rostral crest ; posteriorly this ridge is recurved on itself to form
a narrow loop. The post-antennular ("antennal") spine is very strong and,
as in other species, is continued obliquely backwards as a sharp ridge to the
base of the hepatic spine. The oblique post-orbital crest is longer and more
oblique than in any of the preceding species. As usual, the cervical groove is
present only in the vicinity of the hepatic spine. The subhepatic crest and
groove, defining the anterior limit of the branchial region, are very distinct, and
take a somewhat sinuous course from a point near the antero-lateral angle of
the carapace to a point lying vertically below the posterior limit of the cervical
groove.
The antennular scale does not itself reach beyond the eyes, though its setae
do. The antennular flagella are less than half the length of their peduncle.
The external maxillipeds and 3rd chelipeds reach to about the middle of
the antennal scale. In males which appear to be adult the dactylus of the ex-
ternal maxillipeds is hardly half as long as its propodite and articulates almost
end-on with it. There is no distinct spine on the ischium of the 1st chelipeds,
but the spine on the basis of this and of the next appendage is very strong.
The last pair of thoracic legs, as in all Indian species except semisulcatus, have
an exopodite.
On either lateral border of the telson, in its distal half, are three spinules.
The andricum is structurally like that of P. monodon, except that the distal
end of the anterior (apposed) border of each lobe is prolonged to form a fleshy
lobule of some size. The " thelycum " has the form of a pocket (open anterior-
ly) owing to the fusion of its lobes.
There are 9 specimens in the Indian Museum, registered as follows : —
— = — : „ Hooglily Delta. Bengal Pilot Service.
2764
— = — Andamans. G. H. Booley.
3923
— Q— Orissa Coast. Investigator."
16
1145
-jjr- Off Indus Delta, 30—40 fathoms. " Investigator."
Japan. J. Wood-Mason,
y
2072 _,... ^ _ ... , --
Fiji Is. Bntisn Museum,
10
Heteeopenetjs, de Man,
aeMan, Zool, Anzeiger, 1896, p. 111, and Zool. Jahrb., Syst. Abtb. X. 1898, p. 684, pi, xxxviii. fig. 75.
Nobili, Boll. Mns. Torino XVIII. 1903, No. 455, p. 4.
Kostrum tootlied both dorsally and ventrally. Antero-inferior angles of
carapace not spiniform. Post-antennular sulcus defined ventrally only, by the
buttress of the post-antennular (antennal) spine.
Antennular flagella short. The first pair of thoracic legs may, in the
adult male, be enormously elongate, especially as to the propodite ; but in the
female, and, as Nobili has shown, in certain adult males, may be of the ordinary
Peneus form. Bxopodites are present on all the thoracic legs.
According to Nobili, epipodites are present on all but the last two thoracic
appendages, and pleurobranchige on the six posterior thoracic somites.
Andricum symmetrical, simple, much as in Peneus (s. r.)
According to Nobili, the branchial formula is the same as that of Peneus
(s. r.)
Only the following species is known : —
Heteropeneus longimanus de Man, loc. cit. ; see also Nobili, loc. cit. ; from the
Java Sea and Singapore. Not represented in the collection of the Indian
Museum, but included here as it is an Oriental species and may reasonably be
expected to occur within the limits of British India.
Metapeneus, Wood-Mason.
Metapenieus, Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) VIII. 1891, p. 271.
Type : M affinis, Edw.
Rostrum toothed on its dorsal edge only. Antero-inferior angles of cara-
pace either rounded or spiniform. Post-antennular sulcus defined only vent-
rally, by the buttress of the post-antennular (antennal) spine. No longitudinal
or transverse sutures on the carapace.
Antennular flagella short or of moderate length. Endopodite of maxillules
(1st maxillae) somewhat abbreviated, two-jointed. Bxopodites present on all,
or aU but the last pair of thoracic legs.
Epipodites absent from the 8rd maxillipeds as well as from the last two
thoracic appendages. No pleurobranch on the last thoracic somite.
Andricum complicated, symmetrical or asymmetrical : if symmetrical, its
17
distal angles are more or less spout-like : if asymmetrical, one lobe is either larger
or longer than the other and both are split up into interleaved convoluted
lobules.
The 3rd maxillipeds never exhibit secondary sexual characters in the male,
but the last pair of thoracic legs sometimes do.
The branchial formula is : —
Somite Poilobrancliiw Artluobrancliiw
VII
ep.
r
VIII
ep. + 1
■>
IX
0
2
X
ep.
■)
XI
ep.
.)
Xll
ep.
■)
XIII
0
1
XIV
0
0
Pleiu'obranchise
Total
0
=
ep. + 1-
0
=
ep. + :',
=
3
=
ep. + :i
=
ep.+3
=
ep. + '■>
=
•>
0
=
0
Total
o cj:
i. + I
11 + i
= oep.+ jy + i
In addition, a small filamentous vestige of an anterior arthrobranch is
present on the penultimate thoracic somite in all the species I have examined,
which include, besides the Indian species, M. Joyncri, M. tcnelhs, M.Macleayi,
M. pMlippinensis, M. Bichtersi, and M. Bafei.
Key to ilte Indian species of the genv>; Metapeneus.
I. Telson without lateial marginal spinules : antero-lateral (antero-inferior)
angles of carapace without a spine : last paii' of thoracic legs without
exopodite, their merus, in the adult male, with a notch and spine at
base: —
1. The rostrum in adult.f reaches nearly to, or beyond, the tip of
the antennular peduncle : —
i. Last pair of thoracic legs seldom reach to tip (usually-
reach a little beyond middle) of antennal scale ... M. laonoceros.
ii. Last pair of thoracic legs usually surpass (sometimes by
a dactylus-length) the tip of the antennal scale ... M. affinis.
iii. Last pair of thoracic legs fall considerably short of the
middle of the antennal scale, and often in the female
aie merelj' horn-capped stumps : inner antennular
flagellum the longer ... ... ... M. Dohsmii.
2. The rostrum, in adults, sometimes just surpasses, sometimes
hardly reaches, the eyes ; —
i. Rostrum rarely leachcs middle of antennular peduncle :
last pair of thoracic legs i-eacli more than a dactylus-
length beyond the tip of the antennal scale ... M. hrevicornis.
ii. Eostrum rarely reaches middle of eye : last pair of
thoracic legs do not reach tip of antennal scale ... M. Lysianassa.
8
18
n. Telsoii with lateral marginal spines at its distal end : —
1. No exopodite to last paii- of thoracic legs : no branchiostegal
spine at antero-inferior angles of carapace ... ... M. ends.
2. Last pair of thoracic legs with exopodite : a branchiostegal spine :
no notch and spine on merus of last pair of thoracic legs of
male : —
i. Inner antenuular flagellum much longer than outer, —
as long as its peduncle : —
a. Median limb of thelycum a short ridge ... M. coniger. -Ipf""'' 'r
b. Median limb of thelycum a broad, undermined
plate, with its free (posterior) edge recurv-
ed and bilobed ... ... ... M. andamaneyisis.
ii. Antennular flagella ecjual, — about one-third the
length of the peduncle : —
a. A stridulating organ on each side of the
carapace, playing against the free edge of
the 1st abdominal tergum ... ... J/, stridulans.
b. No stridulating organs on cai'apace ... M. niogiensu:
. 1. Metapeneds monoceros, Fabr. Plate III., fig. 7, 7 a-c.
Penseus 7no7ioceros, Fabrioias, Entomol. Syat., Suppl., p. 409, 1798: ?(Bosc, Latreille) : Millie Edwarde,
Hist. Nat. Cmst., II. p. 415, 1837: ? Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crast. pt. I. p. 605, pi. xl. tig. 5, 1852 : Stimpeou,
Proo. Acad.Philad. 1860, p. 41 (part.)-. Miers, P.Z.S., 1878. p. 301 : Hilgendorf, MB. Ak. Berl. 1878, p. 844:
Spence Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) VIII. 1881, p. 177, pi. xi. fig. 2 : Haswell, Cat. Austral Crust., 1882, p. 200 :
Ortmaun,Zool. Jahrb., Sysb., V. 1890, p. 450, (part.) pi. xxxvi. fig. 3b. (not 3a): Thallwitz, Abh. u. Ber. JIns.
Dresden, 1890-91, No. 3, p. 2 : de Man in Weber's Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Oat-Ind. II. 1892, p. 513, fig. 54, and
Zool. Jahrb., Syst., X. 1898, p. 680 : Doflein, Abh, bayer Akad, Miinchen 1902, p. 631.
Metapenieus monoceros, Nobili, Boll. Mug. Torino, XVIII. 1903. No. 452, p. 3, and No. 455, p. 3.
Penaeus incisipes, Kishinonye, Journ. Fish. Bur., Tokyo, VIII. i. 1900, p. 18, pi, iv. fig. 2. pi. vii. fig. 0, (w
(nee Bate).
Body covered with a harsh and very short tomentum.
Rostrum nearly straight, uj^tilted, reaching nearly to, or a little beyond,
the tip of the antennular peduncle ; armed dorsally with 9 — 12 teeth, which do
not form much of a crest. Post-rostral crest continued to, or almost to, the
posterior border of the carapace.
Antero-lateral angles of carapace broadly rounded off. A very small post-
ocular (orbital) tooth. Post-antennular (antennal) spine strong, produced as a
salient ridge to the base of the small hepatic spine, the ridge bounding a well
marked post-antennular groove wdiich meets the cervical groove. Gastric
region defined anteriorly, on either side of the rostrum, by a short obhque post-
orbital groove. Branchial region defined (1) anteriorly, by a deep and narrow
crescentic groove (anterior part of cervical groove) which embraces the base of
the post-antennular ridge and meets the post-antennular groove, and (2) super-
iorly, by a sinuous ridge — most distinct in its posterior half — which runs from
the hepatic spine almost to the posterior border of the carapace.
The 2nd — 6th abdominal terga, usuahy the 1st also, are carinated
19
mid-clorsallj, the (1st) 2nfl and 3rd bluntly, incompletely and somewhat incon-
spicuously, the 4th— 6th very sharply and almost completely. The 5th ab-
dominal somite is about two-thirds the length of the 6th, the 6th is a little
shorter than the telson. The telson is shorter than the inner caudal swirameret,
and has no marginal spines.
Eyes very large, slightly surpassed by the antennular scale. The outer
(upper) antennular Hagellum, which is slightly longer than the inner, is not
much more than half the length of its peduncle.
The 3rd maxillipeds barely reach the middle of the antennal scale : their
dactylus in the male is not modified; but consists of a slender, setose, tapering
joint, about four-fifths the length of the propodite with which it articulate*
end-on.
There is a strong antrorse spine on the basis of all three pairs of
chelipeds.
In the adult male the last pair of thoracic legs has the proximal end of the
merus notched on its outer side, the notch being deepened anteriorly by a laro-e
retrorse and introrse, hook-like spine, and posteriorly hj a sub-terminal lobule
on the posterior border of the ischium. Beyond the spine the edo-'e of the
merus is finely denticulate in more or less of its extent. In both sexes the.
three terminal joints of these fifth legs are slender, and the dactylus rarelv
reaches much beyond the middle third of the antennal scale. No exopodite is
present on the fifth pair of legs.
The andricum is quite symmetrical. In the adult it consists of two rio-id
segments tightly folded in all their length, interlocked all along their anterior
margin, and in close apposition along a great part of their posterior margin, so
as to form a compressed tul)e. Distally the tube ends in a pair of laro-e "-ar-
goyles, the posterior lips of which are convoluted like the mouth of a person-
ate corolla.
The thelycum is concave, the hollow being bounded (1) laterally by a pair
of earhke lobes, the salient free edge of which is often incurved, and (2) ante-
riorly by a median tongue that [jrojects and is embedded between two lobes of
the sternum corresponding with the penultimate pair of legs.
This species may attain, though rarely, a length of 6| inches.
It is one of the commonest of the Indian prawns. In the Museum collec-
tion there are 281 specimens, registered as follows : —
Pondicheny. Purchased.
Sandlieads, R. Hooglilj-. .1. H. I'ow.
Oris.sa coast. " Iiivestisjator."
4585-4670 ,. , ,
IJombay. I uichasetl.
1547
2480
7
41:^1-44 4165
417:5
y ■ 9
■ 9
401-20 4:34-40
~W~'' 10
1144
10
5065
To"
5066
lv>
5067
10
5068
10
r8444 4881-82
|_~6~' 9
20
Palk Strait.
Off ludus Delta, 3j— 40 fathoms.
Ganjam and Vizagapatam, 10 — 30 fath. j- " Investigator."
Coromaudel coast, 80 — 110 fathoms.
Gulf of Martaban, 20 fathoms.
Akyab. F. Stoliczka.
Hongkong. R. Hungeifoid : G. Dennys.
2. Metapexeus affinis, Edw. Plate III., fig. 8, 8a-b.
Penafus affinis, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. II. p. 416, 1837 : Spence Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (.5)
VIII. 18S1, p. 179, pi. lii. tig. 6: Ortmaun, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. V. 1890, p. 450 (P. monoceros parting: Hender-
son, Trans. Linn. Soc (2) V 1893, p. 448 (part.): KieLiuonje, Journ. Fieli. Bur., Tokyo, VIII. i. 1900, p. 16, pi.
iv. fig. 1, pi. vii. fig. 5, 5a. : Lauciitaiur. P Z.S. 1901, II. p. 572 : Eathbuu, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xivi. 1902, p. 38:
Nobili, Boll. Mus. Torino, xviii. 1903, No. 455, p. 2 {Metapenu'u.i).
Penaius inci^ipea, Spence Bate, Clialleuger Maurura, p. 257, pi. xxxiy. iij;. 2, 1888.
This species closely resembles M. momceros ; but adults are distinguished
from that species by the form of the andricum and thelycum.
The andricum has the same general form, buts ends distally in a pair of
two-lipped spouts which look something like a pair of short horns.
The thelycum is more setose; its lateral lobes, instead of presenting a
sharp, salient edge, are flattish and are transversely cut into two unequal
segments.
Other points which separate it from M. monoctrots are the following, in the
case of adults : —
The rostrum is more curved, less uptilted, and usually a little longer,
and not seldom has fewer than 9 teeth : the post-rostral crest is less distinct
and fades away some distance in front of the posterior border of the carapace.
Also the carination of the anterior abdominal terga is less distinct.
The upper antennular flagellum is longer, being three-fourths the length
of the peduncle, or more.
The last pair of thoracic legs in both sexes usually surpass the tip of the
antennal scale, sometimes by the whole length of the dactylus. In the male,
there is no lobule on the posterior edge of the ischium of these legs, the notch
in the merus is bounded by a twisted tooth instead of a curved spine, and the
edge of the merus beyond the tooth is entire.
This species very rarely attains a length of G| inches. There are 81
specimens in the Indian Museum registered as follows : —
21
4096-413:^ 4145-64
9
6069
10
9
Orissa coast. i
Ganjam coast, 7 — 20 fathoms. )
" Investigator."
4692
9
Madras.
Purchased.
4693
9
Colombo.
J. Anderson.
4G96-4701
Karachi.
Karachi Museura.
3. Metapeneus Dobsoni, Miers. Plate III., fig. 9, ^a-J.
PenxuK Do!)TO,ii Miers, P.Z.S., 1S78. p. 302. pi. ivii. fig. 2: J. R. Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) V. 1893,
p 449.
Metapenseui Dobsoni, Nobili, Boll. Mus. Torino, 1003, No. 452, p. 3.
In general characters this species resembles M. monoceroft, bnt exhibits the
following diagnostic points of difference: —
The tomentum is less harsh, less abundant, and more patchy.
The rostrnm, which has only 8 or 9 teeth, is usually a little longer, and it
has a well-marked double curve. The post-rostral crest fades away well in front
of the posterior border of the carapace ; and the anterior abdominal terga are
not, or only most obscurely, carinated. The post-auteiinular (antennal) spine is
not very strong and is not continued backwards as a strong ridge, so that the
post-antennular sulcus is not so deep.
The iiuii^r antennular flagellum is the longer, exceeding its peduncle in
length.
All the legs are shorter and more ciliated, and the chehie are ufiusually
weak. In the male the spine on the basis of the 3rd pair of chelipeds is a great
barb projecting considerably beyond the base of the merus, somewhat like that
of M. Joyneri.
The last pair of thoracic legs do not nearly reach the middle of the anten-
nal scale : in the male, owing to a twist in the ischium, the large tooth (com-
pleting the notch) at the proximal end of the merus is turned forwards and
outwards; and anterior to this tooth there may be a second smaller tooth, but
no row of denticles. In tlie adult female the last pair of thoracic legs is gener-
ally represented by a coxa, to which is articulated a horny stump : this is the
case in 62 out of the 69 females in our collection ; but of the remaining 7, 5
have a normal leg — short and weak like that of the male, but without notch or
spine on merus — on one side, and 2 have a pair of normal legs.
The andricum is much like that of M. ytionocero.i, but. ends in a pair of
simple spouts ; and where tlie spouts t:i,ke-o(f there are I papillae, or short fila-
ments— two anterior iud two posterior.
9 ■ 9 ■ 9
3920-22
9
4481 4487-90
9 ' 9
4482-86
Iiivestic'atoi'."
22
The tlielycum consists of a broad concave median tongue, not embraced by
any lateral processes of the penultimate thoracic sternum, but more or less en-
sheathed posteriorly in a salient horse-shoe-shaped process formed by union of
the lateral lobes of the organ itself.
This species rarely exceeds 4^ inches in length. It is common all along,
the east coast, from Orissa to Vizagapatam, where in one season I collected near-
ly 100 specimens; and it has also been taken at Coconada, Madras, Colombo,
and off the Malabar coast.
Nobili, who records this species from Pondichery and Mahe, has already
remarked that the 5th pair of legs may be properly developed in the female.
This author is probably righ in considering- their usual stump-like condition to
be a phase of regeneration after loss; but whether the loss is accidental, or is
normal to the reproductive process, is a question to be asked.
The Museum possesses 126 specimens, registered under the following num-
bers : —
3917
— -— 9 CoTYPE. itanpalore (Malabar coast). I'ritish Musenin.
3918 ,5070-74 5919 ,, . ^,. , ,, ,
LTanjani : Vizagapatam : t ocoriada.
Orissa I'oast.
Madras. Purchased.
Coliimbo. J. Anderson.
9
• 4. Metapeneus r.REVicORNis, Edw. Plate lY., fig. 10, lOa, b.
Pemi'iia brevicorTiinj Milne Edwards, Biat. Nat. Crust. II. p. 417, 1837 : Hichters, in Mobius, Meeresf. Manrit.
ISSO, p. 166 : Spence Bate, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5j VIII. 1881, p. 180, pi. xi fig. 3 : Henderson, 'I'rans. Linn.
Soc. (2) V. 1893, p. 450 : de Man, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., X. 1897, p. 681 : Lanchester, P.Z.S., 1901, II. p. 571.
Penwus «tiVo.v(n'.s-, Dana, U.S. Expl., Exp., Crust., pt. I. p. 603. pi. xl. fifi. 3, 1852: Heller, Novara Crust.
p. 123, 1865 : Miera, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1«80, p. 457.
Pemens sp., Lanchester, t.c p. 571, pi. ixxiv. tig. 7.
Metapenwus nvirosfris, Nobili, Boll. Mus. Torino, 1903, No. 447, p. 2.
Compared v/ith ilf. monoceros this species shows the following difference : —
It is not, or very little, tomentose. The rostrum is curved and rarely
reaches to the middle of the 2nd joint of the antennular peduncle, sometimes
only iust surpassing the eyes : dorsally it bears 7 teeth, which form a decided
crest. The post-rostral crest, however, is very indistinct, and only just reaches
into the posterior third of the carapace. The post-antennular (antennal) spine
is weak and is not continued as a well-cut post-antennular ridge, so that the
post-antennular gi-oove is shallow. The hepatic spine is very small. The sub-
hepatic groove (anterior i)art of cervical gi-oove) which defines the branchial
region anteriorly, is shallow and does not meet the hepatic spine. The ridge
•28
defiaing the branchial region superiorly is present only in the posterior part of
the carapace, and even there is indistinct.
The median carina of the 2nd abdominal tergum is absent ; that of the 3rd
is hai'dly perceptible; that of the ith present only in the posterior two-thirds.
The 6th abdominal somite is as long as the telson.
The outer antennnlar liagellum is nearly as long as the peduncle.
The last pair of thoracic legs reach more than a dactylus-length beyond the
tip of the antennal scale : in the adult male there is notch in the posterior
border of the merns at its proximal end, the notch being bounded by a small
tooth (not a spine) beyond which there are no denticles ; nor is there any sub-
terminal lobe on the border of the ischium.
The andricum is built like that of M. nioiioceros, but ends in a pair of
simple spouts each of which carries, near its middle, a longish filament.
Thethelycum is concave like that of .1/. inonocero.s : its median lobe is
shaped like a figure of eight, the anterior portion being embraced between pro-
cesses of the antepenultimate thoracic sternum, the posterior portion being em-
braced by the flat crescent-shaped lateral lobes.
This species very rarely attains a length of 5 inches. It is represented in
our collection by only 18 specimens, registered as follows : —
: Karaclu. Karaclii Museum.
b 9
2738-39
7
1383-85
9
4234
~9~
3393
10
tiZ^ Penani'. F. Stoliczka.
9 °
Off Gail jam, '23 fathoms.
Off Amherst (G. of Martaban).
Museum collectoi'.
' Investigator."
4478-80
9
Iiidi!!. No history.
1^ Madras Purcliased.
9
.5. Met.\peneus Lvsianass.\, (de Man). Plate IV., fig. U, lla-c.
Penxus Lysiauassa, de Man. Jouni. I.inii. Soc. Zoo'l., xxii. 1S8S. p. 29). p'. xix. liv'. 1 : Xobili, Boll. Miis.
Torino, 1903, No. 455, p. 4 {iletapen:rus).
This species comes very close to M. hrevlcorais, from which it is distin-
guished by the following characters : —
The rostrum is shorter, in large individuals hardly reaching to the cornea,
; and even in young individuals barely reaching the middle of the eyes : it forms
24
a high rhomboidal crest. The post-rostral crest is distinct but is broad and
blirat, and bifurcates near the posterior border of the carapace. The sinuous
ridge defining the branchial region superiorly is more distinct. The 6th ab-
dominal somite may be slightly longer than the telson.
The antennular flagella are 1^ times the length of their peduncle, or even
more.
In the male the merus of the 4th pair of thoracic legs is compressed, and
its posterior border is expanded and crest-like, most so posteriorly.
The last pair of thoracic legs do not reach the tip of the antennal scale :
in the male the tooth bounding the notch at the proximal end of the merus is
very large, compressed, and recurved : in the female the anterior margin of the
ischium is often dilated and compressed so as to form a high crest.
The andricum is of much the same form, but the spout-like terminations of
its distal corners are bifurcate and their free filament is very short.
The anterior (median) and posterior (lateral) lobes of the thelycum are all
of about the same size, so that the organ has much the shape of an ace of clubs
without the shaft.
An exceptionally large female is 3J inches long.
The collection contains only 13 specimens, registered as follows : —
8240
6
8241
^6~
8242
6
3924-26
9
7217
Types of<? J-
Types of 5
9
4695
9
Mergui.
Orissa coast.
G. of Mart!il)an, 20 f;itliom.s.
Sandheads, E. Hooglily.
.T. Anderson.
■ Investigator."'
J. H. Row.
6. Metapeneds ensis? (DeHaan)
? Pen.i'iis monoccroK on.«tV, DeHaan, Fanii. Japon. Crnst., p. 1$)2, pi. xlvi. fig. 2.
Kisliinouye, Journ. Fisli. Bureau, Tokvo. VITl. ISIOO, p. ~l.
? Penu'us iritermedius.
The specimens which I am inclined to refer to this species are young, and
the males may not have acquired their secondary sexual characters. They
resemble the young of M. movoccros, and in the semi-final sorting of the collec-
tion were assigned to that species; but on final examination, when each speci-
men was compared with a standard, they were found to possess three pairs of
25
articulating marginal spines at the distal end of the telson. They were taken
near Port Blair in the Andamans.
5075
--■ Andamans. J. Wood-Mason.
7. Metapeneus coniger, Wood-Mason. Plate IV., fig. 12, 12a-h.
Metapenseus coniyer, Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag:. Nat. Hist. (6) VIIT. 1891, p. 272. Illastrationa of the Zool.
Investigator, Crust, pi. L. Rg. 2, 2a, b : Aloock, Cat. Indian Deep Sea Crust., 1901, p. 16.
Body tomentose.
Kostrum faintly curved, nearly horizontal, not quite reaching end of
antennular peduncle in the male but slightly surpassing it in the female, with
6 or 7 (rarely 8) teeth dorsally, in addition to a small isolated epigastric tooth,
the teeth not forming much of a crest: no appreciable post-rostral carina
behind the gastric region. A small post-ocular angulation, but no spine.
Post-antennular (antennal) spine moderate, not continued backwards as a
distinct ridge, so that the post-antennular sulcus is faint. Antero-lateral
(antero-inferior) angles of carapace broadly rounded-off but bearing a small
(branchiostegal) spine. Hepatic spine small. Branchial region very obscurely
defined, (1) by a faint groove (anterior portion of cervical groove) running
from near the antero-lateral angle of the carapace to the base of the hepatic
spine, (2) by a faint sinuous groove running from the hepatic spine nearly to
the posterior border of the carapace.
The 2nd abdominal tergum bears traces of a median carina anteriorly, the
8rd— 6th terga are sharply carinated, and the 4)th — 6th are also distinctly sub-
carinate on either side of the middle line. The 6th abdominal somite is about
twice as long as the 5th, and about as long as the telson. The telson is about
as long as the inner caudal swimmeret : it ends very acutely and has on each
side, near the tip, 4 marginal spines of which the last alone is fixed.
Eyes very large. The inner antennular flagellum, which is much longer
than the outer, is as long as or longer than the peduncle : in the male its inner
border is concave, at the proximal end, up to a small conical denticle.
The external maxillipeds reach to or nearly to the tip of the antennal
scale : the dactylus, in both sexes, is a slender joint, about three-fourths the
length of the propodite, with which it articulates end-on: the basis bears a
strong antrorse spine.
A similar spine exists on the basis (and on the ischium also) of the 1st
pair of chelipeds only. In the female only there is a pair of minute sternal
spines between the 2nd chelipeds. The 5th pair of thoracic legs reach the
middle of the antennal scale and are not in any way modified in the male. All
the thoracic legs have exopodites.
4i
26
The andricnm, which is longitudinally chanelled both anteriorly and poste-
riorly, is a little asymmetrical, one lobe — usually the left — being a Httle longer
and larger than the other. It consists of a pair of intimately connected lobes,
each of which splits up into two convoluted petaloid lobules. On unravelling,
the inner lobule of the smaller (usually the right) lobe is spirally convoluted
and shows a smaller petaloid process on its outer side : it is enfolded in the
inner lobule of the larger (usually the left) lobe. Finally the outer lobules of
each lobe are folded round the inner lobules, so that the whole organ has some-
what the appearance of an opening flower-bud.
The thelycum is shaped somewhat hke a reversed W. It consists of a
T-shaped plate lying between the penultimate pair of legs, the horizontal limb
of the T being thick and prominent, the vertical limb short : from each end of
the horizontal limb a salient lamina runs obliquely backwards abutting on the
coxa3 of the 5th pair of legs.
This species rarely reaches a length of 3| inches. It is one of the common
forms of the 100-fathom line in the muddy parts of the seas that wash the
peninsula. It is extremely closely related to M. pliilvppinensis Spence Bate,
from which it is distinguished, as regards the male by the form of the inner
antennular flagellum, and as regards the female by the form of the thelycum.
The collection contains 256 specimens, registered as follows :
4174
9
4206
Type of 3.
Type of 2 .
~1
4175-4205 4207-30
9 '' 9
7064-78
9
7368-80
9
9120-30
9
9184-9200
■9
1847-49
id~
3398
10
3401
10
3432
10
4940
10
> Oi'issa coast, 68 fathoms.
Off Masulipatam, 95 fathoms.
Off Kalingapatam, 80 — 100 fathoms.
Off Nellore coast, 133—250 fathoms.
Off Madras, 107 fathoms.
Off Audamans, 79 fathoms.
Off Malabar coast, 68—148 fathoms.
Off Canara coast, 12i — 119 fathoms.
Off Concan coast, 56 — 58 fathoms.
G. of Oman, 230 fathoms.
- " Investigator.'
27
la. Metapeneus conigek var. andamanensis, Wood-Mason. Plate IV., fig. 13.
Metapenseus philippinensis -var. andamanensis, Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) VIII. 1891, p. 271:
Alcock, Cat. Ind. Deep Sea Crnst , 1901, p. 17.
Distingiiislied by the uptilted and nearly straight rostrum ; by the indis-
tinctness of the subcaringe of the 4th — 6th abdominal terga; and by the form of
the thelycum. In the thelycum the part corresponding with the vertical limb of
the T is a broad, longitudinally-grooved plate, so undermined that all its edges
except the anterior limit of attachment are free: its posterior (free) edge is
strongly recurved inwards and is bilobed.
The female may attain a length of b^ inches.
There are 53 specimens in the collection, registered as follows :—
20S7-2105 ^
~ Types. E. of North Andaman I., 185 fathoms.
7381-85
9
3403
10
3531
10
Off Port Blair, Andamans, 112 — 244 fathoms.
Off C. Oomorin, 143 fathoms.
Andaman Sea, 100 fathoms.
}> " Investigator."
8. Metapeneus stridulans. Wood- Mason., Plate V., fig. 14, I4ta-d.
Crotalocaris stridtdans, Wood-Mason, MS name.
Metapeneus sirididuns, Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVI. 1903, p 526.
Peneus velutinus (partinj) Spence Bate, Challenger Miicrurn, 188S, p. 253, pi. xxxiii., fig. 1.
Characterized by the presence, in both sexes, of a pair of stridulating or-
gans, situated one on each side of the carapace, near the middle of the posterior
end of the branchiostegite, in such a way that the anterior edge of the 1st abdo-
minal tergum can play over them. Bach organ consists of a longitudinal row of
vertically-disposed ridges, which vary in number, being usually 5, seldom less
than 5, and occasionally as many as 12, or, in the female, more than 12.
The species is a typical Metapeneus, and belongs to the same group as
M. pliilip-pinensis and coniger.
Integument remarkably thick, hard, and tomentose.
Rostrum nearly straight, uptilted, sometimes reaching to the end of the
antennular peduncle but often shorter, armed dorsally with 5 — 8 teeth, the last of
which is small and isolated (epigastric). No post-rostral crest. An indistinct
post-ocular denticle. Post-antennular (antennal) spine very strong, produced
backwards as a strong convexity defining a broad post-antennular sulcus.
Hepatic spine small ; cervical groove present only in its neighbourhood. Bran-
chial region not defined except by a short crescentic crease below the hepatic
spine. Anterolateral (antero-inferior) angles of carapace spiniform. A pair of
28
stridulatbg organs as already defined, which are usually better developed in the
female than in the male.
The 2nd abdominal tergum is medially carinated in less than its posterior
half, the 3rd in almost all its extent, the carina in both cases being sulcate : the
4th-6th are all sharply carinated, the carina of the 4th and 5th being deeply
cleft at its after end. The 6th abdominal somite is nearly twice as long as the
5th, but shorter than the telson. The telson is about as long as the inner caudal
swimmeret : it ends very acutely and has, near the apex, 4 pairs of large marginal
spines, the last pair being fixed.
Eyes large. Antennular flagella equal, about one-third the length of their
peduncle.
The 3rd maxillipeds nearly reach the tip of the antennal scale : the dactylus
is slender and is not much shorter than the propodite, with which it articulates
end-on : the basis bears an antrorse spine. A similar spine is present on the
basis of the 1st two chelipeds and on the ischium of the 1st.
In the female only there is a pair of sternal spines between the 2nd pair of
chelipeds.
All the thoi-acic legs have longish exopodites.
The andricum, which is built in the same way as that of M. coniger, is
asymmetrical, the left lobe being the longer : the outer lobule of the left lobe
ends in a crown of stiffish filaments.
The thelycum consists of the following parts : — (1) between the 5th pair of
legs a transverse lamina more or less distinctly divided into three lobes, the
outer of which — abutting on the 5th legs — are bluntly dentiform : (2) between
the 4th pair of legs a broad transverse plate the anterior part of which shows
as a large, smooth, somewhat oval facet : (3) in the interval between the 4th
and 5th legs a narrow transverse bar, sinuous and shaped like a very open W.
Large females may attain a length of 3| inches.
There are 140 specimens in the collection, registered as follows : —
1_ Types Orissa coast, 28—25 fathoms. ")
9
9180 9182 3513 5084
" 6 ■ 6 ' 10 ■ 10
8567 5079
9 ' 10
5080
10
5081
10
5082
10
5083
10
Andamaus, to 20 fatboms.
Ganjam coast, 20 — 35 fathoms.
Vizagapatam coast, 20 fathoms.
Madras coast, 31 fathoms.
Palk Strait.
G. of Martabati, 20 fathoms.
-"Investigator."
29
8446
IT
2075
10
Hooo'kong.
" P. velutinus " Bate. E. Indian Archipelago.
R. Hungerford.
"Challenger" (British Mns.)
9, Mrtapeneus mogiensis, Rathbun. Plate Y., fig. 15. I5rt, b.
Parapenseus mogiensis, llathbun, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. XXVI. 1903, p. 39.
Pensti-s velutinus (partim), Spi'nne Bate, loc. cit.
It closely resembles M. stridulans, but differs from it in the absence of any
stridulating ridges on the carapace, and also in the following particulars : —
The rostrum is shorter, in the male rarely surpassing the middle, in the
female rarely surpassing the far end, of the 2nd joint of the antennular
peduncle.
The curved subhepatic groove (anterior part of cervical groove) definino-
the branchial region anteriorly, is more pronounced. The spine (branchioste-
gal) at the antero-inferior angle of the carapace is much weaker. The 6th
abdominal somite is only about half again as long as the 5th.
In the female there is a pair of sternal teeth between the 3rd chelipeds,
and between the 2nd chelipeds a pair of teeth, not spines.
The andricum is formed on the same plan as that of M. coniger and M. stri-
dulans, and though the outer lobule of the left lobe is a little the longer, that of
the right lobe is very much the larger: moreover, the outer lobule of the left lobe
ends in a slender filament the tip of which is frayed out or denticulate.
The thelycum consists of the following parts : — (1) between the 5th pair of
legs two parallel transverse plates one behind the other ; the anterior is cut into
two laminfe, each of which may again be cut into two teeth ; the posterior is cut
into three lobes the outer of which are prominent and bluntly dentiform, while
the middle one often has a mucronate tip : (2) between the 4th pair of legs a
broad sunken plate with a pair of divergent median teeth near its posterior
border, the teeth standing in the interval between the two lobes of the anterior
of the two plates that lie between the 5th pair of legs. In the young female the
most conspicuous part of the thelycum is this last mentioned pair of teeth-.
Large females may reach a length of 3^ inches.
The species has been taken in abundance off the Malabar coast, in 28 fa-
thoms ; off Ceylon, in 28 and 84 fathoms ; and at various places in the Anda-
mans, up to 53 fathoms.
There are 152 specimens in the collection, registered as follows : —
f 8943 9026 9179 9964 ^
6 " 6 ■ "1
H
9987 3311 3501
6
9
10
I-
i
J
Andamans.
" Investigator."
2765-
66 2821-24
7
7
5077
10
3279
5535
5076
9 ■
9 •
10
1129
10
5078
10
80
Andamans. G. H. Booley.
Andamans. J- Wood-Mason.
Ofi Ceylon, 34 fathoms.
Off Ceylon, 28 fathoms. }-" Investigator."
I
Off Malabar coast, 28 fathoms. J
-r-r-a " P, velutinus " Bate. E. Indian Archipelago. "Challenger" (British Mus.)
Paeapeneus, S. I. Smith (sensu restricto).
Sidney I. Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, p. 170.
Type : P. memhranaceus Kiaeo {= P. longirostris Lucas.)
• Rostrum toothed dorsally only. Antero- inferior angles of carapace usually
with, sometimes without, a branchiostegal spine. Post-antennular sulcus defined
only ventrally, by the post-antennular (antennal) spine.
A lojigitudinal suture is generally present on either side extending from the
orbital to the posterior border of the carapace, and also a vertical suture extending
across the branchiostegite at the level of the 2nd pair of cheHpeds.
Antennular flagella of moderate length. Bndopodite of maxiUules (1st
maxilliB) abbreviated, unsegmented, the small terminal segment which is present
in Metapeneus not being differentiated. No exop)odites on any of the thoracic legs.
Epipodites absent from the 3rd maxillipeds as well as fi'om the last two
thoracic appendages. No pleurobranch on the last thoracic somite.
Andricum symmetrical.
The 3rd maxillipeds and last pair of thoracic legs are not known to show
any modifications in the male.
The branchial formula is the same as that of Metapeneus, but the rudiment-
ary arthrobranch of somite VII (2nd maxillipeds) seems to be absent, and there
is no vestigial filament, representing an anterior arthrobranch, on the penulti-
mate thoracic somite.
In addition to the Indian species, I have examined specimens of P. mem-
hranaceus and P. serratus.
Key to the Indian species of the genus Parapeneus.
I. A fine longitudinal suture, extending from the orbital to the posterior
border, on either side of the carapace, and a second transverse suture
across the branchiostegite at the level of the 2nd pair of chelipeds :
telson with a single pair of marginal spines, which are fixed : —
31
1. A branchiostegal spine : last pair of thoracic legs do not reach
the tip of the antennal scale: —
i. Branchiostegal spine small, placed at the antero-inferior
angle of the carapace ... ... ... P.fasurus.
ii. Branchiostegal spine large, placed some way above and
behind the antero-inferior angle of the carapace ... P. investigatori-:
2. No branchiostegal spine : last pair of thoracic legs reach a good
way beyond the tijj of the antennal scale ... ... P. longipes.
II. Carapace without sutures : telson with 3 pairs of articulating marginal
spines in addition to the fixed pair ... ... ... P. rectacutus.
1. Parapeneps FissuRrs (Spence Bate). Plate V., fig. 16, I6a, b.
Pena;us jissurus, Spence Bate, Challenger Macrnra, p. 26.3. pi, xxxvi., fig. 1, 1888; Borradaile, Stomatop. ami
Macrura of Willey's Exped., 1899, pp. 395, 40J.
Glabrous, the integument firm but thin.
The rostrum in the female reaches nearly to the tip of the antennular pe-
duncle, but in the male falls short of the middle of its second joint : it has a
faint double curve, and is armed dorsally with 6 teeth in addition to a remotely
isolated epigastric one : the post-rostral carina is very distinct and is continued
almost to the posterior border of the carapace. A small orbital tooth. Post-
antennular (antennal) spine strong, its buttress separated from the hepatic spine
by a deepish fossa, which is all that represents the cervical groove : post-anten-
nular sulcus rather shallow. A minute branchiostegal spine at the antero-
inferior angle of the carapace, produced upwards and backwards as a fine
sinuous ridge which ends below the strong hepatic spine, and represents the
boundary of the vanished anterior part of the cervical groove.
A very fine suture extends longitudinally on each side, from the orbital
almost to the posterior border of the carapace. A similar suture extends trans-
versely across the branchiostegite near the level of the 2nd pair of chelipeds.
The 4jth — 6th abdominal terga are sharply and thinly carinate in the middle
line, each carina ending acutely. The 5th abdominal somite is hardly two-thirds
the length of the 6th : the 6th is about as long as the telson : the telson is about
as long as the inner caudal swimmeret, and ends in an acicular spine, on either
side of which is a fixed marginal spinelet.
The inner antennular flagellum, which is the longer, is from i^ to 1|
times the length of the peduncle. The eyes are large and surpass the antennu-
lar scale.
The external maxillipeds reach into the distal third of the antennal scale :
the dactylus articulates end-on with the propodite. There is a spine on the
basis, and ischium, of the 1st pair of chelipeds only. No exopodites on any of
the thoracic legs.
The andricum is symmetrical : it consists, in the adult, of two lobes finely
9
1731-32
4852 4855
10 ■
10 ■ 10
1841-43
2686
10 ■
10
2070-71
10
32
interlocking along their anterior border, but not at all in contact along the
posterior, ending in an intricate but symmetrical bunch of hooks, teeth, and stiff
overlapping lobules.
The thelycum consists of the following parts : — (1) between the 4th pair
of legs a broad, smooth, transverse, somewhat semicircular boss ; (2) between
the 5th pair of legs a pair of teeth or mammillar tubercles ; (3) in the interval
between the 4th and 5th legs a pair of pyramidal tubercles with often a small
sunken tubercle between them.
The female rarely attains a length of 5 inches.
The collection contains 37 specimens, registered as follows : —
Ganjam coast, 45-50 fatlioms. j
G. of Martaban, 67, 61, 46 fath. y " Investigator."
Andamans, 55 fathoms. j
,7 , T3, .,. . " Challencrer " (British
Zebu, Fhilippines. "NT - T
2. Paeapeneds investiCtATORIS, Ale. & And. Plate VI., fig. 17, lla-c.
Piirapenejis ini'esd'jnforis, Alcock and Anderson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) III., 1899, p. 279: 111. Zool. In-
vestigator. Crnst. pi, xli. fig. 1, la, b : Alcock, Cat, Ind, Deep Sea Crust., 1901, p. 18.
Distinguished from P. fissyrns by the following characters : —
The I'ostrum in the female does not project much beyond the end of the 1st
joint of the antennular peduncle, and in the male does not far surpass the eyes :
it has a distinct dorsal convexity. The post-rostral carina fades away at the
posterior fourth of the carapace. The branchiostegal spine is as large as the
hepatic, and is placed some way behind and above the antero-inferior angle of
the carapace : this spine is not connected with any ridge, but a distinct groove
(= anterior part of cervical groove) runs in front of it and is then continued
backwards, beneath the hepatic spine, to define the anterior part of the bran-
chial region.
The 6th abdominal somite is more than twice as long as the 5th and much
longer than the telson : the telson is shorter than the inner caudal swimmeret.
The andricum is like that of P. ^fissiirus, but the terminal bunch of teeth
and petals is not so intricate.
The thelycum is built on the same plan : it consists of a transverse semi-
circular plate between the 4th legs, supported by two lateral pillars which abut
on the 5th pair of legs ; between the pillars, posteriorly, is a median tubercle,
and the whole organ encloses a fossa which is shaped much like a figure of eight.
There are 21 specimens in the collection, registered as follows :-
QIOIOO
-— - Oil Pulicat, 133 fathoms.
^-^ G. of Manar. 180-217 fathoms.
2080—86
— . — Types. Andaman Sea, N.E. of North I., 185 fathoms.
2596-2604.
i» " Investigator."
Andaman Sea, N. of North I., 370-419 fathoms. |
3. Parapeneus longipes, Alcock. Plate VI, fig. 18, 18a, b.
Parapeneus longipes, Alcock, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVI. 1905, p. .52.5.
Resembles P. fissurus, from which it is distinguished by the following
characters : —
The rostrum in both sexes barely reaches the end of the first joint of the
antennular peduncle. There is no trace of a brancMostegal spine at the antero-
inferior angle of the carapace.
The inner (longer) antennular flagellum is about as long as its peduncle in
the female, and a little longer in the male.
The 3rd or external maxillipeds reach the tip of the antennal scale, and
the last pair of thoracic legs reach a dactylus-length beyond them.
The andricum is formed on the same plan, but ends in a pair of (median)
ragged petaloid lobes, and a pair of (lateral) stiff, curved, hornlike filaments.
The thelycum consists of a broad, longitudinally-grooved plate occupying
all the space between the 6th pair of legs, articulating with a horse-shoe-shaped,
or concave semicircular plate lying between the ith pair of legs.
The female attains a length of 3J inches.
The collection now numbers 121 specimens, registered as follows: —
1678-79
Types. Off Ganjam coast, 35 fathoms.
Ganjam and Vizagapatam, 7-.S5 fathoms.
7
4055-59 4232-.33 7112-7200
9 9 9
4702
— ^ Mangalore (Malabar coast) 26-31 fathoms, r
7925
9
-"Investigator."
Sandheads, R. Hooghly. Bengal Pilot Service.
4. Parapeneus rectacutus, Spence Bate. Plate VI, fig. 19, 19a, b.
Penxui! rectacutus, Spence Bate, Challenger Macrnra, p. 266, pi. xxsvi, liir. 2, 188S. iletapeiicus rectacutus,
Wood Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) VIII, 1891, p. 274. Parapeneus rectacutus. 111. Zool. Inyestigator, Crust,
pi. xlix. fig 5: Alcock, Cat. Indian Deep Sea Crust., 1901, p. 17.
Differs from P. fissurus in the following particulars : —
The rostrum in the female reaches the tip of the antennular peduncles, and
6
3i
in the male the far end of then- 2nd joint : in addition to the small isolated
epigastric spine it has 11 to 13 dorsal teeth. There is no post-rostral carina
behind the gastric region. No orbital tooth. Post-antennular spine moderate,
its buttress indistinct. A strongish branchiostegal spine at the antero-inferior
angle of the carai:)ace. The deep-cut cervical groove is continued right up to
the branchiostegal spine, and the ridge defining this anterior part of the
cervical groove is continued backwards in a sinuous course to the posterior
border of the carapace, thus forming a prominent boundary to the entire bran-
chial region. Hepatic spine moderate : the subhepatic groove (posterior branch
of cervical groove) is almost as well marked as the hepatic fossa. There are no
sidures on the carapace.
The 6th abdominal somite is nearly twice as long as the 5th. On the telson
there are 3 pairs of (distant) marginal spinelets in addition to the fixed pair.
In the female the antennular flagella are a little longer than the peduncle :
in the male the outer flagellum is nearly twice this length, and the shorter inner
fiagellum has its base looped in a stiff semicircle, the distal end of the loop
ending iu a recurved tooth.
The andricum is symmetrical and is of the same open-pod-shaped form
seen in the species of Peneus proper. It consists of two lobes, finely interlock-
ing along their anterior edge only, and having the opposed surfaces concave.
The thelycum consists of a transverse, heart-shaped or semicircular lobe
lying between the 4th pair of legs, and a pair of lateral somewhat ear-shaped
lobes abutting on the 5th pair of legs.
The female may reach a length of 5^ inches.
The collection includes 76 specimens, registered as follows : —
9131-80 ^
Q — Oif Pulicat (Madras) 133, and 145-250 fathoms. }
6730-31 o / T. I
^ S. of Port Blair, Andamans, 188-220 fathoms. }> " Investigator."
2589-95
— Iq — N. of North Andaman I., 370-419 fathoms.
Paeapeneopsis Wood-Mason MS.
Alcock, Cat. Indian Deep Sea Crust., 1901, p. 14.
Type: P. stylifera, Edw.
Rostrum toothed dorsally only. Antero-inferior angles of carapace sharp
or dentiform. Post-antennular sulcus defined only ventrally.
Carapace with longitudinal and transverse sutures as in most Parapenei,
but the longitudinal suture never reaches the posterior border.
Antennular flagella either long or short. Endopodite of maxiUules (1st
X
y
/
85
maxilla?) short, unsegmented. Petaloid exopodites are present on all the
thoracic legs.
Epipodites absent from the 3rd maxillipeds as well as from the last three
thoracic appendages; sometimes absent from a/? the legs. No pleurobranchiae
on the last two thoracic somites.
Andricum symmetrical. The 3rd maxilhpeds and 5th pair of legs are not
known to be modified in the male.
The branchial formula is : —
Somite
Podobranchiaj
Ai
[■till-
obranchife
Pleurobranchiaj
VII
ep.
0
lorr)
0
VIII
ep. +1
2
d
IX
0
2
1
X
(ep.) 0
2
I
XI
(ep. 1 0
2
1
XII
0
2
1
XIII
0
I
0
XIV
0
0
0
Total
ep.
ep +
(ep.) +
(ep.14-
.3
3
3
3
3
1
0
Total
ep.
11 ( + r?)
ep.
The vestigial arthrobranch of somite VII is often absent.
+ 16 (+r?)
Key to the Indian species of the genus Parapeneopsis.
I. Epipodites on 2nd maxillipeds and first two pairs of chelipeds : the usual
isolated epigastric tooth of the rostral carina present : —
1. Outer antennular flagellum as long as the carapace (without ros-
trum) : the subhepatic ridge defining the anterior part of the
cervical groove is continued to the tip of the branchiostegal
tooth : telson with strong lateral marginal spines ... ... P. styUfera.
2. The subhepatic ridge does not run on to the branchiostegal tooth :
only rarely does the telson have an obscure lateral marginal
spine : —
i. Outer antennular flagellum as long as its peduncle ... P. sctdpHlis.
ii. Antennular flagella shorter than the peduncle : —
a. Postrostral carina continued to posterior border of
carapace : —
a. Carina canaliculate : spine on basis of 2nd
pair of chelipeds indistinguishable ... P. tmcta.
(3. Carina sharp : spine on basis of 2nd pair
of chelipeds very strong: in females
there is also a spine on the basis of the ^V'H''
3rd pair of chelipeds ... ... P. maxillipedo.
b. The postrostral carina fades away far in advance of
the posterior border of the cai-apace : antennular
flageUa about a third the length of the peduncle... P. nana.
II. Epipodites present on the 2nd maxillipeds only: no postrostral carina and
no isolated epigastric spine ... ... ... ... P. acdivirostns .
.K-,-^v^
(' or <
86
1. Paeapeneopsis stylifeka (Edw.) Plate VII., fig. 21.
Penseus styliferuf, Milne Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crast., II., p. 418.
PMiers, P Z.S. 1878, p. 304. Penieopsis styliferus, Sppiice Bate., Amu. Mag. Xat. Hist. (5) YIII., 1881, p. 183.
Parapensopsis styliferus, Nobili, Boll. Mus. Torino, XVII, 1903, No. 452, p. 4, fig. 4.
Integument firm and strong : carapace finely pimctate.
Rostrum with a strong double curve ; its proximal curve bearing a crest
of 7 to 9 teeth (not including the isolated epigastric tooth), its distal curve styli-
form : though longer in the female, it in both sexes projects beyond the tip of
the antennular peduncle. The postrostral carina extends nearly to the post-
erior border of the carapace : it may be facetted here and there, but is not canali-
culate. A post-ocular tooth. A strong post-antennular (antennal) spine, the
buttress of which is produced backwards to the hepatic fossa : post-antennular
sulcus shallow. Antero-inferior angles of the carapace broadly spiniform, the
crest of the spine being continued backwards as a sinuous ridge (defining the
anterior part of the cervical groove) to a point someway behind the smallish
hepatic spine. Dorsal of the hepatic spine the cervical groove is hardly distin-
guishable.
The carapace is cut, on either side, by a fine longitudinal suture which runs
from the orbit to the after limit of the gastric region ; a similar short transverse
suture extends across the branchiostegite at the level of the 3rd pair of legs.
The 4!th-6th abdominal terga are sharply cariuated in the middle line : it
requires some imagination to see a blunt median carina on the 2nd and 3rd
terga also. The 5th abdominal somite is about two-thirds the length of the
6th, the 6th is more than two-thirds the length of the telson. The telson is
nearly as long as the inner caudal swimmeret, is longitudinally grooved in al-
most all its dorsal extent, ends very acutely, and is armed on either side with
very distinct fixed marginal spinelets.
Antennular flagella about as long as the carapace without the rostrum, the
outer shghtly the longer.
The external maxiUipeds, which are coarse, fall a good deal short of the
middle of the antennal scale. Their dactylus is slender and articulates end-on
with the propodite.
A basal spine is present on the first two pairs of chelipeds only. The 5th
pair of legs reach into the distal third of the antennal scale. All the thoracic
legs have petaloid exopodites.
Andricum symmetrical, simple : it consists of two lobes finely interlocking
all along their anterior edge, and simply apposed along their posterior edge : its
distal angles are produced into a pair of longish horn-like filaments.
The thelycum consists of three squarish-cut lobes, a large, concave, median
37
one, lying between the 4th pah- of legs, and fitting by means of a short stem
between a pair of smaller lateral ones lying between the 5th pair of legs..
This species attains a length of 4^ inches.
There are 59 specimens in the Museum collection, registered as follows : —
-- — -T — Malabar coast. F. Day.
^^Z^ Nolnstorj.
381-90 392^. 441^5 461-70 ^^^^ g^^,^.^ . Investigator."
10 ■ 10 10 ■ 10
?^ Karachi. British Museum.
10
la. Paeapeneopsis stylifera var. cokomandelica Plate VII., fig. 2t), 20u-c.
In this variety the marginal spines of the telson are reduced to a large pair,
and occasionally a second minute pair, at the base of the terminal spine, this
C(jndition being constant in both sexes and at different ages.
The collection includes 72 specimens of this variety, registered as follows : —
Sandlieads, R. Hooghly. J. Rust and A. J. Milner.
Orissa and Vizagapatam. "Investigator."
Colombo. J. Anderson.
Madras. Purchased.
y
2. Pene'opsis sculptilis. Heller. Plate VII., fig. 22, 22a-d.
Pensus sciilptilis, ReWei-yYerh. zoo].-hot. Ges. Wien, XII. 1862, p. .S28, and Novara Cruet, p. 122, pi. xi.
fig. 1, 1865: lliers, Ann. JIag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 457: deJIan, Journ. Liun. .Soc, Zool., XXII. 1888,
p. 286: Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) V. 1893, p. 4-48: Nobili, Boll. llus. Torino, XVI. 1901, No. 397, p. 2,
and XVIII. 1903, No. 452, p. 5 IParapenieopsis).
This species differs from P. stylifera in the following particulars : —
The rostrum, though of the same shape, is often shorter, in some cases
(not, as far as can be seen, the result of breakage) not reaching the tip of the
antennular peduncle; often, in the adult male, the styliform part is lost, and
the rostrum then reaches only to the middle of the peduncle. The post-rostral
carina is distinctly canaliculate. The buttress of the post-antennular spine is
not so strong, and does not reach the hepatic fossa.
The sinuous sub-hepatic ridge, defining the anterior part of the cervical
groove, is not continued to the tip of the branchiostegal tooth : this is quite
diagnostic in comparison with P. stylifera.
7 ■
9
4067-
-77_
7306-46
9 ■
7351-
-53
9
9
4420-
9
-21
4424-
-31
88
The longitudinal suture of the carapace is continued some way behind the
gastric region.
The median carination of the 2nd and 3rd (especially of the 8rd) abdominal
terga is, though not striking, quite distinct.
The telson as a rule, though not always, is shorter, being often not much
longer than the 6th somite; its dorsal longitudinal groove is shorter; and as a
rule, to which in 118 perfect specimens I find only 4 exceptions, it has no late-
ral marginal spines.
The antennular flagella are but little longer than their peduncle. The
external maxillipeds reach the middle of the antennal scale.
The andricum consists of two compressed lobes, in contact all along their
inner border, the outer border being scalloped into three lobules — a broad, semi-
circular basal one, a long and narrow median one, and a small, recurved, peta-
loid one : from its distal end spring a pair of wing-like lobules, the posterior
surface of which is deeply channelled.
The thelycum consists of a large hexagonal or leaf-shaped plate, lying be-
tween the 4th pair of legs and broadly articulating with a transverse plate, the
outer edges of which are notched, placed between the 5th pair of legs.
This species reaches a length of 5| inches.
There are 185 specimens in the Indian Museum, registered as follows : —
7712 7720 7722 7268 4409-11 3394-95.
6 ■ 6 • 6 ■
9 ■ 9
— -- — G. of Martaban.
3831-34
9
Off Cochin coast.
4091-95 7245-50
9 • 9 •
4419
9
5086
10
Orissa and Ganjam.
Dumra R., Orissa
" Investigator."
471-72
10
Palk Strait.
1158
10
Bombay.
8153
6
Mergui.
J. Anderson.
4400 4443
9 ■ 9
Penang.
F. Stoliczka.
4441-2 7261-67
9 • 9
Sandheads, Hooghly
R. F. Day and A J. Milner
4500-34
9
Bombay.
Purchased.
"4873-80
L 9
Hongkong.
G. Dennys.
39
2a. Parapeneopsis sculptilis var. Haedwickii (Miers).
PcKMS Hardu'ickii, Miers, P.Z.S., 1878, p. 300, pi. xvii. dg. 1.
In this variety the andricum is more slender, and the median plate of the
thelycum has the shape of a vertical section of a mushroom. In addition, the
obscure median carination of the first two abdominal terga is absent.
There are 68 specimens in the collection, registered as follows: —
4070-90 7268-7305 7354-58 ^. ^^ . ut .• ^ "
— — : : Orissa and traniam. " investicjator.
9 9 9
4412-18
Madras and Pondiclierrj'. Purchased.
9
2b. Parapeneopsis sculptilis var. cultrieostris. Plate VII, fig. 23.
In this variety, which may be merely another form of the male, the ros-
trum is straight and nearly horizontal, does not reach further than the middle
of the 2nd joint of the antennular peduncle, and has a peculiar dagger shape.
Only males are known.
The collection includes 13 perfect specimens, registered under the follow-
ing numbers : —
4060-66 72.37-44
9 ' "" 9
Orissa and Ganjam. " Investigator."
4474
— g — Snnderbunds, Hooglily R. F. Day.
3. Parapeneopsis unota, Alcock. Plate VIII., fig. 25, 25a.
Parapeneopsis uncta, Alcock. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 528.
Compared with P. styUfera this species exhibits the following points of
difference : —
The integument is even thicker and denser, and though sparsely punctate
has a pohshed greasy appearance.
The rostrum has but a faint double curve and, owing to the absence of
any styliform prolongation, reaches only to the middle of the 2nd joint of the
antennular peduncle in both sexes.
The antero-inferior angles of the carapace are sharply rectangular, not
spiniform or dentiform.
As in /'. satlpfilis the post- rostral carina is canaliculate, and the sinuous
subhepatic ridge (defining the anterior portion of the cervical groove) does not
reach the antero-inferior angle of the carapace.
Dorsal of the hepatic spine the cervical groove is very distinct up to the
longitudinal suture of the carapace, this being a quite distinctive feature.
40
The longitudinal suture of the carapace runs nearly to the level of the
transverse suture.
The 6th abdominal somite is as long as the telson : the telson is very short,
not reaching the middle of the inner caudal swimmeret, and is without marginal
spinelets.
The antennular flagella are equal and a little shorter than their peduncle.
The 3rd maxillipeds nearly reach the middle of the antennal scale and sur-
pass the tips of the 5th thoracic legs
The spine on the basis of the 1st chehpeds is very slender, and that on the
2nd chelipeds is not distinguishable.
The andricum, like that of P. sculptilis, has on each outer margin a wing-
like basal lobule, beyond which it simply tapers to end in four hooks, of which
the anterior pair are small and are concealed by the posterior pair in the flexed
position of the organ.
The thelycum consists of a square plate between the 5th pair of legs, and
a semicircular one between the 4!th.
Four specimens, registered as follows : —
7359-60 5088
10
Types. Ganjam coast. " Investigator."
4. Parapeneopsis MAXiLLiPEDO, Alcock. Plate VIII., fig. 24, 24a., h.
? an Pensrun cornutu.';, Kishinouye, Jonni. Fish, Bureau, Tokyo, VIII. 1903, i. p. 23. Alcock, .^nn. Mag.
Nat. Hist. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 527.
Compared with P. stylifera it presents the following differences : —
The dorsal half of the carapace is tomentose. The rostrum is recurved at
tip but otherwise is nearly horizontal, it does not reach the end of the antennu-
lar peduncle in either sex, and it is armed dorsally with 8-10 teeth (not includ-
ing the isolated epigastric tooth) which form a very decided crest. The
post-rostral carina, which is continued right up to the posterior border of the
carapace, is sharp and particularly prominent.
The antero-inf erior angles of the carapace are merely dentiform : the sinu-
ous subhepatic ridge (defining the anterior part of the cervical groove) stops
far short of the antero-inferior angle of the carapace.
The longitudinal fissure of the carapace extends only a short way behind
the level of the hepatic spine.
The telson is short and has no marginal spinelets.
The antennular flagella, which are equal, are about two-thirds the length
of their peduncle.
41
All the joints of the 3rd maxillipeds, except the dactylus, are abnormally
broad, coarse, and tomentose.
The 5th pair of thoracic legs reach only to the middle of the antennal scale.
The basal spines of the chelipeds are big, and in the female there is one on the
8rd chelipeds as well as on the 1st and 2nd.
The andricum has, on its outer edges, the same basal wing-like lobule as
that of P. sculptilis, but the organ ends in a pair of long calipers.
The thelycum is concave and three-lobed : the middle lobe is very large
and leaf-like ; the lateral lobes, lying between the 5th pair of legs, are small,
and have between them, in the middle line, a globous tubercle, behind which
is a thick tuft of long sette.
This species attains a length of 4J inches. It may turn out to be Kishi-
nouye's P. cormitus, a Japanese species also recorded by Nobili from Bombay.
The Museum collection includes 12 specimens, registered as follows : —
4462
9
4466-73
i»
5087
10
Type op male. Arakan coast. " Investigator."
Types of female. Madras. Purchased.
Bombay. " Investigator."
5. Paeapeneopsis nana, Alcock. Plate VIII., fig. 26, 26a, h.
Parapeneopsis nana, Alcock.. Ann. Slag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvi. 1905, p. .529.
Compared with P. stylifera it shows the following differences: —
The rostrum, though in all respects similar, is shorter, so that its styliform
portion does not quite reach the end of the antennular peduncle. The post
rostral carina fades away at the posterior fourth of the carapace.
The antero-inferior angle of the carapace is sharp-cut but not spiniform
and the sinuous subhepatic ridge, defining the anterior part of the cervical
groove, falls far short of it.
The telson is generally shorter than the Gth abdominal somite ; its median
dorsal groove is short and shallow, and it has no lateral marginal spinelets.
The antennular flagella, which are equal, are about one-third the length of
their peduncle. The 5th pair of legs reach only to the middle of the antennal
scale.
The andricum is slender and ends in a pair of long, straight, stiff filaments,
which stand out at right-angles to the rest of the organ.
The thelycum resembles that of P. sculptilis, its most conspicuous part
being a large leaf -shaped median plate lying between the ith pair of thoracic
legs.
6
42
This is a small species, the largest female being only 2J inches long :
males of still smaller size appear, from the structure of the anclricum, to be
adult.
The collection contains 16 specimens, registered under the following num-
bers : —
2359 7205-12 ^ n • f
— — : Types of female. Gfinjam coast.
7213-14
9
4078
Types of male. Ganjam coast. |^ " Investigator."
Orissa coast, 68 f atlioms. .
" J
4445-47
9
Madras. Purchased.
6. Parapeneopsis acclivieosteis, Alcock. Plate VIII., fig. 27, 27a.
Parapeneopsis acclivirostris, Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvi. 1905, p 530.
an PeK^MS ieneJZus, Spenoe Bate, Cliallenger Macrura, p. 270,1888: Kishinouye, Joarn. Fish. Bnr. Tokyo,
VIII. I. 1900, p. 22, pi. vi. fig. 3, pi. vii. fig. 8, 8<i, 6.
This small species is quite peculiar among Indian Penei in not having
epipodites on any of the thoracic legs, nor any isolated epigastric tooth behind
the rostrum. In the latter respect it resembles Penasus tenellus of Spence Bate
and Kishinouye and Penaeus crucifer of Ortmann.
Compared with P. stijUfera it exhibits the following points of difference : —
The rostrum, iu the female, though recurved at tip, is nearly straight
and uptUted : it may reach or may fall short of the end of the antennular ped-
uncle : it has 7 teeth and is not produced as a carina behind the gastric region.
The an tero -inferior angle of the carapace is sharp-cut but not spiniform,
and the subhepatic ridge, defining the anterior part of the cervical groove,
stops far short of it and is elegantly ciliated.
The longitudinal suture of the carapace reaches some way behind the
gastric region.
The 6th abdominal somite is as long as the telson, which is short and has
no marginal spinelets.
The antennular flagella are equal and are not much more than half the
length of their peduncle.
The external maxillipeds, and 5th pair of legs reach nearly to the middle
of the antennal scale.
The thelycum consists of a concave semicircular plate lying between the
4<th pair of legs, and a squarish plate occupying the space between the 5th pair
of legs. All our specimens, Si in number, are females.
43
4449-55
9
7201-4
9
400
10
736
■Jo"
Madras. Purchased.
Ganjam and Vizagapatam.
Palk Strait.
" Investigator."
Types. Persian Gulf. P. W. Townsend.
Teachypeneus, Alcock.
Alcock, Cat. Indian Deep-Sea Crust., 1901, p. 15.
Type: T, curvirostris Stimpson ( = T. anc/wraJts Spenee Bate).
Rostrum toothed dorsally only. Antero-inferior angles of carapace fairly
well pronounced. Post-antennular sulcus defined only ventrally.
Carapace with longitudinal and transverse sutures, but the former is very
short, existing only in the orbital region.
Antennular flagella short. Endopodite of masillules short, unsegmented.
Petaloid exopodites are present on all the thoracic legs.
Bpipodites absent from 8rd maxilHpeds, as well as from the last two thora-
cic appendages. No pleuro branchiae on the last two thoracic somites.
Andricum symmetrical. The 8rd maxillipeds and last thoracic legs are
not known to be modified in the male.
The branchial formula is : —
Somite
Podobrarichise
Arthrobranchiee
Pleurobranchi
laa
Total.
VII
ej..
0
0
=
ep.
VIII
ep. + l
2
0
=
ep. + 3
IX
0
2
1
=
3
*x
ep.
2
1
=
ep. + 3
XI
ep.
2
1
=
ep.+ 3
XII
ep.
2
1
=
ep. + 3
XIII
0
1
0
=
1
XIV
0
0
0
=
0
Total 5 ep.+ l 11 4 = 5ep.+ 16
In addition to the Indian species, I have examined specimens of T. curviros-
tris (=T. anchoraJis) and 7'. cnvstrictus.
1. Teachypeneus aspee Alcock. Plate IX, fig. 28, 28a, b.
Trachypeneus asper, Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (7) xvi. 1905, p. 531.
Integument very thick and hard, tomentose, finely scabrous.
Rostrum quite straight, uptilted, strongly so in the female, not reaching
the end of the 2nd ^oint of the antennular peduncle : dorsally it is armed with
9 or 10 teeth (not including the isolated epigastric tooth) which form a crest.
44
Post-rostral carina low, broad and faint ; nearly reaching the posterior border
of the carapace. An orbital spine. A strong post-antennular (antennal) spine,
the buttress of which reaches the hepatic fossa. A fine suture runs along the
anterior part of the floor of the shallow post-antennular sulcus, A similar
transverse suture is seen on the branchiostegite, at the level of the 3rd pair of
chelipeds. Hepatic spine rather small. Antero-inferior angles of carapace dis-
tinctly dentiform. A very indistinct subhepatic groove (the anterior part of
the cervical groove) runs from the base of the post-antennular buttress to the
base of the hepatic spine : dorsal of the hepatic spine the groove cannot be dis-
tinguished.
On the 2nd abdominal tergum there is a median compressed tubercle.
The 8rd — 6th terga are very sharply carinated. The 5th abdominal somite is
about two-thirds the length of the 6th, the 6th is about as long as the telson.
The telson, which is dorsally grooved, is much shorter than the inner caudal
swimmeret, ends rather abruptly, and has, on either side, a very obscure subter-
minal marginal spinelet as well as two hardly perceptible lateral spinules.
The antennular flagella of the male are about three-fourths, those of the
female about two-thirds, the length of their pedimcle : the lower fiagellum is
much the coarser. The 3rd maxillipeds are coarse, except the dactylus, and
reach into the anterior third of the antennal scale. The last pair of thoracic
legs reach at least a dactylus-length beyond the tip of the antennal scale. A
basal spine is present on the first two pairs of chelipeds. All the thoracic legs
have petaloid exopodites.
The andricum is anchor-shaped.
The thelycum consists of a transverse bar between the 5th pair of legs and
a concave semilunar plate between the 4th.
The female reaches a length of 3f inches. The colours in life are pink, the
abdominal carinae and thoracic appendages being milk white.
It differs from T. curvirostris Stimpson ( = T. ancJioralis Spence Bate), of
which we have both "Challenger" specimens from Japan and other specimens
from Hongkong, in the following particulars : —
The rostrum is quite straight and has more teeth, and the post-rostral
carina is much fainter.
The antero-inferior angles of the carapace are sharper, and the anterior
part of the cervical groove is much less distinct.
The antennules are shorter, both in their peduncle and in their flagella ;
and the 5th pair of legs are longer.
Though the andricum and thelycum are much alike, specimens of the same
size being compared, yet they differ a good deal in detail.
45
There are 10 specimens in the collection, registered as follows : —
: — — — Types OF MALK. Ganjam coast, 23-26 fathoms.
7218—19 1680
— '-: —- — Types op female. Ganjam coast, 20-35 fathoms. ^"Investigator."
3474
-rrrr- Andamans, 60 fathoms.
10 -J
^^ Persian Gulf. W. T. Blanford.
Atypopeneus, Alcock.
Atypopenens, Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xvi. 1905, p. 524.
Rostrum toothed dorsally only. Antero-inferior angles of carapace rectan-
gular. Post-antenuular sulcus not defined at all. No longitudinal or trans-
verse carapacial sutures.
Antennular flagella much longer than the carapace. Bndopodite of max-
illules slender. Filamentous exopodites on all the thoracic legs.
Epipodites absent from 8rd maxillipeds and last two pairs of thoracic legs.
No pleurobranchige on the last two thoracic somites.
The andricum is symmetrical.
Type Peneus compressipes, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc, Zool., (2) V. 1898,
p. 450, pi. xl. fig. 21, 22.
As Henderson surmised, this is a unique form and is worthy of a separate
position.
This genus or section includes, at present, only Henderson's Peneus com-
pressipes ; but two of Stimpson's species from Hongkong, viz., P. podop>hthalmiis
and P. stenodactylus, may possibly be assigned to it.
Atypopeneus compressipes, Henderson, Plate IX. fig. 29, 29(1.
Pc)i»"!ts compressipes, Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., (2) V. 1893, p. 450, pi. xl. fig. 21, 22.
Rostrum short, only slightly surpassing the eyes ; armed dorsally with 8
teeth, and continued as a carina almost to the posterior border of the carapace :
the carina bears an isolated epigastric tooth, which is placed unusually far back.
No post-ocular spine. The post-antenuular (antennal) spine is small and has no
buttress, so that there is wo post-aniennular sulcus. The cervical groove is pre-
sent only in the immediate neighbourhood of the hepatic spine, and is there not
very distinct.
The 4th-6th abdominal terga are carinated in the middle line, and there are
traces of a carina on the Brd also. Telson short, without lateral marginal
spines.
Byes rather small, with slender stalls. Antennular peduncles slender.
46
longer than the antennal scales : antennular flagella subequal, longer than the
carapace and rostrum.
The external maxillipeds reach nearly to the tip of the antennal scale.
First four pairs of legs rather short, with the merus and carpus broad and com-
pressed : the 2nd and 8rd chelae have long and slender fingers. The legs of
the last pair are long and slender. All the thoracic legs have slender com-
pressed exopodites.
The andricum is symmetrical and ends in a pair of short slightly incurved
horns.
A male If in. long and apparently adult, from off the Madras coast, 12
fathoms: No. ^^g®.
47
TABLE OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF THE PENEUS
GROUP.
The names of Indian genera and species are printed in small capitals.
I. Genus Peneus, Fabr. sensit, resfrictn.
i. Species in whicli the antennular flagella are extremely short; a small post-ocular spine
and crest (in addition to the large post-antennular spine and crest) are present on the anterior part
of the carapace; and the telsou is armed with lateral marginal spines: — /-o '■' ' ■
f Caramote, Roudelet, 1555.
Alpheus caruviote, Risso Crust. Nice, p. 90, 1816.
Penmus cnramute, Desniarest, Consid. Gen. Crust.,
p. 225, 1825 : Risso, Hist. Nat. Eiu-op. Merid., V. p.
67, 1826: Milne Edyvards in Cuvier, Regne Anim.
pi. L fig. 1, and Hist. Nat. Crust. II. p 413, 1837:
Lucas, Hist. Nat. Anim Art. in Expl. Sci. Algerie,
Zoul. I. i. p. 46, 1849: Bell, Brit. Stalkeyed Crust,
p. 318, 1853: Heller, Crust, siidl. Enrop., p. 294,
1863: Brocchi, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (6) II. 1875,
t,. -{ Art. 2, p. 33 ; Mayer, Mitth. Zool. Sta. Neap. I. 1879, )■
"^^®°- p. 49 : Carus, Prodr. Faiui. Medit. I. p. 471, 1885 :
Ozorio, Jorn. Sci Lisb. XI. 1885-87, p. 230: List,
Mitth. Zool. Sta. Neap. XII. 1897, p. 74, pi, iv. fi-.
1, 2, 4, pi. V. fig. 25 ; Doflein SB. bayer. Akad. Miin-
chen, 1900, p. 126. Palxnum sulcatus, Olivier, En-
cycl. Method. VIII. 1811, ].. 661.
Fenfeus trisulcafiis. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soe. XI.
1815, p. 347, and Malac. Pod. Brit. pi. xlii, 1815 :
Desmai'est, Consid. Gen. Crust., p. 225, pi. xxix.
Lfig. 3.
1. P. caramot
Mediterranean : Eng-
land (St. Geor-
ge'e channel ) : W.
coast S. Africa.
p. CANALICULATUS,
Oliv.
2a.
2&.
var. JAPONicus
Bate.
var. ansfra
Uensis, Bate,
3. P. brei'irostris,
:l
Ante.
Ante.
Ante.
J
f Red S., and E. Afri-
\ ca to Sandwich Is.
India: Japan.
Sydney.
ivirostris, C Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, XXX. 1878, ) ^v * xr-
Kingsley. { p. 98. 5 ^^- ^°^^^ ^Nicaragua.
4. P. califnrniensis, < Occas. Papers Califomian Acad. Sci. VII. 1900, ) e ci_ ■ v>
Holmes. I p. 218. j ^^^ Francisco Bay.
5. P. latisulcatus, ( Journ. Fish. Bur. Tokyo, VIII. i. 1900, p. 12, pi. ) -r
Kishinouye. { ii. fig. 2, pi. vii. fig. 2, 2a. ) O&Tpan.
48
V
6. P. brasiliensis,
New York to Per-
nainbuco : Africa
(Senegambia and
Gold coast.)
ii. Antennular flagella extremely short : a small postocular spine and crest : no marginal
spines on telson : —
f Latreille, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXV. p. 256,^
1817 : Milne Edwards, op. cit., p. 414: Gibbes, Proc.
Amer, Ass. 1850, p. 198 : Martens, Arch. f. Nat.
1872, p. 140: S. I. Smitli. Rep. U. S. Fish. Comm.
1872-73, p. 642, and Trans. Connect. Acad. IV. 1880,
p. 267 : Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, X.
1874, p. 132 : Miers, P.Z.S., 1878, p. 299, and Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hi.st. (5) VIII. 1881, p. 367: Kingsley,
"t^V -i Pi-oc. Acad. Philad. 1878, p. 330 : Spence Bate, )-
^^^^- Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) VIII. 1881, p. 175: Ort-
mann. Zool. Jahrb., Syst. V. 1890, p. 449, pi. xxxvi.
fig. \a-h: Benedict, P.U.S. Nat. Mus. 1893, p. 540:
Rathbun, Ann. Inst. Jamaica, No. 1, 1897, p. 46,
and Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. II. 1900, p. 100 : Do-
flein, SB. bayer. Ak. Miinchen 1899, p. 185 : Veri'ill,
Trans. Conn. Acad. X. 1899-90, p. 580: Moreira,
l^Ai-ch. Mus. Rio Janeiro, XI. 1901, p. 6. J
iii. Antennular flagella shorter than their peduncle : no postocular sjjine and crest : no
marginal spines on telson.
■) ; Red S. and E. Africa
Ante. \ to Japan and Aus-
( tralia .
p. MONODON,
Fabr.
Virginia to Pernam-
f Cancer settferus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 1054,"^
1767 : Herbst, Ki-abben, II. 1791, p. 106, pL xxxiv.
fig. 3.
Penseus settferus, Milne Edwards, I.e. : Heller, No-
vara Crust. 1865, p. 121: Martens, Arch. f. Nat.
i872, p. 141: Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.
8. P. setiferus, L. ■{ York, X. 1874, p. 133 : Miers, P.Z.S., 1878, p. 307 : [- " ".^'"^"
I Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1878. p. 330 : Rath- '^^^°°-
bun, Ann. Inst. Jamaica, 1897, p. 45 : Doflein, SB.
bayer Ak. Miinchen, 1900, p. 126: Moreira, Arch.
Mus. Rio Janeiro, 1901, p. 7.
Penx.us fluviatilis, Say, Joui'n. Acad. Philad. 1817,
l^p. 236. J
iv. Antennular flagella longer than their peduncle : no postocular spuie and crest : no mar-
ginal spines on telson ; —
9. P. iNDicus Edw.
ya. ,-, ,,
var. MEEGniENSis
- de Man.
96. var. penicilla-
TDS W.-M.
10. P. stylirosfris,
Stimpson.
Ante.
Ante.
Ante.
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, X. 1871, p. 134: \
Kingsley Bull. Essex Inst. X p. 70: Miers, P.Z.S., /
1878, p. 301. \
According to Miers=hidicns Edw., but this, ll
link, is doubtful. .'
E. Africa to China.
India ; Java.
India.
Panama.
. think, is doubtful.
( Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 242: Miers, Zool.^
11. P. occidentalism \ H.M.S., Alert, 1885, p. 564. /
Streets. 1 According to ^l\evs = styJhostris, which, I think, ^ ^^"^™^-
(^ is probable. J
V. Species having no exopodite on the last paii' of thoracic legs ; in other respects agreeing
with section iv: —
"\ f Red S. and E. Africa
12. P. SEMISHLCATUS, I , \ to Australia, Ja-
De Haan. f ' ' 1 pan, and Fiji and
; (. Tahiti.
U '
13.
14.
49
P. Ccerideus,
StebbinET.
1 Marine Invest. S. Africa, Crust, pt. III. 1905, p. fE. coast of S. Africa, '
J 77, pi. xxi, xxi fci's. \ aboul
about 33° S.
vi. Uncertain and doubtful species :
P. balboai,
Faxon.
P. orbignyanus,
Latreille.
P. gracilirostris,
Thallwitz.
f Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, XXIV. 1893,1
p. 211 ; and Mem. ilus. Comp. Zool. Harvard XVIII.
No. 15, 1895, p. 181, pi. xlvii. fig 1-lc.
Somite XIV has a pleurobranch ; all the thoracic
■ legs have exopodites ; there is no postocular spine I
' and crest; the antennular flagella are longer than ,
their peduncle ; but the telson is armed with minute
lateral spinelets. This last character separates it
from the P. indinis group to which it otherwise
l^adheres.
Nouv. Diet. d'Hi,st. Nat. XXV. 1817: Milne Ed-"
wards op. cit., p. 415.
Considered by Milne Edwards to be not speci-
fically different from P. sefiferus, L.
Abh. u. Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91, No. 3, '
p. 3, fig. 5.
May perhap.s be an abnormal individual of P.
semisulcatus, De H.
Off Cocos Islands
(G. of Panama
region) 770 fa-
thoms.
B. of Biscay.
vf-
1>^
/tM'-
\\\
U-
N. Celebes.
1. TI. longimanus,
de Man.
II. Genus Heteropeneus, de Man.
Zool. Anzeiger, 1896, p. Ill, and Zool. Jahrb., ^ „ i t i- » i-
Syst., X. 1898, p. 684, pi. xxxviii. fig. 75: Nobili, j ^''^\ 1°^^'^" ^'•«^'-
Boll. Mus. Torino, XVIII. 1903, No. 455, p. 4.
pelago.
^tf 5,^.. I
u
So.
III. Genus Metapeneus, Wood-Mason.
i. Species having no lateral marginal spines on the telson : the last pair of thoracic legs are
without an exopodite and, in the adult male, their merus has a notch and spine, or tooth, at its
projrimal end.
M. MONOCEROS, C
Fabr. [
M. APFiNis, Edw.
Ante.
Ante,
Africa to Japan
and Australia.
V-
Karachi to Japan.
-. C Perhaps = If. affinis, Edw. ) .
IM.. mutatus, \ p^ g igoi, II. p. 572, pi. xxxiv. fig. 6 : Nobili, \ Malay Peninsula.)
V Lanchester. ) Pi ., ,,„„ ^ .,^,^ '.pno Tvr„ a^k „ q ^ \ ' '
3. M. DOBSONI, t
Miers. (
(.Boll. Mus. Torino, 1903, No. 455, p. 3.
Ante.
India and Ceylon.
r Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) V. 1880, p. 458, pi. iv."
4. M. Joyneri, \ fig. 8-10. Very close to M. Dobsnni. Kishinouye, I t „,
Miers. 1 Journ. Fish. Bur., Tokyo, VIII. i. 1900, p. 19, pi. v., P-^aP*"'
(,vii. fig. 7, 7o-c
5. M. BREVICORNIS
Edw,
M. LTSIANASSA,
de Man
Ante.
Ante.
Mauritius to Borneo.
Bengal to Singapore.
ii. Species without lateral marginal spines on telson, and without notch or spine on merus
of last pair of thoracic legs: —
.,..«, , , ""t ^''-- Tf-. XVIII. 1903 No. 452, p. 2, fig. "l p^^icheny and
N Vi r 1 May possibly be the nou-adult form of J/, nictiu- > •' .^j^
° '■ ( ceros. J
7. M. deschampsi,
Mahe.
.o.r.-lVK-- --''^' "
s •«■*
50
iii. Telson with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral marginal spines :—
l«t
^^-le/^^i..
„ ,^ C Faun. Japon. Crust, p. 192, pi. xlvi. fig. 2, 1849.-^
8. M. ENSis, ) u jjf„j ^ggj^ " ?]sfo exopodite on last pair of thoracic > Japan : India .''
DeHaan.^j^g^ " ' )
r,, . , ,. f Joum. Fish. Bur. Tokyo, VIII. 1, 1900, p. 21.-^ -i
M. inlepnedius, \ ^^^^ i^^known. May perhaps be the same as M. \ Japan.
I Kishinouye. ; . y^ u„„^ ) J
■»
9. M. Macleayi,
C P L.S., N.S.W. IV. 1879, p. 40, and Cat. Austral.")
Crust.' 1882, p. 201: Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
, -. „ ,., J (5) V. 1880, p. 458: de Man, Notes Leyden Mus. XII. , y_ ^^^^^^^ Australia.
■n,.:-Lc. Haswell.i 1890, p 124: Whitelegge, Mem. Austral. Mus IV.
I ii. 1890, p. 197. No exopodite on last pair of thora- |
l^cic legs. -J
,A ,T d,,. • r Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Pari.s, 1904, p. 229. (5th)
10. M. ktehhmgi, ) -^^ ^^ thoracic legs of adult male as in M. mmoce- \ Red Sea; Suez.
Nobili. ) ^ ^ )
(. ros gi'oup. ) ■>
11. M. cognatus f ^ -^^^ ^^^_ ^,■^_ G. of Aden.
Nobili. (
12. M. BicUersii, f Zool. H.M.S. Alert, p. 564, pi. Hi. fig. A, 1884. ) Madagascar Seas.
Miers. \ Exopodites on all the thoracic legs. 3
iv. Telson with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral marginal spines : andricum asymmetrical : all the
thoracic legs with exopodites : —
/- ) E. Indian Archipe-
13. M.jphiUppinen-S challenger Macrnra, p. 261, pi. xxxv. fig. 2, 3. > lago. 82-150 fa-
SIS, op. rJate. I ^ thorns.
14. M.co.O^,^_|- ^„,,. yndian^S^eas, 56-250
» ,. ( 1 Indian Seas, 100-
var. ANDAMAN--^ Ante. r 244 fath
ENSlS, W. M. (. J
15. M.commensalis, ( P.Z S. 1898, p. 1001, pi. Ixiii. fig. 1. CommensaU j^^tuma, S. Pacific.
Borradaile. I with a sea-anemone. )
( Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXVI. 1902, p. 39 (ex " P.^
16. M. akayehi, \ velutitms" of Spence Bate) : P. velutinus Kishinouye, { j ^
Rathbun. ) Journ. Fish. Bur., Tokyo, VlII. i. 1900, p. 26, pi. vi, C ^
(.fig. 3, pi. vii. fig. 11, llo, h. J
17 M. STRIDULANS, f Ante (ex " P. wZwiwJts " of Spence Bate). Pos- 1 Indian Seas, to
W. M.l^sibly the same as Jf. aiayefei Rathbun. /I' ) Hongkong.
18. M. MOGiENSis, r Rathbun, loc. cit. (ex "P. velutinus" Spence '^ Malabar coast, to
Rathbun.\Bate). ) J''P'
iian.
19. M. Balei,
Rathbun
/ Rathbun, loc. cit. Japan.
20. M.accHvis ( Rathbun, Zoc. czY. Japan.
Rathbun. (
„ "'!f.' I Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, 1904, p. 229.
Nobili. (
21. M. consohrinus, J g^j_ -^^^^ d^Bi^i- Nat. Paris. 1904. n. 229. G. of Aden.
Nobili loc. cit.
\ 22. M.Vaillanti ( ^nhUUoc. r,L Red Sea ; Suez.
V Nobih. (
23.. M. 2'«'-^«^'™'.j. / Bull. Mus d'Hist. Nat. Paris, 1905, p. 158. Persian Gulf.
51
/' Faun. Japon. Crust., p. 193, pi. xlvi. fiw. 4, 5 : Ki- '
24. M. lamellatus, V sliinouye, Joui-n. Fish. Bur., Tokyo, VIII. i. 1900, p. I
De Haan. 1 25, pi. vi. figf. 1, pi. vii. fig. 12 : Doflein, Abli. bayer I
^Akad. Miinchen, 1902, p.' 631.
Japan.
25. M. Batei,
Mier
>{
Zool. H.M.S. Alert, p. 296, pi. .xxxii. fig. D.
}ToiTes Strait (Aus-
tralia.)
; Irv^o-^ c 1 1 ra^
M. Mastersii,
Haswell,
M. villosus, Guerin.
and Cat. Austral,
belongs either to M.
V. Uncertain species, and species doubtfully referable to the genus Metapeneus ; —
(M. incisipes, C Challenger Macrura, p. 257, pi. xxiv. fig. 2. Prob-\jj^i ;^^ Seas\
\ &p. Bate. ( ably a synonym of M. affinis, Edw. J '
f P.L.S., N.S.W. 1S79, p. 42;
■i Crust. 1882, p. 203. Probably
' \^"ffii'i'^ or to M. Deschnrnpsi gi-oup,
C Voy. "Coquille," II. Zool., Crust, p. 36; and Icon, "i
^ Regne Animal, pi. xx. fig. 1. May possibly rank > Australia.
(alongside M. Deschampsi. )
C us. Expl Exp., Crust, pt. I. p. 606, pL. xl. fig. ] g^j^ g^^ ^ j^^^ jjeb-
i la, b. rossibly comes near M. philippinensis. oee
N. Australia (Pt.
Darwin.)
5,,.., 'Ji "felio-
M. gracilis, Dana.
M. palmensis,
Haswell.
also Spence Bate, Challenger Macr
ura, p.
271.
I P.L.S., X.S. Wales, 1879, p. 43 ; and Cat. Austral. ) j^ j,
< Crust., p. 204. May possibly belong to -If. akayehi >• 'jj^'
( grouii: may possibly be a Ti-ac7i(/peneMS. )
rides : Australia.
. coast Austra-
M. pubfscens.
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. X. York, X. 1S74, p. 133 :) ^. rniinm-.* (W Tn l>-^^i^ -.^rJC^
Stimpson. j King.sley, Bull. Essex Inst. X. 1878. p. 70^ Akayehi '^.^^^
M. Goodei,
S. I. Smith.
Sa»
3f. velutiii
Daa.
gi-oiip,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, p. 176. AlcayeU
group.
f U. S. Expl. Exp. Crust., pt. I. p. 604, pi. xl. fig. 4,^
1852 : Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1860,
p. 44 : Richters, in Mobius Meere.sf . Maurit. 1880, p.
166: Miers, Ann. iMag. Nat. Hist. (5) III. 1881, p.
367, and Zool. H.M.S. Alert, 1884, p. 296: vix
Spence Bate, Challenger 'Macrura, 1888, p. 2.53.
Ortmann, Zool. Jahi-b., Syst., Y. 1890, p. 452:
Henderson, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) V. 1893, p. 449 :
Lanchester, Ann. ilag. Nat. Hist. (7) VI. 1900, p.
263, and P.Z.S. 1901, II. p. 570: nee Kishinouye,
Journ. Fish. Bur., Tokyo, VIII. i. p. 26, pi. vi. tig.
2, pi. vii. fig. 11, 11«, h : Doflein, Abh. bayer. Ak.
Miinchen, 1902, p. 631 : Nobili, Boll. Mus. Torino,
XVIII. 1903, No. 452, p. 3, No. 455, p. 4. P. affi>u)<,
Miers, P.Z.S. 1878, p. 304: Heller, Novara Crust.
p. 123.
It is doubtful whether any one can settle the ques-
tion of "PenxHS relutinus"; whether it is a Meta-
peneus of the akayehi ijroup, or a Trachypeneus.
The "Challenger'" duplicates presented to the
Indian Museum as P. relntiiius include two very dis-
tinct species ; namely, a stridulating form identical
Iwith an Indian species named by Wood !Masou P.
striihdans ; and a species, the male of which has a
I peculiarly unsymmetrical andricum, identical with |
Miss Rathbun's P. mogieiuis. According to Miss
Rathbun the ('hallenger duplicates afford yet ano-
ther species — the P. velutinus of Kishinouj'o — which
may be Dana's P. velutiitus, but is named bj- Miss
l^Riitlibun P. alwyvhi. J
Bermuda: B. of Pa-
nama.
a
>>«i<
h
52
5.
7.
IV. Genus Pakapeneus, S. I. Smith, sensu restricto.
i. Telson witli a single pair of lateral marginal spines, which are fixed : carapace with a fine
longitudinal fissui-e or suture, extending on either side from the orbital margin to the posterior
border : tip of andricum, in the adult, cut up into spines or hooks and lobules or filaments :-
r Risso, Crust. Nice, p. 98, 1816, and Hist. lSa.i.'\
Europ. Merid. V. p. 68, 1826 : Heller, SB. Ak.
Wien, XLV. 1862, p. 423, pi. ii. fig. 49, and Crust.
siidl. Europ. p. 296, pi. x. fig. 11: Miers, P.Z.S.
I 1878 p. 301 : Cams, Prodr. Faun. Medit. 1885, 471 :
List, JVlitth. Zool. Sta. Neapel. XII. 1897, p. 81 (loco-
motion) : Adensamer, Denk. Ak. Wien, LXV. 1898,
p. 628 : Bianco, Mitth. Zool. Sta. Neap. XV. 1902, .
"^ p. 437 (in Pyrosoma). 1
Pendens longirostris, Lucas, Hist. Nat. Anim.
Ai-tic. in Expl. Sci. Algcrie, Zool. pt. I. p. 46, pi. iv.
fig. 6, 1849: S. I. Smith, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. VIIl.
1885, p. 171 (Parapenwiis).
Penxus bocagei, Johnson, P.Z.S. 1863, p. 255, and
1867, p. 900 : Capello, Mem. Acad. Lisboa, (2; III.
Impart ii. 1865, Ai-t. 8, p. 8, fig. 4, 4a. J
C Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. III. 1881, p. 444, and VIII. I N, Ath
3 U.S.
1. P.
membranace-
us, Risso.
Mediterranean ;
tugal.
Por-
2. P.
3. P.
politus,
S. 1. Smith.
megalops,
S. I. Smith.
4. P. FISSDEUS,
Bate.
^1885, p. 172.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, p. 172 : Rath-
bun, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1900 (1901), p. 102.
Ante.
p. INVESTIGATOEIS
Ale. & And. ■
P. arnericanus.
Rathbun
P. LONGIPES,
Alcock.
.{
Ante
Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 1900 (1901), p. 102.
Ante.
Atlantic coast of
America.
W. Indies andneigh-
bom-hood, to 288
) fathoms.
") Bay of Bengal to
^ 136°E., and to 115
J fathoms.
■) Region of B. of Ben-
> gal, to 419 fa-
3 thorns.
Porto Rico, 220-225
fathoms.
Indian coasts, to 35
fathoms.
ii. Telson with 2 or 3 pairs of articulating marginal spines in addition to the fixed pair :
carapace without longitudinal sutures : andricum of adult simple, pod-shaped.
, 7 B. of Bengal to Fiji,
^"'^^^ 5 to 419 fathoms.
and ) Torres Sti'ait: Fiji:
) 315-1400 fathoms.
, KECTACnTUS,
Bate.
t
P. serratics, J" Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) VIIl. 1881, p. 182 ;
Bate. I Challenger Macrura p. 268, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1.
V. Genus Parapeneopsis, Wood-Mason.
i. Species with epipodites on the 2nd maxillipeds and first two pairs of legs, and with late-
ral marginal spines on the telson : —
1. p. STYLIFRBA,
Edw.
la. „ „ (
Var. COEOMANDE- <
LICA. (.
Ante.
Ante.
Coasts of India.
E. coast of India:
Ceylon.
ii. Epipodites present on the 2nd maxillipeds and first two pairs of legs. Telson with small
lateral marginal spinelets only as an occasional anomaly : —
2. p. scoLPTiLis, f ^„^g_ I ijj(jia to China.
Heller. ( . '
53
2b.
p. SCULPTIUS, C
Heller. ]
var. HAKDwicKii. (.
var. CULTRI-
ROSTRIS.
Ante.
Ante.
E. coast of India.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
p. CORNUTA,
■■ Kishinoiiye.
p. MASILLIPEDO,
Alcock,
P. UNCTA, Ale.
P. NANA, Ale.
P. gracilUma,
NobiH.
( Jotim. Fish. Bur., Tokyo, VIII. i. 1900, p. 23 :"\ t ' e •
^Nobili, BuU. Mus. Torino, 1903, No. 4.52, p. 6, and W^.' Singapore,
(No. 455, p. 4. J ^''^'^-
I
Aiife.
(Probably identieal with P. cornuta).
Ante.
Ante.
Boll. Mus. Torino, 1903, No. 447, p. 4, fig. 1.
}
India
Granjam eoast.
E. coast of India.
Borneo.
iii. Epipodite present on the 2nd maxillipeds only : no epipodites on any of the legs : —
P.ACCLIVIROSTEIS,
Ale.
Ante.
(Possibly identical with P. tenella).
} Persian G. ; Coro-
mandel coast.
1.
2.
P. mmgerfordi,^ f ^^^ ^j^^^ ^^^^ g-j^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^q^^ ^^ ^^^ ■) g^ngk,
iv. Species probably referable to P arapeneopsis : —
( Challenger Maeriu-a, p. 270, 1888 : Kishinouye,"^
P. tenella. Bate. } Joum. Fish. Bur., Tokyo, VUI. 1. 1900, p. 22, pi. vi. Wapan.
(. fig. 3, vii. fig. 8, 8a, h. J
P crucifera ( ^ool. Jahrb., Syst. V. 1890, p. 451, pi. sxxvi. fig. '^
A i ' •< 5cr, 6. According to Kishinonye is synonymous > Japan,
^ ™ ' (.with P. tenella. )
VI. Genus Trachypeneus, Alcock.
/' P. afinis harbatiis, De Haan, Faun. Japon. Crust.
T. barbatus, \ p. 192, pi. xlvi. fig. 3, 1849. Panqicnams barbatns, i j
DeHaan. Is. I. Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, p. f '^^P'^"-
ona
T. constrictus.
Stimp
.176.
f Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, X. 1874, p. 135 :^
I Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Philad., 1878, p. 330; 1879, | .*! +,• + f
;, J p. 427 ; and Bull. Essex Inst. X. 1878, p. 70; and i ^tian no coast oi
son.i XIV. 1S82, p. 106: S. I. Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. f )i;^- f,'?f"''^ =
I Mus. 1885, p. 174 : Rathbun, BuU. U.S. Fish. Comm.
l._1900 (1901), p. 101. J
West Indies.
2a.
" . !:. ( Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns. 1885, p. 175: Rathbun, Zocl^rv. y ,.
\,T. svmihs, < ., ' ^ >-VV. indies.
S. I. Smith. C^'^- J
3. T. asper, Alcock.
Ante.
Persian G.
Benijal.
B. of
Doubtful species : —
C Proc. Acad. Philad. 1860, p. 44: Ortmann, Zool.")
I Jahrb., Syst., V. 1890, p. 451, pi. xxxvi. fig. 4a, b :
_ • ^ • I Kishinonye, Journ. Fish. Bur., Tokyo, IVIII. i. 1900,
T. curvzrostrzs, ^ ^ 23, pi. vi. tig. 4, pi. vii. fig. lO, lOa-c : Doflein,
btimpson. I ^^^ ^^^yg^. ^j._ Miinchen, 1902, p. 631 : Rathbun,
I P. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1902, p. 38.
(_ Probably the same as T. barbatris, De H.
■Japan.
54
f P.L.S., N.S.W., 1878, p. 41 ; and Cat. Austral.^
" Crust. 1882, p. 202 : Miers, Zool. H.M.S. Alert, 1884, |
N. coast of Austra-
T. granulosus, , p. 295. i
Haswell. I Miers' specimens are identical with P. anchoralis j lia.
I Spence Bate, which Kishinouye inclines to regard j
l^as synonymous with T. barhatus, De H. J
( Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) VIII. 1881, p. 181 ; and")
T. anchoralis, \ Cliallonger Macrura, 1888, p. 258, pi. xxxv. fig. 1. f Japan and Arafura
Bate. 1 According to Kisliinouye the male of this species is C Sea.
(^the same as T. curvirostris, but the female is not. J
VII. Genus Xiphopeneus, S. I. Smith.
Xiphoperteus, S. I. Smith, Amer. Journ. Sci. XLVIII. 1869, p. 390; Trans. Connect. Acad. II. 1871, p. 27; and
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mua. VIII. 1885, p. 188.
Rostrum toothed dorsallj only. An tero- inferior angles of carapace sub-
dentiform. Post-antennular sulcus defined only ventrally. ■
Carapace with longitudinal and transverse sutures, but the former are not
prolonged to the posterior border.
One of the antennular flagella is very long. Bndopodite of maxillule
short, unsegmented. All the thoracic legs have exopodites.
Bpipodites are absent from the 3rd maxillipeds and last two pairs of
thoracic legs. No pleurobranchiae on the last two thoracic somites.
The lad two pairs of thoracic legs are of great length, their three terminal
jiomts forming a long slender flag ellum.
The branchial formula is as follows : —
Somite.
Podobranchise.
Arthrobranchiae.
Pleurobranchiae.
Total.
vn
ep.
r
0
=
ep. + r
VIII
ep.
+ 1
2
0
=
ep. + 3
IX
0
2
1
=
3
X
ep.
2
1
=
ep. + 3
XI
ep.
2
1
=
ep.+3
XII
ep.
•2
1
=:
ep. + 3
XIII
0
1
0
=
1
XIV
0
0
0
=
0
Total
1. X. Kroyeri,
Heller.
5 ep. + 1
11 + r
= 5ep. + 16 + r.
f SB. Ak. Wien, XLV. 1862, i, p. 425, pi. ii. fig.~
51: Mier.s, P.Z.S. 1878, p. 305: Kingsley, Bull.
Essex Inst. XIV. 1882, p. 106 : S. I. Smith, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, p. 188: Rathbun, Bull. , „ •, p . t,-
U.S. Pish. Comm. 1900 (1901) p. 102. prazu : Forto Ki
X. Harttli, S. I. Smith, Amer. Journ. Sci. XLVIII.
1869, p. 390: Trans. Connect. Acad. II. 1871, p. 28, \
Lpl. i.fig. ]. J
1. A. COMPRESSIPES,
Henderson
:{
VIII. Genus ATYPOPENEUf;, Alcock.
Ante.
of Martaban
and Madras coast.
Species possibly referable to Atypopeneus ,
P. I""^'P^'f^^l'^^^^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1860, p. 43.
> Hongk
55
p. stenodactylus, T r. . , t,, ., "»
Stimpson,\ P™''- ^'^'"^- Pl^'^ad. 1860, p. 43. j-Hongkong.
IX. Skdis Incertioris
"Pen^us planicor. f Entomol Syst Suppl. p. -t09 1798. Milne Ed-^
nis," Fabr i '^^^^^' Hist. Nat. Oru.st. II. 417. Can hardly be a }- Indian Ocean.
\^Pe7ieus as its antennular flagella are eonipres.sed. J
" Pen^us tenuis," [^ ^;^- ^xpl. Exp., Crust, pt. I. p. 60.5. pi. xl. fig. 6.^
Dana "^ Po«it'0" qmte uncertain, except that It does not J.^^i^Q"^ cpast ot
(^belong to the genus Peneus sensu restricto. J atagonia.
" Penseus norm- ^ P.L.S., N.S.W., 1879, p. 43, and Cat. Austral. ^
Quineie " Haswell "^ Crust. 1882, p. 203. I.s singular among Penei in not ^New Guinea.
' ' (^having a hepatic spine. J
NOTE.
I am indebted to Dr. Nobili for very kindly drawing my attention to the fact that
Peneus foUaceus of Risso has been placed by Dr. A. Senna (Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital. XXXIV.,
1902, p. 269) in the genus Aristeomorpha. I regret tliat, o"ing to my absence in England
at tiie time of its receipt here, Dr. Senna's important paper was overlooked in the preparation
of this account of the genus Peneus.
INDEX.
Atjrpopeneus ...
7, 45, 54
Peneu
' ashiaka
9
.,
compressipes ...
45
,,
australiensis
14
Crotaloca
ris striditlans
27
. ,
tivirostri.t
oo
Generic characters
2
brei'icornis
22
Geograph
ical distribution ...
... 1, 5
,.
canaliculatii.-
... 8, 14
Habitat
... 1,2
ciirinatus
9
Heteropeneus ...
(5. 16, 49
comprfSs/'/>fK
45
longimanus ...
10
cornutv.s
4t)
Key to genera
(i
,.
crucifer
42
Metapeneus
7, 16, 49
1'
Diagnosis of Maniple
5,0
,,
affinis
... 17, 20
Dobson i
21
51
andamaneusis ..
... 18,27
.,
esculentus
9
)?
iivirosfris
22
.. il
.exsulcnfiis
10
-.
brevicornis
... 17,22
,,
_/isiiurii.<<
31
„
coniger
... 18, 25
,,
Hardwickii
89
•)•
Dobsoni
. 17, 21
,.
inrisipf.s
... 18, 20
..
ensis
... 18, 24
indicus
... 8, 12
Lysianas>;a
... 17, 23
japonivus
M
»'
mogiensis
... J8. 29
Lysiannssti
23
51
monoceros
... 17, JS
,.
mnfgmatvx
14
,,
rectacufns
33
,,
merguiensis
... 8, 13
»1
stridulan.-i
... J8, 27
11
monoceros
18
Parapeneopsis ...
7, 34, 52
?•
monoceros: ensis
24
,,
acclivirostris
... 35,42
,,
monodon
8
♦)
coroinandeliea
37
.,
penicillatus
8, 13
„
eultrirostris ...
39
plebejus
14
u
Hardwickii ...
39
,,
recfacutus
33
,,
maxillipedo ...
... 35, 40
T
sculptilis
37
,,
nana
. 35, 41
semisuleatus
... 8, 10
„
seulptilis
... 35,37
,.
styliferus
36
„
stylifera
... 35, 36
,.
tahitensis
10
M
uncta
... 35. 39 1
11
tenelltis
42
Parapeneus is.r.)
7, 30, 52
,,
^' veluduus"
... 27,29
tissurus
31
Secondary sexual characters
2, 3, 14
investigatoris ...
... 31,32
Specific characters
3
„
longipes
... 31, 33
TracliT
peneus ...
7, 43, 53
i'
mogiensin
29
,. aiic/ioni/is ...
44
,,
reetacutu.-i
... 31, 33
asper
43
Peneid<T.
Relations of
1
curvirostris ...
44
Peneinse,
Diagnosi.-i ot
1 '
Uses of Peneus
2
Peneus (s
...)...
... 7, 47
Xiphop
eneus
... 7,54
ajfinis ...
20
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate I.
Fig. 1. — Peneus monodon, Fahr., <? natural size.
la. „ „ „ andricum, enlarged.
lb. „ „ „ thelycum,
„ 2. — Peneus semisulcatus, De Haan, '^ natural size.
„ 3. — Peneus indicns, Edw., '^
Sa. „ ,. „ young,
S> 5»
Iiuliau Miisaiin Crustacea.
Miurnra Plate I
1 . Peiii-us Dionodoii.
2. Peniiis scinisK/catits.
3. Pencus iudicus.
BCMROSE, COLLO., DeR9Y.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate II.
Fig. 4. — Peneus indiciis var. merguiensis, de Man, f? , natural size.
„ 5. — Peneus indicus var. penicillatus, W. M., ct ^
„ 6. — Peneus canaliculatvs (Oliv.), Edw. •? ,
,5 6a. „ „ dorsal view of carapace,
), ,. telson
66.
6c.
thelycum
hidian Museum Crustacea.
Macrura Plate II.
r
6c X 2.
6b.
4. Peneus indicus var. inergiiieiisis.
5. Peneus indicus var. penicillatus.
6. Peneus canaliculatus.
BEMR09E. COLLO., D&RQY.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate III.
Fig. 7. — Metapenens monoceros, Fabr., <^ x 1^.
„ 7a. „ „ merus of 5tli leg of <^ x 2.
„ 7&. ,i „ andricum x 2.
„ 7c. „ „ thelycum x 2.
„ 8. — Metapenens affinis, Edw., •? x 1^. This specimen has an abnor-
mal rostrum, the teeth being fewer in number
than usual.
„ 8a. „ „ andricum x 2.
„ 86. „ „ thelycum x 2.
„ 8c, d. „ „ rostra x 1^.
„ 9. — Metapeneus dobsoni, Miers, f? x 1^.
„ 9a. „ „ basal spine of 8rd pair of legs of 'J x 2.
„ 96. „ „ merus of 5th pair of legs of ■? X 8.
„ 9c. „ „ andricum x 2.
„ 9d. „ ,, thelycum x 2.
ndiii'i Museum Crustacea.
Macrnra Plate III
yd X 2.
7. Metapeiieiis monoceros.
8. Metapcneus affinis.
9. Metapcneus dobsoiii
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate IV.
Fig. 10. — Metapeneus brevicornv?, Edw,, <? x 2.
„ 10a. „ „ andricum x 2^.
106. „ „ thelycum x 2.
„ 11. — Metapeneus lysianassa, de Man, t? x 2.
„ 11a. „ „ base of 5th pair of legs of «? x 8.
„ 116. „ „ andricum x 8.
„ lie. „ „ thelycum x 8.
„ 12. — Metapeneus coniger. Wood Mason, ^^ x 2.
J, 12a. 5, „ dorsal view of abdomen x 2,
J, 126. „ ,, andricum x 4.
,j 18. — Metapeneus coniger var. andamanensis, W.M., thelycum x 3.
Indian A/nsi'niii Crustacea.
U a crura Plate 1 1 '
lo. Metapenens brcvicornis.
1 1 . Metapenens Ij'sianassa.
12. Metapenens coniger.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Platb V.
Yig. 14. — Metapeneus strididans, Wood-Mason, <^ x 2.
14a. „ „ carapace of ^ x 2|.
„ 146. „ » carapace of ? x 2|.
14c. „ „ andricum x 2^.
14>d. „ „ thelycum x 8.
„ 15. — Metapenexis mogiensis, Rathbun, <? x 2.
15a. „ „ andricum x 3.
„ 15fc. „ „ thelycum x 2^.
,, 16. — Parapene.us fissvrus, Spence Bate, ^ x 1^.
„ 16a. „ „ andricum x 2.
„ IQb. „ „ thelycum x 2^.
4- M etapetieiis stndnlaiis
13. Mctapeiietis iiiogiciisis.
i6b X 2A.
l6. Parapcneiis fissurus
BcMRos^, COLLo.. Deno
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate VI.
Fig. 17. — Parapeneus investiffatoris, Ale. and And., ^ x 2^.
„ 17a. „ „ andricum, x 4.
„ 176. „ », carapace of ? x 2^.
„ 17c. „ „ thelycum x 2.
„ 18. — Paraperieus longipes, Alcock, ? x 2^.
„ 18a. „ „ andricum, x 3.
„ 186. „ ,, thelycum, x 8.
„ 19. — Parapeneus rectacuttis, Spence Bate, <^ x li
„ 19a. „ „ andricum x 2^.
„ 196. „ „ thelycum x 2^.
Indian Museum Lrustacca.
Macrura Plate I'/.
i8b X 3.
17b X zh.
19a X 2A.
19b X 2i
1 7. Piirapeneus investigatons.
1 8. Parapeneus loiigifies.
1 9. Parapeneus rcctacHtus.
BeMRO^I. . COLLO-. Dev?OV.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate VII.
Fig. 20. — Parapeneopsis stylifera, Edw. var. coromandelica. Ale, ^ x 1|.
„ 20a. „ „ „ „ andricum x 8.
„ 20fe. „ „ „ „ carapace of 5 x 1^.
„ 20c. „ „ „ „ thelycum x 2.
„ 2L — Parapeneopsis stylifera, Edw., telson x 2.
„ 22 Parapeneopsis sculptilis. Heller, <^ x 1^.
„ 22a. „ „ carapace of 5 x 1^.
„ 226. „ „ abnormal rostrum of <^ x 1^.
„ 22c. ,, „ andricum x 2.
„ 22^. „ „ thelycum x 2.
„ 23. — Parapeneopsis sculptilis, var. cultrirostris. Ale, x 4.
Indian Museum Crustacea.
Maciura Plate VII.
20b X I A.
20C X 2.
22b.
22c X 2.
22d X 2.
20. Parapeneopsis stjlifera var. coromandclica. 21. Parapencopsis styltjera.
23. Parapencopsis sculptilis var. cullrirostris.
22. Parapencopsis sculptilis.
BLUROSL. COLLO.t OEFIDV.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate VIII.
Fig. 24, —Parapeneopsis maxillipedo, Alcock, ? x 1^. '^•''^""' "^
24a. „ „ andricum x 3.
24)6. „ „ thelycum x 2.
„ 25. — Parapeneopsis uncta, Alcock, ^ x 1^,
„ 25a. „ „ andricum x 2.
„ 26. — Parapeneopsis nana, Alcock, 9 x 2.
„ 26a. „ „ andricum x 5.
„ 266. „ „ thelycum x 8.
„ 27. — Parapeneopsis acclivirostris, Alcock, 5 x 2^.
27(1. „ „ thelycum x 8.
Indian Museum Crustacea.
Macrura Plate VIII.
24b X 2.
26a X 5.
27a X ■\.
24. ParapCHCOpsis Diaxilltpcdo.
25. Parapcneopsis iiitcta.
27. Parapcneopsis acclivirostirs.
:6. Parapcneopsis nana.
Bemrose, Collo.. Derby.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate IX.
Fig- 28. — Traehyfeneus asper, Alcock, ? x 2.
„ 28a. „ „ andricum x 4.
„ 286. „ „ thelycum x 2.
„ 29. — Aiypopenens compressipes, Henderson, "^ x :J.
29a. ,, „ andricum x 3.
Iiidtaii Musciiin Crustacea
Macnira Plate IX.
8b V 2.
29a X 3.
28. Trachypciicus asper.
29. Atj'popc'neits coiiiprcssipi's.
B) MAosE. CoLLO., Derby.
iipiiiiip
■'iliii^
'ifit
: uii;/',l,!:>i>ilU;lUfH>:u-i'>i)'.liH-i\i:.:
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES
3 9088 00720 4480
III
iill
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11