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UBRARV

UNIVtRSnt OF
CALIFORNIA

SAN D\tGO

--^WP^^

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE,
Pittsburgh, penna.

A CATALOGUE

SCULPTURE

IN THE DEPARTMENT OF
GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES

BRITISH MUSEUM

A. H. SMITH, M.A.

ASSISTANT IN THE DEPARTMENT

VOL. II.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES

SOLD AT TBE BRITISH MUSEUM

And by Longmans and Co., 39 Paternoster Row
-. Bernard Quaritch, 15 Piccadilly; Asher and Co., 13 Bbdkord Street,

C_^3 CovENT Garden; Keuan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., Paternoster
^^ House, Charing Cross Road ; and Henry Frowde, Oxford University
>«^ Press Warehouse, Amen Corner

, LONDON

VI-. 1900

^^1 [JM rights 7-eserve<l.']

LONDON:
PRINTED BY AVILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, Limited,

STAUFOBD STBEBT AND CHABINO CBOSS.

PREFACE.

This, the Second volume of the Catalogue of Greek
Sculpture, has been prepared, as was the First, by Mr.
Arthur H. Smith, Assistant in the Department of Greek
and Eoman Antiquities.

The sculpture and architecture with which it deals are
mainly the fruit of four separate expeditions promoted
by Her Majesty's Government: (1) that of Sir Charles
Fellows in Lycia, 1842; (2) that of Sir Charles New-
ton at Halicarnassos and Cnidos, 1856; (3) that of Sir
R. Murdoch Smith and Commander Porcher to Cyrene,
1861; and (4) that of Mr. J. T. Wood at Ephesus, 1863-
1874.

Among the sculptures the most important, from an
artistic point of view, are those of the Nereid Monument
at Xanthos, in Lycia. Yet these sculptures have not
hitherto been described in a comprehensive manner except
in a memoir by Professor Michaelis in the Annali and
Monumenti of the German Archaeological Institute in
Rome, 1874-5. Similarly the architectural and sculptured
remains of the later temple of Artemis at Ephesus,
though the subject of not a little dispute among
archaeologists, have not previously been described and
discussed collectively. In recent years the constructional
problems of the Mausoleum have tempted a number of

iv PREFACE.

architects into conjectural restorations of that building.
In these and other matters of controversy Mr. Smith has
stated the contending views.

To make the catalogue more generally useful he has
given brief historical and topographical sketches by way
of introduction to the Nereid Monument, the Mausoleum,
the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and the sculptures of
CnidoB and Cyrene.

A. S. Murray.

A'pril, 1900.

CONTENTS OF VOL. 11.

Editor's Preface iii

Table of Contents ........ v

Table of Abbreviations viii

PART IV.— THE NEREID MONUMENT, AND LATER
LYCIAN SCULPTURES.

The Nereid Monument

The First Frieze, 850-865
The Second Frieze, 866-884
Tlie Third Frieze, 885-897
The Fourth Frieze, 898-908
The Nereids, 909-923 .
The Pediment Reliefs, 924-925
Acroterial Sculptures, 926-928
Lions, 929-930

Architectural Members, 931-939
Miscellaneous Sculptures, 940-944
The Tomb of Payava, 950 .
The Tomb of Merehi, 951 .
Fragments from Xanthos, 952-953
Casts from Lycian Tombs, 954-955
Sculptures from Xanthos, 956-964

10
19
27
30
33
38
40
41
42
45
46
.53
56
67
59

PART v.— THE MAUSOLEUM AND SCULPTURES OF
HALICARNASSOS AND PRIENE.

The Mausoleum op Halicaunassos

Architectural Fragments, 980-999 .
The Chariot Group, 1000-1005
The Frieze of the Order, 1006-1031
Frieze with Centauromachia, 1032-1035

65
79
89
95
117

vi CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

The Macsoleum of Halicarnassos — contintied.

Chariot Frieze, 1036

Beliefs in Panels, 1038-1042

Fragments of Statues from the Mausoleum, 1045-1065

Lions of the Mausoleum, 1075-1086

Miscellaneous Sculptures from the Mausoleum, 1095-1099

IVIlSCELLANEOUS SCULPTURES FROM HaLICARNASSOS, 1100-1117

The Temple of AthenJ: Polias at PrienJ: .
Architectural Fragments, 1125-1142

Sculptures, 1150-1155

Frieze with Gigantomachia, 1165-1176

119
121
122
129
133
135
144
147
152
156

PART VI.— EPHESUS, ONIDOS, CYRENE AND SALAMIS.

The Temple of Artemis at Ephestjs 165

Sculptured Piers, 1200-1217 171

Architectural Fragments, 1219-1238 180

Miscellaneous Sculptures from Ephesus, 1239-1286 . .185

Miscellaneous Architectural Fragments from Ephesus,

1287-1294 199

The Excavations at Cnidos ...... 200

Sculptures from the Temenos of Demeter, 1300-1327 . . 203

Sculptures from the Temple of the Muses, 1328-1349 . 210

The Lion Tomb, 1350 215

Sculptures from the Tomb of Lykaethion, 1351-1353 . . 216
Sculpturesfrom the Cemetery, 1354-1357. . . .217

Miscellaneous Sculptures from Cnidos, 1358-1360 . . 218

The Excavations at CyrenJ: 219

Sculpturesfrom the Temple of Apollo, 1380-1402 . . 222

Sculptures found near the Temple of Apollo, 1403-1413 . 231

Sculptures from the Temple of Aphrodite, 1414-1462 . 234

Sculptures from the Augusteum, 1463-1469* . . . 249
Sculptures from the large Temple near the Stadium, 1470-

1471 252

Sculptures from the small Temple near the Stadium. 1472-

1475 . 253

Sculptures from the Temple of Dionysos, 1476-1477 . . 254

Sculptures from various sites at Cyrene, 1478-1506 . . 262

SctJLPTUBED Capital from Salamis (Cyprus), 1510 . . 263

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate I. The Substructure of the Nereid Monument.

„ II. Second Frieze, Stylobate and Intercolumniation of

the Nereid Monument.
„ III. First Frieze of the Nereid Monument (no. 850 6.).

„ IV. Figure of Nereid (no. 909).

„ V. View of the Tomb of Payava.

„ VI. Eoof of Tomb of Payava (no. 950, 1).

VII. South end of Tomb of Payava (no. 950, 3).

VIII. North end of Tomb of Payava (no. 950, 4).

„ IX. East side of Frieze, Tomb of Payava (no. 950, 5).

„ X. North side of Frieze, Tomb of Payava (no. 950, 6).

XI. West side of Frieze, Tomb of Payava (no. 950, 7).
„ XII. South side of Frieze, Tomb of Payava (no. 950, 8).

XIII. Eoof of Tomb of Merelii (no. 951, 1).
„ XIV. The Mausoleum, as restored by C. R. Cockerell.

„ XV. Restored Order of the Mausoleum (no. 980).

XVI. The Chariot Group of the Mausoleum (nos. 1000-
1004).
XVII. The Frieze of the Order of the Mausoleum (nos. 1014,

1015).
XVIII. The Chariot Frieze of the Mausoleum (no. 1037).
„ XIX. Equestrian figure from the Mausoleum (no. 1045).

„ XX. Fig. ]. Bearded portrait head from the Mausoleum

(no. 1054).
„ „ Fig. 2. Beardless male head from the Mausoleum

(no. 1058).
„ XXI. Colossal female head, from Prien^ (no. 1151).

„ XXII. Portrait statue, from Prienfe (no. 1152).
„ XXIII. Pier of the Temple of Artemis, at Ephesus (nos.
1204, 1206).
XXIV. Statue of Demeter, from Cnidos (no. 1300).
XXV. Fig. 1. Head of a Girl, from Cnidoa (no. 1315).
„ „ Fig. 2. Head with inlaid eyes, from Cyrenfe (no.

1506).
„ XXVI. Colossal Lion, from Cnidos (no. 1350).
„ XXVII. Sculptured Capital from Salamis, Cyprus (no. 1510).

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.

The following is a list of the works which are most frequently
n ferred to in this volume of the Catalogue under abbreviated
foims: —
Annali delV Inst. Annali dell' Institute di Corrispondenza Archeo-

logica. Rome : 1829-1885. [Superseded by the " Roemische

Mittheilungen."]
Antike Denlimaeler. Antike Denkmaeler herausgegeben vom k.

Deutschen Archaeologischen Institut. Berlin : from 1886. lu

progress.
Antiqs. of Ionia. Antiquities of Ionia, published by the Society of

Dilettanti. London: 1769-1881.
Arch. Anzeiger. Archaeologischer Anzeiger. [A supplement to the

Archaeologische Zeitung, and to the Jahrbnch des Archaeo-

lo?;ischen Instituts.]
Arch. Zeit. Archaeologische Zeitung. Berlin : 1843-1885. [Super-
seded by the Jahrbuch des Archaeologischen Instituts.]
Athenisehe Mittheilungen. Mittheilungen des k. Deutschen Archaeo-
logischen Instituts, Athenisehe Abtheilung. Athens : from 1876.

In progress.
Brunn, Denkmaeler. H. v. Brunn, Denkmaeler griechischcr und

roemischer Sculptur. Munich: 1888-1899. [Continued by Amdt,

after Brunn's death.]
C.I-G. Corpus luscriptionum Graecarum. Berlin : 1828-1877.
CIL. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin. From 1863.

In progress.
Classical Sculpture Gallery. By F. v. Reber and A. Bayersdorfer.

From 1896. In progress.
Collignon. M. CoUignon, Histoire de la Sculpture Grecque, 2 vols.

Paris: 1892-1897.
Furtwaengler, 3Ieisterwerke. A. Furtwaengler, Meisterwerke der

griechischen Plastik. Leipsic-Berlin : 1893. [Eng. edition by

E. Sellers.]
Gardner, Handbook. E. A. Gardner, A Handbook of Greek Sculpture .

London: 1896.
Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus. The Collection of Ancient Greek

Inscriptions in the British Museum, by C. T. Newton, E. L. Hicks,

and others. 1874-1893.

TABLE OP ABBREVIATIONS. ix

Guide to Elgin Iloom II. Synopsis of the Contents of the British

Museum. Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities. The

Sculptures in tlie Elgin Room. Part II. 1881.
Guide to Grceco-Eoman Sculptures I. Synopsis, etc. . . . Graeco-Romaii

Sculptures. [Second ed., 1879.]
Guide to Grceco- Roman Scidptures II. Synopsis, etc. . . . Graeco-Roman

Sculptures. Part II. 1876.
Guide to Mausoleum Eoom. Synopsis, etc. . . . Mausoleum Room. 1886.
Jahrbuch des Arch. Inst. Jahrbuch des k. Deutschen Archaeo-

logischen Instituts. Berlin : from 1886. In progress.
Jmirn. of Hellen. Studies. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. London :

from 1879. In progress.
Mansell. Photographs of objects in the Britisli Museum, published by

W. A. Mansell, 40.5 Oxford Street, W.
Mitchell. Lucy M. Mitchell, A History of Ancient Sculpture. 1883.
Men. dell' Inst. Monumenti Inediti, pubblicati dalP Institute di

CoiTispondenza Archeologica. Rome, 1829-1886, and Berlin,

1891.
Murray. A. S. Murray, A History of Greek Sculpture. 1880-.^.

[Second ed., 1890.]
Mus. of Class. Antiq. The Museum of Classical Antiquities. London :

1851-18.53.
Koemische Mittheilungen. Mittheilungen des k. Deutschen Archaco-

logischen Instituts, Roemische Abtheilung. Rome : from 1886.

In progress.
Smith and Porcher. History of the Recent Discoveries at Cyrene, . . .

by Captain R. Murdoch Smith, R.E., and Commander E. A.

Porcher, R.N. 1864.
Stereoscopic. Photographs of objects in the British Museum, published

by Ihe London Stereoscopic Company, 106 Regent Street, W.
Synopsis. Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum. (Numerous

editions. 1808-1857.
Wolters. Die Gipsabgiisse antiker Bildwerke in historischer Folge

erklart. Bausteine . . . von Carl Friederichs, neu bearbeitet von
Paul Wolters. Berlin : 1885.

British and Metric Systems Compared.

1 inch = '025 metre.
1 foot = -304 metre.
3 feet = '914 metre.

1 metre = 39 -371 inches.

a 2

CATALOGUE

GREEK SCULPTURE

PART IV.

^ THE NEREID MONUMENT, AND LATER
LYGIAN SCULPTURES.

THE NEREID MONUMENT.

The richly-adorned Ionic structure which is known
as the Nereid Monument was discovered at Xanthos,
in Lycia, by Sir Charles Feilov/s. On bis first visit to
Xanthos, in April, 1838, that traveller saw a single slab
of the fourth frieze, and on his second visit, in April,
1840, he found a slab of the first frieze. The naval
expedition of Jan., Feb., 1842, with which Fellows
was associated, excavated the remains of the monument,
and arranged for their transport to England.

The position occupied by the Nereid Monument was
the brow of a conspicuous though not lofty cliff, rising
immediately above the main approach to the city, distant
about half a mile from the Acropolis. The whole of the
building, except a part of the solid substructure, had been
shaken down by an earthquake, and when discovered the
remains were scattered round the substructure and for a
considerable distance down the slopes of the hill.

VOL. II. B

2 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

The substructure still stands in situ. (Plate I. For a
photographic view see Benndorf, Iteisen in Lykien, vol. i.,
pi. 24.) It consists of four and five courses of large
blocks of local limestone, all the courses except the
highest being roughly worked and with projecting bosses,
which have not been removed. The upper surface of the
substructure measures 33 feet 1^ inches (10 "1 m.) by
22 feet 3f inches (6-795 m.) (v. Luschan, in Benndorf 's
Beisen, i., p. 90). With this foundation, the problem is
how to reconstruct an Ionic building, of which many
elements, but not all, are known.

The First or principal frieze is assumed from its
dimensions to have surmounted the base. Immediately
upon the course whose dimensions have just been given
there is a course of blocks whose front surface is set back
1 foot 9 inches from the margin, thus forming a suitable
rebate to receive the frieze.

On the cliif side the lower edge of the frieze is believed
to have stood some ten feet above the soil, but this is
uncertain. This frieze is 3 feet 4 inches high. For the
question of its arrangement, etc., see below, p. 11.

The Second frieze must also from its dimensions have
been placed round the base. The number of courses that
separated the two friezes is uncertain. It is conjectured
that two courses of plain marble slabs separated the two
friezes. This frieze is 2 feet f inch high. For the
arrangement, etc., see below, p. 19.

That the double egg and tongue moulding crowned the
base is proved by the fact that on its upper surface it has
the bedding marks of the bases of the columns. It must,
therefore, have served as a stylobate. It is probable,
though not actually proved, that it came immediately
above the second frieze. At the Hereon of Giol-Baschi
the south wall was similarly crowned with a single tier
of egg and tongUQ moulding (Benndorf, Heroon, p. 29,

THE NEEEID MONUMENT.

pi. 4). The exact lengths of the sides are tincertain, but
can be nearly obtained from the order of the temple and

Fig. 1. — The Nereid Monument, as restored by Sir C. Fellows.

the size of the lower part of the base. For the combination
of frieze, stylobate, columns and figures, cf. Plate II.

B 2

4 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

The first restoration of the main structure was made by
Sir C. Fellows, whose result is embodied in the model
exhibited in the Nereid Room, and is published in his Ionic
Trophy Monument, frontispiece (reprinted in Travels and
Besearches, p. 458) (see fig, 1). For a plan of the model
see Mu8. of Class. Antiq., i., p. 257. According to this
arrangement the building had four columns at the ends,
and five at the sides. The first objection to it is that the
structure fits the base badly. This fact is seen in the
original model, but is suppressed in the published
drawings. Other difficulties in Sir C. Fellows's plan are
the unsatisfactory arrangement of the lacunaria and the
exceptional inequalities of the intercolumniations. For
these and other reasons a revised restoration was made
by E, Falkener, which has been generally accepted as
correct {Mus. of Class. Antiq., i., p. 256, and plates;
Overbeck, Gr. Plast., 4th ed., ii., p. 191). Mr. Falkener's
restoration has four columns at the ends and six instead
of five at the sides. The building is thus made to
harmonise better with the base and with the elements
deduced from the lacunaria and the third frieze.

The width of the ends can be fixed either by the
dimensions of the pediment, of which enough elements
remain for a restoration, or from calculations based on
the width of the substructure and intercolumniations.
Falkener, working on paper, obtained an extreme width,
from cymation to cymation, of 22 feet 11*15 inches. The
same dimension on the pediment which has been actually
restored, in the Nereid Room, is 25 feet 8^ inches. The
discrepancy arises from the fact that Falkener's dimen-
sions were calculated from the intercolumniation, and in
order to agree with this result he assumed that the lower
part of the tympanum was sunk within a rebate, which
would have the effect of reducing the height, and there-
fore, since the pitch is known, the width of the pediment.

THE NEREID MONUMENT. 5

The reconstruction of the pediment in the Nereid Eoom is
based on the full width of the tympanum.

The restored end in the Nereid Eoom has a width of
22 feet ^ inch for the first frieze; of 21 feet 11 inches
for the second frieze ; of 6 feet 9^ inches for the inter-
columniations, from centre to centre ; and of 22 feet
7^ inches for the width of the upper surface of the
stylobate. These distances agree nearly with the length
of the complete slabs of the third frieze, which went from
centre to centre above the columns.

The Third and Fourth friezes, which are of smaller size,
measuring respectively 19 J^ inches and 17^ inches in
height, are presumed to have belonged to the Order of
the building itself, and are assigned to places over the
colonnade, and on the outer wall of the central chamber
respectively.

The Third frieze occupied an exceptional position in the
order, for instead of surmounting an architrave in the
usual manner, it rested immediately on the caps of the
columns. This is shown by the way in which the lower
moulding of the frieze is not cut out where it is above
the caps. The back surface of this frieze is finished, and
the under surface, when exposed, showed clearly the parts
which had rested on the columns, and so were protected
from the weather (Hawkins, Civil Engineer, 1845, p. 100).
The arrangement is peculiar, but not unexampled. On
the Lycian rock-tombs there is only one member, an
architrave, intervening between the capitals and the
dentils (cf. Annali, 1875, p. 122; Benndorf, Beisen, i.,
pis. 15, 17). For the discussion of the frieze, see p. 27.

The Fourth frieze is presumed to have surmounted the
cella wall, as no other place remains. One of the long
slabs which was complete when found (Fellows, Ionic Tr.
Mon., p. 23), and was sawn for transport, measured 8 feet
9 inches. This, with the return of one of the side slabs.

6 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

was thought by Fellows to fix the lengths of the short
sides as 9 feet 6 inches, while he made that of the long
sides about 15 feet. Falkener (p. 266) makes the dimensions
of the cella 11 feet 3^ inches by 20 feet 8^ inches, and
places columns between antae to support the slabs of the
frieze.

Of the dentils only two small fragments were found
{Ionic Tr. Mon., p. 22 ; Asia Minor, p. 476), and these
apparently were not brought home. The existence, how-
ever, of the dentils may be inferred from the marks below
the cornice.

Of the cornice and pediment considerable fragments
remain. These have been incorporated in the restoration
of the pediment which is exhibited in the room. It will
be observed that all the elements necessary for the
reconstruction of the pediment are preserved, but the
length is doubtful (see above), since it is uncertain how
far the tympanum was set in a rebate.

The principal original portions in the restored pediment
are described below (No. 933).

Direct evidence is wanting as to the character and
dimensions of the central chamber. It is, however, nearly
obtained from the lacunaria by Falkener.

The ground plan of the door of the cella or chamber
is given by the marks on a stone (Ionic Tr. Mon.,
p. 23). Its width is not stated, but was probably about
4 feet. Fellows also claimed (Ionic Tr. Mon., p. 24) to
have found the ornament of the door and fragments of
the bases of the pilasters. The former is probably that
engraved by Falkener fp. 267). Evidence is also wanting
for the existence of a door in the substructure, and this
appears unlikely, considering the height of the base
preserved, in which there is no door, and considering that
there are no signs of a doorway interrupting the large
frieze. A door was placed in the base by Eohde Hawkins

THE NEKEID MONUMENT. 7

on the analogy of other tombs in Asia Minor, ' making
use for that purpose of an architrave and part of a cornice
which were found close at the foot of the east end of the
building' (Civil Engineer, p. 100). These are presumably
the stones mentioned above (Falkener, Mus. of Class,
Antiq., i., p. 267).

The statues commonly known as Nereids undoubtedly
stood between the columns. Irregularly shaped sinkings
are found on the upper bed of the stylobate, between the
columns, and these must have been intended to receive the
rough bases of the figures. Similar sinkings show that
other sculptures stood on the angles of the pediments, as
did also acroterial ornaments in the centre.

The cymation above the cornice had a series of lions'
heads arranged as spouts along the sides, of which several
were found (Xanthian Marbles, p. 27 ; Travels, p. 443).
See below, p. 45.

The material employed for the sculpture and architecture
is Parian marble. The substructure is of the local lime-
stone.

Traces of colour were numerous when the marbles
were discovered. For the colouring of the lacunaria, see
No. 934. Gibson states that there were many faint traces
of painted lines (Mus. of Class. Antiq., i., p. 138). Accord-
ing to Fellows, ' Upon the sculpture, a line of red was
traced around the border of each shield ; also a kind of
horse-hair tail was traced from the helmets, upon the
unsculptured back-ground, in the figures of the tympanum '
(Mas. of Class. Antiq., i., p. 283); a line of colour, according
to Falkener {Mus. of Glass. Antiq., i., p. 282), marked ' the
deep spiral chase in one of the Ionic volutes.'

Metal additions occur, but less frequently than on the
Parthenon sculptures. (Compare No. 925.)

This monument is unique in respect of the variety and
amount of the decorations that are preserved, and also in

8 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

its form. Several tombs, however, are extant of a less
sumptuous kind in which the main features occur,
namely, a bolid base, and an architectural superstructure.
Compare for example the tombs of Payava (No. 950) and
of Merehi (No. 951), and among later monuments the
tomb at Mylasa (^Antiqs. of Ionia, ii., pis. 24-30 ; Benn-
dorf, Beisen, i., pi. 49). The Mausoleum of Halicarnassos
(see p. 65) was a yet more splendid example of the same
general type.

The sculptural adornments of the Nereid Monument
belong to the same cycle as those of the larger Lycian
tombs, such as that of Payava (No. 950). The series
consists of battles, field sports, banquets, and sacrifices,
and there can be little doubt that the structure is the
tomb of an individual, perhaps a prince, and not as the
earlier writers supposed, a monument commemorating an
historical event.

The Nereid Monument was thought by its finder to
commemorate the conquest of Xanthos by Harpagos, and
to be earlier than 500 B.C. Such an early date is clearly
impossible from the style both of the sculpture and of the
architecture. The conquest of Harpagos was also taken
as the subject by W. Lloyd, who, however, placed the
date after the Persian wars. This also is certainly too
early. Moreover, the second frieze does not correspond
with the story told by Herodotus. Among more recent
writers there has been considerable difference of opinion.
The monument has been assigned to the closing years of
the fifth century, or early part of the fourth century b.c.

It is clear that the sculptures, especially the statues
and the first frieze, have much in common with Attic
works of the fifth century ; compare, for example, the
Nereid (No. 912) with the ' Iris ' of the east pediment of
the Parthenon, and compare the figures on the first frieze
with those of the Temple of Wingless Victory.

THE NEKEID MONUMENT. 9

On the other hand, there is much in the decoration of
this monument that is not Attic, such as the details
of Oriental life, especially on the second frieze, and the
picturesque rendering of landscape in sculpture, such as
occurs in later Greek reliefs. The cycle of subjects
chosen for representation is also characteristic of monu-
ments of Asia Minor.

Hence it seems more likely that the monument was
designed by a local artist, either Lycian or Eastern Greek
(according to Benndorf, a Ehodian), who had studied at
Athens, rather than by Athenian artists who went to
Xanthos to execute the tomb. If, however, we suppose
Athenian artists to have been imported, they must have
accepted the local form of monument and have left the
subsidiary friezes to local workmen. The fact that the
fourth frieze was never finished proves that it was of
minor consequence.

Bibliography. For the discovery, see Fellows, Journal . . . in Asia
Minor, p. 233 ; Lycia, plates facing pp. 176, 177. For the naval
expedition, see Fellows, Xanthian Marbles : their acquisition and
transmission to England, 1843 (reprinted in Travels and Researches,
p. 421). For the works of Fellows, see ante, I., p. 4.5. A plan,
showing the position of the slabs when found, is in the portfolio
of Lycian Drawings in the British Museum. This is repeated
on a small scale by Fellows. For original dimensions of slabs,
measured by Rohde Hawkins, see Falkener, Mus. of Classical
Anti<is., I., p. 274. The Museum also possesses a careful
series of drawings by Scharf (cf. Michaelis, Annali, 1874, p. 217).
For the restoration of the structure, see references given above.
The Museum possesses draft restorations by Westmacott and
Rohde Hawkins. See also for the latter, W. Lloyd, Xanthian
Marbles and Arch. Zeit., 1847, pi. 12, figs. 6, 7.

The monument is assigned to the end of the fifth century (Benndorf,
Hereon v. Giol-Baschi, p. 243 ; Wolters, p. 308) ; to the period
following the war of Evagoras, king of Cyprus, with the
Persians, about 386 B.C. (Welcker, in Miiller's Handbuch, 3rd ed.
(1848), p. 129) ; and to the period following the capture of
Telmessos by Pericles, king of Lycia, assigned to about 372 B.C.
A lost book of the Philippica of Theopompos is said to have

10 CATALOGUE OF SOULPTUEE.

described how the Lycians under the leadership of Pericles
warred on the people of Telmessos, and invested their city, and
reduced them to a capitulation (Theopoinpos,/r. Ill, in Miiller,
Hist. Qr, Min,, I., p. 295). If the subject of the frieze 'is the
taking of Telmessos, the monument may very well be the tomb
of Pericles, who died at an uncertain date, not long after that
event (Urlichs, Verh. der XIX. Versammlung deutsch. Philologen
etc. in Braunschweig, p. 65 ; Michaelis, Annali delC Inst. 1875,
p. 173 ; Overbeck, Gr. Plast., 4th ed., II., p. 197 ; Six, Journal
of Hellen. Studies, XIII., p. 133). Furtwaengler {Arch. Zeit.,
1882, p. 359) also connected the monument with the capture of
Telmessos, but assigned a much earlier date (soon after 425 B.C.)
to that event. This, however, is inconsistent with the evidence
of the coins of Pericles. A yet earlier date is now suggested by
Furtwaengler (^Meisterwerke, p. 220. Compare Amelung, E&m.
Mittheilungen, 1894, p. 169).

The sculptures and interpretations are discussed by Birch, Archoso-
logia, XXX., p. 192 ; Gerhard and E. Braun, Arch. Zeit., 1844,
p. 353; Bmun, Shein. Mus., N.F. III. (1845), p. 490; Gibson,
Mus. of Class. Antiq., I., p. 131 ; W. W. Lloyd, Xanthiar
Marbles: the Nereid Monument, 1845. See also the references
given above, and the general histories of sculpture, as Overbeck,
Griech. Plast., 4th ed., II., p. 190 ; Murray, 2nd ed., II., p. 203 ;
Mrs. Mitchell, p. 408 ; Wolters, Nos. 913-992 ; Collignon, II.,
p. 215 ; Gardner, Handbook, p. 344.

The second frieze is published by Falkener, Mus. of Class. Antiq., I.,
but the only fairly complete publication of the whole of the
sculptures is that of Michaelis, Mon. dell' Inst., X., pis, 11-18 ;
Annali deir Inst., 1874, p. 216 ; 1875, p. 68.

THE FIRST FRIEZE.

The principal frieze of the Nereid Monument is repre-
sented by a series of blocks having a combined length of
74 feet 1^ inches. The total length of the original frieze,
judging from the size of the foundation, was about
110 feet. A length of 35 feet 10^ inches is therefore want-
ing ; and one of the missing slabs is known to have been
a comer slab, the two faces of which are together about
6 feet 9 inches. Allowing for the condition of two of the

THE FIRST FEIEZE. 11

extant slabs, five slabs besides the comer stone are probably
wanted to complete the frieze. The height of the frieze
is 3 feet 4 inches. It is impossible to determine the
original arrangement of the slabs, since each slab has a
complete composition in nearly every case, and in no
instance is a figure carried on to the next slab as on the
Parthenon frieze. A plan is preserved in the British
Museum, showing the positions of the stones as found,
but they were so completely displaced and fallen down the
slope, that this is of no service, even if trustworthy (but
cf. Annali delV Inst., 1875, p. 70). In arranging the Nereid
Eoom, the slabs forming the restored end of the base are
grouped together, as making up a suitable composition of
the necessary length. The remainder are arranged in
part as seemed to suit the subjects, and in part according
to the exigencies of space.

On this frieze, which represents a series of combats,
the combatants may, for the most part, be assigned to one
of the following classes : —

1. Hoplites, figures wearing a chiton and chlamys, and
armed with a crested helmet, cuirass with flaps, and large
round shield.

2. Lighter-armed figures, called for convenience Peltasts,
similar to the hoplites, but without cuirass.

3. Nude Greeks, with helmet and shield and a small
chlamys. These figures presumably are composed accord-
ing to the conventional heroic type. It is unlikely that
any combatants of historical times went nude into battle.
On the other hand, there is nothing except the nudity of
the figures to suggest a mythological subject.

4. Barbarians, with Persian bonnet, long close-fitting
tunic, mantle and trousers.

5. Horsemen, variously equipped.

It will be seen that hoplites are opposed to hoplites

12 catalogup: of sculpture.

(859), peltasts are opposed to peltasts (851, 858, 864) and
to barbariaus (853, 854a, 857). The barbarians are never
opposed to barbarians or to cavalry. The nude figures
are opposed to cavalry (8o0&) and barbarians (862, 863,
864), but not to other nude figures. It appears, therefore,
that we have on the one side barbarians, cavalry, hoplites
and peltasts, and on the other side hoplites, peltasts and
nude Greeks. The archers appear to be on the side of the
barbarians, as one (864) is vanquished by a nude Greek.

850. Corner slab. On the short face (a) of the slab a
barbarian is seen running to join the fray. He wears the
long-sleeved tunic girt at the waist, trousers, spreading
mantle, and Persian bonnet. The left foot rests on a rock.
On the longer face (h, Plate III.) of this slab a mounted
barbarian rides to the right, looking back meanwhile at
a nude Greek at whom he aims a back -handed blow.
The Greek seems to be standing on guard, and he
is covered by his shield. Below is the prostrate figure
of a dead barbarian — a bearded man lying with his arms
over his head. The body is curiously twisted, so that
we see the face and breast, but also the back of the legs.

851. On the left of this slab there appears to be a short
pause in a combat. The peltast on the left draws a little
back, while the other, though kneeling, is watching for
the adversary's stroke. On the right of the slab a thii-d
peltast stands to the right, thrusting with a spear against
an opponent on the adjoining slab. The left foot is raised
on a rock.

852. On the left of this slab a nude figure stands to the left,
well guarded by his shield, and probably conceived with
a sword in his right hand. Although the connexion of
this slab with the preceding is uncertain, the two opposed
figures make a satisfactory group. On the right of the
slab is a combat between a horseman and a peltast. The
horseman is a youth with petasos and flowing hair, tunic

THE FIRST FRIEZE. 13

and mantle. He aims a small lance while the horse is
plunging. The weapon of the peltast is doubtful, but
may have been a sword.

A wounded Grreek peltast has fallen to the ground, with
right leg bent under him. His adversary, a bearded
figure in Phrygian cap, stands over him, and is about to
strike with the axe which he has raised above his head
with both hands. The Greek looks up at the barbarian,
but seems unable to defend himself. His shield rests on
the ground and his right arm hangs powerless by his side.
On the right of the slab a nude Greek carrying a shield
moves rapidly to the right, with the right arm extended.
Between him and the central figure a part of the ground
of the relief is left unfinished, and is not cut away.

The next slab is the ci)rner slab. On the long face (a)
is a scene of vivid dramatic force. On the left, a nude
young Greek, with greaves and shield, seizes with his
right hand the bridle of a riderless horse which plunges
to the left. At the same time he presses his right foot
against a rock in order to gain a better purchase. [Compare
the South frieze of the Parthenon, No. 327, 85.] On the
right a bearded Greek peltast stands over a barbarian,
presumably the dismounted rider of the horse. The
Greek has thrust him through the head with his spear,
and now seeks to withdraw the spear, pulling it out while
he treads down the head of his foe. Compare the Homeric
description of the slaying of Adrastos by Agamemnou
'Arpet^r;c df Acr^ iv crrijOecn ficiQ il,iaira(7E fieiXivov eyyoe
(iZ. vi. 64; cf. the slaying of the stag, Od. x. 164).

The fallen barbarian is not yet dead. He raises his
body and crosses his legs convulsively ; at the same time
the right hand instinctively tries to check the movement
of the spear. There is an expression of compassion in the
Greek's face, notwithstanding the ruthlessness of the action.
The barbarian is a boarded elderly figure, with bare head.

14 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUKE.

On the short return face (h) of this slab a young nude
Greek advances to the right, protected by his shield, and
ready to thrust with his sword. His left foot is raised on
a rock.
855. On the left of this slab is an archer taking aim to the
left. As both arms are free, his shield must be slung
over the shoulder. Attached to the lower part of the
shield, and hanging down from it, is a piece of drapery
which falls nearly to the ankles of the archer, and which
would doubtless be a useful defence against arrows.
This hanging drapery is not infrequent on vases, and has
been taken to represent the Xaitn'i'ia vTEpoevra of Homer.
It occurs on the sarcophagi of Clazomenae in the First
Vase Room (^Terracotta Sarcophagi in the British Museum,
plates 2-5; Journ. of Hellen. Stud., 1883, pi. 31 ; cf. AntiJce
Denkmaeler, i., pi. 44) ; and also on Lycian works such as
the tomb of Payava (No. 950), and the monument of Giol-
Baschi (Benndorf, Heroon, pi. 24, slab B 3). On a vase in
the British Museum (E 295 ; Millingen, Anc. Uned. Mon.,
i., pi. 19 ; Gibson, Mus. Class. Antiq., i., p. 137) the apron is
shown to be attached by means of a metal bar riveted
to the lower edge of the shield. It seems clear, however,
that the Xaitjifiov is an alternative to the circular shield,
and not an addition to it (cf. Homer, Uiad, v. 453 ; xii.
426 ; Herod, vii. 91 ; Michaelis, Ann. delV Inst., 1876,
p. 77 ; Helbig, Horn. Epos, p. 234). It was probably a
light shield made of leather. According to Eeichel (Horn.
Waffen, p. 65), it was merely a hide. The apron shown
here seems to correspond better to the ffrpwjtmra suspended
from a shield (AT.,Ach., 1124, 1136 ; Michaelis, I.e., p. 78).
Next the archer is a young warrior on a horse, rearing
to the left, and a bearded hoplite, who thrusts his spear
to the right, advancing at the same time. These two
figures are among the most fully armed of the frieze.
The horseman has the cuirass of a hoplite, but no shield.

THE FIKST FKIEZE. 15

He wears high boots, similar to those worn by some of
the riders on the Parthenon frieze. The ends of the
upper fringe terminate in leopards' heads.

856. The next slab is only a fragment. It contains the figure
of a young horseman riding to the left. He wears a
cuirass above a tunic, and a mantle. The head of this
figure has been attached since Michaelis' publication of
the frieze.

857. On the left of this slab is a subject which occurs else-
where, e.g., on the friezes of the temple of Nike Apteros
(No. 421) and of the temple at Phigaleia (No. 540). A
wounded Greek peltast has sunk down to a sitting position
on the ground. A comrade, also a peltast, supports him
under the shoulder with his right hand, and tries to
protect him with his shield from a barbarian who is
attacking with uplifted battleaxe, while he seizes the
shield with his left hand. The wounded man has
lost his shield. His comrade wears greaves. The
barbarian has a Phrygian cap. On the right is a
nude Greek who draws back a little to the left, while
looking to the right. He stands over the body of a draped
figure, probably one of the barbarians, seen between his
legs. His right hand is raised near the shoulder of the
figure on the left, and may have grasped a spear.

858. Ill this slab the action is somewhat obscure. On the
left two figures are at close quarters. A nude beardless
figure appears to be pushing by his weight, with shield
and hand, against the shield of his opponent, a peltast,
who has his right hand raised for a spear-thrust. On the
right are two figures of peltasts. The one is wounded
and on his knees, with his right arm raised above his
head; while the other stands over him as if about to
strike with an axe.

859. On the left of this slab an archer is drawing a bow (not
expressed in sculpture) towards the right. He has a

16 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

mantle and tunic, and a quiver bj the left thigh, from
which a piece of skin hangs down. This detail frequently
occurs in figures of archers on vases. The main part of
the slab is occupied by a combat between two hoplites,
whose shields meet while they raise their right hands to
thrust with their spears.

860. The next slab is another angle slab. On the short
face (a) a Greek hoplite moves to the left, with his shield
held in advance of his body, and with a spear or perhaps
a sword in his right hand.

On the longer side, (fe) the middle of the slab is occupied
by a young horseman who is falling backwards, dead or
mortally wounded, while the horse is rearing. This figure
appears to be one of the Greeks. He is unarmed, and
only wears a tunic and mantle and shoes. A helmet
which lies on the ground may belong either to this figure
or to the dead barbarian who lies prostrate below the horse
with his arms over his head.

Like the figure on slab 850, the barbarian is much
contorted in death. He wears high boots and a sleeve-
less tunic. At the right and left ends of the slab
are armed figures advancing to the right. The hoplite
on the left has a cuirass without flaps. His right hand
is raised. The peltast on the right is distinguished
by a helmet, on the cheek-piece of which is a ram's
head in relief. He advances with right arm raised for a
spear-thrust.

861. This slab is in poor condition, and has been variously
interpreted. According to the view first proposed, the
horse is wounded and fallen on the knee, with its head on
the ground. The rider is stepping, unhurt, off his horse.
Meanwhile, an opponent, one of the nude figures,
approaches from the left to attack him at a disadvantage.
The comrade on the right, a peltast, appears to be
expecting an attack from the right, and stands with his

THE FIRST FRIEZE. 17

shield extended, and bis left foot raised on a mass of
rocks. A preferable interpretation is that of Benndorf,
according to which the rider is wounded, and painfully
dismounts, assisted by two comrades, one of whom is on
the watch for an attack from the right. The horse,
meanwhile, is kneeling down in a way which the ancients
taught their horses in order to facilitate mounting.
A very similar group occurs on one of the slabs, still
at Athens, of the frieze of the temple of Nike Apteros.

Mon. deir Inst, X., pi. 13 E; Braun, Arch. Zeit., 1844, p. 362;
Michaelis, Annali, 1875, p. 88 ; Benndorf, Heroon v. Gidl-Baschi,
p. 140 (compare tio&ck, Athenische Mittheilungen,XYlll.,Tp. 318).
For the Athenian group, cf. Overbeck, Gr. Plast.,* I., fig. 124, 0.

862. In the centre a horseman is in the act of falling
helpless to the ground, head and right arm foremost.
The figure is curiously contorted. He wears the tunic
on the right shoulder only, and has lost his helmet.
A pair of combatants are separated by the horse. On
the left, a warrior has fallen on his knees, and raises
his right hand to protect his head. The left arm
still holds the shield. This figure, like that of the
horseman, is curiously contorted, since we see its back,
and at the same time the face is turned towards us. The
figure is that of a barbarian, wearing the Persian tiara.

On the right is a nude Greek warrior, turned to the
right, but looking back at the barbarian, and making a
back-handed sword-cut at him.

863. Two Greeks, a nude figure and a peltast, advance
together to the right, covered by their shields. The one
on the left advances with a free step. The other checks
his advance on account of a mounted barbarian, who
appears to be aiming a blow while he rides quickly past.
Below is a prostrate figure, lying with his arm over his
head. The nude Greek on the left has greaves. The
mounted figure has a tiara.

VOL. II. 0

CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUllE.

864. On the left of this slab, which is in poor condition, we
have a combat between two peltasts. They stand, each
with the left leg supported by a rock, with shields
opposed, and with right arms extended behind for a
sword blow. The figure on the right wears a scabbard.
On the right of this slab a nude figure, probably a Greek,
seizes an adversary by the hair, pressing him down at the
same time with his left knee. The right hand is supposed
to hold a sword. The vanquished man holds out his hand
in supplication, and seeks to free himself with his left
hand. He has a quiver by his left side.

865. («) Fragment of slab, with hindquarters of a rearing
horse, the near one of a pair, and left arm and shield of a
figure in the chariot. (6) Helmeted head to right (Mon.
deir Inst., X., pi. 13, V.)

First Frieze.

New

Old

Mon. dell' Inst.

Other

Length of

Number.

Publications.

Slab.

Feet Inches

850 a

46 a

PI. 13, H

2 3

850 6

46 b

„ 14, J

Plate' II.

4 Of

851

„ 14, K

4 9

852

:-i8

„ 14, L

Brunn, Denhm., 214

4 8|

853

„ 14, R

...

3 lOJ

854 a

42 a

„ 14, 0

...

4 6^

854 b

4Jb

„ 14, P

...

2 3i

855

„ 13, B

5 0

856

„ 14, M

2 IJ

857

„ 14, Q

Brunn, Denkm., 215

4 7i

858

„ 14, N

fCollignon II., p. 218\
(Brunn, Bcukm., 215/

4 8^

859

„ 13, A

• ..

4 4f

860 a

37 a

» 13, C

...

2 21

860 6

37 b

„ 13, D

Brunn, Dcnkm., 214

4 6f

861

„ 13, E

...

4 G

862

„ 13, F

...

4 8J

863

„ 13, G

...

4 2J

864

„ 14, S

...

5 0^

865

1.^ T

1 7i

74 1^

Note. — The order of the slabs in Mon. deW Inst, differs considerably
from that of Fellows, and is mainly based upon the nature of the subjects
(Michaelis, Annali dell' Inst, 1875, p. 73).

( 19 )

THE SECOND FRIEZE.

The second frieze, like the first frieze, oannot be
arranged with certainty, although it is nearly complete,
and in some cases two slabs can be grouped together with
probability. Conjectural arrangements of the slabs must
be based on the dimensions, the probable division into
subjects, and the indications furnished by the angle
blocks as to the distribution of the subjects on the four
sides.

The first arrangement was made by Sir C. Fellows
(Ionic Trophy Monument, plate), and is shown on Fellows's
model of the monument exhibited. This arrangement,
with slight modifications on the two long sides, was
followed by E. Falkener {Mus. of Class. Antiq., i., plate)
and by Michaelis (Mon. dell' Inst., x., pis. 15, 16).

According to this latter arrangement, the four siclos are
divided as follows: Long side— 868 6, 866, 881, 874, 867,
882, 871 a; short side— 871 &, 872, 883, 875, 884 a; long
side— 884 6, 873, 869, 870, 878, missing slab, 876 a;
short side— 876 6, 877, 879, 880, 868 a. Exigencies of
space made it impossible to follow closely either this or
any other conjectural disposition of the slabs when the
present Nereid Eoom was arranged. As far as possible,
however, the slabs have been grouped so as to preserve
the principal incidents represented, namely, a sortie from
a city ; a storming party ; a summons to a besieged city
to surrender; the conqueror imposing terms on the
citizens.

The slabs of the second frieze, when found, measured
94 feet, 0;^ inch (see p. 26). It is therefore probable
that two or, three slabs are missing to make up the total
length.

The second frieze has more the character of an historical

0 2

20 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

record than the first. In each we have a representation
of warfare, but the one may be compared to the battles
of the Homeric poems, while the other is more like the
warfare of Herodotus. In the larger frieze we have
scattered combats and nude heroic figures. In the smaller
frieze we have the disciplined movements of well-drilled
bodies of troops. With one doubtful exception (874) there
are no nude figures. The narrative is more elaborate,
and instead of a series of combats, four distinct episodes
of a campaign are clearly told, the meaning of the whole
being made plain by detailed representations of landscape
■ and architecture. In the large frieze, locality is only
suggested by a few pieces of rock on the ground. The
second frieze is also distinguished from the first by the
absence of cavalry. It has been compared with the
Assyrian reliefs, but it has little in common with them
except the broad fact that it represents a series of events
with minute and copious detail. Not only in artistic
style, but also in its treatment of perspective, landscape
and composition, our frieze is far removed from those of
Assyria, with their conventional perspective and primi-
tive arrangement of the figures. It is, however, one of
the best examples of a local Lycian style, which is also
seen on the friezes of Giol-Baschi (Benndorf, Bas Heroon
von Giol-Baschi), on the reliefs of the tomb at Pinara
(Nos. 761-4), and also in some measure on the Monument
of Payava.
866. Scene on the outskirts of the battle. On the left a
bearded hoplite strides to the left, with the right hand
• raised, as if to summon help. Next him is a younger
man, in helmet and long tunic, who is moving to the left,
but stops and turns round to draw his bow, A fully
armed hoplite, faint from a wound, is leaving the field,
supported by a companion, a peltast. On the right,
two warriors, one a hoplite and one a peltast, advance

THE SECOND FRIEZE. 21

together to the right, with hands raised for a spear-
thrust.

For the theme of the wounded soldier supported "by a
friend, cf. No. 639 (Phigaleian frieze), and the reliefs from
Giol-Baschi (Benndorf, Heroon, p. 114).

867. This slab is in poor condition, both top and bottom
being lost. At each end is a group of a standing warrior,
in the one case a peltast, and in the other a hoplite,
leaning over a fallen opponent, of whom but little
remains. In the middle are two hoplites fighting with
shields opposed, and a third figure whose action is un-
certain. He seems to have been coming to the aid of the
prostrate figure (head only remaining) on the right.

868. On the short return face (a) of this slab, an armed and
bearded warrior treads down an unarmed figure, grasping
him at the same time by the hair. A second unarmed
figure, standing, raises his hand as if to check the
warrior's violence. Michaelis places this scene in the
part where the conqueror is imposing his terms on the
vanquished.

(6) (Plate II.) Advance in line of eight hoplites,
uniformly armed, with helmet, cuirass with flaps, and
shields. The heads are nearly all lost, except that of one
figure, who looks to his right, and raises his arm, as if
giving orders about the advance or pointing out the foe.
This figure has let go his hold of the second handle
of the shield. The remainder carry spears over their
right shoulders.

869. Sortie from a walled city. On the left of the slab are
two archers, much mutilated, who appear to be drawing
their bows against the city. Next is a combat with two
fully-armed figures on each side. The assailants thrust
with spears ; their opponents, who are leading the sortie,
appear to be throwing stones. A cloth (cf. larger frieze
slab, No. 855) hangs from the shield of one of the latter

22 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

fignres. Immediately behind them, on the right, are
battlemented walls with towers. Behind the battle-
ments, the helmeted heads and shields of the defenders
are visible. Nine figures remain, who are throwing
stones. A woman is also seen, flinging up her arms in
distress.

870. This slab contains more of the battlemented walls of
the city. Above the battlements are the heads of
eighteen figures, for the most part wearing helmets.
These figures are all at rest. Two, however, have their
hands raised, as if resting on spears.

871. (a) Troops advancing to the left, to the attack on the city.
There are nine figures in all, armed, for the most part,
with helmets and circular shields. Two have cuirasses
above short tunics. Two figures on the right have
helmets and mantles only, without shields or tunics.

(h) Eetum of the slab. Assault on the gate of a
city. A city gate is set askew to the relief, flanked by
circular towers, and surmounted by a row of battlements.
On the left is a group of smaller towers, and among them
are the heads of five of the defenders.

872. The storming party have planted a scaling ladder
against the wall. Two figures, kneeling close to the
wall, under the ladder, appear to be holding ropes (not
indicated) as if to keep the head of the ladder in position
on the wall, while the assailants are at the beginning of
the ascent. These two figures carry peculiar implements
(stakes?) at their left sides. Three warriors in close
succession press up the ladder. Another approaches it,
and two more kneel at the foot, covered by their shields.
A figure in the background turns to the right and calls
up more support.

873, Combat in the field. This slab, which is seriously
mutilated, has parts of nine warriors advancing to the
right. Those on the left are looking back to the left,

THE SECOND FEIEZE. 23

while one points forward to the right. Of the figure on
the right of the slab nothing remains except a hand,
hurling a spear. The third and fourth figures from the
right are archers.

874. On the left are three figures turned to the left, to repel
an attack. The first, a hoplite, has his shield extended,
and hand raised for a spear-thrust. At his feet is a dead
body, lying prostrate. On the right is a pair of com-
batants, of whom one has sunk on his knees, while a
hoplite stands over him about to strike. From the left a
comrade comes to the help of the fallen man.

875. This slab also is in a mutilated condition, the top being
lost. Eleven warriors advance in line to the left. The
first three are proved to be archers by their quivers. In
the middle is a figure with right hand extended, as if
giving an order. The right leg of the third figure has
been accidentally omitted.

876. (<*) 111® surrender of the city, and imposition of terms,
begin at this point. On the short return of the slab is a
group of three unarmed figures carrying property or
spoil. The first has a shield, the next a square stool and
a large umbrella. He is followed by a man who carries
a large bundle over his shoulder. It is doubtful to which
side these figures belong, but they seem best suited to the
defeated party.

(6) On the long face we have a view of a Lycian city
with a battlemented wall, on rocky ground, with small
towers, and a gate flanked by two larger towers, in each
of which is a soldier. Within the city we see the roof of a
large building.

877. The view of the city is continued, with a series of
battlemented walls and towers, each flanking a gate, and
having one soldier visible within. The whole is built on
rocky ground. Inside the walls are buildings, and also a
tomb consisting of a high shaft (cf. Nos. 80, 94) crowned

24 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

with a pyramid of three steps, and surmounted by a
winged Sphinx, which is flanked by two lions crouching
to spring, in a position like that of those found in this
monument (Nos. 929, 930; cf. Prachov, Mon. Xanth.
Antiq., pi. 2, fig. 1).

878. The view of the city is continued. On this slab we
probably see a summons to surrender addressed to the
beleaguered garrison. Several warriors within the walls
appear to be engaged in a discussion ; the figure in the
turret leans over to take part. On the right the city
walls come to an end, and outside we see a figure in
Persian head-dress holding a saddled mule. In the
background is a sloping incline up to the wall, on which
are parts of three figures. The lowest of these figures,
dressed as a peltast, raises his hand as if addressing the
garrison. If so, he would be the messenger, and the
figure holding the mule an attendant. Michaelis considers
the latter figure to be the messenger, but he does not seem
to be taking part in the discussion. On the right is the
stump of a tree.

879. fpjjg garrison have now surrendered, and two old men
from the city endeavour to make terms with the victorious
commander. The latter, half draped, and wearing a
Persian head-dress, which muffles his chin, is on a seat
with lion's legs, and a footstool ; his right hand is raised
as if supported by a spear. An attendant stands behind
him, holding up a circular umbrella; three guards stand
further to the left, one a hoplite, and the other two peltasts.
The old men are unarmed and in civil costume; they
raise their right hands as if in salutation or entreaty.
For the commander's head-dress cf. Imbert, Mem. da la
Soc. de Linguistique de Paris, viii., p. 465.

880. A party of victorious soldiers stands behind the sup-
pliants from the city. On the left are two warriors.
One has a shield, and had formerly a bronze spear ; the

THE SECOND FRIEZE, 26

other has a quiver and bow-case combined (goryfos).
Both have their right hands raised. The next figure has
his head thrown back and arm extended, as if addressing
some person at a distance. Beside him is a figure with
helmet and shield, from the lower edge of which hangs
the cloth described above (large frieze, No. 855). On the
right of the slab are two armed figures conversing.

881. Scene of combat in the open field. The upper part of
the slab is mutilated. On the left is a pair of combatants ;
one appears to be drawing back to strike his opponent, a
peltast, who has sunk to the ground, but has his shield
raised in defence. Next are a peltast, a hoplite, and an
archer striding to the right ; the archer draws his bow.
On the right are two hoplites in combat with shields
opposed.

882. Seven figures move rapidly in step to the left. Four
of them are hoplites, and five of them have the right
hands raised, as if carrying spears, not indicated, over
their shoulders. A draped figure marches in this band,
and points forward vehemently with etretched-out arm.
On the right of the slab a similar figure turns back and
waves his arm to call up support.

883. This slab, again, is much mutilated. Four figures are
moving rapidly to the left, of whom the foremost is
crouching down, as if about to join combat, with his
shield extended before him and his right hand drawn
back for a sword-thrust. Between this figure and the
one coming up behind him is a warrior, turned to the
right, with hand raised to beckon. On the right of
the slab is a standing figure, whose action is now
doubtful.

884. On the long face (a) four male captives, unarmed, bare-
headed, and with hands bound behind their backs, are
being led away to the right, escorted by soldiers marching
before and behind. Much of this slab is missing.

CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

884. On the short return (&) three armed figures are stand-
ing at rest.

884. (c, d) Fragments of the second frieze, with helmeted
heads to left. Mon. delV Inst, x., pi. 16, nos. 153, 154.

Second Frieze.

New
Number.

Old
Number.

Mon.

iM' Inst.
X.

Other Publications.

Original
1 Length of Slab.

Feet

Inches

866

15 b

Brunn, Denkm,, 216

867

15 e

868 a

64 a

16 y

868 6

64 b

15 a

Brunn, Denkm., 216

869

16 p

Brunn, Denkm., 216

870

16 q

871a

50 a

15 g

8716

50 b

15 h

872

15 i

Brunn, Denkm., 217

873

16 0

874

15 d

875

15 1

876 a

60 a

16 s

876 6

60 b

16 t

877

16 u

878

16 r

879

16 V

Brunn, Denkm., 217

880

16 X

Brunn, Denkm., 217

881

15 c

882

15 f

883

15 k

884 a

54 a

15 m

884 6

54 b

16 n

Nos. 8686, 869, 872, 879, are given by Collignon, II., p. 221, 223.

Note. — The measurements given above are in some cases those which
were taken at Xanthos by Mr. Rohde Hawkins. When the backs of the
slabs were sawn off for transport, the original joints were, in some cases,
Jpst, The visible portions of the frie?e now measure 91 feet lOJ inchgs.

( 27 )

THE THIRD FRIEZE.

The Third frieze, as was shown above, stood immedi-
ately on the capitals of the columns, without the inter-
position of an architrave. Of this frieze 74 feet 10 inches
are preserved, including the returns.

The frieze contains scenes of battle, field sports, and
offerings of gifts, subjects such as naturally occur on the
tomb of a man of rank, and suggest the leading occupa-
tions of his life. There are no data for the arrangement,
but it may be supposed that the slabs were grouped
according to their subjects. In certain cases the figures
are continued over the joints.

The frieze of combatants, though roughly executed, has
more affinity to the first than to the second frieze. It
consists of isolated groups of combatants, both on horse-
back and on foot, armed and nude.

885. A horse stands without saddle or other equipment on
the left. It is perhaps one of the series of offerings.
Five draped figures, whose heads are missing, stand as if
in conversation.

886. Procession of persons bringing gifts or tribute. On
the left is a goat, which appears to be resisting the
efforts of some figure, now lost, to drag it along, and
a figure with two baskets. He is followed by a series
of persons carrying respectively a jar of wine and a
hare; a calf carried over the shoulders; a large bird held
by the wings ; two baskets ; a hare held in the hand and
two hares slung from a stick ; a kid carried along by the
horns, and a flat basket ; two flat trays. All these figures
are young and beardless, and are in the dress of servants,
with tunics reaching to the knees.

887. Slab with part of a boar hunt. On the left are an

28 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

attendant on foot, and three mounted horsemen, galloping
to the right, accompanied by a hound. Next is the boar,
which has fallen on its knees, with a dog on its back.
Before it is a doubtful object, perhaps the remains of
another dog. On the right of the slab is a horseman
riding to the left. These figures wear short tunics and
cloaks, and Persian caps. All have their arms raised
for a spear-thrust. The outer legs of the horses are alone
fully finished.

888. Slab with another portion of the hunting scene, with
mounted horsemen and figures on foot. We have a
horseman ; behind him a footman blowing a long horn ;
next ■ is a riderless horse, which has turned back to the
right; beyond are a dog, and man running to the left; two
horsemen ; a man with a dog, and a man of whom only
one leg remains. The right-hand end of the slab is
placed in the tier below.

889. Further scenes of hunting. On the left is an attendant
carrying a stag on his shoulder. Next is a bear hunt.
A bear on its hind legs tries to strike a dog which appears
to be snapping at it. Meanwhile one horseman on the
left and three on the right gallop to the scene, accom-
panied by a dog. They have their hands raised ready for
thrusting with their spears.

890. Scene of combat. On the left, a figure kneels to the
front, and another has hand raised to strike (cf. first frieze.
No. 858). On the remainder of this slab are alternately
single horsemen to the left with right hands raised, and
pairs of foot combatants. On the right is the leg of a
figure to the left, of whom a portion is seen on the next
slab.

891. Further scenes of combat. On the left is the shield
and left leg of a figure moving to the left (see the last
slab), and next are combats between two foot soldiers
and between a horseman and a footman.

THE THIJRD FKIEZE. 29

892. Combats between two pairs of foot soldiers, and between
a horseman and two footmen.

893. Part of the procession of persons with offerings ; seven
figures in attendants' dress move in haste to the left.
Each of the first three carries a basket, and a stick over
the shoulder, from which a hare and two birds are hung.
The next two carry a basket in each hand, and the last
two figures have each two trays filled with cakes and
fruits. On the extreme right of the slab is a tray, which
must have been carried by a figure now lost.

894. A fragment of the combat scenes. On the left is a
horseman, with hand raised for a spear-thrust, and next
him are combats between two men on foot and between
two horsemen. This slab is very unfinished.

895. Group of persons bringing tribute (?). On the left is the
extended left hand of a figure on another slab (No. 897) ;
four persons approach with hands extended. They carry
pieces of cloth on their arms. The second figure from the
left carries a pair of trousers. Unlike most of the figures
on this frieze they wear trousers and Persian caps. On
the right another figure leads a horse.

896. This slab has a group of persons looking towards the
deputation and awaiting its arrival to receive the tribute.
On the left are two standing figures, whose lower parts
are wanting. Next are a pair of figures, of whom one
rests his hand on the shoulder of the other, who is
probably supposed to be leaning on a staff. Next is a
figure who has his arm extended towards the approaching
deputation, while he turns to address a standing figure
on the right. It is uncertain whether these fragments
belong to one slab, as there is an irregularity in the
mouldings.

897. This slab contains a portion of the deputation, and
should be placed on the left of No. 895. The connexion is
certain, as the left hand of the figure on the right is seen

CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

on the other slab. Four pairs of figures stand making
gestures, as if in animated conversation. On the right is
a figure moving to the right, being one of the group on
No. 895.

Third Frieze.

New
Number.

Old
Number.

Mon. dell' Inst.
X. PI. 17.

other Publications.

Length of Slab.

Feet Inches

885

110

5 2J

886

111

II.

6 4

887

115

XI.

6 7f

888

116

XII.

6 5J

889

113

XIII.

Brunn, Denkm., 218.

7 5

890

123

VIII.

6 5J

891

121

IX.

3 llf

892

122

VII.

5 10

893

112

III.

Brunn, Denkm., 218.

4 4f

894

120

6 4|

895

118

4 lOJ

896

119

VI.

4 4

897

117

IV.

6 6^
74 10

Note. — The arrangement of the slabs in Mon. dell' Inst, differs con-
siderably from that of Fellows on the model.

THE FOURTH FRIEZE.

This frieze, which is presumed to have surrounded the
walls of the cella, contains scenes of banquet and sacrifice.
The order of the slabs is doubtful, but there appear to
have been two sides devoted to the banquet and two to
the sacrifice. The original length was about 64 feet, of
which 45 feet 5 inches are preserved.
898,899,900. Banquet scene. Sixteen male persons (of one,
on the right of 898a, only a hand holding a bowl is pre-
served) are seated, half reclining on a row of eight couches,

THE FOURTH FRIEZE. 31

with folded cushions beneath their left elbows. They
are variously engaged — drinking and conversing to one
another or to the attendants. An attendant draws wine
from a large crater on the extreme left. Eight others,
one being a woman, are serving the guests. One on
slab 898 holds up a rhyton ; one of the attendants on 899
has a rhyton, terminating in the forepart of a Pegasus.
No. 898 is an angle slab. On the short return (898&) is a
single figure running to the left. This may be an
attendant at the sepulchral banquet (903), or perhaps a
dancer. She has a rod in her right hand. In Nos. 899
and 900 two pieces were separately worked and inserted.

901. (a) Group, with single figure leading a saddled horse and
nine figures standing conversing. One carries an object
like the Satrap's umbrella over his shoulder. This is an
angle slab. On the short return (fe) is a single standing
fi.gure, which may be a part of the scene of sacrifice,
Nos. 904, 905. Two pieces of this slab were separately
worked and inserted in the marble.

902, 903. Banquet of two persons. In this case the persons
banqueting are of the type of the fi^gures engaged in the
* sepulchral banquet,' while on the slabs previously
described they are represented in the feast of everyday
life. On 902, which is very mutilated, is a recumbent
figure on a couch, before which is a table supporting a
vase (?), and near it an attendant. Both figures have lost
their heads. On 903 a dignified bearded figure, wearing
a broad taenia, reclines on a couch with a cushion. He
holds up a rhyton, terminating in the forepart of a
winged ibex, with his right hand, and has a bowl in his
left hand. An elderly man, standing near the head of
the couch, speaks into his ear. Three attendants make
various gestures. One carries a small bowl and jug.
Two heads and the right arm of one of the attendants
were separate pieces let into the stone, and are now lost.

32 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

A dog lies beneath the couch, as in the usual type of
sepulchral banquet relief.
904 (a), 905. Scene of sacrifice, A large rectangular altar, with
volutes, stands on a base of two steps. A heaped-up
conical object on the altar perhaps represents flame. On
the left the principal figure, half draped in himation,
makes a libation from a bowl. Behind him are a boy,
three figures in short tunics with trays, a figure dragging
a goat by the horns, a figure leading a bull, and a
standing figure in a himation. On the right of the altar
a man stands by a bull. He is girt about the waist, but
has both shoulders bare, in the manner usual at a sacrifice.
Behind are two goats standing and traces of a standing
figure. No. 904 is an angle slab. On the short return (h)
are two standing figures. These two slabs were originally
one stone, and were sawn in half for transport.

906. (a) Group of seven figures standing and one sitting in
conversation. This slab appears to be a weak reminis-
cence of the group of standing magistrates on the frieze
of the Parthenon. The figures are for the most part
draped in himatia and lean upon long staves, while with
their free hands they make gestures of conversation.
The head of the figure seated on the right was let in
separately, and is now lost. This was an angle slab. On
the short return (6) is a winged figure moving to the
right, perhaps an attendant at the banquet. According
to Michaelis, this is a winged Nike, and the banquet
celebrates some athletic or other victory.

907. This slab is in bad condition, and the meaning of the
action is uncertain. The subjects are : two figures joining
hands (cf. third frieze. No. 897) ; a figure with his left foot
supported on a high stone, who appears to be pointing to
a distance with the right hand ; two figures playing lyres
of different forms near a small altar (cf. Benndorf, Heroon^
p. 234), and a seated figure.

THE FOURTH FRIEZE.

908. This slab is quite unfinished, and is an instructive
example of the sculptor's method. The whole of the field
is sunk first to the required depth, leaving the figures in
outline of the height of the original surface. The next
step is to work the figures in the round. The outlines
appear to represent a kneeling figure ; a figure standing
with a patera (?) ; a seated figure ; a second figure standing
with a patera.

Thk Fourth Frieze.

New
Number.

Old
Number.

Mrni. idV Inst.
X. PI. 18.

other Publications.

Length.

Feet

Inches

898 a \
898 6/

(

XII.*

XL*

899

XIII.*

Brunn, Denkm., 218.

900

100

XIV.*

lOf

901 a \
9016/

103

{

IV.*

III.*

902

IX.*

903

X.*

904 a \
904 6/

101

{

I.*

XV.*

>Brunn, Denkm., 218.

4
0

905

102

II.*

906 a \
906 6^

VII.*

VIII.*

907

105

VI.*

908

104

v.*

/ Michaelis, P((r- ]
\ thmon, p. 204. J

THE NEREIDS.

The Nereid Monument derives its name from the series
of figures which occupied the intercolumniations of the
structure, and which have been called Nereids since their
discovery. The view that these figures are Nereids is
still generally held, though other interpretations have
been suggested.

VOL. II. D

34 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

Mr. B. Gibson (Mus. of Glass. Antiq., i., p. 141), basing
himself on the fact that the animals connected with the
figures occur on Ionian and iEolian coins, e.g., the lion
on coins of Miletus, the seal (phoca) on coins of Phocaea,
the crab, dolphin, and shell on those of Cos, Myrina and
Pymus respectively, regarded the stataies as ' personifica-
tions of the cities and people of Ionia and ^olia, who
furnished the contingents to augment the army of
Harpagus.' The suggestion, however, is generally
regarded as untenable, since the correspondence of the
accessories with the coins is imperfect, and there is no
parallel for such an extensive use of attributes in a
heraldic sense.

If they are to be regarded as Nereids, it has been
suggested that they are connected with the reproductive
powers of nature ( Watkiss Lloyd, Xanthian Marbles, p. 58) ;
that they have been disturbed in the sea by a naval battle
which was fought near Xanthos, and was supposed to be
commemorated in the monument (Welcker, in C. 0.
Miiller's Handhuch, 3rd ed., p. 130) ; that they had come up
from the sea to view the victory close at hand (Urlichs,
p. 65) ; that they are engaged in a dance of victory and
joy, or else are the escort of the deceased hero to the
Isles of the Blessed (Michaelis, Annali delV Inst., 1875,
p. 180). They have also been more specially connected
with the groups above the pediments, on the analogy of
vases, in which the Nereids are seen running in alarm
from the struggle of Peleus and Thetis. On this suppo-
sition the two acroterial groups might be Peleus and
the Nereid Thetis, Boreas and the Nereid Oreithyia
(Eoscher's Lexikon, iii., p. 231). It is difiicult, however,
to regard the Nereids as mere accessory figures to the
smaller and less conspicuous groups on the acroteria.

More recently it has been suggested that these figures
represtnt deities of air, not of water, and that they are

THE NEEEIDS. 35

the ocean breezes which hover round the Isle of the
Blessed. Pliny (JV. H., xxxvi., 29) speaks of two statues
of breezes that set sail with their dress (^Aurae velificantes
sua veste, cf. Six, Journ. of Hellen. Studies, xiii., p. 131 ;
Sellers, Elder Pliny's Hist of Art, p. 200).

The heads of the Nereids are all lost, perhaps through
iconoclasm.
909. (Plate IV.) Figure of Nereid running to the right.
She wears a long ungirt dress, with laced sleeves which
appear to be continuous with a short diploidion that
reaches only as low as the breasts. This garment is con-
fined by narrow strings passing over the shoulders. The
right hand held a part of the skirt, and also, probably, a
part of the large mantle which passes behind the back
and over the left shoulder, a part being held in the left
hand. Below the folds of drapery of the figure is a sea
bird floating over the water with its wings spread.

This figure differs considerably in style from the other
Nereids. The drapery is not only of a difierent fashion,
but also it is dififerently treated, being worked in numerous
minute folds, while the other figures have a broader and
more leathery drapery.

Height, 4 feet 1\ inches. The heights of this and the following
figures are measured from the highest part of the neck to the
pedestal. Mon. deW Inst., X., pi. 11, fig. iv. (81) ; Murray,
JJist. of Gr. Sculpture, II., pi. 19 ; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 212 ;
Collignon, II., p. 230.

910 Figure of Nereid, running to the left. She wears along
chiton with diploidion girt at the waist. The right arm
is fully extended, holding up one side of the large mantle,
which passes behind her back, over the left shoulder and
arm. Below the figure is a large fish leaping over the
waves.

Height, 4 feet 8^ inches. Mon. deW Inst,, X., pi. 11, fig. ii. (83) ;
Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 213 ', Collignon, II., p. 228 ; Studniczka,
Die Stegesgoettin, fig. 35 ; Roscher, Lexikon^ III., p. 230.

D 2

36 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

911. Figure of Nereid, running to the right. She wears a long
chiton, and diploidion girt at the waist, and sandals.
The left hand is extended, holding one edge of the mantle,
which passes behind her back. A small fish is roughly
indicated under her feet.

Height, 4 feet 2 inches. Mon. MP Inst., X., pi. 11, fig. v, (76) ;
Roscher, Lextkon, III., p. 230.

912. Figure of Nereid running to the right with the arms
extended. The right hand holds one end of her mantle,
which passes behind the back and over the left arm. She
is draped in a long sleeveless chiton, with diploidion girt
at the waist, but leaving the sides of the body bare.
Below her feet is a bird (?); the head and wing were
separate pieces, now lost.

Height, 4 feet 8 inches. Mon. dell' Inst., X., pi. 11, fig. i. (75);
Murray, Hist, of Gr. Sculpture, II., pi. 19; Brunn, Benkmaeler,
No. 211; CoUignon, II., p. 229 ; Studniczka, Die Siegesgoettin,
fig. xxxiv. ; Roscher, Lexikon, III., p. 229.

The following numbers (913—915) are exhibited in the
intercolumniations of the restored end : —

913. (Plate II.) Fragment, from the waist downwards, of
a Nereid standing to the front, and wearing flowing
drapery.

Height, 3 feet 5 inches. Mon. dell' Inst., X., pi. 12, fig. s. (80).

914. Nereid, running, half turned to the left. She wears a
long chiton, and diploidion girt at the waist. Her arms
are extended to right and left, holding out her mantle.

Height, 4 feet 9 inches. Mon. dell' Inst., X., pi. 12, fig. viii. (78);
Roscher, Lexikon, III., p. 229.

915. Lower half of Nereid running to the right, preserved
from the waist downwards. She wears the split chiton,
which shows the right leg, and a diploidion. A large
crab is seen beneath her drapery.

Height, 3 feet 2J inches. Mon. delP Inst., X., pi. 11, fig. vii, (82).

THE NEREIDS. 37

916. Fragment, with the lower folds of the skirt of a Nereid,
who has a large cuttlefish (?) beneath her feet.

Height, 1 foot 5 inches. Mon. delP Inst., X., pi. 11, fig. vi.

917. Fragment, with drapery of Nereid from the knee down-
wards. The object below her feet cannot be distinguished.

Height, 1 foot 11| inches. Mon. delP Inst., X., pi. 12, fig. xii.

918. Figure of a Nereid, running to the left. She wears a
long split chiton, which shows the left leg and thigh,
and a diploidion, girt at the waist. Beneath her feet is a
large sea-shell. The left foot was worked in a separate
piece, now wanting. The back of this figure is left rough
and unfinished.

Height, 4 feet 5 inches. Mon. deW Inst., X., pi, 11, fig. iii. (84).

The following figures are worked on a smaller scale
than their companions : —

919. Figure of Nereid, running to the left. She wears a
long split chiton, which shows the right leg, a diploidion,
girt at the waist, and sandals. The extended left hand
held an edge of her mantle, which passed round the back,
and is held by the right hand near the thigh.

Height, 3 feet 9 inches. Mon. deli' Inst., X., pi. 12, fig. xv.

920. Fragment of the lower part of the drapery of a Nereid.

Height, 2 feet. Mon. dell' Inst., X., pi. 12, fig. xi. (77).

921. Fragment of the lower part of the drapery of a Nereid,
with part of the left leg. The front of the left foot was
a separate piece, now wanting.

Height, 1 foot 2 inches. Old No. 91.

At the angles of the restored pediment are : —

922. Figure of a Nereid, half turned to the right. She wears

88 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUKE.

a chiton, diploidion, and mantle. The left leg is for the
most part wanting, but it was left bare by the split chiton,

Height, 3 feet 6 inches. Mon. deW Inst, X., pi. 12, fig. xiii. (132).

923. Figure of a Nereid, from the waist downwards.

Height, 2 feet 2 inches. Mbn. delV Inst., X., pi. 12, fig. xiv. (137).

THE PEDIMENT RELIEFS.

924. Part of the tympanum of the east pediment, with a
scene of sepulchral import.

At equal distances on the right and left of the centre
are two enthroned figures. On the right is a bearded
figure with long hair, seated to the left on a throne
covered with drapery. He wears a large mantle only,
and shoes. His right hand is supported by a sceptre.
A female figure, closely draped, the head now wanting,
stands at his knees. A dog lies, curled up, beneath the
throne. Confronting this group is a matronly woman,
seated in an easy position, with her right arm resting
on the back of the throne. She wears a sleeved dress,
a large mantle, a calathos, and a veil which she holds out
with her left hand. A girl, with long flowing hair,
stands beside her, and places both hands on her knees.
To right and left, towards the angles of the pediment, are
smaller figures. On the left, one male figure remains,
wearing a short tunic. On the right is a group of six
persons draped in mantles only. These subsidiary figures
are of smaller scale than the central group, and among
them the scale rapidly diminishes as the angle is
approached. In the extreme angle, however, is lying a
dog of colossal scale. In this relief there are analogies with
the Greek sepulchral reliefs, in which the deceased person

THE PEDIMENT RELIEFS. 39

is heroified, and at the same time something is taken
from the reliefs representing ordinary life. The male
figure, with the accompanying figure standing at his
knees, and the dog, or the female figure, with the young
girl resting her hands on her knees, might each be taken
from an ordinary Attic relief. On the other hand
the group of persons approaching, though not making
gestures of adoration, are analogous to the train of
worshippers who appear on the reliefs of the Sepulchral
Banquet (cf. vol. i., p. 298), and the formal enthronement
of the two principal figures suggests definite heroifica-
tion.

Height, in the centre, as mounted, 3 feet IJ inches. Two inches at
the lower edge may hare been in a rebate. Mus. of Class.
Antiq., I., p. 150 ; Annali dell' Inst, 1875, pi. DE. I (125); cf.
Michaelis, ibid., p. 154 ; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 219.

925. Left half of the tympanum of the west pediment, with
a combat of foot soldiers against cavalry. On the right
of this slab is a portion of what originally formed the
central group. A warrior has sunk on his knee, and
holds up his shield in defence. He had a bronze sword
in his right hand. He is, however, trodden down by the
horse of his opponent, of which only one foreleg is
extant on the slab. The warrior is nude, except for his
helmet. On the left are five soldiers, about to take part
in the combat. They are variously dressed, with fine
tunics, cuirasses with or without flaps, chlamydes fastened
by brooches, and helmets. Tliree advance to the fray,
while the two in the angle are kneeling. Their heights
are nicely adjusted to the slope of the pediment, in a
manner that is rather grotesque ; but perhaps we may
suppose that the first and third from the left are further
away from us. In that case the scales of the second,
fourth, and fifth are not seriously unequal. The figure
on the right is, however, considerably larger. The missing

40 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

horseman was probably the chief figure of the pediment,
and may well have been the person to whose honour the
monument was erected.

Height, allowing for the top angle now wanting, 3 feet If inches;
1| inches may have been in a rebate. Annali dell' Inst., 1875,
pi. DE., II. (126) ; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 219.

ACROTERIAL SCULPTURES.

926. Above the restored pediment is : —

Group from apex of pediment. A nude youth holds up
in his arms a draped female figure. Both figures are
imperfect ; the youth lacks his head, left leg and right
foot ; the female figure is lost above the waist, and the
left leg from the knee is also wanting. The drapery falls
down from the thigh.

Height, 2 feet lOJ inches. Mon. dell' Inst, X., pi. 12, fig. xvii.
(134) ; Roscher, Lexikon, III., p. 231 (Boreas and Oreithyia).
Michaelis (^Annali dell' Inst., 1874, p. 233) denies that these
groups (926, 927) belong to the acroteria.

927. Grroup from apex of pediment. A nude youth, perhaps
Peleus (perhaps one of the Dioscuri) strides to the
front. He held in his arms a female figure, now almost
entirely destroyed. Her right arm, wrapped in drapery,
is seen at the back of the youth's head grasping his hair.
A piece of drapery, perhaps belonging to the girl, is
seen on the youth's left thigh. The pubes was inserted
separately. The male figure is the only statue in the
series that has the head extant.

Height, 2 feet lOJ inches. Mon. dell' Inst., X., pi. 12, Fig. xvi. ;
Murray, 2nd ed., II., p. 212 ; CoUignon, II., p. 226 ; Furtwaengler,
Meisterwerke, p. 220, note 4.

AOROTERIAL SCULPTURES. 41

928. Fragment of one of the acroterial sculptures, with
drapery spreading over a plain support. The lower part
is worked to fit into a plinth.

Height, 2 feet 1 inch.

THE LIONS.

Parts were found of four lions, of which two are fairly
complete.

There is evidence to show that they had fallen from the
monument. Fellows reports that one of the lions ' had fallen
from either angle of the west end ; .... at the east end
I found the paws of one lion and the flanks of another '
{Ionic Tr. Mon., p. 24; Travels, -p. 478).

It seems likely that they were symmetrically disposed
with reference to the cella. Fellows placed each in one
of the intercolumniations, but this is not a satisfactory
arrangement. By analogy with the tomb seen on slab 877
we should associate them with a central monument, but
they seem rather large for an internal position. Two
lions looking outwards are said to have flanked the
entrance to the chamber of the funeral car of Alexander
(Diod. Sic, xviii,, 27).

The style of the animals is very archaic compared with
the remainder of the sculptures — especially the stiff and
conventional treatment of the manes. Either they are
derived from an older monument or the archaic con-
ventions have been consciously retained in a piece of
decorative sculpture.

Fellows, Ionic Tr, Mon., p. 24 ; Falkener, Mus. of Class. Antiq., I.,
p. 268 ; Michaelis, Annali dell' Inst., 1874, p. 221, 234.

929. Lion, crouching for a spring, with mouth open ; the

42 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

lower jaw and part of the left hind leg are wanting, the
left fore leg is mended.

Length, 5 feet 3 inches. 3{on. delV Inst., X., pi. 12, fig. xviii. ;
Prachov, Mo7i. Xanth. Ant., pi. 2, fig. 2 ; Collignon, II., p. 231 ;
Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 219. Although wearing a lion's mane,
the sex of this animal and its companion appears to be female
(of. Bull de Corr. HeMnique, XIV., p. 514).

930. Lion, nearly similar to the preceding. The jaw and
left hind leg and parts of the right fore leg are wanting.

Length, 5 feet 3 inches. Restoration : the body about the lower ribs,
part of the eyes, and a considerable part of the legs. Prachov,
Mon. Xanth. Ant., pi. 2., fig. 3,

ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS.

931. (Plate II.) Double egg and tongue moulding, crowning
the base, and forming the stylobate of the building.
Three pieces of this member, two of them being corner
pieces with a palmetto and inverted palmetto at the
angles, are inserted in the restored face. The remainder
is cast in plaster.

932. Columns of the Nereid Monument with capitals and
bases.

1. (Beginning from the left.) This column is complete,
with capital and base.

2. The capital, the lower 5 feet of the shaft, and the base
are original.

3. The capital and most of the upper part of the shaft are
original.

4. The fourth column is a cast throughout.

5. One capital is exhibited below. The baltei are left
unfinished on the upper side of the volutes.

For the base, see Mus. of Class. Antiq., I., p. 271 ; for the base and
capital, Michaelis, Annali dell' Inst., 1875, p. 172.

ARCHITEOTUEAL MEMBERS. 43

933. Kestored pediment.

All parts of this restoration are based on the original
pieces incorporated with it. For the cornice, a piece is
inserted at each end. The working of the under surface
shows the projection beyond the dentils. A small piece
at the right end gives the rake of the pediment, which
closely agrees with that obtained from the upper side of
the tympanum slabs. Other fragments give the cornice
and cymation above the tympanum. The stone from the
apex of the pediment also serves to give its rake. On its
upper surface it is cut away to receive an acroterial group.
For the dimensions of this pediment cf. p. 4; for the
sculptured tympanum, see No. 924; for the acroterial
group,see No. 926; and for the Nereids at the angles, see
Nos. 922 and 923.

934. Lacunaria.

Portions of five double coffers or lacunaria were brought
home. A triple coffer is also said to have been found
(Mu8. of Class. Antiq., i., p. 266).

1. This specimen shows clearly the member, attached to
one side of each coffer, which served to mask the joints,
when the coffers were placed side by side, across the peri-
style. The termination of this member on the left shows
how much of the stone was used for a bed. From this
we obtain that while the total length of the double coffer
was 3 feet 8| inches, the exposed length was 3 feet
I inch. The width, from centre to centre of the masking
beams, was 2 feet |- inch. There are considerable traces of
colour on this coffer, consisting of a series of bead and reel
and egg and tongue patterns on the exposed surfaces.

2. This double coffer has its sides complete, but does not
make plain the intention of the projecting piece which is
broken away. Traces of patterns, as in the preceding.

3. This fragment shows the painted patterns better than
the foregoing, and also traces, now very faint, of a head

44 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

painted in outline, half turned to the left, in the middle
of the panel.

Athenwum, July 18, 1891, p. 104; Joum. of Hellen. Studies, xiii.,
p. 133. Compare Athenische Mittheilungen, xv., p. 206, for
similar heads in relief.

4. Fragment from a comer of a double coffer, with a slight
trace of the egg and tongue pattern.

5. Four fragments joined together of a double coffer,
showing the egg and tongue and bead and reel mouldings,
as before.

935. Pilaster capital from one of the antae of the cella. It
consists of a vertical portion, surmounted by a series of
three Lesbian cymatia, with a small bead and reel under
each. On the front face are three rosettes, on the left
two, and on the right there may have been one. On the
upper bed a small lump of marble seems to fix the setting
of the frieze above. One of the rebates at the back seems
to show that there was a moulding below the fourth
frieze, of 4J inches high. The other rebate might serve
for a member below the interior lacunaria. The intention
of a vertical groove at the back is not clear.

Height, 1 foot 8 inches. Old number, 92.

936. Portion of pilaster capital. The pilaster to which this
jfragment belonged must have been differently bedded to
the foregoing, since this piece, which only shows three of
the rosettes, has its original surfaces both above and below.

Height, 4f inches. Old number, 70a.

937. Lower part of a console from one side of the entrance.
A small palmette in the angles of the volute. The right
side is partly unfinished.

Height, 1 foot 2 inches.

ARCHITECTURAL MEMBERS. 45

938. Lion's head spout, with part of the cymation moulding
from one side of the building. The lower jaw is wanting,
together with part of the upper jaw.

Height, 6 inches.

939. Lion's head, as the last. The left side of the head and
lower jaw are wanting.

Height, 5 inches.

MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURES.

The following sculptures were also found on the site,
but it is doubtful if they have any connexion with the
monument.

940. Middle part of a male figure, closely wrapped in a hima-
tion, from the waist to the knees.

Height, 1 foot 9J inches. Old number, 90a.

941. Fragment of the legs below the knees of a closely-draped
figure, nearly resembling the last number, but apparently
not part of the same figure.

Height, 1 foot 5f inches. Old number, 91b.

942. Fragment from the neck to the waist of a standing
draped female figure, with sleeved chiton, diploidion and
himation.

Height, 2 feet. Mun. dell' Inst., X., pi. 12, fig. ix. (79).

943. Fragment of relief, with part of a horseman, to the left,
wearing trousers and a flying cloak. All the foreparts of
the horse, and most of the rider, are lost. By the propor-
tions this might be a part of the fourth frieze, but there
is no other equestrian subject in this frieze. The character

46 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUKE.

of the lower moulding shows that it does not belong to the
third frieze.

Height, 11 inches; width, 16 inches.

944. Hind-quarters of a winged Sphinx, seated.

Height, 1 foot 1 inch.

THE TOMB OP PAYAVA.

950. The tomb of Payava was discovered at Xanthos by Sir
C. Fellows in 1838, and revisited by him 1840. It is
described by Fellows as ' the Gothic-formed Horse Tomb.'
For a view of the tomb as found, see Plate V., from a
drawing by G. Scharf. It was removed by the naval
expedition of 1842. The roof was hauled ofi" the top by
slings, and when lifted fell in pieces. The lower part was
sawn up for transport.

A plinth placed at the brow of a hill supported a
rectangular chamber, with an internal measurement of
9 feet 7 inches by 5 feet 9 inches. This chamber, which
was 3 feet 1| inches high, was surmounted by the frieze
and upper parts, as restored, the entire structure rising to
a height of 20 feet 10 inches from the lower plinth.

In general form the monument, like its companion, and
like many of the Lycian tombs, is remarkable for its frank,
and probably conscious, imitation of a wooden building,
the frame of which is morticed together, according to a
simple system of carpentry. The ends of the beams are
left projecting, and the mortices are in some cases made
firm with wedges.

For a comparison of the tombs with wooden structures,
see Benndorf, Beisen, i., p. 96; Perrot & Chipiez, v., p. 361.

It has been suggested that the Satrap of the inscription
on one side of the tomb (950, T), is the Orontobates

THE TOMB OF PAYAVA. 47

mentioned by Arrian (^Anah. i. xxiii. 8) as holding his
satrapy between 335 and 333 b.c. He is, however, better
identified with Autophradates, a Persian Satrap of Lydia,
who may have had power at Xanthos between about 375
and 362 b.c.

Fellows, Journal, frontisp. and pi. facing p. 228 (views) ; Dieulafoy,
L'art ant, de la Perse, II., p. 59 ; Wolters, No. 1,000 ; Michaelis,
Ann. deir Inst., 1875, p. 165. Scharf s drawings of the reliefs,
including his versions of the inscriptions (not always trust-
worthy), are reproduced in Plates VI. -XII.

For the inscriptions see Savelsberg, Beitrdge zur Entzifferung der
Lykischen Sprachdenkmaeler, II., p. 190, and refs. below. For
Orontobates, see Imbert, in Rev. J.rcA., 3rd S,, XV., p. 129;
Academy, 11 May, 1889, p. 329. For Autophradates see Imbert,
Mem. de la Soc. de Imguistiqiie de Paris, viii., p. 465. Suggestions
with respect to the reading of the inscriptions have been
communicated by Mr. W. Arkwright.

1. (Plate VI.) On the east side of the arched roof, as the
tomb was originally built, a chariot is drawn by four
galloping horses. A wing is attached to the chariot,
beside or apparently upon the wheels. The charioteer is
a youthful figure, with peaked helmet, leather cuirass,
tunic, and chlamys. The warrior who is stepping into
the chariot is a bearded figure, fully armed, with crested
helmet, with side flaps, cuirass over a tunic, greaves and
sandals. He has a large circular shield, and chlamys.

Towards the ends are the projecting heads and fure-
paws of two lions, symmetrically placed. A similar pair
occurs on the opposite side. Their intention is evidently
architectural (cf. vol. i., Nos. 83, 84), and they have no
relation to the subject represented, which is no doubt
the deceased hero in his chariot. Occasionally the
projection of the lions is much greater (compare the
sarcophagus of Dereimis and Aeschylos at Vienna —
Benndorf, Heroon, text, pi. 2).

On the ridge above is a frieze of combats between

48 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUKE.

liorsemen and foot-soldiers, apparently against foot-
soldiers only. On the left are four peltast figures with
helmets, tunics, and shields, moving to the left on rocky
ground. They are followed by a nude figure in a helmet,
who beckons to a horseman who has a helmet, large
cloak, and an apron (cf. No. 950, 5), protecting his knees.
Below the horse, which gallops to the left, is the nude
figure of a prostrate adversary.

On the left is a second horseman, riding over a kneeling
figure, nude except for a helmet. Between the two last
groups is the Lycian inscription, much defaced, but

NPF^T'^:^P5NpF;^

probably to be read : Payava [inanah]in[d :] prnnavatd :
prnnava abqnnq,. ' Payava built this monument.'

Scharf, Observations, p. 5 ; Vaux, Handbook, p. 155 ; Benndorf,
Hereon, p. 60 ; Benndorf, Reisen, I., p. 107 ; Savelsberg, Beitrage,
II., p. 194.

2. On the opposite or west side of the arched roof is a
second winged chariot group, nearly similar to that just
described. Parts of the drapery of the charioteer, of the
wing, and the horse's flank are restored.

Above, on the ridge, is a frieze of hunting scenes : a
horseman in combat with a bear, on its hind legs ; he
thrusts with a spear ; a second horseman thrusts at a boar,
and a third pursues a stag. A dog and an attendant on
foot follow.

Benndorf, Reisen, I., p. 107 (for the ridge).

3. (Plate VII.) South end of tomb. The space is divided.

THE TOMB OP PAYAVA, 49

as if by wooden beams, so as to make two oblong panels
and two half lunettes. In the panels are (1) beardless
male figure, seated on a stool to the left, half draped, with
a himation passing over his legs and left shoulder. The
right hand rests on a staff. ( 2) Veiled and draped female
figure seated to the right, with left hand raised. A nude
figure of a boy stands at her knee and stretches out his
hand.

Above, in the half lunettes, are two seated Sphinxes,
looking inwards.

(Plate VIII.) The opposite or north end of the tomb was
similarly treated, but one panel and a part of the other
are lost. In the right panel a draped female figure was
seated to the left, with a boy, whose head alone remains,
standing at her feet.

Above, in the half lunettes, are the two seated Sphinxes
looking inwards.

On the principal frieze, round the base of the tomb,
are the following : —

(Plate IX.) Long side (east). Battle of horsemen
against foot soldiers, in a rocky place. In the middle
is a mounted figure, armed with helmet, cuirass, mantle,
and a singular kind of apron, who rides to the right ; his
horse is saddled, and has the mane tied in a top-knofc. On
the left three horsemen follow the leader ; the near horse-
man is broken away except the right leg. Three foot
soldiers oppose the advance of the horsemen by raising
their arras for a spear-thrust and extending their shields ;
a fourth has been overthrown and lies beneath the horse ;
a fifth runs from the right to join the combat. These
figures are ' peltasts,' having helmets and (in two cases)
tunics, but no cufrasses. In the background on the right
is a group of rocks, among which are two figures : one is
looking over his shield ; of the other only a part of the
shield remains.

VOL. II. E

CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUKE.

<jj

THE TOMB OF PAYAVA. 51

On the horizontal band above the subject is the Lycian
inscription (p. 50), which is read : —

P'\ayava : mana]c[in~\a : prn[na]vatd iprnnav^ : ahqnnq,.
' Payava built this monument.'

Fellows, Journal, p. 230; Travels, p. 171. 'Since the above sketch
was made, and prior to the removal of the tomb to England,
several of the heads of this group were broken off' (Fellows,
ibidem) ; Sharpe in Fellows' Lycia, p. 491 ; Michaelis, Annali
deW Inst., 1875, p. 168 ; Savelsberg, Beitr'dge, II., p. 192.

6. (Plate X.) Short side (north). A venerable figure,
bearded, long-haired, and draped in himation, stands with
the right arm raised. Probably the hand, now lost, was
placing a wreath on the head of a nude athletic youth
who stands to the front.

Fellows, Lycia, pi. facing p. 166.

7. (Plate XI.) Second long side (west). A Persian figure
is seated to the right ; he wears a long-sleeved tunic girt
at the waist, a Persian cap and a mantle, and has a sheathed
dagger by the right thigh, according to the Persian habit
(Benndorf, Heroon, p. 238). He is seated on a stool
covered with a cloth, and having legs with knobs of a
common Persian form ; his right hand is raised as if
stroking his beard. On the left an attendant stands
with his hands folded across his breast in Oriental
manner ; he wears a sleeved tunic girt at the waist. On
the right are four standing figures turned towards the
Persian; a male figure, much mutilated, a bearded and
long-haired figure similar to that on the short side, in
tunic and himation ; two younger male figures.

Above is the Lycian inscription, which has been read :
dhdiya : [hryivata : mdiyd piydtq. : vat[apr]data : kssadrapa :
pa[rzz\a : pddq, : tdlqzi ; dpattd : trmmilisd : ma .... It
contains the name of ' Autophradates, Persian Satrap,'

E 2

52 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

and may record the granting of an authorization for
the tomb.

Scharf, Observations, p. 5 ; Vaux, Handbook, p. 155 ; Sharpe in
Fellows's Li/cia, p. 491 ; Michaelis, Annali delV Inst., 1875,
p. 167 ; Savelsberg, Deitr'dge, II,, p. 200; pi. 3, No. 5 c.

8. (Plate XII.) Second short side (south). Two armed
figures, standing. Each wears a tunic, cuirass with flaps,
mantle, and greaves. Their right hands are raised and
probably rest on spears.

By the side is the following inscription :

r W P'F F^ '^€!!^% -P«y«''« «<^ • • •

T EA^ E A\E*.Pl^ tiddimi : a . . .

f\^^:T^A^ xEi ^''^^ • '^^'^^*- • •

oF^Tt"! TAPE'S "^^'^ '■ '^'■* : «[^ • •

EltT-t iym

I^PP" F F" X El F^: #^'B\ «»•«««%« -.aba .. .

Pr^TPPiNPFf^N^'^ a : md prnnavaka

^M f^^ E * ^'f I W P^A E ^™'^'^* • ^^v^^'^i

which is translated : ' Payava, son of Ad . . . . , secretary
of A . . . rah, by race a Lycian,' etc. The remainder of the
inscription probably refers to the use of the tomb.

Fellows, Lycia, pi. facing p. 166 ; Sharpe, ihldem, p. 490 ; Schmidt,
Lycian Inscriptions, pi. 6, No. 5 ; Savelsberg, Bcitrage, II., p. 195.

THE TOMB OP MEREHI.

951. This tomb, which is
known as the Chimaera
Tomb, or Tomb of Merehi
(or Marahi), was found by
Fellows ' beneath the rocks
at the back of the city,'
that is, below the northern
rocky slope. When found,
the lower part had been
displaced by an earthquake ;
the lid was half buried and
inverted.

The lid was brought
home, but the lower cham-
ber is a reproduction of the
original; the Lycian in-
scription is a cast.

Fellows, Lycia, p. 160 ;
Travels, p. 497 ; Michaelis,
Annali dell' Inst,, 1875,
p. 137.

Along the side of the
chamber a cast is inserted
of the inscription : abipinqj
prnnava : mqti prnnavatq,
Marahi cudalah hitlah
tiddimi triyatrbbahi : pnnu-
tahi : uhahi : hrppiy-prnndzi :
qnq hntavata : kdrigdhd. Mr.
Arkwright, in substantial
agreement with M. Imbert,
tranfilates : ' This monu-

......

^^:

lu<-

1--^

^v.^

H^ LjJ

^L^

^ +

<<-

til 1

h-^

^- o

)J- LU

.-> H

-\- L^

^ /L

>» 1-

< H

LL O

4r W

^L 2-

o ^

^ H

'>" oo

<- <-

-K^

'A.

>$--

^ LU

ccx

Ck.

<-K

64 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

inent built Marahi, son of Cydalos Kandalos, of tlie
race of Triatarbas Pnytos, for his household. He was (?)
a captain of Caricas.' A very different version,
except for the first clause, is given by Savelsberg.
One Kondalos was a lieutenant of Mausolos (Aristot.,
Oec. ii. xiv.), but it is improbable that his name can be
identified with that on the inscription.

Spratt and Forbes, II., pi. No. 10, and p. 243 ; Savelsberg, Beitrdge, II.,
p. 205 ; pi. 3, No. 8. Imbert, Rev. Arch., 3rd ser., XV., p. 130 ;
M€m. de la Soc. de Linguietique de Paris VIII, p. 22 ; Academy,
11 May, 1889, p. 329; Schmidt, Lye. Inscriptions, pi. 6, 8;
Michaelis, Annali delP Inst., 1875, p. 137.

1. (Plate XIII.) On one side of the arched roof is a
chariot, drawn by four horses, and containing a charioteer
with sleeved tunic and Phrygian cap, and an armed figure,
wearing helmet, sleeved tunic, cuirass with flaps, and
greaves. At the right-hand corner is the Chimaera,
crouching as if to spring. It is represented as a lioness
with a mane, and having the goat's head projecting from
its back. The tail is not shown.

The subject has been commonly interpreted as Beller-
ophon and the Chimaera. Bellerophon, however, should
be represented as riding on Pegasus (cf. No. 760, relief on
a rock tomb from Pinara). Hence it has been suggested
that in cases such as this, the figure of the Chimaera is
introduced as an heraldic emblem, to denote the descent
of the owner of the tomb from Bellerophon, At Giol-
Baschi the whole group of Bellerophon on Pegasus and the
Chimaera is introduced in immediate connexion with the
chariot, thus showing that the person in the chariot
cannot himself be Bellerophon (Benndorf, Heroon, p. 61,
pi. 22). The chariot group is of frequent occurrence on
Lycian tombs. For a list of examples see Benndorf,
Reroon, p. 59.

THE TOMB OF MEREHI. 65

Milman's Horace illustrated, p. 193 ; Benndorf, Heroon, p. 60 ; Fischer,
Bellerophon, p, 72 ; Engelmann, Annali dell' Inst, 1874, p. 25.

Above is a frieze with scenes of domestic life.

A bearded figure reclines on a couch, holding up a
rhyton. On the left is an attendant with a cup, and on
the right a woman seated on a stool, and a child. Before
the couch is a low footstool with a boot. [Compare the
Sepulchral Banquet reliefs (Vol. I., p. 298), the Nereid
Monument, fourth frieze, and other Lycian tombs.] Next
is a series of groups. A bearded figure appears to be
placing a wreath on the head of an athlete. [Compare
the companion tomb. No. 950.] Two pairs of men are
clasping hands and converse ; an old man leaning on a
staff converses with a seated figure, who is accompanied
by a dog.

M'llman, Horace illustrated,^. 193 ; Benndorf, Heroon, p. 60 ; Benndorf,
Beisen, 11., p. 162.

On the opposite side of the roof is a chariot group,
similar to that described, but turned to the left, instead
of the right, and with a panther in the place of the
Chimaera.

On the frieze above is a series of combats between
hoplites and nude figures. Beginning from the left we
have a hoplite advancing to join the fray; a nude figure
kneeling, and held down by one hoplite, while another
raises his hand to strike ; a nude figure kneeling between
two hoplites, who make spear-thrusts ; a wounded figure
falling to the ground after a spear-thrust from a nude
figure, who stands over him to repeat the stroke ; two
hoplites advance to the right ; a seated figure wearing
a Persian cap appears to be directing a figure with a
torch (?), who is approaching a battlemented structure
on the right, as if to fire the gate. A figure is seen
over the battlements.

Fellows, Lycia, p. 166 ; Travels, p. 337.

66 CATALOGUE OF iSCULPTUKE.

Along the upper surface of the ridge are three circular
and two oblong depressions, arranged alternately, appar-
ently meant for the plinths of sculptures.

3. At one end, the ridge is terminated by an elaborate
acroterion, consisting of a palmette springing from
acanthus leaves.

Below, in the half-lunettes, are two Sphinxes, con-
fronted as before.

4. At the opposite end are two oblong panels and two
half-lunettes. In the panels are : a bearded old man,
draped, and seated on a stool to the left, with right hand
extended, and a woman draped and hooded, seated to the
right. Above in the half-lunettes are two Sphinxes
looking inwards, as before. On the end of the ridge is an
acroterion as before.

FRAGMENTS PROM XANTHOS.

952. Architectural fragment showing the forms of timber
construction. It represents the ends of a series of poles
lying side by side to form the foundation of a roof, which,
in the original structure thus imitated, would consist of
rolled mud, resting on the poles, and bounded at the
edges by the wooden cornice. Xanthos.

Hard limestone. Height, 1 foot 2J inches; length, 3 feet 1 inch.
Synopsis, Lycian Room, No. 144.

953. Fragment of sculpture from Xanthos, forming the
angle of a tomb. It is doubtful whether the original
structure was a large sarcophagus, or a tomb on a shafr,
like the Lion Tomb (vol. i., pi. 2). The front part of a bull
(the head of which is lost) projects diagonally from the
structure. At one side of the bull is a nude youthful
figure kneeling, with a shield and a sword which is only
in part indicated. He rests his hand on a large stone.
Below are egg and tongue and astragalus mouldings. At

FKAGMENTS FROM XANTHOS. 57

the upper part of the bull, on each side, are nude human
legs, which are on a smaller scale than the kneeling
figure, and appear to have belonged to two boys climbing
over the bull. At the left of the kneeling figure there
is a plain return surface, and this may have been one side
of the door (cf. the Lion Tomb, No. 80). A part of the
walls and floor of the inner chamber is seen at the back
of the fragment, and the position of its external angle
is shown above the bull's neck.

Found built into a wall of the theatre, between the Harpy
Tomb and the Acropolis. — Xanthos.

Limestone. Height, 2 feet 4 inches ; width, 2 feet 4 inches. Fellows,
Lycia, pi. facing p. 173 (entirely misunderstood). Benndorf,
Heroon, p. 70. Jahreshefte, III., p. 106.

CASTS PROM LYCIA-N TOMBS.

954. Casts from a painted tomb in the north-east necropolis
at Myra. This tomb, which was discovered by Sir C.
Fellows, is of the usual type, with an outer and inner
chamber, all cut in the rock, and imitating a wooden
structure. The reliefs are cut in the rock on each side of
the toml', and also on the sides of the outer chamber of
the tomb. A considerable amount of colour was found on
the reliefs, which has been imitated on the casts. The
reliefs represent a Lusband and wife, who are of heroic
scale, and attended by members of their family.
Within the portico of the tomb are the following :
1. On the left, a bearded figure, half draped, recumbent
on a couch, with a bowl in his left hand and a rhyton
held up in his right hand. [Compare the figures on the
Nereid Monument, Nos. 898, 903.]

According to Scharf s drawing, the couch was painted
in red and blue on yellow, with a lion within a panel.
The figure was flesh-coloured, the drapery purple, the
rhyton yellow, and the ground red.

58 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTUEE.

2. On a pier, dividing into two the entrance to the inner
chamber, a nude figure of a boy standing to the left, with
a flower in right hand aad a wine ladle (jsimpuluin),
painted flesh-coloured on red ground.

3. On the right, a female figure, closely draped, seated on
a chair, with a girl on one side, and on the other a nude
youth with strigil and oil-flask, and with a small bird
in the right hand. The subject is a not uncommon type
of sepulchral monument for a woman. Painted with
the figures flesh-coloured, the ground blue, the draperies
purple, yellow, and red.

These subjects are published with coloui's (Fellows,
Lycia, pi. facing p. 198).

4. On the left of the tomb is a bearded figure, standing,
draped in a himation, and carrying a sceptre.

5. On the right of the tomb are the man on a heroic
scale, and woman attended by smaller figures. The
woman, who is closely draped, stands holding a girl by the
hand, while she raises her veil. The girl holds a flower.
The man, who is draped in a himation, stands leaning on
a staff and holds out his right hand with a fruit or
flower to a woman who approaches and seems to be
offering a casket. A youth stands behind the man.

Synopsis (ed. 1848), Lycian Room, No. 166 ; Fellows, Lycia, pis.
facing p. 198 ; Benndorf, Reisen, II., p. 31 ; Texier, L'Asie
Mineure, III., pis. 227-231. The reliefs are still in situ, except
that the figure of the boy was recently cut out and taken to
Athens (Benndorf, Reisen, II., p. 31).

955. Casts from the shaft of a tomb at Tlos. The original
stone is said to be about 7 feet 4 inches in height, the top
being lost. The reliefs are in two tiers, on the sides of
the monument.

In the lower course the subjects are : —
(a) Combat of two horsemen. Their horses are both
rearing, and the riders, who wear cuirasses, tunics, and

CASTS FROM LYCLA.N TOMBS. 59

cloaks, are thrusting with spears. By the rider on the
right is the Lycian inscription Izraza.
iP) Combat of a hoplite and a horseman. The hoplite
is fully armed, except for a shield ; he holds out drapery
on his left arm, and thrusts with a long spear at the
horseman, who is falling backwards from the horse.
Behind the hoplite is the Lycian inscription Izraza.

(d) View of a city on rocky ground, with walls and
towers. Six warriors are seen climbing the rocks. Two
of the defenders are on the towers, while others appear to
be defending a kind of outwork.

In the upper course, the subjects are : —
(a) Single armed figure, standing. Legs alone remain.
(6) Nude athlete, attended by a youth with a strigil.

(d) Plain.

Height of lower course, 1 foot 6 inches; width, 3 feet 1 inch, and
2 feet 7 inches ; height of upper course incomplete ; width
2 feet 2 inches. Fellows, Travels, p. 499 ; Spratt and Forbes, I.,
p. 35. Synopsis, Lycian Boom, No. 157, Benndorf, Reisen, I.,
pp. 139, 144, figs. 85-86. It is not clear why Benndorf remarks
(I.e., p. 139) that ' the cast is not rightly put together ; one of
the upper surfaces is without reliefs.'

LATER SCULPTURES FROM XANTHOS.
956. Pedestal with reliefs.

(a) Figures standing to the front of Sarapis and Isis.
Sarapis has long hair, a beard and a modius. He wears
a long tunic girt with a broad belt, and a mantle. He has
a cornucopia with grapes and fruit, and the horns of the
solar disk on the left arm, and appears to have held a
patera in his right hand. Isis wears a long chiton
with diploidion and shoes, and has a mural crown. She
has a similar cornucopia in the left hand, with a single
ray projecting from it, and held a rudder in the right

60 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUUK.

hand, now wanting. Both figures stand on plinths, and a
support, not needed for the relief but copied from a statUe
in the round, connects the end of the cornucopia with
the thigh of Isis. The relief is bounded by two pilasters,
surmounted by a low pediment, containing a circular
ornament, and with acroteria.

(b) On the opposite side is a rocky cave on a mountain
side. Within it is an object, nearly obliterated, which was
perhaps a phallus ; a stork is pecking at it, and a dog (fore-
part missing) seems to have been represented as barking
at it. An Asiatic warrior draws a bow at it. He wears
jacket, trousers, shoes, and Persian cap, and a quiver. A
boar half issues from a cave. In the field are other animals,
namely, a fox or jackal (Michaelis), locust, lizard, cicada (?),
a large bird (wing only preserved), and the hind quarters of
a bull moving to the left. If the obliterated object was a
phallus, it was doubtless intended as a protection against
the evil eye. It would seem that, by a confusion of ideas,
the animals which are sometimes represented as attacking
the eye, are here attacking the apotropaion (see Michaelis).

Xanthos. ' Disinterred on the Eoman Acropolis, in Jan.,
1844 ' (Scharf ; see Michaelis).

Xanthian limestone ; width, 2 feet 6J inches ; height of a, 1 foot
lOJ inches; of 6, 2 feet 10 inches. Synopsis, Lycian Room,
Xo. 173 ; Michaelis, Joum. of Hellen. Studies, VI., p. 287, pi. 58,
Mansell, No. 865 (a only).

957. (a) Part of the body of a large sarcophagus, including
one end and the back.

On the right end is part of a scene of combat. A
youthful weirrior mounted, to the right, who wears a
helmet and chlamys, with a shield on the left arm, struck
with the right arm, now missing, at a standing figure,
who wears helmet and chlamys, and has a sword in his
raised right hand. Below is the head of a horse, and a
nude dead figure. On the left is part of a horse rearing,

FKAGMENT8 OF LYCIAN SCULPTUEE. 61

and of the rider falling backwards. Below is a wounded
figure, recumbent. Above are a floral scroll, and egg and
tongue and bead and reel mouldings. Below is a row of
palmettes. On the back are two Gryphons, confronted,
each haviug one paw raised. Between them is a
candelabrum. The body of the Gryphon on the right is
mostly lost. Simple mouldings above and below the
relief. Xantlios.

This fragment and the following (Nos. 957-960) are
those of which Fellows (2Vat;eZ«, p. 503) remarks: 'On
the plain at the foot of the elevation upon which the city
was placed, we disinterred the remains of a mausoleum.
In this room, which had vaults beneath, stood four
sarcophagi, raised upon pedestals. ... I have collected
the fragments of each sarcophagus.'

Marble. Height, 3 feet 4 inches ; width, 2 feet 10 inches ; actual
length, 6 feet 10 inches ; original length, 7 feet 10 inches.
Synopsis, Lycian Room, No. 168. A plan of the Mausoleum
and drawings of the sarcophagi are preserved in the Lycian
Portfolios in the British Museum.

957. (fc) Part of the cover of the sarcophagus. No. 957, sur-
mounted by a group, of which there remain part of the
body and the left hand of a draped male figure reclining
to the right, holding a scroll, partly unrolled, and the
right elbow and part of the drapery of a female figure,
also reclining.

At the right end of the cover is a design in low relief
of rectangular and diamond-shaped panels with rosettes.
Xanthos.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 1 inch ; length, 3 feet 4 inches. Synopsis,
Lycian Boom, No. 168.

958. Fragments of a sarcophagus and cover. On the four
sides are subjects in relief. Side A : A nude boy, turned
to the front, appears to be holding a hoop, of which only
a small part remains. His hair is plaited on the top of

62 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

his head and falls in curls at the side. The legs are lost
except the right foot. A nude boy, with his back turned,
is driving his hoop to the right. He has short hair. The
legs are wanting from the middle of the thighs. Above
are a floral scroll, and row of acanthus leaves, and egg and
tongue and bead and reel mouldings. Side B (the front,
which is very imperfect) contains part of a horse and
of the hips of a boy. Side C contains the upper part of a
boy, with his back turned, throwing a ball to the left.
On the right is part of a tree. Side D contains part of
a tree.

The lid is ridge-shaped, with a row of palmettes round
the bottom edge. The roof is covered with scales, and
has a shield in relief in the pediment, and remains of
acroteria at the corners. Below the pediment are
palmettes. — Xanthos (compare No. 957a).

Marble. Height, 2 feet 5 inches ; width, 3 feet 4 inches ; existing
length, 3 feet 11 inches; height of lid, 1 foot 5 J inches.
Synopsis, Lycian Boom, No. 1 69.

959. Lower part of a large sarcophagus. The long sides
are divided into five niches by spirally-fluted columns,
rising from square bases. The short sides are similarly
divided into three niches. Side A, beginning from right,
contains : (1) lower half of a male figure in short chiton
and buskins, stepping to the right ; (2) lower part of a
draped female figure standing ; (3) feet of a standing
figure wearing buskins ; (4) feet of a male figure wearing
buskins, stepping to the left ; (5) feet of a draped
female figure standing, and the end of a sceptre (?).
Side B contains in the central niche the base of a cande-
labrum (?); on the right, the feet of a figure wearing
sandals. The figure on the left is altogether lost. Side
C contains: (1) the nude feet of a standing figure, and
part of a quiver; (2) the feet of a draped female figure ;

FRAGMENTS OF LYCIAN SCULPTUEE. 63

(3) on a raised plinth, the foot of a nude figure ; (4) the
lower part of a draped female figure ; (5) the legs of a
nude male figure (?). Side D contains in the centre, part
of a draped female figure ; on the right and left, the legs
of figures wearing buskins. — XantJios (compare No. 957a).

Marble. Height, 1 foot 9 inches ; length, 6 feet 9 J inches ; width,
3 feet 2^ inches. Synopsis, Lycian Room, No. 171.

960. Part of a sarcophagus. At the bottom is a plinth
composed of a bead and reel moulding between an egg
and tongue, and an egg and tongue inverted. All the
mouldings are very rough. Above are some fragments
of hunting scenes. On the left end, a bearded man with
chiton worn on one shoulder and boots, thmsts with a
spear at a boar. On the front, at the left, is a group in a
fragmentary state, of a man leaning forward and thrust-
ing at a bull. He is assisted by dogs. At the right, a man
similar to the figure on the left end is thrusting at an
animal now lost. On the right end was a group of
which only the lower part now remains, of a man
attacking an animal. At each angle was a Victory
standing on a globe, now almost gone. — Xanthos (com-
pare No. 957a).

Marble. Height, 2 feet 1 inch ; length, 6 feet 4 inches ; width,
3 feet. Synopsis, Lycian Room, No. 170.

961. Architectural fragment from the corner of a building,
with two courses of egg and tongue and one course of
bead and reel mouldings. (Compare the member crowning
the base of the Nereid Monument). — Xanthos.

Xanthian limestone. Height, I foot 1 inch ; length, 3 feet 1 inch ;
width, 1 foot 5 inches. Synopsis, Lycian Room, No. 162.

962. Architectural fragment with a single egg and tongue
moulding.

Xanthian limestone. Height, 8 inches ; width, 1 foot 4 inches.

64 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

963. Architectural fragment of a cornice, with a triple egg
and tongue moulding. The lower edge is cut, as if to
surmount a pilaster.

Xanthian limestone. Height, 1 foot J inch ; width, 2 feet 9 inches.

964. Portion of frieze, from the gateway, of the time of
Vespasian. The frieze consists of metopes with busts in
relief, and triglyphs. On the left is a bust of Apollo,
formerly laureate with a metal wreath and draped, with
curls falling on his shoulders, and wearing a quiver.

On the right is a bust of Artemis, similarly treated,
with diadem and quiver. — Xanthos.

Xanthian limestone. Height, 1 foot 4 inches ; width, 4 feet 7 inches.
Synopsis, Lycian Eoom, No. 172. Fellows, Lycia, pi. facing
p. 177. This slab had fallen from its place. The central slab,
which has similar metopes (one is drawn in Fellows' Lycia, I.e.),
was left in situ. Scharfs drawing in the Xanthian Portfolio
e.xplains a confusion in the inscriptions assigned to this site,
which is pointed out, but not rightly explained, by Benndorf
(^Reisen, I., p. 91). Immediately under the triglyphs is an
inscription —

K]al 6 Srifios Sia. 2e'|(rTou MapKlov IIpeiaKov -irp
. . . Tf\eiciffavTos rh epyov.

In 1. 1. Fellows reads OTH . Et . . N . . 2 . . xn [_Lycia, p. 409,

No.l60;C./.(?. 4271]; Scharf reads OT ft; and Benndorf

(^Reisen, p. 91) did not observe a first line. By a comparison of
this inscription with another (Fellows, Lycia, p. 409, No. 159 ;
C.T.G. 4270), Bailie produced an amended version of no inde-
pendent authority (Bailie, III,, p. 96 ; C.I.G. 4271 add. ; cf.
Waddington-Le Bas, No, 1254).

Whatever may be the correct reading of the first line, the name of the
legatus pro prastore, Sestus Marcius Priscus, proves that the arch
is of the time of Vespasian (cf. the inscription mentioned above,
Lycia, No, 159 ; also Journ. of Hellen. Studies, X., p, 73),

Note. — For the remainder of the Lycian collection of sculpture in the
British Museum, see Vol. I. of this catalogue, Nos. 90-98
(Archaic Sculpture); Nos. 629, 724 (Sepulchral Reliefs); Nos.
760-766 (Casts of Reliefs from Tombs).

PAET y.

TEE MAUSOLEUM AND SCULPTURES OF
HALICAENASSOS AND PBIENE.

THE MAUSOLEUM OP HALICAENASSOS.

The tomb of Mausolos,* Prince of Oaria, the extant
remains of which are described in the following pages,
was a work of such beauty and splendour that it was
ranked by the ancients among the seven wonders of the
world. Its name. Mausoleum, came to be employed in a
general sense, and in modern usage, by a process of
degeneration, it denotes any building of a somewhat
elaborate character, designed to hold the dead.

Ancient History of the Mausoleum.

The Satrapy of Caria, under the Great King of Persia,
was hereditary in the family of Hecatomnos, the father
of Mausolos, who first appears as Satrap towards 387 B.C.
At this date the Greek cities in Asia Minor were formally
declared to be part of the Persian empire, from which
they had been separated during the period of Athenian
supremacy.

On the death of Hecatomnos, which is placed about
377 B.C., he was succeeded by Mausolos, who transferred
the seat of government from the inland town of Mylasa
to Halicamassos. His reasons for the change were,

* The name is written Maussollos on coins and inscriptions, but it is
more convenient to use the form made familiar by the word ' mausoleum.'

VOL. n. V

66 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

according to Vitruvius, the natural strength of the site,
and its suitability for trade and as a naval station. The
symmetrical and convenient plan of the city, also described
by Vitruvius (ii., 8), was probably due to Mausolos.
Though he is called both King and Prince of Caria, the
true position of Mausolos is defined by contemporary
inscriptions, which are dated by the year of Artaxerxes,
in the Satrapy of Mausolos (G.I.G., 2691, c, d, e, cf. Boeckh,
&)idefm).

On the death of Mausolos, which is assigned to the
year 353 B.C. (Head, Cat. of Coins of Caria in B.M.,
p. Ixxxii.), his wife and sister, Artemisia, succeeded to his
throne. She only reigned for two years, and is said to
have died of a wasting illness, caused by sorrow for her
husband. During her short reign she celebrated his
memory by rhetorical and dramatic contests, but chiefly
by the construction of a splendid tomb. It is stated,
however, by two late Byzantine authors (see Newton,
Disc, p. 55) that Mausolos had himself begun the tomb.
It is also recorded that there was not time to finish it
during the reign of Artemisia, and according to Pliny's
account it was completed by the artists as a labour of
love.

The architects employed were Satyros and Pythios,
who described the building (Vitr., vii., Praef.^ in a book
which is now lost. The sculptors are said by Pliny to
have been, on the east side, Scopas; on the north, Bryaxis;
on the south, Timotheos ; and on the west, Leochares.
Vitruvius mentions Praxiteles in place of Timotheos.
Pythis, usually supposed to be identical with the architect
Pythios, made the cbariot group on the summit.

Later History of the Mausoleum.

For many centuries the Mausoleum appears to have
stood intact. At the end of the fourth century an epigram

THE MAUSOLEUM OP HALICAKNASSOS. 67

of Gregory of Nazianzus on the Mausoleum (see Newton,
Disc, p. 72) declares that in Caria tombs are not violated,
and authors of the tenth and twelfth centuries imply that
it was still standing.

The modern history of the structure begins in 1402,
when the Knights of St. John took possession of
Halicarnassos, and began to build the castle of St. Peter
(whence the Turkish name of Budrum), using the ruins of
the Mausoleum as a quarry for the building materials.
The phrase used by the historian Fontanus (De hello
Bhodio, Hagenau, 1527, fol. K) is ' Petrea' (Budrum) 'quam
ex minis Hallicarnassi, Piramidibusque Mausoli sepulchri
inter septem orbis spectacula nominatissimi struere coepit,
etc' (The last clause, shewing that he was acquainted
with the literary history of the Mausoleum, lessens the
importance of his testimony to the ' piramides.')

The works on the castle were continued during the
fifteenth century, no doubt at the expense of the Mau-
soleum ; but the most detailed account is contained in
a work by Dr. Claude Guichard (Funerailles & diverses
manieres d'ensevelir des Bommains, Grecs, etc., Lyons,
1681, 8°, p. 379; reprinted by Sainte-Croix, p. 576;
Newton, Hist. Disc, p. 75 ; Oldfield, Archaeologia, liv.,
p. 301). The author states that in 1522 the Grand
Master of the Knights determined to put the castle in
a state of repair. One of the knights charged with this
duty was De la Tourette, of Lyons, who afterwards re-
ported as follows : — The knights on their arrival began
to seek for materials for lime, and found nothing more
suitable and convenient than certain steps of white marble
which rose up in the form of a platform in a field near
the harbour. The stone was found to be good, and on
further excavation they found that the platform widened
out and furnished good stones for building as well as for
lime. After four or five days they found an opening into a

F 2

68 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

large square chamber, elaborately adorned with an archi-
tectural order, coloured marbles and reliefs, all of which
the finders admired and destroyed. A low door led to
a second chamber which contained a sarcophagus of white
marble. The evening retreat had already sounded, and
the finders left the tomb for the night. Next morn-
ing they found that the tomb had been pillaged during
their absence by unknown persons, believed to have been
a band of corsairs.

If we accept, as we are entitled to do, the main lines of
this account (but cf. C Torr, Class. Bev., i., p. 79), it is
evident that the portion then extant was a pyramidal
structure, which covered the sepulchral chamber. This
must have been the lower part of the building, and not
the pyramid that is known to have surmounted the order.
It is possible that it was no more than a stylobate com-
bined with a flight of steps on each side ; but the story
has recently been taken by Mr. Oldfield as evidence for a
lower pyramid.

At some unknown time several slabs of the principal
frieze and a number of the lions were inserted for
ornament in the walls of the castle of St. Peter. One of
the lions is associated with a shield, dated 1506 (Newton,
Hist. Disc, p. 83).

After the taking of Budrum by the Turks, the sculp-
tures in the castle were viewed from time to time by
travellers with great difficulty (cf. a story told by
Fellows, Travels, p. 431). They were visited by
Thevenot in 1656, and he mentions both the reliefs and
lions, but does not seem to have been aware of the
connexion with the Mausoleum (Thevenot, Relation d'un
voyage fait au Levant (1664), i., p. 210). Sketches were
made by Kichard Dalton, who visited Budrum with Lord
Charlemont in Nov., 1749. He attributed the sculptures to
the Mausoleum, and identified the subject (Bemarks on xii

THE MAUSOLEUM OP HALIOAENASSOS. 69

Hist, designs of Raphael and .... antiquities of Greece and
Egypt, illustrated hy . . . Mr. Bolton's Drawings, 1162, p. 29 ;
Bassorelievos discovered in Caria, drawn by R. Dalton [no
date; said to have been issued in 1791 (Sainte-Croix)]).
They were also drawn by L. Mayer, the draughtsman
of Sir E. Ainsiie (Views in the Ottoman Empire, 1803, pi. 18 ;
Antiquities of Ionia, Pt. ii., 1797, Suppl. pi. 2); and by
Captain Devereux ( Views on the Shores of the Mediterranean,
1847), who also describes the preliminaiy negotiations
for the marbles.

In 1846 Lord Stratford de Redcliife, then Sir Stratford
Canning, British Ambassador at the Porte, obtained a
Firman from the Sultan, authorizing the removal of the
reliefs from the castle, and presented them to the British
Museum.

Attention was thus drawn to the subject of the
Mausoleum. Mr. C. T. Newton argued, in a memoir on
the Mausoleum (Class. Mus., v., p. 171), that the Mausoleum
occupied a site which had been indicated by T. L.
Donaldson (Stuart's Athens, 2nd ed., iv., p. 55), as marked
by ' many broken shafts of columns, volutes, and other
ornaments of a superb Ionic edifice.' A few years later
Mr. Newton, who was then acting as Vice-Consul at
Mytilene, was empowered to remove certain lions which
he had observed built into the walls of the castle
at Budrum, to search for the site of the Mausoleum,
and to carry on excavations at Budrum on behalf of the
Foreign Office.

Excavations were begun in November, 1856, and the
site indicated by Donaldson was speedily proved to be
that of the Mausoleum. A rocky platform was laid bare,
and a great quantity of architecture and sculpture was
discovered, including parts of the frieze and some of the
lions, which established the origin of the sculptures
obtained from the castle. The excavations were

70 OATALOGtJE OF SCULPTUKE.

described by Messrs. Newton and Pullan in A History of
Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Branchidae, 1862.

In 1865 further excavations were conducted on the
site by Messrs. Biliotti and Salzmann on behalf of the
Trustees of the British Museum. Those portions of the
site which Mr. Newton had been unable to acquire in
1856 were dug over, and numerous fragments were found,
which helped to complete sculptures previously discovered,
but no new light was thrown on the problem of the
restoration of the building.

In the same year a slab of the frieze, which had been
in a palace at Genoa since the middle of the last century,
was purchased from the Marchese Serra (see below,
No. 1022).

In 1876 two fragments of the frieze were obtained
from a Turkish house in the town of Khodes, whither
they had been transported in the time of the Knights.

In 1879 H.l.M. Sultan Abdul Hamed presented a
fragment of the frieze, representing an Amazon (see
below. No. 1017), which was formerly in the Imperial
Museum at Constantinople.

The Architecture of the Mausoleum.

The discoveries made by excavation supply data which
must be embodied in any restoration of the monument,
but the results were not sufficiently definite to make a
restoration possible, except with the aid of the literary
authorities. The problem, how best to combine these two
sources of information, has been much discussed.

The principal passage describing the Mausoleum, on
which any attempt to restore it must be based, is that of
Pliny,* who probably obtained his information from the

* Pliny, N.H., XXXVI. 30 (ed. Detlefsen). Scopas habuit aemulos eadem
setate Brjasim et Timotheum et Leocharen, de quibus simul dicendum

THE MAUSOLEUM OF HALIOARNASSOS. 71

lost treatise by the architects Satyros and Pythios, or
possibly from a work by Mucianus (E. Sellers, Elder Pliny's
Chapters on Art, p. Ixxxviii.). Pliny's account, however^
of the architectural arrangement is little more than a
series of dimensions, with respect to most of which there
are serious differences of reading. If we regard the
disputed dimensions as indeterminate, we learn from
Pliny that the Mausoleum was a rectangular building,
with the long sides on the north and south. The shorter
ends he calls ' fronts,' a term which suggests the presence
of pediments or some such distinction. It was surrounded
by a colonnade, and was adorned by sculpture on all four
sides. The colonnade was surmounted by a pyramid of
twenty-four steps, which was crowned by a four-horse
chariot. Pliny also states that the pyramid contracted like
the top of a turning-post in the circus, and ' equals ' (or ' did
equal') 'the height below,' or else 'the lower' (pyramid?).
The main controversy has turned on this passage. Eeading
aequavit, 'did equal,' Mr. Oldfield has lately suggested

est, quoniam pariter caelavere Mausoleum, sepulchrum hoc est ab uzofe
Artemisia factum Mausolo Cariae regulo, qui obiit olympiadis CVII anno
secundo (351 B.C.). opus id ut esset inter septem miracula hi mazime
fecere artifices, patet ab austro et septentrione centenos sexagenos ternos
pedes, brerius a frontibus, toto circumitu pedes CCCCXXXX, attollitur
in altitudinem XXXV cubitis, cingitur columnis XXXVI. pteron
vocavere circumitum, ab oriente caelavit Scopas, a septentrione Bryaxis,
a meridie Timotheus, ab occasu Leochares, priusque quam peragerent
regina obit, non tamen recesserunt nisi absolute iam, id gloriae ipsorum
artisque monimentum iudicantes, hodieque certant manus. accessit et
quintus artifex. namque supra pteron pyramis altitudinem inferiorem
aequat, viginti quattuor gradibus in metae cacumen se contrahens. in
summo est quadriga marmorea quam fecit Pythis. haec adiecta CXXXX
pedum altitudine totum opus includit.

Alternative readings: omit centenos, for which there is no MS.
authority. For CCCCXXXX read CCCCXI. For XXXV (Detlefsen)
read XXV. with MSS. Omit circumitum. For altitudinem (an emenda-
tion) read altitudine. For aequat read aequavit.

72 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

that Pliny indicates a change of plan, and that the
pyramid, originally intended to come to a point, was
truncated, and surmounted by a chariot group, for which
a fifth artist was brought in. It is evidently dangerous
to infer so much from the use of a tense in a doubtful text.

If we read altitudinem inferiorem, ' the height below,'
this has been interpreted in many ways, but the simplest
is to understand the statement 'pyramis mpra pteron
altitudinem inferiorem aequat' as meaning that 'the
pyramid above the pteron is equal to the height below
the pteron.* Taking the alternative reading altitudine,
pyramidem is a word more easily supplied than some
general term, e.g. molem, to represent the combined pteron
and base. In this case the statement would be that the
tipper pyramid is equal in height to a pyramidal base.*

An epigram of Martial {Spectac. i.) —
Aere nee vacuo pendentia Mausolea

Laudibus immodicis Cares in astra ferant

— implies that the remarkable feature of the building was
the lightness of the colonnade, as compared with the great
weight that it supported.

* Pliny's apparently simple statement of equality has been given the
following interpretations : —

Pyramid = Pteron (Hirt, Genelli, Texier, Falkener, Trendelenburg).
Pyramid = Pteron — chariot group (Murdoch Smith, Pullan).
Pyramid = Pteron — pedestal of chariot group — podium of

pyramid (Adler).
Pyramid = Basement (Stevenson, Arnold).
Pyiamid = Basement — chariot group (Fergusson).
Pyramid = Basement — pedestal of chariot group — podium of

Pyramid (Petersen).
Pyramid = Pteron + basement (Cockerell, 1846).
Pyramid = Pteron + basement — chariot group (Quatremfere de

Quincy).
Pyramid = Pteron + basement — chariot group — podium of

Pyramid (Canina, Bemier).
Pyramid = Pteron + basement + podium of Pyramid (Caylus).
Pyramid = Pteron + podium of Pyramid (Cockerell, 1856).
Pyramid = Lower pyramid| t.^. about half the basement (Oldfield).

THE MAtrSOLEUM OF HALICARNASSOS. 73

Kestokations of the Mausoleum.

The attempted restorations must be divided into two
classes, namely, those that precede and those that follow
the excavations. The interest of the former lies mainly
in their illustration of the meaning of Pliny's text, as
Tinderstood by a succession of interpreters. One only of the
former is here reproduced, that of Cockerell (Plate XIV.).

The eight restorations subsequent to the excavation,
here shown (figs. 2, 3), have been reduced in such a way
that the fixed datum^ namely the Ionic order, is of a
uniform size in all.

Restorations hefore the Excavation.

(1) Eivius, Vitruviua Teutsch (Nuremberg, 1548),
fo. Ixxxiiii. The plan is a square with re-entrant angles.
Compare Oldfield.

(2) Paduan (?) medal of the sixteenth century.
Guichard, p. 376. Obv., head of Artemisia ; rev., pyramid
and figures.

(3) Paduan (?) medal of the sixteenth century.
Guichard, p. 378. Obv., bust of Artemisia; rev.. Mauso-
leum, with chariot group, etc. Cf. Cuper, Apotheosis
Homeri (1683), p. 236. Canina, op. cit. inf. For the coins
compare Stark, Vortraege, p. 470.

(4) Dom. d'Aulisio, De Mausolei Architectura (Naples,
1694). Also in Sallengre, Nov. Thesaurus Antiquitatum
Homanarum, iii., p. 913.

(5) Sir C. Wren (ob. 1723) in the Parentalia, published
by Stephen Wren (1750), p. 367.

(6) N. Hawksmoor, Tower of St. George's, Bloomsbury
(1720-30).

(7) Caylus, Mem. de VAcad. des Inscr., xxvi., p. 321
(1753-4).

74 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTUEE.

(8) Choiseul-Gouffier, Voyage pittoresque, i., p. 158,
pi. 98 (1782).

(9) Genelli, in Eode's Vitruvius, vignette (1800-1).

(10) Marquez, in Guattani, Mem. Encic, v., p. 131
(1810?).

(11) Hirt, Oesch. d. Baukunst bei d. Alien, ii., p. 70,
pi. 10, figs. 14 a, 6 (1823).

(12) Canina, Architettura Greca, iii., p. 103, pi. 158
(1834).

(13) Weinbrenner, quoted by Stark, Vortraege, p. 471.

(14) Quatremere do Quincy, Becueil de Dissertations
Archeologiques (1836) quoted by Stark, I.e.

(16) Leake, Trans, of B. Soc. Lit., 2nd Ser., ii., p. 44.

(16) Cockerell (Class. Museum, v., p. 193, and plate ;
Arch. Zeit., 1847, pi. 12; Mus. of Class. Antiq. i., p. 164),
working from the dimensions of the frieze, produced a
plan with 8 columns, doubled, on the long sides, and
6 columns, single at the ends. This was modified by
"Watkiss Lloyd, who made the columns double on all
sides, being 7 and 6 respectively in number (Arch. Zeit.,
1848, p. 81*; Mus. of Glass. Antiq., i., p. 164). The
arrangement was accepted by Cockerell in a later restora-
tion (1856), which was published by Goodchild (see
below). It is also embodied in the small model shown
in the Mausoleum Eoom, and was further developed in
the drawing by F. Cockerell exhibited in the Mausoleum
Eoom (Plate XIV. ; published in Builder, 29th August,
1896).

(17) Texier, Asie Mineure, iii., p. 121 ; cf. Mus. of Class.
Antiq., i., p. 158.

(18) Fergusson, Hist. Inquiry into the True Principles of
Beauty in Art (1849), p. 321 ; cf. Mus. of Class. Antiq., i.,
p. 161.

(19) Falkener, Mus. of Class. Antiq., i., p. 165, and
plate.

RESTORATIONS OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 75

Bestorations after the Excavation.

(1) E. Murdoch Smith, E.E., made the first attempt,
based on the measurements of the pyramid steps (June 1,
1857). See Papers respecting the Excavations at Budrum,
1858, p. 16.

(2) E. P. PuUan, who joined the expedition as architect,
drew the restoration published in Newton, History of
Discoveries at Halicarnassus (1862), pis. 17-22. The main
feature is an enormous substructure 65 feet high, added to
complete Pliny's 140 feet. [There are many mistakes in
the engraved dimensions.] (See fig. 2 a.)

(3) J. Fergusson {Mausoleum at Halicarnassus restored,
etc., 1862, frontisp. and pis. 1-3) differed mainly from
Pullan by reducing the basement, and by breaking up
the solid substructure into a system of piers (cf. Fergusson,
in Antiquities of Ionia, iv., p. 19 (1881) ; Smith's Diet, of
Antiqs., 3rd ed., ii., p. 150. (See fig. 2 B.)

(4) Chr. Petersen, Das Maussoleum. Hamb. 1867 (re-
produced in Baumeister, ii., p. 895). The basement is
broken by arched niches. (See fig. 2 c.)

(5) J. E. Goodchild, A Study of the Halicarnassian Marbles
in the British Museum, etc. (privately printed, 1888). An
account of Cockerell's successive attempts. He tries
(pi. 3) to adapt the marbles found to Cockerell's sketch of
1856.

(6) Trendelenburg, Arch. Anzeiger, 1890, p. 105.

(7) Bernier (about 1892). First published, Collignon,
ii., p. 325. (See fig. 2 d.)

(8) E. Oldfield (The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. A new
Bestoration, Archeeologia, hv. (1895), p. 273; The probable
arrangement and signification of its principal Sculptures,
Archseologia, Iv., p. 343) suggests a rectangular plan with
a portico attached to each side, and a ' pyramis inferior.'
(See fig. 3 E.)

A. Pullan (1862).

C. Petersen (1867).

B. Fergusson (1862).

D. Bernier (1892 ?).

Fig. 2. — RBSTOaXTIOHS OF TUB MaDSOUSUM.

F, Arnold (1896).

E. Oldfield (1895).

Q. Stevenson (1896).

H. Adler (1899).

Fig. 3. — Rkstobations op the Mausolbttm.

78 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

(9) T. Arnold (Builder's Journal, Jan. 1896). The
restoration is based on the position of the isolated piers
found by Newton, which he takes for the substnicture of
pedestals supporting sculptures surrounding the building.
(See fig. 3 F.)

(10) J. J. Stevenson (Soc. of Antiquaries, May 7th, 1896 ;
Btulder, 29th Aug., 1896) obtains the Plinian height,
without spreading the colonnade, by a break in the pitch
of the pyramid, as in the restoration of Caylus (see above).
(See fig. 3 G.)

(11) F. Adler Das Mausoleum zu Malikarnass (Berlin,
1900). The pyramid (with podium and pedestal) is
equal to the pteron. (See fig. 3 H.)

Bibliography. In addition to works quoted passim, for the history of
the building, see de Sainte-Croix (^Memoire sur la chronol. des
Dynastes de Carle, et sur le toTnbeau de Mausole, in Hist, et Mem.
de I'Inst., Classe d'Bist., II. (1815), p. 506), who first recalled
the account of Guichard and other mediaeval texts; Spratt,
Trans. E. Soc. Lit., 2nd Series, V., p. 1 ; E. Hawkins, Notes on
the Discoveries at Budrum (privately printed, 1 858) ; W. Tite
paper read at R. Inst. Brit. Architects, Nov. 1st, 1858; Stark,
Vortraege nnd Aufsaetze, pp. 174, 456, Philologus, XXI. (1865),
p. 453; Beule, Fouilles, II., p. 271; Roessler, Le Tomheau de
Mausole (1870).

The works of Sir C. Newton dealing with the subject are : (1)
Classical Museum, V., p. 170 ; (2) Papers respecting the Exca-
vations at Budrum (presented March 26, 1858) ; Further Papers
respecting the Excavations at Budrum and Cnidus (presented in
pursuance of address of August 2, 1859); (3) (assisted by
R. P. Pullan) A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cntdus
and Branchidae, 1862 ; (4) Travels and Discoveries in the Levant
(1865); (5) Guide to the Mausoleum Room, 1886; (6) Smith's
Diet, of Antiqs., Srd ed. (1891), s.v. Mausoleum.

( 79 )

ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS.

The Restored Order of the Mausoleum.

980. (Plate XV.) It has been necessary to exhibit the
base separately from the upper part of the order on
account of the want of head room. In order to obtain
the complete height, the upper part of the shaft, less
about 3 inches, should be placed upon the base.

The reconstruction follows that of E. P. Pallan (pub-
lished in Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 22) in its main outlines.
Various discrepancies, however, with PuUan's results
presented themselves in the course of the work, and
certain modifications of detail seemed to be necessary.
The only change of importance which materially affects
the whole appearance of the order is in the amount of
projection assigned to the corona of the cornice (see
below).

As far as possible the restoration has been composed of
the original fragments, subject only to the reservation
that one specimen at least of each member has been kept
for detailed study near at hand.

In the drawings (figs. 4, 5) the restored portions are
distinguished by shading.

The Cymation. The distance between the two lions'
heads can be accurately determined, since the head on the
right is in one piece with the cymation slab, whose left-
hand joint, central between the two heads, is preserved.
We thus obtain an interval between the two heads of
42 inches. On one fragment the lion's head occurs at a
comer, and they have therefore not been placed over the
centres of the columns. The front part of the lion's head
on the right has been restored in plaster. The nosing of
the cymation is not preserved in the restoration, except

mmmm^m^f^'^^f^^^m^^Mii

III"! I I' II ^

ac«(f: or rE.Br

Fig. 4.— Restored Order of the Mausoleum (No. 980).

OCnLg or F-EET

Fig. 5. Restored Order of the Mausoleum, section (No. 980).

YOL. IL

82 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

near one of the heads. It is also given by a small frag-
ment, No. 986a.

On the upper surface of the cymation slab is a weather
line, 22 inches from the front, which is supposed to
indicate the position of the lowest step of the pyramid.
On the restoration a small mark has been placed on the
left-hand side to show the position of this line.

The projection whicb has been given to the cornice
is different from that assigned to it by Pullan. In the
reconstruction the nose of the corona is 21 inches in
advance of the moulding. The under surface of the
stone is finely dressed to this distance from the front,
where there is a slight rise, as if for the bed. The
echinus moulding below the corona has been taken
from Pullan's plate. He observes (p. 171; that 'small
fragments of the bed mould, a simple echinus,' were
found ; but these have not been identified.

The size of the dentils is accurately known, since the
projecting and receding portions are preserved together
on the piece inserted on the left.

The egg and tongue moulding above the frieze is a
conjectural insertion. There is, however, evidence in its
favour, since the frieze is surmounted by an astragalos
along the top, which would naturally imply an egg and
tongue moulding (or a Lesbian cymation) immediately
above, and the egg and tongue which is here used
(Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 29, fig. 3) has no astragalos in the
same piece with it.

The astragalos moulding above the frieze is for the most
part a reproduction of a small fragment (No. 993).

The slab of the frieze employed is described below
(No. 1021), its place in the series being taken by
a cast.

The egg and tongue and astragalos mouldings inserted
below the frieze and in the top of the architrave are

THE OKDEE OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 83

represented by a cast only on the restoration. They are
assigned to this place because the height agrees with that
of the rebate in the upper course of the architrave. The
original is in a wall-case (No. 994). A somewhat similar
combination of mouldings occurs in the temple of Athene
Polias at Priene, but in that case the moulding above the
architrave is a Lesbian cymation {Antiqs. of Ionia, i.,
chap, ii., pi, 6 ; corrected in Antiqs. of Ionia, iv., pi. 9).

The external upper member of the architrave consists
of three fragments.

The lower member consists of two fragments; that
on the left has the joint on the right edge, although
the front surface is missing. (Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 26,
figs. 1, 2, 3.)

If we consider the external face of the order as a whole,
we have a distance of 4 feet 6f inches for the projection
of the nose of the cymation beyond the front of the
bottom of the architrave, and of 6 feet 1| inches for its
projection beyond the centre of the column. If the
pyramid is set back 22 inches, we have 4 feet 3| inches
for the projection of the lowest step of the pyramid
beyond the centre of the column. This distance is made
2 feet 8^ inches by Pullan (p. 172). There are so many
mistakes in the decimal scales of his plates that they are
of little value for reference for exact dimensions.

The upper member at the back of the architrave (see
the section) is represented by one fragment, 17 inches
wide (Newton, Mist. Disc, pi, 26, figs. 13, 14). It is
separated from the lower member by an egg and tongue
moulding, of which a small piece at the south end, with
one egg and tongue, is ancient (see No. 995).

The capital of the column is composed of eight frag-
ments, which furnish data for all its elements.

Two of the drums of the shaft are original. The
upper drum has a height of 40 i^ inches ; the upper

a 2

84 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

diameter, allowing for the nosing, is 38^^ inches ; while
the diameter at the top of the flutes is 36/^ inches. The
lower diameter, to the bottoms of the flutings, is 32 inches.

The lower drum is 45f inches high. The upper and
lower diameters measure 32^^^ inches and 33y^^ inches
respectively. Mr. Penrose has calculated the height of
the columns as 28 feet 6 inches. (Antiqs. of Ionia, ir.,
p. 18, note 3 ; cf. Adler, p. 12, note 31.)

The transverse beam which connects the column with
the wall of the room, supposed to represent the cella of
the building, is that engraved in Newton, Hist. Disc,
pi. 27, figs. 1-4. The length with which it has been
completed was calculated from the size of the panels of the
lacunar. This is accurately given by the stone employed
(Hist. Disc, pi. 27, figs. 7-9) in which both mitre joints
are partly preserved. The length of the longer side of
the sunk panel of the lower lacunarial stone is found to
be 6 feet 11 J inches. Pullan makes the same distance
about 6 feet 8^ inches (pi. 21, fig. 2). He makes this
equal to the distance measured along the transverse beam
immediately under the moulding, and in consequence
represents the egg and tongue moulding of the transverse
beam as projecting halfway across the sunk panel.

This seems an improbable arrangement, and in the
restoration the edge of the panel has been placed 3f
inches inside the upper edge of the transverse beam, or
^ inch inside the egg and tongue moulding. This adds
8 inches to the side of the lacunar, as compared with
Pullan. The final result is, that the distance from the
centre of the column to the top of the architrave beam
of the cella is 9 feet 3J inches, as compared with 8 feet
4 inches measured in the corresponding position in
Pullan's plate 21, fig. 2.

When found the lower side of the lacunar stone was
painted bright blue.

THE OKDER OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 85

The lower laciinarial stone above the architrave of the
colonnade is ancient. It fits very exactly at the mitre
with the stone at right angles to it.

The egg and tongue moulding which runs above the
transverse beam and inner face of the architrave below
the lacunar, is represented by portions in the wall-case
(No. 996). Both of the mouldings by the angle palmetto,
which is composed of two parts joined by a mitre, are
preserved. The ancient parts in the restoration are two
fragments at the angle between the south side of the
transverse beam and the architrave of the colonnade ; and
on the north side, half of the angle palmette next the wall.

The same moulding has been used in the rebate above
the lower lacunar stone. Here it is modern through-
out. Opposite the lower line of this moulding is a
Lesbian oymation and astragalos moulding (for which,
see No. 997).

Of the upper lacunar course, one stone at the angle
formed by the transverse beam and the wall is original
(Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 26, figs. 10-12), and gives the
mitre at the angle and a part of the face. There is no
setting line or other indication to show how much the
slab ought to overhang. In the rebate on its upper edge
is a cymation and astragalos moulding, with palmettos
at the angle. No part of this is antique. Portions of the
original from which it has been taken are shown in the
wall-case (No. 998). The lacunar is closed with a cast
of one of the sculptured panels (No. 1041).

A. S. Murray, ^Mi'Wcr, April, 1893, No. 2619; Trans, of Glasgow
Arch. Sac, 1894 ; Collignon, II., p. 326. The drawings of the
restoration (figs. 4, 5) are by Mr. A. R. Dickie.

A considerable number of the architectural fragments
described in the Mausoleum Boom Guide of 1886 are now

86 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

incorporated in the restoration of the order. The follow-
ing are the principal fragments, exhibited separately in
the Mausoleum Eoom : —

981. Angle capital of Ionic column ; from the peristyle.
The eye of the volute is bored out. The capital rests on
a cast of the top drum of a column, in which a small
original fragment has been inserted. The volutes are
broken away.

982. Capital of Ionic column ; from the peristyle. The
capital rests on a cast of the top drum of a column, in
which a small original fragment has been inserted.

983. Similar capital.

984. Block from the architrave (lower course). It shows
the two front fascias, the coffer below, the bedding marks
for the capital, and the places of the cramps above the
middle of the column.

985. Block from the architrave (upper course), showing
the front face, and the rebate for the egg and tongue
moulding.

986. Upper part of the cornice of the Mausoleum, consisting
of lions' heads, with a palmetto and acanthus ornament
between them. (See No. 980.) Portions not used in
No. 980 have been placed together, with one angle piece.
(Newton, Hist. Disc, pis. 22, 24.)

986a. Fragment of the cornice on which the profile of the
nosing is preserved.

987. Group of steps from the pyramid of the Mauso-
leum. This group shows the relations of some of the
steps, though the particular collocation here made is
arbitrary.

The lower course consists of a corner stone (similar to
No. 988) and another. On the corner stones the setting
lines cut at right angles on the upper surface, and distant
respectively 1 foot 9| inches and 1 foot 5 inches from the
front, determine the width of the tread on two adjacent

AECHITECTUKE OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 87

sides of the pyramid. These stones have ridges along
the back and side joints, upon the upper surfaces, which
meet in such a way on the exposed part of the surface as
to make an effective weather joint. On the under surfaces
of the upper course are corresponding depressions to take
the ridges of the course below. This step has a height
of llf inches. The courses above are of the same height,
but have no ridges on their upper surfaces. The treads of
the second and third courses measure respectively 9^ inches
and 6| inches, as shown by the setting lines. The upper
step is an angle stone from the top course of the pyramid,
and therefore has no setting line; the roughl>' worked
depression on its upper surfacQ shows the relation of the
chariot group to the pyramid. A fragment with a hoof
of one of the horses has been inserted to show the
arrangement.

988. Corner step from the angle of the pyramid. This stone
is similar to the corner stone in the group. No. 987.

989. Group of Mausoleum steps, having various heights and
treads.

The lowest course has a height of 23| inches, with a
setting line 4 inches from the front upper edge. The
second course has a height of llf inches, and a setting
line 4| inches from the front upper edge. On the lower
part of the front face there is a small raised fillet at each
end, but it is not continued as a weather joint on the top.
(Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 26, figs. 8, 9.)

The top step has a height of 11| inches, and a setting
line which gives a tread of 17| inches. (Newton, Hist.
Disc, pi. 2fi, fig. 7.)

991. Two bronze sockets for dowels, each set with lead in
' a piece of marble cut off from the slab in which they were
originally fixed. This was the sill at the entrance of the
underground passage, and was intended to receive the
dowels of the great closing stone, which, however, failed

88 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

to fall into their places. (Hist. Disc, ii., p. 97. Compare
below, p. 89.)

The wall-cases contain numerous fragments of the
smaller mouldings of the Mausoleum, which in many
cases show considerable remains of blue and red colour.
The following type-specimens of the mouldings employed
in the restored order, which are kept together for conve-
nience of study, may be particularly specified : —

992. 1, 2. Two fragments of the egg and tongue moulding
above the frieze, as indicated by the absence of the
astragalos. One of these fragments is an angle piece, with
the corner palmette. Both are considerably restored.
Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 29, fig. 3.

993. Fragment from the upper left-hand corner of a slab of
the frieze, showing the astragalos moulding and curve.

994. Fragment of the egg and tongue and astragalos mould-
ing in the upper member of the architrave below the
frieze. [Inserted under 1013.]

995. 1-3. Egg and tongue moulding above the lower course
of the ai chitrave on the inner side.

996. 1-3. Upper and lower egg and tongue mouldings and
astragalos of the lacunar panels.

997. 1-3. Lesbian cymation and astragalos moulding of the
inner side of the cofiers below the lacunar panels, with
part of the surface of the coffer, and the mitre joint with
the angle palmette. Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 29, fig. 5.

998. 1-3. Fragments of cymation and astragalos moulding
immediately below the lacunar panels, including half the
angle palmette, and the mitre joint.

999. Neck of Ionic column (?) ornamented all round with an
anthemion and acanthos pattern in low relief.

AECHITECTUEE OP THE MAUSOLEUM. 89

From the castle of Budrum, where the drum had been
inverted, hollowed out, and used as a mortar. There is
no evidence that it came from the site of the Mausoleum,
though this is not improbable. If so, however, it cannot
have formed a part of the order.

Height, 1 foot lOJ inches ; diameter, 3 feet 2J inches.

Bronze Accessories.

Most of the bronze accessories to the structure dis-
covered in the course of the excavation are exhibited in
the Bronze Eoom. They consist of —

(1) Three bronze dowels (Hist. Disc, ii., p. 180 ; Cat.
of Bronzes, 2584),

(2) Bronze grating for a drain (Hist. Disc, ii., p. 143).

(3) Bronze cramp (Hist. Disc, ii., p. 106).

(4) Two dowels in bronze sockets, fixed with lead in
the great stone which blocked the entrance to the
sepulchral chamber (Hist. Disc, ii., p. 97 ; Gat. of Bronzes,
2583). For the sockets that they were designed to fill,
see Nos. 990, 991.

THE CHARIOT GROUP.

The four-horse chariot of marble, which crowned the
Pyramid, is said by Pliny to have been the work of
Pythis, commonly supposed to be identical with Pythios
the architect and historian of the building (see above,
pp.66, 71).

When excavated by Sir C. Newton, the fragments of
the horses, of the two colossal figures, and of parts of the
chariot wheel, together with a large number |of steps of
the pyramid and fragments of the cornice, were found in
a confused heap on the outer side of the north wall of

90 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUEE.

the peribolos. The cramps and other fragments of bronze
had not been removed, and all seemed to indicate that the
contents of the heap had fallen together from the summit
of the building, and were lying as they fell. It should,
however, be stated that some sculptures were found inter-
mixed which did not belong to the chariot group.

The connexion of the figures with the chariot, which
was inferred by Sir C. Newton from the way in which
they were found, has been disputed by Stark (Philologus,
xxi., p. 464), who preferred to put the statues inside the
cella, and who has been followed by various writers (most
recently by Prof. P. Gardner, Journ. of Hellen. Studies,
xiii., p. 188). The main objections raised are that the
horses are too large for the figures, and that the state of
the statues shows that they cannot have stood in such an
exposed position. But the great variety in proportions
employed by Greek artists for horses makes any argument
on this basis inconclusive,* and the surface of the horses
is, in part, as unchanged by weather as that of the statues
(cf. Athenaeum, March 1892, p. 350 ; Oldfield, Archaeologia,
Iv., p. 365).

The Mausolos was placed on the sinister side of his
companion by Sir C. Newton, on the supposition that the
female figure was a goddess, holding the reins, as Athene
on the black-figure vases drives the chariot of Heracles.
It is more probable that she represents Artemisia, since the
two figures are in the normal proportions of a man and
woman, while a goddess would be at least as large as her
companion. The two figures seem to group best together
when placed as now. Moreover, a part of the drapery by the
left leg of Mausolos has been cut away by intention, and

* If we compare the length of head of man and horse, we obtain, e.g..
Head of 'Theseus' = -SSI of head of horse of Helios; head of Mausolos
= "SSS of head of chariot horse; heal of modern man = 'STS of head of
horse.

THE CHARIOT GROUP OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 91

the simplest explanation suggested is that it was necessary
to make room for the rail of the chariot, A contrary-
arrangement, however, of the pair is advocated by
Mr. Oldfield (Archseologia, Iv., pi. 20, p. 360).
1000. (Plate XVI.). Mausolos. A colossal draped male figure
stands to the front, with the weight on the right leg and
the left leg slightly bent. The head is turned a little to
his right, and upwards. The face is undoubtedly a por-
trait, with its flowing hair, short curly beard, and some-
what full cheeks and lips. The expression and pose is
one of quiet dignity, and the figure is that of a man who
is still in the prime of life.

The drapery consists of a long chiton and himation very
finely composed about the lower part and over the left
shoulder and about the left arm, which may have been
enveloped in drapery. A figure (of Zeus Labraundos)
similarly draped, and holding a sceptre, occurs on the
coins of Mausolos, and of other Carian Satraps of the 4th
cent. B.C. (Caf. of Coins in Brit. Mus., Caria, pi. xxviii).
He wears shoes consisting of an inner slipper, and a
sandal with a laced metal frame.

On the left side, from a point about six inches above the
knee, the projecting folds of drapery have been chiselled
away so as to leave a plain vertical surface. This appears
to have been done to adjust the figure in its place (com-
pare the Horse of Selene, on the east pediment of the
Parthenon), and might well have been cut to leave room
for the side of the chariot, and its rail, if the figure
stood as now arranged.

Height, 9 feet 10| inches (above pedestal). Restorations : the side
of the head and such repairs as were necessary for piecing
together the fragments. Newton, Travels and Discoveries, II.,
pis. 8, 9; Hist. Disc. II., p. 214; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, U.*,
p. 101 ; Wolters, p. 426 ; Mitchell, p. 473 ; Brunn, Denkmaeler,
No. 241 ; CoUignon, II., p. 339 ; Stereoscopic, No. 128 ; E. Gardner,
Handbook, p. 388 ; Classical Sculpture Gallery, No. 79 ; Ban-

92 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTUBE.

meister, II., p. 896 ; Archaeologia, LV., pi. 20. For various
inaccuracies in the first restoration of the statue, which were
corrected later, cf. Newton, Roemische Mittheilungen, I., p. 188.

1001. (Plate XVI.) Colossal female figure; probably Arte-
misia. The figure stands to the front, resting on the left
leg, and having the right knee bent. She wears a long
chiton, with studded sleeves to the elbows. The himation
passes about the lower part of her body, and over the left
shoulder and arm. A part of it is drawn as a veil over
the back of the head. In addition to the himation the
hair was wrapped in a cap, which leaves small curls
projecting round the forehead in front.

The arms are broken off below the elbows. Both were
advanced, the right forearm slightly lowered, and the
left forearm slightly raised. Their position corresponds
with that of a figure holding reins, when the horses are
at rest, though it may not preclude other possibilities.
There are holes for a bronze attachment on the drapery
below the left arm.

In this statue and that of Mausolos, great skill has been
shown in the treatment of the drapery, in which a general
breadth and grandeur of effect is combined with an extra-
ordinary refinement and delicacy in execution. Each
fold is traced home to its origin and wrought to its full
depth. The right foot of this statue has been preserved,
and is an exquisite specimen of sculpture, the more
precious because we possess so few examples of extremities
finished by the hands of the great masters of the earlier
Greek schools. The other foot is broken off at the instep.
Both feet, otherwise bare, rest on thick soles, the mode of
attachment of which is not apparent. The figure was
first described as a goddess, but the proportions compared
with those of Mausolos, and the portrait character of the
head are better suited to Artemisia (cf. p. 90). The head-
dress is, perhaps, also of a portrait character ; but compare

THE CHARIOT GROUP OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 93

No. 1051, and No. 1151 from Prien^, which seem to
represent ideal beings.

Height, 8 feet 9 inches. Restorations : right knee and adjoining
drapery. Newton, Travels and Discoveries, II., pi. 10; Hist.
Disc. II., p. 216; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 242; Stereoscopic,
No. 129 ; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, II.*, p. 101 ; Archxolonia, IN.,
pi. 20; Wolters, p. 426; CoUignon, II., p. 340; Roemische
Mittheilungen, I., p. 188.

1002. (Plate XVI.) The forehand with head of a colossal
horse, from behind the shoulder. Eound the chest is
a band, which served instead of a collar, and which is
united at the crest with another band which passed round
the body. This harness proves that the horse belonged
to a chariot group. The bronze bit and bridle still
remain attached to the marble. The legs have been
broken away close to the body.

Height, 7 feet 10 inches. Newton, Travels and Discoveries,
pi. 11., p. Ill ; and Hist. Disc, II., p. 103 ; Mansell, No. 714
Collignon, II., p. 337.

1003. (Plate XVI.) The hinder half of a colossal horse, corre-
sponding in scale with No. 1002, but shown by the action
of the hind legs to have belonged to a different horse in
the team. This fragment extends from a joint at the
middle of the body to the root of the tail, and measures in
length rather more than 6 feet. A small portion of the
anterior half of this horse, found detached, has been
adjusted to its place at the joint. The legs have been
broken away close to the body. A part of the surface
below the belly has been cut away for the support.

Height, 5 feet 2J inches.

1004. (Plate XVI.) Wheel of the chariot made up of the
following fragments: part of the felloe, half the nave,
and a piece of two of the spokes. These fragments were
found on the north side of the northern peribolos-wall ;

94 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTtJKE.

when put together with the missing parts restored we
obtain from them a wheel 7 feet 7 inches in diameter, with
six spokes instead of the usual four. Newton, Travels and
Discoveries, ii., p. 118 ; Hist. Disc, ii., p, 130.

It will be seen from the fragments employed in the
present restoration, by Sir C. Newton, that the wheel was
constructed in two halves. Mr. Murray is of opinion that
the lower half may have been sculptured in relief on the
side of a block which supported the statues and floor of
the chariot.
1005. Fragments of the horses of the quadriga.

The following are the most important of the nume-
rous fragments belonging to the horses of the chariot
group :

1. Left (?) forefoot, near the edge of a piece of base, the
surface and left side of which are hammer-dressed. There
is a sinking of the base round the hoof. The leg belonging
to this foot has been recovered nearly to the knee by the
union of two fragments.

2. Eight (?) forefoot of colossal horse, on a hammer-
dressed base of which the thickness is 10 inches. This
hoof is broken off at the corona where it meets the hair.
It stands on the extreme verge of the base, which is
roughly dressed at the side. This fragment has been
placed with the group of chariot steps. No. 987. Found
in Biliotti's excavation of 1866.

3. One-half of the support of a colossal horse, resting on
a base, hammer-dressed on the surface of the outer side.
This has been united to the other half by a joint. This
support presents a rectangular transverse section and
tapers upwards slightly (see Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 25,
figs. 11, 12). The upper end has been broken away,
but it corresponded in dimensions with a rectangular
sinking cut under the belly of the colossal horse.

4. Hind leg of colossal horse from hough to fetlock.

THE PKIE2E OP THE MAUSOLEUM. 96

o. Fragment of hoof of hindleg broken off at the back,
on a hammer-dressed base.

6. Elliptical marble, longest diameter 2 feet 1 inch,
height 9^ inches. At each end of the ellipse is a cramp-hole
into which a cramp has been fixed with lead, which still
remains on one side. Several of these elliptical stones
were found which, when fitted together, tapered gradually,
the one here described being the largest. They may have
formed the support under the chariot.

SCULPTURES IN RELIEF.

The works in relief found on the site of the Mausoleum
consist of portions of three distinct friezes, viz., the frieze
of the Order, the Centaur frieze, and the Chariot frieze, and
a series of reliefs in panels. Of these, the most important
is the frieze of the Order.

THE FRIEZE OF THE ORDER.

Of this frieze the British Museum possesses seventeen
slabs, of which twelve were removed from the Castle of
St. Peter in 1846, and four more were discovered in
1856-57 on the site of the Mausoleum. One other slab of
this frieze, Ko. 1022, was formerly in the Villa di Negro at
Genoa, to which place it was probably transported from
Budrum by one of the Knights of St. John, some time in
the fifteenth or early in the sixteenth century, and was
purchased from the Marchese Serra in 1865. The entire
length of these slabs is 85 feet 9 inches, the height 2 feet
llf inches; they all represent combats of Greeks and
Amazons. The slabs do not follow in regular sequence,
but are taken from various parts of the series ; nor have
we any evidence as to the sides of the building which

96 CATALOGUE OP SOtrLPTtJEB.

they occupied except in the case of those found in situ
(1013—1016), which are probably from the eastern side.
Those four slabs are probably by the same artist, and are
far superior in preservation to those from the Castle. Many
parts are lost, and it is therefore only occasionally that
two slabs can be joined by means of the subject.

It has been suggested that the frieze ought to be
placed on the base, as in the Nereid Monument, rather
than in the order (Furtwaengler, Arch. Zeit., 1881, p. 305),
but this view has not been accepted.

The Amazons are represented some on foot, others on
horseback. Their weapons are the battle-axe, the bow,
and the sword. From the action of several of those on
horseback, it is evident that they were represented using
spears ; but as no trace of these weapons appears at present
on the marble, they may have been painted on the ground
of the relief ; or in some cases made of metal and attached
to the marble.

All the Greeks are on foot; some of them are repre-
sented naked, others wear a chiton reaching to the knees,
or a chlamys twisted round the arm. Their weapons are
the sword and the javelin; they wear no armour but
Argolic bucklers, and helmets, some of which are
Corinthian. One figure, which must represent Heracles
or Theseus, is armed with a club and wears a lion's skin.

A marked characteristic of the frieze is the way in
which it is broken up into groups. The figures concerned
in an incident usually overlap, while those in adjoining
incidents overlap seldom, and in a slight degree. In
this respect there is a marked contrast with the repre-
sentation of the same subject on the Phigaleian frieze.
Throughout there is a skilful opposition of nude and
draped, of male and female forms. Among the Greek
warriors, some are beardless youths ; others in the maturity
of their strength.

THE FRIEZE OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 97

There is a characteristic treatment of oblique lines, as
most of the figures are either lunging far forward or
drawing themselves back, but always having one leg
stretched out at full length. This effect is heightened
by the long and slender proportions of the figures. The
relief is exceedingly salient, the limbs being constantly
sculptured in the round; bold foreshortening is not un-
frequently used. The outlines are marked with extreme
force, a channel being worked in the marble round many
of the figures, and deep undercutting used wherever it
would contribute to the effect.

The 'composition of this frieze is distinguished by the
wonderful animation and energy which pervade the
whole. Tried by the standard of the school of Pheidias,
the frieze may perhaps be considered a little strained and
overwrought in style, and unduly restless for an archi-
tectural composition.

In the representations of the Amazons, forms occur in
which the feminine character seems too much emphasised
for such an heroic type, and we may here detect the
development of that sensual element which gained so
powerful an ascendency in the later schools of art, but of
which we have no trace in the works of Pheidias, and
only faint suggestions in the Phigaleian frieze.

The whole frieze was coloured. From the examination
of a number of fragments on their first disinterment, it
was ascertained that the ground of the relief was a blue
equal in intensity to ultramarine, the flesh a dun red,
and the drapery and armour picked out with colours.
The bridles of the horses, as on the frieze of the Parthenon,
and some of the weapons, were of metal, as may be seen by
an examination of the horses' heads, several of which are
pierced for the attachment of metal. On slab No. 1015
the end of the leaden fastening still remains in the jaw
of the horse. This variety of colour must have greatly

YOL. U. U

98 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

contributed to the distinctness and animation of the
relief.

An attempt has been made by Brunn {Sitzungsher. d.
phihs.-philol. CI. d. h. hayer. Akad. d. Wissensch., 1882, p. 114)
to divide the Mausoleum frieze into four styles, to be
attributed to the four artists of Pliny, and Brunn's
division has been taken as a basis for Overbeck's plate
(GV. PlasL, u.\ fig. 171).

The series are as follows :

I. jLeocharesandl Nos. 1009, 1010, 1018-1021.
II. JTimotheos ) Nos. 1007, 1008, 1011, 1012.

III. Bryaxis. Nos. 1013, 1014, 1015, 1025.

IV. Scopas. Nos. 1006, 1016, 1017.

The Genoese slab (No. 1022) is separated from the
series by Brunn for reasons that have not been accepted
as valid, and the division into four classes is more
detailed than the conditions of the case permit. It also
separates one of the four slabs that were found together
by Newton from the remainder, and transfers to the north
side three slabs which were found on the east side
(compare also Winter, Atheniache Mittheilungen, xix., p. 157).

Of the artists named by Pliny, Timotheos has recently
become better known by the sculptures of Epidauros
(Overbeck, Gr. PlasL, ii.*, pp. 126, 127), which are
assigned to him, with probability, on the ground of
passages in the great building inscription of Epidauros
(Cavvadias, Fouilles d'Epidaure, i., pp. 79, 80). A base has
been found at Athens with the name of Bryaxis {Bull, de
Corr. Hellenique, 1892, pis. 3, 7 ; cf. Couve, ibidem, p. 553),
as to which it is doubtful whether the extant reliefs on the
sides, or the object on the top now lost, were by Bryaxis.
The reliefs, representing three horsemen, are of a slight
character, and may be early works. For the style of
Scopas, the remains of the pediment at Tegea are the best
standard for comparison, and the four slabs of the east

THE iFEIEZB OP THE MAUSOLEUM. 99

side (1013-1016) have been regarded as best satisfying
this test(Treu, Athenische Mittheilungen, 1881, p. 412). But
it has been pointed out that, judged by this, the charioteer
of the chariot frieze is more like the work of Scopas than
any part of the Amazon frieze (Murray, Gr. Sculpture,
2nd ed., ii., p. 296).
1006. This slab contains two groups ; on the left two Greeks
are about to despatch an Amazon who has fallen on her
right knee, touching the ground with her right hand.
She looks round towards the Greek on the right, extending
her left arm, now partly wanting, towards his chin, as if to
entreat mercy. He stoops over her, about to strike, with
the sword held over his head. The other Greek, who is
pressing forward from the left, is armed with a Corinthian
crested helmet and a shield ; he is beardless ; his right
arm has been drawn back to strike ; the position of the
hand, which probably held a spear, is marked by a
projection on the ground of the relief. The Amazon
wears a short chiton, girt at the waist; her hair is
gathered up into a roll behind ; her right hand is clenched
and pierced to receive some weapon, probably a sword.

The other group on this slab consists of two figures, a
Greek on the left, and a mounted Amazon, whose horse,
turned to the right, is rearing up. She is evidently
wounded, and with her left hand clings for support to
her horse's neck, on which the fingers of the hand are
shown ; her body is thrown back, and with her right
hand placed upon her antagonist's left side, she tries to
thrust him back. Her head is wanting, all but the
outline. Her chiton, girt at the waist, has slipped down,
leaving her right breast and side bare ; between her left
hip and the horse's mane is a hole for the insertion of
some metallic object, probably the reins, which have
escaped from her hand. The right foreleg of the horse is
wanting, but the position of the hoof probably is indicated

2 H

100 CATALOGUE! OF SCltLt'TURE.

by a projection below the toes of the Amazon's left foot.
The left foreleg of the horse is cut off above the knee
by the joint of the slab. The antagonist of the Amazon
draws back. His right arm was advanced, and was
probably in the act of dealing the Amazon a blow with a
sword. He wears a Corinthian crested helmet, chlamys,
and shield. The general surface of this group is in good
condition, and parts of the astragalos moulding along the
top are preserved.

Length, 5 feet 11 J inches ; height of this and of the other slabs of the
frieze, 2 feet 11§ inches. Mon. dell' Inst., V., pi. 18 ; Annali dell'
Inst, 1850, p. 289; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II., fig. 171,
ser. iv., 1, 2; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 16, slab vi. ; Brunn,
Denkmaeler, No. 98 ; Mansell, No. 723 ; Baumeister, II., p. 899.

1007. Combat of a Greek and an Amazon over a fallen
Amazon. The Greek, who is on the left side of the slab,
draws back. His right arm is wanting from below the
elbow, and it is uncertain what its action was. Perhaps
he was withdrawing a spear (compare a similar incident
on the frieze of the Nereid Monument). He is bearded,
and wears a Corinthian helmet, shield, and chlamys ;
his right heel is slightly raised. The Amazon, his
antagonist, presses forward from the right with her right
foot advanced ; the action of both arms shows that she
is drawing a bow, which must have been painted on the
background ; she is bareheaded, her hair falls down her
back in ringlets ; there are traces of a diadem round the
hair. She wears a short chiton, girt at the waist, under
which is a jerkin with sleeves, and trousers; at her
left side is a quiver. The left arm from the wrist
to the elbow is a separate fragment, found on the site of
the Mausoleum in 1857—9 ; on the sleeve are tiaces of red
colour. The fallen Amazon lies prostrate at full length.
She wears a chiton, reaching to the knees and girt at the
waist ; it leaves the right shoulder bare ; on her legs are

THE FRIEZB OP THE MAUSOLEUM. 101

buskins. Her hair is gathered into a knot on the crown
of the head.

Length, 4 feet 4f inches. Mon. deW Inst., V., pi. 21, fig. xii. ; Annali
deir Inst., 1850, p. 310; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II.,
fig. 171, ser. II., 3 ; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 17, slab xi.

1008. On this slab are two groups of combatants. On the
left is the left side of an Amazon, the remainder of whose
body is sculptured on No. 1007. Her body is inclined to the
left, while her head is turned towards her antagonist on
the right. She wears trousers, and a sleeved tunic girt
at the waist. She was aiming a spear which was probably
of bronze ; her left arm, protected by the pelta, is held
out to ward off the blow of the Greek who is attacking
her. His right hand, grasping the sword, is raised above
his head; he protects himself against the spear-thrust
with his shield. He wears, apparently, a short chiton,
and a chlamys twisted over his left arm ; from his waist
hangs the scabbard of his sword. On the shield are
remains of a medigeval inscription.

The other group on this slab represents a male figure
about to strike with his club an Amazon who has fallen
on both knees, and whom he drags towards him by her
hair grasped in his left hand. He wears a lion's skin
knotted in front, and though the face is nearly obliterated,
the outline of a beard may be traced ; it is therefore
probable that this figure represents Heracles.

The Amazon, whose head is drawn backwards by the
hand of her antagonist, strives with her left hand to
undo his grasp. She wears a chiton, reaching to the
knees and girt at the waist, which leaves the right side
bare ; a chlamys, passing over her left arm, floats in the
air above her head. At her left side appears to be the top
of a bow-case, gorytos, with the bow in it, hanging from a
strap across her right shoulder, but the surface of the

102 CATALOGUE OF SCTTLPTTTEE.

figure is so mucli destroyed that this cannot be clearly
made out.

Present length (no joint on right), 4 feet 5 inches. Man. deW Itut.
v., pi. 21, fig. xiii. ; Annali dell' Tnst, 1850, p. 313; Overbeck,
Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II., fig, 171, ser. II., 4, 5 ; Aniike Denhnaeler,
II., pi. 17, slab xii.

1009. On the left is a mounted Amazon ; facing her on the
left has been a Greek attacking her, of whom all that
now remains is the left foot advanced and resting on a
rock, and the end of his drapery. The Amazon has
raised her right arm above her head to strike with her
sword, which has been of metal ; her mantle flies behind
her, her horse is rearing. Behind this figure on the right
is a group of three combatants. In the centre an Amazon,
fallen on the ground, implores the aid of her comrade, who
hurries forward from the right. On the left a young
Greek advances; his right arm has been advanced; his
right hand has seized the hair of the fallen Amazon, who
raises her left arm over her head to loosen his grasp ; on
his left arm is his shield, advanced to repel the attack of
the Amazon who hastens to save her comrade, threatening
him with her spear and thrusting forward her left arm
protected by a panther skin twisted round the hand.
Two fragments of the right leg and thigh of the Greek
were found in the course of the excavations.

The right arm of the prostrate Amazon is wanting,
except the hand, which rests on her comrade's hip ; on
her brow is a broad flat diadem. Both Amazons wear a
chiton, girt at the waist and reaching to near the knees,
with a double girdle.

On the right is a joint, on the margin of which are
sculptured an end of drapery flying in the air, a tail, and
two hindlegs of a horse. These indications show that a
mounted Amazon galloping to the right followed in the
next slab.

THE FRIEZE OP THE MAUSOLEUM. 103

Length, 6 feet 6J inches. Mon dell' Inst, V., pi. 20, figs, ix., x. ;
Annali dell' Inst, 1850, p. 305 ; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed.,
II., fig. 171, ser. I., 7, 8 ; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 16, slabs
i. il.

1010. On the left a mounted Amazon is engaged -with a Greet,
who retreats, looking back at his antagonist and opposing
his shield to her rearing horse. The action of his right
arm shows that he is aiming a spear at the Amazon.
He has a plumed helmet. On his shield is an inscription
in Latin characters, added in later times, which has
not been deciphered. (See Classical Museum, v., p. 185.)

The right arm of the Amazon is drawn back, the action
showing that she is aiming a spear. She wears a short
chiton with double girdle, and a chlamys, and probably
wore a pointed cap. On the right of this group is a Greek
stooping forward to despatch a prostrate Amazon, of
whom only the legs appear on this slab. Of his head
nothing remains but the back of his crested helmet,
from under which long hair is seen on his neck. He
holds a short sword, the scabbard of Avhich hangs at his
left side. He wears a chiton, girt at the waist, which is
worn leaving the right side bare ; his left arm, of which
only the part above the elbow appears on this slab
probably grasped the head of the Amazon, dragging her
forward ; the outline of her right wrist appears in front
of his knee. Of the Amazon all that is left is the right
leg from below the knee and the left leg from above the
knee to the ankle. This leg, which wears a boot,
was found on the site of the Mausoleum in 1856-9 ; a
portion of the chiton of the Amazon is shown bolow it.

Length, 5 feet | inch. Mon. dell' Inst., V., pi. 19, fig. iii. ; Annali
dell' Inst., 1850, p. 298 ; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., IL,
fig. 171, ser I., 11 ; Antike Denkmaeler, 11., pi. 16, slab ir.

1011. On this slab a Greek moves to the right, his head turned
to the front ; with his right hand he drags by the hair an

104 CATALOGUE OP SOULFTURB.

Amazon, of whom all that remains is a head entirely
defaced, the neck bent in a horizontal position. A pro-
jection on the marble above the head indicates probably
the position of her right arm, vainly raised for defence.
She must have been mounted, and represented as being
dragged off her horse, as below her head about three-
quarters of a horee's tail waving upwards is sculptured on
the marble. The rest of the group is broken off with the
left end of the slab. The Greek wears a crested helmet
and a chiton, over which is a cuirass ; on his left arm is a
shield. His head, entirely defaced, looks towards his
antagonist on the left. On the extreme right is part of a
Greek turned to the right, the remainder of whose body
is continued on the following slab (1012).

Length, 2 feet 9J inches. Mon. delF Inst., V,, pi. 19, fig. i. ; Annali
dell' Inst, 1850, p. 301 ; Antike Denkmaeler, II,, pi. 17,
slab xiii.

1012. On the extreme left is a Greek warrior, cut in two by
the joint between this slab and the preceding. He strides
forward, treading down with his left foot an Amazon who
sinks on her left knee and extends her arms towards
him, while her head sinks back. His attention is directed
to an Amazon on the right, who is drawing back as if to
strike with a battle-axe. The Greek holds out his shield
to meet the blow, and may have had a sword in his right
hand. He wears a Corinthian helmet. The surface of
both figures has greatly suffered except the body and head
of the Greek, which are in fair condition, having been
broken off before this slab was transported to the Castle
and recovered in the course of the excavations. On the
last slab there are slight traces of the right foot of the
Amazon. Her hair falls in tresses; she wears the split
chiton, girt at the waist and open on the left thigh ; on
her left leg is a high boot. Her comrade stands behind

THE FRIEZE OP THE MAUSOLEUM. 105

her. A coif, broader at the back, seems to have been
wound round her head. On her left arm are the pelta
and a chlamys. She wears the split chiton, which leaves
the left thigh bare.

The other group on this slab represents a combat
between a mounted Amazon, advancing from the right,
against a Greek, who draws back to the left, holding out
his shield to repel the forefeet of her rearing horse. Over
his right shoulder passes a shoulder-belt, and on the
inside of his shield is the end of a scabbard. The Amazon
has her right hand drawn back to thrust with a spear.
Her left rests on the horse's neck ; her long hair, tied
behind, floats behind her head. She wears a short chiton,
girt at the waist and reaching to near the knees, and
under it a jerkin with sleeves, and a chlamys. On the
extreme right is the right leg of a male figure advancing
to the right, which is cut off by the joint, and has been
continued on the next slab, now wanting.

Length, 6 feet 7J inches. Mon. deW Inst, V., pi. 19, fig. ii, ; Annali
delV Inst, 1850, p. 299; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II.,
fig. 171, ser. II., 1, 2 ; Antike Lenkmaeler, II., pi. 17, slab xiv.

The slabs that follow (Nos. 1013-1016) were found
together on the eastern side of the quadrangle, that is, on
the side assigned by Pliny to Scopas.
1013. On the left of this slab is a mutilated group, partly
broken away. A mounted Amazon, in a split chiton,
rides down a fallen warrior and at the same time makes
a spear-thrust. Of the warrior only the left thigh
remains.

On the right a young Greek has fallen into a defensive
attitude on his left knee, and holds out his shield to
receive the stroke of a standing Amazon's axe. The left
leg of the warrior is an example of bold foreshortening.
The apparent inequality in the lengths of the thighs is

166 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUBE.

due to an optical deception (cf. Falkener, Daedalus,
p. 247).

Length, 4 feet 7J inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, I., pi. 9, fig. 2 ;
Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II., fig. 171, ser. III., 1, 2 ; Antike
Denkmaeler, II., pi. 16, slab riii. ; Mansell, No. 719.

1014. (Plate XVII.) On the right of this slab is an Amazon
fallen to the ground, and supported by her left arm.
A bearded Greek bends over her with his hand raised
to strike. The head is admirably preserved. A small
groove cut in the side of his helmet shows what has
been the direction of the spear. On the first discovery
of this slab, red colour was very distinct inside this
shield, where traces of it may still be seen.

On the left of the slab is a second pair of combatants.
A bearded Greek lunges forward ; the missing right hand
must have held a sword. The Amazon draws back slightly,
and has both hands raised to strike with an axe. Her
chiton, which is split on the left side, and fastened only
at the girdle, leaves her the most nearly nude among the
female figures of the frieze.

Length, 4 feet 8| inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, I., pi. 10, fig. 2 ;
Overbeck, Gr. Plastik., 4th ed., II., fig. 171, ser. III., 3, 4 ; Brann,
Denkmaeler,'tio.96; Classical Scvdpture Gallery, No. 25; Mansell,
No. 720 ; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 16, slab ix. ; Baumeister, II.,
p. 897.

1015. (Plate XVII.) On the left of this slab is a mounted
Amazon, whose horse is galloping to the right. The rider
has turned round so as to face the horse's tail, and is draw-
ing her bow, after the Parthian fashion, at an enemy behind
her. As the horse is galloping, and not rearing, it is evi-
dently by accident that its forelegs seem to strike the
Greek in the next group. The Greek is engaged with an
Amazon on foot. She is pressing eagerly forward, and,
laying hold of her adversary's shield with her left hand
has her right drawn back to deal him a blow with a

THE PBIEZE OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 107

battle-axe. The Greek has his body thrown very far
back, trying to cover himself with his buckler ; his right
hand has been broken off, and it is doubtful whether he
held a spear or a sword. Near the lower right edge of
the slab remains part of the right arm of the fallen figure.

Length, 6 feet 2 inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, I., pi. 10, fig. 1 ; Over-
beck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II., fig. 171, ser. III., 5, 6 ; Brunn,
Denkmaeler, No. 97; Classical Sculpture Galler//, No. 115;
Mansell, No. 721 ; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 16, slab x. ;
Baumeister, II., p. 878 ; Mitchell, pi. facing p. 470.

1016. The fourth slab found in situ is a fragment on which is
a mounted Amazon to the right. The upper part of her
body has been broken away ; but, from the general action
of the figure, it is probable that she was aiming a spear. In
her left hand remains part of a bronze rein ; beside this
hand, and on the head and flank of the horse, are drill holes.
In front of her has been the figure of a Greek, of which
only the body, left arm, and parts of the legs remain. On
the left arm has been a shield, mostly broken away, the
handle of which is decorated with the mask of a lion. It
is uncertain whether this slab forms part of the series
previously described; it was found near them. The
attitude both of the horse and rider greatly resembles that
of the equestrian group in the round (no. 1045). The
beauty of the modelling is greatly enhanced by the
preservation of the surface.

Length, 3 feet 5| inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, I., pi. 9, fig. 1 ;
Travels and Disc, II., pi. 5 ; Overbeck, Gr. Flastik, 4th ed.,
II., fig. 171, ser. IV., 5 ; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 16, slab vii.

1017. Fragment of a figure of an Amazon rushing forward to
the left; her right hand raised above her head is about to
strike with her battle-axe. She wears a short chiton, girt
at the waist, and a chlamys. This figure was formerly in
the Imperial Museum at Constantinople, and was presented
to the Trustees of the British Museum in 1879 by His

108 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUKB.

Majesty Sultan Abdul Hamed. Its connexion with the
Mausoleum is proved by the fact that the fragment which
contains the left knee and lower part of the left thigh
was found in the course of the excavations on the site of
the Mausoleum in 1856-9, and has been fitted into its
place since the larger fragment was presented by the
Sultan. It is not known when or how this figure found
its way from Budrum to the Imperial Museum, but it was
there as early as February, 1852.

Length, 1 foot 5 J inches. Newton, Travels and Disc, I., pi. 1,
p. 43 ; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II., fig 171, ser. IV., 6 ;
Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 17, No. 71.

1018. On the left a Greek advances to the left, holding his
shield in front of his body ; his right hand, which probably
held a sword, is lowered ; he wears a crested helmet, his
body is naked. On his right arm are traces of red colour.
Of his antagonist, a mounted Amazon, all that now remains
is part of the forehand of her horse, rearing against the
shield of the warrior. Under the horse lies the body of a
slain or wounded Amazon from the hips downwards, the
rest having been broken away ; she appears to have worn
a chiton, reaching below the hips. On the right an
Amazon advances in the same direction as the warrior,
and is about to strike him from behind with her battle-axe.
She wears a chiton reaching to the knees ; round her waist
is twisted a chlamys ; both legs are nearly destroyed, but
she appears to have worn boots. Of her head only the
outline remains; red colour is still visible on the right
upper arm and on the upper part and lower folds of her
chiton, also on the inside of the right thigh and the back
of the right boot. On the right is a Greek moving to the
right, of whom all that remains is part of the body with
the left arm inside the shield and the lower part of the
scabbard of his sword, with traces of his left foot. This
figure wears a chiton, girt at the waist. Below him lies

Ttt^ FRIEZE OF TflE MAUSOLEUM. 109

the lower half of a prostrate Amazon, from the waist
downwards ; the upper part of her body has been continued
on the slab which followed in the original series. Her
right leg is folded over her left leg ; her chiton, girt at
the waist, reaches nearly to the knees. Inside the upper
rim of the shield of the warrior is a projection which may
be the end of the crest of his helmet, though it seems too
thick and solid for that.

Length, 5 feet, IJ inches. Mon. deW Inst., V., pi. 19, fig. iv. ; Annali
deW Inst., 1850, p. 294; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II.,
fig. 171, ser. I., 6 (incomplete) ; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi, 16,
slab iii.

1019. Two groups of Amazons fighting with Greeks. On the
left is a Greek who, fallen on his left knee, endeavours to
protect his head with his upraised left arm enveloped
in his chlamys ; his right arm, now wanting, probably
held his sword, of which the scabbard hangs at his left
side. The Amazon gallops past, and with raised right
arm aims a spear thrust at the Greek. She wears trousers,
a chiton and chlamys.

In the group on the right is a combat between a Greek
and an Amazon, whose shields meet, over the body of a
wounded Amazon. He wears a crested helmet and a short
chiton which leaves the right shoulder bare. His weapon
may have been a spear, and that of the Amazon a sword.
She wears a split chiton and a chlamys. The prostrate
Amazon has fallen on both knees, extending her right
arm, and resting her right hand on the ground. She is
armed with the pelta and wears a chiton, which leaves the
right breast bare.

Length, 6 feet OJ inch. The surface of this slab in general has been
much damaged, Mon. dell' Inst., V., pi. 21, fig, xi. ; Annali
deW Inst, 1850, p. 308 ; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., IL, fig.
171, ser. I., 9, 10 ; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 17, slab xvii.

1020. On the left of this slab a Greek is hurling a spear at a

110 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUEE.

mounted Amazon, who was represented in the next slab
on the left, as the tail and hindlegs of her horse are
sculptured on the margin of the left joint. The action
of the horse's legs shows that the Amazon was retreating
at full speed. The back of the Greek is turned to the
spectator ; his right arm is drawn back to hurl the spear,
which, in this instance only, is shown in sculpture. His
only garment is a chlamys twisted round the extended
left aim and hand to serve as a shield. Next on the
right is a group of three figures, being a combat between
an Amazon and two Greeks. The Amazon reaches for-
ward to the right, and had both hands raised, a mark on
the marble showing the position of the right hand at the
back of the neck. The action of the hands is doubtful.

The Amazon wears a short chiton, over which is a
second garment (perhaps a himation, passing over the left
shoulder and confined under the girdle), and high boots.

One of the two Greeks has fallen on his right knee,
and defends himself from the Amazon's attack with his
shield. His right foot was found on the site of the
Mausoleum in 1857. The second reaches forward from
the left, with shield extended and sword raised. The
handle of the sword is in the form of a horse's head,
and has a guard. Both Greeks wear helmets, but are
otherwise nude. Traces of red remain on and round the
plume of the second Greek.

On the right of this group is an Amazon moving to the
left, but with her head turned to the right, towards a
group on the next slab (1021) ; her right hand, which is
now wanting, was raised to the level of her head, and
must have been aiming a spear ; her left hand holds out
a panther's skin as a shield ; her chiton is girt at the
waist, leaving the right side of her body and her right
thigh exposed. Only the outline of her head and crested
helmet is preserved ; she wears buskins reaching nearly

THE FRIEZE OP THE MAUSOLEUM. Ill

to the knee. Outside the drapery on her right side, below
the girdle, is a projection where something has been
attached. There are traces of colour on the inside of the
right thigh.

Length, 5 feet 3f inches. Hon. deW Inst., V., pi. 20, fig. vii. ; Annali
deW Inst, 1850, p. 302; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II.,
fig. 171, ser. I., 1-3 ; Mansell, No. 722 ; Antike Dmkmaeler, II.,
pi. 17, slab XT.

1021. The figure on the left, already described in No. 1020, is
completed on this slab, and proves the connexion of the
two. Next to it is another group of three figures, being
a combat between a Greek and Amazon over a wounded
Greek. The wounded man falls forward on his knees.
The left hand rests on the ground, and the right arm
appears to be resting momentarily on the left thigh of the
unwounded Greek. The whole body is relaxed. The
Amazon makes an onslaught from the right, with raised
battle-axe. She wears a short chiton, girt at the waist.

The antagonist of the Amazon has his left foot ad-
vanced ; with his shield on his left arm he seeks to defend
his prostrate comrade. His right hand perhaps grasped the
arm of the falling man ; he is armed with a Corinthian
helmet, with a crest; a belt passes obliquely from his
right shoulder to his left side; the upper part of the
sword suspended from it is faintly indicated on the
marble. A chlamys hangs from his left shoulder, floating
behind.

On the right of this group are two combatants ; a Greek
advancing from the left raises his right hand above his
left shoulder to deal a blow with his sword at an Amazon
who rests on the ground in a semi-recumbent position.
Her right arm is raised for defence above her head. Her
antagonist has his back turned to the spectator, and, with
his right foot advanced, leans forward over the Amazon,
about to deliver a blow with the sword, which must have

112 CATALOGUE OF SOULPTUEE.

been of metal, as the right hand is clenched and perforated
to receive a sword-handle ; on his left arm, drawn back,
is his shield ; a chlamys is wrapped round his left upper
arm, the ends floating in front.

Length, 6 feet 10| inches. Mon. dell' Inst., V., pi. 20, fig. vii. ;
Anruxli delP Inst, 1850, p. 302 ; Overbeck, Gr. Flastik, 4th ed.,
II., fig. 171, ser. I., 4 ; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 17, slab xvi.

The original slab has been placed in the restored order of the Mauso-
leum, and is represented by a cast in its place in the frieze.

1022. On the left is a group of an Amazon following up
her attack on a Greek who has fallen on his left knee,
partially supporting himself on his shield, which rests
edgeways on the ground. His right arm has been raised
above his head, for defence against the attack of the
Amazon, whose weapon is doubtful. She wears a Phryg-
ian cap, a chiton reaching to the knees and girt at the
waist, a chlamys and boots. The right foot was continued
on the slab adjoining. The Greek wears an Argive helmet
and a short chiton, which is girt at the waist and leaves
the right side and shoulder bare.

The other group on this slab contains three figures;
on the right is an Amazon on her knees imploring mercy
from the Greek who advances to slay her. Her left hand
grasps his left knee; her right hand, with open palm,
is extended in entreaty. His left hand forces back her
head. His sword, of which the scabbard hangs by his
left side, was doubtless held in his right hand prepared
to strike. He is bearded, and wears a chlamys. A
comrade on the left hastens to the rescue of the Amazon.
Her right hand, raised above her head, is about to deal a
blow at the Greek from behind ; her weapon was doubtless
a battle-axe. She wears a short chiton, high boots, and a
chlamys. Like her comrade she is bare-headed.

On the left of this slab the tail and the outline of the
hindquarters of a horse show that, on the slab immediately

THE FRIEZE OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 113

following, the first figure on the right must have been a
mounted Amazon turned to the left. On the extreme
right of the slab is the edge of a chlamys flying in the wind.
The figure to which this drapery belonged must therefore
have been moving to the right. Formerly in the Palace of
the Marchese Serra at Genoa.

Length, 7 feet 1| inches. This slab is better preserved than any of
those in the Castle, and it was probably selected at the time
when the Knights of St, John were at Budrum, as worthy to be
sent to Genoa. The Serra family are unable to trace back its
possession beyond the middle of last century. It was purchased
for the Museum in 1865. The moulding at the foot of the slab
on the right side has been restored, the remains of the bead and
reel moulding at the top have been cut away and converted into
a plain fillet, and the ground of the relief throughout has been
studiously reduced to a monotonous plane. These retouchings,
doubtless due to an Italian restorer, have led Professor von Brunn
to deny the connexion between this relief and the rest of the frieze,
but there is no ground whatever for this assumption. Mon. dell*
Inst., v., pis. 1-3; Annali, 1849, p. 74; Brunn, Berichte der
hayer. Akad., 1882, p. 131 ; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II.,
fig. 171, ser. IV., 3, 4; Brunn, Denkmaeler, Nos. 99, 100;
Mansell, No, 718; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 17, slab xviii.;
Welters, No. 1240 ; Baumeister, Denkmaeler, p. 901.

1023. Fragments of two figures : an Amazon who is turned to
1, 2. the left, and a Greek who advances from the left. The
Greek advances with his right arm raised above his head
to strike with his sword ; he wears a crested helmet, on
his left arm is a shield. The Amazon has fallen to a
kneeling position ; her body is thrown back to escape the
impending blow, and she endeavours to defend her head
with her right arm thrown back over it. Her head, of
which the features are entirely defaced, is turned to the
front. She wears a chlamys and a chiton, girt at the
waist, which leaves the right breast exposed. A part of
the lower moulding is preserved.

(1.) Height, 1 foot llf inches; width, 1 foot 4^ inches.

VOL. n. I

114 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

(2.) Height, 2 feet 2 inches; width, 1 foot 6 inches.

Antike Denkmaeler, JI., pi. 18, Nos. 79, 80.

The principal fragments of each of these figures were found in the
courtyard of a Turkish house in Rhodes, whence they were
purchased in 1876, but they were proved to have belonged to
the Mausoleum, since each fragment could be fitted to a fragment
found in , the excavations in situ. The house at Rhodes was
certainly one of the old houses of the Knights of St. John, and it
is therefore presumed that these two fragments had been con-
veyed from Budrum to Rhodes, while the Knights still held the
Castle of St. Peter. It seems probable, though not certain, that
the figui'es originally belonged to the same group. The
Rhodian fragments have suffered considerably from fire.

1024. Part of Amazon, mounted on a horse rearing to the right.
On the left this figure is divided by a joint. Her right
hand rests on her horse's shoulder, her left arm is raised
above her head as if to hurl a spear. She wears a chiton,
girt at the waist, and with long sleeves. On the cheek
and mane of the horse holes are drilled for the attachment
of metal reins.

Height, 2 feet \ inch; width, 11 inches. Antike Denkmaeler, II.,
pi. 18, No. 85.

1025. Fragment with remains of two figures. On the right
an Amazon moving to the right ; her left arm is raised
above her head, as if to strike or guard against a blow ;
her right arm is drawn back, but as it is wanting from
the elbow, its action cannot be ascertained. She wears a
chiton, girt at the waist, which leaves the right breast
bare. Of the other figure nothing remains but the right
leg from below the knee, the left foot, and some of the
lower part of the chiton. The leg appears to be that of
an Amazon, and the figure must have been moving slowly
to the left. Part of the lower moulding is preserved.

Height, 2 feet 7 inches ; width, 2 feet 10§ inches. Antike Denkmaeler,
II., pi. 16, slab 5 ; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II., fig. 171,
ser. III., 7, from Caldesi's photo, gives a fragment which was
at one time erroneously attached to this slab.

THE FRIEZE OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 115

1026. Fragment of a grotip of two male combatants ; the one
on the right appears to be wounded. He kneels on his
right knee and looks to the right towards the next figure
in the group, which must have been an Amazon, probably-
mounted. His right arm has been bent upwards, the hand
resting above his head ; he has a shield on his left arm.
His comrade advances to defend him from the left,
extending his left arm, enveloped in drapery, to protect
the head of his fallen companion. Both figures are very
imperfect. Of the Greek on the left nothing remains but
the body from the shoulders to the waist, draped in a
chiton which leaves the right shoulder bare, and a large
mantle, fastened on the right shoulder and worn over the
left arm. Part of the lower moulding is preserved.

Height, 2 feet 3 inches ; width, 1 foot lOf inches. Antike Denkmaeler,
II., pi. 18, Nos. 86, 87.

1027. Fragment representing an Amazon kneeling ; with her
right hand she grasps the hilt of her sheathed sword,
which is suspended at her left side ; her left arm, which
is wanting from above the elbow, has been advanced in
front of her body. She wears high boots and a chiton
reaching to below the knees, over which is a diploidion
girt at the waist. The lower moulding is preserved.

Height, 1 foot 6J inches ; width, 1 foot If inches. Antike Denkmaeler,
II., pi. 18, No. 93.

1028. Fragment of an Amazon kneeling on her left knee ;
drapery, probably her chiton, falls over the left thigh
above the knee ; on the right is another piece of drapery,
probably part of the mantle, hanging from her extended
left arm. The right leg was extended on the left. On
the right is the lower part of the back of a male (?) figure
cut off at the joint of the slab. This figure was striding
to the right ; between it and the kneeling figure is a rock,

I 3

116 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

on which is part of its foot. The lower moulding is
preserved.

Height, 1 foot 7 inches ; width, 1 foot 10 inches. Antike Dmhmaeler,
II., pi. 18, No. 81.

1029. Eight leg of an Amazon striding forward to the right,

1. broken ofiF below the knee, above which is the fragment
of the skii-t of a chiton. The lower moulding is well
preserved.

2. Fragment of the breast of a male figure ; on the left
shoulder drapery. There is no connexion between these
two fragments.

(1.) Height, 1 foot 5 inches ; width, 1 foot 4^ inches.

(2.) Height, lOf inches ; width, lOf inches.

Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 18, No. 83 (= i;, ICo. 84 (= 2).

1030. Upper part of the body of a Greek looking to the right.
He is helmeted; his chiton leaves his right shoulder
bare ; his right arm, wanting from halfway between the
shoulder and elbow, is extended to the left ; his left arm
is broken off below the shoulder. A sword-belt passes
obliquely over his right shoulder. Above the left shoulder
is a projection, probably part of his shield.

Height, 9J inches ; width, llf inches. Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 17,
No. 70.

1031. Smaller fragments of the frieze of the Order.

1, Head and shoulders of a Heracles-like figure, turned to
the right.

Height, 8 inches. Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 18, No. 89.

2. Eight leg of a male figure turned to the right, and part
of the leg of a horse.

Height, 8J inches. Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 18, No. 90.

FEIEZES OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 117

3. Upper part of a beardless Greek, wearing a plumed
helmet. His head is thrown far back, the right arm is
raised above his head, and he has a shield on the left
arm. The upper edge of this fragment is preserved.

Height, 1 foot 1| inches. Antike Benkmaeler, II., pi. 18, No. 91.

4. Upper part of the body of an Amazon, turned to the
left. She wears a chiton and flying cloak, and had her
right hand raised.

Height, 1 foot 1 inch. Antike Benkmaeler, II., pi. 18, No. 92.

5. Body of an Amazon from the waist to the knee. She
wears a short split chiton, girt at the waist, and seems to
be drawing back a little to the left.

Height, 1 foot 1 inch. Antike Benkmaeler, II., pi. 18, No. 88.

6. A wall-case contains numerous smaller fragments of
the frieze of the Order.

FRIEZE WITH CENTAUROMACHIA.

The position of this frieze on the building is unknown
It has sometimes been taken as the frieze of the Order, but
the mouldings are less suited to that position than those
of the Amazon frieze.
1032. Slab of frieze containing three figures. On the left a
naked figure stands with his back to the spectator ; his
head is turned to the left, his right arm raised, as if
aiming a spear at an antagonist on the left, who was
probably a Centaur, as the end of a horse's tail is sculp-
tured on the extreme edge of the marble. Behind him,
with arms stretched out as if in alarm, is a draped woman
rushing to the right. Her head was turned to the front,
but the entire face is wanting. She wears a chiton,
which leaves the right shoulder bare, and himation.

118 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

On the right is a naked male figure with flowing hair
tied with a fillet who runs to the right. In his left
hand he holds a long knotted staif or spear, which
he carries over his left shoulder; from his left arm
hangs a chlamys. At the end of the slab is the hind-
quarter of a horse, turned to the right, and in a rearing
attitude. This hindquarter probably belonged to a
Centaur, whom the youthful male figure is pursuing.
The height of this slab is 2 feet 10| inches, and the coarse
moulding along the foot is difierent from that of the frieze
of the Order already described. At the top there is a
flat joint, and no moulding.

Length, 4 feet 8f inches. Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 3rd ed., II.,
fig. 111»; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 18, H.

1033. Scene from a Centauromachia with a group of a Greek
attacking a Centaur. The Greek advances from the left,
the Centaur confronts him on the right. The Greek is
probably about to strike with his sword; his left arm
seems to have been bent upwards, and may have grasped
the hair of the Centaur. His left leg appears to have
been raised, and was probably locked wdth the right
foreleg of the Centaur. A chlamys flies from his left
shoulder. Little of the Centaur remains but the human
body from the shoulders, and the anterior half of the
equine body.

Length, 2 feet 8| inches. Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 18, G.

1034. The body, as far as the waist, of a Greek or a Centaur
turning to the right. A chlamys flies behind him,
fastened on the shoulder. The body leans forward to the
right, but its action cannot be ascertained. Below is a
portion of the moulding at the foot of this frieze. There
is a small remnant of the ground of the frieze above this
moulding, on which are sculptured two horse's hoofs and

FEIEZES OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 119

the right heel of a human foot. This remnant has no
connexion with the figure above it.

Length of moulding, 3 feet 5J inches. Antike Denkmaekr, II.,
pi. 18, E, F.

1035. Four fragments of the lower moulding of the Centaur
l-i. frieze. One has a part of a Centaur's tail, and one a
Lapith's foot.

Antilce Denkmaeler, II., pi. 18, B, C, D.

CHARIOT FRIEZE.

1036. Nearly 100 fragments of a frieze were found which
evidently represented a chariot race with a series of four-
horse chariots, galloping to the right. The relief in this
frieze differs from that of the other friezes from the
Mausoleum. The heads and extremities of the figures are
not detached as in the frieze of the Order, but sculptured
on the ground in relief, which is high or low, as may
be required for effect. In some of the limbs the treatment
is very flat, as in the frieze of the Parthenon. Portions,
however, such as the bodies of the horses, are extremely
salient, projecting some 8 inches from the ground. This
highly-wrought execution accords with the material of
this frieze, which is a much finer and whiter marble than
that employed in the other friezes. The thickness of the
slab is not 1 foot, as in the frieze of the Order, but varies
from 7 inches to 4 inches. The back is always hammer-
dressed, not wrought in alternate courses like the frieze
of the Order. The joint between the slabs wants the
final polish, which fact is an indication that this frieze
was never intended to be exposed to the weather. On
one of the fragments the blue colour of the ground may
still be traced under an aqueous deposit. This frieze has

120 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

a flat ogee moulding at the foot, on the under side of
which the enriched ornament usual in this moulding has
been painted. Faint traces of the blue ground and of the
leaves of this ornament may be seen (see the fragment
below, No. 1037). This moulding was not applied else-
where on the building. In the present condition of the
frieze, there is little to distinguish the various groups.
The charioteers wear the usual dress of a long robe girt
at the waist, and long hair. (Cf. the figures of the
Parthenon frieze, no. 325, 33.) Out of the fragments
about twenty chariot groups have been partly made up,
which are arranged on the east wall above the frieze of
the Order.

Parian Marble. The whole height of this frieze, inclusive of the
moulding, is 2 feet 9J inches. Jlurray, II., pi. 26 ; Antike
Denkmaeler, II., pi. 13.

1037. Charioteer from the chariot frieze (where it is represented
twice by casts, one being partly restored. See Plate XVIII.).
A male figure stands in a chariot, of which a part of the
wheel and part of the rim of the chariot rail have been
preserved together with some of the body of the chariot ;
in the centre of the nave a hole is drilled for a metal
ornament. A part of the horse's tail is preserved. His
body is thrown forward, and his countenance and
attitude express the eagerness of the contest. The
features, which are beautifully sculptured, have an
anxious look. He has long hair, and a long tunic, girt
at the waist.

This figure has been pointed out as the nearest in style
to the works of Scopas at Tegea (see ante, p. 99). A
part of the moulding below this fragment has the painted
ornament described above (No. 1036).

Parian Marble. Height, 2 feet IJ inches. Kewton, Travels and
Disc, II., p. 133, pi. 16 ; Murray, Trans. Glasgow Arch. Soc.,
1894, pi. 5 ; Antike Denkmaeler, II., pi. 18, 0 ; Mansell,
uo. 1304 ; Collignon, II., p. 327 ; Gardner, Handbook, p. 391.

RELIEFS OP THE MAUSOLEUM. 121

RELIEFS IN PANELS.

1038-1041. Fragments of groups in panels, which are set
in frames projecting 2^^ inches, but are not protected
from the weather by mouldings. It may be inferred
that they were not placed on the exterior of the
Mausoleum, and in the restored Order it has been
assumed that they are the covering slabs of the coffers
of the ceiling of the peristyle.

1038. This panel contains three fragments, which have no
necessary connexion with each other. Below, on the
right, is a left foot ; on the left, a fragment, on which is
a left foot and leg to the bottom of the calf. This leg has
been extended to the right ; beside this are the remains of
the right leg of a standing figure. In the right-hand
upper angle of this panel is a right hand, which grasps a
spear.

1039. In this panel are inserted three fragments which have
no necessary connexion with one another; below, the
right knee of a draped kneeling figure ; a left leg and
foot from the knee ; above, the edge of a shield.

1040. Fragment of a group representing two draped figures,
of whom the one on the right has fallen to a sitting
posture, the upper part of her body bent forwards. The
other figure is drawing back from her on the left.
Both these figures wear a chiton girt at the waist. Of the
figure on the left nothing remains but the body from the
waist downwards to near the knees. The foot in the
margin is added by conjecture. Of the other figure
the only remains are the left side from the hip to above
the girdle, atnd the left thigh from below the hip to the
knee, bare. This figure is probably an Amazon ; the sex
of the other is uncertain. On the right, above the
prostrate figure, is a mass projecting from the ground,
which was once joined to it by a piece of sculpture quite

199 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUKB.

undercut. Murray, Trans. Glasgow Arch. Soc, 1894,
pi. 3.

1041. Eemains of a group representing two male figures, one
of whom has thrown the other down on a rock, and appears
to be following up his advantage. Of the fallen figure
all that remains is the left leg, thigh, and hip ; the foot
rests on a rock ; his right leg seems to have been
extended ; of his adversary only the legs from the knees
remain. The subject has been thought to represent
Theseus killing the robber Skiron. A cast of this subject
has been inserted in the restoration of the Order.

1042. 1> 2. Two fragments of similar panels.

FRAGMENTS OP STATUES FROM THE
MAUSOLEUM.

1045. (Plate XIX.) Torso of an equestrian figure, much muti-
lated. The rider sits a bare-backed prancing horse, whose
hindlegs were well under the body, while the forelegs were
raised. He wears close-fitting trousers, a dress character-
istic of Asiatics generally in ancient art, over which falls
a tunic with sleeves, girt at the waist, and reaching half-
way down the thighs. The left hand holds the reins
with a firm, nervous grip, strongly though roughly
rendered by the sculptor. The upper part of the rider
was a separate piece. The upper surface of the extant
portion is worked to receive it with a smooth margin,
and a central dowel-hole, to which a channel leads from
one side for running in lead. In the present mutilated
state of this group the action of the rider cannot be made
out with certainty ; but perhaps this figure was repre-
sented striking downward with a spear at a prostrate
foe, and it is probable that the torso originally formed
part, of a group commemorating the triumph of an

SCULPTURES FROM THE MAUSOLEUM. 12S

Asiatic warrior over one of his enemies. Whether one ■
of the princes of the race of Hecatomnos or a mythical
personage is here represented cannot be determined.

The upper jaw and nose of a horse (1046, 1) found near
this torso may have belonged to it. In that case, the
mouth of the horse must have been represented open, and
his nostrils distended with rage, as would be characteristic
of a horse in a battle-scene.

Notwithstanding the great mutilation which this torso
has received, it must be considered an admirable example
of ancient sculpture. The body of the horse is a master-
piece of modelling, the rearing movement affects the whole
frame. Equal skill is shown in the representation of the
firm but easy seat of the rider.

In the treatment of the surface this torso forms an
interesting contrast to the horses from the chariot group,
being highly wrought, as if for close inspection. It is,
however, nowhere polished, but shows the last work of the
tool. Several of the pieces broken off the hind-quarters
were found in the course of the excavations in a garden
wall a few feet distant from the spot where the torso was
lying. Of these fragments five are now rejoined in their
original positions. Under the belly of the horse, as
under those of the chariot group, has been an oblong
marble support, which at its junction with the body
measured 14 inches by 11 inches.

Height, 3 feet 9 inches ; length, 7 feet. Newton, Travels and
Discoveries, II., pi. 4 ; Hist. Disc. II., p. 218 ; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik,
4th ed., II., p. 103 ; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 71 ; CoUignon, II.,
p. 335 ; Mitchell, Selections, pi. 9.

1046. Fragments, probably from equestrian group : —

1, Nose and upper jaw of horse; on a separate fragment,
part of chin and lower jaw.

2. Half the right fore-hoof of a horse ; the leg must have
been raised from the ground.

124 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

3. Fragment of left hind-hoof of horse, resting on a
hammer-dressed base.
1047. Torso of a colossal seated male figure, broken off across
the middle of the body, and wanting the extremities of
the limbs. The figure is seated on a cushioned seat,
covered with drapery. The weight is supported by a
square central support. The figure wears a chiton and a
large mantle, which is brought about the body, and lies
in a mass on the lap. Part of a high boot is still visible
on the left leg. The figure is so mutilated that the
original motive cannot be ascertained ; but the left arm
may have been raised and supported by a spear or sceptre,
while the right hand may have held a bowl. At the
back the drapery has little depth of folds, and from the
general flatness of the treatment in this part it may be
inferred that the figure was placed so as not to be seen
from behind. The figure was identified as a divinity,
perhaps Zeus, by Sir C. Newton, but the figure would do
equally well for Mausolos, or some other heroified ruler.
The surface of this statue is mutilated in so unsightly a
manner that it is difficult to form an opinion as to its
merits ; but, as seen from its right side, it shows consider-
able dignity in the pose and composition of the drapery.
The statue has been painted, and the folds of the drapery
are still coated with an artificial surface of a purple
colour ; this may be the original pigment, chemically
united with a deposit from water.

The statue was found under the wall of a house, and
had evidently been long exposed to the drip from the
roof. On its first discovery, two colours seemed blended
on the surface, which by exposure to the air rapidly
faded. It is possible that this effect was caused by the
decomposition of a portion of the purple in the soil.

Height, with the support, 6 feet 4- inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II.,
p. 221. Nos, 1047-1054 = Mausoleum Boom Guide Nos, 40-47.

SCULPTURES FROM THE MAUSOLEUM. 125

1048. Draped male torso, clad in a cMton girt at the waist
and reaching a little below the knees. This torso is
broken ofif at the waist and also below the knees. A
small part of the girdle is seen at the back. The figure
(has stood in an easy attitude, the right leg crossed over
the other, which carries all the weight. The composition
of this figure is simple and dignified.

Height, 3 feet 6 inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 223.

1049. Draped torso, from the breast to the knees. The
figure stands in an easy attitude, with the weight thrown
on the right leg, and wears a tunic, which is drawn
up in loose folds over the girdle.

Found on south side of the Mausoleum.

Height, 3 feet IJ inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 129.

1050. Draped male torso from the breast to the middle of the
thighs, the back broken away. The figure stands with
the weight resting on the right leg. The drapery
appears to be a mantle, fitting somewhat closely to the
body, and showing its outlines.

Found outside the northern Peribolos wall of the Mausoleum.

Height, 3 feet 4 inches.

1051. Colossal female head. Bound the face is a triple row
of curls like that of Artemisia, symmetrically arranged,
each curl being terminated in a conventional spiral. The
remainder of the hair is drawn back to form a mass at
the back of the head, covered by a close-fitting cap.
This head is remarkable for largeness and simplicity of
treatment, in the manner of Scopas. The cast of features,
though ideal, does not recall any known type of goddess.
The front of the face and part of the hair has been much
injured ; the head inclines towards the left shoulder ;
the neck appears to have been broken off from a statue.

126 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE. 11!!

. Found ahcmt 2 feet to the, north of the northern Peribolos
wall of the Mausoleum.

Height, 1 foot 6 inches. Newton, Eist. Disc, II., pp. 104, 224,
pi. 2 ; Murray, II., pi. 27, p. 301.

1052. Colossal female head, wearing a veil ; this head has
been fitted to a socket (probably in a statue) at the base
of the neck. This head was found built into the
chimney of a Turkish house, and the features are
consequently nearly destroyed by fire. From what
remains of the outlines of the features it may be inferred
that it was sculptured in the same large simple style
as No. 1051.

Height, 1 foot 10^ inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 225.

1053. Fragment of colossal female head, similar in scale and
style to No. 1051. All that remains is part of the left
side of the head, including the left ear, and showing a
small line of hair below the cap, as in No. 1051. The sur-
face is much injured.

Height, 1 foot If inches. Newton, Jlist. Disc, II., pp. 129, 225.

1054. (Plate XX., fig. 1.) Bearded portrait head. The back
and right side have been split off, while the front and
especially the left side of the face is quite uninjured.
The lips are slightly parted, the beard and hair short
and crisply curling. The hair springs up above the
middle of the forehead. The features have a mild and
dignified expression.

The portrait has not been identified, but it probably
represents some ancestor of Mausolos, or other local
hero.

Height, 1 foot If inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 225 ; Mansell,
No. 1293 ; Collignon, II., p. 334.

SCULPTURES FROM THE MAUSOLEUM. 127

1055. Bearded portrait head, much mutilated. The upper
part is broken away, above the eyes, together with the
chin and side of the face. The hair seems to have been
tied with a taenia. Traces of red colour remain on the
beard. The head is worked to fit into a socket, in a
statue.

Found in a subterranean gallery of the Mausoleum.

Height, 1 foot ^ inch. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 153.

1056. Youthful male head, rather exceeding life size, of heroic
type. The nose and mouth are much defaced and the
surface generally is in bad condition. The head is
turned to the right, and downwards, looking over the
right shoulder. The neck has been fitted into a socket.

South side of the Mausoleum.

Height, 1 foot IJ inches. Newton, Hist, Disc, II., p. 227. Nos.
1056-1059 = Mausoleum JRoom Guide Nos. 48-50*.

1057. Male head wearing the head-dress called Jcyrhasia, a
kind of cap worn by the Persians, which may be recog-
nised in several representations of Satraps in Greek art.
Compare the Satrap of the Nereid Monument, No. 879,
and of the Tomb of Payava, No. 950, 7. This head-dress
appears to have been a conical cap made of linen or some
flexible material, of which the point fell forward on the
forehead. The back of the cap falls down the nape of
the neck to protect it from the sun. Long flaps from
the sides are twisted together across the mouth. The
head cannot be identified, but it is probably that of a
Satrap of the princely family of Mausolos.

Height, 1 foot 2 inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 226.

1058. (Plate XX., fig. 2.) Beardless male head, larger than
life. The head is thrust forward, and the look turned

128 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

upwards. The flowing hair is gathered up above the
back of the head, and the type is that of Apollo.

Height, 1 foot 3| inches. Newton, ffist Disc, II., p. 225 ; Overbeck,
Griech. Kunstmyth., Atlas pi. 20, No. 1 ; text III., p. 127. The
back of the head has recentlj been added.

1059. Lower part of a marble helmet, with a vizor, in the
form of a mask, on which are seen in very low relief the
mouth, beard and moustache. The helmet rests on a
fragment of marble which appears to be a portion of a
rocky base; it is probable, therefore, that it has been
placed by the side of a statue, which, from the scale of
the helmet, would not have much exceeded life size.

Height, 9f inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 228.

1060. Youthful head, probably of an Amazon, wearing the
Phrygian cap ; of life size ; broken off at the neck, the
features much defaced. No other head on so small a
scale has been discovered among the remains of the
Mausoleum.

Height, 1 foot J inch. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 227 ; Mausoleum
Boom Guide, No. 51.

1061. Eight shoulder of draped figure, broken off half-way
down the upper arm. The figure wore a sleeved chiton,
and a large mantle, which was thrown back over the
shoulders. The head of the statue was separately worked,
and set in a socket. The back is broken away.

Height, 1 foot 3 inches. Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 52.

1062. Eight thigh and knee of a draped figure standing.

Height, 1 foot 11 inches. Mausoleum Boom Guide, No. 61.

1063. Fragment of draped figure, probably from the upper
part of the thighs ; on the left side, a portion of the marble
has been cut away for a joint ; four small holes show

LIONS OF THE MAUSOLEUM. 129

that a piece of drapeiy or some other object has been
here attached by means of dowels.

Height, 1 foot 8 inches. Mausoleum Eoom Guide, No. 63.

1064. Fragment, below the waist, of a figure wearing a
•cuirass (?) and having a part of the drapery gathered

up, and passed through a ring. The arrangement is
diflBcult to distinguish.

Height, 1 foot. Mausoleum Hoom Guide, No. 65.

1065. Left shoulder and breast of nude male figure ; in the
upper part is a socket for the insertion of the head.

Height, 1 foot 4 inches. Mausoleum Eoom Guide, No. 71*.

THE LIONS OP THE MAUSOLEUM.

Like the Amazon frieze, the lions of the Mausoleum
have long been known to travellers, since several of
them were placed by the Knights of St. John in the
Castle of St. Peter. The drawings of Mayer show two
lions inserted in the walls of the Castle (sitting down,
however), and they had already been noted by Dalton
and Eoss. Sir Charles Newton recognised their im-
portance when he visited Budrum in 1855 (Travels
and Disc, i., p. 320), and at his instance authority
was obtained for the removal of the lions from the
Castle. Numerous other lions and fragments were found
in the course of the excavation. Especially they were
found on the outside of the northern Peribolos wall, in
company with the fragments of the chariot group, as if
they had belonged to the upper part of the building.
Compare Mr. Cockerell's drawing, where they are placed
at the base of the pyramid.

VOL. II. K

130 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

The lions are nearly of one pattern, except that the
heads are turned to right or left. In their uniformity,
and strongly conventional treatment, especially of the
manes, they reveal their decorative and architectonic
purpose.

1075. Lion ; head turned to the left, the left foreleg slightly
advanced. This lion is nearly complete except for the
paws and end of the tail, the cui-ve of which is seen on
the left hindleg. On the rump is inscribed H, This lion
was found on the top of the northern Peribolos wall,
standing as it had fallen. The tongue was then painted
with red colour which has since disappeared.

Height, 4 feet 7 inches. Mansell, Nos. 715, 1296 ; Mausoleum Room
Guide, No, 100 ; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 72 ; Collignon, II., p. 336.

1076. Lion ; head turned to right ; the left shoulder and fore-
arm and all the body from behind the right shoulder are
wanting; the right foreleg, which has been rejoined at
the elbow, is complete only as far as below the fetlock ;
the lower lip has been broken away and the muzzle has
been injured. Notwithstanding these defects, this lion is
one of the best preserved of the series.

Found on the north side of the Mausoleum.

Height, 4 feet 7 inches. Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 101.

1077. Lion; the head turned to the left; the forelegs and the
hind-quarters wanting ; the left foreleg has been advanced ;
the head has been broken off at the base of the neck and
clumsily rejoined; the nose and left eye have been
injured.

Formerly in the Castle of St. Peter, Budrum.

Height, 3 feet 1 inch. Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 104.

1078. Lion; the head turned to the right, the lower lip broken
off; both forelegs have been cut off at the same level

LIONS OP THE MAUSOLEUM. 131

below the shoulder-joint, and the hind-quarters are
wanting ; the right foreleg has been advanced.
Formerly in the Castle of St. Peter, Budrum.

Height, 3 feet 5 inches. Mansell, No. 1295. Brunn, Denkmaeler,
No. 73 ; Collignoa II., p. 342 ; Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 105.

1079. Lion ; head turned to the right ; the body broken off
behind the shoulder; the forelegs cut away; the right
foreleg has been advanced ; the surface of the head is
much worn, and the end of the muzzle broken off.

Formerly in the Castle of St. Peter, Budrum.

Height, 3 feet. Mausoleum Eoom Guide, No. 106.

1080. Lion; the head turned to the left; both forelegs are want-
ing from the shoulder; the left foreleg has been advanced ;
the face is much injured, and the nose and both jaws are
broken away. The jaw has at some time been repaired
with a metal dowel. The hind-quarter is wanting. The
forehand of this lion was formerly in the Castle at
Budrum, and has been united with the middle of the body
which was found on the site of the Mausoleum (?).

Height, 3 feet 5 inches. Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 107.

1081. Lion ; the head and upper part of the neck, the fore-
legs, the right hindleg from above, and the left hindleg
from below the hough, are wanting ; the right foreleg has
been advanced ; the hind-quarters have been rejoined. On
the top of the rump, p.

Found on the site of the Mausoleum.

Height, 3 feet 3 inches. Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 108.

1082. Lion's head, with part of mane. The mouth is open,
with protruding tongue.

Found outside the northern Peribolos wall.

Height, 1 foot 10 inches. Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 115. [Over door
Mausoleum Annexe.]

K 2

132 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

Some of the less preserved of the lions, and a great
number of smaller fragments, have been withdrawn from
exhibition. The following are the principal fragments : —

1083. Lion ; the head turned to the left ; both forelegs and
all behind the shoulder wanting. Parts of the face have
also been broken away; but what remains is in fine
condition.

Found on the north aide of the Mausoleum.

Height, 2 feet 11 inches. Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 102,

1084. Lion ; the head turned to the right. The top and left
side of the head and left shoulder have been broken
away; also the right leg above the knee, and the left
above the fetlock. The hind-quarters are wanting. On
the top of the rump, n.

Found on the site of the Mausoleum,

Height, 4 feet 1 inch. Mausoleum Boom Guide, No. 1 03.

1085. Lion ; all the forepart of the body wanting from behind
the shoulder ; the right hindleg wanting from above, and
the left from below, the hough ; the right hindleg has
been advanced. On the top of the rump, /\ .

Found on the site of the Mausoleum.

Height, 3 feet. Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 109,

1086. Lion ; all the forepart of the body wanting from behind
the shoulder; the left hindleg wanting from above the
stifle, and the right from the hough ; the left hindleg has
been advanced. Made up of a number of fragments ;
much of the surface of the body wanting. On the top of
the rump, p.

• Found on the site of the Mausoleum.

Height, 2 feet 10 inches. Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 110.

SCULPTURES FROM THE MAUSOLEUM. 133

MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURES PROM THE
MAUSOLEUM.

1095. Anterior half of a panther, broken off behind the
shoulder.

Castle of St. Peter, Budrum ; probably from the Mauso-
leum, though there is no direct evidence of this.

Length, 3 feet 3 inches. Mausoleum Boom Guide, No. 138.

1096. 1-3. Head, forehand, and right hindleg of a boar. It
hardly exceeds life size.

Mausoleum Boom Guide, No. 142.

1097. Body of ram. The head, legs and tail are wanting.
The shaggy hide is marked by numerous conventional
grooves. A foot a ad part of the hindleg of the ram were
also found.

Height, 2 'feet 10 inches. Mausoleum Boom Guide, No. 145.

1098. Oblong block of marble, sculptured in the form of a
casket (or pyxis) with a vaulted cover. On each of the
four sides is a group in low relief, enclosed in the usual
architectural framework of a stele consisting of pilasters
and an architrave. On one of the long sides the scene
represented is as follows : — On the left is a bearded figure
seated in a chair with high back, the feet on a footstool ;
he wears a long chiton and himation ; the right hand is
raised to the head, the left stretched out in front as if
holding a bowl. In front is a female figure clad in a long
chiton playing on a lyre ; behind her is a tree, at the foot
of which another female figure is stooping, and raising
the lid of a casket.

The subject on the opposite side has perished, all but
the upper part of a tree.

134 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

At one end of the casket is the following group: —
On the left, a female figure seated on a seat with
footstool. She wears a large himation; her right hand
rests on the seat behind her, the left is half extended
as if holding out some object. In front of her is a
female figure seated on a stool holding an open mirror
case. Behind her is a figure playing the double
pipes.

At the other end of the casket are remains of three
figures. On the left is a female figure, seated on a chair,
her feet on a footstool ; she is clad in a long chiton and
himation. Before her is another female figure, seated on
a low stool, and a standing female figure. The action of
these two is doubtful.

These reliefs have been very much injured. Enough,
however, of the original surface remains to show the
former interest of the compositions.

This casket may have been placed at the foot of some
female statue. Being solid, it cannot have served any
real purpose.

Height, 1 foot 3J inches ; length, 1 foot 8 inches. Newton, Hist.
Disc, II., p. 113 ; Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 148.

1099. Alabaster vase, inscribed with the name of Xerxes.
The inscription is in four languages, namely, Persian,
Median, Assyrian and Egyptian, and each is translated
' Xerxes the great King.' This vase is one of a group,
of which several examples are extant. One is in the
Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris and is said to have been
found in Egypt. Another, with fragments of three more,
was found by Mr. Loftus at Susa. A similar vase of
green porphyry, with the name of Artaxerxes, is in the
treasury of St. Mark's, at Venice. It is conjectured that
these vases were distributed as royal presents by the
Persian monarchs, and that the specimen found in the

SCULPTURES FROM HALICARNASSOS. 135

Mausoleum may have been a valued heirloom in the
family of Mausolos.

Found between the foot of the western staircase and the
great stone forming the entrance to tJie tomb.

Alabaster. Height, llj inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 7 ; II.,
pp. 91, 92, 667 ; Travels and Disc, II., p. 100.

MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURES PROM
HALICARNASSOS.

The several expeditions to Budrum yielded various
sculptures, besides those that can be connected with the
Mausoleum, either on account of their style, or on account
of the place where they were found. Two of these
have already been described in the First Volume of this
catalogue (Nos. 717, 725). Besides many almost shape-
less fragments, brought home in the hope that they might
be joined to more important sculptures, the following may
be specially mentioned : —
1100. Part of a stele ; it is broken off at top and bottom. On
the face have been sculptured, in low relief, two scenes,
one below the other. In the lower scene is part of a
figure of Apollo. With his left hand he touches the
strings of a lyre, which probably rested on a pedestal,
while with his right he raises a plectrum ; he stands
within a cave, the roof of which appears above his head,
and which may represent the cave on Mount Parnassos.
Compare the Apotheosis of Homer in the Graeco-Eoman
Eoom. Over this cave is a second subject. A female figure,
draped in long chiton and mantle, appears to have been
making an offering at an altar (most of which, with the
upper part of the woman, is now wanting). Behind her
stands a terminal figure of a bearded Dionysos, with
taeniae falling on the shoulders. This relief is coarsely

136 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

executed, and the marble is of inferior quality. The
subject is curious ; but the stel^ is evidently of a later
period than the Mausoleum.

Coarse marble. Height of face of relief, 1 foot ; width, 8 inches.
Original width, 1 foot 6 inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 137 ;
Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 149.

1101. Torso of Victory from neck to middle of thighs. A
draped female figure, wearing a sleeveless chiton, girt
at the waist, had the right arm raised (now broken off
near the shoulder), and had the left arm (broken off
near the elbow) by the side. Wings were fixed in
two deep rectangular sockets on the shoulders.
Halicamassos.

Marble. Height, 1 foot ^ inch. Mausoleum Boom Guide, No. 15;^.

1102. Torso from above the breast to the knees of a female
figure standing on the left leg, wearing a chiton and a
himation, which is closely drawn about the body and
falls down the left side. Parts of the arms and drapery
were separately attached. Halicarnassos. Biliotti.

Coarse-grained marble. Height, 2 feet 9J inches. Mausoleum Room
Guide, No. 154.

1103. Lower part of a draped female figure of heroic size;
the toes only of the right foot, resting on a sandal with
a thick sole, are shown. The figure stood on a shallow
base ; it has been worked flat at the back.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 1 inch. Mausoleum Room Guide, No. 155.

1104 Two fragments of a small frieze, representing an

1105. Amazonomachia. Though the subject of these two

reliefs corresponds with that of the principal frieze of

the Mausoleum, there is no ground for connecting them

SCULPTURES FROM HALICARNASSOS. 137

with that monument. Above, in each case, is a plain
carved moulding, and below a plain fillet.

1104. A mounted Amazon, whose horse (forelegs lost) is
rearing to the left, has raised her right hand to the level
of her head, aiming a spear at an antagonist on the left,
of whom the left foot only remains. The Amazon wears
a Phrygian cap, chiton, flying cloak and trousers. The
left leg is broken away below the knee.

Obtained hy Admiral Spratt from the owner of the field
of which a plan is given hy Newton, Hist. Disc., i., pi. 45.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 3| inches ; length, 1 foot 3 inches. Mauso-
leum Boom Guide, No. 156.

1105. A mounted Amazon gallops to the left in pursuit of a
Greek, of whom nothing remains but his extended left
leg. She leans forward on her horse's neck, holding the
reins in her left hand and drawing back her right, which
must have been armed with a spear. Behind this Amazon
is another on foot, who turns to the right and is probably
drawing a bow. At her feet is a projecting mass, pro-
bably the remains of a prostrate figure. The surface of
this relief generally is greatly injured. The mounted
Amazon has her hair drawn back into a knot ; both wear
short chitons.

Obtained at Budrum by Biliotti, 1865.

Marble. Length, 1 foot 8J inches ; height, 1 foot 3J inches. Manso-
leum Room Guide, No. 157.

1106. Circular pedestal, encircled with a frieze representing the
nine Muses. (1) Melpomene is seated to the left on rocks,
looking to the front. In her right hand she holds up a
bearded tragic mask. She wears buskins, and holds a roll
in her left hand. (2) Behind her head is a tree, on which

138 OATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

Euterpe rests her right hand. She stands up, and turns
towards Melpomen^. She holds her two flutes in her
left hand. (3) Erato (?) stands resting her left hand on
a large lyre, and her right hand against her hip. She
looks to the front. (4) Thalia stands resting her left
hand on a tree. She has no distinctive attributes, but
by a process of exclusion this name is attached to her.
(5) Terpsichore stands looking to the right, holding in her
left hand a small lyre ; her right hand, placed across her
bosom, is muffled in the folds of her mantle. (6) Calliope
is seated on a rock, looking to the right, and holding her
tablets in her left hand. At the side of the rock on
which she is seated appears to be a small altar or base.
(7) Clio stands holding up a roll in her right hand,
and looking back at (8) the seated Urania (?), on whose
right knee her left hand rests. The upper part of the
body of (9) Polyhymnia is broken away, but the motive
of the figure may be made out by comparing it with the
figure of the same Muse in the Apotheosis of Homer
(Third Graeco-Eoman Eoom), where she is represented
leaning forward, with her elbow resting on a rock, in a
meditative attitude; the right arm is muffled in her mantle.
All the faces have been destroyed. All the Muses wear
long chitons, over which is cast a mantle variously
arranged.

In the foregoing description, the figures have been
given the customary names, but this may be somewhat
anachronistic. The names of the nine Muses are given
by Hesiod, and the typical forms in art occur for the
most part in this relief. There is, however, no evidence
that the various types had received each a definite name
at a period as early as that of the present work. On the
contrary, the names and attributes appear to have been
connected almost indiscriminately until the Eoman
Empire. See Bie, Die Musen in der Antiken Kunst.

SCULPTURES FROM HALICARNASSOS. 139

Above and below this frieze the base is ornamented
with mouldings. Immediately above the frieze the neck
of the base is ornamented with alternate rosettes and
degraded lotus (?) buds sculptured in low relief. The
top of the pedestal is prepared to receive a metal object
with four legs.

From Halicarnassos, 1868 (Biliotti). Found a little to the
west of the Mausoleum.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 7f inches ; diameter, 2 feet 2 inches. Rodiger,
Die Musen, p. 270 ; GrcBCO-Eoman Guide, II., No. 76 ; Arch. Zeit.,
1868, p. 82; 1874, p. 117; Trendelenburg, Der Musenchor,
(plate) ; Bie, op. cit. p. 45.

1107. Circular altar or pedestal, on which is a relief repre-
senting five male and five female figures. The upper
part of the pedestal with the heads of the figures is
broken away, and the sculptures are much worn. The
subject cannot be ascertained, but some at least of the
figures might represent deities, though attributes are
wanting. They may be thus described : — A male figure
seated on a rock, with a mantle cast over his legs, may
be Zeus. Beyond him, on the left, is a smaller draped
female figure, who may be Heb^ standing by the throne of
Zeus. At his feet a quadruped, deer or goat, is springing
forward towards a female figure draped in a long chiton
and mantle, who looks to the front, extending her left arm,
and holding up in it some object not to be made out.
Her right hand hangs by her side, holding an oinochoe.
Next to her is a male figure, wearing short chiton and
chlamys, and moving to the left, holding by the horns a
goat on his hind legs ; the right arm is raised. Next,
on the left, is a male figure wearing a chiton and mantle ;
he stands in an easy attitude, resting his right elbow on
the capital of a pilaster, which appears to have been
surmounted by a term. He holds a doubtful object
in his right hand. On the other side of the pilaster is

140 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

another male figure similarly attired, holding in his left
hand a scroll. The last figure is grouped with a female
figure, whose neck his right arm encircles. This figure
wears a long chiton and peplos, and holds in her right
hand a rudder (?). Near to her is a female figure wearing
a long chiton and peplos; her right hand rests against
her right hip. Next to her is a seated male figure,
holding in his right hand a knotted sceptre. A mantle
is wound round the lower half of his body. The last
figure in the composition is a female wearing a long
chiton, over which is a diploidion. Halicarnassos.
Presented by Viscount Stratford de Bedcliffe, 1846.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 8 inches; diameter, 3 feet 3 inches. Grwco- Roman
Guide, II., No. 73. This altar was drawn by R. Dalton in 1749,
and published with the Mausoleum reliefs. He describes the subject
(^Letter on XII. Designs of Raphael, etc., p. 32) as a marriage.
All the figures are drawn as perfect, but have probably been
restored. Another view by Dalton shows the altar standing on
open ground near the place where the Mausoleum was after-
wards found. Arch. 2eit., 1848, p. 202.

1108. Group of Dionysos and Ariadne. Dionysos stands on
the left ; his right arm, lower limbs nearly to the hips,
and left forearm, which was a separate piece, are wanting.
Ariadne leans her right arm on his left shoulder; she
wears a long chiton girt under the breasts and a mantle.
Drapery hangs from the left shoulder of Dionysos.
Halicarnassos.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 6 inches. Graco- Roman Guide, II., No. 136.

1109. Torso of Athene, standing. She wears a long chiton
with a diploidion girt under the breasts, and an aegis.
The head and left arm (which were separately attached),
and the right breast, shoulder and arm are wanting. The
back is not worked. Halicarnassos.

Coarse-grained marble. Height, 1 foot 11} inches.

SOULPTUKES PKOM HALIOARNASSOS. 141

1110. Fragment of Bacchic relief, with the extended arms of
a figure, probably a Satyr, playing on double flutes to
right, and the head of a panther to the left.

From the Roman Villa, Halicarnassos.
Marble. Height, 7 inches. Grceco- Roman Guide, II., No. 142.

1111. Winged female figure, probably a Victory. This statue
is about life-size, and is represented in rapid motion.
The form is slight, as if that of a young girl. She weai-s
a long chiton, over which is a diploidion girt at the
waist; a small scarf hangs from the right arm. The
drapery is deeply cut, to express the violent agitation of
the movement. The treatment is florid, but hard and
rough, and the statue is probably not earlier than the
second century a.d. The head, left arm from above the
elbow, right forearm, and greater part of the wings
are wanting; recesses in the bottom of the drapery
mark where the feet have been inserted. This statue is
quite unfinished at the back, and was therefore probably
placed against a wall. Halicarnassos.

Parian marble. Height, 4 feet 8J inches. Found broken in two pieces
in a Roman villa at Budrum, where it had been employed with
other fragments of sculpture to make up the level on which a
tessellated pavement had been laid. Newton, Hist. Disc, II.,
p. 305 ; GrcBco-Roman Guide, II., No. 65.

1112. Draped female torso ; lower part of a figure, standing,
with right knee bent, and wearing sandals, a long chiton
with sleeves, and a fringed mantle wound round the body
and over the left arm. The upper part of the figure, the
left hand, the right arm and right foot, were in separate
pieces of marble, and are now wanting. The right arm
passed across the bosom to the left shoulder, while the left
arm hung by the side.

From Halicarnassos. Presented hy Viscount Stratford de
Bedcliffe, in 1846.

Marble. Height, 4 feet 6J inches.' This statue was brought from
Budrum in 1846, and it is said to have been found on the

142 CATALOGUE OF SOULPTUKE.

^ite of the Roman villa from which the statue (No. 1111), and
several tessellated pavements, were obtained. Mus. of Class,
Antiq., I., p. 186 ; Bull, dell' Inst., 1849, p. 150 ; Grieco-Roman
Guide, II., No. 64.

1113. Back of head and neck of male figure. Flowing hair
confined by taenia.

Purchased at Halicarnassoa. Biliotti.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 1 inch.

1114. Head of beardless Heracles, with prominent brow and
short curling hair. Worked in the round, but apparently
rising from the ground of a relief.

From Halicarnassos.

Marble. Height, 6J inches.

1115. Torso of Aphrodite from the neck to the middle of the
thighs. She was leaning forward, with left hand
covering her middle. The mark of the attachment of the
hand remains on the thigh. Tresses of hair fall on the
shoulders.

From Halicarnassos.

Parian marble, highly polished. Height, 11 inches.

1116. Eelief, with gladiator moving to the right, on sloping
ground. He has a gladiatorial helmet, cuirass, loin cloth,
shield and sword. Inscribed "IXapog.

From Halicarnassos. Presented hy H.LM. Abdul Medj'id
to Viscount Stratford de Bedcliffe, and hy him presented to
the British Museum, 1846.

Bluish marble. Height, 2 feet 1^ inches ; width, 1 foot 1 inch.
C.r.G., 6855 e; Gr. Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., No. DCCCCXII. ;
Arch. Zeit., 1848, p. 202.

SCULPTURES FROM HALICARNASSOS. 143

Fig. 6. — Female Gladiators. No, 1117.

1117. Relief with two female gladiators, armed, and advancing
to the attack, with swords and shields. The figure on
the left is clearly female, and that on the right is
probably female also, but the head is missing. They
stand on a sort of platform, and below at each side is
the head of a spectator. Inscribed 'A-TreXvOriaav and
'Ajua^wi', 'A^iXXia. ' ATte\v6rfaav is the equivalent of the
Latin Missi, or, in this case, missae, i.e., released from
service.

Female gladiators are mentioned in the first centuries
of the Eoman Empire (e.g. Tac, Ann. xv. 32 ; Sueton.,
Domit. 4). They were suppressed by Septimius Severus
(Dio, Ixxv. 16).

From Halicarnassoa. Presented by H.I.M. Abdul Medjid
to Viscount Stratford de Bedcliffe, and by him presented to
the British Museum, 1846.

Coarse-grained marble. Height, 2 feet 1§ inches; width, 2 feet
7 inches. Gr. Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., No. DCCCCXI. ; C.I.G., 6855/.
Arch. Zeit., 1848, p. 2"2.

144 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE
PROM PRIENE.

The Temple of Athene Polias at Priene is thus named
from the inscription of one of the antae (see below, p. 148)
stating that King Alexander dedicated the temple to
Athene Polias.

This inscription is probably to be dated in the summer
of 334 B.C. (Hicks, Greek Hist. Inscriptions, No. 124), but
by analogy with what is said to have taken place at
Ephesus (Strabo, xiv., 1. 22; cf. p. 165) the building
may have made considerable progress before the king
took part in the work, and, indeed, he only claims to
have made the dedication. The architect was Pythios
(Vitruvius, vii. Praef.), who was also the builder and
historian of the Mausoleum, and perhaps, too, the author
of the chariot group.

The temple was first examined by Chandler and the
Dilettanti Society's expedition of 1765, but no excavations
were attempted until 1869, when the same society sent
out an expedition under Mr. E. P. Pullan, who carried on
excavations between October, 1869, and April, 1870. The
transport of the marbles to England, which did not form
a part of Mr. Pullan's mission, was provided for by the
liberality of the late Mr. John Euskin, and they were subse-
quently presented to the Trustees of the British Museum
by the Society of Dilettanti, Unfortunately, however,
little was brought except the sculptures, and several stones
that would be required for a complete reconstruction of the
Order are wanting in the Museum, although they were
found in the course of the excavations.

The temple was of the Ionic order, with eleven columns

( 145 )

VOL. 11.

146 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

on the flanks, and six at tte ends, making thirty in all,
besides a pair of columns in antis at either end of the cella.

The pavement of the cella was found entire, and at the
west end the foundation of a large pedestal was uncovered,
adjoining the wall of the posticum. Upon this when
complete must have stood the colossal statue of Athene
Polias, mentioned by Pausanias (vii. 5, 5), and to which
probably belong the fragments found beside it and
described. No. 1150.

The discovery of six tetradrachms of Orophemes II.
(158 B.C.) beneath the foundation stones of the pedestal
probably furnish the date for the erection of the colossal
statue.

The pavement of the pronaos was formed of slabs of
marble almost square, and at the sides adjoining the walls
there were ranges of pedestals upon which statues had
been placed. There were found fragments of a draped
figure, a female head, and other remains of sculpture,
including a bust of the Emperor Claudius (No. 1155).
Upon the blocks of marble forming the wall of the
pronaos and the antae were inscribed a large series of
documents relating to the dispute between Samos and
Priene concerning the possession of certain lands. Many
of these marbles were removed to the British Museum,
and are published in Pt. III. of Ancient Greek Inscriptions
in the British Museum.

The temple is of the marble of the district, which is of
a bluish tone, but the capitals and the fragments of the
Giant frieze are of white marble.

German excavators have recently been engaged at
Priene in laying bare the plan of the ancient city, whose
streets are found to run parallel with the temple of
Athene, and to be in a remarkable state of preservation.

For Chandler's visit see his Travels in Asia Minor,

The original drawings of Pars and Revett are in the British Museum

THE TEMPLE AT PRIENE. 147

(Dept. of Prints and Drawings, and of Greek and Roman Antiqs.).
The Order is faultily engraved in the 1st ed. (1769) of the Antiqs.
of Ionia, Ft. I., and correctly in the 2nd ed. (1821). Choiseul-
Gouffier, Voyage Pittoresque, I., p. 183. Pullan's excavations are
published in the Antiquities of Ionia, Pt. IV., 1881, and the Order
is published with more detail by Kayet and Thomas, Milet et le
Golfe Latmique, pis. 6-17, text II., p. 5. For an account of the
recent excavations see Arch. Anzeiger, 1897, p. 178.
For the relations of Orophernes with the temple, see Newton, Num.
Chron., N.S., XI., p. 19 ; Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., p. 25 ; Hicks,
Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum, III., p. 44 ; Journ. of
Hellen. Studies, VI., p. 268.

ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS PROM THE
TEMPLE OP ATHENE POLIAS.

1125. Ionic capital from the peristyle. One volute is wanting
at eacli side. The eyes of the volutes are sunk, for the
insertion of a central ornament.

Height, 1 foot lOf inches ; width, 5 feet. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., p. 21,
pis. 9, 10 ; Rayet et Thomas, pi. 14. These authors show red and
blue ground colours, but they cannot be distinguished on the
remains in the Brit. Mus.

1126. Fragment of volute, etc., of an Ionic capital, similar to
No. 1125. Part of the marble stud remains, fixed with
lead, in the eye of the volute. This seems to preclude the
metal stud inserted by Thomas (pi. 14) and accepted by
PuUan, p. 33.

Height, 1 foot 9 inches ; width, 2 feet 3 inches.

1127. Restored capital of one of the antae. The original
fragments, which give nearly all the elements of the
design, are combined and completed with casts. The
member consists of two courses. On the front face are a
small egg and tongue, a large egg and tongue, an inverted
anthenxion, a large Lesbian cymation, and a small astra-

L 2

148 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

galos. On the sides are, above and below, the same mould-
ings as on the front ; in the middle a large flowing acanthus
and palmetto pattern. In the centre of each acanthus is
a tapering groove, with undercut edges, for a metal orna-
ment.

Height of combined slabs, 1 foot 9J inches. See Antiqs. of Ionia, IV.,
pi. 18, for the fragments employed, and a restoration. For one
fragment and restoration, Rayet and Thomas, pi. 15, figs. 3, 2.

1128. 1-3. Three fragments of the acanthus scrolls from the
sides of one of the antae (see No. 1127).

Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., pi. 18 (only one of the three fragments).

1129. Pier (anta) of the temple, with the inscription record-
ing the dedication of the temple by Alexander the Great.

BA^IAEY^AAEIANAPO^

ANE0HKETONNAON

AOHNAIHIPOAIAAI

BaatXtvQ 'AXi^av^pog aviOriKe rby vaov 'A^jjyat'ij IloXia^i.
King Alexander dedicated the temple to Athene Polias.
(See p. 144.) Below is part of a series of inscriptions
dealing with a territorial dispute between Samos and
Priene.

Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., p, 23 ; Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., III.,
Nos. cccxcix-cccciii. Mausoleum Room Guide, No. P. 36. [In
the Entrance Hall, Room of Inscriptions.]

1130, 1131. A series of fragments of the corona of the cornice
of the temple.

1130. Two fragments of the pedimental cornice, with palmette
pattern, springing from acanthus leaves. The principal
fragment is nscribed DA on the joint and AC on the top.

Height, 1 foot 3 inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., p. 32 ; Rayet and
Thomas, pis. 13, 16, fig. 6 ; Mausoleum Boom Guide, No, P. 31.

ARCHITECTUEE FROM PRIENE. 149

1131. Seven fragments from the cornice of the temple, with
lion's-head water-spouts, connected by acanthus scrolls,
which spring from acanthus leaves immediately below
the heads of the lions.

Height, 1 foot 3 inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., p. 28 ; Kayet and
Thomas, pi. 16, figs. 1-5 ; Mausoleum Boom Guide, No. P. 31.

1132. Fragment of lacunar panel, enriched with mouldings,
above with a Lesbian cymation, and astragalos moulding,
below with a palmette pattern and astragali.

Length, 3 feet, 9 inches. Rayet et Thomas, pi. 11 (where see the
dimensions of the complete stone). Mausoleum Boom Guide,
No. P. 36.

1133. Ionic capital from the Propylaeum of the temenos of
Athene Polias. On the upper surface are two dowel
holes, with channels for running in lead. We have little
information as to the order of the Propylaeum, a small
structure containing the doorway to the temenos. It had
four Ionic columns at each end, and according to the older
explorers, it contained six internal piers of which all
trace was afterwards lost. Upon these, capitals are
placed, similar to 1134-6, below.

Height (between upper and lower beds), 8J inches ; width (above),
2 feet 2 J inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., p. 27 ; for the Propylaeum
see ibidem, p. 32, pi. 5, and compare Antiqs. of Ionia, I., (1821),
I chap. 2, pi. 11 ; Mausoleum Boom Guide, No. P. 27.

Bronze Accessories.

A series of bronze dowels from the temple of Athen^ are
exhibited in the Bronze Eoom.

Catalogue of Bronzes, No. 2585.

160 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

MISCELLANEOUS ARCHITECTURAL
FRAGMENTS.

The collection in the British Museum includes several
pieces of an architectural decorative character, which can-
not however be placed in the order of the temple or other
building, so far as is ascertained, and which seem to have
served rather as isolated pedestals, with the possible
exception of No. 1136.
1134. Square pedestal found in the temenos of the temple.
On the front and back is sculptured in relief a floral
ornament, consisting of a palmetto rising from a stem of
acanthus ; on each side is another acanthus stem, term-
inating in spiral tendrils and half palmettos. This
pattern is surmounted by a bold projecting moulding,
corresponding to the abacus of a pilaster, below which is
an ornament corresponding to the pulvinar and volute of
an Ionic pilaster. On either return face of the pedestal
is a floral ornament, consisting of a palmetto and volutes
springing from an acanthus stem. On either side stands
a Gryphon, with one paw raised. Above is the Ionic
pulvinar already mentioned. On the top of the pedestal
are two deep sinkings to serve for sockets below a large
object which stood on the pedestal, perhaps a colossal
statue. In detaching this object the marble round the
holes has been much broken away. Two sides are much
worn by exposure.

Height, 3 feet 7 inches ; width, 4 feet OJ inch each way. Antiqs. of
Ionia, IV., pi. 21, p. 34 ; Mausoleum Boom Guide, No. P. 25 ; Kayet
and Thomas, pi. 17, figs. 4, 5. (See ibid,, fig. 1, 2, drawings of a
similar pedestal, still in the temenos, together with a lower
member adorned with four rosettes between two fillets, which
the authors place below it. Text, II., p. 24.)

1135. Square pedestal, of approximately the same form as
1134, but smaller. On each of the four faces are varieties

ARCHITECTTJEE FROM PRIENE. 151

of the palmette and acantljus patterns. On the top of this
capital are sinkings where the marble has been attached
to some object placed above it. Two faces of the pedestal
have been nearly obliterated by long exposure.

Height, 2 feet 6J inches. Rayet and Thomas, pi. 17, fig. 6 ; Maiiso-
leum Boom Guide, No. P. 28.

1136. Capital of a pilaster, from the temenos of Athene
Polias. In front is a floral ornament of acanthus scrolls
and a palmette ; beneath it a running scroll. On each
return is a palmette ornament, beneath a pulvinar,
and above a band of rosettes (cf. 1134, note). On the right
face beyond the ornament is part of an inscription in
honour of one ApoUonides.

The form of the stone, the unworked back surface, and
the cramp holes at the top, seem to show that this stone,
though having some of the elements of the foregoing,
served as a pilaster capital.

Height, 1 foot 3 inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., p. 31 ; Greek
Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., 111., No. ccccxxxix, ; Mausoleum
Room Guide, No. P. 29.

1137. Fragment with Lesbian cymation and astragalos
moulding. Joint on the left.

Height, 7 inches ; width, 1 foot 10 inches.

1138. Fragment with Lesbian cymation (smaller than last)
and astragalos moulding. Traces of red colour on the
ground. Joint on the right.

Height, 8 inches ; width, 6J inches.

1139. Fragment with acanthus and palmette moulding;
below, an astragalos moulding. (Compare No. 1132.)

Height, 7 inches. (The upper bed is not preserved.) Width, 1 foot
6 inches.

152 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUEE.

1140. Fragment with an egg and tongue moulding, above an
astragalos ; at the left, an angle palmette ; above, a
cymation moulding.

Height, 6J inches ; width, 1 foot 5J inches. Compare the member
placed above the architrave, Rayet and Thomas, pi. 13.

1141. Fragment with various mouldings above a row of
dentils, an egg and tongue, and small astragalos moulding.
The return is preserved at each side.

Height, 5f inches ; width, 1 foot 8 inches.

1142. Fragment with a triple system of mouldings, namely
egg and tongue, astragalos ; Lesbian cymation, astragalos ;
egg and tongue, and (probably) astragalos. Joint on the
left.

Height. 9 inches ; width, 1 foot.

SCULPTURES PROM PRIENE.

1150. 1-i. Fragments of a colossal female statue, which may be
presumed to be the one of Athene Polias, which Pausanias
mentions, in his enumeration of the temples of Ionia, as
an object of attraction in the temple of Athene at
Priene (Paus., vii., 5, 5). For the probable date of the
statue (about 150 B.C.) compare p. 146.
1. Left foot, cut off by a joint at the rise of the instep.
Along the edge of this joint the surface of the marble is
raised and roughly tooled. A hole is drilled in this
raised surface, and in the space between the great and
second toe is another hole. Two grooves in the raised
part converge on this point. Probably the foot wore the
straps of a bronze sandal, and half emerged from the long
flowing skirt of the goddess.

Breadth, 1 foot 2J inches ; length, 1 foot. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV.,
p. 31, fig. 17 ; Rayet et Thomas, pi. 15, fig. 19. For fragments
of statue, cf. Marisoleum Room Guide, Nos. P. 6-11.

SCULPTURE FEOM PRIENE. 153

2. Fragment of right foot, consisting of the great toe and
base of the next two toes. This fragment is cut off by a
joint near the separation of the toes.

Breadth, 1 foot 3 inches ; length, 1 foot.

o Left upper arm, from the curve of the' shoulder to the
bend of the elbow. At the lower end is a large dowel-
hole for the attachment of the forearm. The inner side of
the arm is worked flat, for attachment to the body.

Length, 3 feet 11 inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., p. 31. The arm,
which appears to have suffered from fire, has been put together
from 93 fragments.

4. Left hand ; fingers and upper part of thumb wanting.

Length, 1 foot 8 inches. Palm spread open. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV.,
p. 31.

Two bronze wings, which are thought to have been the
wings of a figure of Nike, held on the hand of this Athene,
are exhibited in the Bronze Eoom. Catalogue of Bronzes,
No. 1728.

1151. (Plate XXI.) Colossal female head, broken off from a
statue at the base of the neck. The lower part of the nose,
both eyes and the left temple have been much injured, and
the whole has been repaired. Above the forehead is a triple
row of formal curls roughly indicated ; the remainder of the
hair is concealed under a close-fitting cap, on which, when
first discovered, were traces of ornaments painted in brown.
The curls on the right side of the head have been painted
red ; on the other side, their surface has been blackened
by the acticm of fire. The resemblance of this head to the
one found on the site of the Mausoleum (No. 1051^, is so

154 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

marked as to make it probable that tbey are both the work
of the same school. It has even been suggested that they
may be by the same artist. This head was classed by
Sir C. Newton {Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., p. 34) as a portrait
head, but the features seem rather of an ideal type and it
is therefore more likely that the head represents a goddess.

Bluish marble. Height, 1 foot 4f inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV.,
pi. 20, p. 34 ; Welters, Gipsabgusse, No. 1241 ; Murray, Bist.
of Sculpture, 2nd ed., II., pi. 27 ; Mausoleum Boom Guide, No.
P. 1.

1152. (Plate XXII.) Male portrait statue. The head and the
torso were separately worked, and their combination into
one statue is therefore to some extent conjectural, but they
fit together very well. Of the head, only the left side of
the face, including, however, the nose, mouth, and chin, are
preserved. The right side and the back of the head behind
the ear have been split off. The portrait represents a
middle-aged man, closely shaven, and bald over the fore-
head ; his hair is short and slightly waved ; the lips are
thin and compressed ; the chin broad, with a depression
in the middle ; the nose broad, widening towards the tip,
which is broken away ; the eye is deep set, the circle of
the iris has been marked by red colour, of which there are
still traces ; the brow has been contracted. The features
are finely modelled, and the work belongs to a good
period. The surface of the marble is discoloured, as if by
fire. When found, this head was in three fragments. Of
the torso, the legs and most of the arms are wanting. It
is clad in a chiton, over which is a mantle passing over
the shoulders and round the body. This figure stood
on the right leg. The direction of the upper right arm
indicates that the elbow was bent, and the hand at some
distance from the right side. The left hand must have
been gathering up the mantle on the left side, where it
has been attached to the body by a joint. The surface of

SCULPTURE FROM PRIENE. 155

the torso, like that of the head, is blackened in places,
probahly by fire. The back of this figure has been cut
away, if it was ever executed.

Bluish marble. Height (of the head), 1 foot 3J inches ; of the whole,
4 feet 3J inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., pi. 20, p, 34 (for the
head) ; Mausoleum Room Guide, No. P. 2, 5.

1153. Head and draped bust of a young girl, which has been
inserted in a socket on a statue. The left side of the
head above the eye has been broken away, the nose and
chin are slightly injured. The surface of the marble gen-
erally is discoloured by the action of fire. Traces of
red colour still remain in the iris of the eye, the eyebrows,
and curls. The hair is gathered under a coif, in front of
which over the forehead are three rows of conventional
curls formally arranged. (Compare No. 1151.) On the
left side of the bust is drapery. The back of the head,
now wanting, which probably projected like Nos. 1051,
1151, has been of a separate piece of marble. Part of the
joint, and the dowel-hole remain.

Marble. Height, lOJ inches. Matisoleum Soom Guide, No. P. 3.

1154. Draped female figure from the neck to the ankles. The
head and neck, which were inserted in a socket, the arms
from above the elbows and the feet, which were separately
attached, are now wanting. The body is clad in a long
chiton, girt at the waist and fastened on both shoulders ;
underneath this is a garment of finer material, which covers
the upper arms. The belt is pierced with holes for the
attachment of some metallic ornament. This figure is of
slim proportions : the breasts are those of a young girl ;
the drapery is simple and effectively treated. This statue
was found broken into several pieces, and lying in a
layer of charcoal, which showed that the roof of the temple
had been destroyed by fire. The formal simplicity of the

156 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUEE.

draping may be compared with that of the charioteer from
the bronze group dedicated by Polyzalos at Delphi. In
this case, however, the drawing back of the right foot
gives variety to the treatment of the folds.

Bluish marble. Height, 4 feet 3 inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., p. 31,
fig. 16; Mansell, No. 1294- ; Mausoleum Room Guide, lio. P. 4;
Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire, II. p. 673, No. 5.

1155. Head of the Emperor Claudius. The head is slightly
turned to its right, and is a strongly marked portrait.
The whole of the back of the head including the ears, and
the nose, are wanting. The head is put together of several
fragments, and has been injured by fire. It was originally
fitted into a socket in a statue, the lower part being
worked accordingly. It was found like the preceding
number on the floor of the temple.

Coarse-grained bluish marble. Height, 1 foot 5J inches. Graeco-
Roman Guide, I., No. 10 ; Bernoulli, Roemisohe Ikonographie, II., 1,
p. 339, No. 31.

FRAGMENTS OP A FRIEZE.

1165-1176. Fragments of a frieze representing a battle of Gods
and Giants. The figures stand on a projecting ledge, as of
rough ground, and below this is a roughly-dressed margin
of stone of variable height, the difierence between the
highest and the lowest being (at least) 4 inches. This
fact makes it certain that the frieze cannot have been a
part of the Order of the temple. It is more likely that
the lower margin was intended to be sunk in some
pavement — in which case the variable depths of the
margin would be unimportant — and the frieze would
in that case serve as a balustrade. The manner in
which the figures are composed, with a strongly pro-
jecting lower margin, seems calculated for a spectator

FRIEZE FROM PRIENK. 157

placed at a higher level. From No. 1172 -we know
that the height above the projecting ledge was 2 feet
7^ inches. It has been suggested that the frieze, which
was found on the site of the cella, decorated a balustrade
in front of the statue of the goddess within the temple
(Eayet and Thomas, ii., p. 21), but no traces of such an
arrangement were found by the excavators. On the right
side of No. 1176, 9 is a slightly raised vertical border,
which would be suitable for an internal decoration, and
elsewhere there are traces of vertical members, perhaps
pilasters, placed at intervals, and dividing the frieze into
panels. The frieze not being a part of the Order, there is
no reason to connect it with the building of the temple
in the time of Alexander, and recent critics have regarded
it as subsequent to the frieze of Pergamon, and not, as
had been suggested, an earlier stage in the development of
the Gigantomachia.

Rayet and Thomas, II., pi. 15; Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., p. 33, pi. 19 ;
Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 3rd ed., II., p. 102 ; 4th ed., II., pp. 136,
405 ; Furtwaengler, Arch. Zeit, 1881, p. 306 ; Murray, 2nd ed.,
II., p. 305 ; Wolters, Jahrhuch des Arch. Inst., I., p. 56 ;
Mausoleum Boom Guide, Nos. P. 12-23.

1165. Group of a male figure, probably a Giant, who has
fallen on rocky ground, leaning on his left arm and
shield. On the left is the lap of a heavily draped
female (?) figure broken off above the ankles and below
the hips ; she is clad in a long chiton over which is cast
a mantle ; her knees are turned nearly to the front ; this
is probably a goddess. Of the male figure, the head,
right arm and shoulder, the left leg from the knee, and
right leg from the top of the thigh nearly to the ankle,
are wanting. Beside the great toe of his right foot is
drilled a hole. The right foot is unfinished.

Height, 1 foot 2^ inches.

168 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

1166. Fragment of a nude male figure, falling to the right
and wanting the head and both arms ; his lower limbs
are sunk in the ground like those of Kaineus in repre-
sentations of the Centauromachia, such as in the frieze
of Phigaleia (No. 630), and the frieze of the Theseion at
Athens (No. 403, 2), but the figure is no doubt that of a
Giant. The right arm went downwards, and traces
remain of some object in contact with the right shoulder.

Height, lOJ inches. Overbeck, 6r. Plastik, 4th ed., II., p. 406.

1167. Group of two male figures, one of whom has been
thrown down on rocky ground face downwards. He
rested on his right hand and knee. His opponent has
violently wrenched back his left arm, while pressing
down the left thigh with his right knee. The fallen
figure wears a chlamys. Of his adversary nothing
remains but the right leg and thigh from below
the hip.

Height, 1 foot 2 inches.

1168. Fragment of a group representing Helios driving a
car drawn by four horses. The god stands facing the
spectator, clad in a charioteer's long tunic girt with a
broad band below the bosom, and with a mantle flying
over his left arm and shoulder. The right arm, extended
horizontally behind, probably brandished a spear. His
head, nearly the whole of both arms, and the right leg
from above the knee are wanting. His horses are
moving to the right. Parts are preserved of the rump
of the near horse, part of the forehand of the second,
the chest, body and hindlegs of the third, and the hiudlegs
of the fourth! A small part of the chariot wheel is seen
to the left.

Height, 2 feet 1 inch. Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II., fig. 217e;
Wolters, Jahrbuch, I., p. 60.

FRIEZE FROM PEIENE. 159

1169. A nude Giant kneels on his right knee. His right
arm and head are stretched out as if in agony, while
the left arm seems to have been seized by a lion, of
which little can now be distinguished except parts of
the mane and the upper part of the left paw, which
seems to have rested on the left thigh of the Giant.
The God, who is on a considerably larger scale, stands at
the back, on higher ground. The action of his arms is
uncertain. He wears a garment in the form of an exomis,
fastened by a girdle, but only a narrow strip passes over
the left shoulder. The presence of the lion suggests that
Dionysos is the god.

Height, 2 feet 2 inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., pi. 19, p. 34; Overbeck,
Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II., fig. 217c. Compare the lion and giant
in the Gorgon group of the Pergamene frieze, Beschreihung der
Skulpturen aus Pergamon, I., Gigantomachie (1895), p. 35.

1170. Cybele, seated on a lion who gallops to the right ; she
wears a long chiton ; a mantle, falling on her shoulders
from the back of her head, is cast over her lap and hangs
down on her left side. Both arms, her right leg, left
foot, head, and right shoulder are wanting. With her
left hand she held a large tympanon, of which a consider-
able part remains. The lion wants the head and neck,
forelegs, and part of the hindlegs.

Height, 2 feet 1 inch. Rayet and Thomas, pi. 15, fig. 13 ; Overbeck,
Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II., fig. 2ng. Compare the Cybelfe of the
Pergamene frieze, who, however, does not carry a tympanon, but
draws an arrow from her quiver. Wolters, Jahrhuch, I., p. 63.

1171. A draped female figure moving rapidly to the right
with both arms extended ; the violence of her action is
shown by the agitated folds of her drapery, which consists
of a long chiton with studded sleeves, over which is a
mantle cast over both arms, the ends flying behind her.
She wears sandals. Her head, left hand and forearm, and

160 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTUKE.

right arm from the elbow, are wanting. On the right are
considerable remains of drapery belonging to an adjoining
figure.

Height, 2 feet 2 inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., pi. 19, p. 34 ;
Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II., fig. 217a.

1172. Lower parts of draped female figure rushing to the right.
The surface of her body, with the head, arms, and left leg
are all wanting, but a projecting piece of the ground,
three drilled holes, and the general swing of the figure
suggest that the right arm was raised to make a spear
thrust at a winged Giant, of whom only a part of the
right wing is preserved. He may have been a kneeling
figure somewhat like No. 1173, though in that case both
wings were turned to the right. The deity wears a long
chiton, over which is a diploidion.

Height, 2 feet 7J inches. Wolters, Jahrbtich, I., p. 59.

1173. A kneeling figure of a winged and snake-legged Giant.
He has a mantle over his left arm. He appears to have
been looking upwards to the left with arm raised. in
defence, but three drilled holes in his left thigh and
breast probably indicate the direction of the spear of his
adversary.

Height, 1 foot 2 inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., pi. 19, p. 33 ; Rayet
and Thomas, pi. 15, fig. 11 ; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II.,
fig. 2l7d.

1174. Torso of a draped female figure, moving rapidly to the
right, and clad in a long chiton with a flat girdle below
the breasts and a himation thrown over the left shoulder
and arm, and wrapped round the right thigh. Her head,
feet, right arm, and left arm from above the elbow are
wanting.

Height, 1 foot 8 inches. Antiqs. of Ionia, IV., pi. 19, p. 34 ; Rayet
and Thomas, pi. 15, fig. 18 ; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II.,
fig. 2176.

FRIEZE PROM PRIENE. 161

1175. Upper part of a draped female figure down to below
the waist, where it rises from the rocky ledge. The head
of this figure is wanting ; tresses of long hair fall on each
side of the bosom ; the right arm has been raised in an
attitude of supplication above the head. She wears a
chiton with short sleeves and girdle, girt at the waist.
This fragment closely resembles the figure of Ge making
supplication for her children, the Giants, in one of the
reliefs found at Pergamon, and now in the Museum of
Beilin.

Height, 1 foot 1 J inches. Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed. II., fig. 217/,
cf. ibidem II., fig. 198 A.

1176, Smaller fragments from the Giant frieze.

1. Body of a male figure to the front, broken away at
the waist, and wanting the head, right arm, and left arm
from below the elbow. The left arm was raised and the
right arm extended. The figure wears an exomis, a tunic
girt round the waist and passing over the left shoulder
only. The fingers of a right hand are shown pressing
against his right ribs, but it is impossible to say whether
this is the hand of a friend or foe. Close to the ends of
the fingers is a round hole, in which a bronze weapon may
have been attached.

Height, 8 inches.

2. Torso of draped female figure, broken off above left
knee ; the body from the waist upwards is turned to
the front; the head, neck, right leg and thigh, right
arm, and left arm from near the elbow are wanting.
The figure is clad in a closely-clinging chiton, girt under
the breasts, and a mantle.

Height, 11 inches.

3. Fragment of a male figure, moving to the left. The
head and neck, arms, right leg, and left leg from above the

VOL. II. M

1(J2 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

knee are wanting. The right arm seems to have been
raised ; round the neck is twisted a chlamys, fastened on
the right shoulder with a fibula.
Height, 1 foot 1 inch.

4. Torso of a male figure, falling over to the right and
supported by his shield, which he bears on his left arm
and which rests edgeways on the ground ; of this figure
all that remains is the torso, from the base of the neck
to the pelvis, and the left arm nearly to the wrist, with
the shield.

Height, 1 foot 3 inches. Wolters, Jahrbuch, I., p. 59.

5. Fragment of a figure kneeling on the right knee, from
the waist to below the knees ; wearing a short tunic, girt
and falling to near the knees. Half the right leg to
below the knee and most of the left leg, which is bent,
remain. It is probably a female figure.

Height, 9 inches.

6. Eemains of a combat between two figures, mostly
broken away. On the left a shield, seen edgeways, lies
on the ground, resting against a rock; beside this has
stood a figure, of whom only the right leg from knee to
ankle and right foot remain, three-quarters turned away
from the spectator. This figure seems to have been
turned towards a draped figure who has fallen backwards
to the right, and is supported with the left hand resting
upon a helmet ; the left hand, and parts of the left upper
arm, right thigh, and drapery are all that remain. The
helmet is hemispherical in form, with the lower rim bent
outwards.

Height, 1 foot 1 inch. Wolters, Jahrbuch, I., p. 60.

7. Male figure, crouching with both legs under him,
resting the left arm, which carried a shield, on the

FEIEZE FEOM PEIENE. 163

ground ; he wears a cuirass with a double fringe of
flaps, and under it a short chiton. The head, right arm,
and most of the body are wanting. On the left is the
left leg of an antagonist who has overthrown him, and
whose knee presses against his right hip.

Height, 1 foot J inch. Rayet and Thomas, pi. 15, fig. 16.

S- Torso of a female figure, turned to the front but with
her action directed towards the right, with both arms
extended. She wears a chiton, over which is a diploidion
confined by a girdle, and also by crossbelts which pass
over the shoulders and round the waist, with a large disk
at their intersection between the breasts. A small r* is
inscribed in the left-hand upper part of the relief.

Height, 1 foot 2 inches. Rayet and Thomas, pi. 15, fig. 17 : Wolters,
Jahrhuch, I., p. 59.

9. Torso of a male figure to the front slightly turned to
the left; from his left shoulder flies a chlamys fastened
with a circular brooch on the right shoulder. The head,
neck, arms, the left leg and thigh, and right leg from
halfway down the thigh are wanting. On the right of
this fragment is a joint and a plain vertical border
slightly raised from the ground of the relief.

Height, 1 foot 4 inches. Rayet and Thomas, pi. 15, fig. 12 ; Wolters,
Jahrhuch, I., p. 58.

M 2

: 165 )

PAET VI.

EPffESUS, CNIDOS, CIBENE AND SALAMIS.

SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE FROM
THE TEMPLE OP ARTEMIS AT EPHESUS.

The great temple of the Ephesian Artemis, which, like
the Mausoleum, ranked among the Seven Wonders, and of
which the remains are here described, was built to take
the place of an older structure which had been burnt.
The fire was kindled by Herostratos, an Ephesian citizen,
in order to make his name immortal ; and it is said that
this happened on the night of the birth of Alexander the
Great, in the summer of 356 B.C.

The work of reconstruction was begun forthwith.
Portions of the older temple were used as materials in
the foundations of the new building, which stood on the
same ground (cf. vol. i., p. 24). Its columns were sold by-
auction ; the men contributed their property and the
women their ornaments (cf. No. 1221) towards the cost of
rebuilding (Strabo, xiv., 1. 22). It is said that Alexander
(probably about 334 B.C.) offered to the Ephesians to bear
the entire cost, if he were allowed to have an inscription,
and that the offer was declined. The older temple, how-
ever, had the dedicatory inscription of Croesos (vol. i.,
p. 24), and fragments remain of similar inscriptions on
the later temple (No. 1221). We know also that Prieud

166 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

had no such scruples in the case of Alexander (see the
inscribed pilaster in the Hall of Inscriptions, No. 1129).

The temple was probably finished towards the end of
the 4th century B.C., and continued in use till the decline
of paganism. An inscription of 161 A.D. (Greek Inscriptions
in the Brit. Mus., No. 482) shows that at that date the
worship of the goddess was already beginning to lose its
influence. Finally, the temple is said to have been burnt
by the Goths in the reign of Gallienus (260-268 a.d.
Treb. PoUio, Hist. Aug. Script., Gall, duo c. 6 ; Jomandes,
de Getarum Bebus gestis xx. ; cf. Falkener, Ephesus,
p. 344).

In modern times all trace of the temple was lost, and
numerous travellers mistook the ruins of the Gymnasium
for those of the temple. A systematic search for the site
was begun by the late J. T. Wood, on behalf of tho
Trustees of the British Museum, in 1863. The site was
discovered in 1869 by the aid of the topographical details
contained in the great inscription of Salutaris (exhibited
in the Hall of Inscriptions, No. 481), and the floor of the
temple was found to be buried under 20 feet of soil,
brought down by the Eiver Cayster and its tributary
mountain torrents. The excavations were continued on
the site, which is the property of the Trustees of the
British Museum, in successive seasons till 1874.

The extant remains of the temple are so fragmentary,
and in some respects so peculiar, that the restoration is
largely conjectural. The only ancient authorities of
value are (1) the coins, showing a fa9ade of eight columns,
sculptured near the bases ; (2) the account of Pliny : *

* N. H,, XXXVI., 95 : ' Universo templo longitude est ccccxxv pedum,
latitude ccxv, columnae cxxvii a singulis regibus factae Ix pedum
altitudine, ex is xzxvi caelatae, una a Scopa. operi piaefuit Chersiphron
architectus ' (Detlefsen). The readings, however, of the numbers given
above cannot be accepted with complete confidence, and the clause una a

THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS. 167

' The length of the whole temple is 325 feet, the width
215 feet. It has 127 columns, each made by a king,
60 feet high ; 36 of them are sculptured, fone by Sco^as-I
Chersiphron was set over the work as architect.'

That Scopas should have been employed at Ephesus is
not impossible (but see note), since he worked at the
Mausoleum, which was begun a few years later ; but the
Mausoleum appears to have been built with great rapidity,
and Scopas could only have carved a drum at Ephesus at
a very advanced age.

The name of Chersiphron is introduced in Pliny's
account through a confusion of the older and later
temples, Chersiphron was architect of the former, and
the latter was built by Deinocrates, the official architect
of Alexander.

Mr. Wood found a pavement which appeared to be
the lowest course of the temple platform, and measured
239 feet 4J inches in width, and an uncertain length
(estimated by Wood as about 453 feet). This only
roughly corresponds with Pliny's dimensions for the
'whole temple' of 425 feet (= 412 Eng. feet) by
220 feet. On this course Mr. Wood placed a podium,
having a height of 9 feet 5^ inches. The height
of the platform must, however, be increased to 10 feet
10| inches, since a course of slabs taken by Wood
for square plinths of columns has been shown to be
the stylobate. A broad flight of steps was placed by
Mr. Wood on all sides, thus contracting the upper
platform to about 430 feet by 207 feet. On this he placed

Scopa is very doubtful, although it is the reading of the best manuscript.
Some MSS. read una scopa, for which the emendation imo scapo, ' on the
lowest drum,' has been proposed (Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 3rd ed., II.,
p. 95 ; Murray, J(Mrn. R.I.B.A., 3rd ser., Vol. III., p. 47). A similar
confusion of imus and unus occurs in an adjoining passage of Pliny
{N. K, XXXVI., 92).

» _ l6S'9t- ■»

23» ♦»■

' f 0 10 go >0 «0 50 60 ' TO 80 tp iOO,

Fig. 8.

Kig. 9.

170 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUKE.

a temple surrounded by a double colonnade, with eight
columns at the ends and twenty along the sides, and
having two columns between the antae at each end,
making a total of one hundred columns, of which the
thirty-six at the ends are the columnae caelatae.

The obvious defect in this arrangement is that the
square sculptured piers are made to serve, in a way that
is impossible, for the frieze of the temple, and no arrange-
ment can be accepted that does not provide for them.

Mr. Fergusson published a restoration with 100 columns
in 1877. For this he substituted an amended restoration
in 1883. He was aware that the piers were crowned by
circular drums or bases, and in his second attempt he
proposed a restoration in which the main features were
that the thirty-six sculptured columns were distributed
with twenty-four in the front and twelve in the back
colonnade ; that square piers supported the sculptured
drums in the case of eighteen columns (with an orna-
mental member interjected) ; and that (in order to make
up the 127 columns of Pliny) he placed nine columns at
the hinder end of the temple. This use of an uneven
number of columns at an end occurs rarely, and in
abnormal conditions. As regards the sculptured drums,
an arrangement by which some are placed upon the piers,
and others on a level with the piers, disturbs the hori-
zontal system characteristic of Greek architecture.

This diflSculty is met in the restoration of Mr. A. S.
Murray (Figs. 8, 9), in which the piers stand on one of
the lower steps of the platform, so that their upper
surface is level with that of the stylobate. The
sculptured drums by which they are surmounted are
thus exactly level with the corresponding drums which
rest on the stylobate. The member interjected by Mr.
Fergusson between the pier and the drum is omitted as
unnecessary.

THE TEMPLE OP AKTEMIS. 171

Bestorationa of the Temple of Artemis.

(1) J. T. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus (1877). T/aws.
of Boy. Inst, of British Architects 1883-4, pis. 42-44;
pp. 165-170. The remains of the lower course described
above are only sbown in the latter plans of Wood, and
in those of Fergusson.

(2) J. Fergusson, Sessional Papers of Boy. Inst, of
British Architects, 1876-7, p. 77.

(3) J. Fergusson, Trans, of Boy. Inst, of British Archi-
tects, 1882-3, p. 147; and 1883-4, p. 171.

(4) A. S. Murray (and K. C. Watt), Journ. B.I.B.A.,
3rd ser., vol. iii., p. 41 (Figs. 8, 9). Of. Choisy, Eist. de
V Architecture, i., p. 344.

For general accounts of Ephesus and the Temple of Diana, see Guhl,
Ephesiaca (1843) ; Falkener, Ephesus and the Temple of Diana
(1862) ; Hicks, Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., pt. III. The
dimensions are discussed by Hultsch, Arch. Zeit. 18S0, p. 93 ;
1881, p. 113.

1200. Eectangular block of marble sculpt ared on two adjacent
faces, and forming a quarter of a square pier. On one
face is a female figure, wearing a long chiton and
diploidion, girt at the waist, whose action is that of
a person pulling to the right, both arms being extended
to the left as if she was dragging at some object. On the
face, at right angles to this figure, are the remains of a
male figure, half seated on a mass of rock ; he wears the
skin of a lion or of some feline beast of prey. The
greater part of this figure is lost, and its action is
uncertain, but it appears to have been engaged in a
struggle with the female figure.

On account of the lion's skin, the subject has been
interpreted as the contest of Heracles and the Amazon
Hippolyte for the girdle of the latter. Neither figure,

172 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

however, is of the usual type for this subject, and a stick
which is seen between the legs of the male figure is not
an attribute of Heracles. The " choice of Heracles " is
another suggested interpretation. (A. S. Murray.)

On the right of the female figure is the right arm and
shoulder of another female (?) figure. The remainder of
this figure is cut off by the joint of the stone. Her arm
is bent ; the hand, of which the fingers are broken away,
is raised in the act of drawing forward a veil or mantle.
She wears a long close-fitting sleeve.

Above the sculpture a small part remains of the enriched
moulding. On the upper bed of the block a part of a
circle is chiselled, which is presumed to be a setting line
for a superimposed carved drum (see p. 170). The centre
is marked by a dowel-hole.

Height, 6 feet 1 inch. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, pi. facing
p. 188 and p. 188 ; Murray, Journ. of R.I.B.A., 3rd ser.,
vol. iii., p. 50, p. 51, fig. 7 ; Elgin Room Guide, II., No. H, 4 ;
Brunn, Denkmaekr, No. 173 ; Collignon, Hist, de la Sculpt.
Grecque, II., p. 391 ; Wolters, No. 1243.

1201. Fragment from the corner of a pier. Heracles is seated
at the angle. Only a small part of the left thigh, and the
left hand are preserved, together with the mask of the
lion skin, which falls over the left arm. The left hand
seems to be holding the end of a bow. On the right of
Heracles are slight remains of the drapery of a female (?)
figure.

Height, 2 feet 4 inches. Murray, Journ. B.I.B.A., I.e., p. 50.

1202. A fragment of a carved drum has been placed on the
pier formed by the fragments above described. This
fragment occupies about a quarter of the circumference,
and has parts of the legs below the knee of four figures
standing to the right. Three of these are male figures,
wearing an Oriental costume, with close-fitting trousers, a

PIERS OF TEMPLE OP ARTEMIS. 173

tunic reaching below the knee, and a mantle which falls
from the shoulders and drapes the back of the legs. The
fourth figure appears to be female.

Height, 3 feet 3 inches. MuiTay, Journ. R.I.B.A., I.e. p. 51, fig. 7.

1203. A fragment, with the left leg of a male figure, draped
as those described above, is placed at the back of this
drum.

Height, 2 feet 1 inch.

1204. (Plate XXIII.) Two blocks forming the face of a
square sculptured pier with parts of a combat, between
two powerful male figures. The vanquished combatant
is forced to a half sitting position on the ground. His
right hand is seen gripping the back of the left thigh
of the victor, who stands over him about to strike.
This group is in very high relief, and large masses of
marble, such as the flying drapery of the victor, were
separate pieces, attached by dowels.

No attributes are preserved, but the powerful forms of
the figures would be appropriate to a combat between
Heracles and a giant such as Kyknos or Alkyoneus.

Some length of the enriched moulding crowns the left-
hand block. On the upper bed the setting line for the
circular drum is preserved.

On the second face of this block are remains of a deer,
and of a draped female figure standing beside it, who
seems to be placing her right hand on its horns. She
wears a bracelet. If this group is connected with the
labours of Heracles, it may be supposed to be Artemis with
the Keryneian stag. — Found near the western extremity of
the Provaoa on the north side.

Height, 6 feet 1 inch. Wood, Discoveries at Ephestis, pis. facing
p. 214; Murray, Journ. R.I.B.A., I.e., p. 50, p. 51, fig. 8.

174 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE. i

1205. A comer block of a sculptured pier has been inserted in
the same pier with the foregoing. On one face is a part
of a combat between a male figure (perhaps Heracles or
Theseus) and a Centaur. The Centaur is forced down on
his knees, and his opponent stands over him, half kneeling
on his back. The hero may have been gripping the
throat of the Centaur (cf. Parthenon Metopes, Nos. 305,
306), and the left hand of the Centaur is seen clasping
the thigh of the hero. The upper half of the block is lost
and a large part of the surface has been worked down
roughly, for some later purpose.

On the second face of this block, only small parts of the
surface remain, which give no clue to the subject.

Height, 3 feet 5 inches. Murray, Joum. R.T.B.A.,l.c., p. 50.

1206. (Plate XXIII.). Sculptured drum from a column of
the Artemision. The principal figure appears to be that
of a woman who stands to the front. She wears a
sleeved chiton and sandals, and draws her mantle about
her with both hands. The head, which is lost, was
probably turned towards the figure of Hermes, who
stands next her, with head thrown back, lips parted, left
arm akimbo, and left foot drawn back. He wears a
petasos, has a chlamys (with brooch) about the left arm,
and carries a caduceus in the right hand.

Next to this figure on the left is a winged male figure
whose head is turned to the right. The face, hair, and
general type are efieminate. A sword in a scabbard
hangs from the left side, suspended from a shoulder-belt.
The right arm and right side are lost. The wings are
very large : the tops of the pinions rise above the head of
the figure ; and the tip of the left wing reaches nearly to
the ankle.

On the left of the winged figure are traces of the left
shoulder and arm of another figure. The arm was bent

PIERS OF TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS. 175

akimbo with drapery falling over it, like the left arm of
the Hermes. The figure appears to be that of a man
leaning on a stick, of which a small portion is preserved,
and which supports the right shoulder. A small portion
of the left side under the armpit is nude.

Behind the Hermes on the right is a female figure, the
body facing to the front ; the head, now broken away, may
have been turned towards Hermes. She wears a long chiton
with studded sleeves, and a diploidion and sandals. The
right arm of this figure is wanting from above the elbow,
but the outline on the marble shows that this arm was
bent upwards, the hand curving round towards the right
shoulder. The hands were holding the ends of a curved
object, apparently a circlet, or other ornament for the head.
Next on the right is the lower half of a seated male figure
turned to the left. His body, which is broken off near the
waist, appears to have been draped in a mantle which
passes across his lower limbs, and has probably hung
from the left shoulder. On the feet are sandals with
the details carefully indicated. On the right of this
figure some slight remains of drapery may be seen at
the bottom of the column, probably from the skirt of
a standing figure. Between these remains of drapery
and the vestiges on the left of the winged figure, which
have been already described, is space for another figure, so
that it may be calculated that the whole composition
originally consisted of eight figures. The interpretation
of the subject is uncertain. The view usually accepted is
that of Robert, that it represents a version of the story of
Alcestis, rather different from that of Euripides. The
central woman is Alcestis. Hermes is about to escort her
to the upper world, with the assent of Pluto and Perse-
phone, the figures on the right. The winged figure is
Thanatos (Death), who has been vanquished by Heracles
(the watching figure on the left), and makes a sign to

176 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

Alcestis to start on her way. The difficulties of this in-
terpretation are that it does not correspond closely with the
literary form of the story, and the circlet (?) of Persephone
is unaccounted for ; Thanatos is usually bearded, and the
figure on the left can hardly be Heracles, if he is leaning
on a staff.

Other interpretations proposed are that the winged figure
is Agon, the genius of the Palaestra (Curtius) ; that the
scene is the Judgment of Paris (Benndorf) or the Making
of Pandora (A. H. Smith). — ^ Found deeply buried in the

sand and marble chippings at the west end of the Temple

turned completely over ' (Wood, p. 189).

Height, 5 feet llf inches. E. Curtius, Arch. Zeit., 1872, p. 72,
pis. 65, 66 ; Wood, Discoveries at Ephesxis, frontisp. ; Robert,
ITianatos, pi. 3, p. 37 ; Elgin Boom Guide, II., No. H. 1 ; Rayet,
Monuments, II., pi. 50 ; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 52 ; Classical
Sculpture Gallery, No. 61 ; Pettier, £tude sur les L^cythes
hlancs, p. 41 ; Wolters, No. 1242 ; Mitchell, p. 535 ; Roscher's
Lexikon, I., pp. 235, 2416 ; Benndorf, Bull, della Comm. Arch.
Comunale di Roma, 1886, p. 54; pis. 1-3 (answered by Robert,
Phil. Untersuchungen, 1886, X., p. 160) ; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik,
II., 4th ed., p. 131 ; Murray, Gr. Sculpture, II., 2nd ed., p. 304 ;
Journal B.I.B.A., I.e., p. 51, fig. 8 ; A. H. Smith, Joum. of
Hellen. Studies, XI., p. 278 ; Furtwaengler, Meisterwerke,
p. 522 ; Collignon, Ifist. de la Sculpt. Grecque, II., p. 389 ;
Gardner, Handbook, p. 420.

1207- 1210. Two blocks, forming the face of a sculptured pier.
A Nereid appears to be riding a Hippocamp, to the right.
Both blocks, however, have lost the parts adjoining the
central joint, and it is, therefore, somewhat uncertain
whether they belong to the same subject. Of the
Hippocamp parts of the mane, neck and forehand are
preserved on the one block, and he is identified by the fin-
like surface below. On the other block are the coils of
the tail. Of the Nereid only the left hand is preserved,
grasping the Hippocamp's neck, together with portions of
flying drapery.

PIERS OF TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS. 177

On the second faces of each of these blocks are slight
remains of a similar subject. In one (1207) we have part
of the drapery of the Nereid, and the rough outline of the
neck of the Hippocamp. In the other (1208) the sculp-
ture has been chiselled away, but the outlines of the
curling tail can be made out.

A fragment (1209) has been inserted so as to form a
part of the subject on the second face of No. 1208. It
contains a large part of the body of the Nereid, and a
part of the back of her Hippocamp. Her right arm
was extended and held out a fold of her mantle. The
angle of this block is lost, and there is, therefore, no
second face.

Portions of the upper moulding are preserved on blocks
1208, 1209. An angle piece (No. 1210) has also been
inserted. It has an inverted acanthus and palmette at the
angle.

Height (of 1207), 2 feet 11 inches; (of 1208) 4 feet 6 inches; (of
1209) 3 feet 11 inches. Murray, Journ. R.I.B.A., I.e., p. 48,
p. 49, fig. 5. Compare the Nereid of Timotheos from Epidauros,
Athen. Mittheilungen, XIX., pi. 6.

1211. Fragment of a sculptured drum, which has been placed
on the pier last described. The lower part is lost, and
also the exterior surface of the upper part. The middle
of the upper bed is preserved, with a central dowel-hole
and a surface worked for the lowest drum of the fluted
column. The sculpture preserved has the middle parts of
a series of standing figures. There is no clue to the
subject represented. The figures in order from the left
are : (1) Female figure standing, closely wrapped in her
mantle ; (2) youth standing, wearing mantle only, which
passes over the left shoulder and round the body;
(3, 4, 5, 6) four male figures standing, all wearing
mantles ; No. 6 makes a gesture with raised right hand.

VOL. II. N

178 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

He seems to wear a ring on his thumb. — ' Found at the
eastern end of the Temple, and on the south side.'

Height, 4 feet 6 inches. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, p. 223,
and pi. ibid. ; Murray, Journ, R.I.B.A., I.e., p. 49, fig. 5.

1212. Fragment of the corner block of a sculptured pier, with
representations of Victories leading animals to sacrifice.
On the front face is half of a group of a Victory leading
a sheep. Of the Victory we have a part of a large wing,
and parts of the drapery about the right leg and foot.
Of the sheep we have the body, with the left hind-leg and
part of the right foreleg. The shaggy surface of the
sheep's body is represented conventionally, almost like
scales. (For a ram's head see below, No. 1216.)

On the second face a bull is led to the right by a
Victory. Of the bull we have the dewlap and parts of the
belly and forelegs ; of the Victory parts of the skirts
about the left leg, which was advanced, and the left
ankle. No traces remain of a wing. For the subject of
Victories leading animals, compare No. 429 (balustrade of
temple of Wingless Victory). The upper surface of the
pier is sawn off obliquely.

Height, 4 feet 3 inches. Murray, Journ. R.I.B.A., I.e., p. 49, fig. 6.

1213. Fragment of a sculptured drum, surmounting the pier
described above. The fragment consists of the lower half
of about half the circumference of the drum. The bottom
bed remains, showing that, in this instance, the moulding
below the reliefs was wanting, or was worked separately.
The lower parts of a series of figures remain, but the
subject cannot be determined. Beginning from the left
we have : (1) Traces of the drapery of a standing figure ;
(2) a figure in a long chiton, standing to the right ; (3) a
figure, wearing long chiton, mantle, and sandals is seated
to the left, on a low circular pedestal (with a moulding

PIERS OF TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS. 179

round its top) ; the left arm rests on the pedestal and the
right hand rests on the knee ; she has a twisted bracelet
on the left wrist; (4) figure draped in long chiton
and mantle, standing to the front; (5) figure seated
to the right on a circular pedestal ; at the bottom of
the pedestal is a moulding similar to that of the drums,
where preserved. All the figures of this drum appear to be
female. The back of this drum was sawn off for transport.

Height, 3 feet 11 inches. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, pi. facing
p. 246 ; Murray, Journ. E.I.B.A., I.e., p. 49, fig. 6.

1214. Fragment of drum of a sculptured column ; on this
fragment are sculptured in very high relief two male
nude figures as far as the waist, where they are cut off
by the joint of the drum. They face each other. The
figure on the right holds up in both hands an object
curving to the left and resembling a branch. The figure
on the left wears a mantle, and a mass of the drapery-
seems to be gathered in a bunch on the top of a staff, on
which the right hand is resting. The left hand is
extended. The surface of this sculpture is much decayed.
The figures are on a larger scale and in bolder relief than
the figures in the drums already described. This, com-
bined with the fact that the member consists of two
pieces, makes it probable that it was somewhat higher
than the other extant drums, which it also exceeds in
diameter by 3 inches. In Mr. Murray's restoration it is
placed at the comer of the temple.

Height, 2 feet 11 J inches. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, pi. facing
p. 218; Murray, Journ. R.I.B.A., I.e., p. 47.

1215. Fragment of a sculptured pier, with portions of two
figures wrestling. One figure is half kneeling, and his
left thigh is clasped by the hand of his opponent. , The
subject is perhaps the contest of Heracles and Antaeus.

Height, .3 feet 2 inches. Murray, Journ. B.I.B.A., I.e., p. 50.

N 2

180 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

1216. Fragment of a sculptured pier. Back part of a ram's
head, with large horns. Both sides of the head are
sculptured, and it must, therefore, have stood out very
boldly, and probably belonged to the angle of a pier
rather than to the sheep described above (No. 1212).

Height, lOJ inches. Murray, Jmrn. R.I.B.A., I.e., p. 50.

1217. Fragment of a sculptured drum, much mutilated, with
a female right hand holding up a veil. A spiral bracelet
on the wrist.

Height, 1 foot 8 inches.

Architectural Fragments of the Temple of Artemis.

The following fragments of the Order of the temple
were brought to the British Museum. It will be seen
that the frieze and the dentils are not represented, but
otherwise the materials for a restoration of the order are
fairly complete.

1219. 1-3. Three steps from the substructure forming the plat-
form of the temple. The steps have a rise of 10\ inches,
12^ inches, and 8J inches respectively. No. 1219 has a
setting line 1 foot 9|^ inches from the front face.

1220. Base, with stylobate and lowest drum of an unsculptured
column. These fragments were found in situ by Mr. Wood,
and have been re-erected as found. They came from the
column which was near the middle of the south (long)
side of the temple.

The lowest course was supposed by Mr. Wood to be a
sqiiare base for the column. It is, however, more probable
that it is a part of the stylobate. At one end there
are. indications that the course was continued (Journ.
B.I.B.A., I.e., p. 46). The height of the member
(16| inches) -is greater than that of the steps, but this

AKCHITECTUKE OF TEMPLE OF AKTEMIS. 181

is unimportant if we suppose that the upper flights of
steps only existed at the ends. (See the restoration. ")

The lower moulding of the fluted dium is .lost, but see
helow, No. 1221. When found, " portions of this base (the
scotia) retained much of the red colour with which it had
been originally tinted " (Wood).

Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, pi. facing p. 176 ; Elgin Rornn
Guide, II., No. A. 38.

1221. Fragments of the lower moulding of the fluted
columns, inscribed with dedicatory inscriptions. Com- *
pare the inscription of Croesos on the base of the column
of the archaic temple (Vol. I., No. 29). Four of -these ■
fragments appear to have belonged to a single column,
and have been read : — . . . . yi . . I,aphir]vr) 'Apr[£/it]2t
r[o>'] ovlo[j/ aviOrj^;e7'\. Some woman of Sardis appears to
have dedicated the column together with a part of the
pavement on which it stood. Compare the Pseudo-
Aristotelian Oeconomica (ii. 19) for an Ephesian law
authorising dedicatory inscriptions on the temple
columns, when a contributor had given the estimated cost.

Roebl, Schedae Epigraphicae, p. 1 ; Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus,
Inscriptions from Temple, 17 ; Hicks, Greek Inscriptions in
Brit. Mus., III., No. DXIX.

1222- 1228. Ionic shafts and capitals, etc. The top of the shaft
is combined in one case with the capital, but otherwise
they are worked as separate blocks.

1222. Fragment from the top of an Ionic shaft. The flutings
are surmounted by a bead and reel moulding. The joint
is immediately above the moulding.

Height, 3 feet 3 inches.

1223. Fragment of Ionic capital. The right-hand volute and
the back are broken away. The eye of the left-hsmd

182 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

volute is left plain, and unfinished, and shows the lines
and compass points used in setting out the volutes. The
large egg and the palmetto adjoining the right volute
are roughly blocked out and unfinished. The joint is
immediately below the large egg and tongue moulding.

Elgin Boom Guide, II., No. A. 35.

1224. Eestored Ionic capital, combined with the upper part
of the flutings. One of the volutes is almost entirely
wanting ; the eye of the other volute is hollow, and has
been filled perhaps with a metal ornament, for attaching
which the two small holes in the edges may have served ;
the back of this capital is broken away. The restoration
also includes a piece of the architrave ; a piece of the
under surface of the architrave, showing the coffer, with
its astragalos moulding and angle palmetto ; a corner of
the abacus moulding with the palmetto, and part of the
egg and tongue ; another fragment from the middle of
the abacus ; several pieces of the volutes.

Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, pi. facing p. 196; Elgin Room Guide,
II., No. A. 33.

1225- 1227. Three fragments of volutes from the Ionic capitals.

1228. Ionic capital, much broken. The joint, as in No. 1223,
is immediately below the large egg and tongue moulding.
A piece of the small egg and tongue moulding along the
top lias been restored in plaster, from the fragments
inserted in No. 1224.

Elgin Boom Guide, II., No. A. 34.

1229. The Architrave. A small section sawn from the block
of the architrave has been placed above the capital
(No. 1224). Another fragment (1229) gives the two
upper bands, and a part of the third. This is presumably

AEOHITECTURE OF TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS. 183

a part of the architrave of which Pliny reports that it
was raised to its place up an incline of bags of sand.
The central slab refused to fall into its place, and the
architect went to bed meditating suicide. The goddess
appeared to him in a vision and assured him that she had
settled the stone. In the morning it was found in its
place (Pliny, iV. H., xxxvi., 96). Of the moulding above
the architrave (shown as a Lesbian cymation in the
restoration of Messrs. Murray and Watt) and of the frieze
nothing remains.

1230, 1231. Fragments of the large egg and tongue mouldings,
above and below the dentils. These mouldings are of
two kinds : No. 1230 has no moulding between the
astragalos and the lower bed; while in No. 1231 (1-4),
a curved member 2^ inches high occurs below the
astragalos. The former is placed by Messrs. Murray
and Watt below the dentils, and the latter above them.
Height (of 1230), 1 foot 2 inches ; (of 1231), 1 foot 5 inches.

1232. 1, 2. The Tympanum. Two pieces of the tympanum,
worked with a plain surface and having no indication
of pedimental sculptures. They give the pitch of the
pediment as 19 degrees.

1233. Fragment of corona of Cornice. On the face the
acanthus ornament is sculptured in very bold relief and
deeply undercut. On the left is a finely worked joint.
At the joint is a ridge rising up from the gutter, to
determine the course of the rainwater. The stone shows
on the right part of the spout leading to the lion's mouth,
and by doubling the length from the left joint to the
estimated middle of the lion's head we obtain that the
lions were about 5 feet 11 inches apart, if the water ridge
on the left was central.

Height of remaining portion, 1 foot 9 inches. Wood, Discoveries at
Ephesus, p. 250 ; Elgin Boom Guide, H., No. A. 36.

184 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

1234. Lion's head from the cornice. The eyes are deeply set ;
the wrinkles on the nose are strongly marked. The
lower jaw is broken away. This fragment was embedded
in the foundations of the walls, which Mr. Wood found
within the cella. On the right temple of the lion's head
is a hole made by the iron bar or jumper employed in
blasting those foundations.

Elgin Room Guide, II., No. A. 37.

1235. Fragment with the lower jaw of a lion, from the cornice
of the temple.

1236. 1-6. Six fragments of flat marble roof-tiles, and one

fragment of a curved tile for covering a joint of the flat

tiles. The flat tiles have projecting pieces which would

serve to keep them in position on horizontal laths. On the

corner of one of the tiles are the letters $KA0H^, probably

for the guidance of the masons.

Elgin Room Guide, II., No. A. 41; Puchstein, Jrc/i. J.n^ej'yCT*, 1890,
p. 162.

1237. Fragment of an acroterial ornament, with interlaced
acanthus scrolls. The ground is very deeply sunk
(about 3 inches) in order to obtain strong effects of
shadow.

Height, 2 feet 1 inch.

1238. Corinthian capital from the site of the Artemision.
Wood (Discoveries at Epliesus, p. 269) thought that this
may have been the capital of one of the columns in the
interior of the cella, which, on this evidence, he restored
as of the Corinthian order. The cap is elliptical in plan,
at the face of the foliage, but the upper bed is worked in
the form of two circular half-capitals, joined by a pilaster
cap 17 inches wide.

Height, 2 feet 6 inches. Extreme dimensions 4 feet 3 inches by
3 feet 2 inches. Fergusson, Trans. R.I.B.A., 1876-7, p. 83;
Elgin Room Guide, II., No. A. 40.

185

MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURES PROM
EPHESUS.

A considerable number of miscellaneous sculptures were
found by Mr. Wood in the course of his long search for
the Temple of Artemis, and in minor excavations under-
taken on the site of the town. Several of these have
already been described in the first volume of this
catalogue (Nos. 678, 745, 754-6, 778). The remainder
follow below. The site of the Great Theatre, in par-
ticular, yielded a considerable number of sculptures,
mostly, however, of the Eoman period.

1239. Left side of a female head, having a mass of hair brought
to the back of the head where the sculpture is unfinished.
The ear is half covered. The surface of the marble is
highly polished. — From the site of the Temple of Artemis.

Parian marble. Height, 1 foot.

1240. Right foot of statue of heroic size. The ground rises
up behind the heel, as if the figure was attached to the
ground like a relief. — From the site of the Temple of Artemis.

Marble. Length of foot, 1 foot.

1241. Torso of Athene. The figure stands, resting on the
left leg, and wears a long chiton, with diploidion girt at
the waist, and a small aegis fringed with snakes; in
the middle is a winged Gorgoneion. The head and
arms are wanting. The right arm, which was in a
separate piece, was extended. The left arm falls by
the left side. Traces remain by the left leg of some
object now lost, a stump, or perhaps a shield. — From the
Great Theatre at Ephesus.

Parian marble. Height, 4 feet 6^ inches. Wood, Discoveries at
Epheaus, p. 76 ; Grceco-JRoman Guide, I., No. 124 A. Amelung,
Basis aus Mantinea, p. 23 ; Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire,
H., p. 294, No. 9.

186 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTUEE.

1242. Torso of Poseidon. His body leans forward ; his right
foot has been raised, and has rested on a rock. His
right hand, which holds a dolphin, rests on his right
knee ; his left arm has probably rested on a trident held
vertically. The head, left arm, and both legs of this
figure are wanting. — From the Great Theatre at E^hesus.

Parian marble. Height, 1 foot 7J inches. Grwco-Boman Guide, II.,
No. 93.

1243. Upper part of torso of an emperor. The figure wears
a cuirass with reliefs. In the middle of the breast is a
winged Gorgoneion, surrounded by a conventional border
of aegis scales. Below, the upper parts of two Gryphons
confronted. Thunderbolts are on the shoulder straps.
The head was separately made, and fixed in a scooped-out
hollow. — From the Great Theatre at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 8 inches. Wood, Discoveries at Ep/wsus,
p. 75 ; Wroth, Journ. of Hellen. Studies, VII., p. 129 ; Reinach,
B€pertoire de la Statuaire, II., p. 585, No. 1.

1244. Torso from neck to the waist of youthful figure,
somewhat bent over to the left side. — Froin the Great
Theatre at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 9 inches.

1245. Torso of a male figure, from the navel to the knees,
standing mainly on the right leg. He is nude except
for a mantle about the legs. The back is not worked. —
From the Great Theatre at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 11 inches.

1246. Torso, from the neck to the groin, of a male figure
with a small piece of drapery on the left shoulder. The
arms are broken off about the middle of the biceps. Work
very late and poor. — From the Great Theatre at Ephesua.

\ Marble. Height, 2 feet 3 inches.

SCULPTUEES FROM EPHESUS. 187

1247. Draped female figure, standing mainly on the left leg.
She has a long chiton girt with a cord knotted on the
waist, and a mantle passing over the left shoulder, round
the body, and over the left arm. She has sandals. The
head, right arm, right foot and left hand are wanting.
Ordinary work. — From the Great Theatre at Ephesus.
Marble. Height, 3 feet 2^ inches.

1248- 1250. Fragments of a frieze, from the proscenium of the
Great Theatre, representing a series of recumbent Satyrs.

1248. Satyr, reclining, with head to the right, on rough
ground covered by a panther skin, with the left elbow
resting on the panther's mask. The Satyr is broken off
across the groin, and the right arm is wanting. He has
small budding horns, pointed ears, goat's wattles, and
curling hair, which shows traces of red colour. He has a
knotted staff in the left hand. On the right is the stem
of a tree, whose branches are seen by the Satyr's head.

Parian marble. Height, 2 feet 3 inches ; width, 1 foot lOJ inches.

1249. Lower parts of a Satyr, reclining, with head to the left,
on rough ground, covered by a panther's skin, with the
right arm resting on the (unfinished) panther's mask.
The Satyr is broken off about the middle of the body, the
upper part, together with the right hand and most of the
right leg being lost. On the left is the stem of a tree,
and on the right part of a vine.

Parian marble. Height, 1 foot 9 inches ; width, 3 feet 4J inches.

1250. Upper part of a Satyr, reclining, with his head to the
left. He leans on the right arm, with the left arm
extended. The Satyr is broken off at the groin, and the
arms are wanting from a little below the shoulders. He
has Satyr's ears, and wattles, and curling hair, but the
horns are uncertain. Above are parts of a vine.

Parian marble. Height, 2 feet 2 inches ; width, 1 foot 2 inches.

188 CATALOGUE -OF SCULPTURE.

1251. Fragment of frieze, with lower part of Cupid seated on
rocks, leaning on the left hand. His hand, legs from the
groin, and.top of the wing remain. On the right is the lower
part of a boy, probably a Cupid, standing to the right.
On the left is the left foot of a figure standing to the right.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 9 inches ; width, 3 feet 3 inches.

1252. 1. Head of young Satyr, wearing pine-wreath, with
Satyr's ears, curling hair, and budding horns.

Marble. Height, 8 inches. This head is treated like the heads of
the Satyrs in Nos. 1248-1250 ; but as it is said to have been
found on the site of the Temple of Artemis, it probably belongs
to a different series.

2. Head of a Satyr, wearing pine-wreath.

Marble. Height, 8 inches.

1253. Unfinished relief of a Triton blowing a shell. He is
turned to the right, and holds his shell with the left
hand. With the right hand he holds a steering paddle
over his left shoulder. The sculpture is unfinished
throughout, the subject being roughly blocked out.
Above is a roughly indicated moulding, now broken
away. — From the Great Theatre at Ephesus.

Bluish marble. Height, 1 foot 6 inches ; width, 3 feet 6 inches.
Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, p. 76.

1254. Fragment of relief, with the head and shoulders of a
bull rushing to the left in high relief. — From the Great
Theatre at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 6 inches.

1255. Fragment of relief, with winged Cupid moving to left,
with both arms extended. The head, forearms, left foot,
and much of right leg are wanting. The feathers of the
wings are seen on the background of the relief. — From the
Great Theatre at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 11 inches.

SCULPTURES FROM EPHESUS. 189

L256. The lower half of a statue of Lucius Verus, broken off
above the waist. The figure is nude, except for a mantle
falling at the back, which was probably gathered in the
right hand. He stands on the left leg, with the right
advanced. On the right, support is given by the stem of
a tree. This fragment, together with the upper part of
the trunk of the same figure, was discovered by Mr. J. T.
Wood in 1865. The other part of the body was un-
fortunately lost by the shipwreck of the vessel in which
it was sent home, while the head is said to have found its
way to the Museum of the Evangelical School at Smyrna.
On the base of the statue is the following inscription : —

AovKLOv AtXiov AvpT^\[^t]ov K.6fji.ixo8ov Tov VLov t[ov]
AuTO/cparopos * Ov^Stos 'Avrajvetvos.

showing that the statue was dedicated by Vedius
Antoninus.

This inscription, as has been shown by C. Curtius,
does not relate to the Emperor Commodus, but to Lucius
Verus, after his adoption by Antoninus Pius, 138 A.D., and
before the death of that Emperor, when he first took the
name of Verus ; the statue, therefore, cannot have been
erected later than a.d. 161. The dedicator, P. Vedius
Antoninus, was a favourite of Antoninus Pius. — Found
near the central doorway of the Odeum at Ephesus.

Parian marble. Height, 4 feet 6 inches. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus,
pp. 47, 50, 78; C. Curtius, Hermes, IV., p. 189; Arch. Zeit.,
1868, p. 82 ; Grceco-Eoman Guide, I., No. 31 ; Greek Inscriptions
in Brit. Mus., No. DV. ; Furtwaengler, Ueber Statuenkopieen im
Alterthum, I., p. 43.

1257. Torso of Silenus standing. His right arm probably
supported on his head the basket used in the festivals of
Dionysos. {See the Silenus in the Bronze Eoom, No. 284.)
The head, forearms, and legs from below the knees are
wanting. A small mantle is twisted round his loins

190 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

and knotted in front, after the fashion characteristic of
Silenus. At his left side is a tripod stand, on which
rests a vase, surmounted by a small saucer, containing
a phallus. The sculpture is late and coarse. — From the
Odeum at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 8| inches. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus,
p. 51 ; Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire, II., p. 53, No. 3 ;
Gra:co-Roman Guide, II., No. 0.

1258. Torso of youthful Dionysos, standing, from the neck to
the middle of the thighs. The head and arms are want-
ing and the body has been deliberately mutilated. The
figure wears a goat-skin knotted on the left shoulder,
the mask of the horned and bearded goat being shown on
the left side. The long tresses of hair which fall over
the shoulders justify the interpretation of the figure as
Dionysos rather than as a young Satjr. — From the Basilica
near the Odeum at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 9 inches.

1259. Torso of draped female figure, from the breasts to the
middle of the thighs. She wears a chiton, and a mantle
which passes over the arms, and about the thighs. — From
the Basilica near the Odeum at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 1 inch.

1260. Torso and right leg of statue of heroic scale (the two
parts separate). The torso reaches from the neck half
way down the thighs. The arms are wanting, but the
fingers of the right hand are seen on the right thigh.
The figure wears a chlamys fastened on the right shoulder
by a quatrefoil brooch. The right leg extends from the
middle of the thigh to the top of the boot. Beside the
leg is a stump of a tree, from which hangs a circular
shield, suspended by a knotted sash. — From the Basilica
near the Odeum at Ephesus.

Marble. Height of torso, 3 feet 11 inches; of leg, 2 feet 7 inches.

SCULPTURES FROM EPHESUS. 191

1261. Youthful male torso, from the neck to the navel. The
figure was slightly bent to its left. The ends of a taenia
fall on the shoulders. From the Basilica near the Odeum
at Ephesus.

Parian marble. Height, 1 foot f inch.

1262. Eight leg from below the knee of male figure of heroic
size, attached to a stump. — From near the Odeum at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 4 inches; length of foot, 13 inches.

1263. Jupiter (Zeus) seated on a throne. He is in an easy-
attitude, half turned to his right, with the right arm
resting on the back of the chair. The head, both arms,
and right foot of Jupiter are wanting ; the lower half
of his body is clad in a mantle, and he wears sandals.
The throne has a cushion, which is supported in front on
the right side by a Sphinx, above which is a ram's head.
On the right side of the throne is the eagle, in relief,
standing; on both sides of the chair are holes in the
marble for the attachment of separate pieces for the arms
of the chair. The right foot and right forearm of Jupiter
were also separately attached. The back of the chair is
left rough. Fair Koman work. — Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 9^ inches. GrcBCO-Eoinan Guide, II.

No. 77.

1264. Statuette of Hermes, standing on the right leg, with
the left leg advanced, and resting on some support now
missing. With the left hand he supports a lyre on his
left thigh. He wears a chlamys fastened by a fibula
on his right shoulder. Part of a rock remains beside
the left thigh. The head, right arm, left hand, right leg,
and left foot and ankle of this figure are wanting. — Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 5 inches. Graeco-Roman Guide, II., No. 16.

192 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

1265. Torso of a male figure, from the neck to tlie knees,
wearing a thick and elaborately-worked mantle, which
passes round the lower part of the body and over the left
shoulder. The left hand rests on the hip. The right
arm and region of the right thigh are wanting. — Ephesus.

Close-grained marble (?), resembling fine limestone. Height, 11 J
inches.

1266. Female torso, from the neck to the navel, and having
the upper arms. She is nude, and leans slightly to her
left. There are four holes between the neck and the left
breast, and a stud of marble on the left arm, as if for the
attachment of some object. — Ephesus.

Parian marble. Height, 11 inches.

1267. Head of Medusa, in relief to the front. The head is of
the ideal type, with contracted forehead, and long snaky
tresses of hair. Wings rise far back on the head. At
the back is a circular boss corresponding to the head. —
Ephesvs.

Marble. Height, 11 inches.

1268. Head of Athene, wearing plumed helmet. A ram's
head on each side of the peak. Flowing hair, gathered
back. — Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 7J inches.

1269. Left foot of a figure standing, wearing a sandal. The
two greater toes are wanting. There are traces of red on
the sandal. — Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 5J inches; length, 10 inches.

1270. Small altar. On the front. Pan as a warrior in armour.
He has goat-legs, but a beardless human face. He
wears a helmet and cuirass, with a shield on his left arm
and a sword in the right hand. On the back is a crested

SCtJLPTUEES FEOM EPHESUS. 193

Berpent; on the left a bull's head in an olive wreath
below rosettes; on the right a snake, roughly blocked
out. The present relief is probably humorous, although
Pan's military prowess, and especially his power of in-
spiring Panic terror, was well known. — Found in the ruins
of the Augusteum (?) at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 9 inches. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus,
p. 153.

Sepulchral Monuments feom Ephesus.

1271-1284. The first three sculptures in the series were
omitted by oversight from the series of Greek Beliefs in
Volume 1. The sarcophagi, and Roman reliefs, were
found beside one of the two roads that diverge outside
the Magnesian Gate, and lead respectively to the Temple
of Artemis and to Magnesia. See the plan, in Wood,
Discoveries at Ephesus.

1271. Relief, rudely cut in a sunk panel, above which acroterial
ornaments are slightly indicated.

Beardless figure, wearing a short sleeved tunic, is seated
on a rough seat to the right, holding a large syrinx in his
hands.

Inscribed "EyScvos ■n-pwTavX.rj<; 'JepoKXyj tw iSiw (TvpLarrj ex tov
ISlov to /xvqfirjov' x"''P^* — From the site of the Artemision.
J. T. Wood. Presented hy the Ephesus Excavation Committee,
1884.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 1| inches. Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus.,
No. DCLXXII.

1272. Relief, very roughly cut, in a sunk panel, above which
is a pediment, with circular disk in the centre and
acroterial ornaments. A beardless figure, wearing a short-
sleeved tunic and chlamys, is seated on a cushioned arm-
chair, to the right, with food (?) in each hand. Before

VOL. II. 0

194 c;atalogue of sculpture.

him is a three-legged table, on which stand three vessels.
— Ephesua.

Inscribed Ta ....;(... x • s Tp6(f)ifior ^fj.

Marble. Height, 1 foot lOJ inches. Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mtts.,
No, DCXLVII.

1273. Belief, very rough, with part of a sepulchral banquet.
Draped male figure (head lost) reclines on his left elbow
with a bowl in his right hand. Before him is a three-
legged table with food. On the right stands a boy, in
short tunic, with his hands folded. Beside him a large
amphora. — Ephesus.

Inbcribed 'Aprje/xuv 'ApTt/xwvos KvtStos.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 1 inch. Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus.,
No. DCLVin.

1274. Small sarcophagus with lid. In relief on the front side
are an ox-head in the centre, and rams' heads at the
corners, which are connected by festoons of fruit, etc. At
the ends the relief is not £ini8hed. In this sarcophagus
and the following examples the lid was fastened down
with iron cramps. This sarcophagus was also fastened
by cramps to its pedestal.

Inscribed below the wreaths ''Avaa-aa 'AitoWwvlov
XPW^h X"'P^' — Found on the road from the Magnesian Gate
to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus.

White marble. Height (with lid), 1 foot 1 J inches ; width, 1 foot
6 inches. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, p. 125 ; C. Curtiu.s,
Hermes, IV^., p. 214; Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., No.
DCXXU.

1275. Small sarcophagus with lid, of a design similar to that
of No. 1274.

Inscribed above and below the wreaths Pannychus (8~)ibi
et uxor(^i) Pithan{e) et Jilia(e) Pithane. lldvvv)^o<; iavrw koI
Uiddpy yvpaiKi, Koi Ovyarpl Uiddvy.

SCULPTUEES FROM EPHEStJS. 195

The Greek inscription is inscribed in the place of a
previous inscription, obliterated. — Found on the road
from the Magnesian Gate to the Temple of Artemis at
Ephesus.

White marble. Height (with lid), 1 foot 2 inches; width, 1 foot
5 inches. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, p. 126 ; C. Curtius,
Hermes, IV., p. 214 ; C.f.L., III., 6089 ; Greek Inscriptimts in Brit.
Mus., No. DCXXXII.

1276. Sarcophagus with lid. In the middle of the front is a
full-face head of Medusa, with snakes under the chin,
and connected by festoons with the ram's heads at the
angles. Eosettes are above the. festoons. On the three
remaining sides the design is only roughly blocked out.

Inscribed Dia Manibus T. Valeria T. f. Secundo, militis
cohortis VII praetoriae, centuriae Severi. — Found on the west
side of the road to Magnesia at Ephesus.

Marble. Height (with lid), 1 foot 7 inches; width, 2 feet J inch.
Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, Inscriptions from Tombs, p. 4,
gives a continuation of the inscription from the pier below the
sarcophagus; C. Curtius, JIermes,lV., p. 218; C.I.L., III,, 6085.

1277. Sarcophagus. In front is a representation of a keyhole
plate, a wreath in low relief, containing the inscription
6 S^/xos (sc. cTTecfiavoi) and a tablet which is inscribed Mt/t/jSv
Motpayei/ov Tpvcjuova. — Found on the west side of the Mag-
nesian Boad, near the Magnesian Gate at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot IJ inches ; width, 1 foot 7 inches. C. Cur-
tius, Hermes, IV,, p. 213, Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., No.
DCXL. For the keyhole plate, of. Bev. Arch. 2nd ser., XVII.,
pi. 20.

1278. Sarcophagus. In the middle of the front is a full-face
head of Medusa, with snakes under the chin, and con-
nected by festoons with the rams' heads at the angles.
Eosettes are above the festoons. The design is similar
to that of No. 1276. At the back is an ox-head between

0 2

196 CATALOGtJfi OF SCtJLPTtJRE.

rams' heads and festoons, roughly blocked out. At the
sides are festoons, and above them Amazons' shields.

Inscribed P. Corneli Nicephori, nomendatoris. 11. Kop-
vrjkiov NetKT/^opou vo/AcvKXaropos. — Found on the road
from the Magnesian Gate to the Temple of Artemis at
Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 4J inches ; width, 2 feet 5J inches. Wood,
Discoveries at Ephesus, p. 129, and Inscriptions from Tombs, p. 11,
C.I.L., III., 6080 ; Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., No. DCLXV.

1279. Sarcophagus. In the middle of the front is an ox-head,
connected by festoons with rams' heads at the angles.
The design on the sides is roughly blocked out, and the
back is plain.

Inscribed Eppia, M. f. infans. 'EinrLa MdpKov dvyuTTjp
vfjiria. — Found on the Magnesian Boad, near the Magnesian
Gate at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 5^ inches; width, 2feet9 inches. C. Curtius.
Hermes, i V., p. 214 ; C.I.L., III., 6088 ; Greek Inscriptions in Brit.
Mus., No. DCXXXIX,

1280. Part of a small sarcophagus. In the centre is a draped
male figure standing, with a patera in his left hand. At
the angles are standing figures, one being an Eros, much
mutilated, and supporting festoons. On the right end a
child is seated on the ground ; on the left end is a basket.
— Found on the west side of the Magnesian Road, near the
Magnesian Gate at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot ; width, 1 foot 5 J inches.

1281. Part of a sarcophagus. On the front, festoons connect
rams' heads at the angles with ox-heads near the middle,
a large part being lost. At the right end the design is
only roughly blocked out. An inscription has been
erased. — Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 3 inches ; width, 3 feet 8J inches.

SCULPTURES FROM EPHESUS. 197

1282. Sarcophagus. On the front are two Medusa-heads,
connected by festoons with rams' heads at the
angles ; a rosette above each festoon. The back is
similar, with ox-heads in place of Gorgoneia. Festoons
at the ends.

Inscribed, A. 'lovXiov ZwcrvXov rov KaToiyofiivov koI 'lovXi'as
Zco^s* t,fj' Koi A. 'lovXiov K{ovKLOv) vlov Ik TeprvAXiavoi). —
Ephems.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 9 inches ; width, 4 feet 1| inches.

1283. Eelief, in a sunk panel, with roughly indicated pediment
and acroterial ornament. A lictor's fasces, consisting
of the bundle of rods, two single rods, and the axe, which
terminates at the top in a lion's (?) head turned to the
front.

Inscribed D. Puhlicius ^ Fructus lictor Fontei Agrippae
proco(n)s(uli8). Vixit annis xxx. Fonteius Agrippa was
proconsul of Asia, in 68 A.D. — Found on the Magnesian
Road at Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 4 feet 8 inches. C. Curtius, Hermes, IV., p. 217 ;
Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, p. 114 ; Mommsen, BSm.
Staatsrecht, I., p. 261 ; C.I.L., III., No. 6083.

1284. Large slab, with a lictor's fasces in relief on each side,
consisting of the bundle of rods, two separate rods, and
an axe.

Between them the inscription M. Calpurnio M(arci)
f(iUo) Col(lina) Bufo praef^ecto) frumenti, ex s{enatu8^
c(onsulto), leg(ato^ pro(vinciae) Cypro pr(o) praetore, et Panto
et Bithyniae et pro(vinciae) Asiae. — From the Street of Tombs,
Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 4 feet 1 inch. C. Curtius, Hermes, IV., p. 217 ;
Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, p. 115; and Inscriptions from
Tffmbs, p. 5; O.LL,, 111., No. 6072.

198 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUEE.

1285. Fragment of frieze in two bands. Above, two pairs of
gladiators in combat, and parts of the drapery of a fifth
figure. Below, two peasants leading rough country carts,
with solid wheels. The first cart is drawn by two mules,
and has four skins of wine and four wheels ; the second
cart is drawn by two humped oxen, and has three skins
of wine and one pair of wheels. Roughly worked, with the
ground of the relief left unfinished, and a joint at each
end, showing that the frieze was continued. — Found near
the Magnesian Gate at Ephesus.

Coarse-grained marble. Height, 2 feet 11 inches; width, 3 feet
6 J inches. Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, pp. 112, 113. This
sculpture was thought by Mr. Wood to have formed a jjart of the
superstructure of the Magnesian Gate.

1286. Part of a stele, with a series of combats with a lion.
The relief probably consisted of four sunk panels. Of the
first, the lower edge remains, with the feet of a figure
standing, probably awaiting attack ; a heavy anklet round
his ankle. Probably inscribed Trponiq. In the second, the
man, whose head and arms alone remain, meets the
onslaught of the lion with a club. Inscribed Bevrepa. In
the third, the lion rushes on the man, who has fallen,
and seizes on his thigh. The man is naked, except for
a cloth round his loins, and the anklets mentioned above.
Inscribed Tpirrj. Of the fourth, only the head remains
of a figure who probably stood over the corpse, and the
inscription TerdpTrj ' avrjpeOr].

The relief was thought by Mr. Wood to commemorate
a Christian martyr, but it has no distinctively Christian
features. The inscriptions are thought by Mr. Hicks to refer
to the successive contests (/xa^ai) in which the hestiarius
was engaged. Though the panels seem to represent the
various stages of a single event, other reliefs at Oxford
(Michaelis, Oxford, No. 136) and Smyrna {Bev. Arch., 3rd

ARCHITEOTUEE FROM EPHESUS. 199

ser,, xvii., p. 48) seem to establish that the word to be
supplied is rjixipa. — From the Artemision, Ephesus.

Coarse marble. Height, 2 feet 5J inches ; width, 1 foot 4J inches.
Wood, Discoveries at Ephesus, p. 222 ; Greek Inscriptions in
Brit. Mus., No. DCLXX.

MISCELLANEOUS ARCHITECTURAL
FRAGMENTS.

The following fragments are derived from various sites
at Ephesus.

1287. Slab with a palmette ornament, and a form of Lesbian
cymation. The stone has been roughly cut down for
building. It is inscribed on its right side, upon the original
surface, with a fragment of an agonistic decree. — Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 1 inch ; width, 2 feet 4 inches. Greek
Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., DOXH.

1288. Pilaster capital, enriched with a torus moulding, and a
palmette and astragalos. These mouldings are unfinished,
and in part only slightly indicated on the surface of the
marble. — Ephesus.

Marble. Height, 11 J inches ; width, 2 feet 3 inches.

1289. Corinthian capital of rough work. — Ephesus.

White marble. Height, 1 foot 5J inches ; width of abacus,
1 foot 8 inches.

1290. Corinthian capital with acanthus leaves. Late Roman.
— Ephesus (?).

Marble. Height, 1 foot 2J inches.

1291. Capital of a Corinthian pilaster, of very late period,
with an elabotate floral scroll between two volutes ; large
acanthus leaves at the comers. — Ephesus.

Marble. Height, llj inches ; width, 1 foot .'i inches.

200 CATALOGUE OF SOULPTUEE.

1292. Small Ionic capital, of late careless work. — Ephesus.
Presented hy A. J. Copeland, Esq.

Marblp. Width of abacus, 1 foot 1 J inch.

1293. Fragment of the cover of a sarcophagus, with over-
lapping scales above, and with a rough frieze of rosettes
and floral patterns on the front edge. — From the site of the
Temple, EphesuS.

Marble. Width, 1 foot 2 inches.

1294. Slab, forming a quarter of a large circular base, with
torus mouldings. This slab does not appear to be any
part of the order of the temple. — Ephesus.

Marble. Radius, 3 feet 2 inches ; height, 1 foot 2 inches.

SCULPTURES PROM CNIDOS.

The collection of sculptures from Cnidos was obtained
for the most part by Sir C. Newton's expedition, in the
course of the winter of 1857-8. While the operations at
Budrum were being brought to a close. Sir C. Newton
and a small party spent the winter at Cnidos, where
their excavations met with considerable success. The
principal sites examined which yielded sculptures were
(1) the Temenos of Demeter and Persephone; (2) the
Temple of the Muses ; (3) the Lion Tomb ; (4) the Tomb
of Lykaethion ; (5) the Cemetery.

1. The Temenos of Demeter occupied a narrow platform,
at the foot of an almost sheer cliff on the south side of
the Acropolis of Cnidos. This platform, which measures
about 260 feet by 140 feet, was. made into a level
rectangle by three confining walls of polygonal masonry.
Three niches were cut in the face of the cliff. The

THE EXCAVATIONS AT CNIDOS. 201

foundations were formed of numerous walls, but roughly
built, and in part composed of fragments that had been
used before. It was thought by Sir C. Newton that
there had been a small shrine on the spot, which was in
some way destroyed before the place had lost its reputa-
tion for sanctity. Small chambers were therefore built
for the reception of the votive objects.

The finds included the statue of Demeter and other
sculptures ; votive offerings to Demeter and Persephon^,
and inscriptions connected with votive offerings ; a series
of weights in marble, many of which have been thought
to represent pairs of female breasts, though this is very
doubtful; a considerable series of terracotta lamps and
figures, and a series of lead rolls with imprecatory
inscriptions devoting offending persons to the Infernal
goddesses.

The character of the objects found and the inscriptions
alike indicate the destination of the temenos. From some
of the inscriptions we learn that certain other divinities
shared it as assessors with Demeter and Persephone. In
one they are named as Hermes and Pluto Epimaohos
{Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., No. DCCCXI.).

If we may judge from the date of the earliest sculpture
and inscriptions found in the temenos, it began to acquire
sanctity in the first half of the fourth century B.C. Votive
offerings of lamps and terracottas continued to be made
till a late period.

All the dedications are by individuals, and not by
public bodies, and this fact led Sir C. Newton to suggest
that the temenos had a private family character.

2. The Temple of the Muses. — On a terrace levelled in
the rock, about 200 yards from the south-east harbour,
Sir C. Newton cleared the foundations of a buiJding of
amorphous plan, but of finely jointed Greek masonry .

202 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

It seems to have consisted of a Doric colonnade in front
of two small chambers, and facing a small teraenos
(Newton, Hist. Disc, pis. 68, 83). The name was
obtained from an inscription in which a statue of one
Glykinna is dedicated to the Muses by her father and
brothers. Epicrates is named as the sculptor {Greek
Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., No. DCCCXXIII.). The
original architecture of the building was incorporated
with Byzantine additions, and the occurrence of Christian
emblems showed that it had been used as a church.

3. The Lion Tomb was originally surmounted by the
colossal lion. No. 1350. For details of the architecture,
compare No. 1350.

4. The Tomb of Lykaethion, or 'Tomb on the Peninsula,'
was a considerable chamber, with a small ante-room.
The principal chamber measured 20 feet 6 inches by
17 feet 6| inches. Apses were recessed in the thickness
of the back and side walls. The chamber contained
three large, and rather floridly decorated sarcophagi
(which were not brought away), the portrait statue
No. 1351, and the lesser sculptures Nos. 1352-3.

This tomb was situated on the peninsula which faces
the city of Cnidos, and forms one side of its double
harbour. It contained a series of inscriptions, apparently
transcripts made to be placed in the tomb, dealing with
honours paid to various persons, and in particular to one
Lykaethion, daughter of Aristocleidas of Cnidos. Both
inscriptions and sculptuie appear to belong to the first
century a.d. (Cf. Hirschfeld, Greek Inscriptions in Brit.
Mus. Nos. DCCLXXXVIII.-DCCXCIII. ; Newton, Hist.
Disc, pis. 69-71).

5. The Cemetery. — The circular altar-like sepulchral
cippi, Nos. 1355-7, are derived from the cemetery of Cnidos.

THE DEMETER OF CNIDOS. 203

One of these was obtained by Sir C. Newton, and the
other two more recently, by Mr. Theodore Bent. The
tombs of the necropolis consisted of chambers of three
walls, projecting from the hillside, and supporting a flat
terrace. " A cippus or stele, with an inscription, appears
to have been placed upon the terrace, and perhaps served
to conceal the entrance into the vaults beneath, which in
some cases must have been entered through the roof.
We found several of these cippi lying about: they are
generally circular, and ornamented either with festoons,
and the caput bovis, or with a serpent entwined round
them twice. The inscription is placed either round the
circular part of the stone or on the flat base or pedestal
on which it stands, for we found instances of both."
(W. J. Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor, II,, p. 43).

For the account of the expedition, see Newton, History of Discoveries
at Halioarnassus, Cnidus and Branchidae, (1863); Travels and
Discoveries in the Levant, Vol. II. (1865) ; and Further Papers
Respecting the Excavations at Budrum and Cnidns (presented
to the House of Commons, in pursuance of their address of
August 2nd, 1859). The latter work gives the explorers'
reports written during the excavation. See also Newton's
EssaySy p. 82 ; and G. Hirschfeld, in Greek Inscriptions in Brit,
Mus., Part IV., Section 1.

SCULPTURES FROM THE TEMENOS OF
DEMETER.

For an account of the temenos, see above, p. 200.

(Plate XXIV.) Seated statue of Demeter. The figure
is seated to the front, on a cushioned chair, with a foot-
stool. The chair originally had a high back, attached by
two metal cramps, now torn away, and by a metal
dowel, run with lead, in the shoulders of the figure.
That the back of the chair was in contact with the
figure is shown by the channel cut for the molten lead.
The forearms, like the head, were separately attached.

204 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTUEB.

The figure wears an under chiton, and a large mantle
which passes over the back of the head, round the body
and legs, half enveloping the right arm, and over the left
shoulder. The front of the knees and breasts were the
parts exposed, and have suffered much. The head is
nearly perfect, and is pervaded by an expression of gentle
melancholy and the languor of sorrow.

The hair is parted from the middle of the forehead, and
falls in tresses on the shoulders.

The statue is generally assigned to the first half of the
fourth century B.C., and to the influence, though not the
direct authorship, of Praxiteles. — Temenos of Bemeter,
Cnidos.

Parian marble. Height, 4 feet 10 inches. First observed by the
second Dilettanti Expedition, in 1812 (^Antiqs. of Ionia, III.,
p. 22) ; found, nearly covered with earth, by Sir C. Newton,
in 1858 (the head was found separately). Hist. Disc, II.,
p. 377, 381 ; I., pi. 55 ; Travels and Discoveries, II., pp. 175,
177 ; Brunn, Denkmaeler, No. 65 (= Classical Sculpture Gallery,
No. 193) ; Trans, i?. Soc. Lit., ser. 2, XL, p. 80, and pi. ;
Overbeck, Kunstmythologie, pi. 14, figs. 14, 19 ; text, III. ,
pp. 447, 456; Griech. Plastik, 4th ed., II., p. 189; Rayet,
Monuments de VArt Ant., II., No. 49; Mrs. Mitchell, p. 532,
pi. (head) ; Wolters, No. 1275 ; Julius, Athenische Mittheilungen,
I., p. 273 ; Baumeister, p. 1497 ; K'oscher, Lexikon, I., p. 1365
Murray, 2nd ed., II., p. 260, pi. 23 ; Collignon, II., pi. 7, p. 362
Gardner, Handbook, p. 414 ; Klein, Praxiteles, p. 368.

1301. Statue of Nicocleia (?). Female figure, standing, wear-
ing a long tunic of woollen texture, and a mantle which
is wrapped about her arms. A veil passes over the back
of her head. The head fits into a socket. The right
hand, the left forearm, and a considerable part of the
drapery, were also separately attached and are now lost.

Sir C. Newton suggested alternatively that this figure
might be a figure of Demeter sorrowing, and seeking for
her daughter, or a priestess. The goddess searching for
her daughter is described as like an old unmarried woman,

BCtJLtTUtlES JFROM CNIDOS. 205

a nurse or housekeeper (Hymn to Demeter, ], 101), It is,
however, probable that the statue, which has a strongly
individual character, is a portrait of Nicocleia herself.

The pedestal consists of a block, inscribed with a
dedication by Nicocleia to Demeter and Persephone, and
the 'gods with Demeter,' in pursuance of a vow: —

NtKoxXcta T!iLKoxopov

ywa 8k *AnoKX.o(jidvev<i

AdfiaTpi Kol Kovpa koL 6eoi<s tois

Trapa Aa/xarpt ev^dv.

— Temenos of Demeter, Gnidos.

Marble. Height of figure, 5 feet 1 J inches ; of base, 2 feet 1 J inches,
Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 56 ; pi. 89, No. 21 ; II., p. 398 ; Greek
Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., No. DCCCVI. ; Reinach, Repertoire
de la Statuaire, II., p. 244, fig. 5.

1302. Persephone. Female figure, standing. She wears a
long tunic, shoes, a high modius on her head, and a large
mantle, which passes over the modius, round the body, and
over the left shoulder. A fold is gathered in the left
hand. In the right hand is a part of what was probably
a pomegranate flower. The hair is parted over the middle
of the forehead and gathered to each side. — Temenos of
Demeter, Gnidos.

Parian marble. Height, 1 foot 5 inches. Broken at the moment of
its discovery. Newton, Hist, Disc, pi. 57 ; II., pp. 377, 420 ;
Gerhard, Akad. Abhandlungen, II., p. 403; Overbeck, Griech.
Kunstmythologie, pi. 1 5, No. 28 ; text, III., p. 476 ; Reinach,
Repertoire de la Statuaire, II., p. 242, fig. 5.

1303. Pig? standing. Parts of the legs are broken away.
Under the belly is a large circular support, such as is
frequent with Greek figures of horses. — Temenos of Demeter,
Gnidos.

Height, 1 foot 4J inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 58, fig. 2 ; II.,
p. 385 ; Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire, II., p. 748, fig. 3.

206 CAl'ALOGUi: Oi^ SCULPtUEfi.

1304. Pig, standing. The feet are wanting. The beast id
very fat, the belly not being separated from the plinth.
The head and body are separate pieces, but seem to
belong together. — Temenos of Demeter, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 8J inches.

1305. Pig, standing to the left. The forefeet are wanting.
Between the forelegs is a circular support.

The pig stands on a plinth, inscribed with a dedication
to Persephone by Plathainis, wife of Plato. [Kov]pa
nXa6aivi<s IIAaTOJvos yvvd. The same woman made other
dedications in the shrine, two bases being extant with
sockets for terms, and dedicated respectively to Demeter
and Persephone and to Demeter and Persephone and the
gods of their company. — Temenos of Demeter, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 3 J inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 58, fig. 3 ;
pi. 89, No. 19; H., pp. 385, 716: Greek Inscriptions in Brit.
Mus., No. DCCCVIII. ; Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire, II.,
p. 748, fig. 2.

1306. Sow, standing. The beast is very fat. The snout is
broken away. — Temenoa of Demeter, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 8 inches.

1307. Forepart of a small boar, from the eye to behind the
forelegs. The snout and lower part of the forelegs
are broken away. — Temenos of Demeter, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 3 inches ; length, 3J inches.

1308. Ram's head, broken off behind the horns, — Temenos of
Demeter, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 2 inches ; length, 3f inches. Newton, Hist. Disc,
II., p. 381.

VOTIVE SCULPTURES FROM CNIDOS. 207

1309. Bull calf, standing to the left, with head turned to the
front ; short budding horns. The lower parts of the
legs are wanting. The marble is left between the legs to
strengthen the siipport. — Temenos of Demeter, Gnidos.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 5 inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 58, fig. 4 ;
II., p. 385.

1310. Bull calf, standing to the right, with head turned to the
front. The forefeet are missing. The horns appear to
have been pieces added. The marble is not worked out
between the legs. — Temenos of Demeter, Gnidos.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 9J inches. Newton, Bist. Disc, II,, p. 385.

1311. Footstool, with panelled sides, inscribed with a dedica-
tion by a priestess Philis to Persephone. $tAts Icpeta
Kovpa. — Temenos of Demeter, Gnidos.

Height, 1 foot 1 inch. Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 58, fig. 14; pi. 89,
No. 23; pp. 392, 718; Greek Inscriptions »n Brit. Mus.,
No. DCCCXII.

1312. Votive basket, calathos, with a rectangular marble
base, containing a socket. The two appear to have been
found apart, but were connected, as fitting at the socket.
The base is inscribed with a dedication by Xeno to
Demeter and Persephone. Hevw AT^firjrpt koL Koupa cvxrjv. —
Temenos of Demeter, Gnidos.

Marble. Height of Calathos, 1 foot IJ inches. Newton, Further
Papers, etc., p. 31 ; Hist. Disc, pi. 58, fig. 12 ; pi. 89, No. 22 ;
II., p. 384; Grec/i Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., No. DCCCVII.

1313. Female terminal figure. A roughly executed head and
bust surmounts a square shaft, which is inserted in its
original rectangular marble base.

The term may be supposed to be a portrait of the dedi-
cator, rather than a representation of the goddess. The

208 CATALOGUE OF SCtlLPTUKE.

base is inscribed with a dedication by a priestess to Perse-
phone. . . . Aci'a icpeia Kovpa. — Temenoa of Demeter, Cnidos.

Height, 3 feet 8 inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 58, fig. 1 ; pi. 89,
No. 26; II., pp. 383, 718 ; Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., No.
DCCCXIV.

1314. Female ideal head, perhaps Aphrodite. The head is
slightly turned upwards, the forehead is broad and
smooth. The sides of the head, chin, and nose are broken
away. The back is worked flat. — Temenoa of Demeter,
Cnidoa.

Parian marble. Height, 1 foot 1 inch.

1315. (Plate XXV. Fig. 1.) Head of a young girl, sHghtly
turned upwards. The hair is brought to the back of the
head, and is bound round and round with a broad band,
the ends of which are tied in a knot above the top of the
head. — Temenoa of Demeter, Cnidoa.

Marble. Height, 8f inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 381.

1316. Female head, perhaps Artemis. The hair is brought
back from the forehead, and tied in a knot rather far back
on the top of the head. The brow is prominent, and the
eyes look slightly upwards. — Temenoa of Demeter, Cnidoa.

Marble. Height, 7 inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 385, No. 13.

1317. Small male head, of heroic type, bound with a fillet.
Short curling hair, prominent brows, and eyes looking
upwards. The top of the head is worked flat. — Temenoa
of Demeter, Cnidoa.

Marble. Height, 2J inches.

1318. Female head. The hair is brought back on each side
to the back of the head. The neck is worked to fit into
a socket in the body. — Temenoa of Demeter, Cnidoa.

Marble. Height, 6f inches.

SCULPTUEES FROM CNIDOS. 209

1319. Fragment with the brow, eyes, and part of the hair of
a male head, in relief, half turned to the left. The hair
is confined by a fillet, in which four holes are bored for a
metal ornament. — Temenos of Demeter, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 5 inches.

1320. Fragment of a female head, including the eyes, left
cheek, and right temple. The hair is brought in waves
to the back of the head, where it is left unfinished. —
Temenos of Demeter, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 3J inches.

1321. Fragment of a head, including most of the face, with
full cheeks, and flat nose and lips. — Temenos of Demeter,
Cnidos.

Coarsft-grained bluish marble. Height, 3 inches.

1322. Nude male torso, of heroic character, from the neck to
the waist. A mantle passes across the back and over the
left shoulder. — Temenos of Demeter, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 5J inches.

1323. Torso of a draped figure, from the neck to near the
middle. The figure is much worn at the top. It is draped
in a chiton with diploidion girt under the breast. The
form appears to be male, though the drapery would be
better suited to a woman. — Temenos of Demeter, Cnidos.

Coarse-grained marble. Height, 11 inches.

1324. Fragment of drapery, worked for attachment to a large
statue. It consists of zigzag folds, probably the lower
folds at one side of the back and front of the diploidion. —
Temenos of Demeter, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 2 inches.
VOL. U. P

210 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

1325. Part of a left upper arm, wearing a sleeve, and having
a fold of drapery thrown over it. The fragment is worked
on each side for combining with other portions of a statue
of somewhat more than life size. — Temenos of Demeter,
Cnido8.

Marble. Height, 1 foot.

1326. Fragment from the left-hand lower corner of a panel
with a relief. Two closely draped female figures, pre-
served from the breasts downwards, are moving to the
left. — Temenos of Demeter, Gnidos.

Marble. Height, 8J inches.

1327. Fragments of marble sculpture, from the temenos, con-
sisting of feet, hands, and arms. The feet are of various
scales, above and below life size, and for the most part
wear sandals, with high soles, painted red. They are
worked to a joint about the middle of the instep, and were
attached to draped figures in such a way that the toes
projected from under the drapery. The arms and hands
are similarly worked. — Temenos of Demeter, Gnidos.

Newton, Hist. Disc, II., pp. 381, 402, 407.

SCULPTURES PROM THE TEMPLE OP
THE MUSES.

For an account of the Temple, see above, p. 201.

1328-1337. Fragments of figures of Muses (?).

1328. Torso of a female figure from the neck to near the
waist. She wears a chiton without sleeves. — Temple of
the Muses, Gnidos.

Marble. Height, 6 inches.

SCULPTURES FROM CNIDOS. 211

1329. Lower part, from the knees, of a female figure, draped
in long tunic, standing to the front, on a low plinth. —
Temple of the Muses, Onidos.

Marble. Height, 4| inches.

1330. Feet and drapery of a standing figure, on a roughly
moulded plinth. The drapery falls down on the figure's
left side, and partly covers a hydria. — Temple of the Muses,
Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 5 inches.

1331. Lower half of a draped female figure, standing on the
right leg, with the left knee bent. She wears a long tunic
and mantle. By her left side is a rectangular cippus. —
Temple of the Muses, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 11 inches.

1332. Lower half of a draped female figure. She stands on
the right leg, with the left knee bent, and appears to be
beating time with one of the instruments known as
KpovTrel^aL. She wears a large mantle. On the top is a
horizontal joint. — Temple of the Muses, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 11 inches.

1333. Lower part of a draped female figure, standing on a
rocky plinth. She has a long chiton and shoes. — Temple
of the Muses, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 8J inches.

1334. Draped female figure, from the knees downwards, with
part of a rough plintli. She has a long tunic and mantle.
— Temple of the Muses, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 9 inches.

1335. Draped female figure, from the middle of the thighs to
the middle of the shins, enveloped in a large mantle. A
flat joint at the top. — Temple of the Muses, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 11 inches,

P 2

212 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUEE.

1336. Lower half of a draped female figure, from the waist to
above the ankles. She stands on the right leg, with the
left knee bent, and wears a mantle that makes a thick fold
across her waist. A flat joint at the top. — Temple of the
Muses, Gnidos.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 1^ inches. .

1337. Front upper half of a female head. The hair is bound
round with several turns of a cloth (opisthosphendone)
knotted on the top of the head. (Compare No. 1315). —
Temple of the Muses, Gnidos.

Marble. Height, 4J inches.

1338. Back of a male (?) head, perhaps that of a bearded
Dionysos. The long hair falls from under a fillet in long
conventional waves down the shoulders, two tresses falling
in front of them. — Temple of the Muses, Gnidos.

Marble. Height, 4J inches.

1339. Female head, looking slightly upwards, and to its right.
The hair is parted from the middle to each side. A
mantle, worn as a veil, falls down from the back of the
head (compare the Demeter, No. 1300). The nose and
lower part of the face are injured. — Temple of the Muses,
Gnidos.

Marble. Height, 3| inches.

1340. Head of bearded Dionysos, treated in a strongly con-
ventional and archaistic manner. He wears a modius, and
has long hair brought in plaits round the head, and to a
mass at the back. He has a long beard in conventional
parallel ripples. The nose is lost. — Temple of the Muses,

Marble. Height, 8 inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 437.

SCULPTURES FEOM CNIDOS. 213

1341. Head of a young Satyr (?) much defaced. The left side
of the head is split away. —Temple of the Muses, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 7f inches. Newton, Eist. Disc, II., p. 438.

1342. Aphrodite (?). Lower part of a female figure, nude
except for a mantle thrown round her legs, leaning on a
column at her left side. — Temple of the Muses, Cnidos.

Parian Marble. Height, 7 inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 438.

1343. Fragment of triple Hecate, in the form of three figures
standing round a central column. Parts of the heads are
alone preserved. Each has a modius and tresses of hair
falling to each side. — Temple of the Muses, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 5| inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 438.

1344. Two fragments of a relief, of doubtful meaning. On
the principal fragment, a closely draped figure of Pan (?)
with pedum in his left hand, moves to the right, while a
female figure wearing a chiton and mantle, treated in
archaistic manner, appears to be moving away to the left
as if in surprise. The heads and legs from the knees are
wanting. Between the figures is the stem of a palm tree.

The second fragment contains the upper part of the
palm tree, together with the top of a hanging curtain (?).
Parts of the circumference of a circular hole 4 inches in
diameter are preserved in both pieces. — Temple of the
Muses, Cnidos.

Marble. Height of the fragments, as combined, 1 foot 3J inches ; width,
1 foot. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 437, No. 8 ; Conze, Arch.
Zeit., 1864, p. 161*. Conze compares Miiller-Wieseler, Denk-
maeler, II., No. 549 (left).

1345. Front of a lion's paw, forming a part of the leg of a
chair or table, which it masks. Below is a heavy plinth.
Temple of the Muses, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 6f inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 437.

214 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

1346. Bracket, supported by a head of Dionysoa, with ivy
wreath and band across the forehead. The work is very
late and rude. — Temple of the Muses, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 11^ inches. Newton, Sist. Disc, II., p. 438.

1347. Bracket in the form of a female head, with flowing
hair. Its left side is broken away. The work is late and
rude. — Temple of the Muses, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, llj inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 438.

1348. Corinthian capital (upper part) with volutes, and the
upper part of acanthus leaves. — Temple of the Muses,
Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 8 inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 83, fig. 9,
II., p. 434. Newton thinks that this and 1349 belonged to
isolated columns, and not to the architecture of the temple.

1349. Corinthian capital (lower part). — Temple of the Muses,
Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 7J inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, pi. 83, fig. 8 ; II.,
p. 434.

THE LION TOMB.

1350. (Plate XXVI.) Colossal lion. This lion was found lying
overturned on a lofty promontory, about three miles to the
east of Cnidos. On the site where it was lying were the
remains of a Greek tomb, which consisted of a square base-
ment surrounded by a peristyle with engaged columns of the
Doric order and surmounted by a pyramid. It was evident,
from the position in which the lion was found, that it had
once surmounted the pyramid, whence it had been thrown
down, probably by an earthquake. The height of the
tomb was probably about 40 feet. Inside the basement

THE LION TOMB AT CNIDOS. 215

was a circular chamber, from which, radiated eleven
sepulchral cells, and the tomb might well have been
erected after a battle to contain the bodies of a number
of persons.

The lion is recumbent to the right, with head nearly-
turned to the front, and slightly raised. The mouth was
open and grinning. The entire animal appears to have been
sculptured out of one block of marble. When it fell from
the summit of the pyramid it must have pitched on the fore-
paws, which are broken off. Part of the lower jaw and of one
hind leg are also wanting, and the left side, having lain
uppermost, has suflfered very much from weather. In
order to diminish weight, the pedestal on which it stood
and the under side of the lion itself were hollowed out.
The considerable scale of the tomb and the number of
cells that it contains suggest that it was a public monu-
ment, probably erected to commemorate some victory.
Lions were often employed in Greek art with this motive,
and we constantly find them associated with sepulchral
monuments as the guardians of the tomb, and also as the
emblem of heroic valour.

The position of the monument on a promontory was
thought by Sir C. Newton to indicate that it was con-
nected with a naval victory, and he suggested a victory
gained off Cnidos by the Athenian admiral Conon over
the Lacedaemonians in 394 B.C. as that commemorated.
It is evident, however, that the former assumption is very
conjectural.

The style of sculpture in this lion is very large and
simple, and well suited for its original position on a
monument 40 feet high, overlooking a headland with a
sheer depth of 200 feet, and with a wild rocky landscape
round it. The eyes, now wanting, were probably of
vitreous paste, or, perhaps, of precious stones. Pliny tells
{N.H., xxxvii., 66) of a marble lion, on the tomb of a prince

216 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

in Cyprus, with emerald eyes so bright that the fish were
terrified until the stones were changed.

Marble. Length, 9 feet 7 inches ; height, 6 feet. Newton, Hist.
Disc, I., pis. 61-66 ; II., pp. 480-51 1 ; Travels and Discoveries,
II., p. 214; Essays, p. 82; Overbeck, Gr. Plastik, 4th ed., II.,
p. 189 ; Lubke, Hist. Sculpt, I., p. 203 ; Mansell, No. 724; Elgin
Boom Guide, II., p. 57. For Conon's victory see Xenophon,
Hellenica, IV., 3 ; Diod. Sic, XIV., 83.

SCULPTURES PROM THE TOMB OP
LYKAETHION.

For an account of the Tomb, see above, p. 202.

1351. Eoman lady. Figure standing on the right foot, with the
left leg drawn back. She wears a long chiton and mantle.
In her left hand are ears of corn and a poppy-head, the
well-known attributes of Ceres. The upper part of the
figure is much mutilated. The head-dress is that which
prevailed at Rome in the time of Domitian, when the
hair was arranged over the forehead in a double row of
formal curls. When found, the lower part of the figure
was standing in its original position within an alcove on
a marble pavement. The upper part was found in several
pieces, and appeared to have been broken by the fall of
the vault above. Three sarcophagi of the Eoman period
were found in the same sepulchral chamber. From the
character of the head-dress, and the fact that this statue
was found within a sepulchral chamber, it is more
probable that it represents some lady of the Eoman
period in the character of Ceres than the goddess
herself. — From the Tomb of Lykaethion, Gnidos.

Marble. Height, 6 feet 4 inches. Newton, ffist. Disc, II., p. 512;
Grieco-Eoman Guide, II., No. 70.

1352. Draped male terminal figure. The upper part of the
body is wrapped in a mantle, and the left arm crosses the

SOTTLPTTJRBS FEOM CNIDOS. 217

breast. The lower part of the term is square and
tapering, and is broken short at the foot. The head and
shoulders are wanting. — From the Tomb of Lykaethion,
Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 8 inches. Newton, Hist. Disc, II., p. 518.

1353. Head of Eros, from a statue. Head of a boy, broken
off at the base of the neok. He has curling hair, part of
which is brought in a plait over the middle of the head.
There are traces of his fingers on the chin. — From the Tomh
of Lykaethion, Cnidos.

Marble. Heiglit, 6J inches.

SCULPTURES FROM THE CEMETERY.

For an account of the Cemetery of Cnidos, see above,
p. 202.

1354. Sepulchral relief, much defaced. Within a panel a
female figure is seated on a chair to the right, with high
back, cushion and footstool. She wears a sleeved tunic
and mantle, and clasped the hand of a man, standing,
who wears a long-sleeved chiton, mantle, and shoes.
A girl, draped, places her hand on the woman's knee. A
boy stands on the right, wearing a short tunic, and
holding out a scroll with both hands. The heads of the
figures are lost.

Inscribed, r]aiov 'lovXiov . . . McAava. The name
shows that the Greek type continued to Roman times. —
From the Ancient Church in the Eastern Cemetery, Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 5 inches ; width, 1 foot 8 inches. Newton,
Hist. Disc, II., p. 476 ; Greek Inscriptions in Brit. Mus., No.
DCCCLXVII.

218 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

1355. Circular altar, with moulded rim and base, and having
a large snake twined about it in high relief. — Found in a
tomb at Cnidos. Presented by J. Theodore Bent, Esq., 1888.

Coarse blue marble. Height, 2 feet 6 inches ; diameter, 2 feet 1 inch.
Journ. of Hellen. Studies, IX., p. 82.

1356. Circular altar, on a square plinth. A snake is twisted
about the altar. Inscribed (a) 'A^^ovi^tou ywaiKo? Ti/Sepiov
'IovXlov Tpo(f)ifwv. (I)) E^TTopias /xveLas X^P*"^ ' T^ct^'^'^i?
Aion;crtou /xvctas X"-?'-^' ^^XO Ilpoo-Scfis tov ihcov t€kvov
fivfias X"P"'* — Cnidos.

Coarse limestone. Height, 3 feet 6 inches ; diameter, 2 feet 5 inches.
Hamilton, Asia Minor, 11., p. 458 ; Greek Inscriptions in Brit.
Mus., No. DCCCLII.

1357. Circular altar, with moulded rim and base. Eound the
altar are four bulls' heads connected by festoons of fruit
and flowers, with hanging sashes. Inscribed 'O 8a)u,o[s.
— Found in a tomb at Cnidos, Presented by J. Theodore
Bent, Esq., 1888.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 4J inches; diameter, 1 foot 10 inches.
Journ. of Hellen. Studies, IX., p. 82.

MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURES FROM
CNIDOS.

1358. Upper part of torso of seated female figure, half turned
to the right. She wears a tunic and mantle falling about
her shoulders. — Cnidos.

Marble. Height, 7 inches.

1359. Draped female figure, standing, resting on the left leg.
She wears a long tunic, and sandals, and has a mantle
round the body and over the shoulders. The head and
forearms were in separate pieces, and are now lost. The

EXPLORATION AT CYRENfi. 219

right thigh and left foot are wanting. — From a Roman
building at Gnidos.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 2 inches.

1360. Unfinished terminal bust, rudely blocked out in marble.
— Gnidos.

Marble. Height, 8 inches.

SCULPTURES PROM GYRENE.

The sculptures that follow were the fruits of a series of
excavations that were carried on at Cyrene, on a small
scale, but with extraordinary success, by Captain (now
Sir E.) Murdoch Smith, of the Koyal Engineers, and
Commander Porcher, of the Eoyal Navy. These officers
were stationed at Malta in 1860, and at the instance of
Captain Smith, who had been previously attached to
Sir C. Newton's expedition to Halicarnassos (cf. p. 75),
they obtained leave of absence for exploration in the
Cyrenaica. They reached the site of Cyrene in December,
1860, and, with occasional intervals, they carried on their
excavations till November, 1861, assisted by grants from
the Trustees of the British Museum, and by occasional
visits from British men-of-war, for the purpose of trans-
porting the marbles.

Notwithstanding the great antiquity of Cyrene, whose
foundation goes back to mythical times (see vol. i.,
No. 790), the fruits of the expedition belong for the most
part to the Graeco-Roman period. The early cemeteries
were not found, and, so far as can be gathered from the
few details supplied of the temple architecture, the
temples, with perhaps the exception of the small temple
near the Stadium, are not of an early period.

220

CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUEE.

EXPLOEATION OF CYEENK. 221

The sites examined were : —

1. The Temple of Apollo, a Doric building, of which
the plan was unfortunately lost, near the fountain of
Apollo. It was identified by two inscriptions dedicating
a tithe to Apollo, found on or near the site. Besides the
sculptures (Nos. 1380-1402) it gave the admirable bronze
portrait head of an African, exhibited in the Bronze Koom
(Gat. of Bronzes, No. 268).

2. The Temple of Aphrodite, a small building, with cella
and pronaos, but without a peristyle. The temple was
named from the number of statuettes or fragments of
statuettes of the goddess that it contained. (See below,
Nos. 1414-1462).

3. A building called by the explorers (p. 76) a 'palace,'
but perhaps rather an Augusteum. It is described as a
large building consisting of several rooms, some of which
had their walls and floors veneered with thin slabs of
marble. The sculptures obtained from it were principally
imperial portraits. (See below, Nos. 1463-9.)

4. The ' Large Temple near the Stadium,' an octastyle
Doric temple of considerable size, measuring 169i by 58
feet, and having an internal Corinthian colonnade. ' In-
numerable fragments, evidently of excellent style,' were
discovered, but all badly broken. The head (No. 1470) was
almost the only object considered worthy of preservation,
and nothing was found to indicate the original destination
of the temple.

5. The ' Small Temple near the Stadium ' consisted of
a cella and pronaos, measuring together 93 feet by 62 feet,
built on the top of a ' small rocky eminence.' It was sur-
rounded by a Doric (?) peristyle, the stylobate of which
was on a lower level than the floor of the cella, the summit
of the hill being cut away in terraces. It has been

222 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

suggested (by Studniczka, Kyrene, p. 169) that this was
the archaic temple of the goddess Cyrene, but the iaforma-
tion available is too vague to fix the date of the temple.
(See below, Nos. 1472-5.)

6. The Temple of Dionysos. Within an enclosure or
peribolos was a small Doric temple, built of sandstone.
Of this also the plan was lost. It is said to have con-
sisted of a cella and pronaos with four columns, the two
outer of which were engaged in the lateral walls. (Com-
pare Smith and Porcher, p. 40.) This temple is named
from the sculptures found in it (Nos. 1476-7), namely
Dionysos, and his panther.

See History of the Recent Discoveries at Cyrene, made during an
Expedition to the Cyrenaica in 1860, ... by Captain R. Murdoch
Smith, R.E , and Commander E. A. Porchor, R.N,, 1864. The
original drawings, including several not published in the above
work, are in the British Museum (Dept. of G. and R. Antiquities).

See also Beule, Fouilles et D^couvertes, II., p. 59 ; Studniczka, Kyrene;
Weld-Blundell, Brit. School Ann. II., p. 113. For earlier accounts
see Beech ey. Proceedings of the Expedition to explore the Northern

Coast of Africa 1828, 4to ; J. R. Pacho, Relation d'un

Voyage dans la Gyr€naique .... 1827-9, 4to, and folio.

The present catalogue follows the order in which the sculptures are
enumerated by Messrs. Smith and Porcher. Of the items in
their list, omitted here, No. 3 is the Bronze head ; Nos. 10, 11,
13, 25, 33, 75, 80, were presented to the Museum of the Porte ;
No. 36 was presented to the Museum at Edinburgh. The following
were described in vol.1.: 19(=210); 48 (=790); 88( = 797);
138 ( = 796) ; 148 ( = 810). No. 97 is identical with No. 62.

SCULPTURES FROM THE TEMPLE OF
APOLLO.

For an account of the Temple, see above, p. 221.

1380. Apollo Citharoedus. The god stands in an attitude of

repose, as if pausing from his music. He stands mainly

on the right leg, with the left leg lightly resting on a

flat stone. He turns slightly to his left, towards his

SCULPTUKES FROM CYRENE. 223

lyre, which is supported by the trunk of a tree. His
left hand, now lost, must have touched the strings of the
lyre, while the right arm was raised. The right hand,
resting upon the crown of the head, has held the plectrum
with which he is about to strike the lyre. On the hair is
a projection where this hand has been attached.

The long hair is brought to each side from the
middle of the forehead, and falls in tresses on the
shoulders. It is confined by a wreath. He wears sandals
and a mantle, which passes from the left shoulder, across
the back, and about the legs. The lyre is highly decorated,
the form of an Amazon's shield being frequently repeated
as an ornament. A bow and quiver hang from the tree,
the quiver being slung by a leather strap (such as is seen
in No. 208). Traces of red colour may be seen on the tree
and quiver. One of the ends of the bow terminates in the
head of a Giyphon ; the other end is wanting. A serpent
is coiled about the stem of the tree. The head is upturned
as if he were listening to the music of the god.

Several specimens are extant of this type. The chief
examples are a statue in the Capitoline Museum at Eome
(Clarac, pi. 490, fig. 954) and a statue from the Famese
collection in the Museum at Naples (Clarac, pi. 480, fig.
921 B). See also the list of Overbeck, Gr. Kunstmythologie,
iv., p. 189. The fact that several replicas are extant makes
it probable that they are derived from a noted original,
which however has not yet been identified. It may perhaps
date from the fourth century. — Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Parian marble. Height, with plinth, 7 feet 6 inches. Much mended,
being composed of 123 fragments, but not otherwise restored.
Smith and Porcher, pi. 62, p. 91, p. 99, No. 1 ; Grseco-Rmnan
Guide,!., No. 114; Mansell, No. 815; 1229 (head); Overbeck,
Gr. Kunstmythologie, ^\. 21, fig. 34; text, IV., pp. 124, 189;
Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire, II,, p. 96, fig. 5. The figure
was found on the floor of the cella, near a large square pedestal
on which it had stood. 'i'^

224 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

1381. Statue of Hadrian [?]. Standing male portrait figure
wearing tunic, sandals, and a large mantle, which closely
wraps the body and arms, the hands alone being left free.
The figure stands on the right leg, with the left leg
slightly advanced. The left foot is engaged in a conven-
tional stone support, which helps to carry the weight of
the figure. The hands were separately worked, and were
found separate from the figure. The right hand holds a
part of the drapery of the mantle, and the left hand holds
a sprig of laurel. Whether it belongs to the statue is
doubtful.

The head was also separately worked and fitted into a
socket at the neck, but appears to have been found on the
body. It has some resemblance (though not a strong one)
to Hadrian, but the likeness is chiefly in the fashion of
the hair and beard. The figure was, however, found
close to a pedestal, inscribed with a dedication to the
emperor. The head is bound with a pine- wreath. It is
slightly inclined to the right ; the nose is somewhat
mutilated. The eyebrows and pupils of the eyes are
marked.

The pine-wreath on the head would indicate a victory,
either in the Great Isthmia, or in one of the smaller
festivals bearing the same name. There does not, how-
ever, seem to be evidence to show the connexion of the
Emperor Hadrian with such contests. — Temple of Apollo,
Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 6 feet 7 inches. Smith and Porcher, pi. 63, pp. 42,
91, 99, No. 2 ; Mansell, No. 851 ; Grseco-Roman GiUde, I.,
No. 23 ; Bernoulli, Roem. Ikonographie, II., 2, p. 109, No. 15.
Bernoulli does not accept the head as a portrait.

1382. Head of Athene, worked to fit into the socket of a
statue. She looks slightly downwards. The hair is
gathered from the middle of the forehead to each side, and
falls at the back of the neck. The head appears to have

SOULPTUEES FROM OYRENE. 226

been worked to fit into a socket. The helmet, which is of
the kind called Corinthian, has the front broken below
the nasal. In other respects this head is uninjured. —
Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 2 inches. Smith and Porcher, pi. 64, pp. 42,
92, 99, No. 4; GrsRco-Boman Guide, I., No. 103; Mansell, No.
1090.

1383. Head of Cnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus. The
head is that of a beardless young man, and if it is a por-
trait the features appear to have been somewhat idealized,
after the type introduced by Scopas, and common in the
Hellenistic period. The hair falls in short curls, conven-
tionally disposed, round the forehead. A narrow diadem
is tied round the head, such as is worn by the Ptolemies
and Greek kings of the period of the Diadochi. If the
portrait was originally intended for Cn. Marcellinus, the
sculptor may have been following a fashion, which had
been familiar while Cyrene was still a kingdom.

The back of the head is cut flat, as if to enable it to be
placed against a pilaster. The base of the neck is worked
as if it was intended for a statue. It was, however, at
the time of discovery fitted into a deep socket, on the top
of a square marble pedestal, 10 inches broad and 5 feet
high, which fitted into a square socket in the inscribed
base below, and thus established the connexion between
the head and the base. This pedestal was unfortunately
left at Cyrend, on account of the insufficient means
of transport at the command of the expedition. Th«'
base is inscribed —

rjvaiov Kopyr/Xtov AevroXov
IIoTrXia) viov MapKeXXtvov Trpea-
fievrav avTUTrparayov, rbv
irarpwva koX a-wTTJpa, Kvpavcuoi,
VOL. II. Q

226 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

" The people of Cyren6 dedicated the bust of Cnaeus
Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, son of Publius, legate
with praetorian power, their patron and saviour."

Cnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus must have been
bom about 99 B.C. He could not have been born later,
since he must have been at least 40 years old in 59 h.c,
when he was made Praetor, and 43 years old in 56 B.C.,
when he was made Consul. On the other hand, he cannot
have been bom much earlier, since he was called ' clarissi-
mus adolescens ' by Cicero, in 70 b.c, when he was sup-
porting the cause of the Sicilians against Verres (Cic, In
Verr. ii., 42, 103). It is probable that he is to be
identified with the Cnaeus Lentulus whose name, with
the title of Quaestor, appears on a coin of the republic
struck in Spain some time between b.c. 74 and 69. See
Mommsen (^Hist. de la Monnaie Bomaine, ii., p. 475), who
thinks that he was Quaestor in Spain in b.c. 74.

When Pompey was appointed to the supreme command
against the Pirates he was empowered under the Gabinian
law of 67 B.C. to nominate twenty-five legates with
praetorian power (legati pro praetore) to take local com-
mands. It is known that a Lentulus Marcellinus was
appointed for ' Libya, with Sardinia, Corsica, and the
adjacent islands' (Appian, De hello Mith., 95), and our
present inscription indicates that the officer in question
was Cnaeus Lentulus. It is probable that he was styled
* Saviour ' on account of his services in the suppression of
the pirates.

A certain Publius Lentulus Marcellinus, who was sent
as Quaestor to the ' new province of Cyrene ' about 74 b.c.
(Sallust, Hist., ii., frag. 39, ed. Dietsch) may have been a
brother of Cnaeus.

The subsequent career of Cnaeus Lentulus Marcellinus
was of some distinction. He was Praetor in 59 B.C., pro-
Praetor in Syria in 58-57 b.c, and Consul in the following

SCULPTURES FROM CYRENS. 227

year. The date of his death is unknown. — Temple of
Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 2J inches. Smith and Porcher, pis. 65, 77,
pp. 42, 93, 109 ; Mansell, No. 1260 ; Lanciani, Bull, dell' Inst.,
1874, p. Ill ; Marquardt and Mommsen, ESm. Alterthiimer, II.
pt. i., ed. 1877, p. 637 ; Grmco-Eoman Guide, I., No. 1. For life of
Cnaeus Lentulus, see Smith's Diet, of Biography. BernouU
(Eoem. Ikonographie, I., p. 182) doubts whether the head and base
belong together.

1384. The Nymph Cyrene overcoming a lion by strangling
him. This figure is attired like Diana Venatrix. She
wears a chiton reaching to the knees, with a chlamys
twisted round the waist, and buskins ornamented with
lions' heads. The hair is bound with a diadem, and
gathered into a club behind. She stands with the left
foot advanced, and holds the lion's neck under her
left arm with her hands clasped. — Temple of Apollo,
Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 2 feet lOJ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 99,
No. 6 ; Puckett, De marmorihus trihus Cyrenaicis, p. 19 ; Grmco-
Eoman Guide, 11., No. 7 ; Reinach, E€pertoire de la Statuaire, II.,
p. 507, No. 2 ; Studniczka, Kyrene, p. 30, fig. 22. For the
legend of Cyrenfe compare Vol. I., No. 790.

1385. Jupiter Ammon, standing, with his weight on the left
leg. He has long flowing hair and beard, and has ram's
horns at the sides of his head. He wears a mantle which
covers his left side and the lower half of his body, and
sandals. His right hand is broken away; his left is
placed on his hip. On the face are traces of red colour.
Jupiter Ammon, whose chief seat was at Ammonium in
the Libyan desert, appears frequently on the coins of
Cyrene and other towns in the Cyrenaica, and was the
principal deity of Cyrene (compare Pindar, Pyth., iv., 16 ;
L. Miiller, Numism. de I'ancienne Afrique, p. 100). The

Q 2

228 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

sculpture is extremely vague and feeble. Restored: a
part of the neck. — Temple of Apollo, Cyrene.

' Marble. Height, 2 feet lOJ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 99, No. 7 ;

Grseco- Roman Guide, II., No. 8.

1386. Male figure, standing principally on the left leg, with
the left arm resting on the hip. He is draped round the
legs and over the left shoulder with a mantle. Tlie head,
which is a separate piece in a socket, and may not belong
to the figure, is inclined to its right and upwards, and
has long curling hair bound with a twisted diadem.
Indifferent sculpture, unfinished at the back. A conical
object by the left side may represent the Delphic omphalos,
but characteristic details are wanting. — Temple of Apollo,
Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 3 feet 11 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 99, No. 8

1387. Beardless male figure, standing. He wears a tunic, a
cloak about the body and arms, sandals, and a laurel
wreath. He also has a sprig of laurel in his left hand.
Very rough slight work. — Temple of Apollo, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 2 feet llj inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 99, No. 9.

1388. Hygieia. Female figure, standing mainly on the left
leg. The head, which fits into a socket, and may not
belong to the figure, has a high circlet, with a rosette in
front. The hair is brought to each side, and falls on the
shoulders. She wears a long chiton, with studded sleeves,
girt at the waist, a diploidion, and a small mantle over
the shoulders, and across the breast, and sandals. A
snake is twisted round the right forearm ; the right
hand is wanting ; the left hand may have held a cup for
the serpent. — Temple of Apollo, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 3 feet 9 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 99, No. 12.

SCULPTUBES FROM CYRENfi. 229

1389. Figure of a woman, standing on the left leg, with the
right leg bent. She wears a tunic with studded sleeves,
girt at the waist; a mantle that passes over the left
shoulder and round the body ; and shoes. The arms were
attached at the elbows and are now wanting. The head
fits into a socket at the neck, and has a small circlet, the
hair being brought to a mass at the back. — Temple of
Apollo, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 9 inches. Smith and Porchcr, p. 100, No. 14.

1390. Eros, standing, supporting his left arm on a torch (?),
covered with drapery, and with right hand resting on his
left shoulder. The upper part of the head, and the legs
from the middle of the thighs are wanting. His wings
are folded behind him. — Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 8 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100, No. 15.

1391. Torso from waist to the middle of the thighs of a young
boy, perhaps Eros. — Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 5J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100, No. 16.

1392. Right leg of a male figure, probably Dionysos, from the
knee, together with part of a plinth, and a stump, on
which are a vine and grape bunches. — Temple of Apollo^
Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 6 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100, No. 17.

1393. Right leg of a colossal figure, from above the knee, to
the lower part of the shin. There is a joint and square
dowel-hole at the upper end. — Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 1^ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100,
No. 18.

1394. Young male heroic head. The hair is short and curling,
the eyebrows are prominent, and the look directed upwards.

230 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

while the head is thrust forward. The upper part of the
head is wanting, the surface being worked flat. The nose,
mouth and chin are injured. — Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 10 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100, No. 20.

1395. Female head, with the hair in simple rippling waves,
confined by a broad taenia. Holes in the ears indicate
metal earrings. — Temple of Apollo, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 5J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100, No. 21.

1396. Head of Ariadne (?). Female head, with waving hair
brought to the back of the neck, wearing a wreath of ivy
and having a broad band across the forehead. — Temple of
Apollo, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 7 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100, No. 22.

1397. Head of Artemis. The hair is knotted above the head,
and is also brought into a mass at the back of the neck.
The head is slightly inclined to the left. The eyes were
of vitreous paste, inserted. The right eyeball is lost,
the left eyeball remains ; the paste is surrounded by a
thin strip of bronze (compare No. 1506). — Temple of
Apollo, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 7| inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100, No. 23.

1398. Head of Artemis. The hair is bound with a diadem,
and a part is brought to a knot above the head, while
a part forms a mass at the back. There are holes for
metal earrings. — Temple of Apollo, Cyrene.

Parian marble. Height, 5^ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100, No. 24.

1399. Youthful heroic head, with short curling hair, bound
with a twisted diadem. Prominent brows, and slight
whiskers. The back of the head is broken away. —
Temple of Apollo, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 5| iuchea. Smith and Porcher, p. 100, No. 26.

SCULPTURES FROM CYRENE. 231

1400. Female head, bound with a small diadem. — Temple of
Apollo, Gyrene.

Coarse marble, with surface corroded. Height, 5J inchei. Smith
and Porcher, p. 100, No. 29.

1401. Female head, worked to fit into a torso. Hair falls
down each side of neck in a long tress. The back of the
head is roughly worked, and the missing part has never
been attached. — Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot SJ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100,
No. 30; Graeco-Bmnan Guide, II., No. 164.

1402. Panther, seated with head raised and turned to the left.
The forepaws and hind-quarters are wanting. It appears
to have held a metal object in its mouth. The work is
very rude and unfinished. — Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 8 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100, No. 31.

SCULPTURES FOUND NEAR THE TEMPLE
OP APOLLO.

1403. Female portrait figure, stands with right knee bent,
and wears a long sleeved chiton, and an ample mantle,
which passes over the back of the head, and about the
body. Both arms are bent at the elbows. The forearms,
which were separate pieces, are now lost. She has a
narrow diadem and sandals. The features seem to be
those of a portrait statue, and if such is the case, it is
possibly the portrait of some queen, perhaps of the family
of the Egyptian Ptolemies, as several of the queens of this
dynasty are represented on their coins wearing the diadem
and veil. The head is a separate piece inserted. The
figure has rather an imposing effect, but the proportions

232 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

are clumsy. The back is hardly worked. — From ruins on
north side of Temple of Apollo, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 6 feet 6^ inches. Smith and Porcher, pi. 68, p. 95
p. 100, No. 32 ; Grseco-Roman Guide, II., No. 72 ; Reinach
' Repertoire de la Statuaire, II., p. 243, fig. 9.

1404. Male portrait figure. A beardless old man with
strongly marked features stands to the front. He wears
a taenia over curling hair, and has a tunic and mantle.
The hands were separate pieces attached, and are now
wanting. The figure is wanting from below the knees,
where there is a straight joint, and the hole for a rough
outside cramp, that held the two pieces together. — From
ruins north of Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 5 feet 2 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 100,
No. 34.

1405. Seated female portrait statue. The figure is seated on
a chair, with cushion and footstool. She wears a long
sleeved tunic, and a mantle worn as a veil, and passing
round over the knees, with a long fringe at one side.
She has a broad girdle, with a buckle in front, in the
shape of a knot of Hercules or reef knot, from which
hang six pendants. The belt is bright red. The top of
the head, the forearms, the feet and the front of the foot-
stool were separately attached. The face is of a portrait
character, with hair falling in tresses on the shoulders.
It was described by Messrs. Smith and Porcher as very
nearly resembling a statue found close by, known by the
inscription to have represented a priestess Archippe, and
the present statue may well have been that of another
priestess. — From ruins north of Temple of Apollo, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 4 feet 2 inches Smith and Porcher, pp 75, 101,
No. 35.

SOULPTUKES FROM CYRENfi. 233

1406. Female figure, standing mainly on the right leg. She
•wears shoes, an under tunic with studded sleeves, an
upper tunic, a mantle that passes round the body and
over the left shoulder, and is included under the girdle.
The left hand holds a fold of her mantle ; the right hand
holds a fluted jug. The head (which was a separate
piece) is now lost, but the base of the neck remains in its
socket. — From ruins north of Temple of Apollo, Cyrene.

Marble, Height, 2 feet 5J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 101, No. 37.

1407. Legs from the knees, and plinth of a statue, life size,
of a male figure, wearing high laced boots ; the right leg
is advanced and the left drawn back. A nehris hangs on
the stem of a tree. — From ruins north of Temple of Apollo,
Cyrene.

Marble. Height (without plinth), 2 feet 2 inches. Smith and
Porcher, p. 101, No. 38.

1408. Ideal female head, perhaps representing a Venus. The

hair waved and bound with a diadem. The head is

broadly treated, with overhanging brows and eyes turned

somewhat up. The back of the head, which has been

made of a separate piece of marble, is wanting. The

nose and under lip are wanting, and the fracture of the

neck makes it probable that this head has been broken off

a statue. — From ruins north of Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Height, 1 foot If inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 101, No. 39; Grceco-
Roman Guide, II., No. 102.

1409. Torso of seated female figure, from the neck to the hips.
She wears an under-garment with studded sleeves, a tunic
girt under the waist, and a mantle which falls from the
shoulders. The right hand lies open on the right thigh.
She wants the head and legs (separately attached), the
left arm, and part of the right hand. — From a small
building to the west of the Temple of Apollo, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 4^ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 101, No. 41.

234 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

1410. Female portrait, consisting of the face, neck and bust,
which fitted into a socket. The back of the head, which
would have been added in a separate piece, was never
supplied, since the stone shows the original tool marks
and has not been prepared for a joint. — Found near the
Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 11 J iuches. Smith and Porcher, p. 101, No. 42.

1411. Male (?) head. The upper part of the head and hair
was separately attached. Earrings were originally
present. When the head was discovered there were
traces of red in the eyes. — Found near the Temple of
Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 8 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 101, No. 43.

1412. Female portrait head. The hair falls in ripples from
the centre over each side of the forehead. The back of
the head was never present, the subject being treated in
half relief. — Found near the Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 8 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 101, No. 44.

1413. Head of youthful Dionysos, wearing a band across the
forehead and a wreath of ivy leaves combined with
bunches of grapes. Poor sculpture. — Found near the
Temple of Apollo, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 7J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 101, No. 45.

SCULPTURES PROM THE TEMPLE OP
APHRODITE.

For an account of the temple, see p. 221.

1414. Portrait bust of a young woman, wearing a tunic and
heavy mantle, of which the folds are seen round the
lower edge of the bust. The hair is gathered back from
the forehead and plaited in coils, which are gathered in a

SCULPTUEES FROM CYEENtl. 236

peak on the top of the head, conical in form when seen
from the front, and crest-like when seen from the side.
This head-dress seems to be an exaggeration of the
fashion which prevailed in the time of the Empress
Faustina the Elder, and the bust probably represents some
lady of that period. The nose is slightly injured. The
pupils of the eyes are strongly marked. — Temple of Aphro-
dite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot lOJ inches. Smith and Porcher, pi. 74,
pp. 77, 97, 102 ; Grasco-Roman Guide, I., No. 89. Compare
Nos. 1416, 1452,

1415. Female portrait statue. The figure stands to the front,
with the right leg slightly drawn back. She wears a long
tunic and a mantle, which passes round the body and
arms, with the hands only emerging and holding the
folds of the mantle, one end of which she throws over
her left shoulder. The pupils of the eyes are strongly
marked. Her hair is plaited and wound round her
head, after a fashion prevalent in the time of Hadrian,
the period to which this figure may therefore be assigned
with probability. It is evidently a portrait, but has not
yet been identified. The countenance is very expressive,
and the whole statue, though not finely executed, is
pleasingly composed. The right elbow, which was a
separate piece of marble, and the forearm and hand have
been broken away. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 5 feet 9J inches. Smith and Porcher, pi. 73,
pp. 77, 97, p. 102, No. 47 ; Grceco-Boman Guide, 1., No. 16 ;
Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire, II., p. 665, fig, 12.

1416. Female portrait bust. The hair is dressed in large
waves and is brought in plaits to a peak on the head (cf,
Nos. 1414, 1452 for a further development of the same
fashion). The eyebrows and pupils are marked. Draped

236 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

round the shoulders with a mantle, above which the edge
of the tunic is seen. There are indications of earrings.
The bust terminates below in a small plinth, shaped to
fit into a socket. The head-dress is similar to that of
Faustina the Elder, but the features have little likeness
to that Empress. The end of the nose is slightly injured .
— Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene,

Height, 1 foot 11 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102, No. 49 ; Grcseo-
Boman Guide, I., No. 87.

1417. Aphrodite stooping to unfasten her sandal. This
figure stands on her right leg and rests with her left
thigh against a pillar, while she bends forward and
stretches down her right hand to her left heel, which has
been raised. Her left arm, now wanting, is drawn back,
and may have rested on the pillar or on the top of the
rudder, which leans against it. A dolphin has supported
the raised left foot, which is broken off at the instep. Her
drapery hangs from the pillar. She wears a sandal on the
left foot, and is probably unloosing the strings. The head
and neck are wanting. The composition of this figure is
very superior to the execution, which is coarse and
clumsy. Many varieties and repetitions of this figure are
extant in bronze and marble, and also on gems and coins ;
in these examples we constantly find the rudder associated
with the principal type as an accessory emblem. (5ee
Bernoulli, Aphrodite, pp. 329-38.) Compare the statuettes
of this type in the Bronze Eoom, and numerous engraved
gems (Catalogue of Gems, Nos. 795-797). The number of
small statuettes of this type which have been found in
the Greek Islands, and the presence of the nautical
emblems, suggest that they may have been dedicated
by mariners after a voyage. It has been conjectured
that the type may be that of Aphrodite Euploia, but

SCULPTURES PROM CYRENfi. 237

for this evidence is wanting. — Temple of Aphrodite ^
Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 9 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 95, pi. 71 ;
p. 102, No. 50 ; Bernoulli, Aphrodite, p. 330 ; Grceco-Boman
Guide, II., No. 126 ; Mansell, No. 1285; ^ema.ch, B^pertoire de la
Statuaire, II., p. 349, fig. 8; cf. Fui'twaengler, Sahouroff Coll.,
pi. 37.

1418. Aphrodite and Eros. Aphrodite stands, with both
knees slightly bent, and turning a little to her left.
As the hands and head are wanting, the motive of this
figure is uncertain, but it is probable that the goddess
was represented engaged in her toilet ; her mantle is
gathered round her lower limbs ; the fingers of her right
hand rest on the front of this drapery ; on her feet are
sandals. The left arm was raised. The Cupid bestrides
a dolphin, in which attitude he is frequently represented
at the side of the statues of Aphrodite (cf. Nos. 1419-
1421). In the mouth of the dolphin is a cuttle-fish.
Behind is a small fish, and water. — Temple of Aphrodite,
Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 3 feet 4 inches. Smith and Porcher, pi. 72, p. 96,
p. 102, No. 51 ; GrcBco-Roman Guide, II., No. 9 ; Bernoulli,
Aphrodite, p. 263 ; Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire, II., p. 357,
fig. 9.

1419. Aphrodite and Eros, somewhat as in the last subject.
Aphrodite stands to the front. Her drapery consists of a
large mantle, of which she holds a fold before her middle,
with the right hand. The mantle is brought round her
legs and was also held in the left hand, below which is
a small Eros, astride on a dolphin. The head and most
of the arms of Aphrodite are wanting, but the right hand
is preserved. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 3 inches. Smith and Porcher, p, 102, No. 52.

238 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTUEE.

1420. Fragment of a group of Aphrodite and Eros. Eros rides
on the dolphin, holding by his left hand, and having his
right hand raised to hold a part of the drapery of
Aphrodite which falls behind him. Of the goddess only
the left leg below the knee remains. — Temple of Aphrodite,
Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 8f inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102, No. 53.

1421. Fragment of group of Aphrodite and Eros. Eros rides
on the dolphin, as in the last number. Of Aphrodite
nothing refnains, except some of the drapery falling
behind the Eros. — Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 7 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102, No. 54.

1422. Statuette of Aphrodite, standing, with knees slightly
bent. With the left hand, held before her, she holds her
drapery about her legs. The right arm is wanting, but
the right hand touched the left breast. The head is
wanting. At her side is a dolphin on rocks. — Temple of
Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, without plinth, 11 J inches. Smith and Porcher,
p. 102, No. 55.

1423. Torso of Aphrodite, draped, from the waist down-
wards. She stands on the right leg, with the left leg
bent. She wears a close-fitting long tunic, and a mantle
which is brought about her legs from both sides. She
also has sandals. Traces remain of the right arm passing
across the body, and of the right hand holding the mantle
together. — Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot If inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102,
No. 56.

1424. Nude torso of Aphrodite, standing. She bends over
slightly to her right, with the left foot advanced, and
with the right hand resting lightly on her left thigh.

SCULPTUEES PBOM CYEENE. 239

The left hand is somewhat drawn back. Some object,
perhaps part of a stump, was attached to the left thigh.
An armlet is on each arm. The head, right hand, left
arm from middle of upper arm, right leg from middle ol
thigh, left leg from below the knee are wanting. — Temple
of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 3 inches. Smith and I'orcher, p. 102,
No. 57.

1425. Ideal female head, perhaps Aphrodite. The hair is
bound with a narrow fillet, from under which it is waved
to each side to the back, where it is confined in a mass in
a cap, called opisthosphendone. The nose is injured. —
Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 6^ Inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102, No. 58.

1426. Somnus or Eros. Upper part of recumbent figure of
winged boy reclining asleep, with his head resting on his
left hand, and holding two poppy heads in his right hand.
He has a small chlamys, and lies on rocky ground. —
Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Length, 6^ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102, No. 59.

1427. Dolphin, from a group. The dolphin has its head
down and tail in the air. The right hand and wrist of a
female figure, probably Aphrodite, are seen resting on the
tail of the dolphin. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 2 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102, No. 60.

1428. Youthful male torso, from the neck to the waist,
slightly bent to its left side. Long ringlets fall on each
shoulder. The soft fulness of the forms suggests an
attribution to Dionysos, but the place where[the torso was
foixnd argues in favour of Eros. — Temple of Aphrodite,
Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 6J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102, No. 61.

240 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE;

1429. Head of one of the Dioscuri, in a conical cap, witli hair
flowing. Broken at the neck ; nose and chin wanting. —
Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Height, 9J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102, No. 62 ; p. 104,
No. 97 (by error); Grcsco-Roman Guide, II., No. 181.

1430. Torso of the Ephesian many-breasted Artemis, from the
neck to thfe knees. She wears a double necklace, and pen-
dants of an archaic form. The lower part is swathed with
bands of the usual type, among which animals in relief
are suggested but not clearly indicated. She has a mantle
down her back. The head and arms were separate and
are now lost. — Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 6 inches. Smith and Porchei", p. 102, No. 63.

1431. Lower part of triple Hecate. The three figures are
separated, as if standing against a circular pillar. They
are preserved from the breast downwards. They have a
long chiton with a diploidion girt under the breasts, and
falling in stiff points in the archaistic manner. The
figures are : (1) figure with an uncertain object in the
right hand, and a hound at the side looking up at it ;
(2) figure with a jug in the right hand, and a torch (?) in
the left hand ; (3) figure with a bowl in the right hand,
and a torch (?) in the left hand. — Temple of Aphrodite,
Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 7J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102, No. 64.

1432. Torso of a female figure, perhaps Artemis or Cyrene.
She stands chiefly on the left leg, and wears the short
tunic of a huntress, reaching nearly to the knees, with a
diploidion, and a fawn skin worn over the right shoulder
only, and having a broad girdle at the waist. The fawn's
head is seen immediately below the girdle. There is a
joint above the breasts for the attachment of the head

BdUlitl'UEfeS i'EOM CYKENE. 241

and shoulders, now wanting. The arms (now lost) were
also separately attached. The right leg is wanting from
above the knee, and the left leg from below the knee.
The back is only roughly sketched out. A stump was
attached to the left leg. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot IJ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102,
No. 65.

1433. Terminal female figure, wearing a skin and girt under
the breasts with a broad girdle. The head is wanting.
Both arms are bent up at the elbow. She stands in the
midst of a mass of falling drapery, perhaps forming a
part of a larger statue. — Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 6| inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102, No. 66. "

1434. Demeter, standing, with ears of corn in her right hand
and a torch in her left. She wears a long chiton, and a
mantle which passes over the head. Eoughly sculptured.
— Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Limestone. Height, 1 foot 11 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102,
No. 67.

1435. Seated male figure, perhaps Zeus, holding an uncertain
object in the right hand. The lower part and shoulder
draped in a mantle. The left arm was extended as if
resting on a sceptre. — Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Limestone. Height, 1 foot 8 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 102,
No. 68.

1436. Bust of Isis. The bust is complete, and includes to
below the breasts. The hair is brought to each side, and
crowned by a metal circlet. It is gathered in a bunch at
the back of the head, and tresses fall on the shoulders.
She wears a chiton, a mantle with a woolly fringe, tied

VOL. II. K

242 CATALOGUE Of SCtJLPTtTRE.

between the breasts with the knot of Isis, and another
mantle over the left shoulder. On the top of the head is
a hole, probably for the insertion of a metal lotus flower.
— Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Alabaster. Height, 1 foot. Smith and Porcher, p. 102, No. 69.

1437. Isis, standing, wearing a long chiton, sandals, and a
mantle, which is fastened on the breast by the knot of
Isis. The ends of a fringed veil hang down on her
shoulders ; the left thigh is perforated with a small hole,
probably for the attachment of a vase carried in the hand ;
the head and the arms from above the elbow, which were
separate pieces, are wanting. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 9J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 103,
No. 70 ; GrcBCO-Eoman Guide, II., No. 20.

Fig. 11.— Votive Pvelief, No. 1438*.

1438. Apollo, seated. Fragment of a group. A nude male
figure is seated on an irregular rock. He is wanting from
the waist upwards. The right leg from the middle of
the thigh and the left knee are also lost. The base of his
lyre is seen on the rock at his side. Beside the rock is a
winged Gryphon. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 6J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 103, No. 71.

SCULPTURES PROM CYRENfi. 243

438*. Apollo seated. Lower part of a relief. On the right
is the lower part of a draped Apollo seated above rocks.
His right hand lies in his lap, his right foot rests on the
omphalos, the lyre stands on his left side. In the centre
is a large tripod supporting a basin, above it the claws of
a bird (?). On the left of the tripod is the Gryphon upon
a plinth, and an ithyphallic bearded term. Inscribed :

KaOapov StKaiov ina-a-TOv dXa^cs
TTvevfJia $eov awT7Jpo<; 'AttoAXwvos

The inscription approximately suggests two hexameters,
of which the beginning of the first, and the end of the
second are wanting. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 8| inches ; width, lOJ inches. Smith and Porcher,
p. 103, No. 72. See Fig. 11.

1439. iEgipan. Standing figure of the goat-legged Pan, in
front of a pine tree, the figure and the tree together
forming a pillar. He has Satyr's ears, and goat's beard
and horns. Eound the body is a fawn's skin, arranged
like a mantle, iii which the right hand and arm are
muffled ; the left hand holds a syrinx. The head and
hoofs of the fawn's skin hang at the left side. Above the
head is a circular socket. Eed colour is quite distinct on
the drapery, the face and ears of the figure, and on the
tree. — Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 3 feet 6f inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 103,
No. 73 ; Grwco-Boman Guide, II., No. 19. For a similar type of
Pan, in Athens, see Clarac, pi. 726f, No. 1736k.

1440. Aristaeus (?). Youthful male figure, standing, leaning
on a knotted staff, about which a serpent is twisted, and
with the right hand resting on the hip. He has long hair,
falling down on each side of his face, and wears what
seems to be a mural crown. He wears sandals and a

B 2

244 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTUEE.

mantle which passes round the legs and over the left
shoulder. His left hand, which has rested on his staff,
is wanting. In this figure the features and attributes
resemble those of Apollo, but the general type is rather
heroic than divine. It has therefore been considered to
be a statue of Aristaeus, the mythic founder of Cyrene,
who, as the son of Apollo by the nymph Cyrene, was
said to resemble him in features. On account of the
Asclepian staff it has been called a young Asclepios. —
Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 4 feet 5 J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 103,
No. 74; GrcBCo-Roman Guide, II., No. 114; Wroth, Journ. of
Hellen, Studies, IV., p. 46, and plate ; Furtwaengler, Meister-
werke, p. 489 ; Reiaach, Repertoire de la Statuaire, II., p. 31
No. 9.

1441. Terminal bust of the bearded Dionysos. The long hair
is confined by a diadem. It falls in clusters behind each
of the temples, and in tresses on the shoulders and down
the back, where it is only blocked out. The end of the
beard is broken away. The top of the head is worked
with a dowel-hole, surrounded by a circular ridge, as if to
receive a metal ornament, such as a modius. — Temple of
Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 7J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 103, No. 76.

1442. Torso of young Satyr, from the neck to the knees. He
stands with his left leg somewhat drawn back. The left
arm was raised, and the right arm fell by the side. The
head was separately attached, and is now lost. There
are remains of a stump by the left thigh. — Temple of
Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. H^ght, 8J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 103, No. 77.

SCULPTURES FROM CYRENE. 245

1443. Female figure enthroned, with a Sphinx flanking each
side of the throne. She has a long tunic, girt under the
breasts, and a mantle which passes over the shoulders,
across the knees, and round the left arm. The head,
forearms, and left foot of the seated figure, the head of
one Sphinx, and the breast and head of the other are
wanting. — Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, llj inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 103, No. 78.

1444. Standing male figure, perhaps Apollo. The figure
stands somewhat in the pose of the Belvedere Apollo,
with the right leg advanced and the left leg drawn back.
The left arm (in a separate piece now lost) was extended,
and the right hung by the side. The back of the head
and shoulders was also a separate piece now lost. The
figure is in two parts joined by iron cramps in the thighs.
The drapery consists of a short tunic, girt at the waist,
with a circular brooch on the shoulder, a studded cross-
belt, and high boots, with a lion's head in front of each.
There is a stump at the right side. He wears a circlet on
the head with a rose in the middle. — Temple of Aphrodite,
Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 6 feet 2 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 103, No, 79.

1445. Goat, on its hind legs, dragged along by a figure of
which only the right hand grasping it by the hair, and
part of a high-booted leg, remain. — Temple of Aphrodite,
Cyrene.

Marble, Height, llj inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 103, No. 81.

1446. Fragment, with two booted legs, and a chlamys falling
behind them, on a plinth. A straight joint at the knees.
The back is worked flat. — Temple of Aphrodite, Cyren^.

Marble. Height, llj inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 103, No. 82.

246 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

1447. Draped term. The head, originally attached with an
iron dowel is lost. The upper part is human, the arms
being closely wrapped in a mantle, fastened on the right
shoulder. The lower part is a square term. There are
traces of red paint on the mantle. — Temple of Aphrodite,
Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 4J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 103, No. 83.

1448. Torso of male figure, wearing tunic, cuirass, girt with
a sash round the waist and cloak falling over the
shoulders and down the back. The head and extended
right arm were separately attached, and are now lost.
The legs are broken off above the knees. — Temple of
Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble, with surface much covroded. Height, lOJ inches. Smith and
Porcher, p. 104, No. 84.

1449. Draped female torso, wearing a long chiton, girt at the
waist, and a mantle which passes under the left arm, and
is fastened on the right shoulder. The head and arms,
which were separately attached, are now wanting. A
part of the base of the neck remains, fixed in its socket
by cement. A piece of iron is attached at the base of the
right arm. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot lOJ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104,
No. 85.

1450. Youthful male torso, of figure standing mainly on
right leg, with a small mantle passed round the body
and over the left arm. The head, right forearm, and
lower parts of the legs were separately attached and are
now lost. — Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot. Smith and Porcher, p. 104, No. 86.

SCULPTURES FROM CYRENt5. 247

1451. Fragment from the left side of a small relief. A female
figure is seated to the left, with head turned to the front.
She wears a tunic and large mantle. Her right hand is
raised to her head, — Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 8f inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104. No. 87.

1452. Female portrait head. The hair is brought in large
waves from the forehead to each side, and plaits are coiled

■ round in a singular mass on the top of the head, re-
sembling a cone when seen from the front, and a crest when
seen from the side. The pupils of the eyes are marked.
The upper part of the cone is pierced with a horizontal
hole, the purpose of which is not clear. It has been
suggested that the head was suspended for use as a
weight, but this is improbable. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 11 inches. Smith and Porcher. p. 104, No. 89 ;
GroBco- Roman Guide, I., No. 88 ; Mansell, No. 1289. Compare
No. 1414.

1453. Female head, perhaps a portrait. The hair is gathered
from each side to the back, and is bound with a wreath
of ears of corn, and a high band (sphendone). Eoughly
finished at the back. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 6 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104, No. 90.

1454. Heroic head, slightly inclined to its left, with prominent
eyebrows, and loose locks of hair falling about the fore-
head. The hair is bound with a diadem, and the back of
the head is left unfinished. There is a small hole at the
top, for a metal addition. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 4J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104, No. 93.

1455. Heroic head, beardless ; the end of the nose and top of
the head broken away. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 10| inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104, No. 94 ;
Grceco-Roman Guide, H., No. 177.

248 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

1456. Male portrait head, beardless. Hair straight and short;
nose broken. Style late and bad. At the back of the
head are the remains of drapery. — Temple of Aphrodite,
Gyrene.

Height, 9J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104, No. 95 ; Graco-Roman
Guide, II., No. 169.

1457. Unknown male head, beardless ; the features those of a
man past the middle age, with spare cheeks, and deep-
sunk eyes; the hair short and straight. — Temple of
Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 7J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104, No. 96 ;
GrcBCO'Roman Guide, I., No. 74.

1458. Female ideal head, of broad type, wearing a diadem.
The upper part of the head is wanting. There are large
dowel-holes above the head, and entering the neck from
the back. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 6 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104, No. 98.

1459. Fragment of group, with lion seated, resting its left
paw on the head of a bull. The lion's head, which was
separately attached, is wanting. The work is late and
roughly finished. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 8 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104, No. 100.

1460. Lower part of draped male figure, standing, wearing
mantle and sandals. — Temple of Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 9J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104, No. 102.

1461. Head of Aphrodite. The head is inclined to its right,
and looks somewhat upwards. The hair is swathed with
a cloth arranged as an opisthosphendone. — Temple of
Aphrodite, Gyrene.

Coarse-grained marble, corroded. Height, A\ inches. Smith and
Porcher, p. 104, No. 104.

SOULPTTTRES FROM CYRENE. 249

1462. Head of Perseus or Hermes. Male head, with short,
curling hair, and a pair of wings springing above the
temples. The wings would serve equally well either for
Perseus or for Hermes, but the build of the head and the
expression of the face are better suited to a hero than to a
god. The pupils of the eyes are strongly marked, which
shows that the head is not older than the Graeco-Eoman
period. — Temple of Aphrodite, Cyrene.

Fine white marble. Height, 3f inches. Smith and Porcher, pi. 75,
pp. 77, 97.

SCULPTURES FROM THE AUGUSTEUM.

For an account of the Augusteum, see p. 221.

1463. Bust of Antoninus Pius. The head is half turned to
the left. The pupils are indicated. The emperor wears
a tunic, cuirass, and military cloak with rough woolly
fringe, fastened on the right shoulder with a cinquefoil
circular brooch. This bust is well sculptured and in
very fine condition. The features are intact. — Augusteum,
Cyrene. s

Parian marble, highly polished. Height, 2 feet 4J inches. Smith
and Porcher, pi. 69, pp. 76, 95, 104, No. 105 ; Mansell, No. 854 ;
Bernoulli, Roemische Ikonographie, H. 2, p. 144, No. 55 ; Grasco-
Roman Guide, I., No. 24.

1464. Bust of Marcus Aurelius. This bust is in very fine
condition, having sustained no injury except a fracture
across the neck. The emperor wears a tunic, and military
cloak fastened on the right shoulder by a circular brooch,
and having a woolly fringe. The hair is skilfully disposed
in clustering masses, and the portrait is characteristic.
The pupils of the eyes are strongly marked. The bust
rests on a circular plinth, on which are three leaves — an

250 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

ornament the same in intention as that of the bust called
Clyti6 in the Third Grseco-Roman Room. — Auguateum,
Cyrene.

Parian marble. Height, 2 feet 4J inches, inclusive of plinth. Smith
and Porcher, pi. 70, pp. 95, 104, No. 106 ; Mansell, No. 856
GrcEco-Roman Guide, I., No. 27.

1465. Head of Lucius Verus, broken at the neck ; the nose
wanting. The sculpture is good, but the condition
indifferent. — Augusteum, Gyrene.

Height, 1 foot 2 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104, No. 107 ; Grceco-
Soman Guide, II., No. 151.

1466. Torso of a Roman emperor, in a cuirass, richly-
ornamented with reliefs. On the breast-plate is a Palla-
dium, represented in a long tunic, and armed with an
aegis, helmet and shield. On either side a winged Victory
approaches to crown it ; the Victory on the right holds
with her extended right hand the end of a wreath. The
right hand of the other Victory has been similarly extended,
but is broken away. In her left hand is a palm branch.
The feet of the Palladium rest on the back of the wolf
suckling the twins, Romulus and Remus, whose figures
have been broken away. Below it is an acanthus orna-
ment, from which spring tendrils, with rosettes. On the
lower part of the cuirass are, in the centre, the head
of Jupiter Ammon, and, on either side, a winged head
of Medusa (of the handsome type) seen in profile;
between it and the head of Ammon is, on either side,
an eagle with spreading wings. Under the cuirass is
a jerkin, on which are two helmets and two swords in
sheaths, which are arranged alternately with the reliefs
already described. Above the cuirass is a small cloak
worn round the neck. On either flank of the cuirass is
an elephant's head. These reliefs are rich in decorative

SCULPTURES FEOM CYRENE. 261

detail, but they are hastily executed and roughly finished.
The work appears to be of the second century a.d. —
Found near the Augusteum, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 4 feet 6 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 104,
No. 108 ; p. 76 ; Grceco-Roman Guide, I., No. 46 ; Pacho,
Voyage dans . . . la Cyrenaique, pi. 59, p. 220. The work
has been assigned to the time of Augustus {Grwco- Roman Guide
1 , 46 ; Newton, Journ. Hellen. Studies, VI., p. 379). It has also
been thought to be a torso of a statue of Hadrian (Wroth, Journ.
Hellen. Studies, VI., p. 200 ; VII., p. 138 ; Sorlin-Dorigny, Gaz.
Arch., 1886, p. 299), on account of the treatment of the cuirass
which is similar to that of a statue of Hadrian from Crete, which
is now at Constantinople (^Gaz. Arch., 1880, pi. 6). In that
figure the left foot of the emperor is planted on a prostrate
captive.

1467. Female figure, clad in a long chiton girt at the waist,
and looped on the sleeves, over which falls a mantle,
brought round the body and gathered over the left arm ;
on the feet are shoes. The head and forearms, which
were separately inserted in sockets, are wanting. The
composition of the drapery is dignified. — Augusteum,
Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 5 feet 6J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 105,
No. 109 ; GrcBco-Eoman Guide, II., No. 66.

1468. Female portrait bust. The hair is waved and brought
together at the back of the head in a coil, as in the period
of Faustina the Younger. The bust is draped in a tunic
with studded sleeves, and a mantle wrapped round the
bust, the edges meeting on its left shoulder. The nose is
wanting. — Augusteum, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot lOJ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 105,
No. 110; Graeo-Boman Guide, I., No. 92.

252 CATALOGUE OP SCULPTURE.

1469. Atys standing, in a small conical shrine. He is a
youthful figure in high relief, nude except for a Phrygian
cap, and a cloak which is fastened on the breast and falls
over the shoulders. Beside the right hand and left elbow
are drilled holes for metal attachments. At each side of
the niche is a naked sword, with its point downwards. —
Augusteum, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 8 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 105, No. 111.

1469*. Corinthian pilaster, with acanthus leaves, and an egg
moulding. Above a plain band with a central flower. —
Augusteum, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 1 inch.

SCULPTURES FROM LARGE TEMPLE
NEAR STADIUM.

For an account of the temple, see p. 221.

1470. Bearded male head, with curly hair. This head, which
is somewhat larger than life, has suffered much from fire,
being broken in two across the face, and partly calcined.
The lips are painted bright red, and the beard black,
while the eyeballs were of vitreous paste, inserted in
sockets. — Large Temple near the Stadium, Cyrene.

White marble, finely polished. Height, 1 foot 2 inches. Smith and
Porcher, p. 71 ; p. 105, No. 112.

1471. Lower half of female figure, seated on a square seat,
with left hand resting on her left knee. She wears a
long chiton, mantle and shoes. — Large Temple near the
Stadium, Cyrene.

Reddish limestone. Height, 5J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 105,
No. 113.

SCULPTURES FROM CYRENE. 263

SCULPTURES FROM SMALL TEMPLE
NEAR STADIUM.

For an account of the temple, see p. 221.

1472. Female torso, perhaps the nymph Cyrene. The torso
extends from the neck to the knees. The head was let
into a socket. The arms are broken off below the
shoulders. She wears a short tunic, reaching nearly to
the knees, girt with a double girdle. Between the
breasts it is gathered together by a broad band in such
a way that both breasts are left bare. She stands on the
left leg, with the right knee bent. When found there
were traces of red paint on and near the girdle. — Small
Temple near the Stadium, Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 3 inches. Smith and Porcher, pi. 67,
pp. 94, 105, No. 114; Studniczka, Kyrene, p. 171 ; v. Schneider,
Jahrh. d. Kunsthistor. Sammlungen des Kaiserhauses (Austria^),
XII., p. 82 ; Roscher, Lexikon, II., p. 1732 ; Reinach, Repertoire
de la Statuaire, II., p. 317, fig. 10.

1473. Female figure. The arms, and the legs from the knees
are wanting, and the body has been much injured by the
splitting of the marble. The figure stands with the left
leg advanced, and wears a chiton and a diploidion girt
under the breasts. The hair is gathered back and con-
fined by a narrow taenia. — Small Temple near the Stadium,
Gyrenh.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 4 inches. Smith and Porcher, pi. 67 ;
pp. 94, 105, No. 115; Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire, II.,
p. 672, fig. 4.

1474. Colossal female (?) head, in several pieces. Flowing
hair is brought to each side of the head. The nose, right
cheek, and part of the left eye have been broken away.
It has been suggested (Studniczka) that this was the head
of a temple-image of the goddess Cyren^ herself, and that
the temple in which it was found was dedicated to her,

254 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

as patron of the city. — Small Temple near the Stadium^
Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 6^ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 75,
p. 105, No. 116 ; Studniczka, Kyrene, p. 171.

1475. Fragment of a group, representing a bull attacked by
a lion. The bull is prostrate, and the lion has sprung on
him from behind. Of the bull, the body and parts of the
legs remain ; of the lion, only the forepaws. The ground
on which the bull lies is painted red. — Small Temple near
the Stadium, Cyrene.

Marble. Length, 9 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 105, No. 117.

SCULPTURES FROM THE TEMPLE OP
DIONYSOS.

For an account of the temple, see p. 222.

1476. Young Dionysos, standing, holding a bunch of grapes
in his left hand. The god stands on his left leg with
the right knee slightly bent, and looks a little to his
right. He wears a vine-wreath and broad band round
his head, and long tresses fall on the shoulders. The
preservation of the face and of the elaborately-worked
wreath is remarkably perfect. A mantle passes over
the left shoulder, round the legs, and over the left arm.
He wears sandals, on which is an ivy-leaf ornament.
The right arm and hand are wanting, but fell by the
right side. The form has an effeminate beauty, though
the style is somewhat meretricious. The drapery is
carelessly executed, especially at the back. "When this
statue was first found, red colour was visible on the eyes
and the wreath. — Temple of Dionysos, Cyrene.

Parian marble. Height, 5 feet 9 inches. Smith and Porcher,
pi. 61, pp. 40, 91, 106, No. 118; Reinach, Repertoire de la
Statuaire, II., p. 122, fig. 6 ; GrcBcn-Boman Guide, I., No. 110
A pedestal 2 feet high was found at the western end of the cella
in the temple, on which the figure was thought to have stood.

SCtJLPTUllES FHOM OYUENfe. 256

1477. ^^^ panther of Bacchus, seated on his haunches, raising
his left paw and looking upwards to his left. Round his
neck is an ivy-wreath. This animal has probably been
associated with a statue of Bacchus. — Temple of Dionysos,
Gyrene.

Limestone. Height, 2 feet 1 inch. Smith and Porcher, p. 106,
No. IIS; Grceco-Eoman Guide, II., No. 111. Compare S. Reinach,
Monuments Piot, IV"., pi. 10, p. 105.

SCULPTURES PROM VARIOUS SITES AT
GYRENE.

1478. Female figure, standing, with the left knee bent, and
the right hand resting on the right hip. The head, left
hand and little finger of right hand are wanting. She
wears sandals, and a long chiton and diploidion, over
which is a mantle wound round the body and left arm.
This statue may represent some member of the Imperial
house. — Found near colonnade west of Temple of Dionysos,
Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 5 feet 4J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 106,
No. 120; GrcEco-Koman Guide, II., No. 71.

1479. Athene, standing, with left foot drawn back. She
wears a long chiton, a mantle richly folded about her,
sandals and aegis. The aegis passes across the bosom,
and appears to be doubled back under the drapery. It
is hardly indicated except by the Gorgoneion whicli is
of the later idealised type. The head and forearms are
wanting. — Near colonnade west of Temple of Dionysos,
Gyrene.

Parian marble. Height, 4 feet 9 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 106
No. 121 ; GrcBco- Roman Guide, II., No. 67.

256 CATALOGUE Of BCULPTURiJ.

1480. Portrait statue of a young girl standing. She wears -A
long chiton, a mantle, and shoes. A short veil, reaching
to the base of the neck, and distinct from the mantle, is
drawn over the back of the head. The forearms were
separately attached and are now wanting. The hair falls
in waves on each side of the head, and is confined by a
double circlet. It is gathered in a coil at the back of
the head under the veil. On the left knee are still
traces of red colour. The sculpture is very careless, and
probably not earlier than the third century a.d. On
the top of the head is an oblong rectangular sinking,
as if for the insertion of a dowel. — Found near the central
Theatre, Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 4 feet 1 inch. Discovered by sailors from H.M.S.
Melpomene, during the expedition of Captain Smith and Captain
Porcher. Smith and Porcher, p. 106, No. 122; p. 83; Groeco-
Rrnnan Guide, II., No. 90.

1481. Torso of a draped male figure, from the neck to the
middle of the thighs, wearing a girt tunic, and a chlamys
fastened with a brooch above the right breast. A part of
the drapery on the right side was separately attached.
The drapery is finely and delicately worked. — Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot. Smith and Porcher, p. 106, No. 123.

1482. Torso of nude male figure standing to the front. The
right leg is broken off high up, the left leg at the knee.
Both arms and the head are wanting. There is a deep
hole in the left shoulder and a depression above it. From
the way in which both arms were extended towards the
figure's left, it has been called Apollo bending his bow,
but the erect torso does not suit this interpretation. —
Gyrene.

Marble, partly burnt. Height, 1 foot 1 inch. Smith and Porcher,
p. 106, No. 124.

SCULPTURES FROM GYRENE. 257

1483. Aphrodite and Eros. Aphrodite stands on the right
leg with the left leg bent, half draped in a large mantle
which passes over the left shoulder, and round the right
leg. She wears sandals. The left arm is bent up at the
elbow, and the right arm (now wanting) was extended.
The left hand and head are wanting. Tresses of hair
fall on the left shoulder. Bros, of whom only the feet
and a raised left hand holding a torch (?) remain, stands
by the right side of Aphrodite. — Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 2 feet 1§ inches. Smith aud Porcher, p. 106,
No. 125.

1484. Lower part, from the waist, of a figure of Aphrodite
with left hand before her middle, and holding a small
fold of drapery which falls at the back of her legs. At
the right a dolphin. — Cyrene.

Reddish limestone, roughly executed. Height, 8 inches. Smith and
Porcher, p. 106, No. 126.

1485. Aristaeus (?). Male figure, headless, standing, leaning
on a knotted staff below his left arm, while his right hand
rests on the thigh. He is draped in a large mantle
which passes round the body and over the left shoulder.
A serpent is twined round the staff. Beside the left foot
is the sacred cone (^omphalos) of Apollo, with a network
covering. The serpent twined round the stick naturally
suggests A.sclepios, but the figure is youthful for Asclepios,
and the omphalos indicates an intimate connexion with
Apollo. The figure has, therefore, been identified as
Aristaeus, the son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, and
founder of the city of Cyrene. — Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 2 feet. Smith and Porcher, p. 107, No. 127. Cf.
No. 1440.

VOL. II. S

258 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

1486. Male head, with curling hair, and short curling heard ;
the nose wanting ; prohably a Roman Emperor. It bears
some resemblance to Albinus. Art late and coarse. —
Oyrene.

Height, 1 foot 5 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 107, No. 128.

1487. A female figure is seated in an easy position on a chair
with high semi-circular back, seat covered with drapery
and a cushion, and a footstool. She wears a long chiton,
girt under the breasts, and a large mantle, and sits with
the right arm over the back of the chair. Both hands,
and the head which was separately attached, are now
wanting. The left hand supported some object such as a
lyre, for which a dowel-hole remains. — Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 11 J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 107, No. 129.

1488. Dionysos. Youthful figure, standing to the front, with

left knee bent. He wears a large mantle which passes

over the left shoulder, across the back, round the legs,

and over the left arm. The flowing hair is brought to »

mass at the back of the head ; tresses fall on the shoulders

and down the back, and he wears an ivy-wreath. He

holds a large two-handled vase in his right hand (parts of

vase and hand being lost). By his left side is a large

vase (jpiihos) half sunk in the ground, with a ring in

front, and a flat lid. The whole of the work is very rude.

— Cyrene.

Reddish limestone, with traces of a fine coat of cement on the surface.
Height, 1 foot 6 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 107, No. 130.

1489. Head of Ariadne, or a Maenad. Female head, slightly
raised, with parted lips. The hair is bound with a broad
band across the forehead, and with an ivy-wreath. The
back of the head is left unfinished ; the nose and chin are
injured . — Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 9 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 107, No. 131.

SCULPTURES FROM OYRENE. 269

1490. Cybele, enthroned. She is seated on a high-backed
chair, which is flanked, on each side, by the figure of a
lion, seated on its haunches. She has a long sleeved
chiton girt under the breasts, and a mantle which crosses
her lap. Long tresses of hair fall on each shoulder. She
has a small lion on her lap, a bowl in her right hand, and
a large tympanum on her left arm. Most of the tympanum
was a piece separately attached, and now lost. The face
of the goddess is also broken away. — Gyrene.

Marble. Height, llj inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 107, No. 132.

1491. Hermaphrodites. An androgynous figure stands mainly
on the left leg, with the right knee bent. The left hand
holds drapery round the legs and in front in the manner
of a half-draped Aphrodite. The right arm is shown
by marks of attachment to have crossed the breast. Both
arms and the head are wanting. The broad ends of a
taenia fall on each shoulder. The hair falls in a square-
cut compact mass down the back. — Gyrene.

Marble, Height, 3 feet 5 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 107,
No. 133.

1492. Head of Atys or Ganymede. Youthful male head,
inclined to its left, wearing a Phrygian cap. Thick locks
of hair fall from under the cap. The lower jaw is broken
away. The mouth was open, as the upper teeth are seen.
— Gyrene.

Polished white marble. Height, 4 inches. Smith and Porcher,
p, 107, No, 134.

1493. Torso of female figure, dancing, from the neck to the
ankles. She stands with the left leg immediately in
front of the right leg. The left arm (now wanting) was
near the left side. The right hand is immediately above
the left breast. The head and the left arm were of

260 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

separate pieces attached. The body and arms are closely
wrapped in a mantle, the right hand alone being left
free. — Cyrenk

Marble. Height, 1 foot 8 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 107,
No. 135 ,

- ,1494. Female bust, rudely executed, with drapery round the
shoulders and long hair. The left side of the face is
broken away. Inscribed below, Ne/Aco-ts 'f2ptWos-L-l*i.
Nemesis, daughter of Orion. Sixteen years (old).
Compare vol. i.. No. 656. — Obtained from Arabs at Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 9J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 107, No. 136.

1495. Torso of rortuna(?) from the neck to the knees. A
female figure standing, with the right knee bent, and
with a cornucopia on her left arm. She wears a chiton,
and a mantle which passes over the shoulders, round the
legs and over the left arm. The head, which was
separately attached, the left shoulder, hands and feet, are
wanting. — Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1\ inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 107, No. 137.

1496. Draped male torso, from the neck to the knees, standing
on the right leg, with the left knee bent, and the right
hand on the right thigh. A lai-ge mantle passes over the
left shoulder, round the legs, and about the left arm. —
Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 9f inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 107, No. 139.

1497. Standing male figure. The figure stands on the left
leg with the right foot drawn back, and leans to its right,
as if resting on a staff beneath the right shoulder. A
mantle passes round the body, and about the left arm,
which is held behind the back. The head and right arm

SCULPTUKES FKOM CYEENE. 261

were separately attached, and are now lost. The right
foot is broken away. The back is unfinished. — Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 2 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 108.
No. 140.

1498. Female torso, from the neck to the knees. She wears
a long chiton girt at the waist, and a mantle that passes
over the left shoulder, round the body, and over the left.
ai"m. — Gyrene.

Reddish limestone. Height, 10 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 108,
No. 141.

1499. Female head (Cyrene?) wearing a high turreted crown,
with a trefoil flower in front. The head is slightly
inclined to its left and upwards. The hair is in thick
curls falling to each side and over the neck. — Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 4f inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 108, No. 142.

1500. Female head, slightly inclined to its left. The hair is
brought to each side from under a broad diadem, and is
gathered in a mass at the back. — Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 4J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 108, No. 143.

1501. Female portrait bust. The hair is drawn back from
the forehead, and gathered in a roll above the head.
Two tresses fall down to the shoulders. There is
drapery on the bust. The back of the head was never
fin i shed . — Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 10 J inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 108, No. 145.

1502. Lioness, seated on her haunches, looking up to her left.
— Gyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 1 inch. Smith and Porcher, p. 108,
No. 146.

262 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

1503. Head of goat, broken off at neck. Eough careless work.
— Cyrene.

Limestone. Height, 8 inches. Smith and Porcher, p. 108, No. 147
(" Bull's head ").

1504. Female portrait head. The hair waved and gathered
into a knot behind ; nose, chin, and mouth broken away.
At the back of the neck is a fragment of drapery. —
Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot If inches. Smith and Porcher ; Grceco-
lioman Guide, II., No. 174.

1505. Female ideal head, larger than life. The ears pierced.
A veil covers the back of the head, and is cut off with
a smooth joint at the nape of the neck, the base of which
has been fitted into a statue. The nose, part of right
cheek, and part of base of neck are broken away. —
Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot 5J inches. Smith and Porcher ; GrcBco-
Roman Guide, II., No. 101.

1506". (Plate XXV., fig. 2.) Male head, worked to fit into a
socket, probably from a statue. The hair or helmet was
also in separate pieces, attached. The eyes have inlaid
eyeballs, surrounded by thin plates of bronze, which may
have represented eye-lashes. The pupils, which were of
inlaid stones or glass paste, are lost. — Cyrene.

Marble. Height, 1 foot. Smith and Porcher, pi. 64, p. 92.
Compare No. 1397.

263

SCULPTURE PROM SALAMIS (CYPRUS).

The architectural fragment described below was found
in the course of excavations carried on at the Cypriote
Salamis, in 1890, by Messrs. H. A. Tubbs and J. A. R.
Monro, on behalf of the Cyprus Exploration Fund, and
was presented by the Committee of that body.
1510. (Plate XXVII.) Sculptured capital. From the right
and left sides of a capital with a square abacus issue the
heads and foreparts of winged bulls. The heads are
inclined downwards. Wings issue from the shoulders,
which curl round in a manner that roughly suggests the
volutes of an Ionic capital. One of the two bulls is fairly
complete, except for the horns and ears. Of the other
little remains except part of one wing, and of the neck.
It has been restored with the adjoining part of the abacus
from the opposite side.

Between the two bulls is a female figure, wearing a
modius, and supporting the abacus on her modius and with
her hands. The figure wears a chiton girt at the waist.
Below the waist the folds of drapery are modified to take
the form of acanthus leaves. Two ends of draperj'
hanging from the arms are similarly treated. In place
of legs are spiral stems, which also have acanthus leaves
issuing from them. Of the Caryatid at the opposite side
of the capital only slight traces remain.

The use of the forepart of a bull as an architectural
member is derived from the East, and especially from Persia.
Compare the columns of Persepolis (Perrot and Chipiez,
v., p. 701), and Susa (^Gaz. Arch, xii., pi. 27). In archaic
Greek sculpture it is found at Ephesus (vol. i., No. 48, 3 ;
cf. Benndorf, Heroon, p. 67, fig. 46&), and in later art, at
Delos (Bull, de Corr. Hellenique, viii., pi. 17), and Xanthos
(cf. No. 953). With wings it occurs over the doorway

264 CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURE.

of the enclosure at Giol-baschi, erected about 400 b.c.
(Benndorf, Heroan, pi. 6, p. 66). It also occurs in smaller
ornaments, as in the composite capital of the gold pin
from Paphos (Journ. of Hellen. Studies, ix., pi. 11).

The earliest example of the Caryatid figure, termina-
ting in acanthus scrolls, appears to be on a marble chair
at Athens, which is attributed from the form of the
inscription to the beginning of the fourth century B.C.
(Le Bas, Voyage, Architecture, Athenes, ii., pi. 13 ; cf. Berlin
Cat. of Sculpture, No. 1051). It also occurs on a fourth-
century vase {Ber. d. h.sdchs. Ges. d. Wiss., 1875, pi. 4), and
on the capital of a shrine in the Temple of Apollo at
Branchidae, of the close of the fourth century B.C. (Eayet
and Thomas, Milet et le Golfe Latmique, pi. 46). Sub-
sequently various modifications of the subject became a
common decorative theme. Cf. Mon. delV Inst., ii., pi. 4,
for late Etruscan work. See also Anc. Terracottas in the
Brit. Mus., pi. 14, No. 22; Ellis, Townley Gallery, ii.,
p. 212 ; Mon. delV Inst., v., pi. 30.

The figure on the present work is most akin to the
fourth-century examples mentioned above. No other
example has been pointed out which combines the bulls
and the Caryatids. — From the Agora, Salamis, Cyprus.
Presented hy the Cyprus Exploration Fund, 1891.

Marble. Height, 3 feet 2 inches. Jown. of Hellen, Studies, XII.,
pp. 78, 134.

END OF VOL. II.

LONDOS : I'ltlN'TED BY WIIXIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAJIFOl.D STKEET
AND CHAKING CUOSS.

Plate I.

l^M^

^ s

Plate II.

Plate III.

Plate IV.

Figure op Nereid. (No. 909.)

Plate V.

Plate VI.

Plate VI I-

/izB

In"'

"wwififfte

South end op the Tomb of Payava. (No. 950, 3.)

Plate VIII.

.At

-^ ' ^^%Sf,*j^*"

NOBTH END OF THE TOMB OP PaYAVA. (No. 950, 4.)

Plate IX.

Plate X.

Plate XI.

Plate XII.

Plate XIII.

frm

Plate XIV.

Thk Mausoleum, as restored by C. K. Cockerell.

Plate XV.

The Restored Order op the Mausoleum. (No.980.)

Plate XVI.

The Chariot Group of the Mausoleum. (Nos. 1000-1004.)

Plate XVII.

Plate XVIII.

Plate XIX

Plate XX.

01 H "5

Q e.

Plate XXI.

Colossal IIkau fkom Piukne. (No. 1151.)

Plate XXII.

PoBTBAiT Statue fbom PbienJ:. (No. 1152.)

Plate XXIII.

Pier of Temple op Ahtemis at Ephesus. (Nos. 1204, 1206.)

Plate XXIV.

Statue of Demeter, from Cnidos. (No. 1300.)

Plate XXV.

Plate XXVI.

Plate XXVIl.

iim'i

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