Cat's cradles from many lands

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CAT'S CRADLES

FROM MANY LANDS

CAT'S CRADLES

FROM MANY LANDS

BY

KATHLEEN HADDON

WITH FIFTY-NINE ILLUSTRATIONS

SECOND IMPRESSION

LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON

NEW YORK, BOMBAY AND CALCUTTA

1912

PREFACE

My idea in writing this book was to gather into
a small volume representative cat's-cradles from
all over the world. In the case of each country
I have given the easiest examples first, so as to
accustom my readers by degrees to the more
difficult movements. The figures are not really
difficult to remember, but at first fairly constant
practice is required to fix them in the memory.

I wish to take this opportunity of expressing
my most grateful thanks to my father. Dr. A. C.
Haddon, for assisting me in collecting and put-
ting together the material, and also for keeping
my interest in the subject alive ever since he re
turned from Torres Straits in 1899.

My thanks are also due to Dr. G. B. Gordon,
of the Philadelphia Free Museum of Science and
Art, for the Eskimo figures ; to Dr. W. A. Cun-
nington for the East African figures ; to Mr. John
Parkinson for those from the West Coast, and to
Mr. A. R Brown of Trinity College, Cambridge,
for figures from the Andaman Islands.

CONTENTS

PAOH

Cat's Cbadles 1

ToBSEs Stbaits 7

\^ I. The Fish-spear 7

II. Throwing the Fish-spear 8

III. The Coco-nut Palm Tree 9

IV. The Tern 10

V. The Bed 11

VI. Little Fishes 12

'"" VII. The King Fish 13

— • VIII. The Canoe with Two Masts 15

.. IX. The Sea-snake 16

X. The Well 17

XI. The Fence Round the Well 19

XII. The Trigger-iash 20

XIII. The Flying Fox 22

XIV. The Fighting Men 22

XV. The Setting Sun 24

XVI. The Crab 26

Afbica 28

XVII. A Locust 28

XVIII. A Temporary Grass Hut 29

XIX. A Fish-trap 30

XX. The Moon 31

The Moon gone Dark .32

XXI. A Parrot Cage 38

XXII. A Bed 34

XXIII. A Calabash Net .36

XXIV. The Face Mark of the Town of Owu .... 87
XXV. A Pit 38

XXVI. The Batoka Gorge of the Zambezi River ... 40

XXVII. Fighting Lions 41

XXVIII. Ambra 43

yU

viii CONTENTS

PAGE

American Indian 45

XXIX. Dressing a Skin 45

XXX. Carrying Wood . .46

XXXI. A Hogan . . . ' 47

XXXII. Two Hogans 48

^XXXIII. Many Stars 50

XXXIV. The Owl 51

XXXV. Lightning 61

Eskimo . 53

^XXVI. The Siberian House 63

■^XXVII. The Wolverine 64

XXXVIII. A Dog on a Leash ....... 58

XXXIX. The Sea-gull 57

XL. The Arms 68

XLI. The Legs 69

XLII. The Kayak 60

XLIII. Two Ptarmigan 62

,XLIV. The Fox and the Whale 64

XLV. A Man Climbing a Tree 69

XLVI. An Imperial Pigeon ....... 70

XLVII. A Parrot 72

XLVIII. The Leashing of Lochiel's Dogs 78

XLIX. The Tallow Dips 74

L. Sawing Wood 78

Tbicks 80

1. The Lizard 80

2. The Mouse 80

3. Will You Have a Yam ? ,82

4. A Fly on the Nose 83

6. A Dravidian Trick . . . . ^ . . . .88

6. A German Trick . , 84

7. An English " Hanging " Trick ...... 85

8. An African '• Hanging " Trick 86

9. An Egyptian Trick 86

10. A Navaho Indian Trick 87

11. A Pawnee Trick 88

12. Threading a Closed Loop 89

BiBLIOaBAPHY 90

Index 93

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Fig. 1. Cat's Cradle (Position I.) 3

2. Cat's Cradle (Opening A) 5

No. 1. The Fish-spear .7

2. Throwing the Fish-spear 8

3. The Coco-nut Palm Tree 9

4. The Tern .10

5. The Bed 11

6. Little Fishes 18

7. The King Fish 14

8. The Canoe with Two Masts 15

9. The Sea-snake ... 17

10. The WeU 18

11. The Fence Round the Well 19

12. The Trigger Fish 21

13. The Flying Fox .22

14. The Fighting Men 23

14a. The Fighting Men 24

16. The Setting Sun 25

16. The Crab 27

17. A Locust 28

18. A Temporary Grass Hut 29

19. A Fish-trap 30

20. The Moon 31

20a. The Moon gone Dark 82

21. A Parrot Cage 84

22. The Bed 85

23. The Calabash Net 37

24. The Face Mark 38

25. A Pit . .89

26. The Batoka Gorge 41

ix

LIST 0^ ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

27. Fighting Lions 42

28. Ambra 44

29. Dressing a Skin 45

30. Carrying Wood 46

31. A Hogan 48

32. Two Hogans 49

33. Many Stars 50

34. The Owl 51

85. Lightning 62

36. The Siberian House 53

37. The Wolverine 55

88. A Dog on a Leaah 56

39. The Sea-gull 57

40. The Arms 59

41. The Legs 60

42. The Kayak 61

43. Two Ptarmigan 63

44a. The Fox and the Whale (Unfinished Figure) ... 67

44. The Fox and the Whale 68

45. A Man Climbing a Tree 70

46. An Imperial Pigeon 71

47. A Parrot 73

48. The Leashing of Lochiel's Dogs 74

49. The Candles 75

49a. The Chair 76

49b. The Scissors 77

49c. The Tipstaff 77

49d. The Handcuffs 77

50. Sawing Wood 78

INTRODUCTION

Nearly everyone is familiar with a game called
" Cat's-eradle," in which a simple closed loop of
string is used, and two players in turn construct a
series of figures ; but the greater number of people
are unaware of the extraordinarily elaborate re-
sults which may be obtained by a single player.
These interesting games are played by natives
almost all over the world, and it is with these
hitherto unregarded forms, rather than with the
better-known variety, that I wish to deal in this
little book.

Till comparatively recent years little or noth-
ing has been known about cat's-cradles, and there
is still plenty to be learnt on the subject. Occa-
sional imperfect lists of the figures made by a
particular people have been published, with here
and there an illustration of the finished figure,
but the first to describe the method of produc-
tion was Dr. Franz Boas (i),^ who published a

' The figures in heavy type refer to the Bibliography at the end
of the book.

xi

xii INTEODUCTION

description of two out of the five Eskimo figures
he illustrates. Mr. Harlan I. Smith (2) also pub-
lished sketches illustrating stages in the making
of two string figures of the Salish Indians of
Thompson River, British Columbia. In order to
study these cat's-cradles comparatively, it was
necessary to devise a nomenclature by which they
might be described, and this was done by Dr.
W. H. R. Rivers and Dr. A. C. Haddon (3) in 1898,
during the Cambridge Anthropological Expedi-
tion to Torres Straits. Ten years previously Dr.
Haddon had visited these parts and had seen
some figures and brought home some finished
patterns ; this time, however, he was enabled to
write down some thirty examples, some of which
I give in this book.

In a trip to Chicago in 1901, Dr. Haddon learnt
half-a-dozen figures from two old Navaho Indian
men (4) ; and in 1904 he succeeded in infecting
Mrs. Jayne of Philadelphia with his enthusiasm
on the subject, with the result that she immedi-
ately visited the St. Louis Exposition in order to
collect cat's-cradles, and in 1906 published a large
and interesting volume {5), sumptuously illus-
trated, containing the descriptions of about one
hundred figures. Her brother. Dr. W. H. Fur-
ness, shortly before had visited the Caroline
Islands and collected fifteen new figures, which
Mrs. Jayne records in this book. I should like

INTEODUCTION xiii

to take this opportunity of paying a tribute to
the memory of this charming and highly gifted
woman, whose untimely death has saddened a
wide circle of friends.

In 1905 Dr. G. B. Gordon, in an expedition to
Alaska, collected nearly twenty figures (6), the
illustrations of which are given in Mrs. Jayne's
book. Amongst these Eskimo figures are some
of the prettiest as well as the most complicated
examples yet described, chief of which there
stands out the " Fox and Whale ". Added to the
great length of this cat's-cradle is the difficulty in
manipulation, and anyone successfully complet-
ing the figure from a description may be regarded
as an adept in this new pastime.

For a long time no cat's-cradles were known
from Africa except the ** Pigmy Diamonds," col-
lected by Mrs. Jayne at St. Louis. The first to
record them was Dr. W. A. Cunnington {7), who
in 1904 collected some fifteen figures in Central
Africa, chiefly in the neighbourhood of Lake
Tanganyika. In 1906 Dr. Haddon (8) took ad-
vantage of the visit to South Africa of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science to
collect some cat's-cradles from that part. About
the same time Mr. John Parkinson (9) published
an account of sixteen figures from the West
Coast ; and this represents the sum of our present
knowledge of cat's-cradles from that continent.

xiv INTEODUCTION

An interesting field of research was opened to
Mr. A. K Brown when in 1907 he visited the
primitive inhabitants of the Andaman Islands.
The Andamanese are well acquainted with cat's-
cradles, and perform several peculiar and unique
movements, but on the whole, in spite of the
complicated manipulation, the finished figures are
unsatisfactory and crude. Dr. W. E. Roth has
figured intricate figures from North Queensland
(ii) and British Guiana,^ but, as he does not de-
scribe the manipulation, they are of little value.

So far I have said nothing of British cat's-
cradles ; apart from the one requiring two players.
There is a curious one illustrating the fate of a
man who stole a pound of candles. Strangely
enough there has been found in Scotland a figure
which has a world-wide distribution, occurring
besides in North Queensland, East Africa, North
America, and Alaska, and having a different mode
of formation in nearly every place. The Scotch
version of this figure is called ** The Leashing of
Lochiel's Dogs," while in North America it is
known as "Crow's Feet".

It is not surprising that some of the simpler
forms, such as the " Fish-spear " and " Shooting
the Fish-spear," should have a very wide distribu-
tion, as, given a simple loop of string, they would

^ ** Cratch Cradle in British Guiana/' Revue des Hudes
ethnographiques et sociologiqueSy Avril-Mai, 1908, p. 1.

R

INTEODUCTION xv

probably soon present themselves to the mind
of the ingenious savage. More difficult it is to
account for the occurrence of a comparatively com-
plicated figure, such as the '' Moon " in the Anda-
man Islands, North Queensland, Torres Straits,
and in Central Africa, and of the " Calabash
Net '' in Central and West Africa and in North
America.

The real cat's-cradle occurs in China, Japan,
Korea, Borneo, the Philippines, and Europe, into
which last it was probably introduced with the
tea trade. A modification of this, called " Sawing
Wood," occurs in Scotland, and the same figure is
produced by a slightly different method in India
and North America. This figure and two small
tricks are all that have yet been collected from
India, although one would imagine that great
country to be fruitful in this respect.

The ethnological value of these figures has not
yet been worked out. Indeed, it is difficult to
do so at present owing to insufficient data. Two
interesting facts connected with them are the
occurrence of an accompaniment of chants or
words in Torres Straits, and their frequent repre-
sentation of persons or objects connected with
religion or mythology in Oceania. Moreover,
according to Captain G. Comer (lo) in Iglulik:
" While the sun is going south in the fall the game
of cat's-cradle is played, to catch the sun in the

xvi INTEODUCTION

meshes of the string, and to prevent his disappear-
ance ". Also, on the west coast of Hudson Bay :
*' Boys must not play cat*s-cradles, because in later
life their fingers might become entangled in the
harpoon-line. They are allowed to play this game
when they become adults. Two cases were told
of hunters who lost their fingers in which the
cause was believed to be their having played cat's-
cradle when young. Such youths are thought
to be particularly liable to lose their fingers in
hunting ground seal." This Eskimo evidence
suggests a magical influence.

Apart from the ethnological interest in collect-
ing cat's-cradles, they form a most delightful pas-
time. At first sight they may not appear to be
particularly alluring, but in practice I have found
very few people able to withstand their charm.
Old and young alike succumb to the fascination
of this simple game, which affords an excellent
means of whiling away the long hours spent on a
tedious railway journey or on a convalescent bed.
It is, moreover, an excellent method of becoming
friendly with natives, for who could suspect of
guile a man who sits among the children playing
with a piece of string ?

KATHLEEN HADDON.

Inisfail, Cambridge.

1l

CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS.

[The nomenclature I have adopted is the one in-
vented by Drs. Kivers and Haddon (3).]
I h A string passed over a digit is termed a loop. A
loop consists of two strings. Anatomically, anything on
the thumb side of the hand is called "radial," and
anything on the little finger side is called " ulnar," each
loop, therefore, is composed of a radial and ulnar
string. By employing the terms thumb, index, middle
finger, ring finger, little finger, and right and left, it is
possible to designate any one of the twenty strings
that may extend between the two hands.

A string lying across the front of the hand is a
palmar string, and one lying across the back of the hand
is a dorsal string.

Sometimes there are two loops on a digit, one of which
is nearer the finger-tip than the other. Anatomically,
that which is nearer to the point of attachment is
"proximal," that which is nearer the free end is
" distal ". Thus, of tw© loops on a digit, the one which
is nearer the hand is the proximal loop, that which is
nearer the tip of the digit is the distal loop ; similarly,
we can speak of a proximal string and a distal string.

In all cases various parts of the string figures are
transferred from one digit or set of digits to another
or others. This is (io^e by inserting a digit (or digits)

1

2 CAT'S CKADLES Fl^OM MANY LANDS

into certain loops of the figure and then restoring the
digit (or digits) back to the original position, so as to
bring with it (or them) one string or both strings of the
loop. In rare cases a string is taken up between thumb
and index. A digit may be inserted into a loop from
the proximal or distal side, and in passing to a given
loop the digit may pass to the distal or proximal side of
other loops. These expressions are used as a general
rule instead of " over and under," " above and below,"
because the applicability of the latter terms depends on
the way in which the figures are held. If the figures
are held horizontally, *' over and above " will correspond
as a general rule to the distal side, while '' under and
below " will correspond to the proximal side. In some
cases when there is no possibility of confusion, the
simpler terminology is used.

A given string may be taken up by a digit so that it
lies on the front or palmar aspect of the finger, or so
that it lies on the back or dorsal aspect. In nearly all
cases it will be found that when a string is taken up
by inserting the digit into the distal side of a loop, the
string will have been taken up by the palmar aspect of
the digit, and that the insertion into the proximal side
of the loop involves taking up the string by the dorsal
aspect of the digit.

Other operations involved are those of transferring
strings from one digit to another and dropping the string
from a given digit or digits.

The manipulation consists of a series of movements,
after each of which the figure should be extended by
drawing the hands apart and separating the digits. In

CAT'S CRADLES FROM MANY LANDS 3

some cases in which this would interfere with the for-
mation of the figure, a special instruction will be given
that the figure is not to be extended. Usually it is
advisable to retain the loops as near the tips of the
digits as possible, and to keep the strings as loose as
you can until the completion of the figure.

There are certain opening positions and movements
which are common to many figures. To save trouble
these may receive conventional names ; the use of these
vnll soon be apparent.

Position I. — This name may be applied to the
position in which the string is placed on the hands when
beginning the great majority of the figures.

Place the string over the thumbs and little fingers
of both hands so that on each hand the string passes
round the back of the little finger, then between the
little and ring fingers and across the palm ; then between
the index and thumb and round the back of the thumb
to the radial side of the hand. When the hands are
drawn apart the result is a single radial thumb string
and a single ulnar little finger string on each hand, with
a string lying across the palm.

Fig.

1 ^-Position 1.
1*

4 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

This position differs from the opening position of the
Enghsh cat's-cradle in which the string is wound round
the hand so that one string lies across the palm and
two across the back of the hand, with a single radial
index string and a single ulnar little finger string.

Opening A. — This name may be applied to the
manipulation which forms the most frequent starting-
point of the various figures. Place string on hands in
Position I. With the back of the index of the right
hand take up from the proximal side (or from below)
the left palmar string and return. There will now be
a loop on the right index, formed by strings passing
from the radial side of the little finger and the ulnar
side of thumb of the left hand, i.e. the radial little
finger strings and the ulnar thumb strings respectively.

With the back of the index of left hand take up
from the proximal side (or from below) the right palmar
string and return, keeping the index with the right
index loop all the time so that the strings now joining
the loop on the left index lie within the right index
loop.

The figure now consists of six loops, on the thumb,
index, and little finger of each hand. The radial little
finger string of each hand crosses in the centre of the
figure to form the ulnar index string of the other hand,
and similarly the ulnar thumb string of one hand
crosses and becomes the radial index string of the other
hand.

The places where the strings cross in the centre of
the figure may be termed the crosses of Opening A.

There is another term that I wish to introduce in

CAT'S CEADLES FBOM MANY LANDS 5

Fia. 2. — Opening A.

this book. When there are two loops on a digit, a
distal one and a proximal one, you are often required
to lift the proximal loop over the distal one, and over
the tip of the digit on to its palmar aspect. This
movement I refer to as " Navahoing " on account of
its frequent occurrence among the string figures of the
Navaho Indians of New Mexico, U.S.A.

You are sometimes required to twist a loop ; this
may be done " clockwise," that is, in the direction in
which the hands of a clock travel, or in the opposite
way which is termed " counter-clockwise ".

In some finished figures if the strings are pulled
apart carelessly a hopless tangle is the result. To avoid
this take the top and bottom straight strings of the
figure and pull them apart, and the string will usually
resolve itself into a simple loop.

The string selected should be smooth and pliable,
and one which is not liable to kink. Macrami thread
or a fine woven cord, like blind cord, will be found to be
very suitable. A length of about 6 ft. 6 in. (2 metres) is
usually the most convenient. The ends should be tied in
a reef knot or sewn together with cotton, or, best of all,
spliced.

6 CAT'S CBADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

All the illustrations are original, with the exception
of the Eskimo figures (Nos. 36-43), which are repro-
duced by the courtesy of Dr. G. B. Gordon of Phila-
delphia from his paper on the Western Eskimo. The
numbers which are given on some of the drawings refer
to the corrissponding digits which occupy that position.

TOBRES STRAITS.^

I. The Fish-spear = Baur'^ (3) (Murray Island).

This figure is identical with " Pitching a Tent,"
collected from the Salish Indians of British Columbia by-
Mr. Harlan I. Smith (2) ; with the " Sea-egg {Echinus) ^
Spear" from the Clayoquaht Indians of Vancouver
Island, collected by Dr. Haddon ; and there is in the
Philadelphia Museum a specimen of this figure attached
to cardboard, which was made by a Zuni Indian from
New Mexico.

Position I.

Take up with the right index the transverse string
on the left palm from its proximal side, give it one
twist and return. Pass the left index through the right
index loop from the distal side, and take up the trans-
verse string of the right hand from the proximal side
and return through the loop.

Drop the thumb and little finger loops of the right
hand and draw the hands apart.

1. — The Fish-spear.

^ All the Torres Straits figures were collected \>y Dr. Haddon,
and will be found in Vol. IV of the Reports of the Expedition.
(3) refers to the Bibliography at the end.

^ In all native words the vowels have tJie continental value.

^ All names in italics, within brackets, refer to the scientific
name of the genus.

7

8 CAT'S CEADLES FKOM MANY LANDS

II. Thbowing the Fish-speae.

This is precisely the same figure as one from South
Africa known as Makora " Canoe," collected by Dr-
Haddon, only it has not the last stage by which the
figure is made to move. A similar figure is illustrated
by Dr. W. E. Eoth from North Queensland, (ii.)

Opening A. (Left palmar string must be taken
up first.)

Transfer right index loop to left index, and the
original left index loop to the right index, passing it
over the one just transferred.

Eelease right index finger and the spear flies to the
left ; by bringing the right thumb and little finger close
together the handle of the spear appears.

Pick up on right index the string just dropped, and
release left index; the spear then flies to the right.'

No. 2. — Throwing the Fish-spear.

TOEEES STEAITS

9

I

III. The Coco-nut Palm Tree = U (Murray Island) .

Opening A.

Pass fingers from the distal side into thumb loops
and close hands.

Put toe^ from the distal side into thumb loops,
drawing radial thumb string over all other strings, and
holding it down.

Exchange loops on little fingers, the right passing
over the left.

Eepeat with index fingers.

Draw tight and work the strings up to form the
crown at the head of the tree.

No. 8.— The Coco-nut Palm Tree,

* The native method of manipulation is given in each case, but
although afoot may frequently be used, it is often more satisfactory
to get the help of another person, or hook the string on some
object.

10 CAT'B CBADLES FKOM MANY LANDS

IV. The Teen = Sirar (Sterna) (Murray Island) .

Opening A.

Hold ulnar side of little finger loop with toe.

With little fingers take up ulnar strings of index
loops from the proximal side, returning proximal to the
ulnar strings of the little finger loop.

Hold radial thumb string with the mouth.

With thumbs take up from the proximal side the
radial strings of the index loops and return proximal to
the radial strings of the thumb loop.

Release indices and mouth.

Move the hands inward and outward, and the strings
will imitate the movements of the tern's wings.

No. 4.— The Tern.

TOEEES STEAITS

11

V. The Bed = Lt Sik (Murray Island).

Opening A.

Put thumbs proximal to index loops and into little
finger loops from the proximal side ; take up on the backs
of thumbs the radial strings and return under index
loops.

Pass little fingers through the index loops from the
distal side and into the thumb loops from the proximal
side ; with backs of little fingers pick up ulnar thumb
string and return through index loops.

Eelease indices.

Sing :—

Le sik, Le sik, sik erapei, le sikge,

Man bed, Man bed, bed breaks, man on a bed,
le sikge, uteidi, uteidi, sik erapei.

man on a bed, asleep lies, lies asleep, bed breaks.

At the word " erapei " release little fingers and the
figure disappears.

No. 6.— The Bed.

12 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

VI. Little Fishes = Tup (3) (Murray Island).

Hold part of the string between the thumbs and
indices, the hands being about six inches apart ; make a
small loop by bringing the right hand towards you and
to the left. Hold the loop between the thumbs and
indices so that both the loops hang down, and pass
both indices towards you through both loops. Draw
the hands apart and turn indices up.

There should now be two loops on each index, with
the two radial strings running straight across, while the
two ulnar strings cross.

Pass thumbs into the proximal index loop from the
distal side, and with backs of thumbs pick up the proxi-
mal ulnar index strings.

Pass thumbs into the distal index loop from the
distal side, and with backs of thumbs pick up the distal
ulnar index string.

Pass little fingers distal to the distal radial index
string and proximal to the proximal radial index string ;
with backs of little fingers take up this string and
return.

Each little finger is now in a triangle. Pass the
index fingers from the distaLside into this triangle, and
by turning them up towards you, pick up on their tips
the slanting string, i.e. the distal radial index string.

Kelease thumbs and extend, by turning the palms
away from you.

TOBKES STEAITS 13

Sing :—

Tnjp igoli wmi Waierge^ Waier kesge.

Tup swim round to Waier Waier in the channel.

Waierge Waier kesge.

to Waier Waier in the channel.

No. 6.— Little Fishes.

VII. The King Fish = Geigi(s) (Cyhium commersoni)
(Murray Island) ; [Dugong = Dangal (Mabuiag)].

Opening A.

Eelease right index and draw out ; bend left index
into its own loop, thus holding down to palm the string
running from left thumb to little finger.

Eelease left thumb and little finger and draw
tight.

Put string over left hand as in Position I.

Pass left index over the transverse string of the
right hand, and return, twisting the index towards you
and up.

Pass right index into right thumb loop from the
distal side, and turning the finger up away from you,
pick up the ulnar thumb string.

14 CAT'S CKADLES FKOM MANY LANDS

Pass right index into right little finger loop from
above, and by bending it towards you and up, pick up
the radial little finger string, allowing the string just
picked up from the thumb to slip off.

Pass right little finger towards you into the triangle
just formed, and hook down against the palm the ulnar
thumb string, allowing the original little finger loop to
slip off.

Similarly, with the left little finger hook down the
left ulnar index string. Kelease thumbs and extend.

Another person puts a hand into the central diamond.
If the manipulator leaves go with the left hand and
pulls with the right, the fish will be caught ; but if he
leaves go with the right hand and pulls with the left,
the fish will escape.

No. 7.— The King Fish.

TOKBES STEAITS

15

I

VIII. The Canoe with Two Masts = Nar (Murray
Island) .

Opening A.

Another person must pass his hand distal to the
ulnar string, and proximal to the ulnar pair of crossed
strings, and take up from above the radial pair of,
crossed strings at their point of junction, and draw
them well out. (The natives perform this action with
their right big toe ; the loop is therefore called the " toe
loop ".)

Bend down the right middle finger through the loop
on the right index, and take up the ulnar thumb string
on its dorsal surface and return.

•' Repeat with left middle finger.

Release thumb, index, and little finger of each
hand.

Draw out large the loop remaining on the middle
fingers and with this go through Opening A.

Pass middle fingers distal to the little finger loops
and into the toe loops from the proximal side. Then
pass them distal to all the transverse strings except the
radial thumb string ; take up this string on their dorsal
aspect, releasing thumbs, and return through toe loops.
1^^ Release toe loops and indices and draw tight.

No. 8.— The Canoe with Two Masts.

16 CAT'S CEADLES FKOM MANY LANDS

IX. The Sea-snake « Pagi (3) (Murray Island).

Opening A.

Pass the right hand round the left hand so that all
the strings cross the back of the left hand from the
ulnar to the radial side.

Pass the left hand and its strings from the distal
side into the right index loop and bring it out proximal
to the ulnar index string. Eelease right index.

Unwind the left hand, bringing the right hand back
to its usual position. Eelease left index.

There is now a single transverse string on the right
palm, and a single transverse string on the back of the
left hand.

With left index take up from the proximal side the
transverse string on the right palm.

Transfer the string from the back of the left hand
to its palm and draw tight.

Eelease left thumb, transfer the left index loop to
the left thumb.

Put each index into its little finger loop from the
distal side and take up the ulnar string with the back
of the index.

Hold the hands pointing away from the body with
the index fingers uppermost. Withdraw left thumb,
and with it gently press down the radial little finger
string until the " snake " appears. Gently draw out
the right hand and the snake will swim.

TOBBES STEAITS 17

It is interesting to 'note that instead of the pointed
tail characteristic of land-snakes, Pagi has the broad
flat tail peculiar to sea-snakes.

No. 9.— The Sea-snake.

The Well = Tim (3) (Lifu, Loyalty Islands).

This figure is the same as one from Murray Island,
called the "Nest of the Ti Bird" =« Ti meta and one
from Mabuiag known as the " Canoe " = Gul, except
that in neither of these is the final movement repre-
senting the dry well, shown.

'^f Opening A.

Insert each index into the little finger loop from the
distal side ; bend it towards you and pass it to the proximal
side of the radial little finger string, and bring it back
to its original position by passing it between the ulnar
thumb string and the radial index string. Eelease
little fingers.

There are now two loops on each index and a large
loop passing round both .thumbs. Insert the little
fingers from the distal side into the index loops and
pull down the two ulnar index strings.

[End of Ti meta opening.]
2

18 CAT'S CBADLES FBOM MANY LANDS

Let go both thumbs gently and insert them into the
same loop in the opposite direction to which they had
been previously (i.e. change the direction of the thumbs
in their loops).

With the dorsal aspect of the thumbs take up from
the palmar side the strings passing obliquely from the
radial side of the index fingers to the ulnar little finger
strings, and extend. The inverted pyramid in the
centre represents the well.

By slacking the little finger strings and pulling tight
the thumb and index strings the apex of the pyramid is
brought to a level with its base. The original condition
is spoken of as the well being full of water, in the latter
the well is said to be dry.

No. 10.— The WelL

TOEKES STBAITS

19

XI. The Fence Eound the Well = Sihnag (3)
(Lifu, Loyalty Islands).

Make the *' Well ".

With the dorsal aspect of the thumbs take up the
two radial index strings and bring them through the
thumb loops.

Eelease little fingers and draw tight.

Eelease the index fingers gently, insert the little
fingers into the thumb loops and extend.

No. 11.— The Fence Eound the WeU.

20 CAT'S CEADLES FKOM MANY LANDS

XII. The Teigger-fish = Nageg (Murray Island) .

{Ti meta opening) .

Drop right thumb loop without pulling tight, and
pass right thumb into the upper central triangle, and
press the two strings of the loop just dropped by the
thumb towards the right.

Take up with the thumb, from the proximal side,
the oblique radial index string and return, letting
the two original loops slide off the thumb.

Take right thumb out of its loop and insert again in
the opposite direction.

With dorsal aspect of thumb take up the two ulnar
index strings and bring them through the thumb loop.

Take out the right little finger from its loop and
place it in the right thumb loop from the proximal side,
withdrawing thumb.

Take up with the right thumb from below, and close
to the index, the radial index string that passes across
to the radial side of the left index. Withdraw index
from both loops. (End of Nageg opening.)

The loop released by the index will form part of the
head of Nageg, and the short loop above it is the dorsal
spine.

Drop left thumb string without drawing tight.

A big loop is now left which will form the tail of Nageg.

Press down with the left thumb, from above, the
oblique string from the radial side of the left index till
it is below the two straight strings connecting the figure.

TOEEES STEAITS

21

Eelease thumb, and pass it above the straight strings
and take up from the far side of the two strings, and
from below, the string just pressed down, and extend,
keeping the left thumb string in the middle line of the
figure.

This string represents the row of spines on Nageg'a
tail.

Sing :—
Nageg upi seker dike, abele lar upige
Nageg tail comb ^ it is here that fish on the tail

Iaeker dike

comb it is there

_ No. 12.— -The Trigger Fish.

» i This has reference to the series of small spines at the base of
the tail of the Nageg fish, i.e. ** Trigger-fish " or "Leather Jacket"
lonacanthus) ; in the folk-tale Nageg is the mother of Gtigi,

22 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

XIIL The Flying Fox = Saper (Pteropus) (Murray
Island).

Kepeat the previous figure '' Nageg" to the end
of the '' Nageg opening," only using both hands all
through ; the figure is then symmetrical.

Extend by passing each index into its thumb loop
from the distal side, and picking up on its tip the radial
string. Kelease thumbs.

No. 13.— Tbe Flying Fox.

XIV. The Fighting Men = Area (3) (Murray Island).

Opening A.

Pass little fingers distal to index loop and insert
them into the thumb loops from the distal side. With
backs of little fingers take up the radial thumb string
and return. Kelease thumbs.

Pass thumbs proximal to the index loops and into the
little finger loops from the proximal side. With backs

TOEEES STEAITS 23

of thumbs take up the two radial little finger strings and
return proximal to index loop. Eelease little fingers.
By this movement the little finger loops have been
transferred to the thumbs.

Pass little fingers distal to the index loops and into
the thumb loops from the proximal side. With backs
of little fingers take up the two ulnar thumb strings and
return. (End of " Lem opening ".)

There is now a triangle in the centre of the figure ;
into this insert the indices from the proximal side, and
with the back of each index take up its respective side
(the radial thumb strings).
; Navaho the proximal index string.

Eelease thumbs, twist the index loops three times
and release indices.

Insert the four fingers into the little finger loops
and draw slowly apart. After the two " men " meet in
the centre only the left string should be pulled, until
this becomes free ; the remaining man may then be
pulled to the right.

24 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

No. 14a.— The Fighting Men.

This figure represents a Murray Island man and
a Dauar man who meet and begin to fight, and they
"fight, fight, fight" until the Murray Island man kills
the Dauar man (when the left loop falls) , and being a
head hunter, he cuts off his enemy's head and runs
home with it (the hindermost loop representing the
head).

XV. The Setting Sun « Lem haraigida (3) (Murray

Island).

In Mabuiag this figure is called Dbgai, " a Star ".

" Lem opening."

Transfer loop of left index to right index and loop
of right index to left index, passing it over the loop just
transferred.

Pass middle fingers from the distal side through
the index loop and take up from the proximal side the
two ulnar thumb strings and return through index loops

Tielease thumbs and indices,

TOEKES STEAITS

25

Pass the thumbs from the proximal side into the
middle finger loops and withdraw middle fingers, thus
transferring the middle finger loops to the thumbs.

Extend the figure with the thumbs towards you;
there will then be a St. Andrew's cross in the centre
of the figure. Insert the index fingers from the distal
side into the lateral spaces of the cross, and into the
inverted triangle (the one farthest from you) from the
proximal side. With backs of indices take up the re-
spective arms of the cross and return.

Pass middle fingers through the index loops from
the distal side and take up from the proximal side the
two ulnar thumb strings and return through the index
loops.

Kelease thumbs and indices, and with the thumbs
manipulate the figure so as to make an approximate
semicircle with four diverging loops (" rays ").

Drop middle fingers and draw out gently and the
sun will set.

No. 16.— The Setting Sun,

26 CAT'S CEADLES FKOM MANY LANDS

XVI. The Cbab = Kokowa (3) (Saguane, Kiwai Island).

This figure was collected by Mr. S. H. Eay.

Make the ''Well" (p. 17).

Put the little fingers from the proximal side into the
thumb loops. Kelease thumbs.

Pass thumbs away from you through little finger
loops and to the palmar side of the double strings,
running from index to little finger. With backs of
thumbs take up these strings, returning through little
finger loops. Kelease little fingers.

Pass little fingers from the proximal side into the
thumb loops, and release thumbs.

A straight string passes from index to index. Take
up this string from the proximal side, close to the index,
with the thumbs. Eelease indices.

Put indices into thumb loops towards you and with-
draw thumbs.

A loop passes from the centre of each palmar string
to the outer angle of the centre lozenges ; take up with
the thumbs from the proximal side the string of this
loop that lies nearest to you.

Bring thumbs together, tip to tip, and exchange
the loops, the left passing under the right.

Pass the middle fingers distal to the index loops and
take up the ulnar thumb string from the proximal side.

Eelease thumbs and pass them into the middle
finger loop from the distal side and take up the ulnar
middle finger string from the proximal side. Eelease
middle fingers.

By these two movements the thumb loops are
taken off the thumbs, twisted once, and replaced.

TOEKES STEAITS 27

With the thumbs take up from the proximal side
the radial index strings, and return through the thumb
loops, allowing original thumb loops to shp off. Eelease
indices.

Pass indices from the proximal side into the thumb
loops and withdraw thumbs.

One of the two radial little finger strings of each
hand goes across the figure and crosses the corresponding
string from the other little finger in the middle within
a central triangle. (If not apparent this triangle will
become so by a slight manipulation.)

■ Take up these strings from the proximal side at the
point at which they cross the triangle with both thumbs,
so that there is a double string running from thumb
to thumb.

H With the thumbs, from the proximal side, take up

^the radial index strings and return through the thumb
loops, allowing original thumb loops to slip off.

H Eelease indices and extend.

This figure represents a Land Crab with its nippers
held up.

No. 16,-The Cwb,>

28 CAT'S CEADLES FKOM MANY LANDS

AFEICA.

This first figure, and all the others from Central
Africa, were collected by Dr. W. A. Cunnington (7),
and the Yoruba figures by Mr. John Parkinson (9),

XVII. A Locust = Nzige (Uganda).

Place the string on the thumb of the left hand and
the index finger of the right. By partially rotating the
left hand counter-clockwise and passing the left index
under the two strings and up again, take up the two
strings on its dorsal aspect and return.

Pass the right thumb under the two strings and
bring it up again so that the strings rest on its dorsal
surface.

Bring the hands together, palms downward, and pass
the right thumb away from you into the space between
the left thumb and index, and hook down the strings
crossing the space.

In a similar manner pass the left index away from
you into the space between the right thumb and index,
and hook down the strings crossing the space.

With the fingers pointing downwards separate the
hands and extend, pulling tight. Wriggle 'the hands, if
necessary, until the knot is in the centre.

1^0, 17.— A Locust,

AFKICA

29

XVIII. A Temporary Grass Hut = Nsakwe
(Central Africa).

Place string on left hand as in Position 7, and draw
out the dorsal thumb string into a short loop, hanging
over the back of the hand and coming some inches
below it. With the right hand, bring the short loop
through the long one and place it over the left index
finger, drawing tight.

I B A string runs across the palm from the radial side
of the little finger to the radial side of the index finger.
Take this as close as possible to the little finger and
' loop it over the thumb.

I Uk Bring the string on the back of the hand, which
runs across the knuckles, over on to the palmar aspect,
and draw up and away from the left hand with the
right. (If the figure does not extend easily it may be
made to do so by " sawing " the left hand.)

No. 18.— A Temporary Grags Hut.

30 CAT'S CBADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

XIX. A FiSH-TEAP = Kanyandi (South Africa).

Dr. Haddon learned this figure from a Mu-Toka
boy. It represents a kind of open screen made of
reeds fastened by bark lashing; this is placed across
the mouth of streams and the people frighten the fish
into these traps, the fish being entangled by their gills.

Opening A with middle fingers.

Eelease little fingers.

Pass little fingers distal to middle finger loops and
take up the ulnar thumb strings.

Take off the right middle finger loop and pass it right
round and beneath the palmar string within its own
loop, and keep hold of this loop and of the centre of the
palmar string.

Eelease thumb and little finger. Still holding the
two loops place the outer one (the original middle
finger loop) over the index and remaining fingers of
the right hand, and the inner one (the original palmar
string) over the right index.

Do the same with the left hand.

Extend the figure by passing the middle fingers
distal to the ulnar index string and taking up the radial
index string with the backs of the middle fingers, and
turn the palms away from you.

No. 19.— A Fish-trap.

AFEICA 31

XX. The Moon = Mwezi (Central Africa).

Dr. Haddon transferred to a card a completed figure,
called Gud, *' Mouth," identical with this, which he
obtained in Torres Straits in 1888; it is now in the
British Museum, and is figured in J. Edge Partington
and C. Heape's Album, I, 1890, PI. 341, No, 1. A
similar figure is given by Eoth (ii) from North
Queensland, where it is called the "Sun Clouded
Over".

Mr. A. E. Brown found that the Andaman Islanders
make the same final pattern, but arrive at it by different
movements. It also forms a stage in the " Stone
Money," collected by Dr. W. H. Fumess in the Caroline
Islands (5, p. 161).

The continuation which forms "The Moon Gone

I Dark" does not seem to occur elsewhere.
Opening A.
Take the ulnar little finger string in the mouth, and
bring it over the other loops, at the same time releasing
little fingers but not pulling tight.

Transfer the thumb loops to the little fingers, and
IBinsert the indices into the mouth loop from the proxi-
mal side.

■ Extend, at the same time letting go with the
mouth.
Navaho indices and draw out gently.

No. 20.'-The Moon.

32 CAT'S CBADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

The Moon gone Daek = Mwakatanga.

Make the " Moon " and lay it down before you.

Place from above the left thumb and index in the
original index finger loops, outside, but close to the spot
where they are crossed by the diagonal strings.

Proceed similarly with the thumb and index of Wt ' •«
hand, inserting them into the former little finger
loops.

Passing thumbs and indices downwards bring them
up again through the space in the centre of the figure and
extend. Now pass thumbs and indices downwards once
more through the centre of the figure, and extend.

No. 20a. — The Moon gone Dark.

AFKICA 33

XXL A Pabeot Cage = Be unde (Yoruba, West
Africa) .

Opening A.

On both hands transfer little finger loops to ring
fingers.

On both hands transfer index finger loops to middle
fingers.

On both hands transfer thumb loops to index
fingers.

Tmning the left hand back upwards, pull the dorsal
string of the ring finger loop, twisting it wristwards,
over the dorsal string of the middle finger loop, and
pull the latter through the ring finger loop (dorsal loop)
so formed.

Eepeat with index finger ; pull dorsal string of the
index fingei: through and loop it over the thumb. Re-
t)eat with left; hand.
■P With palms facing each other, take each finger
string in succession, beginning from the radial side, pass-
ing it over to the back of the thumb, and Navahoing.
(In both hands, in the case of the middle and ring
fingers, take the ulnar proximal index string first, not
the string that runs straight across.) Do this with
both hands.

Transfer thumb loops to little fingers and extend.

The two pairs of string in the centre should cross, the
two outside ones lie parallel.

To unravel this figure, release little fingers and
draw tight.

3

34 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

No. 21.— A Parrot Cage.

This figure has also been described by Dr. H. Kraus
from German East Africa (13, No. 8).

XXII. A Bed = Kitala (Central Africa).

If made very broad, this figure may also be known
8>8 Sumbo, "A Fishing-net". It is identical with one
described by Mr. Parkinson from Yoruba, where it is
called " The White Man's Camp Bed " = ehusoh, and
is said to be a recent invention, being first made when
the road to Ayo was opened up.

Make a double ring of the string and put it round
the neck, holding it stretched by means of the left
thumb, on which the two strings are to be separated,
one being more distal than the other by about an inch.
The thumb should point upwards.

r

( Kotat

AFKICA

35

Kotate the left hand clockwise through ISC'* so that
the thumb points downwards.

Pass the right hand over and to the left of the proxi-
mal loop, and with the fingers pointing downwards take
the distal loop off the thumb.

Eotate both hands back to their original position,
and place the loop held in the right hand on to the
left little finger.
I Ik Pass the finger and thumb of right hand through
the little finger loop from the distal side, and take hold
of the ulnar thumb string, at the same time releasing
little finger, and draw it out.

No. 22.— The Bed.
3*

36 CAT'S CKADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

XXIII. A Calabash Net =» Anwofl (Yoruba, West
Africa).

This figure has a very wide distribution. It is de-
scribed by Dr. Cunnington from Central Africaas Sumho,
"A Fishing-net," in which the same result is reached in
a different way, and he also found it in the Shir6 High-
lands. Mrs. Jayne was taught it by an Osage Indian
from Oklahoma, and there are two finished patterns
in the Philadelphia Museum, collected from the
Hawaiian Islands.

Opening A.

Eelease thumbs. Pass thumbs proximal to index and
little finger loops, and with backs of thumbs take up
ulnar little finger strings and return. Kelease little
fingers.

Insert thumbs from the distal side into the index
loops and take up ulnar index strings with their backs.

Pass little fingers distal to the radial index string
and proximal to the ulnar thumb string; with backs
of little fingers take up this string and return. Eelease
thumbs.

(There should now be one index and one little
finger loop on either hand, the strings crossing and
twisting together in the middle.)

Pass thumbs distal to index loops and take up the
radial little finger strings from the proximal side.

Take the radial index string and place it over the
thumb ; do this with both hands.
. Navaho thumbs.

AFEICA 37

Pass each index from the distal side into the triangles
on the palmar surface of its thumb. Kelease little
fingers, and extend by straightening the index fingers
away from you.

Nc. 23.— The Calabash Net.

XXIV. The Face Mark of the Town op Owu =»
Ke ke o*lowu (Yoruba, West Africa).

In this the finished figure is almost exactly the
same as one called " Ten Men " from the Caroline
Islands, described by Mrs. Jayne (5, p. 150), and also re-
sembles one figured by Eoth from Australia, called a
'* Turtle" (II, PI. VI, 7), and one collected by Mr.
A. B. Brown from the Andaman Islands.

Opening A.

Eemove index finger loops and pass them over the
backs of their respective hands forming dorsal wrist
strings.

Take left radial little finger and ulnar thumb strings
between right thumb and index, and withdraw left
thumb and index. Twist left hand once away from you
and replace loops, but on middle and index fingers.

38 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

Eepeat with right hand, which must also be twisted
away from you.

Take the dorsal wrist string, pull it over the hand
and hang it over the index and middle fingers of the
same hand.

Pass thumbs proximal to index loops, and into
middle finger loops from proximal side and with their
backs take up the ulnar index and radial middle finger
strings.

Hook the little fingers round the ulnar middle
finger strings and with backs of middle fingers take up
the two radial index strings.

Eelease thumbs and extend the figure, the index and
middle fingers pointing away from you.

This figure represents a complicated face scarification.

All Yorubas have these, such marks being distinctive
of the town and of the quarter of the town.

No. 24.— The Face Mark.

XXV. A Pit = Shimo (Central Africa).

Place the string as a simple loop round both wrists.
Insert thumbs into this loop from the proximal side,
taking up on their palmar aspect the radial string.

AFEICA

39

The strings now passing across the palmar surface
of the thumbs are to be taken together and held on the
toes, or by another person. Allow the original loops to
slip over the hands.

Insert the little fingers from the proximal side into
the thumb loops and with their backs take up from the
distal side the strings that enclose these loops distally,
and extend.

Place the thumb loops on the middle fingers, pass
thumbs distal to the middle fingers, and with backs of
thumbs take up the radial httle finger strings from the
proximal side.

Eemove the loops from the middle fingers and place
them over all the five digits, keeping them near the
tips of the digits.

Pass the proximal radial thimib strings over the

■ thumbs on to the palmar aspect and place as loops on

middle fingers (so that the radial thumb string becomes

the ulnar middle finger string). Bring the strings

across the backs of the hands over on to the palms.

Eelease little fingers and extend, at the same time
releasing the far strings which have been held during
all these later movements.

No. 26.— A Pit.

40 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

XXVI. The Batoka Gorge of the Zambezi Eiver
= Ma-rose.

This figure, which is one of the few geographical
ones known, represents the zigzag gorge of the Zambezi
Eiver below the Victoria Falls. It was learnt by Dr.
Haddon on the spot.

Suspend the string on the right wrist so that two
equal loops depend from its radial and ulnar sides.

Pass the left hand through both loops and bring the
hands into their usual position.

Pick up on the radial side of little fingers the two
strings which cross each other in the centre of the
figure.

Draw the hands apart with palms uppermost, then
half-turn the hands so that the thumbs are upper-
most.

With a swinging movement throw the radial wrist
string away from you over both hands, and draw the
hands apart.

With the back of each thumb pick up the corre-
sponding oblique radial little finger string.

Pass the ulnar wrist string to the radial side of wrists.
This is accomplished by closing together the thumb
and fingers of each hand and by passing the tips of the
digits distal to the two ulnar little finger strings, andv
then by bringing them towards you distal to the ulnar,
wrist string ; allow that string to slip over the hands.

AFBICA

41

Extend the figure by separating the thumbs and little
fingers.

No. 26.— The Batoka Gorge.

XXVII. Fighting Lions (Portuguese East Africa)

This and the following figure were obtained by
Prof. W. M. Davis, of Harvard, from a boy at Bulawayo,
who learned them from his mother at Beira.

Take a small portion of the string between the
thumb an d index of each hand, and bring the left hand
counter-clockwise so as to form a loop, in which insert
the left index, away from you, in such a way that the
two strings lie on it an inch apart.

Put the right index into these loops in the same
direction and draw the hands apart, the fingers pointing
away from the body. There is now a double loop of
parallel strings on the radial side of each index and
crossed strings on their ulnar side, the proximal ulnar
string of the right hand crossing over radial to the
proximal ulnar string of the left hand.

Catch the middle of all the strings under the chin
and bring the hands together. (If any difficulty is
experienced in retaining the strings under the chin,
they may be held in the mouth.)

4^ CAT*B CiaABLES FEOM MANt LANDS

Transfer the left distal index loop to the right index,
and the right distal index loop to the left index, passing
it over the loop just transferred.

Pass thumbs over proximal radial index string and
under proximal ulnar string, and over distal radial index
string and under distal ulnar string, thus picking up
the proximal ulnar and distal ulnar index strings.

Kaise the proximal radial index string of each hand
from the palm over (i.e. radial to) the distal radial index
string, and lay it over the little finger.

Baise the distal radial index string of each hand
from the middle of the palm and lay it round the index
from the radial to back and to ulnar side.

Eelease chin.

Stretch the distal ulnar index string and ulnar little
finger string until they are parallel between the hands,
and release thumbs.

With the thumbs raise the double loops that were
on the thumbs and so pull the zigzag loops (lions) on
the parallel cross strings to bring the parallel strings
closer' together. Then stretch the cross strings parallel
again.

While doing this say " Oo-ah " ( = the lions roaring).

No. 27.— Fighting Lions.

AFEICA 48

XXVIII. Amhra (Portuguese East Africa).

Place the loop over the three middle fingers of each
hand.

Release the loops from the backs of the hands,
letting them fall over the whole hand on the palmar
side.

Place the entire right hand upwards through the
left palmar string and vice versA,

Draw tight.

With the left thumb and index hold the two middle
right hand strings firmly and somewhat apart, and take
the right hand finger loops entirely off the right hand.
Give the right hand one twist away from you and re-
place the finger loops in their former positions.

Repeat with the left hand strings.

Take the radial thumb string of each hand and lay
it, away from you, over the back of the hand.

Take the ulnar little finger string of each hand, and
lay it, towards you, over the back of the hand.

Take this string, now become the radial thumb
string, and twist it once round the thumb in each hand.

Take the former thumb string, now become the
ulnar little finger string, and twist it once round the
little finger in each hand.

Remove each wrist string to the palmar side of the
hand, placing it in Position I.

Close together the thumb and fingers of each hand,
and plunge the whole hand, from above, through the

44 CAT'S CEABLES FEOM MANY LANDS

triple triangular space nearest to it, and extend, saying
at the same time " Ambra ! "

No. 28.— Ambra.

AMERICAN INDIAN.

XXIX. Dbessing a Skin.^ (Thompson Indians,
British Columbia).

This figure, and one similar to the Torres Straits
"Fish-spear," but called "Pitching a Tent," were
learned by Mr. Harlan I. Smith, of the American
. Museum of Natural History, New York, when on the
Jesup North Pacific Expedition, and illustrated by him
in the Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural
History (2).

I

I

Opening A.

Release little fingers and allow the loop thus released
to hang down. With a swinging motion throw this
loop over the remaining strings so that it falls over
their radial side.

Pass each thumb into its own loop distal to the
corresponding string of the former little finger loop, and,
catching this string in the hooks of the thumbs, extend.

No. 29.— Dressing a Skin.

*Dr. Kraus (13, No. 1) describes a similar figure from
German East Africa. When the figure is made a second person
puts his arm through the central space, the thumbs are released
and the arm is caught.

45

46 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

XXX. Careying Wood = Ghiz-jd-yU-U (Navaho
Indian) .

This and the following Navaho figures were ob-
tained from two old Navaho men by Dr. A. C. Haddon
in 1901 (4).

Opening A.

Pass the thumb and index of each hand distal to
the index loop and insert into little finger loop from the
proximal side.

Eelease little fingers.

Navaho thumbs and indices and gently extend the
figure.

Insert each thumb from the distal side into the
radial of the two loops between the thumb and index,
and extend with the thumbs pointing away from you.

The two central strings that lie side by side repre-
sent the carrying band of the Navaho, the other strings
represent the wood that is being carried.

No. 30. — Carrying Wood.

\

\

AMEEICAN INDIAN 47

XXXI. A HoGAN (OR Hut) = Hogan (Navaho
Indian).

Hold the left hand with the fingers pointing up-
ward. Pass the string over the index and middle
fingers of the left hand, allowing a long loop to hang
down from its palmar aspect.

Place the right hand within the long loop from
below ; pass the index finger of the right hand between
the index and middle fingers of the left hand, and take
up from above the dorsal string and pull it out between
the fingers as far as it will go towards the right, letting
the long loop slip over the back of the right hand.
Draw tight.

Place the right hand within the long loop from
below ; pass the right thumb and index distal to the
short transverse string ; take up the two strings immedi-
ately between the index and middle fingers of the left
hand and draw toward the right, so that the loop on the
back of the right hand slips over the hand and over the
two central strings. Draw tight.

There are now a knot and four strings lying along
the palm of the left hand, two central strings which
pass between the index and middle fingers, and two
lateral strings. Pass the long ulnar lateral string
over the little finger, and the corresponding radial lateral
string over the thumb.

With the thumb and index of right hand pick up

48 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

the transverse string of the knot on the palm of the left
hand, and draw it gently to the right.

No. 31.— A

XXXII. Two HoGANS = Naki-hogan or At^-sa-hogan
(Navaho Indian).

Opening A.

With the mouth take hold of the two crosses of the
figure. Drop off the hands all the strings except the
little finger (or ulnar) string.

Pass both hands from below through the triangle
thus formed and take up with the thumbs and indices
the loop that has been dropped from the thumbs, bring-
ing it over the transverse string and toward the face so
as to form an oblong.

AMEEICAN INDIAN

49

Insert the little fingers into the oblong from the
distal side, but to the outside of the two strings which
form a triangle whose apex is in the mouth, take up
on the backs of the little fingers the sides of this tri-
angle, and release string held between thumb and
index. Draw the little fingers apart as far as they
will go, releasing the mouth strings at the same time.

Hold the middle point of the two central strings
with the mouth, and place the hands side by side, thumbs
outermost.

To convert this figure into a single hogan, release the
mouth and the little finger of one hand and draw tight.

No. 82.— Two Hogans.

50 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

XXXIII. Many Stabs = So^-tlani (Navaho Indian).

Ppening A.

y Pass each thumb distal to the index loop and take
up the radial little finger string from below and return.

^~ Pass each middle finger distal to the index loop and
take up the ulnar thumb string from the proximal side
and return. Eelease thumbs.

'^ST^ass each thumb distal to the radial index string
and proximal to all the other strings; with backs of
thumbs take up the ulnar little finger string and return
through the index loop. Eelease little fingers.

v Transfer the middle finger loop of each hand to the
thumb and index by passing the digits to the proxi-
mal side of the middle finger loop, and then round the
ulnar middle finger string to insert them from the dis-
tal side into the middle finger loop. Eelease middle
fingers.

Navaho thumbs and indices and gently extend the
figure. Insert each thumb from the distal side into the
radial of the two loops between the thumb and index,
and extend, turning the palms away from you.

No. 38. — Many Stars.

AMEKICAN INDIAN

61

XXXIV. The Owl = Nas-ja (Navaho Indian).

Position I.

With left index take up the palmar string of the
right hand from the distal side, and return, giving it a
twist. With right index take up from the distal side
the palmar string of the left hand, by the side of, and
not through, the left index loop, and return, giving it a
twist.

Pass each thumb distal to the index loop and take
up the radial little finger string from the proximal side
and return.

Continue as in "Many Stars" (see previous figure).

No. 84.— The Owl.

XXXV. Lightning = AtsinU-klish (Navaho Indian).

Hold part of the string with the thumbs and index
fingers, the hands being about 6 inches apart ; make
a small ring by passing the right hand away from the
body and toward the left side, and hold it by the thumb
and index of the right hand in such manner that the
small ring is away from the body.

4*

52 CAT'S CKADLES FBOM MANY LANDS

Insert the index fingers, pointing downwards, into
the small ring, and the thumbs, also pointing down-
wards into the large loop. Draw tight.

With a turn of the wrists make the thumbs point
upward. Insert each thumb into its index loop distally,
and take up the ulnar index string from the proximal
side.

Pass each middle finger distal to the radial index
string and take up the ulnar thumb string from the
proximal side.

Pass each ring finger distal to the ulnar middle finger
string and take up the radial index string from the
proximal side.

Pass each little finger distal to the ulnar ring finger
string and take 'up the ulnar middle finger string from
the proximal side.

Extend the thumbs as far as possible ; then release
them gently, and throw the released loops over the
other strings. The double elements of these loops
should be close together.

Without drawing tight, pass thumbs from the proxi-
mal side into the little finger loops, and keeping the
four fingers of each hand firmly pressed together,
raise up with the thumbs the radial little finger string.

No. 85. — Lightning.

ESKIMO.

These figures were all obtained from the Western
Eskimo of Alaska in 1905 by Dr. G. B. Gordon of the
Philadelphia Free Museum of Science and Art (6)

XXXVI. The Sibeeian House = '* Kochlinee" (Dio-
mede Island Eskimo).

Opening A.

Tiurn palms towards you ; close the four fingers of
each hand over all the strings except the radial thumb
string ; throw this string over the backs of the hands and
return.

Pass thumbs distal to the radial dorsal string and
proximal to all the other strings ; with backs of thumbs
take up ulnar dorsal string and return.

Slip the loops on the backs of the hands over the tips
of the fingers on to the palms and extend.

A second development of this figure, " Two Eskimo
Bunning Away " = mugalonik ennk okparuktuk, is made
by releasing the index fingers and drawing the hands
apart.

No. 86.— The Siberian House.

^3

54 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

XXXVII. The Wolveeine = Koftsik (Gulo) (Nuni-
vak Island Eskimo) .

This figure is identical with that obtained from a
Klamath Indian, by whom, however, it was called the
" Porcupine " (5, p. 137).

Opening A (left palmar string must be taken up
first).

Transfer right index loop to left index, and left
index loop to right index, passing it over the loop just
transferred.

Transfer left index loop to left thumb by putting the
thumb into the index loop from the proximal side and
withdrawing index.

Transfer left little finger loop to left thumb in the
same way.

Pass left little finger into left thumb loops from the
proximal side, and with tip of little finger hook down
the distal ulnar thumb string and hold against the palm.

Pass left index into left thumb loops from the distal
side, passing ulnar to the two distal radial strings,
and radial to the proximal radial string, bend index
finger down and then up away from you, thus picking
up the proximal radial thumb string on its tip. Kelease
left thumb.

Pass left thumb into right little finger loop from the
proximal side, and with side of thumb take up the two
strings forming the right lower side of the lozenge
formed in the centre of the figure.

Pass left thumb into left index loop from the proxi-
mal side, and take up the radial iudex string.

ESKIMO 56

Navaho the two proximal thumb loops. Eelease left
index finger, and right thumb and little finger and extend.

The large loop running upwards to the right repre-
sents the creature's large bushy tail.

No. 37.— The Wolverine.

XXXVIII. A Dog on a Leash = Kaymuchta (Nuni-
vak Island Eskimo).

String over thumbs.

Pass little fingers proximal to the loop and take up
both strings on their backs.

With right index pick up left palmar strings, and
with left index pick up right palmar strings as in Open-
ing A.

Transfer right index loops to left index, and left
index loops to right index, passing them over the loops
just transferred.

Transfer left index loops to left thumb by putting
the thumb from the proximal side into index loops, and
withdrawing index. ^ ^

Transfer left little finger loops ,to left mte i?i the
pame way.

56 CAT'S CEADLES FKOM MANY LANDS

Pass left little finger into left thumb loops from the
proximal side, and with tip of little finger hook down
the two distal ulnar thumb strings and hold them
against the palm.

Pass left index into left thumb loops from the distal
vt side, passing tfeem ulnar to the two distal and two
middle strings, and radial to the proximal radial string ;
bend index down and then up away from you, thus pick-
ing up on its tip the proximal radial thumb string. Ee-
lease left thumb.

Pass left thumb into right little finger loop from
the proximal side, and with back of thumb take up
the three strings forming the right lower side of the
lozenge in the centre of the figure.

Pass left thumb into left index loops from the proxi-
mal size and take up the radial index string.

Navaho the three proximal thumb loops, and release
left index. Eelease right thumb and little finger.

By passing the right hand through the loop on the
right index and drawing out, the leash is made taut. By
drawing tighter the dog is released.

X^o. 38, — A Dog on a Leasl;,

ESKIMO

57

XXXIX. The Sea-gull = T'keyack (Nunivak Island
Eskimo) .

Opening A.

Pass index fingers away from you distal to the little
finger loops, then bend them down and towards you and
pass them proximal to little finger and index loops and
into thumb loops from the proximal side ; with backs of
index fingers take up the radial thumb string, release
thumbs, and return.

Pass thumbs distal to the proximal radial index
strings and proximal to all the other strings ; with backs
of thumbs pick up the ulnar little finger string and return.

With tips of thumbs hook down the distal radial
index strings, allowing the original thumb loops to slip
off; keeping the thumbs pointing away from you, pass
them proximal to the index loops, and to the ulnar little
finger string, but distal to the radial little finger string,
and with backs of thumbs take up this string, allowing
original thumb loops to slip off.

The thumbs should still be pointing away from you
and resting each in a triangle; by turning them up-
wards take up on their backs the string running straight
across.

Eelease indices and extend.

This figure represents a sea-gull flying with its legs
hanging down.

^o. 39.— The Sea-guU,

58 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

XL. The Aems = Moguk (Nunivak Island Eskimo).

Opening A.

Pass thumbs distal to index loops and into little
finger loops from the proximal side ; with backs of thumbs
take up the radial little finger strings and return.

Pass middle fingers distal to index loops and into
thumb loops from the proximal side; with backs of
middle fingers take up the ulnar thumb strings and
return. Kelease thumbs.

Transfer index and middle finger loops to thumbs,
keeping the latter distal.

Pass indices into little finger loops from the distal
side, and with backs of indices pick up the ulnar little
finger string and return. Release little fingers.

Pass Httle fingers through thumb loops from the
proximal side and into index loops from the proximal
side ; with tips of little fingers hook down radial index
string and hold against the palms.

Pass middle fingers through the index loops from
the proximal side and into thumb loops from distal side,
then bring them out towards you between the distal
and proximal radial thumb strings.

Apply indices to middle fingers, thus holding the
distal radial thumb string between them ; bend these
fingers down and then up away from you, thus picking
up the string held between them on the tips of the in-
dices, through the original index loops which have now
slipped off the indices, at the same time allowing this
string to slip off the thumbg.

ESKIMO 69

Pass right thumb into left thumb loop from the proxi-
mal side and pick up the radial string ; withdraw left
thumb from its loop, and pass it from the proximal side
into the right thumb loops, picking up the two radial
thumb strings. By this movement both thumb loops
are placed on both thumbs. Pass thumbs into index
loops from the proximal side ; with backs of thumbs
draw out the radial index string. Navaho two proximal
thumb loops. Eelease indices.

Pass indices into thumb loops from the distal side,
and with the backs of indices pick up radial thumb
Eelease thumbs and extend.

XLI. The Legs = ErvJc (Nunivak Island Eskimo).

Make the Arms.

IWL There is now a circle round each little finger loop.
» To make the " Legs," pass each thumb into its little
finger loop from the distal side (i.e. the side nearer to
you), and with backs of thumbs take up the string form-
ing the side of the circle nearest to you.

Pass thumbs into index loops from the proximal
side, and with backs of thumbs draw out the radial irx-*
dex strings.

60 CAT'S CEADLES FROM MANY LANDS

Navaho thumbs and release indices.
Transfer thumb loops to indices and extend.

No. 41.— The Legs.

XLIT. The Kayak (King Island Eskimo).

Opening A.

Pass thumbs proximal to index loops, and with
backs of thumbs take up ulnar index strings and return.
Release indices. Pass thumbs into little finger loops
from proximal side, and transfer the little finger loops
to thumbs, withdrawing little fingers. There are now
three loops on each thumb, the fingers being free ; care
must be taken to keep these loops in their right order,
i.e. the original thumb loop most proximal, and the
original little finger loop most distal.

Pass little fingers into thumb loops from the proxi-
mal side, and with tips of little fingers hook down the
distal ulnar string (the one running from thumb to
thumb) and hold it down against the palms.

Pass indices into the thumb loops from the distal
side, passing them ulnar to the two distal radial strings,
and radial to the proximal radial string ; bend the index
fingers down and then up away from you, thus taking
up on their tips the string running from thumb to
tjiupib. Release tjiumbg.

ESKIMO 61

Pass thumbs into little finger loops from the proxi-
mal side, and transfer these loops to thumbs by with-
drawing little fingers. With tips of little fingers hook
down the two strings that cross the thumb loop of its
respective hand.

Pass right thumb into left thumb loop from the
proximal side ; withdraw left thumb and pass it into the
two right thumb loops from the proximal side, and take
up the two radial strings.

Pass thumbs into index loops from the proximal
side. Take up with the backs of the thumbs the radial
index strings and return through the thumb loops, let-
ting the two original thumb loops slide off. Eelease
indices.

Lay the figure on the table with the thumb loops
towards you. Take up original thumb loops on hooks
of little fingers. With thumbs take up from the distal
side the distal of the two strings farthest away from
you (running straight across the figure) ; and with in-
dices take up from the proximal side the remaining
string. Extend.

This figure represents the skin canoe or kayak which
is used by the Eskimo, with the hole in the middle in
which the man sits.

No. 42.— The Kayak.

62 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

XLIII. Two Ptabmigan = Mugalonik okhozgiuk
(Lagopus) (Cape Prince of Wales Eskimo).

Position I, left hand.

Take pendant ulnar string between thumb and
index of right hand ; bring it towards you and round
between middle and ring fingers of left hand to back
of ring and little fingers ; repeat, but this time after
the string has passed between middle and ring fingers,
bring it forward between ring and little fingers.

Apply ring and little fingers close together, and lift
the two loops off the ring finger to the ulnar side of
little finger, but retain the little finger strings between
the two fingers. Do not pull tight.

Take ulnar string of pendant loop near to the
bottom and hang it over left thumb proximal to the
original thumb loop. The two strings on the radial
side of the thumb now form a simple loop.

Take the original thumb loop, which is now distal,
off thumb, and bring it between the ring and little
finger of the left hand from its palmar aspect, then
bring it round the ulnar side of the little finger to the
palm.

Eepeat the first movement, wrapping the string
twice round the ring finger and removing the ring
finger loops.

There are now four loops on the little finger.
Navaho the two proximal ones.

Take the pendant radial thumb string, remove the
loop from the thumb and twist it once clockwise round

ESKIMO 63

the thumb, keeping hold of the string (now become the
ulnar thumb string). Place it over the little finger as in
Position /, but keeping it distal.

Navaho the two proximal little finger strings.

There is now one loop on the thumb and one on
the little finger. Place the right thumb into the depend-
ing portion of the thumb loop, keeping the radial string
radial ; and place the right little finger into the depend-
ing portion of the little finger loop, keeping the ulnar
string ulnar, and the right hand pointing in the same
direction as the left.

The finished figure shows the hen bird close to the
left hand, while the cock, with his long tail, is in the
centre.

It is advisable in the last movement to have the
two depending loops as nearly the same length as
possible, otherwise the birds get pulled out of shape.
The length of the loops depends on what portion of the
pendant loop is hung over the left thumb in the third
movement ; it works best when taken near to the bottom
of the loop, but slightly to the ulnar side.

No. 43.— Two Ptarmigan.

64 CAT'S CKADLES FKOM MANY LANDS

XLIV. The ¥o^ = Tezeuk, and the 'WB.kisR = Achvuk
(King Island Eskimo).

(Especial care must be taken in this figure to keep
the strings slack.)

String over thumbs and indices.

Pass little fingers proximal to the ulnar and radial
strings, and with backs of little fingers take up the
radial string and return proximal to ulnar string.
Bend the little fingers forward and hook down against
the palms the ulnar index string, allowing the other
loop to slip off.

Bring hands together, palms downward, and pass
the right thumb away from you under the string, pass-
ing from left thumb to index, lifting this string off the
left thumb ; repeat with left thumb and draw out.

Keeping the left thumb pointing away from you,
pass it to the palmar side of the left radial little finger
string, and bending it outwards take this string up on
its back, returning through the thumb loop. Eelease
left little finger.

Pass left little finger into left thumb loop from
the proximal side ; withdraw thumb and hook this string
down against the palm.

Eelease right index finger and draw out.

There should now be a diamond-shaped figure near
the left hand (the shape may become more evident if
in the right hand the radial thumb string is stretched
up, and the radial little finger string pressed down).

Pass left thumb away from you into the right thumb
loop, close to the diamond, and with tip of thumb hook

ESKIMO 66

towards you the right upper side of the diamond (the
radial little finger string of the right hand).

Pass left thumb away from you to the palmar side
of the radial little finger string of left hand, and bend-
ing it outwards take this string up on its back, and
return through the thumb loop, allowing original thumb
loops to slip off. Eelease left little finger.

Pass left little finger into left thumb loop from the
proximal side; withdraw thumb, and hook this string
down against the palm.

There is now an irregular figure near the left hand ;
pass the left thumb away from you into its centre,
and with back of thumb take up the two right upper
strings (one of which is the right ulnar thumb string).

Pass left thumb into left index loop from the proxi-
mal side. Navaho the two proximal thumb loops and
release left index.

Pass the left index finger into the left thumb loop
from the distal side ; take up the radial string and release
left thumb.

There is now a straight string running from index
of left to thumb of right hand ; near the left index it is
caught down by a single loop, and farther to the right

»by a double string.
Pass the right index towards you between these
two loops and proximal to the straight string; draw
this string out to the right on the hook of the right
index, at the same time releasing right thumb.

Eelease left little finger and pla<?e all the left fingers
into the index loop, in the same direction as the index,
thus extending it. Draw the figure out gently and the

6

66 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

" fox " will run from left to right. Draw out until the
*' fox" is close to the right hand.

There is now a loop on the index and little finger
of the right hand, and one loop on the left hand.

Bring hands together, palms facing, and bringing
the left loop behind the loops on the right hand hang
it on the hook of the right middle finger, keeping the
long straight string of the right index as the radial
middle finger string. The hand should be held palm
downwards, so that the loops hang freely.

All strings are now on the right hand ; there is a
loop running from index to middle finger and one from
little finger to middle finger. Pass left thumb away
from you through the depending portion of the former,
k-eeping the radial string of the right index as radial
on left thumb.

Pass the left little finger towards you into the de-
pending portion of the remaining loop, thus catching
the string in the hook of the little finger, and holding
it against the palm. The ulnar right little finger string
must be the ulnar string on the left little finger.

Pass left index into left thumb loop from below and
withdraw thumb.

Bring right middle finger out towards you, proximal
and to the palmar side of the index loop. Bring hands
together, palms facing, and insert the left index, on the
palmar aspect of the right middle finger, into its loop,
from the distal side. Catch this string in the hook of
the left' index and « draw the hands apart, releasing
middle finger.

Pass left index into left Httle finger loop fro|n th^
proximal side and withdraw little finger.

ESKIMO 67

There are now three loops on the left index which
must be kept in their right order, the finger pointing
towards you.

Pass the left thumb into the left index loops from
the distal side, passing ulnar to the two distal strings
and radial to the proximal string ; by a half turn towards
you take up the proximal radial string (which runs
straight across to the right hand) on the tip of the
thumb.

Pass the left little finger into the left index loops
from the proximal side, passing radial to the two proxi-
mal strings and ulnar to the distal ulnar string ; by a
half turn up take up the distal ulnar string (which runs
straight across to the right hand) on the tip of the little
finger, and return, releasing left index.

Lay the figure down with the little finger strings
towards you. Across the " fox" there run two strings,
one of which goes to the left away from you across the
former radial thumb string, and the other runs towards
you across the former left ulnar little finger strings (see
fig. where the strings are blacked in).

No. 44a.— The Fox and the Whale (unfinished figure).

Take hold of the latter, lift it up, and draw towards
you underneath it the first-mentioned string.

68 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

Through this string, which is now nearer to you,
thread the original right Httle finger loop from below
upwards, and return it to its original position.

Through the other string in the same way thread
the original right index loop and return.

Now place the index fingers downwards into the
top loops (the original left thumb and right index
loops) and the thumbs downwards into the nearer loop
(the original little finger loops), thus picking up the
figure and extending it, keeping the fingers pointing
away.

The ** fox " is at first entangled in the " whale," but
by gently drawing the hands apart, and opening and
shutting the thumb and index of the right hand, he
will become disengaged and run away.

The figure represents the whale's carcass stranded
on the beach, and the fox eating it, but on being dis-
covered the fox runs away.

No. 44.— The Fox and the Whale.

AUSTKALIA

XLV. A Man Climbing a Tree (North Queens-
land).

This figure was illustrated by Eoth (ii, PL III, 5),
but no description of its mode of formation was pub-
lished. The following mode of procedure has been
worked out by Mr. W. Innes Pocock from the finished
figure : —

Opening A.

Pass little fingers distal to index loops and into
thumb loops from the distal side ; with backs of little
fingers take up radial thumb strings and return.

Navaho little fingers.

Bend the index fingers down into their own loops,
thus holding against the palms the strings crossing
theuL The loops just released from the little fingers
must be kept to the ulnar side of the indices.

With the foot hold down the ulnar little finger
string.

Kelease all the finger strings, except the ones held
against the palms by the indices.

Draw these strings upwards and the man will climb
up the tree. The diamond-shaped upper portion repre-
sents the body of the man, the lower triangular part
the legs, which are wound round the trunk. It will
be noticed that the tree tapers towards the top and
the man becomes smaller as he goes farther away.

70 CAT'S CBADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

according to the laws of perspective, and ultimately
disappears.

No. 45. — A Man Climbing a Tree.

XLVI. An Impbeial Pigeon = Mirid (Carpophagd),
(Andaman Islands).

This and the following were collected by Mr. A. E.
Brown, of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Position I.
Eemove the thumb loops to the index fingers.

ANDAMAN ISLANDS 71

Pass thumbs proximal to the index finger string ;
take up from the proximal side the palmar strings and
draw them out.

With the mouth take up from the distal side the
ulnar little finger string; twist it into a loop, insert
thumbs, and release mouth.

Navaho thumbs.

Transfer the remaining thumb loops to index
fingers.

Pass thumbs proximal to the index loops, and with
backs of thumbs take up the proximal ulnar index strings
close to the indices, returning proximal to the radial
strings.

Pass the thumbs from the proximal side into the
distal index finger loops and draw out the radial
strings.

Pass the middle fingers distal to the ulnar index
strings, and take up the proximal radial index finger
string, close to the indices.

Navaho thumbs.

Eemove all strings from the index fingers.

Kelease little fingers and extend.

No. 46. — An Imperial Pigeon.

72 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

XLVII. A Parbot == Ghorolo (Andaman Islands).

Opening A.

Eelease thumbs.

Pass the left thumb proximal to the left index loops,
and with back of thumb take up the ulnar index string,
returning proximal to the radial string.

Take up with the mouth from the distal side the ulnar
little finger string, and twist it into a loop clockwise (i.e.
the left-hand string passing over the right) ; into this loop
insert the thumbs and release the string from the mouth.

Navaho left thumb.

Transfer the left thumb loop to left index.

Pass left thumb proximal to the index finger strings,
and take up the proximal ulnar index string with the
back of the thumb, returning proximal to the radial
strings.

Insert the left thumb from the proximal side into
the distal index finger loop and draw out the radial
string.

Navaho left thumb.

Pass the left middle finger distal to the ulnar index
string and take up the radial index string.

With the right middle finger take up the same string
(i.e. the left index proximal radial string) near the
middle of the figure, beyond (i.e. to the left of) the point
where it passes proximal to the right ulnar thumb
string.

Eelease the little fingers and extend.

GEEAT BKITAIN 73

To be true to life the parrot (Palaeornis magni-
rostris) should have a long tail, a small body, and a large
head.

No. 47.— A Parrot.

XLVIII The Leashing of Lochiel's Doas
(Scotland).

This figure appears to be known throughout the
British Isles, and is described by the Eev. John Gray
(12) from the Islands of Eriskay, Outer Hebrides.
Dr. W. H. Furness found it among the Kabyles of
Algeria, introduced from France under the name of
" Cock's Feet" (5, p. 116). Dr. Haddon learnt it from
a Pulman car conductor of European, Negro, and
Cherokee Indian extraction, as " Crow's Feet " (4, p.
217). It is known to the Ulungu of Africa as Umuzwat
"Wooden Spoon" (7, p. 126), and is described by Dr.
Kraus (13, No. 5) from German East Africa. Koth gives
a similar pattern from North Queensland, and Dr. G. B.
Gordon found it among the Eskimo.

Opening A.

Close the fingers of each hand over all the strings
except the radial thumb string ; throw this string over
the backs of the hands and extend.

74 CAT'S CKADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

Transfer index loops to thumbs.

Take the dorsal string off each hand and hang it over
the middle finger of the same hand.

Pass little fingers into the middle finger loops from
the distal side, then bend them back into their own
loops from the distal side, and with backs of little
fingers take up the radial little finger strings and return
through the middle finger loops.

Navaho little fingers, release thumbs, and extend.

No. 48.— The Leashing of Lochiel's Dogs.

XLIX. The Tallow Dips.

This figure is well known in Great Britain, and the
Eev. John Gray (12) has published a description of it
as played by the children of the Cowgate, in Edinburgh.

Hold left hand palm upwards ; lay the string over the
four fingers so that there is a straight string across the
palm and a long loop hanging down.

Take the dorsal loop in the right hand and bring
it forward over the tips of the left fingers, so that the
radial string passes between the index and middle
fingers, and the ulnar string between the ring and little
fingers. Draw tight, and let the loop hang from the palm.

Take hold of the palmar string with the right hand,
and between the two strings of the loop, and lift it over

GEEAT BEITAIN 75

the tips of the left middle and ring fingers on to their
dorsal aspect. Draw tight.

Put right index from the distal side into the index
finger loop and draw out the palmar (radial) string a
little way; then put the right index into the little
finger loop from the distal side and draw out the
palmar (ulnar) string ; draw these two strings out to
their full extent and release right index.
■p Grasp the pendant loops with the right hand, and
draw them over the tips of the left fingers to the back
of the hand, passing

the left index radial to its radial string,
the left middle finger radial to its radial string,
the left ring finger ulnar to its ulnar string,
the left little finger ulnar to its ulnar string.

There are now two strings between middle and ring
fingers and one on each side of them.

Taking hold of the ends of the pendant loops, thread
them from the distal side through the dorsal loop of the
middle and ring fingers. Draw tight.

Taking hold of the dorsal string of the middle and
ring fingers, draw it gently over the tips of the two
fingers, and holding the left hand with the fingers
pointing up, continue to draw out the string gently
to the right, as far as possible.

No. 49.— The Candles.

76 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

The story ^ runs that, " Once upon a time a man stole
a pound of tallow dips," this
figure representing the old-
fashioned dips fastened together
by the wicks.

" When he got home he hung
them on a peg," — hang the pen-
dant loop on the left thumb,
keeping it untwisted.

" Being tired he sat down in
a chair and went to sleep," — pass
the right index from the proxi-
mal side under the dorsal string
of the left middle finger, and the
right middle finger in the same
way under the dorsal string of
the left ring finger; lift these
two strings over the tips of the
fingers and, turning the left
hand, palm upwards, draw these
strings out to their full extent
vertically above the left hand.

This figure represents an old-fashioned, high-
backed chair. The thumb loop forms the seat, and from
this running down to the palm are the four legs, repre-
sented by the index and little finger strings. To see
this clearly, the thumb loop should be kept on the tip of
the thumb.

" When he awoke it was getting dark, so he took a
pair of scissors with which to cut off a candle," — release

* Collected by Miss M. A. Hingston (14).

No. 49a.— The Chair.

GREAT BRITAIN 77

left thumb and bring hands back to their usual position.
Open and shut index and middle fingers of right hand
to imitate the movement of the scissors.

No. 49b. — The Scissors.

" Just then a constable came along with his tipstaff,"
— release left little finger and draw tight ; the crown
at the top of the tipstaff appears close to the right hand.

i»

No. 49c.— The Tipstaff.

" Clapped a pair of handcuffs on the man and took
him off to prison," — put the whole of the right hand into
the right index loop, releasing right middle finger, and
draw out.

No. 49D.--The Handcuffs.

" And afterwards he was hanged," — pull the radial
string and the noose will run up to the right hand.

78 CAT'S CKADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

L. Sawing Wood.

This figure was taught to Dr. Haddon by Zia Uddin
Ahmad of Trinity College, Cambridge, who said that it
was known in Delhi and Lucknow under the name of
Qainchi, " Scissors ".

Opening A.

The other player passing his left hand under all the
strings pulls the straight little finger string towards the
original player, and with his right hand, under the re-
maining strings, pulls the straight thumb string towards
himself ; the first player releases all but the index loops,
and by the two players alternately drawing their hands
apart sawing movements can be made.

u

No. 50.— Sawing Wood.

INDIA 79

This figure is also made in China by the following
method (5, Introd. p. xiii.) : In the ordinary Cat's
Cradle make the " Manger " or " Inverted Cradle " ; the
other person then picks up one of the straight strings in
the middle, passes it under the other, and holding the
latter in the middle, draws these two strings as far apart
as possible ; the first player then releases all the strings
except those on the little fingers, and the two players
make sawing movements with the strings.

I believe this figure also occurs in England, and it
has been recorded from the North-west of America.

80 CAT'S CEADLES FKOM MANY LANDS

TEICKS.

1. The Lizaed = Monan (Murray Island).

This trick was learnt by Dr. Haddon in Torres
Straits (3, p. 152) ; in Mabuiag it is known as Maita,
" Intestines of a Turtle ". Dr. Furness was shown it by
a Uap boy in the Caroline Islands (5, p. 337).

Hold the string in the left hand so that the loop
hangs down from it.

Pass the right hand through the loop away from you,
then turn the fingers downwards and pass them round
the right string towards you ; pass the hand between the
hanging strings and your body, and bring it forward
to the left of the left string ; turn the fingers up and
bring it back towards you between the two strings.

Pull the hands apart and the right hand is released.

2. The Mouse = Kehi mokeis (Murray Island).

This is probably the most widely distributed string
trick. Dr. Haddon learnt it in Torres Straits, and
also describes it as an Omaha Indian trick (4, p. 218).
Mrs. Jayne saw it done by African Batua Pygmies,
the Philippine Negritos, and Linao Moros, and by
American Indians of the Chippewa, Osage, Navaho, and
Apache tribes (5, p. 360). Mr. Parkinson describes it
from West Africa (9, p. 141), and it has been reported
from the Alaskan Eskimo and from Japan.

TEICKS 81

Hold the left hand with the thumb uppermost and
the fingers directed to the front. Put the whole left
hand through the string letting the loop fall down its
dorsal and palmar aspects from the radial side of the
thumb. There will then be a pendant palmar and
dorsal string on the left hand.

Pass index of right hand beneath the palmar string
and between the thumb and index of the left hand,
then hook it over the dorsal pendant string, bringing
it out between the thumb and index of the left hand.
Give the loop thus made a twist clockwise and place
it over the left index. Pull tight the pendant
strings.

Again pass right index beneath the pendant palmar
string and between the index and middle fingers ; hook
it over the dorsal string as before ; bring this string out,
twist the loop clockwise and put it over the middle
finger. Pull tight.

Eepeat so as to make similar loops over the ring and
little fingers. Pull all the strings tight.

Eemove the loop from the left thumb and put it
between left thumb and index.

This loop represents the ear of the mouse appearing
through a crack. With the right hand pull the palmar
string and make a squeaking noise as the ''mouse"
disappears.

Among the Y5ruba the trick is identical but the
explanation is very different : —

" Certain thieves have crept into a yam plantation.
Knowing the owner to be a very wideawake individual,
they arrange to tie up their yams in bundles as they

6

82 CAT'S CRADLES FBOM MANY LANDS

are dug up. The strings wound round the four left
fingers represent these bundles.

" Remove the thumb loop, and the owner has
appeared.

" Pull the palmar string, and you will see the speed
and readiness with which the thieves and the yams
disappear " (p, p. 141).

3. Will You Have a Yam? (Torres Straits).

Dr. Haddon collected this trick. In Mabuiag it is
called Ai, " Food," in Murray Island LeweVy " Food ".

Position I.

Pass index fingers over the little finger strings and
take them up from below. Return, bringing the part
raised in an oblique line across fingers.

With thumbs take up this oblique string from
below and return below thumb string.

Pass little fingers over the ulnar index string, and
take up from below with the backs of the little fingers
the radial string of the oblong.

With thumbs take up from below the remaining
string of the oblong (now become the radial string) and
return.

Release index loop of left hand, letting it lie losely
on the palm.

Offer it to another person ; when he says, " Have
you any food for me ? " pull the strings and the yam
disappears, and say at the same time, " I haven't
any ".

Repeat with right hand.

TKICKS . 83

4. A Fly on the Nose (Torres Straits).

Dr. Haddon collected this trick. Its native name is
Buli ; a similar one is described by Dr. Kraus from
German East Africa (13, No. 7).

Hold the string between the index and thumb of
either hand about 6 inches apart. Make a small circle
by bringing the right hand towards you and to the left,
and place the string it has been holding between the
left index and thumb to the near side of the string
already held.

Put this double string between the teeth with the
small loop hanging down and hold the long loop
straight out with the left hand.

Put the right index from below into the long loop,
then bending it towards you, hook it over the small
ring, the tip pointing downwards.

Turn the finger up towards you and to the right
until it points upwards, then bring it between the two
strings of the long loop from below and put the tip on
your nose.

Kelease the strings held in the mouth, at the same
time pulling the long loop and protruding the tongue.
The string should come off the right index.

5. A Dbavidian Thick.

This trick was shown to Dr. Haddon by Dr. S.
Levinstein, who learnt it in Leipzig from a travelling
troupe of Dravidians.

6*

84 CAT'S CKADLES FKOM MANY LANDS

It is interesting as being one of the very few string
tricks from India.

Place the string over the left index and middle
finger so that the loop hangs down over the palm.

Put the right index from below into the loop and
pass it between the index and middle fingers ; hook it
over the dorsal string and draw this out between the
two fingers, as far as possible to the right.

Pass the left thumb over the radial string of the
loop and under the ulnar string, and bring its tip
against the tip of the left index.

Eemove the middle finger loop. Without separating
the thumb and index, take the dorsal string off the left
index and the string will pull free.

6. A Geeman Teick.

This trick was collected by my sister, Mrs. A. E.
Hodder, several years ago in Berlin, and she also found
it in Scotland. One very similar was taught to me a
few years since, in Cambridge.

Holding the left hand palm upwards, hang the string
over the four fingers so that there is a palmar string
and a long loop hanging down.

Take the pendant loop with the right hand and
bring it forward over the tips of the left fingers, so that
the radial string passes between the index and middle
fingers, and the ulnar string between the ring and little
fingers.

Bring these strings between the thumb and index to
the radial side of the thumb, keeping the radial string

TKICKS 8§

uppermost and the strings untwisted ; bring them across
the palm and loop the proximal thumb string over the
little finger.

Twist the loop still held in the right hand through
180" clockwise, and place it over the left index, letting
the long loop hang down behind.

Take the two loops off the thumb and draw them
out as far as possible to the right, then pass them back
between the left middle and ring fingers and let them
hang down behind.

With the right hand pull the straight palmar string
and the left hand will be freed.

7. An English "Hanging" Trick.

This trick is very common in England, and is often
done through a buttonhole instead of round the neck.

Place the middle of the loop over the back of your
neck so that two loops hang down, one on each side.

Into the loop on your left pass your left little finger
from below, and into the loop on your right pass your
right thumb, also from below.

With right little finger pick up from below the left
ulnar string, and pass the left thumb above the little
finger loop and into the thumb loop from below ; pick up
the ulnar string and return.

Draw the hands as far apart as possible, close up
to the throat, and release both little fingers (or both
thumbs) quickly ; draw the hands apart and the string
\vill come off vour nec^.

86 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

8. An Afeican "Hanging" Teick.

This trick was obtained by Dr, W. A. Cunnington
from Central Africa (7, p. 124).

Place the string round the neck (as a necklace) and
allow it to hang free in front of the body. With the
right hand grasp the left hand string, bring it under
the neck and round it fegjhind to the left side again.

Take the right and left strings of the hanging loop
in the right and left hands respectively, near the lower
end of the loop, and make there a small closed loop by
passing the right hand to the left with a circular motion
counter-clockwise (i.e. away from you), until the left
string is grasped. Increase the size of this loop by
sliding the hands until it is large enough, and pass it
over the head, retaining hold of the single string which
is in front. Pull this string, and the whole will come
free from the neck.

This may be done equally well by reversing right
and left all through.

9. An Egyptian Teick.

This is one of the three tricks collected in Egypt by
Dr. W. A. Cunnington in 1907.^ These are the only
string tricks known from Egypt.

Seated on the ground, extend the string by placing
it round the neck and over a foot.

»" Man," Vol. VIII, No. 10, October, 1908, p. 149,

TKICKS 87

Cross the index fingers of each hand, the backs of
the hands being uppermost and the right index over the
left. With the crossed index fingers now approach the
left hand string from the left, and taking the left hand
string on the radial (or equally well the palmar) side of
the left index, pass the hands with the string below the
right hand string and up again on the right of it.

Take the original right hand string with the right
index, and crooking the indices round their respective
strings, pull the hands a few inches apart.

By moving the left hand with its string clockwise
through 180", pass the head into the left hand loop from
the distal side, at the same time releasing the left hand.

On releasing the right hand the string will pull free
from the neck.

10. A Navaho Indian Trick.

This trick was taught to me in Chicago in 1906 by
Mr. Fay Cooper Cole. It was learnt from the Navaho
Indians of New Mexico.

Place the loop over another person's finger, and hold
the strings in your left hand keeping them untwisted.

Pass the right middle finger from above to the left
of the strings, and with the tip of the middle finger
draw the left string to the right distal to the right string.

Pass the right index from above, between the two
strings beyond the cross.

Twist the hand counter-clockwise and rest the tip
of your middle finger on the other person's finger.

B^lease index and the string will pull free.

88 CAT'S CEADLES FEOM MANY LANDS

11. A Pawnee Trick.

I learnt this trick from a Pawnee Indian at Pawnee,
Oklahoma State.

Place the loop over another person's finger ; wrap the
right string once round, clockwise, and hold the end of
the strings in the right hand, keeping them untwisted.

Lay the left index across the strings about one- third
of the length of the string away from you.

Bring the right hand upwards and forwards and lay
the loop across the straight strings so that a loop hangs
down on either side of them.

Pass the right hand proximal to the strings, and
pass the middle finger between the parallel strings and
above the transverse string, the ring finger over the
loop to the right, and the index over the loop to the left
of the parallel strings.

Draw the right hand towards you, at the same time
passing the left hand towards the other person. Place
the tip of your left index on his finger and transfer the
distal loop to his finger ; then turn the remaining loop
through ISC upwards, to the right, and place it on
too.

Keeping your finger on his, release all except the
right middle finger, pull tight, and the strings will come

TBICKS 80

12. Theeading a Closed Loop (Omaha, Pawnee,
Kwakiutl).

This trick is described from these tribes by Dr.
Haddon (4, p. 218) , and is also known to the Japanese,
the Caroline Islanders (5, p. 354), and to Emropeans.

Take a piece of string about 18 inches long, and be-
ginning a few inches from one end, twist the middle
portion of the string three or four times round the left
thumb in the direction of the body. Then make a loop
which projects outwards between the thumb and index
finger of the left hand, and hold it between those
digits.

Drop this end of the string and take up the other,
about half an inch from its extremity, with the thumb
and index of the right hand.

Make movements as if threading the loop with this
point of string. Suddenly slip th^ string round the
point of the left thumb and it will appear as if the loop
had been threaded by the string held in the right hand.

According to Dr. Boas there are two shamanistic
societies among the Kwakiutl. This trick is used to
identify the members of one of these societies when they
hold their secret meetings in the forest. The members
of the other society are recognized by another trick;
they employ a little stick to the middle of which a
string is fastened. The toggle is put in the mouth, and
when the mouth is opened the stick appears to perforate
the tongue. This is probably accomplished by means of a
g^cond piece of woo^ secreted ip the mouth,

BIBLIOGEAPHY.

1. Boas, F. "The Game of Cat's-Cradle." Internationales Archiv

filr Ethnographie, 1, 1888, p. 229.

2. Smith, Harlan I. "The Thompson Indians of British

Columbia," by James Teit, ed. by Franz Boas. Memoirs
of the American Museum of Natural History, New York,
Vol. II ; " Anthropology," Vol. 1, 1900, p. 281, Fig. 270.

3. Rivers, W. H. R., and Haddon, A. C. "A Method of Re-

cording String Figures and Tricks." ^ Man, October, 1902.
109, p. 146.

4. Haddon, A. C. "A Few American String Figures and Tricks."

American Anthropologist, Vol. V, No. 2, April to June,
1903, p. 213.
B. Jayne, Mrs. String Figures. Pub. Chas. Scribner's Sons,
New York, 1906.

6. Gordon, G. B. "Notes on the Western Eskimo." Trans-

actions of the Department of Archceology, Free Museum of
Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania, Vol. II, Pt.
1, 1906, p. 87.

7. Cunnington, W. A. " String Figures and Tricks from Central

Africa. " Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great
Britain and Ireland, Vol. XXXVI, January to June, 1906,
p. 121.

8. Haddon A. C. "String Figures from South Africa," idem.

p. 142.

9. Parkinson, J. " Yoruba String Figures," idem. p. 132.

* These and other Torres Straits string figures will be found in
the Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to
Torres Straits, Vol. IV.

90

BIBLIOGEAPHY 91

10. Boas, F. "The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay."

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New
York, XV, 1901, pp. 151, 161.

11. Roth, W. E. North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin

No. 4, March, 1902, Plate V, copied in Jayne, String
Figures, loc. cit. p. 378.

12. Gray, Rev. John. "Some Scottish String Figures." Man,
August, 1903, 66, p. 118.

13. Kraus, Dr. H. •' Lufambo." Globus, Band XCII, No. U,
October, 1907, p. 221.

14. Kingston, Miss M. A. "*The Candles,' String Figure in

Somerset." Man, October, 1903, 85, p. 147.

INDEX.

Atrica, 8, 28-44, 73, 80, 83, 86.

— Central, 28, 29, 31, 34, 38, 86.

— German East, 34, 73, 83.

— Portuguese East, 41, 43.

— South, 8, 30.

— West, 33, 36, 37, 80.
African Batua pygmies, 80.
Alaska, 53.

Alaskan Eskimo, 80.

Algeria, 73.

Ambra, 43.

America, North- West, 79.

American Indian, 5, 7, 36, 45-52,

73, 80, 87, 88, 89.
Andaman Islanders, 31.
Andaman Islands, 37, 70, 72.
Apache Indian, 80.
Arms, the, 68.
Australia, 37, 69.

Batoka gorge, the, 40.

Bed, a (Africa), 34.

Bed, the (Torres Straits), 11.

Beira, 41.

Berlin, 84.

Boas, Dr. F., 89, 90 (i), 91 (lo).

Britain, Great, 74.

British Columbia, 7, 45.

British Isles, 73.

Brown, Mr. A. R., 31, 37, 70.

Bulawayo, 41.

Calabash net, a, 36.

Cambridge, 84.

Camp bed, the white man's, 84.

Canoe, 8, 17.

Canoe with two masts, the, 15.

Cape Prince of Wales Eskimo, 62.

Caroline Islands, 81, 37, 80, 89.

Carrying wood, 46.
Chair, the, 76.
Cherokee Indian, 73.
China, 79.

Chippewa Indian, 80.
Clayoquaht Indian, 7.
Cock's feet, 73.
Coco-nut palm tree, the, 9.
Cole, Mr. Fay Cooper, 87.
Crab, the, 26.
Crow's feet, 73.

Cunnington, Dr. W. A., 28, 36, 86,
90. (7).

Davis, Prof. W. M., 41.
Delhi, 78.

Diomede Island Eskimo, 63.
Distal, defined, 1.
Dog on a leash, a, 66.
Dorsal, defined, 1.
Dravidian trick, a, 83.
Dressing a skin, 46.
Dugong, 13.

Edinburgh, 74.
Egypt, 86.

Egyptian trick, an, 86.
England, 79.
Eskimo, 63-6^, 73, 80.

— Alaskan, 80. ^

— Western, 63.
Europeans, 89.

Face mark of the town of Owu, 37.
Fence round the well, the, 19.
Fighting lions, 41.
Fighting men, the, 22.
Fishing net, a, 34, 36.
Fish-spear, the, 7, 45.

93

94

INDEX

Fish-spear, throwing the, 8.

Fish-trap, a, 30.

Flying fox, the, 22.

Fly on the nose, a, 83.

Food, 82.

Fox and the whale, the, 64.

France, 73.

FurnesB, Dr. W. H., 31, 73, 80.

Gebman trick, a, 84.
Gordon, Dr. G. B., 6, 63, 73, 90 (6).
Grass hut, a temporary, 29.
Gray, Rev. John, 73, 74, 91 {12).

Haddon, Dr. A. C, 90 (4) and (8)

et passim.
Haddon and Rivers' nomenclature,

1,90(3).
Handcuffs, the, 77.
Hanging tricks, 85, 86.
Hawaiian Islands, 36.
Heape,C.,andJ.EdgePartington,31.
Hebrides, Outer, 73.
Hingston, Miss M. A., 76, 91 (14).
Hodder, Mrs. A. E., 84.
Hogan, a, 47.
Hogans, two, 48.
House, the Siberian, 53.

Imperial pigeon, an, 70.

India, 79, 84.

Indian, American, 5, 7, 36, 45-52,

73, 80, 87, 88, 89.
Inverted cradle, the, 79.

Japan, 80.

Japanese, 89.

Jayne, Mrs., 36, 37, 80, 90 (5).

Jesup North Pacific Expedition, 45.

Kayak, the, 60.

King fish, the, 13.

King Island Eskimo, 60, 64.

Kiwai Island, 26.

Klamath Indian, 54.

KrauB, Dr. H., 34, 73, 83, 91 (13).

Kwakiutl, 89.

Legs, the, 59.
Leipzig, 83.

Lem opening, 23, 24.

Levinstein, Dr. S., 83.

Lightning, 51.

Linao Moras, 80.

Lions, fighting, 41.

Little fishes, 12.

Lizard, the, 80.

Lochiel's dogs, the leashing of,

73.
Locust, a, 28.
Loyalty Islands, 17, 19.
Luoknow, 78.

Mabuiao, 13, 17, 24, 80.

Man climbing a tree, a, 69.

Manger, the, 79.

Many stars, 50.

Men, the fighting, 22.

Moon, the, 31, 32.

Moon gone dark, 31, 32.

Mouse, the, 80.

Mouth, 31.

Murray Island, 7-24, 80, 82.

Nageo, 20, 21.

Nageg, opening, 20, 22.

Navaho Indian, 5, 46-51, 80, 87.

Navahoing, described, 6.

Nest of the Ti bird, 17.

New Mexico, 7.

Nunivak Island Eskimo, 54-59.

Oklahoma, 36, 88.
Omaha Indian, 80, 89.
Opejiing A, described, 4.
Osage Indian, 36, 80.
Owl, the, 61.

Palmar, defined, 1.

Parkinson, Mr. John, 28, 84, 80,

90 (9).
Parrot, a, 72.
Parrot cage, a, 33.
Partington, J. Edge, and G. Heaps,

31.
Pawnee Indian, 88, 89.
Philippine Negritos, 80.
Pigeon, an imperial, 70.
Pit, a, 38.
Pitching a tent, 7, 45.

INDEX

95

Pocock, Mr. W. Innes, 69.
Porcupine, 54.
Po8itio7i J., described, 3.
Proximal, defined, 1.
Pygmies, African Batua, 80.

Queensland, North, 8, 81, 69, 73.

Radial, defined, 1.

Ray, Mr. S. H., figure collected by,

26.
Rivers and Haddon nomenclature,

1, 90 (3).
Roth, Dr. W. E., 8, 31, 87, 69, 73,

91 (II),

Salish Indian, 7.

Sawing wood, 78.

Scissors, the, 77, 78.

Scotland, 73, 84.

Sea-egg spear, 7.

Sea-gull, the, 67.

Sea-snake, the, 16.

Shir6 Highlands, 36.

Siberian house, the, 53.

Smith, Mr. Harlan I., 7, 45, 90 (2).

Star, a, 24.

Stone money, 31.

Sun clouded over, 31.

Sun, the setting, 24.

Tallow dips, the, 74.

Ten men, 37.

Tent, pitching a, 7, 45.

Tern, the, 10.

Threading a closed loop, 89.

Thompson Indians, 45.

Ti meta opening, 17, 20.

Tipstaff, the, 77.

Tricks, 80-89.

Trigger-fish, the, 20.

Torres Straits, 7-27, 31, 45, 80, 82,

83.
Turtle, a, 37, 80.
Two Eskimos running away, 53.
Two ptarmigan, 62.

Uap, 80.
Uganda, 28.
Ulnar, defined, 1.
Ulungu, 73.

Vancouver Island, 7.
Victoria Falls, 40.

Well, the, 17, 19, 26.
Well, the fence round the, 19.
Whale, the fox and the, 64.
Wolverine, the, 64.
Wooden spoon, 73.

Yam, will you have a ? 82.
Yoruba, 28, 33, 34, 36, 37, 81.

Zambezi River, 40.
Zia Uddin Ahmad,
Zuni Indian, 7.

78.

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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY