The Cavaliers & Roundheads of Barbados, 1650-1652

Google

This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on Hbrary shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project

to make the world's books discoverable online.

It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject

to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books

are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover.

Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the

publisher to a library and finally to you.

Usage guidelines

Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we liave taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:

+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.

+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.

+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.

+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe.

About Google Book Search

Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers
discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web

at |http : //books . google . com/|

r

'fi^'i'-Z:6.i:-

HARVARD
COLLEGE
LIBRARY

^^

'

I

o

Sn

i3atiia^06*

1680-1682.

{Reprinted, for private circulation, from the
Demerara ** Argosy ")

/ «

"argosy" press, demerara.

1883.

■^/''-V sA-isab.-i.

ti^r\.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTBB I.
Declaring for the King in Little England . . 1

CHAPTBB n.
Fonnding the British Empire in the West
Indies . . . . . . . . 10

OHAPTEB m.
Colonizing in the Olden *Iimef 18

CHAPTBB IV.
Ear Barbados on the Western Main . . 85

CHAPTBB V.
Troubles in Old England 63

CHAPTBB VI.
Troubles in Little England 82

CHAPTBB Vn.
The Commonwealth and the Colonies . , 113

CHAPTBB Vm.
The Blockade of Barbados and the Capitula-
tion of the Cavaliers . . 116

f 1 X Bt

tt
3tocaati«k

leao-i'eBfi.

I atk nae Jm ye Whig or Tory,
I^fr Commonwealth, or ilight Hiiine :
. ^y—^Aea/t to ifdU U FMt'aM^ii^^—

JS£

CHAPTER h

For Qbd fttid Kins Qharlei :

CHM bltiu oiirlov«rtigik»
And Hey for King Cbarl^s !

^ th^ ttlohth of U^y IdSO thd ti6iii)]lb!i1V^fth
^ of £nglahd cbtnpl^t^d th^ first fM bf )ts
exi6tdtt6e. JtlBt fcW^lVe tndnttid had |bh8 hf iince
Vbat then IwrnAinted ot the liWhg Pariifttiiefit=—
the ttump^bavitife pWVteuSly ftbttlftrhdd MbttftWj^jr,
passed an Act deolafthg th^ b^bp\^ ot Bh^idhd
and ot all thto Botnitiioh^ ahd Tef^fcbries ttier^
Uhto tXBbnging, to to a Conimott'Midth &hd !Fi>ee
Stiite, t6 to go'tetned a» ^6h.

In the first T^ek or;pd:(i;^ IdSO, kfRklri^ ^^MoA
p)^tby iHuch tn this Wise. Ih \^glaiid &nd Vftibs,

B

I

aetHer reigned, as it did in Warsaw in modern
times, the iron rale of the Army having crushed
out tdi thought of uprising against the Parlia-
ment, which itself was the mere creature of the
€6uncil of State, while everybody was overawed
by the power of Cromwell and Fairfax, and their
liimfetiattts, Iteton, Lambert, Monk, Fleetwood,
Xttdlow, and other mighty men of valour who
were Captains of Israel. Blake, the Common-
wealth's " sea-general," was afloat, setting about
the folftlment of hi^ great destiny, the building
up^ of England-a • Naval Glory, by a chase after
Prince Eupert and Prince Maurice who had
ttiVned corsairs, and were at the time roving the
'^ea, plundering friend and foe alike, quite impar-
'"iially. England was still ' in Coventry' with the
Nations of Europe, on account of the execution
of her King the year before ; but the Butch were
now taking steps towards the establishment of
intercourse between the United Netherlands and
the new Republic, and the great Puritan Poet
was engaged upon his famous counterblast to the
- " Defence" Salmasius had written in justification
of the. dead King, — a counterblast which, as the
" Defe^ice of -ike People of England, by John Milton
Englishman/' somewhat abated the aversion of
continental countries, while it gave Milton him-
self a European reputation.

In Scotland, the ' Great Marquis' of Montrose
had just failed in his forlorn endeavour to establish
his Master's son upon the Throne of Scotland, by
force of arms, and in spite of the great bulk of
the Scottish Nation. Fallen upon by Colonel

I i
M

IN BARBADOS.

Straohaa in an ambosoade at Corbieedale and
utterly routed, he had wandered as a fiigi|iTe
into the domain of Maoleodof AsBjnt, who deUv<»
ered him up to General Bayid Leslie a^ Ti^^
whence^ as a prisoner, Scotland's Hero, wa^ taken
to Edinburgh, to meet his doom* Se» no doubl^^
would have dealt with Arygle in the way Arygle
dealt with, him, had t^e fortune of war been
different, but well had his loyal heart kept its
Yow to Charles's shade —

M
f«

ni sing thy obseqnies with trumpet soimds,
And write thine epitaph In blood and wounds.

And it is a thousand pities that the greatit^^ dl/'
Graham^should have lost his life in the cause ' ^
of one so unworthy of devoted loyalty, as
his dead Master's son proved himself to be.

The Scotch Parliament had proclaimed Charles
the Second as their Xing as soon as they heard of
his father's death. They were not, however, pre-
pared to take the Merry Monarch on any terms
but their own. If he would swear to the Coven-
ant, agree to uphold the Presbytery and stand
by the Kirk and the Parliament, then they would
not only receive him as their King, but would
pledge themselves to set him upon the tbitme of
England also. They had an Army. under \\iQ
two Leslies ready to carry out what they should
undertake : at all events, to try to do so. .The
King of the Scots, as the English then called
Charles, was in the City of Breda, v^yy muc^
worried by the heckling of the Commissioners sent
to wait upon him by the Scottish Kirk and Parlia-

B s

HARVARD
COLLEGE
LIBRARY

tfuHy Rpit

of theCh

) that have

"an Pilgrin

; itieally for

I nion warm

[ e l^adershi]

I v, aj^allant

I not so muc

■ ion as Go\

far the some

Id now-a-d?

opular educ

essed the A

neither free f
tt we may no
jation has se
;aoism,.and t'
tion to all

wvalier'a rei

iX tail. Be

hav.e live'

rnmdas ha
badb sent e

lists there
mudiansK h
,W8 that u<
tiiul lines
note Bern

CAVALIER^: A^Zjt I^QtUt^pHEADS

aiNliJW^^ g9aj«^4t^r^ KVMI ^^m9» : fiwd for jto

Sovereign Lord for "ballin^^n^ i^i^^i^.^sim^^.
every ^ight tJU daj7b;;$ak'\

I^^ lre);a%^ Croii>wU ^m. 4oipg hwi ^ofk of
blood and iron. The terror caused by the

aiifflij^^^Wr a<> Jti>logb^<^^ Kilfcw^'.Qy* «>p4 .at ftihm
p]jB^ ¥^ Wx¥iWPg UHi.y^ra^, b^fe. ^4 Cl!9W»#l
^^ic^ fe% wafe nso^K befiieging^. ai^jj which wa&
defended byii;iiigfeQ']Seitt»i^»'W5as. b»:^EV)g^ 900^ (4
^ %^*«iafe <d*<^ *bft>^ befell Im ^^> «^ny' tiMe

J^3»«Sv W2fl§«c. C*rt<IP0fe and.^ti^. S<f%^;l8Vwii
ii^iHJ^$jS.jQ);^(blWV;%e^ b^oui. fiw^^be Kifig.,
:p#. J^lj^ (M>]<Q^^% j%1b tbi9, tiipa, QOflipia^

%i2S^ 4^1^^ ^ a>^ %ai|b0^% A on^bajff

^,^^ ^t^^tha^ l^ti^ph ow#wg.th%Qth«r hal^fc

Ifam Ifna^iti ^i^ bQei^toQ.nmcb allied tO; all .the
<?pn8mr^^ aid,, coipbiii^ipns; against theCrown^
not to be Very well pieced th^t ijien of tl]ieirown
prild^iptes prevailed' and settled a govenxmjKit them-
Bttl0m%eBade%iit«^ .witb.

T^,X: ■ " - ' ■■. ' ■- '^ - ' ■■ - ■■' -]i^. I . 1 . III . | i I T^'r'Baap— — ^— iw

k.

tarn

IH BARBADOS:

Thta k no doiM s dsfigfaifttfiy^ ^itefa^ bit
of word setting from the pen of the Gbanco)lor«
hnk ganMatienfl kave sinae risen tbat)wv» regardisd
the condiuol. of tho ea^ Pvrihm PrlgriiM fvoca. %
very diiffoiwit. poiMt. ol vievp.

Virgimabad deelared emphatically for the Xing,
tbe Cofonists of the OhJ Bominion warmly adopt-
ing the Koyftl eause, under the leadership of their
G^oive^^o^ ^p William Berkeley, a gallant and most
loyal gentleman who is- noted not so much for the
long^ Oration ol his* commission as 6'overnor oJF
Virginia, namety- 38 yearsj^ as for the somewhat un--
adranced rfews-, as they would now-t^ays be re-
garded, which he hefd npon popular education and
newspapers. He once addressed the Yirginians
thus : —

Thanks be to Qod we .have neither fijee schools nor
priotiBg presses, and I hope that we may not have any
for a bondred yeara; fov education ban sent into the
w<^i|ddQaM, hefiea^s aoilisectariftDisiQ^aiBd thetpriqtaxig
pre^s. has propaga^ted in addition to. a}l these tadU
attach a^aipst governments.

Thai ating.of thai old Oa,vali«i:'i. yemacks eyl-^
diently' is to»b& found in theijr taiL Besthia soul,
in. peajenl. Ho«. qould he, ham Un^i- in tb#se>
days ?

Thds col<MtetSi of thei Bevmndbs had not. only
dedafodi foD the Eio^) but bad sonir emiflsarilaa to
Barbadoa. to aak tho ooloiiiata therQ: to. do. the
sarne^ and:ix> assist i the BesmudiflnA by supplying
them witdi. armsL Thi& shoiwat tbat> notwithstaiid"
i^g Andnswr ManvAlfsi beaudful .Uofia, thoee who
bad aelitied *^wbe9e the remote Barm«altairid»/'

most Saored Majesty, over-desiroiis of an earthly
crown, pledged himself to uphold the Covenant and
Presbytery all the days of his life, and so forth.
Bat this was not all, he actually pledged himself
thereafter to declare his regret for certain sins of
his father and his grandfather, and for the
*' idolatry" of his mother, as her Boman Catholicism
was not very charitably described. This act of
filial piety was perpetrated on the 23rd day of May,
in the Old Style of reckoning, or the Idth, in the
New Style.

On that same 13th of May, far over sea,' the
Cavaliers of Barbados, under the leadership of
Colonel Humphrey Walifrond and his brother
Edward, two gentlemen irom Devonshire, having
quietly made themselves masters of the Island,
issued the following proclamation : —

IN THE ISLAND BARB ADAS,

May the third An, JDom^

1650.

Chablbs Stvabt,

Son to the late Kingt was with great solemnity pro-
claimed King of England, Scotlacd, France, and Ira-
land &.C Immediately thereupon the Booke of Common
Pra/yer was declared, to be the only Pattern of true
worship. And oommaTided to be distinctly, anddvly read
Wi every Parish Church, every Lords Bay Jf'o.

H. GOVLDWKLL

{Secretary.

In order to enter into the feelings of these Cava-
lier colonists it is necessary to know something of
the history of the times in which they lived.
Eirst then of the Proclaiming of Charles Stuart to

8 CAVALIEfti AWb kdUNDHEADS

ht King ^ Em^ikds ^, ; thii^ 'mA tf^&mifn of tike
ranlnist ltuid> Mf) AK»t oftl^ Md %hid ]^l&H!W[^t
yiioiished Uftgship, fiioM^lj^ nlPt^ tHeeattdcatieh \A
the late Monlirch, but a I^redaiHMltleil Md (^n
tsBued' ia Eogland dttit, do ))e)f«on M^hiatioeter
ilionid prtautne to declare Ohbfleb Stu&tt, ** fioA oi
the late Ohnrlee^^ eomMoMly nulled the PHwoe of
Wbles, otr any otiieir pardon to h(d Kihg, ibt thtef
Mitgietrtte) of England, at IMaMd^ ^f of tihy
fltminione helon^klii: thei^tftlov by MlOU^ of
inheritance, succession, election, or fthy ^^tiher
tftlaim whtttBoeter, Afid^ that, who^^ef ^ttti^rjr to
the Aet in tlus eaM made^ pftsUMiBd to pM^lftitn
King Ghatles, ehotild be '«de<9l&^ tibd adjudged
a traitor," and suffer ao^fd(ftgly. As to tke
6tiUarts Ulemselveii) the MAft^ MohHteh, as has
been already seen, was tlieti an ^ile 06 thd Ooh-
tinent: so was his brother^ the Duke of York,
afterwards known as James the Second, while
the noble-spiriied Duke of Qloudester, or Master
Henry Stuart as he was then called, was at the
time a State prisoner in England, Cromwell's
idea, that it WOtdd be a gbod thing to bring the
lad up to a trade — with a preference for a shoe-
maker's, not being) howerer, oarHed into effeot.

Again, the Cai^altem of Safbttdos dei6lakt)d the
Book of Oammon Prayet to he the &nly patt&rii of
Tfue WMhip in their Island. In England, not
ohly had the use of the Book of Common Prayer
boeb fdt years abolished, but it wais highly penal
to make Ufed of it, while the Ulse of the ** Bite&tory
of tublio Worthipi" the Work of the Asselnbly
of Divittes at Wddttnitlfite]'^ Wlui dnfolted uhder

asaa.

•>N BARBADOS. Q

penalty. Even on the sad occasion of the j
burial of the late King at Windsor, when Bishop i
Ju;ion wished to use the Burial Service in the I
Prayer Book, Oolonel Whichcote, the Governor
of the Castle, positively and roughly refused to
allow it, saying: — *^It was not lawful : that the
'^CoBimon Srayer :Book was put down, and he
*' would not suffer it to be used in that garrison
" where he commanded ;" and Lord Clarendon
adds, " nor could all the Brcason, Persuasions, and
" Entreaties, prevail with, him to suffer it.**

The mention of Parish Churches where the
Prayer Bq^xWba to be distinctly atul duly read
every LordU^ Day reealls the fact that the Church
of England had been swept away, and the Pres-
bytery had taken its place, while Archbishops and
Bishops had been abolished, as also had been
Deans, and Aroh Deacons, and all other
Church Officers, down to the humblest. Some
persons hod even raised the question of pulling
<iown the Cathedrals, on the ground that unlestj
" the ne»ts were destroyed the birds would re-
" turn to them," while during the Civil War
Broundheads and Cavaliers had alike used these
holy places as barracks and stables ; and it is
reeorded mure especially against the Eoundheads
that their horses had not only been stabled under
the roof of St. Paul's, but had even been 'fed at
the High tAltar of that Cathedral.

r t l!l. '*f

lO .CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

CHAPTER II.

roTuidlnflr the Britisli SSmplre la the 'W'est

Zsidies.

Some to the wars, to try their fortunes there ;
Some to discover Isl&nds faraway.

*' Barbados, that splendid Island, my father afc
" bis first settling those parts rejected, for the
" great want of water was then upon it natu-
" rally, yet art and industry have supplied those
" defects with cisterns, &c., so that miriads of
" peo])le are furnished." Thus wrote Colonel
Philip Warner from the Tower of London, on the
17th of April, 1G76, to Sir Robert Southwell,
the writer, who had been " alwaies from 16
" yeares of age employed in His Majestie's
" Millitary and Civill affaires," being then a
State Prisoner. And so it came about that,
for want of water at Barbados, that " worthy
"industrious gentleman," Sir Thomas Warner,
having rejected this island, set about laying the
foundation of British Empire in the West Indian
Islands at St. Christopher's, where, on the 28th
of January, 1623, he was made welcome by
King Togieman, the Carib Chief of the Island,
and allowed to plant himself and his companions
at what has long been called Old Road^ a spot

IN BARBADOS. M

where water abounds, as on either side a copious
stream rushes headlong into the Ba}' beneath.

Although Sir Thomas Warner did not make a
settlement at Barbados, the iHland is distinct-
ly named in his first Commission as the King's
Lieutenant in the Caribbee Islands, which bears
date on the 13th of September, 1625, and was
granted to him at the instance of the Earl of
Carlisle. This fact has some l>earing upon the
question of the proprietorship of the Island,
which was afterwards in debate between the
Earls of Carlisle and Pembroke, and, indeed,
tiouohed the pocket of the Earl of Marlborough
also.

Englishmen who were venturesome enough to
make settlements in the West Indies in those
times did so at their peril, for the Spaniards,
who then dominate Portugal also and Portugal's
Colonies, still claimed the exclusive right to the
Continent and Islands of the New World
which they had set up at the time of
the Discovery, and which had been affirmed
to them by Papal Bull, and the assertion
of which had provoked Francis the First to
declare his desire '' to see the clause in Adam's
" will which entitled his brothers of Castile and
" Portugal to divide the New World between
" them." The power of Spain had now however
been on the wane for some years, and its Empire,
though still potent, no longer overshadowed the
other Nations of Europe as it bad done in the days
of Philip the Second and Charles the Fifth : while,
long before this, there were Englishmen, French-

c 2

12^ CAVALIERO AW>» ftOt^NDHEADS

men, and HoHartders, stoQt''hear<ied* enonf^ tb^
transport? thiemsel veff over sea, and^ despite of Popfe
and Spaniard, tb plant tfeemsel^^es on'' the " newly
found-out liands" of Nortti' and South- Ariiiencav
It is true that the settlements these pioneem had*
as yet made were very small, but out of these
small beginnings greater thiiigs were to gfo^-
and thus, as the giant Eepublio of the United
States and the flourishing Dominion of Canada
have been developed from the infant English,'
French, and Dutch, plantations on the James-
River, at Plymouth, and on t^e St. LaWrence and
ihe Hudson, so are, in a^ small way, the once
wealthy, and still valuable^ West Indian Colonies
of England, France, and Holland, the outcbme of
the early settlements on the *Wiid Coast* of South-
America^ as Guiana was called in the older! time.
Of tbe numerous attempts at settlements which
had been made by the English' at Various* poHfe?
along the coast line of the country' which lies' be^-
t ween the Amazon and the Orinoko; none Had
hithert.0 attained much success, and Captain'
Warner, afterwards Sir Thomas, (who had been*
an officer of King Jamefe's Body Guard) havings
gone out with Captain Roger North to the plian-'
tation on the Surinam, there met Captain Thomas'
Painton, ** a very experienced seaman", who sug-
gested to him how much easier it would be to
establish and maintain a colony in one of the'
small islands which were despised and neglected'
by th© Spaniards, and it is said^ that Captain'
Painton particularly recommended for this- puf--
pose the island of St. Christo^r's. Wai^ndr re-

) !

.^

TfH i fTi -»«*.J«irf»JM

IM ft^AWAfDClfSi.

^

intoned to Bnglflnd in- 1620, and beiit^r joined by
aaothep Suffolk g(Mitldmart, Oaptlkin John Jeaffre-
8oa, and supported by Mi". RalpU Merrifield, a
London mofobant, fchc^' colonizing of St. Ghristo^
phei^s was undeiKaken and beguu in 1623, as
already stated. Up to this time there had been
no^ real attempt 6n the part df the English to
settle any of the West Indian Islands, for the
Jkaco at St. Luoia in 1605; when Sir Oliver
Leagh's ship the '* Olive Blossott^ ptit in there,
after fouohing^at Barftadoson her way to Master
Gharle9 Leagh's^ plantation on the Wiapo(;o; oari^'
not be eonsidered an act of colonization.

The Spaniaitis had t^hetnselves neglected the
smidler islands, fbr the Baipires- which Cortess
and Fizarro had conquered in Me^oo and Peru,
and' itie tfist te^tories which their lieutenants
had subdued' in* Vene'^uela, and other parts of
tfa^OoB^iMent, together with the old' colonies in
the noble^ islands of San I>onfingo, Cuba, Jamaica,
{tnd Popto Hico; attracted almost all the emi"
gvants that left Spain to sedc their fortunes in
tbei^w Worid. 1?he^ fine island of Trinidad
had become the home of a scant number of
Spanianis, and some ii$lefcs near the Mxiin were
resorted to by others for pearl fishing ; but the
iski>nd» now comprised in the Leeward and
WindWArd» Govetuments, and those now under
the: French and Danish fiags, had been left to the
Caribs' who diwelt in them, or resorted tx) them-
untroubled by the white men> who visited them
from time to time, only in search of wood and
water, or ot a place* for mustering: their man.

The Spanish galleons and the oarracks of
Portugal often touched at these Islands but
oftener passed them by, and it appears
that Barbados very seldom saw them.
It chanced, however, in 1563, that Pedro
a Campos, when on a voyage to Margaritha,
fell short of water, when luckily for him, " he
" fortuned to fall in with Barbados, and, being
" becalmed, went ashore near the river formerly
" called ye Indian river but in ye map, Fonta-
" belle." Finding water, he felt himself bound
to give the Island a name, which it has since
borne. He likewise "left hoggs to breed upon
" it, which ye Indians of St. Vincent coming
" to know, they did some years after often visit
** it for hunting."

If the way was not dear for English colonists to
settle in the West Indies, it had, at all events,
been made by the days of Queen Elizabeth, when
many a hero who had fought against the Armada
or had helped to singe the King of Spain's beard
at Cadiz, sought the Caribbean Sea as a happv
hunting ground for the Spanish treasure ships.
Hither came, in ' shippes,' in ' barkes,' in ' pin-
nesses,' many a gallant English gentleman, who
followed the lead of such famous commanders as
Sir Francifi Drake, Sir Walter Eawlegh, Sir John
Hawkins, Sir Martin Frobisher, Sir Richard
Grenville, and the bold Earl of Cumberiand.
with other leaders of less renown, like YeSSn/'
Knollys, and Winter ; and so they scoured the
Caribbean Sea and the Mexique Ba5% now plun-
dering the Plate ships, now landing and wrestling

IN BARBADOS. 1 5

with the Spaniard within his Treasure houses,
and sacking these, and, generally dealing the
Don such swashing blows as not only made him
reel, but also broke his power of invading Eng-
land. Surely, the doughty deeds of the Eliza-
bethan seamen gave cause for the Spanish
proverb "Peace with England: War with the
rest of the world !**

The English had not, however, a monopoly of
mauling and plundering the Spaniard. Tlie
French did something in that way. The Hol-
landers also, — who, under the leadership of
William the Silent, had so nobly broken the
bloody yoke of iron which Spain had imposed upon
them in Philip the Second's time, and had, with
the aid of Queen Elizabeth, set up as an inde-
pendent people, though their independence was
not yet recognized by their aforetime tyrant t),
—with unflagging zeal pursued their purpose of
spoiling the Spaniard and breaking up his mono-
poly of the New World. Wherever they found
their oppressor they set upon and smote him
hip and thigh, while, regardless of consequences,
they planted themselves on the banks of the
various rivers of the Wild Coast, and even pre-
ceded the English in making settlements in the
West Indian Islands. In the vear that Sir
Thomas Warner made his home at St. Christo-
pher's, the Hollanders had eight hundred vessels
employed in commerce and warfare in the West
Indies ; and in the next thirteen years they cap-
tured from the Spaniards and Portuguese, prizes
to the value of two and a half millions sterling,

:l6 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

.Of L^qnal to about nine millions now^nys in
^robMing pctWiMr. il^hbvwas, in party the4narHier
(in .wbioh^tb^ae Netberlanders paid off* the orueltias
.inflicted upon thorn during the pexseention of
Philip, Alva,: and^tbe Inquisition.

sDuring the time^of 'the bloody tyranny of the
iDuhd of AlTa, there* 4ed to England, from 'Henden
in the Netherlands, a family: named Court^een or
■Cortin. The father entered upon trade in
Xondou, '.prospered, and died, leaving .his sons
William . and Peter* ^er y .well. off. These entered
tiito partnership, in 1606, (William remaining
in London, .and Peter establish! rig himself at
fMiddleburgh in Zealand. They did a vast busi-
ness, but, -their joint operations appear to have been
insufBeient far* the Ambition of William >Courteen,
who made lai^ ventures to all ..sorts of outland-
ish places, as . these .were at the time esteemed;
and in, or aJi^ut 1625, he eyen petitioned the
Ki!>g, pointing out that the lands in the south
pfjrt of the world -were not yet traded tto by* the
King's subjecfs, and' praying for a grant of siU
such lands, with power to discover the sasie and
to plant colonies; tbere(H). As* the Courteens ?be-
came extremely rieb, t^ey were hoTHwredsby the
notioe of : the Stuart Sings, James and ; Charles^
who were graciouily:pleased to borrow very large
•sums of mosiey from tbem, with .somewhat pain-
ful results -to the llenders. /Both the brotbers.
however, reoeiyedf the further! J^onour ofK^^ht-
•hood.

'Quite In the way of- tbeir business thet Cour-
teens J9e at .out privateezs to prey tipon the

IN BARBADOS. 1 7

Spaniards in the Wesfc Indies. In 1624, one of
these privateers, when returning from Brazil,
made Barbados, and, putting into the road sinoe
called Austin's, made a short stay there, * visit-
' ing all ye bays in ye West and Southerne parts
' of ye Island '. Those aboard this vessel found
the land ** to promise much of the nature of
"Brazil", and "adorned with curious prospeote
" rather than mountaines, and stored with wild
" hogs". They " judged it worth especial notice".
In a short time, Sir Peter informed his brother
that Barbados was " an island not inhabited by
" any nation, of a good soyl, and very fit for a plan-
" tation". Simultaneously, Captain John Powell,
who had been in Courteen's privateer when he
touched at Barbados, presented his observations
to the Lord Chamberlain, Philip Herbert, Earl
of Montgomery and afterwards Earl of Pem-
broke, a great favourer of plantations, as was his
brother William, then Earl of Pembroke. The
latter is the Pembroke referred to in the ^nt line
of the charming verse upon their mother's tomb,
which is somewhat questionably ascribed to Ben
Jonson, and which befiaa: /u*'*-»'^-<>
" Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother."

These brothers were both patrons of a great poet,
and thus to them was given tlie enviable di^no-
tion of the dedication of the first oolleot>ed Edi(tk>n
of " Mr. William Shakespeare's Comedies MistO'
^^ries hnA Tragedies, published according to the
" true original copies, by Isaac Jaggard and
"Edward Blount, London 1623." They entiered
into the colonizing spirit which Shakespeave in

ti^(C

1 8 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

varioin places pourtrays, as in the following
exam^e taken from the Two Gentlemen of
Veronal

" He wondered, that year Lordship
** Wonld sailer him to spend his yoath at home;
'* While other men of slender reputation,
" Pat forth their sons to seek preferment out.
" Some, to the wars to try their fortunes there ;
" Some to discover Ishinds far away;
** Some, to the studious Universities".

CHAPTER III.

Ooloxdzlnff in tlie Olden Time.

No» Patrite fines et dulcia linqutmus arva.

On the 26th of Jannar}% 1625, a vessel called
the WiUictm and John^ of 100 tons, owned and
oommanded by Captain John Powell, and fitted
oat at the expense of Sir WiUiam Oonrteen, left
London with 60 emigrants, all men, who were
going to make a settlement at Barbados. This
vessel was in every way provided with things
necessary for planting and fortifying the Island,
where she arrived on the 2nd of May, 1626.
In those days the old year ended on the 24th
of Mar(^, and the new year began on the 25th.
The William and John's passage was not excep-
tionally long, for the three months thus occupied
would be in part spent at the Western Islands,

IN BARBADOS. I9

to wbich, in these early times, vesfeli bound to
the West Indies tumally resorted for proTisions,
which they obtained there by traffic with the
islanders.

These iirst colonists established themselves near
the Hole, as it is now called, where they bnilt a
small town which they named James Town. It
was near this very spot that the emigrants by the
Olive Blossom had landed in 1605, on which ooea-
sion some, of Master Charles Leigh's companions
set up a cross with the legend "James, King^of
Efi^asid and of this Island." Courteen's colonists
took possession of the island, continuing its name
of Barbados, and hoisted the King of England's
colours in the first fort they raised. Later in the
same year two other vessels, the Peter and the
Thomcmney arrived at Barbados, bringing men
and women servants, and a large supply of
provisions. Ail these vessels were furnished at
the cost of Sir William Courteen, who undertook
to found a colony at Barbados under the patron-
age of Philip Herbert, then Earl of Montgomery.
More vessels came in the following year with
more supplies and mpve colonists, although it is
not very clear that up to this time any particular
cultivation had been taken in hand. The settlers,
however, hunted the wild hogs which were found
on the island.

Barbados was found to be wholly uninhabited,
a state of things which had its disadvantages as
well as its advantages, and in 1627 the colonists
were in a miserable condition. It appeared,
however, that Captain John Powell, the Governor,

IN BARBADOS. 21

Powellls Plant ation. By this time there was a
population of about 1850, men, women, and
children, English and Indians ; several houses had
been built, and some forts raised and mounted
with guns. John Powell, the elder, sailed from
the colony this year, leaving his son John as
Governor of the Colony.

It was while things were in this hopeful con-
dition that Captain Charles Wolverstone arrived
from 8t. Christophers with about; 70 men.
Wolverstone who brought a letter of recommenda-
tion from Lord Carlisle to Governor Powell, was
allowed to land, when he talked over some of the
colonists, seized Plantation Fort, imprisoned the
Grovernor, and himself assumed the Government,
for which he had a commission from Lord Carlisle.
The Gourteen colonists took up arms and there
was very nearly a fight between the two parties,
bloodshed being prevented only by the interven-
tion of the Reverend Mr. Kentlane, who induced
the opponents to let their two noble patrons,
Lords Carlisle and Montgomery, decide the ques-
tion between themselves. In January of the
following year, 1629, Captain Henry Powell,
brother of the elder Captain John Powell, arrived
from England with 80 men, and a supply of small
shot, recovered the Island to the Courteeri
interest;, released his nephew John from prison,
and carried Wolverstone himself as a prisoner to
England. But in the April following there was
yet another turn of Fortune's wheel. It came
about thus : In order to enquire into some con-
tentions among the colonists of Nevis, four Com-

22 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

missioners were sent ont by Lord Carlisle, this
year. The ship carrying the Commissioners,
^' vith a rude company of people from
London," called at Barbados, where one of them.
Captain Henry Hawley, a man of very deter-
mined character, was to take steps firmly to
establish the Carlisle interest, which was sup-
posed to be then dominant, but was not so, owing
to the putting out of Wolverstone by Captain
Henry Powell. The Commissioners were, how-
ever, courteously entertained by Governor John
Powell, whom they, in return, invited to come
aboard their ship with his Secretary, and eat a
"Kretishett of brenes" (?) The Governor and
his Secretary ^^ not thinking any harm did goe,"
when they were treacherously made prisoners
and carried off the Island, Mr. Bobert Wheftely, ul
a Merchant from London, being left as Governor '*
for Lord Carlisle. Enraged by this act of
treachery, the Courteen colonists took up arms,
attacked the Carlisle men, but were driven back
by them, and the island was thus finally lost to
Sir William Courteen.

These violent changes in the government of
the colony were caused by the rival claims of the
Earlfof Carlisle and Montgomery to the proprie-
torship of Barbados, and which were warmly dis-
puted by each at the English Court. Something has
already been said of Lord Montgomery. It may
be added, that he soon afterwards succeeded to the
ancient Earldom of Pembroke and the possession
of Wilton, and, in the ensuing troubles, he, with
the Earls of Northumberland and Essex, was one

i

of the principal of those nobles who supported

the popular cause. Lord Clarendon and other

cayalier vriters have sneered at him, but in vears

to come he will no doubt be regarded as having

done more to build up the liberties of English*

men than did the author of the History of tfu

JRebillion. The Earl of Carlisle was one of those

^' beggarly Scots" who were so much the gainers

by the Union of the Crowns of England and

Scotland) as Sir Walter Kawlegh had foreseen,

they would be. Coming into England as Sir

James Hay, of Pitcorthie in Fifeshire, and a scion

of a cadet branch of the ErroU family, he quickly

developed into Baron Hay, and then into Viscount

Doncaster, from whom he was finally evolved as

Earl of Carlisle. He was a favorite, and a most

fortunate favorite. Being a man of handsome

face, and^fascinating manners^ no doubt cultivated

by the education he bad received in France, he

was altogether a persona grata to the Scot/ch

Solomon, and, as that worthy monarch had a

particular weakness for sending embassies

to the Courts of Europe, who so fit, as

the good-looking, stsaaf^ Eari of Carlisle. The

king's craze for embassies, when he should have C/

sent armies, was indeed made sport of by people

on tbeijontinent. A pasquinade of the day said

" The Palsgrave will soon have a large army, as

'' the King of England is about to send over

" 100,000 men". " What ; soldiers ?" " No : am-

*' bassadors !" Lord Cariisle was one of the

100,000. His lordship made himself more at home

in England than did any other Scotchman of the

SnAfuHi

24 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

day. He married an English wife, and when she
died he married another. His first was an
heiress, his second was a heanty and a politician,-
the famous Lady Carlisle, descrihed by Ed-
mund Waller as "A Yen us rising from
a sea of jet," as she appeared in early widow-
hood. The active part she played in the history
of England in the Troubles is well known, and
her intimacy with Strafford and then with his
deadly enemy ' Xing' Pym, shows her to have
been a very extraordinary woman. The Earl,
her husband, was not a politician so much as an
epicurean. He liked to take the world pleas-
antly, to fare sumptuously off the fat of the land,
and to adorn his handsome person with finery ;
and when he disported himself arrayed at an
expense of what would now be £150,000, he was
I)erfectly happy, while the world felt that there
was something to live for when my Lord of
Carlisle invented or displayed a ruff of a new
style. He got all he could, and he spent all he
got, and more too ; when he died he left debts to
be paid, and Barbados alone to pay for them.

It was while the Earl of Carlisle was suffering
from insufficiency of income that Marmaduke
Eawden, from whom he had borrowed a large
sum of money, and other merchants of London,
who were interested in Warner's settlement at
St. Kitts, prevailed up my lord to^tain a grant
of the West India Islands which'^Sfie include<iLBar-
bados, where CourteerP settlement had excited
their covetousness. Oh the 2nd of July, 1627,
therefore, a grant was passed to the Earl of

1

IN BARBADOS. 25

newly all tbt Islai^lft from SombrMo to Gwmday
Mftd ittcluiiiiig Barbados^ dosoribed as ^ tb» Cam*
bees," bat} which places were to be koawa t» the
** Carli^ or Islancls e£ Carlisle PFoviaoe." And
there was a eonditm foi Hie payment of a yeanly
jent of £100 to the Crown^ and for the presen*
tatioa of a white horse when the king;, bis heirs,
and snoeessors, shomld eome into those parts.
Before this grant passed the seal, Lord Carlisle
bound hinsseK to- pay £300 a-year, from the
revenuies of Barbados, for ever^ to^ the Earl o€
Marlborough, and his heks, in consideratioD o£
thm nobleman's foregoing hie claim to a g|!aat oil
Barbados for which be proved that he had received
a {womise. On the 25th of the Pebtiuary follow*
ing, while Lord Cailisie was away on an emjbassy,.
King Charles granted the islands of Barbados,,
Trinidad, Tobagio, and Poaseea, to Lord Mont*
^mery, then Lord Chamberlain, it being stipiH
lated tiiat a wedge of geld of a pound in. weight
shouM be given to the King^. when he,, his heixsy
or succeJ^BoiB, should come into those* parts,'bat,,
on the Earl of Carlisle's ceturn^ Barbados was
ag^R. mentiofied in a fretth grant made to him,
on the 7th April, of the islands wlnoh, hod beei»
iouoloded in his patent of the. 2nd of July pi»^
viouBly.

The '* foul debate twixt noblemen" which theae
eoniflicting grants fosteredxeased only when. Lord
Keepejp Coventry reported to the Sang upon their
respective claims. This, he did on the 18th
of Apffil 1629>, his. Loflrdshi|i.'s opiniea beings after
hearing Sir Tkomaa Buj^ton, John Watts, and

26 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

" other seamen of great note," that Barbados was
not one of '* the Garribees/' but^ though not one^
Lord Coventry was of opinion that the proof on
the Earl of Carlisle's part that Barbados was
intended to be passed, in his patent, was very
strong. This was no doubt a just judgment, so
far as the Lord Keeper Vas concerned ; and the
Earl of Carlisle was thus able to hold the King to
his bond, but, so far as the King's duty lay, he
should have revoked his inequitable grants to
that lord, and have confirmed the ownership of
the island in Lord Montgomery, The great civil
lawyers of the day held that the right lay with
the latter and Courteen, and based their opinion
upon the actual settlement made by these, and
quoted the maxim, Non poterit rex (/ratiam facere
cum injuria et damaio aliorum quod autem alienum
est dare non potest suam gratiam, in support of
their contention. In accordance with the Lord
Keeper's report. Royal instructions were sent t/O
the Governor of Barbados declaring Lord Carlisle's
title to Barbados to be of full strerigth and virtue
and none other to have force.

Having thus accomplished his covetous desires,
the Earl of Carlisle on the 25th of May appointed
Sir William Tuvton, a kinsman of the Earl of
Thanet, to be Governor of Barbados, for four
years " upon good behaviour." Sir William arrived
in the colony in September 1629, but appears not
to have given satisfaction to the Lord proprietor,
for^on the 15th of March 1630 his Lordship com-
missioned the fire-eating Captain, Henry Hawley,
as Governor, with power to establish a council.

IN BARBADOS. 2J

and to depose Sir William Ttlf ton '* by force if
need be."

With some intervals daring whioh he Tisited
England, Captain Henry Hawley governed Bar-
bados from 1630 to 1640, by which time he had
come to set at defiance the authority of the
second Earl of Carlisle^ who, in consequence of
his father's death in 1636 had become proprietor
of the colony. The first high-handed act which
Hawley perpetrated was to cause Sir William
Tufton and two others to be arraigned for mutiny
before Sir Walter Calverley, Master Beynold
Alleyne, and other councillors, who. to their
undying disgrace, sentenced the accused to death,
and these were accordingly in August 1630, shot.
The people of the Island do generally say Sir
WUliam Tufton had severe measure.'* This
was not the only occasion on which Hawley
shewed himself a Governor who intended to brook
no brother near the Throne. Sir Henry Huncks
was appointed Governor of Barbados in March
1639, and his appointment was confirmed by the
King ; but, when he arrived in Barbados in the
July following, he found that Hawley had
" got there before him, called in all commissions,
*' proclaimed all offices void, made the gaol
'* delivery a day of mercy, chosen Burgesses, and
" settled a Parliament," and Sir Henry was not
allowed to read his commission, but was ordered
to give it up, or his person would be seized. The
Xing's letter was slighted. Captain Hawley dis-
puting Lord Carlisle's proprietorship of the Islctnd.
'^ The Parliament" came to a resolution to choose

«

B 2

28

CAVALIERS Al^t) liaUNDHEADS

Qflirley, CroverDor, find he was proelaimed ^ with
the greatest scorn " towards Lord Carlisle. Fnr-
Iftier, Sir Henry Hundks was threatened to be
pirtclUed if ^be demanded the GoverniBent, and be
was forced to leave the Island, whence he sailed
4io Alitigaa. Hawley's rather tndep<mdent line
x>i actnon resulted in thirteen charges being pre-
ferred agsmsb him to the King, annrng them
being one of his having ordered the disoontin-
Tjance of the prayers which were tisually said
-in 'Churtjh ior Ix)rd Carlisle. Besides mrneh iftore
eeriotis offences, he is said to have acted ^ in a most
irreverent «nd «aucy manner." In June 1640,
€ommissi<mers from King Charles " in the busi-
" nees between the Earl of Carlisle and Captain
** Hjtwley " arrived at Barbados. Hawley formally
resigned the ^overmnent, and with his principal
abettors, acknowledged his offence, and gave in
bis sobmisdon. He was sent to England in cms-
tody of one of the Commissioners, but afterwards
returned to Barbados, where he lived for many
years, and held a good position.

The Commissioners sent for Sir Henrj' Hancks
from Antigua, but that gentleman, after aa-
isuming, soon relinquished the Government «rf the
Island into the hands of Captain Philip Bell, who
governed the colony with marked success from
the 18th of June, 1641, Hll May, 1650. Captain
Bell had * a plentiful estate' in the colony, and,
having already been Governor of Bermuda and
then of Mi Premdence^ it is not to be wondered
at that his rtde was very beneficial to the colony,
flra t)oionic(t8 prospered wetiderfully m bis time.

m fiAHBADCS.

39

«i

««

and irltb their conseDt seme vsefnl Laws were
nude. In bis time the Legi^ature <rf the eokAV
was Tfimnodelled, and a Couoetl of twelve, arid an
Assembly of twenty-two xiefiibera, weite estab-
lished.

While OoTernors came and Gefternors went,
tlie Oharch c^ Engluid took root and flonnehed
in the oeleny. Between 1690 and 1697 six
«ibiircbes, besides some chapels, had been built,
the care of the parishes being; committed to some
of the principal men in eaofi parieb, **who vfe
calied the Yestry, and have power to place and
displace their Ministers, and to allow them year-
** ly stipend." There were no tithes, but each par-
iah t«aared ttseli to pay its Minister. B«t the Ber.
Thomas Lane, wbm writing to Archbishop Laud,
on the 6th of October, 1637, gare a somewhat
gloomy picture of a Clergyman'8 position in those
days. He said the Governor chose the Minist'Ors,
and ttgreed with them as be pleai>ed, ** whereby
'* we are made and esteemed no better than
** tneroenaries." The application of a Poll Tax,
from which the Clergy were not exempted, seems
to have vexed the good man's soul. They were
compelled to pay ** for the very heads upon their
*' shoulders, for the beads of their wires, and
" children above the age of seven." The clerg}'
themselves paid t^ parish clerks out of tbeir
own means. Person Lane seems have recognized
his ovvn superiority to those around him when
he exclaimed ^What can be expected where
ignorance both of the laws of God and men
ddth dmniiieeri" He hoped the Arohbiflihop

•*(

30 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

would provide a remedy for their burdens, and^
knowing the Laudian thoroughness of purpose,
he added that it was time for *' authority to set
" to her helping hand."

Thus much for Church and 8tate. Meanwhile^
large numbers of colonists had arrived, so that in
1636 there were about 6,000 English on the
island, 766 of whom were landholders, each
occupying ten or more acres of land, for which
they paid rent to the 'iAdt proprietor in so
many pounds of cotton yearly. In this year
a law was passed which authorized the sale
of Negroes and Indians for life. From that
date the Slave-Trade became a feature of the
commerce of the colony. Indians were some-
times brought from the Main, but not in large
numbers. These poor children of the forest met
with but foul play from the early colonists, and
this from the very beginning, for the Arawacks
who were taken over in 1627 by the younger
Powell were made slaves o^ and not allowed to
retur^ notwithstanding the agreement made with
theair in Essequibo, Husbands and wives,
parents and children, were separated from one
another. In 1631, one of these Indians got on
board a Dutch ship which was going to Essequibo,
and made it rather unpleasant for Governor
Gromwegle, at whose instance the Arawacks had
gone to Barbados. The old Dutchman found it
necessary to marry a Carib wife to fortify him-
self against the wrath of the Arawacks and
afterwards had to make valuable presents to the
latter to retain their goodwill to the Dutch. Some

IN BARBADOS. 3 1

of the Indians were liberated by Sir George
Ayesctie ; of others he could not hear. It was
only daring the time that Sir Robert Harley was
Chancellor of Barbados, from whom Lord Wil-
longhby "took the seals" in 1664, that the
remainder of the Indians were freed. " It hath
** been observed that a curse attended most of
** those persons concerned in that horrid breach
" of faith" observed an old writer. The famous
story of Inhle and Tariko, so poetically dealt
with by Sir Richard Steele in the Spectator, is an
instance of the infamy of which man is capable.
An English ship was on the coast of Guiana,
where some of ^e sailors landed : all of these
except one, nanfilEnkle, were taken by the natives
and put to death. Inkle escaped to the woods,
where he was discovered and taken care of by
Yariko, a beautiful Indian girl, whose charms old
Mr. Ligon describes most precisely. She fell in
love with Inkle. It was history repeating itself
in the old, old story —

" A smooth-tongued sailor won her to his mind ;
(For love deceives the best of woman-kind.)
A sudden trust, from sudden liking grew ;
She told her name, her race, and all she knew."

One day Inkle and Yariko managed to get on
board ship, and were taken to Barbados. At
Barbados, Inkle sold Yariko as a slave. The
wretch ! Master Richard Ligon who tells the
story, which has awakened so much sympathy for
Yariko's wrongs from that time to this, and
will do so as long as humanity lasts, seems to

hvr& toumd the Indiuft woman Yariko ^an adept;
'*at taking out ohi^Qoes from, th^ ieet!^

Although Sir William Goitrteen was dispossessed
of his pfoperty by Lord Carlisle in 1629, the
MerchaJit Prinoe of his time had invested in Barr-
bados snms ajAountiag to the value of £200,000
ki these times, whieh were almost wholly losl^
to him. He made an overture to the chief
intruders, that upon payment of what would now
he represented by about <£90,000, he would grartt
the Islanders estates in fee simple, so that they
might become freeholders according to. law, buii
thidy answered, '* Ag they got the Island by Fower
^*ihey would keep it hy Force!" Having lenit
several great sums of money for his " most urgent
affairs" to King Oharlesy " which yet remained
unsatisfied^' having suffered by the destruetion
•f his factory at Amboyna a further loss which
would be valued at, now-a-days, over jC300,000
for his shane alone, — his disasters were completed
by the loss of two ships whieh were returning
from China and Japan richly laden. He died
soon after this crushing blow, in May 1638 — just
three months after Lord Ciirlisle left this world —
at the age of 64, and was buried in the church
of St. Andrew Hubbard, in London.

TheconneotioEkof Sir WilliaoaCoarteen withSar-
bados was, however, of lasting beneit to the eoiony,.
for his own Dutch connection in business mjsjtters,.
no doubt brought about that traffic with the Hoi-
lenders which proved of such, vast advantage te
Barbados uintbil the psMsing of the Ifavigatioa
Act. The Ikbtchmaa broughl) negroes^ o£ whom^

.W.»^«^»WBW1».

IN BARBADOS. 33

in 1646,^here were between 6000 and 7000 in
the Island, and every thing else that was wanted ;
and the Islanders plodded along, planting tobacco
chiefly, bat also cotton and ginger. The caltiva-
tion of tobacco was overdone in the colonies, and
the English government thought its production
should be restricted. Accordingly in 1631, the
Privy Council wrote to Lord Carlisle that " the
great abuse of Tobacco, to the enervation of both
body and courage, was so notorious" that the
King directed the planting of it t^ be limited in
St. Christophers, Barbados, and the places under
Lord Carlisle's command, until such time as more
staple commodities might be raised there. No
other than sweet, wholesome^and well packed up U /^
tobacco was to be exported, and thatjlelivered
at the port of London only.

In 1637 a plant was introduced into Barbados
which was \o cause a great change in the colony's
fortunes. In that year. Captain Peter Brower, a
North Hollander, first brought the sugar cane to
the Island, from Brazil. Its introduction is des*
oribed as having come about " by accident". At
first the only use to which the cane juice was ap-
plied was for making some kind of drink that was
found to be refreshing in the hot climate. Colonel
Holdip was the first planter who made sugar in
Barbados. This was somewhere about 1640, but
it was only in 1645 that the sugar industry had
become thoroughly established, and then chiefly
through the industry of Colonel James Drax, who
made a great fortune out of his estate. At first
only wishy-washy stuff was made that would hard-

34 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

ly bear transportation from the Island, and the
planters made the mistake of cutting their canes
at twelve, instead of fifteen, months. In time,
however, after some planters had visited Brazil
and learned the business, all came right, and
not only were muscovadoes made, but the manu-
facture of " whites" was •accomplished. Tobacco
gradually gave place to sugar, as it was found
that the land ordinarily produced as much sugar
by the acre as it did of tobacco. The colonists
now prospered mightily, the Dutch f^ving them
credit, almost ad libitum : and supplying them with
negroes, for which payment was not required
until these labourers had planted a crop of canes,
and that crop had been reaped and converted
into sugar. Those must have been theyooddld
Times ! When the Civil War broke out in England
the Dutch managed nearly the whole trade of the
English West Indian colonies, and thus they
furnished the Barbadian planters not only with
negroes, but also with coppers, stilly and every
other appliance needed by the ** i7igenios'% as
the sugar works were called, as also with the
ordinary requisites of life.

The population of Barbados in 1643, had much
increased. At that time there were 18,600
effective Englishmen on the island, of whom
8,300 were proprietors, this large number of
landholders being the outcor.e of a system of
allotting dividends of five, ion, twenty, and
thirty acres of land to the colonists, and also of
a Law which allowed three, four, or hve acres to
a ' servant,' when his time of service was out.

IN BARBADOS. 35

There were now about 6,400 negroes in the
island. By 1650 the population had considerably
increased, not only by the influx of negroes
brought from Guinea and Bonny, but by the
immigration of English settlers who ' took ship*
during the troubles, or *fled over sea' when
the Boyal cause was lost, hoping to find a
City of Eef uge.

CHAPTEB IV

' Far Barbaloi on ths Vestoni UainJ

Et PenituM toto divisoi orbe Britaxnoa,

Although Barbados was not in 1649 the highly
cultivated ^^arden that it now is, it nevertheless
in that year presented a very pleasant picture to
those who on board ship came near to its coast.
When, in 1624, the Courteens' ship put in at
that island, there was little else than dense for-
est to be seen, the very beach being clad with a
fringe of palmetto trees ; but, now, just five and
twenty years afterwards, the island, excepting in
its South Easterly part, was bestudded with plan-
tations, some lar^e, but most of them small,
which, as the voyager sailed into Carlisle Bay,
rose one above the other as in terraces, while the
cultivated lands were set round with the woods

V s

36 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

of the Vir^n forest, which still abounded, and
ednspieuous amidst which towered the umbrageous
boughs of the silk-cotton tree. The houses of the
chief Planters appeared from seaward, like castles,
and' their sugar houses and negroes' huts looked
like so many small towns each defended by its
own castle. The warlike appearance of the great
houses arose from the fact that many of them
were built "in the manner of Fortifications'*,
having Lines, Bulwarks, and Bastions, for de-
fence of the Planters in case of risings amongst
the Christian servants or negro slaves. Carlisle
Bay itself presented a busy scene, with English
and Dutch vessels lying at anchor, and numerous
boats plying to apd fro, with sails and oars, quite
like the stir below London Bridge in those days.
The Chief Town of the island was at that pe-
riod known officially as St. Michael's Town, but
it was in common speech called The Bridge, or
The Indian Bridge, from a long bridge which in
the earliest days had been thrown across the In-
dian River, which latter was a sluggish stream
that emptied itself into Carlisle Bay. Owing to
the lagoon aback of the Town, The Bridge was a
very sickly place in its early days, and continued
to be unhealthy in 1649. Still, men built dwell-
ing houses and store-houses, and notwithstanding
calentures^ and rheums^ and such like ailments
besetting its denizens, the capital of the colony
was a busy, prosperous, sort of place, where mer-
chants and plan' ers both did their business,^ for
some of the plant^ers were agents for the Dutch
who traded with the islanders. Planters also had

IN BARBADOS. 37

store-houses in the town. There was an Ex'
change Place where these worthy people met one
another to transact their common business, and
especially to buy and sell sugars of sorts, both
whites and muscovados, f us tick- wood, and ginger,
tobacco, cotton-wool, and indigo, which were the
produce of the colony, and such articles as were
import/cd from abroad for the needs of the colon-
ists both as planters and house-keepers, and
which embraced everything from coppers, taches,
goudges, and sockets ; linens and woollens ; vic-
tuals of all kinds ; swords and shoes ; down to
capers and beer. No doubt these old time people
did not separate without talking over the latest
news from Old England of the dire tragedy which
was enacted in January of that year at White-
hall, or discussing the prospects of Prince Charles
and of the Commonwealth, and whether the
Eoundheaded rebels of Westminster Hall would
maintain their claim that Barbados was an in-
tegral part of the Commonwealth. To store goods
that were brought from Europe was not, how-
ever, the only use of the warehouses : to The
Bridge was daily brought the produce of the
plantations. Here were camels and assini-
goes, as donkeys were then called, their backs
laden with leathern bags containing sugar, which
was brought to town to, be put into casks and
chests for shipment to England, or other parts of
the world, wherever the best market could be
found, for as yet the famous Navigation Ad was
not even thoaght of. To protect the sugar from
the weather, on its way to The Bridge^ a tarred

38 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

doth was thrown over the so^ar-bags. On going
back to the plantations the camels and assinigoes
were laden with estates' stores and with necessa-
ries for the planters' households. Mules had not
yet been introduced, and no carts could be used,
as there were but few roads and those but sorry
ones, very sloppy in rainy weather, and full of
stumps of recently felled trees, whiJe there were
hardly any bridges^ and the island abounded in
gullies, for going up and down the steep sides of
whiclu- the sure-footed camels and asses were
found best fitted, and a good camel could carry
1,600 lb. weight. Horses were numerous, Creoles
as well as imported, but they were only seen at
The Bvidge when the planters came to town.

Although gold pieces might sometimes be
brought to the island by vessels that had been
trading with tho Spaniards on the Main, the
currency of the co'ony was established in so many
pounds of sugar, of tobacco, or of cotton, and
fines imposed in Courts of Justice were so paid, as
they were also imposed. Barter, likewise, was
often resorted to, nnd it was quite an ordinary thing
to sell the remaining time of a Christian servant,
and receive goods in exchange. Master Richard
Ligon gives an an using instance of such transac-
tions, although, r.^ he says, this particular case
was of an excep.ional kind. Our author must
tell his own story. He says: "There was a plan-
" ter in the islai d, that came to his neighbour,
" and said to hii 1, neighbour I hear you have
" lately brought good store of servants, out of
** the last ship that came from England, and I

IN BARBADOS. 39

cc

cc

cc

(C

u
cc
it
cc

bear withall, that you want pitrndona. I have
great want of a woman servant; and would
be glad to make exchange ; if you will let me
baye some of your woman's flash, you shall have
some of my hogs' flesh ; so the price was a groat
a pound for the hogs' flesh, ai:d sixpence for the
" woman's flesh. The scales were set up, and the
planter had a maid that was extream fat, lasie,
and good for nothing, her name was Honor ;
the man brought a great fat sow, and put it in
one scale, and Honor was put in the other ; but
when he saw how much tho maid outweighed
his sow he broke ofF the bargain, and would not
" go on."

At Tlie Bridge was St. Michael's Church, which
gave its name to the town also. There were
several taverns, chief among which were those
kept by Master John Jobson and Mistress Joan
Fuller, and t<o these the planters coming from the
country resorted when they had a mind to feast
themselves with fish, for at those two places they
had it well dressed. It was at Master Jobson's
tavern that the Council and Assv^mbly usually held
their meetings. TJie Bridge also numbered several
grog shops where KiU-DevU, as rum was then
called, was retailed. Altogether, the capital of
Barbados was in those days about the size of
Hounslo^hen ; but much more important, having
a trade wnich required the tonnage of a hundred
vessels a year, these bringii .^ «dl that the colo-
nists wanted, and taking away, on their return
voyages, cargoes of sugar, cotton, and indigo, of
fustick, ginger, and tobacco. It is a fact, how-

ever, that while they planted tobacco for trading
purpopes, the Barbadians preferred to smoke the
weed brought from Virginia, and they were great
smokers.

Besides The Bridge, there were three towns in
the island, Austin's, Speight's or Little Bristol,
and James Town or The Hole. None of these
were at the time of much consequence, although
Speight's Town grew into importance afterwards
when the Scotland district became settled.

And now that the sugar industry had become
thoroughly est^ablisbed, its effect upon the distri-
bution of land became apparent. In the infantile
days of the colony, land had been allotted to the
settlers in small parcels, the largest of which
seems to hare been of 30 acres in size; and
these plots of land were looked upon as sufficient
for the maintenance of a man and his family.
To gain a livelihood rajther than to make a for-
tune speedily seems to have been the leading
idea in early days. But when the cultivation of
the cane prospered, it was found that the making
of sugar required many negroes and considerable
quantities of laud, and as the credit afforded by
the Dutch led some of the settlers into extrava-
gance, in a few years the properties of these fell
into the hands of their more thrifty neighbours,
some planters gradually enlarging their plantations
to the size of several hundreds of acres. li is re-
corded that the estate of Captain Waterman which
covered 800 acres comprised no less than 40 of
the dividends originally alloted. The small hold-
ers of land who were thus '* wormed out" by their

IN BARBADOS. 41

more eareftil fellow-oolonists transported them-*
selves into newer and less thickly peopled colo-
nies, some going to Antigua, others 10 the North
American Colonies.

The value of sugar plantations at this period
ma}' he judged of from a purchase made in 1647
by Colonel Thomas Modiford of one-half of Major
Hilliard's estate. Colonel Modiford was a gen-
tleman of Devonshire, of the Royalist Party,
who transported himself to Barbados, with sub-
stantial means and with good credit, and was
desirous of buying an estate and becoming a plan-
ter in Barbados. Not long after his arrival in the
colony, when on a visit to Governor Bell, the
Colonel fell into the company of Major Hilliard,
a member of Council, and one of the chief plan-
ters of the colony, who was anxious to return to
England, and very glad to find some one seeking
an investment. The two gentlemen went from
the Governor's to Major Hilliard's plantation,
where a treaty was begun, and at the end of a
month, a bargain was made by which Colonel
Modiford bought half of the plantation as it stood,
for which he was to pay X7,000, of which ^1,000
was to be in hand, and the rest in instalments of
X2,000, at six and six months. The whole of
the plantation was therefore worth £14,000,
which would be represented by about £50,000 of
money now-a-days.

The plantation referred to. covered 500 acres,
of which somewhat more than 200 were in sugar,
about 80 were for pasture, 120 for wood, 30 for
tobacco, 5 for ginger, as many for cotton, and 70

for provisions, the last mentioaed indading ^ corn,
''potatoes, plantines, cassavie, and bonaTist ;" and
frnit trees, namely, ''pines, plantines, milions,
" bonanoes, gnayers, water milions, oranges, li-
" mon, limes, &c., most of these onely for the
"table." On the estate stood 'a fair dwelling
house'; an ingenio placed in a room 400 feet
square ; a boDing house, fiUing room, cisterns,
and still-house ; with a carding house, 100 feet
long and 40 feet wide; with stables, smiths'
forge, and rooms for storing corn and bonavist.
There were also houses, or. rather hut^s for the
Christian servants and slaves, the servants num-
bering 28, and the negro slaves 96, besides three
Indian women, with their children. The live
stock comprised 45 cattle for work, 8 milch cows,
12 horses and mares, and 16 assinigoes.

The Christian servants were most]}* persons
whose services had been bought by the planters
for five years, but some of them had come to the
colony under indenture of service for the same
term. Of the former class some were felons
bought out of Newgate, but many were English,
8cot>ch, or Irish priboners, taken in battle : the
majority of them seem to have been Scotsmen,
whose countrymen came to feel that " to Barba-
dos men", as the term in vogue was, meant
nothing less than to send them into a very cruel
form of slavery, and accordingly, when some of
the Commonwealth's soldiers fell into the hands
of the Scottish army, the Highlanders put all their
pHsoners to death, saying " they had no Barba-
dos to send them to". Much depended upon the

IN BARBADOS. 43

master into whose hands the Christian servants
fell, but, as a rule^ these people seem to have
had exceedingly hard measure. In 1649» their
treatment was better than it had been, but, only
two years before, such was the cruelty of the
masters that there was a general conspiracy
among the servants to rise upon their employers,
slay them, and themselves to t^ke possession of
the island : a servant employed by Judge Hother-
sole, however, gave information of the plot, and
so prevented the insurrection, and eighteen of the
most determined conspirators were thereupon
executed. Bought on board ships in Carlisle Bay
just like so many head of cattle, they were serit
off to the estates, and at once put to work to
build their own cabins, and, if they did not finish
tbtebefore evening, they must needs lie on the
ground for the night. For ten hours each day
they worked in the open air, their hours being
from 6 o'clock in the morning until 6 in the even-
ing, with an interval between 11 and 1, for din-
ner. For clothing they wore shirt and drawers,
and caps, and some planters allowed a rug gown
for a change when the servants returned from
their day's toil, and a hammock was allowed for
a bed. Two meals a day, cooked by the negroes,
were given t/O the Christians : the first being din-
ner, of lob-loUy, bonavist^s, or sweet potatoes,
with two or three times a week a mess of pork, or
salt-fish, of powdered beef, or of pickled turtle
which was imported from the Leeward Islands.
Lob-lolly was made by pounding the Indian corn
in a mortar and then boiling it. It was eaten

G2

4*

CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

when cool, and had a very satisfying tendency,
Now-a-days it is calkd koo-koo. Bonavists are a
species of kidney beans. For drink, there wns
niobbie, and sometimes there was lime water:
the former was made from sweet potatoes.

From such of the Christian servants as survived
the S-years' ordeal, the Head overseer, or Prime
overseer, as he was called, was chosf^n. The
other overseers, of whom there would be about
five on an estate of 600 acres, were servants
still in bondage. This is what Master Ligon
says of overseers of that time : —

If

€1
*t
«<
M
«<
((
<l
<«
<«
«

a
it
ft

" The Prime overseer may very well deserve fifty
pounds per annam, or the value in such commodities
as he likes, that are growing npon the plantation ;
for he is a man that the master mav allow sometimes
to sit at his own table, and therefore most be
clad accordingly. The other five of the overseers,
are to be accounted in the ranke of servants, whose
freedome is not yet purchased, by their five years'
service, according to the custome of the Island. And
for their cloathing, they shall be allowed three shirts
together, to every man for shifts, which will very
well last half a year, and then as many more. And
the like proportion for drawers, and for shooes, every
month a paire that is twelve paire a-year ; six paire
of stockings yearly, and three Monmouth capps, and
for Bundayes, a doublet of canvas, and a plain band
of Holland."

Brought from various parts of ^Western Africa
between Gambia and Angola, the negroes on their
arrival in Carlisle Bay were bought on board
ship. Stark naked, as they stood, or squatted on
their haunches, shackled one to another. The
price of a strong man was^about j£30, and the

IN BARBADOS. . 4.5.

»6s-

''

'price of a woman iraoged from £25 to £?7. Ab
far as oould be, the sexes were kept equal in
mnnbers, as it was found tbat a man complained
if he had not a wife, while useful men were
allowed two or three wives each, but no woman
was permitted to ally herself to more than one
man. Slaves worked for the same hours requi ed
of Christian servants ; each had his own Httle
house of thatxjh and wattle, and divided it into
small rooms. For clothing, a negro wore a pair
of canvas drawers, and a negress a petticoat ; for
beds the}^ had boards. Their main food was the
plantain, of which a large bunch was allowed
to each, or two small bunches, for a week's sup-
ply, with two macquereU for each man, and one
for each woman. Sometimes they had Indian
corn, which they roasted, instead of plantain.
They cooked their own little pots. Now and
again they were treated to a special feast, as when
an ox died by mischance or by disease, when the
negroes were allowed the head, the skin, and the
entrails, which were distributed among them by
an overseer, bat the body was reserved for the
Christian servants ; but when a horse died, the
Whole of it was shared among the negroes, and
they 'flttfc it with muoh contentment. They had a
Marked dislike to lob-lolly.

If Christian servants or slaves fell ill, thev
were attended to by the estate's xipothecarv, who
was by courtesy called the Doctor, but the profes-
sion appears to have been conteraned by Ligon,
who styles them "ignorant Quacksalvers," mindful
of the " drenches'* which he had taken at their

46 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

hands. These IXictorB, howeTer, BaHsfied the
libcmrers. nhoee ailmenU seem to hare heen
relieved ov the prescription of a dram or two of
KilldeviU,

Sunday was a day of rest, but from Monday
morning to the following Satarday afternoon, all
hands on a plantation who worked in the field
were at work, daily, from sun-rise to sun-set.
At 6 o'cliKk each morning, the estate's bell rang
for all hands to turn to, and at 11 the bell again
rang them back when they had dinner, at 1
o'clock the bell rang them out again, and at 6
o'clock they were called in for supper, after which
they went to bed. The negroes worked a-field
in gangs of 10 or of 20 according to the ability
of the overseers who supervised their work.

The planting of the cane by putting the cut-
ting endwise into small holes dug at a distance
of three feet from one another haci^in 164^ been
replaced by a new fashion of digging a ' trunch',
six inches deep and six inches broad, in a straight
line, the whole length of the land planted, and
then laying two canes lengthwise, and side by
side along the bottom of the trench, which was
then filled in with soil, this being done at inter-
vals of two feet. About twelve acres at a time
were planted, not more, as the Ingenios could
not manufacture the sugar a*", the rate of 20 and
30 tons a-(lav as is now down in British Guiana.

ft

PlihtifiGr, cropping, and manufacturing went on
tie whole year round. To planting, followed
weeding and supplying, and at the end of fifteen

IN BARBADOS. 47

months the canes were cu^not with a cutlass^bot
with a bill. The canes being cut, the 1|p8 were
carted away as fodder for the stock as the pas*
turage then was very poor, and the stalks were
tied up in faggots and carried to the Ingenios,
on the backs of assinigoes^ which were laden in
the Devonshire fashion of the time, having
crooks set .upon pack-saddles, a faggot being
placed in each crook and a third a-top.

What we now call the buildings, or the sugar
works, were at first known as the Ingenio,
Here it was that from 1 o'chick on Monday
morning until Raturday night, from year's end to
year's end, men and animals working in relays,
by spells of four hours each, performed the mys-
terious rites of Saccharina, and were in turn
rewarded with muscovadoes, whites and molasses,
and eke with Kill-devil. And firstly, of Grinding.
Those who in our own time take as a matter
of fact the vast buildings and the magnificent
machinery which are inseparable from a planta-
tion in British Guiana, little reck from what
small beginnings the Sugar Industry has sprung^
and how primitive were the means of motive
power which preceded the use of steam ; and
they will recognize in the following description
which Ligon gives of the operation of grinding
the origin of the terms " going round" and
" going about", which even now in some of the
Island colonies at all events, are used for '' getting
up steam." Our author says —

** The manner of grinding them is this, the

oA

.1 lli

43 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

^ homes t^nd cattle being put to their taeUe
they go about', and bj- their force tttrne (by
the sweeps) the middle roller; which being
*' cog'd to the other two, at both endst turns them
" about ; and they are three turning upon the
'* centres, which are of brass and steel, going
•' very easily of thetnselves, and so easie as a
*^ man's taking hold of one of the sweeps with
" his hand will turne all the rollers about with
" much ease. But when the canes are put in
** between the rollers, it is a good draught for
" five oxen or horses ; a Negre puts in the canes of
*• one Bide, and the rollers draw them through \o
'^ the other side, where another Negre stands,
*' and receives them ; and returns them back on
" tlie other side of the middle roller which draws
" the other way. 80 that having passed twice
** through, that is forth and back, it is conceived
" all the juyce is prest out ; yet the Spaniards
" have a press, after both the former grindings,
**;h9 press out the remainder of the liquor, but
" they having but sii all works in Spain, make
" the most of it, whilst we having far greater
" quantities are loath to be at that trouble."
The Beet root did not then trouble the Barbadian
planter and teach him to economize his juice ;
but, did the Spaniards anticipate the Honorable
William Russell's Maceration Process? At all
events there must be many in Guiana who can
recollect having seen in one of the smaller colonies
a survival of the old-time system of grinding, as
executed by a menagerie of a one-eyed horse, a
mule, and a couple of donkeys, or an ox, or sovie

mioh iiiMMllABeaiM eoUeetion of qoftdnipads. Sot
let

" Grandenr bear with a disdainful smile
The short and simple aimals of the Poor/*

From the time of omsbiiig the canes and
baying- itff jam ta the makiiig of mtueoffadoea'
a month eUifiBed, nJiils wltiia took four months
in the manniaotiire. The jnee fell 'from the
rollers into s feoesver made like a ttay, whenoe
it ran thorough a pipe or tronglL into a cistesn^
whexB it WBa tempered by ashes damped by
water, and thenoe thiongh another pipe into the
first ai five coppers which were set abore a
famaoe bnilt of Bntoh bricks called klinkevs*
Eiom the first copper; the boiling liquor was
passed into the second, third, fonrth, and fifth,
meanwhile nndergoiag in each a good deal of
ladelling and skimming t the scum from the
first and secosid coppecs was held of no
aeooont, but tiie. skimmangs from the three last,
which, were strawed at bottom with lye to
cause granulation, went to the Still-house^ for
the making of K&MevSi, From the last copp«r
the dofrified fiquor was run off into a cistern to
*cooV or become milk-warm, when the operation
d * potting^ began. The 'pots' were made of
wood, were sixteen inches squaie above, about
30 inches Icmg, and tapered do^wards to a
point in which was a hole big enough to admit a
maii^a finger ; one would hold from 30 to 35
pounds of sugar. Before being filled the holes
wese JMHigad Vfi witis stopples mede of plaiitaan

fmm

50 CAVALIERS AND ROIINDHEADS

^^^^^^M^i— ^fc^^^ w ■■■■ ■■■■■■■ ■■■1 IM^ ■■— ^.^M— ^— ^M^—^— i^M^^i^— ^M^w^— W^^^w^— »M

leayes.. The pots were filled at the cooler, as
the last cistern was called, and then were placed
between stanchions in the Filling Boom, and
there remained for two days and two nights for
the sngar to become cold ; they wure then re-
moTed to the Curing House and again set
between stanchions, after the stopples had been
withdrawn, when the 'molasses' ran off by a
wooden trough into a large cistern. A whole
month was required for this, even after the pro-
cess of boring the sugar had been substituted for
the practice of thrusting a spike of wood through
the vent to the top of the pots. When the
sugar had been thus cured, the pots were re-
moved t-o the Knocking Boom where they were
knocked with force against the ground, causing
the sugar to come out in a loaf, the top of
which was somewhat brown, of a frothy, light,
substance, the bott/om of a much darker colour,
but heavy, gross, moist, and full of molasses.
Both top and bottom were cut away and boiled again
with the molasses to make Peneles, a kind of sugar
described as some what inferior to muscovado. It
was the middle portion of the loaf, about two-
thirds of the whole pot, that, bright in colour,
and dry and sweet, was the veritable muscovado.
The making of whites, which were the forerunners
of the Best Vacuum Pan of to-dav, was accom-
plished by paving tempered clay upon the top of
muscovado as it lay in the pot in the curing house,
and letting it remain for four months at the end
of which time the clay was removed, the loaf
knocked out, and the top and bottom portions

IN BARBADOS.

51

were removed as musoovado, the middle oontiBt-
ing of what was of a perfeotl)' white colour, and
the best sugar of this kind sold far as mueh
as 20d the pound in London, a price equal to 6$»
of the buying power of our money.

While the servants and slaves worked in the
field and in the buildings from Monday t^o Saturday,
Sunday was entirely a day of rest, unless they
chose to work for themselves, as some did
gathering the bark of the mangrove tree, making
It into rope, which they trucked away for shirts
and drawers and the like. They certainly did not
go to church, for at that time no slave was
allowed to be a christian. Music and dancing
were their great resource. They danced to the
music of a whole orchestra of kettledrums, the
time beifig given on a small one to which the
larger came in as a chorus. In their African
danees the movements of their hands and heads
were more frequent than the motions of their
feet. Dancing was alternated with wrestling
in the manner of their country, a peculiar
feature in which was the butting at one another
with their heads, until they came to a hug^when
one or other of the two got a fall. When the
men took to wrestling the women left off dancing
to become spectators of^ the contests. In this way
did these poor people enjoy themselves in their
own manner^ rather than in the sports beneath
the greenwood tree which were * lawful' to
freeborn Englishmen in Old England, on Sun-
day, in the days of the Stuarts.

Of course, planters then, as now, were not

-fa«*i

HS

52 CAVALUCRS ANt> SOUNDHEADS

irildioilt c6a«0 for aiuciety or of i^mmble. Thrae
was the weather^irbi^ m^;ht be too wet or too
dry« Then^ if ttey had not the borer, there was
the laborer, in the ^hape of disaffected aery ants and
slaves who might be plotting a rising, or injnrnig
the Xngenio, or setting fire to the eanefielda, some-
times oanaing rast loss by the last-mentioned act.
Then too, some of the slaves^ who had cost mneh
money/ would run away and hide themselTes in
the eayes in the Idand* while others had an
awkward way of hanging themsdves when
<Mit of i^iiits, beUeving that when dead they w^al
hack to their nai^^ive eonntry. Colonel Walrond
however, pat a fitop . to the happy dei^toh
syBtem; after two or three of his best davea
luid done away with themselves, l^ causing the
hiQad of one of the stticides to be eat off ai^ set
upon a pole 12 feet high, and by then making
the living negroes view the head and march
round the pole and satisfy themselves that^ as
the head was there^the body eould not have
gone without it ; and^ thus eonvineed, no more
hanged themselves. But, when this trouble
h^d been got over, there yet remained the *ratB
and to get rid of them^ a whole cane-piece
wovld aometames be Immed down, the fire being
set at the outsides of the field intended to be
destroyed, by which means the enemy were
driven into the middle of the cane<-pieoe where
the flames closed in upon them and destroyed
them. These vermin also infested the houses,
dwelling and store, especial^ in wet weather,
and tb^pl^ed general Jhavoe. Somelames^

^r^fm

IN BARBADOS. 53

urark w0«ld hard to Im stopped in the
house and in the field, beoatuM sofiiethfng had
given oot^ or gone wroog^in the Ingenio ; or for
want of Btoek, for many aniiti&lB, horflea and
horned oattle, died from disease/ cases being
mentioned where one planter lont 30 oattle
in two days; and another 50 in one night.
No wander that there are so many warrants
of that period in the State Paper Gffioe
in London for the transport of ** nags" to Barba>-
dos, while «t a somewhat later date there is an
application to the Council of State from one Me^
ohant for lieenoe to ship thither one hundred
horses, npvQ payment of the usual duties, it
being speoificttlly stated tberMn that thete was
^ great want of draught horse5i in Barbados
** whereby many of the sugar mills there stafid
^ still/' Notwithstanding all their troubles, how-
e^r, the Plaaters of Barbados were prospering
«od hopeful. Ck>lonel Drax, for instance, who
had started there with a btofk of XdOO oiily, t4)ld
Master Lig<m that he hoped iu a few years to be
able to buy an estate in England of £10,000 a-
year; while Colonel Thomas Modiford Haid he
would not be satisfied to return to the Old
CoTUktrv until his investment in Ba]:l)adds had
renlu£e \ £1 00,000.

Several of the planters came from Devon^ire
and OortiwaU, but other ootintics were also ropre*
sented by the settlers in Barbados. It may
prove interesting to give some of the names of
those who had then made their home in this far^
island in tho WiSstfim Main. Add, firfttly, of those

■•««•

54

CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

whose families have ceased to be conneoted with
Barbados, there were: Bourchier, Bromley, Byron,
Carey, Carleton, Conyers, Coverley, Darell, Bigby,
Dimock, Estwick, Fitz James, Fortescue, Frere,
Godwin, Hawley, Hay, Howard, Ishara, Jefmyn,
Kendalf, Lacy, Lee, Littleton, Middleton, Modi-
ford, Needham, Ogle, Ouseley, Pickering, Pri-
deaux, Pym, Quintine, Rich, Ross, Rowlanci,
Russell, Shelly, Southwell, Tyrell, Usher, Walms-
ley, Wells, and Wodehouse. While these names
are no longer found among the proprietary body
in the island, many of them are yet borne either by
plantations, or by the swarthy descendants of the
old planters' slaves. The names in the following
list include those of some families who, though
they may no longer be connected with Little
England, are, nevertheless, to be found in the
other West Indian Colonies : most of these patro-
nymics, however, will be recognized as belonging
to those who may boast that they are ** neither
Creole nor Crab, but true Barbadian born," in
testimony whereof they are subscribed : — Alleyne,
Austin,^uckley, Burrowes, Byam, Chester, Clarke,
Clinketx^ Codrington, Cox, Dottin, Edwards, Ellis,
Gill, Gibbes, Git tens, Jones, KirtoD, Marshall,
/Martin, Mathew,iMilla, Moss, Parris, Parsons,
^Pearce, SandiforcC Taylor, Thornhill, Redwood,
"^alrond, Waterman, and Webb. Nearly all the
names mentioned in these two lists were at the
time of the Civil War identified with property in
Barbados : some names familiar nowadays as
associated with that colony had not then been,
known in the island, while families like that of

gga^— ^'■^— ■ I - ' ■ P^^ff^^»<^^i'^«^w^i^"^^ww

IN BARBADOS. 55

tke Paynes were then settled in the Leewaid
Islands.

A right hospitable set were these planters^
welcoming newH^omers kindly, and doing what
they could to make them at ease in their island
home. The broken Cavalier soldiers especially,
who managed to reach their shores, after escaping
from the field of a lost fight, found hearty greet-
ing there, for, had not many of 4fae planters
themselves fought as officers in the King's army
and crossed over sea to save what was left to
them.^ But, while most of them were represen-
tatives of the Lost Cause, there were some, few
in number, but important from wealth, who
sympathised with the Parliament. Most ot these
had settled in the Island before the Great Rebel-
lioYi broke out. All, however, had lived in peace
for some years, avoiding " parties and sidings",
although commissions came out from England
f^om time to time, now from the King, now from
the Parliament ; and the rule was observed that
if any one called another Cavalier or Eoundhead,
the offender should give a dinner to all those in
whose presence the epithet had been flung. Thus
Kendall from Cornwall, Walrond from Devon-
shire, Codrington from Gloucestershire and the
CaT^iiers generally, although they no doubt,
hoped the King would come to bis own again^
and among themselves drank to the Figure
II, which stood for Charles the second, for
some years lived on terms of good fellowship
with Alley ne from Kent, Frere from Suffolk, and
the knot of Itoundheads, including of course €olo*

■M

56 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

nel James Draz, the g^at planter of that time,
who had done so much for the prosperity of the
oakmy,

NotwMisiaDding that the colonists vere fast
growing nob, tiie planters as yet lived in na
gitab ioxnry, as instance the faet that they had
Dot flan windows in their dwellings, only shut-
tefst moreorer, although some of the great
bensea were like castles, the majority were low
and iU-<<Mnstnieted. Housekeeping was a matter
of. difficidty then, for the island provided hut a
scant supply of meat and food-stuffs, and the put*
ting up of previous for transport from England
to the Tn^ies had not become the Fine Art that
itisnow-ardays. Batter, for instance, sometimea
arrived in aoeh an exceedingly rancid state, that*
it made the very ship that brooght it loathsome,
and cheese, unless put up in oil, was Bruch
tiw same, for lights, the eolonists had to make
tJieir own candles, which they did out of bees'
wax brought from Western Africa, because the
oandles shipped from England would stick to-
gether in a lump in the barrel in which they were
put up, and when they reached the island they
stank so pcofouzidly that neither ratis nor mice
would come nearthem, nmeh less eat them. The
meat supply of the colony was meagre. Oxen
were, required for draught purposes, cost too
mui4»tobe used for beef , and only a man like
Qolbn^l Srax, who lived like a Prince^ eould
aSosd to kill an ox now and then, but the beef
so supplied was^but poor staff. Fork, which was
served up^iavaijimawaysy was. their most tasty

IK BARBADOS. 57

meat;, but of mutton there was little, and the best
quality of that was produced by sheep brought
from Africa, which in appearance resemUed
goats. Poultry was in fair supply* For bread
they relied chiefly upon oassara, altJiough they
had biscuits from England, and flour oame
thence and from Holland with which thev made
the ordinary kind of bread. So much for the
^me market. Many kinds of food, however, were
imported, as will be observed in some of the
dishes to which Colonel Drax and Colonel Wa]-
roud treated their friends at a high festival, of
which later on. The principal drink of the
colony of a spirituous drink was Kill-devill, that
is RIJM ; but there was mobbie also, made from
sweet'-potatoes ; piwarri from the cassava root;
pippo : and drinks made from the plum, plan-
iain, pine, and orange. Spirits and beer came
from England, and wines from France, Spain,
and Madeira. French brandy they also had,
which was ^^ eztream strong, but accounted very
wholesome". With fruits of the Tropics they
were fairly well supplied^ from the pine and
orange to the cocoanut and custard apple. At
all events, on the score of domestic servants,
these early settlers seem to have had but little
trouble, if Lord Willoughby's opinion of the
black hands may be taken as the common experi-
ence. Writing to Lady Willoughby a year or
two after this, Lord Willoughby says that he has
allowed his house-keeper " Cataline, the Car-
penter's wife", to return to England, and thea
proceeds *' Honest Mary is all my stay now, and
I

58 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

*^ I hope will do as well as she can. I have en-
'* tertained another coarse wench to be under
**her, allowing her help enough of negroes,
** which are the best servants in these countries,
*' if well tutored, and cost little, only a canvass
*' petticoat once a year, and there is no more
" trouble with them."

! The means of recreation were but scant. There
was neither l^nting nor hawking, t<o which the

j planters had been addicted in Old England, and |
all that a planter like Colonel Drax Jieems to
have been able to do for sport, was -nP^akfi^
some of his negroes play at rapier and dagger,
which they did very skilfully, while he got some
enjoyment out of putting a Muscovy Duck into a
pond, and then making some of his negroes who
could swim best, capture the duck in the water,
but forbidding them to dive, so as to allow of
better sport. The fact is, the planters were
thankful enough to be allowed to live in peace
and prosperity, free from the Troubles at Home,
and with a prospect of attaining to wealth ; — no i
little matter, when it is remembered that many
of their fellows were then in exile in various
parts of Europe and living from hand to mouth,
and that not long afterwards so great a nobleman
as the heroic Marquis of Ormonde was compelled
to lodge at a boarding-house in Paris, paying a
pistole a week for his diet, and to walk the
streets of Paris on foot, which in that proud city
was considered *^ no honourable custom", while {
the King himself in his exile was sometimes, '
often times, in need of 20 pistoles, and '* could j

IN BARBADOS.

59

*^ not find oredit to borrow it, ^ich he often had
'^ ezperienoe of. No doubt the Merry Monarch
would at thofle times have gladly joined such
feasts as Colonels Drax and Walrond sometimes
gave their friends, and which it will be well to
let that competent epicure, Richard Ligon, gentle-
man, himself describe : —

** First then (because beef being the greatest
rarity in the island, especially such as this is)
I will begin with it, and of that sort there are
these dishes at either mess, a rump boyl'd, a chine
roasted, a large piece of the breast roasted, the
cheeks bak'd, of which is a dish to either mess,
the tongue and part of the tripes minc'd for pyes,
season'd with sweet herbs finely minc'd, suet,
spice and currans ; the legs, pallets and other
ingredients for an olio podrido to either mess, a
dish of marrow-bones, so here are 14 dishes at
the table and all of beef ; and this he intends as
the great regalio, to which he invites his fellow
Planters ; who having well eaten of it, the dishes
are taken away, and another course brought in,
which is a potato pudding, a dish of Scots collops
of a leg of pork, as good as any in the world, a
fricacy of the same, a dish of boyFd chickens, a
shoulder of a young goat dress'd with his blood
and time, a kid with a pudding in his belly, a
sucking pig, which is there the fattest, whitest,
and sweetest in the world, with the poynant-sauoe
of the brains, salt, sage, and nutmeg done with
claret- wine, a shoulder of mutton which is there
a rare dish, a pasty of the side of a young goat
and a side of a fat young shot upon it, well sea-

is

6o CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

aon'd with pepper and aalt, and with some nut-
meg, a loyn of yeal, to which there wants no
sauce being so well furnish'd with oranges,
lemons, lymes, three young tiirkies in a dish, two
capons, of which sort I have seen some extream
large and very fat, two hens with eggs in a dish,
'four ducklings, eight turtle doves, and three
rabbets ; and for cold bak'd meats, two Mutcovia
ducks larded, and seasoned well with pepper and
salt : and these being taken off the table, another
eourse is set on, and that is of Westphalia or
SpanUh bacon, dryed neats tongues, botargo,
pickled oysters, caviare, anchovies, olives, and
(intermizt with these) custards, creams, some
alone, some with preserves of plan tines, bonano,
guavers, put in, and those preserved alone by
themselves, cheese-cakes, puffes, which are to be
made with English flower, and bread ; for the
cassavie will not serve for this kind of cookery ;
sometimes tansies, sometimes froizes, or amu-
lets, and for fruit, plantines, bonarioes, guavers,
milions, prickled pear, anchove pear, prickled
apple, custard apple, water milions, and pines
worth all that went before. To this meat you
seldom fail of this drink, mobbie, beveridge,
brandy, kill-devil, drink of the plautine, claret-
wine, white-wine, and rhenish-wine, sherry,
canary, red sack, wine of Fiall, with all spirits
that come from JEngland, and with all this, you
shall find as chearful a look, and as heartv a
welcome, as a man can give to his best friends.
And so much for a feast of an inland plantation.
- Now for a plantation near the sea, which shall

IN BARBADOS. 6l

be OoUonel Walrond's^ he being the best scaled
tor a feast, of any I know : I must say this, that
though he be wanting in the first course, which
is beef ; yet*, it will be plentifully supplyed in the
last, which is fish ; and that the other wants.
And though CoUonel Walrond, hare not that
infinite store of the provisions Oolionel JMnjc
abounds in ; yet, he is not wanting in all the
kinds he has, unless it be sheep, goats and beef,
and so for all the sorts of meats, that are in my
bill of fare, in Collonel DroM his feast, you shall
find the same in CoUonel WalromLtj except these
three, and these are supplyed with all these sorts
of fish I shall name, to wit, mulleUf niac(iuerelsy
parrat JUh^ snapperti, red and grey, cavallos
terhums^ crabs, loasters, and eony fish, with diver
sorts more, for which we have no names. And
haying these rare kinds of fishes, 'twere a vain
snperfiuity, to make use of all those dishet^ L have
named before, but ortlv such as shall serve to fill
up the table ; and when he has the ordering it,
you must expect to have it excellent ; his fancy
and contrivance of a feast, being as far beyond
any mans there, as the place where he dwells is
better situate, for such a purpose. And his land
touching the sea, his house being not half a
quarter of a mile from it, and not interposed by
any unlevel ground, all rarities that are brought
to the island, from any part of the world, are
taken up, brought to him, and st4)wed in his
cellars, in two hours time, and that in the night ;
as, wine, of all kinds, oyl, olives, capers, sturgeon,
neatfi tongues, anchovies, caviare, botargo, with

62 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

all Borto of salted meats, both flesh and flsh for
bis family : as, beef, pork, EngUgh pease, ling,
babeHine, cod, poor-John, and Jerkin beef, whioh
is hniled, and slasht through, hnng up and dried
in the snn : no nalt at all put to it. And t^ns
ordered in Uispaniola^ as hot a place as Barha-
(loejt, ^nd yet it will keep longer than powdered
beef, and is as dry as stock-flsh, and jnst sueh
meat for flesh, an that is for fish, and as little
nonrishment in it ; but it fills the belly, and
aerveii the tarn, where no other meat is. Though
some of these may be brought to the inland plan-
tations well conditioned ; yet, the wines cannot
possibly come good ; for the wayes are such, as
no carts can pass ; and to bring up a butt of sack,
or a hogshead or any other wine, upon n^roes
backs, will very hardly be done in a night, so long
a time it requires, to hand it up and down the
gullies ; and if it be carried in the day-time, the
Kun will heat and taint it, so as it will lose much
of his spirit and pure taste ; and if it be drawn
out in bottlos at the Bridge, the spirits fly away
in the drawing, and you shall find a very great
difference in the taste and quickness of it. Oyle
will endure the carriage better than wine, but
over-much heat will abate something of the
purity, and excellent taste it has naturally.
And for olives, 'tis well known, that jogging in
the carriage causes them to bruise one another ;
and some of them being bruised, will grow
rotten, and infect the rest. So that wine, oyle, and
olives, can not possibly be brought to such planta-
tions, as are eight or ten miles from the Bridge ;

IN BARBADOS. 63

and from thenoe, the most part of these commo-
dities are to be fetch'd. 80 that you may
imagine, what advantage CoUonel Wah^md has,
of any inland plantation, having these materials,
which are the main regalias in a feast, and his
own contrivance to boot, besides all I liave for-
merly nam'd, concerning raw and preserv'd fruits,
with all the other qudquechoset. And thus much
I thought good to say for the honour of the
island, which is no more than truth ; because I
have heard it sleigfated by some, that seem'd to
know much of it."

CHAPTER V.

TrouUM In Old anffland.

On either side loud clamours ring,
*\Qgd and the Cause" 1 " go^and the King" I
Right English all, they rushed to blows
With nought to win and all to lose^

The Puritans, who by Queen Elizabeth had
been looked upon ordy as ^' a troublesome sort of
people,** were by James the First regarded as
nothing less than pestilent fellows, dangerous to
Church and State alike. If, however, the Scotch

Solomon entertained a dislike for Puritanism in
general, his pet aversion was Presbyterianism, as
witness his taking fire at the Hampton Court
Conference on mention of the word * Presbyter^;^
when said he : "A Scotch Presb^'tery agreeth as
" well with Monarchy as God and the Devil.
'* Then Jack and Tom," and Will and Dick, shall
" meet and at their pleasures censure me and my
" council, and all our proceedings. Stay, I pray
" you, for one seven years, before you demand
" that from me * * * * for let that Govern-
** ment be once up, I am sure I shall be kept in
" breath." The difference between the characters
of the stouts-hearted Queen and the timorous
King does not account for the more pronounced
hostility of the latter to the Puritans, but rather
must the cause be found in the difference of con-
ditions under which King James, from his birth
to his death, found himself face to face with the
power of those extreme Protestants. Almost to
a man, Scotland had adopted Presbytery, and
the General Assembly was nothing less than an
impeHum in impet'io which had become a rival to
the Monarchy in Scotland. In the England of
Elizabeth, on the other hand, the Puritans were
but a very feeble folk, until the latter part of
that Sovereign's reign, chief among their sects
being the Brownists ; and, indeed, the ultra-
Protestantism of these sects wis rather a source
of power than of weakness to Good Queen Bess
who had a strong Roman Catholic party to con-
tend with. If, in her reii?n, a Puritan were ex-
cessively zealous, and wrote a book criticising too

IN BA8JBAD0S. 6g

iratiLy the Book of Common Prayer, the good man
was hanged, and there was an end oC hkm; l^ ^^
not BO oould King James deal with his('8abjects,
who preaohed at him from their pnlpits, railed at
the memory oi his dead mother, whoo^ limg*
they had sorely tried ; aadopen, ae in thtf case of
Andrew Melville, w»nt the length of heading him
by the slaoTe and rating him roundly for being
an unfditb/ul servant of the Lord.

The spirit in which King James took U:p tho
Grown of En^nd was that of ja martyr entering
upon his rest#^ England, at all events, he hoped
to find that the Presbyterians would cease tnom
troublingf but be was disappointed, lor in the
later years of Elizabeth a generation had arisen
who, bom within the Ghuroh of England^ and
bred up as Protestants, were much more iu/cUn.ed
to Puritanism than had been many of those half-
hearted churchmen who had joined the Obureh of
England to save their heads, or their lands, or
because it wa« the vogue to conform. At firafc,
the King mig^t have thought, and with cause,
tiUat his hopes were to be realized, for Archbishops
Whit^ift and Bancroft, who ruled the Anglican *
Church in the earliest years of his reign, -^eiise
High Ghurx^hmen who opposed the growth oi
Pmi^anism ; but the Gunpowder Plot cajusad a
powerful revulsion of feeling in favour of the 1^
ter ; the translation of the Bible into the English
tongue bad its influence ; while Archbish<^
ibbotbt who, auQceeded Bancroft, was -no parsecu-
tor, hut^even aeuspeoted favourer of {the Puritaa^.
James had, however, the poor ^oni^ol^itiion of

66 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

believing that he had successfully reestablished
Episcopacy in Bcotland.

Steeped in the faith of his own Divine Bight
of Kingship, this most Dread Sovereign encoun-
tered in England a vigorous growth of political
liberty and of Farliamentar}'^ power, and these he
even fostered, by his own perverse way of dealing
with the representations of his subjects, that is,
by not summoning Parliaments, and by resorting
to questionable expedients for getting money
without them, as he also did by appointing as his
Ministers mere favourites instead of experienced
statesmen. And all this in spite of his recogniz-
ing the fact that Parliament had beqfme a powers
" Chairs ! chairs ! Here be twal Kings comin," !
he called out as he saw the twelve Members ap-
proaching him at Newmarket with the Declaration
against monopolies. His own fractious horse he
had threatened to send to the five hundred Kings
at Westminster, as they would be sure to tame
the animal. But, though he thought wisely, he
acted foolishly, as is testified by the way in which
he dealt with the Declaration of Liberties and
Privileges of the Commons, it being recorded in
the First Volume of the Commons Journals how
His Majesty treated that expression of his subjects'
views and wishes, and this was the petty manner,
" King James, in Council, with his own hand,
^nt out this protestation." The King had at all
events one loyal favourite in the Earl of Carlisle
who advised his Sovereign to redress the griev-
ances of his subjects and to keep on good terms
with them, and thus make himself the OBMBQr of

*^

all other FiinoeMi^t, the Stuarts were not men
to take good advice, or at all event to follow it,
or the Stuart family had given kings to England to
this day, and James died in 1635, having sown the
wind for Charles to reap the whirlwind, bequeath-
ing to his successor discontented subjects and the
favourite Buckingham for a minister ; a war with
Spain, and an empty Exchequer. ^

Charles Stuart was afflicted with a *' distate "
for Parliaments, but as war with Spain and ^he
ordinary expenses of Government and of the Bo}al
household required the command of money. Par-
liaments must need be summoned. As, however,
the King's applications for money were met by
demands from the Commons for the Eedress of
Grievances, which redress the ill-fated King would
not give, no less than three Parliaments were in
the first four years of his reign summoned and
dissolved, without any further result than the
giving of the royal assent to the Petition of Right,
which was a Declaration against the exaction of
money under the name of Loans ; against impri-
sonment of those refusing to pay, and the sus-
pension of habeas cQTjp\Ks\ against the billeting
of soldiers on private persons, and against Martial
Law. Charles cared for none of those things, and
in the following year a Kemonstrance presented
by the Commons was burnt by Royal order.
Dissolving the third Parliament in 1629, and
imprisoning some of the leaders of the popular
party, of whom the most notable was the patrio-
tic Sir John Eliot, who died in the Tower, a martyr
in the cause of Parliamentary Government,

l.i

X2

68 CAVALIERS Ann ROUNDHEADS

€hflrk9 now deddad to geTern withotot f arliamdot
find loept bis parpose, for noiM tras called until
1640.

Of the miserable shifts to whieh the King was
put to raise monev by unoonstitutional means ; of
the oppressions that arose in consequenee ; of the
perrersion of justiee by Judges^ who were cornipt-
ed by Court influanoe ; and of the resistanee by
latHal means which was offered by John Hamp-
den and other patriots to the growing despotism^
thia is not the place to tell ; but^ the English
[fifation was long-suffering, and, no doubt, the
preaehiag up of Divino !^ht, of Frerogatire,
and of Passive Obedience, by Archbishop Laud
and the Laudian Bishops and .Clergy, was not
without its effect. When the storm did break,
it swept all before it.

It was from the Scottish Nation that open
resistanee first came when an attempt was made
to force upon that people the Episcopal form of
Church Government, with Liturgy and Canons.
The Scotch took to arms and the Covenant, and
when asked to renounce the latt>er, being a prac-
tical people, they not only declined to do so but
suggested that the King should '' tak it himseL"
The English, recognizing that the Scotch were
fighting for the English cause as well as for their
own, gave Charles but feeble support in resisting
the invasion of their friends «^rom across the
border. The Scotch crossed the Tweed, the first
man to do so bei<ig James Grahame, then Earl
of Montrose^ who afterwards became so famous
a ^yalistw As the English wdold not fig^t the

IN BARBADOS. 69

Si6toh» and tlie Sootoh required that their trarell^
iiig ezpeime should he paid before they returned
hotteWards, Charles wae obliged to have reoourse
!• a Farlianent. The first Parliament summon-
ed in 1640, before the Scottish invasioR, would
set give any money until grieranoes were redress^
edl| and it was therefore speedily dissolved, bat
this Short Parliament was followed later in the
sanie year by the Long Parliament. But the
Geetmons had now assembled not so muoh to
give subsidies to the King as to sit in judgment
ufon him and his Ministers.

It was on the drd of November, 1640, that
this Parliament met, which, under the guidanoe
ef masterful mindflLdid so much for tbel^berties
of £nglishtaen« How they got the King to agree
that thev should not be dissolved without fheir
own consent ; how they impeached his Ministers,
and by degrees got themselves possessed of not
only CWil Power, but the control of the Militia ;
these matters are recorded in historv, where
Ijaud and 8tr Afford, although in many ways ex-
cellent and estimable men, are damned to
fill the place of warnings, not of examples. Those
who run riot in power, whether lawful or law-
lees^ should remember the fate of Strafford, who,
in one day, fell from extreme power into a prison,
and not Icmg after lost his head for his efforts t'O
establish absolutiai!!^ It must have been a sight
to 906 when, on the llt.h of November, 1640,
Pym appeared in the House of Lords and in the
natae oi the Commons of England, accused
Thoasas^ Earl of Strafford, ol High Treason t

^0 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

S trafo fd's coming into the Houw to find Mr.
Fjrm performing this dntr, when Stnford had t
hbnself oome thither to impeach Pym and other
Memhera *A holding treasonahle eorreapondenoe !
with the Scotch : the Lords ordering Strafford to
withdraw: his summons back to the House,
and the order for him to kneel and deliTer up his |
sword: his committal to the Tower and leaving i
the House, "^ no man capping to him, before
** whom that morning the greatest of England I
** would have stood discovered/'

And now, Strafford's life being taken and
Land being a prisoner, and other Ministers of the
Royal Will having fled the Country, the Com-
mons urged the redress of Grievanoes in a Grajtd
Rbmovstraitcb which was adopted on the 22nd of
November, 1641. In this famous impeachment
of bad government they complained of the disso-
lutions of Parliament and the imprisonment of
Members ; of the illegal raising of moneys, and
especially of Ship Money ; of the degradation of
England in Foreign affairs ; of Monopolies ; of
the enlargement of Royal Forests at the expense
of subjects ; of abuses in the Star Chamber ; of
the selling of Titles of Honour, and of Judicial,
and other, offices ; of abuses in Church Govern-
ment; and of abuses in the Earl Marshal's
Court, in the High Commission Court, in the
Exchequer, in Chancery, in the Court of Wards ;
and of the tendency to set the Prerogative of the
King above the Law. Time fails to tell of the
particulars of the several heads of grievance, but
the student of history will observe that most of

IN BARBADOS. 7 1

the abuses dealt with, had their origin in devioes
for getting money t/o supply the King's need.
Charles's promises, although made ' upon the
word of a King,' were made to be broken, when-
ever he oould do so conveniently, for he looked
upon concessions wrested from him by the Com-
mons as a misappropriation of his own Divine
Eights. Instead of overcoming his '* distate" for
Parliaments, he now determined to turn upon
the leaders of the Commons, and accordingly,
on the 3rd of January, 1642, Sir Edward
Herbert, his Attorney General, appeared in
the House of Lords and exhibited articles of
Treason against Lord Kimbolton (afterwards
Earl of Manchester, ancestor of the President of
the Council of the Boyal Colonial Institute), and
against those five celebrated Commoners, John
Hampden, John Pym, Sir Arthur Haselrigge,
Denzil Holies, and William Strode, and demanded
that these tribunes of the people should be
delivered up. The demand was not complied
with. On the following day the King stung by
the reproach of cowardice flung at him by his
wife, the too high-spirited daughter of Henri
Quatre, who urged him to drag the Members out
of the House itself, himself went down to West-
minister from Whitehall, and leaving his guard
outside, entered the House and demanded the
surrender of the Members. The Queen had too
hastily confided to Lady Carlisle the King's inten^*
tions, and Lady Carlisle having sent word to
Pym accordingly, thus were the proscribed Com-
moners given time to go into the City whither

they fled far leing/s. The Kisg un(3aiwi»d Jiis *^^
head as be entered the HJouae, ftod qi^roa^hiiig
Speaker Letrthal said ''By your leeM^e, Master
'' h^{)eaker, I must borrow your Choir /ei Uttfe" !
Charks then looked towards the plaoe where P^rm
usually sat, and asked *' Is Master Fym he«re" ?
Dead fiileiioe in the Houee at firet. He asked lor
eech c^ the five, but got for answer odIj the
followiiDg from Le»thal, '^May it please your
*-' Majesty, I havie aeither eye to see nor tongue
*' to speak in this place, but as the House is
" pleased to^ireet ssie, -whose aeryant I aqi Jbei»" 1
The King observed that he perceived ^ the birds csjb
were flown". Then, aaying that h^ ea^peoted the
Ave members to be sent to him, he left the hotise
amidst cries of ^' Privilege ! Privilege" ! On tbe
5tfa, ^Charles went into the Oity, nnd nnsutoeess-
fuUy .demanded the delivery to him of the Qwe ^
members. When leaving the City oci his letttrn di
to Whitehall, a pamphlet was thnowtn into his oar- ^
riage which bore the omin ous title '^' To -toijil T^nxs, ^
Ibeabl" ! Finding that the ci^sis was now x
come, the doomed Monat^^ Ie£t Londoo on the^
10th for Hampton Court wheuboe, .on the 12th, he^
proceeded to Windsor. From this time, both
sides prepared to flght out their di^Perenoos. On
the 22nd of August, 1642, the Royal Standard
was raised at Nottingham.

Shortly before (tie .bobtie of Edgehill, ^ jrEdrr ^
Kkund Yaruey, the Song's Knight Marshal j^a tsj ^
Mr. Hyde, aftierwards Earl of Clarendon,! " Yon
'* ha\se satisfttdticai in your tconscience tfaa^b i^xm
"^are in the lu^t^ (tha^ tthe Ung xwgitKt ooit to

IN BARBADOS. 73

i<
u
«(

(4
it

iC

i(

grant what is required of him ; and so you do
your duty and your business together. But, for
my part, I do not like the quarrel, and do.
heartily wish that the king would yield and
consent to what they desire ; so that my con-
science is only concerned in honour and in
gratitude to follow my master. I have eaten
*' his bread and served him near thirty years, and
" will not do so base a thing as to forsake him,
and choose rather to lose my life, (which I am
sure I shall do,) than to preserve and defend
those things which are against my conscience to
'* preserve and defend. For I will deal freely
with you, I have no reverence for the Bishops for
whom this quarrel subsists." The views of this
brave man who, true to his word, fell bravely
fighting, at the battle of Edgehill, represented the
opinions of one section of the Royalist party. Sir
BeviUe GrenviUe writing to Sir John Trelawney
expressed the views of another set of men, those
who were blindly loyal. " I cannot,** said he,
contain myself within my doors when the King
of England's standard waves in the field upon
'' so just occasion ; the cause being such as must
*^ make all those who die in it little inferior to
martyrs. And, for mine own, I desire to ac-
quire an honest name or an honourable grave."
The sentiment of the people was put into General
Skippon's address to the Train-Bands, thus: —
" Come on my boys, my brave boys ! Let us
pray heartily and fight heartily. I will run
the same hazards with you. B.emember the
'^ cause is for God and the defence of yourselves,

i(

i(

((
((

74

CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

'* your wives and children. Come, my honest
** brave boys, pray heartily and fight heartily,
** and God will bless us" ! Cromwell's, " Trust
■** in God, and keep your powder dry !" was
equalled by the Boyalist Sir Jacob Astley's ad-
dress to the Almighty, before an impending bat-
tle, " Lord, Thou knowest that 1 shall be very
" busy fighting t/O-dav, if I forget Thee, forget
** not thou me" ! ; and, while the Roundheads have
been described as men who " sung a psalm and
*' drubbed all before them", it is evident that the
Royalists also often times appealed to the God
of Battles, as witness the statement in a letter
from Sir Beville Grenville to his wife : — " After
solemn prayer at the head of every division we
marched : I led the charge !" The Puritan gen-
tleman who snuffled psalms, as **out he rode
a colonelling," had no doubt much faith in
the blood and iron policy for carrying con-
viction to the minds of the sons of Belial, but
so had the Cavalier who followed the Royal
Standard, and who hoped thus to overcome
the Roundhead dogs who fought against himf 5Ee
former could claim no monopoly of the des-
cription of the church militant given by But
ler, for it is equally applicable to the latter, and
runs thus : —

" Of errant Saints whom all men grant

" To be the true Church Militant ;

" Such as do build their faith upon

" The holy text of pike and gun ;

" Decide all controversies by

" Infallible artillery :

" And prove their doctrine orthodox

'* By apostolic blows and knocks."

k

IN BARBADOS. 75

To fighting they fell, and at Edgehill ; Chal-
grove Field, fatal to Hampden ; Newbury,
where Falkland fell ; Hopton Heath, where the
Earl of Northampton, with three sons as his
companions in arms, refused to save his life by
asking for quarter, disdainfully exclaiming ere
he fell " I scorn your quarter, base rogues and
'^ rebels as ye are :" at Lansdowne, Gloucester,
Oxford, Bristol, and many another scene of fight ;
at Marston Moor and Naseby, — men died and
bled for the King and for The Cause ; brother
arrayed against brother and son against father.
How cruel a thing is Civil War it is not necessary
to say : one instance of its bitterness will sufiice.
The Earl of Denbigh was a Cavalier ; his eldest
son, Lord Fielding, was a Eoundhead. The Earl
was killed at the taking of Birmingham in 1643,
and it was at this time that his widow thus wrote
to their son : —

" I beg of you, my first born son, whom I do so
** dearly love, to give me that satisfaction which yon
** now owe me, to leave those that murdered your dear
'' father, for what else can it be called when he received
" his death woand for saying that he was * For the
•• • King V They showed no mercy to his grey hairs,
** but swords and shots, a horror for me to think of.
** O my dear Jesus 1 put it into my son's heart to leave
** that merciless company that was the death of his
" father ; for now I think of his party with horror,
** before with sorrow. This is the time that God and
*• nature claim it from you. Before, you were carried
*' away by error, now it seems monstrous and hideous.
" The last words your dear fathtsr spoke was to desire
" God to forgive you and to touch your heart. Let
" your dear father and unfortunate mother make your

L 8

f6 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

<< heart relent, let my sorrow reoeiiie some oomfort.
" * * ♦ I give you many thanks for the care you
" took in paying the last rites to your father. I have a
" longing desire to see you, and if I had any means I
** would venture for to do it. So with my blessing, I
" lake my leave.

" Your loving Mother."

The son, notwithstanding these entreaties,
remained true to the I^arliament. l^ot the men
only, but the women also, played an active part
in tlie tragedy ; and, while Lathom House was
nobly held by the Countess of Derby, and War-
dour Castle by Lady Arundel, did not women,
gwntle and simple both, bestir themselves when
the King's Army reached Brentford and threatened
London itself: —

" Raised rampiers with their own soft hands,

" To put the enemy to stands ;

♦* From ladies down to oyster wenehes,

" Laboured like pioneers in trenches^

" Fell to their pick-axes and tools,

*♦ And helped the men to dig like moles ?"

Mere mention here is all there's need to say
bow, when the cause of the people had triumphed,
and the Eoyalists were laid low, the King, hoping
against hope, n^otiated now with the Parliament,
now with the Independents, now with the Scots,
but all in vain, and then betook himself to the
Seottiah army, still believing in the Divide and
Govern principle : how the Scots, being unable
to take him to Edinburgh, as he would not come
to terms with them, and the Scottish Nation
woald not receive him on his own terms, the
w«a handea over to the Parliament^ which

IN BARBADOS. 77

it slwrald elearlj be understood at that time
represented the Presbyterian party, and was not
the Independent Parliament that afterwards
caused the king t«o be put to death : hpw, bein<^
taken to Holmby House, he was thenoe taken
by Comet Joyce who pointed to his troopers as
suffioieDt warrant for his act^ and carried to
Ghildersley and afterwards to Hampton Court.,
thus, passing into the power of the Army : how^
still he intrigued, and then escaped to the Isle
of Wight, where be was captured, and imprisoned
in Carisbrooke Castle, only to intrigue further,
offering '^accommodation" to the Parliament
while plotting with the Scots for his restoration by
force of arms : how the Royalists rose in 1648 in
Kent, Essex, Hertford, and Wales, and the Fleet
in the Downs sent their captains on shore, hoisted
the King's pennon, and blockaded the Thames,
and a Scottish Army, under the Duke of Hamil-
ton came into England to fight for the King : how
the Independent Army i»ternly resolved that if
ever the Lord brought them back in peace they
would " call Charles Stuart, that man of blood,-
" to account for the blood he had shed and
*' mischief he had done to his utmost against
*' the Lord's cause and people in this poor
"^ nation :" how the Independent Army crushed
out the risings and scattered the Scottish
forces, and how Colchester surrendered and
Lisle and Lucas then met a tragic fate : how,
when too late, the King made satisfactory
concessions to the Parliament : how Colonel
Pride '^ purged" the Parliament, and the Rump

78 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

was left to work the Anny's will against the
King : and how on the 6th ii Janaaiy, 1649 the
Rump, after the Peers had refused their, concur-
rence, passed an ordinance creating a High Court
of Justice to try *' Charles Stuart, King of
England" for treason in having made war against
his Parliament : how the King was tried, after
refusing to acknowledge the jurisdiction of Brad-
shaw and his other judges and had judgment of
death passed against him. Th&t the King would
hare heen assassinated the Boyalists fully believed,
for there had been precedents in the cases of
Edward the Second and Biehard the Second for
putting away unfortunate Monarchs ; but, that
he should be solemnly brought to trial, condemned
and executed, all in the light of day. was what
astounded not only the English Nation but all
Europe. Those who pass down Parliament street
nowadays may, by casting a glance at the Chapel
Boyal, Whitehall, which is nothing else than the
old Banquet Hall of the Stuarts, observe the very
place where on the 30th of January 1649 Charles
'* bowed his comely head," for the scaffold was
erected just outside of what was in 1649 the
middle window in the lower row, and that
window has been long blocked up, as in the
present use of the building it would have been
at the back of the Royal pew. Thus perished
Charles Stuart, King of England, a most estimable
man in domestic life, but whose own hand has
described his failure as the King of a f*ee people.
In the last letter he wrote to his eldest son and
successor he thus passes judgment upon himself :

mG»

IN BARBADOS. 79

(C

((

— " And in this, give belief to our experience,
never to affect more greatness or prerogative
than that which is really and intrinsically for
'' the good of subjects, not the satisfaction of
" Favourites."

The Troubles in Old £ngland had a marked
effect upon the Colonies, causing an exodus of
Puritans from the Mother Country to New
England chiefly, and afterwards of Cavaliers to
the West Indies and Virginia. The Thorough
policy of Laud could not, however let the former
people go in peace, so on the 21st of July, 1635,
a Proclamation — at that time Charles's Procla-
mations took the place of Laws — was issued
against departing out of the realm without
licence, from which it appears that *' Ministers
'* unconformable to the discipline and ceremonies
*' of the Church" were in the habit of retiring to
the Bermudas to be safe from " the Prelates'
'' rage," as Andrew Marvel sings : but, none were
in future to go thither except by licence of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, while those already .
there were to be brought back by a ship, which
the Earl of Northumberland, as Lord High Ad-
miral, was ordered to fit out. As^ notwithstand-
ing that Proclamation, the Puritans continued to
emigrate to the Colonies, and not merely fellows
of the baser sort, but also men of property,
" subsidy men" as they were described,
another Proclamation was issued on the 30th
April, 1637, imposing restrictions on emigration
to America, wherein the " rude forefathers" of
the Great Eepublic are described as ** men of idle

8o CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

«

aad refractory bamours, whose only or principal
end is to live without the reach of authority,"
who daily withdrew themselves with their families
to the Plantations^ where many disorders had
been caused by them. In this second Proclama-
tion it was ordained that no '* subsidy men"
should quit the country without the licence of
the Privy Council, nor poorer men without
licence of the Jusdces : to be entitled to such
licences, all were to produce certificates of having
taken the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy,
and the testimony of their parish minister as to
conformity in ecclesiastical matters. On the 1st
of May, 1638, a fresh Proclamation was issued
forbidding persons to remove to ^^ew England
without licence.

But, those who left their Patherland for con-
science sake and passed over sea to make homes for
themselves in the Wilds of North America, were
not to escape the watchful eyes of Archbishop
Laud. That zealous Prelate was one of a com-
mission appointed on the 28th of April 1634, for
making laws and orders for the Government of
English Colonies planted in foreign parts, having
among other powers those of imposing penalties
and imprisonment for ofFeiices in Ecclesiastical
matters. Apparently, however, the powers of that
Commission were insufficient to secure uniform-
ity among these wandering Colonial sheep, as on
the 10th of April, 1636, a fresh Commission was
issued to the Archbishop and others, among other
things empowering them to constitute Ecclesias-
tical Courts in the Colonies as well as Civil

IN BARBADOS. 8l

Courts. No Colony seems to have escaped this
zealous high-priest's supervision. At one time
the state of the Church in Barbados is brought
before him by parson Lane ; at another his
Grace draws the attention of the Company of the
Somers' Islands to the fact that non-conformists
abound in the Bermudas ; while again, he has
submitted to him questions of Justification and
Sanctification " which have divided Mr. Hooker
" and Mr. Cotton in New England." How re-
freshed the good man must have been by the cor-
respondence of so good a churchman as Sir David
Kirke, who was the proprietor of Newfoundland,
and whence he wrote to the Archbishop on the
2nd of October 1639, that the air of Newfoundland
agreed perfectly well with all God's creatures
except Jesuits and schismatics. " A great mor-
" tality amongst the former tribe so affrighted
" my Lord of Baltimore that he utterly deserted
" the country." Many "frenzies'j he said ^ were
heard from New England ; and, with pious resig-
nation, he observed, that the chiefest safety of the
colonists lay in " a strict observance of the rites
" and service of the Church of England." In
JLSiQ. the Puritan Emigration to New England
ceased, and soon afterwards many of the exiles
returned to fan the flame of resistance which had
begun to burn and which soon devoured Church
and State alike, clearing the way for theCommon-
wealth of *' The people of England^JoFall the
" Dominions and Territories thereunto belong-
" ing," which was established on the 19th of
May 1619, the Executive power of which was

waited in m Ooanoilof Stefce d forty-one memboiB
iif yrhMt was left of the House of Commons.

CHAPTBB VI.
VMnMinlsi Xdtfili BttflAnnd.

Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare cuirunt.

When ihe year 1650 opened, it found the colo-
nists of Barbados in a state of division. The
Treaty of Turkey and Boast Pig was now wholly
disregarded, and the Cavaliers finding themselves
in a vast majority, not only railed at the Round-
heads as Independent Bogs, and railed at the
Parliament and at "The Army," but they de-
termined to put aside the neutrality of the Colony,
and to declare openly for the Prinoe of Wales as

CtLASLEB THE SbOOITD.

Although Captain Philip Bell held his Commis-
sion as Governor, from the Lord Proprietor of the
Island, it must by that time have become known
to the colonists that Francis, Lord Willoughby
of Parham, had been constituted by the same
Lord Proprietor to be his Lieutenant-General of
the Carribbee Islands for twenty-one years from
Michaelmas 1646 ; that the late King and his son,
the present King in exile, had both approved of
the arrangement ; and, that Lord Willoughby in-
tended to come out to Barbados and himself

IN BARBADOS. 83

aasame the Bmemmmt. It wa» Aa tliea
known that Prince Enpert and PriiMie Maarise
wi^ a small Fleet were roTing the seas, and the
CaTftliers of Barbados hoped that these warlike
brothers would oome to their assistanee^ Haying
these assaranoes^and haTing got their partisans
appointed to the CMel OiTil ofilees in the
eolony *«-espeoiaUy Major BycEm, pat in M- TrtBr
sarer instead of Colonel Gay Mble8W0]fth<^,a»d
the GoirerBor himself being in syinpatht' with
them, the^ Royalists eansed the Militia to be
raised, and men of their own party to be plaeed
in command, on the pretext that the island should
be placed in a state of defenoe to meet an attack
which the Spaniards were said to contemplate
makii^ upon it. Then the ConneQ and Assembly
appointed a Committee of Fablic Safety to decide
upon the coarse of action best to be adopted.
These Commissioners were sworn to secrecy, and
so were the Members of Council and Bui^^esses
to whom they reported, but the plan proposed in
their report was not long in leaking out, and was
nothing else than the banishment of the Ronnd-
heads from the island : a coarse, however, which
was not approved by the general body, as no jost
cause for such a proceeding could be shown.
Upon the miecarria^e of the extreme measures
which had been proposed, a member of the €tene*
ral Assembly, probably Edward Walrond, a
younger brother of Colonel Humphrey Wabond,
introduced and got passed by the Legislature^ j^
Act far the unking ^ ths InhMitmt9 cf HU I9*
lanA^ under ike Gwemmma theru^., in whsoh,

MS

84 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

after dedariog that elsewhere (evidently mean-
ing England) people had been " totally ruined
in their lives and fortunes, being given up as a
prey to the rude souldiery'', which was com-
monly done " under pretence of tendernesse of
'' conscience and differing in Keligion from what
" is most publidy professed in this Government",
the abolition of coercive Ecclesiastical Laws was
enacted, and all obedience was required to the
Government of the island, while for maliciously
depraving, vilifying, or opposing the said Govern-
ment, it was provided that the offender should be
adjudged " an enemy to this island, and the peace
" thereof", and be dealt with " according to his
** offence". In providing for the abolition of
"Coercive Ecclesiastical Laws", the framer of
the Act was too good a Churchman to overlook
the opportunity of doing something to improve
those who made "pretence of tendernesse of
" conscience", and thus it was further enacted
that:

All and every person or persons ivlw shall goe or
come to any conventicle^ or shall labour or seduce
any person or persons from repairing to the Public
Congregation, or in receiving of the Holy Sacra-
ment, shaU by any Justice of Peace (upon com-
plainT thereof , to him made) be committed to
prison, there to remaine without bayle or maineprize
till the next general sessions of the Assembly,

Breaches of this Law were to be severely
punished ; for i^e first offence, by imprisonment
for three months, with fine and ransom " at the
pleasure of the Assembly," and for the second

IN BARBADOS. 85

offence, with forfeiture of all Lands, Ooods, Chat-
tels, and Debts, the offender being then held to
be an enemy to the peace of the Island, and to be
proceeded against '^ accordingly." To crown this
piece of Royalist legislation but quite after the
manner of the Engagement instituted by the
Parliament in England, it was enacted " for the
supportation of the Government" that an oath,
in a form provided, should be tendered to the
Colonists, in which each person should *' volun-
'' tarily and freely, without feare or compulsion,"
acknowledge the divine institution of Civil
Government generally, and the lawfulness and
justness of that of Barbados, and saving his
" allegiance to our Sovereign Lord the King,"
pledge himself not to oppose the latter, but to
his utmost to support it with life and fortune.
The Act having been passed by the Legislature,
and confirmed bv the Governor, on the 15th of
April 1650, was ordered to be published in the
several Parishes in the Island, a duty which in
those days appertained to the clergy, there being
then no newspapers published in the island, and
apparently not even a printing press imported.

Before, however, the new Law was actually
published, the Eoundhead party in the Island
had taken alarm and were bestirring themselves to
checkmate their Cavalier fellow-colonists, by some
of whom they had been apprised of the plot that
was a-foot. Whether or not that Royalist Plan-
ter, Colonel Christopher Codrington, had been in-
dulging in the French brandy which Ligon
describes as being *^ accounted wholesome, but

86 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

" extre«Di strong," it is neyertheless stated that
he was the worse for liquor when he diselosed
the intention of his friends to banish the Eonnd*
heads. For his offence, he was condemned to
pay a fine of twenty thousand pounds of sugar,
and to depart the Island. But, there were still
persons of either party who remained upon
friendly enough terms for an interchange of news,
and thus one of the leading Cavaliers at the pres-
ent juncture showed a copy of the Act and Oath
to some of the Boundheads, who, disliking it, as
it tended to perpetrate the power of the Eoyalists,
consulted with others of their own way of think-
ing, with the result that a deputation from the
Roundheads waited upon the Gk»Ternor and urged
upon him that the Law should not be published.
The Governor told the deputation that he had
allowed the Act to pass, for the sake of Peace, as
he had to deal with violent spirits, but that he saw
objections to it, and if they would leave matters
in his hand he would do the best he could. The
petitioners had not long been gone when Colonel
Humphrey Walrond called upon the Governor.
After some conversation, the Governor told Col-
onel Walrond that he had that day received a
lefcter from a Magistrate reporting that there were
several errors in the written copies of the Act and
Oath and that the clerks who had made the
copies had written nonsense. Walrond agreed
with the Governor that it was necessary the
copies should be called in to be corrected. The
Governor upon this wrote to the Clergy of the
various parishes directing them not to publish the

IN BARBADOS. 87

Law, and thus waa its operation deferred.
Several oopies of the Law having anbeequeiitly
been procured by the Beuodheads, who eensider-
ed their liberties in danger, the leaders of the
party now considered how the pablioatioB might
be wholly prevented.

Few though they were in number, the Parlia-
mentarians in the Island were an influential
body, counting as they did among their numbeir
men like Colonel James Drsil^, tiie founder of
the Sugar Industry, Captain !Reynold Alleyne,

- Captain Thomas Id-iddleton, Colonel John Fitz
James, Major William Fortescue, and others like

- Constant Silvester, John Clinckett, Thomas
Matthews, John Bayes, and Richard Hawkins,
some of whom had by their great industry chiefly
promoted the prosperity of the colony, being
among the earlier settlers, and having, indeed,
given hospitable welcome at their tables to the very
chief of the Cavaliers when these had come over
to make a home in Barbados. Such men, backed
as they were by the sympathy of the party that
then ruled in England, were not likely tamely to
submit to oppression^ Accordingly, it was, after
consultation, decided upon to Petition the
Governor for a new Assembly, and this was done
on the 23rd of April 1650, by some of the inhabi-
tants in each parish. The Petitioners set out
with the assertion that it was the '' Liberty and
'* Priviledge of free-borne Englishmen, that are

inhabitants and free-holders in this Island, to
chuse the Gentlemen of the Assembly here once
every year, none having sat so long as the

88 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

'* Assembly that now is.** They then stated tiiat
to their great grief they peroeived that by the
pasmng of the Act for the Uniting of the inhabi-
tants the Assembly intended to set thcmseives
above '* legall or intended power," to the inslav*-
ing of the free inhabitants of the Island, in the
eompassing of which ^ some of good integrity had
been over-borne" ; and, as by the continnanoe of
the present Assembly snoh an ill oonsequenoe
was like to ensne, they coneluded by praying the
Governor forthwith to issue forth warrants " for
^' the speedy chnsing of a new Assembly," and
that a time be appointed yearly for the like elec-
tion, it being the ''flights and Liberties," of
them. The Petitioners declared that if the
Governor would act as they desired, he would
engage them to be ready to serve him with their
lives and fortunes against all opposers ; and they
took the opportunity of presenting the Petition
to Governor Bell when he was sitting with his
Council, in deliberation upon the best thing to be
done in the business of the Act and Oath, The
Governor declared his readiness to* grant the
prayer of the Petition.

As the dissolution of the Assembly might
prove a fatal blow to their projects, the Boyalists
after giving up their first idea of procuring cross
•Petitions wherein " the country," should approve
of their proceedings, and desire their oohtinuanoe,
decided to stir up the people against the Petition-
ers by stigmatizing them as Independents, who
•designed to cut off all who were Loyal to the
'King and to alter the Government of Church and

^■h

IN BARBADOS. 89

Btate by bringiiig in the power of the FarliameDt

of Englaod, for oflteblisbing which they had 00m-

xnissions from the Gouneil of State. It was high

time,;they said, to look aboat them, as otherwiae

. they would all be dead men, lor they eould not

expect fairer terms from those in Barbados than

the late King and others reoeived from their

brethren in England. The farther to inflame the

minds of the Colonists against the Boundheads,

the leaders of the Royalist party wrote ^' seyenal

V.libells, and scandidoas papers, throwing some

*^ up and downe, and putting others i^n Posts."

It iB interesting to obserre in the manifestoes

that were at that period distributed by hand -or

posted up throughout the Uand, the originals^

. the political war drum which nowadays is so valo-

rotisly beaten by the Barbadian Press when

battling for the ancient liberties, of ** free-born

Englishmen''. Here, is a specimen of* plain

speaking, iiot, howeyer, very complimentary in

ite terms:

; Friends^ take my ad/vice^ There U in hand, a mott

^omnable destffnef ihe Auihora ar« Independents,

their ay me %$ wholly to CoAtere ike Oentryahd

Ldyall^ and to change for cur Peace Warre and

* .for our Unity Divieion^ Colonel Drcuc^ ihat denf&ut

, Zialot ^of the deeds of the Devifl, and the oaiiM hf

that seven headed Dragon at Westmipster) is^J0ie

Agent : Now that the Workman may have his^kite^

I could wish that there, were, mare Gwsnanters

. besides myself for {truly I canmet^ ooBceahi it) I

'have vowed to impeeieh himandtoprueeMteJnm^

: hu4^jii<4iM point of Law, for then Iknott heweitld

^^**afaM«iM«Mh«

90 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

9uhdttc fne (but at the Point of Sword) : Let me
de^re such as tender Religion^ Hie Loyally the
vxfeby of the Island^ and being of our present
Government^ they be fore-armed against ike pre^
t(^nce of Liberty, for thereby is meant Slavery and
Xyra^my. But I halfe repent this motion of the
Fen,.p»irpo^ing with all expedition to Action.
My hjme is at Drax^ Middleton, and the rest.
Vivqt Eeaf,

.., .!ipb©s^." libellsand scSflalous papers,'' were ad-
dresjsed variously To the Islanders, To the Gentle-
inem Cavaliers by the Planters, and the like ; and
%ere-of a very ferocious nature, the authors being
apparently not scrupulous in the use of terms,
and having a particular dislike to Colonel James
Draz who is now styled ** a faithfull agent of
4* Refeqllion," then " the Type of that seven-headed
^ragoiiiO£ Westminster," while one fire-eating
iitoj'alist declares that " I shall thinke my best
^"fe^ but disquiet until I have sheathed my
*^sword in his Bowells that first began it, unless
"regular power make an appearance against it.''
adding that* he thinks about one hundred friends
df hid' own are of the same mind. . The following
ire t-^o more of these inflammatory addresses to
^tl^p .Colonists, the latter of them dealing with
oertc^n ^' scandalous papers," which emanated
hnm the Boundhead party : —

''' I-have.lagood opinioD of your Loyalty, I douht not
'but yoo know the preteoce for mine, that of, liberty,
add dissolution of oar Gtovernmeut, whereby our peace
only stands: some of you I believe are ignorant of

IN BARBADOS. 91

the deceit that is in the canning of self will-workers ;
if yon inquire after England's Troubles, her sadnesse,
her Borrowes, her divisions, her Warres, her'Ra^i^ee,
her Murders, you will find that it came fr6m pretetto*
of Liberty; such now is that of Drake, (w)ip as by
letters appears) is factor for the Hebells in EnglandL
and here is to. vent his trade of disloyalty, Rebellion,
and Buine,and to cleare this, if you loCke upon' the late
Petition, there is the height of his charge of Roguery,
not only with a party to overthrow our Assembly, btit
impeaching the judgements of all the Islanders. Sirs,
pray take notice, and dreame not, if the DevlU can
perform for you any good, then expect it from' those
Imps of the Devill, and not otherwise: for myowne
part if no punishment extend to these Traitors^ I, must
to exercise at Armes, to which I desire there may be a
readinesse in you all.

Vivat Rex. Till the next farewell.

Having found a Libell dispersed' to the scandall of
the Authority now in being, and undervaluing of the
Judicious of the whole island, as to their chief e- of the
Assembly, and their concurrence with them in outcries
jmd exceptions against particular men, of known
wealth and Loyalty, we could not but proceed t6 this
Declaration. '

1. That conformity is the best step >and advance to
security, that those worthy gentlemen that are scan-
dalized, having endeavoured thereto, we looke upon as
the best helpers to tbis Common- wealth.'

2. That whereas imprecations are vented 'against
Lawyers, (to the remorse of those worthies the'Wal-
dronds be it spoken) from them is our GeperaU happi-
nesse derived.

3. That whereas they are clamoroaik ag&itist the
intended Oath with seditious Petitions spred a« f rom
the Generatl, we declare the extent of the Oath to . all .
peaceable .being: nothing therein binding. fuiither
than X4 suomission, so the power proceeds from Qur

N S

ga- CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

BImHob, end Tote of all men, and Loyalty to oar King : *
Tbmk wedlaolaiine^tbe proceedings of Draz, MiddletOn,-
AUeyno, andihe iest» as most seditious disturbing of 'onr
Uniomand present- being in peace* and the most boinid
fotmdatioQ- of further in tended mischief e; as derived -
aad^'tflJiea fiom> the piactioe of- those imps- of the
DeTlll»tbedeTOoriBgfiebellsat Westminster.

4. ThaS .we4ooke npon oonntenancers of the late
Petitions^ as the -most dangeroas of Enemies, and in
the resohitioB, and of present appearance, unless better
satiafeiMioii, we* are resolved to live and dye, to the
oonfbrtfCKf the LoyaU«

TUe' chi^f promoter of the Boyal oaUse in
Barbados was Colonel Hnniphr^y Wiilrdnd, k gen-'
tleman of an old DeTonsbire family, who- with
soTeral brot'bers and sons had taken an active
part in the West Country, on the Boyalijit side.
WhetniBffidgewaier surrendered to the Parliament's
soMifits, dddnel Walrond was one of tbe hostages^
gitidti by the Boyalist oomtnander, white- hl^*
sacrifices in the losses be sustained in King's ^
Cause,' fWere^ estimated at £30,000, or about
£120,000 in money's worth now. His eldest son'
George Walrond) bad lost bis right ar«i in
battling fot tbe late Sovereign. Edward Walrond;
one of the Colonel's brothers, being a Member of tbe
Temple, wa» a warm supporter in the Assembly
of' his elder brother's plans. Bat, while Colonel'
Walrond was the leader, the Island swatniM
with men who had suffered much for him wHoM'
tbey^leokbd. upon as their martyred King, and-
for^thbt €huroh' whieh they regarded with loving
rdvetidVlce ; butwhich their opponents bad sacdiie^T
giously desecrated. Manyhad sdYtfed the Kitig is '

IN 'fiARffADOS. 93

Officers in his Army, and had onty fl ed fr6i&'
Erfgland \jhen all was lost and their Hrtdsfn^^SSS^
tratedf «Sbme had come to Barbados, as iU/tJft'^
Major Byatn, almost directly from the Tower of'
Londdi), wheVey with other Officers who wer©'
taken prisoniets at Bridgewfkter, he had 'been im-^'
prisoned . until lei out on a pass '* to go beyotid'
^'seaa.'^ * How could men who had foUgkt and
suffered as ' these had done, fail to answer at
Walr6nd*s call, and when he appealed- to them, to
throw up their caps and cry* Beigh for Ki^
Charles I

Broken Cava^iefs still sought 'the Island as a
place of refuge, and got warm welcome there, and
as the young Caveet, as the Cavaliers ware icon^.
ventionally called, oame upon t^e scene, the rash- •
ness- of yOuth impelled them to drink openly to
the health of King Charles. Why should they
not repair their fortunes in Little England by.t
sequestrating 4^e£firt;at6s of Roundheads there, as:
the Parliament had dealt with their ownpro*..
perty in Old England ? Colonei Walrond assured
them he would mount them shortly. Soon a
troop of horsemen, bravely mounted, waited uiwn *
Colonel Walrond in St. Philip's Parish,; wbarehis
pUhtation lay, and thiese bold dragoons swore they
would sheathe their swords in l^he hearts of all those
that would not drink a health to the Figure of
II. (Charles II.), and then drink ta the oonfusiou
of the Independent Dogs. ** I wonder, gentle-
'* men, you were not the first, having horses to
" command I" said Colonel Walrond to tJiese
troopers. By this time the people in Stv Pbiiip's " ,

94 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

Parish and the neighbourhood had been persuaded
ioto the belief that their Boundhead fellow-
colon isto really had a design to cut off all those
loyal to the Prince of Wales, and that they had
commissions from the Parliament to set up its
power in the Island, and that the petitions were
only the first steps towards such ends.

When GoTernor Bell found that the Bovalists
were not only scattering ** scandalous papers" and
spreading rumours and reports in maiiy parts of
tne Island, but were also openly arming, he is-
sued the following declaration : —

BT THS GOYEBNOUB.

Whereas notica hath been taken of the freqnent
scattering of scandaloas Papers in many parts of this
Island, and many false nunoars and reports have been
raised on purpose to beget intestine, and civil broyles,
to the min and distarbaoce of the Peace and quiet
which we now in joy.

I do therefore declare that all sach persons as shall
hereafter be foand gnilfy of spreading any sach scanda-
lous Papers, false Bamours and Beports, shall be pro*
qeeded against and punished as £)nemies to the publick
Peace of this Island; and I do hereby require all Jus-
tices of the Peace, and the Officers in the severall
parts of this Island (whom it may concerne) carefully
to Appreliend. all such persons, and send them as
Be;bells to the GaoJe.

And I do .likewise forbid any person or persons to
take up any Armes offensive to the Peace or in any
hostile manner upon paine of Death.

"V Given onder my hand this 29th day of April*
Annb Dom. 1650. Philip Bbll.

. But ia mere Proclamation could not now stay
the Cavalters, who had determined to secure
tbte Island for the Eoyal Cause ; sq^ when the

IN BARBADOS. 95

Governor required Colonel Shelley, who oom^
manded the first Begiment that took up arms,
to disband his forces, that officer sent for answer
that his men would march up with bullets in
their mouths. The Proclamation was issued on
the 29th April, and on the 30th, the Cavaliers
were in a condition of warfare.

On the Governor's learning to what a pass
things had como/he issued Commissions to Lieu-
tenant Colonel Drax and others to raise forces
for the preservation of peace? but that officer had
only time to get together about twenty horse arid
eighty or a hundred foot, and to arrest Major
Byam of Colonel Shelley's Begiment, and one of
Colonel Walrond's sons, who were posting about
to raise forces for the army of Royalists, when it
was found that the Cavaliers had raised an alarm
and were advancing towards The Bridge. There-
upon the Governor sent out a second Commission
to Colonel Drax to apprehend the Walronds and
their abettors as fomentors of Rebellion, and at
the same time charged Commissary General John
Parrat to require Colonel Walrond to appear be-
fore him : on the Colonel's refusal, then the Com-
missary General was to demand his Commission
from him, and, if that were not delivered, then
Walrond was to be proclaimed a Rebel. This
was on the 1st of May. On the same day the
Governor was to dine by invitation at The Bridge^
at Master Jobsdn's Tavern, it would seem ; and
as he was riding into Town from his plantation
near the Indian river, with some neighbours in
his company, he was met outside the Town by

96 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

ColaDel Edniind Bcude with a troop <^ borse,
who, after axehaoging a few words with the
Qoreniort wheeled aboutp aod, leaTing the Gov-
eroor, rode with his troop towards Ths Bridge.
Gqremor BeU went to hie dinner, a meal which
in thoee tinea was taken early in the aft«tmoon.

When Colonel Walrond received from Gpm-
mifnary General Farrat a letter which the Gov-
ernor had. written to him, he went along with
the. messenger to tha GoTemor». to whom he pre-
sented himself *' more like a Saint than a, Bebell,
^ and. pleaded Not gailty of any intention -of .eyil
"in the least". Upon his representations the
Governor forthwith disab|i|i^ed him, and he at
PQce repaired>to the Eoyalist Army tbeq march-
ing towards The Bridge^ and placed himself at its
head... lihat very^ay CoWiiel Walrond apd Colo-
nel Edmund 3ead^, having- now an army ajb their
b^^. precepted certain P^aoBosinoirs which were
signed no|i. only by those two officers b^t also by
thQ following indueijUial persons who described
tbflpiselves. as V Well-affected to His .Majesty",
<liW»ely:r—

THPHAft MppiFOilD
EDWAftD WALBOND
WILLIAM. KIBTOK
BBNJAMlk BBSBINaSB
THOMAS KitLIS
JAVSS 3BPWV1 t

WILLIAM .BYAM

PHBI0^?BBR i^XLL
JOHIF WABB
PAUL GODWIN
THOMAS BBADB
€HABLB» HAB¥«T
OAIKBL KBNPALL
PHIU? MILLBB
.BOBEBT OABLBTQir-

The whole tendency of the Propositiona was to
place the power of the Government ip the hapds
of . the.' , Koy^ist Pai ty« ta suppress the faxlia-

IN BARBADOS. gj

mentarians, and, to declare openly for the Prince
of Wales as Charles the Second. The Signers of
the Propositions, set out by declaring their resolu-
tion, with their lives and fortunes to maintain
and defend Captain Bell as Oovernor of the Island^
a resolution in which the Governor readily concur-
red $ then, they demanded that Major Byam
should be sent to them, which was done#^ey
required that all Independents, '* and the other
" £sturbers of the Peace of this Island," should
be disarmed, to which the Governor agreed, re-
quiring however that the *' well affected to His
'* Majesty " should first engage for the safety of
those persons c^eir fourth Proposition was that
the Magazine at TTie Bridge should be so secured
as that it should be safe from seizure by " those
"knowne disaffected to His Majesty, and the
" peace of his Island ; " but, as the Governor's
answer " It is already done, and upon my honora-
'^ ble word I will have a care of it/' did not meet
their wishes, they rejoined in plainer language
" that the magazine be put in our trust and
" guard, untill it can be disposed of, according to
''the former orders of the A89embly;'' and, as
Captain Bell could not further evade the direct-
ness of their intention in this matter he yielded to
their demand. Their fifth Proposition required
the condign punishment of those persons who had
" any wayes sought or endeavoured to obstruct
'* the peace of this Island, and laboured the mine
" of those loyally affected to His Majesty ;" and,
to give effect to this, they required that twenty
such persons whom they would nominate should

*"••

98 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

be forthwith apprehended and put into their

custody, and that the Governor should call

together the General ABsembly for the Trial of

the offenders, and that speedily, because, »aid

they " our forces cannot disband till it be effect-

" ed." As they engaged upon their honour that

the alleged delinquents should not receive injury

until they came to their Trial, the demand was

allowed. The sixth Proposition ran as follows j— -

" That our lawf all soveraigne Charles the Second be
** instantly in a solemn manner proclaimed King,"

To this demand the Governor demurred that it
was a matter of such consequence as should not
be determined upon without consultation with
the General Assembly, and the Memorialists
agreed to its suspension, on condition of the early
convening of the Assembly as required by them.
The seventh point was that when the Assembly
should be dissolved, only such men as were
known to be '* well affected to His Majesty, and
" conformable to the discipline of the Church of
** England formerly established," should be chosen
and admitted to be members ; and this was
granted. Their eighth Proposition required an
Act of Oblivion ** for the lawful arms" they had
taken up for the defence of the Governor and the
public ; and that an Act of Indemnity pass to all
persons that had engaged with them ; and the
Governor granted this. In the ninth place a safe
conduct from the Governor to *' all officers of what
♦'degree soever, being members of Assembly,"
should be given to them for going to and fro
on their Legislative business. This was granted.

IN BARBADOS. 99

The tenth and last Proposition was that the
Governor should place himself in the care of the
Memorialists, eoming t>o them, however without
'^ any known disafifeoted person" in his company.

The whole of the Propositions, modified as
stated, were agreed upon on the Srd of May, and
thereupon as stated in Chapter I., Charles Stuart,
son of the late King, was *' with great solemnity
*' proclaimed King of England, Scotland, France,
" and Ireland, &c., and immediately thereupon
" the Booke of Common Prayer was declared to
" be the only Pattern of true Worship, and com-
" manded to be distinctly, and duly read in every
" Parish Church, every Lord's day," &o.

Those who are conversant with the History of
the Civil War, will/recognize that, in playing
their part as aboveKfiribed, the Cavaliers of Bar-
bados had taken their model from the Leaders of
the Commons in the early days of the Long Par-
liament, doing no injustice to the originals, as
witness these ardent Boyalists, sword in hand,
declaring to the Governor that they have taken
up " lawful armes" for the defence of " Your-
self and the Publick", they having risen in arms
in very despite of the Governor's Proclamation ;
but it is all in the manner of the Long Parlia^
ment who levied war against the King in the
King's own name, and according to that
Body, for the King's defence ! Colonel Walrond,
' however, was a man who was not put to shifts
for strategy in politics, if credence nia.y be given
to that worthy Roundhead gentleman. Captain
Nidiolas Poster, who in 1650 wrote A brief e Re-

o 3

lOO CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

fe<^

laJtMnof ihe laU RarridBMUion acUd in the Inland
BarbaJoi^ in the West India. Aooording to this
authority, Colonel Walrond bethought himself that
whilst he was active in raising forces he had
given oat that the Independents were in arms,
intending to cut off the Loyal Cblonists, he then
well knowing that there were none in arms be-
sides the Cavaliers, except only those troops
levied by Colonel Draze by the Governor's special
order and Commission. In order therefore to
justify his position the chief of the Cavaliers re-
sorted to a wile. Having consulted with Colonel
Thomas Modiford, who was then very "high"
for the King, it was agreed upon that Colonel
Modiford should send an order to his Lieutenant
Colonel and Major for the raising of his Begiment
which was to advance to a place appointed for
rendezvous ; and, the better to effect this. Colonel
Modiford repaired to the Governor, placed his
regiment at Captain Bell's service as a guard to
attend him, who, knowing nothing of the plot
gave his consent to the raising of the regiment.
And upon that, at Mpdiford's command, his men
iaite to arms, appe^^^ their usual pl ace of exer -
oise, and there,."At night, the word -ir^i ven tbem
to march, they being put upon the alarm by in-
formation from their officers that Colonel Wal-
rond had raised forces and surprised the Governor,
and that their march was for the Governor's re-
lief. With Lieutenant Colonel Birch, the Major,
and several Captains in command, the regiment
marched, and that night pitched their colours in
the field, expecting in the morning to march for

IN BARBADOS. lOI

the Governor's relief, but, when morning came,
instead of a forward march, the order to counter-
march was given, and the men were dismissed to
their homes, every one to return to his habi ration
on pain of death. Of course^ some of those who
had taken up arms so readily for the Governor's
protection were of the party not *' well affected
to his Majesty'' ; rank Boundheads in fact who
would gladly have come to blows with the Wal-
ronds and their backers ; and this was just the
very point that Colonel Walrond had designed to
encompass. He now urged that this Eegiment
was raised in opposition to him, and that those
who served with it were Delinquents and Dis-
turbers of the peace; and must be proceeded
against accordingly, and it waa at such persons
that the third and fifth Propositions were speci-
ally aimed.

. It was when things were in this state that the
Lord Willoughby of Parham came upon the scene,
bringing a Commission from the second Earl of
Carlisle to be his Lieutenant General of the Ca-
ribbee Islands, and another Commission from
Charles the Second to be the King's Govern^^
of Barbados and the other Islacrds. It was
thought by the Council of the King in exile, to be
advisable that this second Commission should be
given because of the fact that there were so many
Eoyalist officers in Barbados. Lord Willoughby
arrived in Carlisle Bay from Holland on the 29tb
of April 1650, but^ for various reasons he con-
sidered it desirable to remain on board ship for
some days before making known the fact of his

I02 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

presence. When^on the 7th of May, Lord Wil-
lougbby notified to Qovernor Bell that he had
Commissions from the King and from the Lord
Proprietor, Colonel Walrond objected that his
Lordship had at one time been a Roundhead and
that he might again prove to be one, but it was
finally settled that his Commission from Lord
Carlisle should be accepted. Lord Willoughby on
his part, at the request of the Governor, Coun-
cil, and Assembly, agreeing to defer his assump-
tion of the Government of Barbados for three
months " in respect of the uncertainty and dis-
" tractions of the present time" ; lyhich being in-
terpreted means, that the Walronds and their
partisans wished for time to " work their wicked
will" upon their B-oundhead fellowjColonists be-
fore giving over the reins of Government. On
the same day, Charles Stuart was again pro-
claimed in Barbados as the lawful King of Eng-
land, Lord Willoughby giving the trumpet-ers
money and as much wine as they could drink —
and this in spite of the English Parliament's Pro-
clamation that they should be deemed Traitors,
and should suffer according!}'", who should presume
to declare Charles Stuart, son of the late Charles
Stuart, commonly called the Prince of Wales, to
be King or chief Magistrate of England ** or of
any dominions belonging thereunto."

Being ever a man of action, Lord Willoughby
made use of the three montlis of interval to visit
the Leeward Islands of his Government, and there
he proclaimed Charles the Second with such
effect, that the King shortly afterwards commia-

IN BARBADOS.

103

sioned Major General Sir Sydenham Poyntz, who
like Lord Willoughby had deserted the Eound-
heads, to be Governor of those Islands. Major
By am accompanied I-iord Willoughby from Bar-
bados to Antigua, and there received a grant of
land in that Colony, in which island the Byams
had been for more than two hundred years, landed
proprietors, when, a few years ago, — by the death
of Sir William Byam, an old Waterloo officer,
and President of the old time Council of Antigua,
who had lived in much honour in the Island,
Cedar Hill passed out of the family, and/a race
which had given many soldiers to the Sta!
sides lawyers and divines, with a st ore of
planters as well, ^t th e same time j came to be
remembered only oy the name tney had made in
our West Indian annals.

To work, now went the Walronds and their
partisans to suppress the Parliamentary party in
the Island, and thorough was, if not the word,
at all events the manner of their actions as fully
as it had been that of Laud and Strafford. Had
not Lord Willoughby arrived in the very nick of
time and dissuaded them therefrom, they would
have adjudged divers persons to death by a Coun-
cil of War. Forthwith they passed an Act of
Indemnity in their own bt^half jj^ien the young
Cavaliers who were the first to make open pro-
fession of their loyaltj^ being now mounted on
the choicest horses of the Island, rode up and
down the country disarming those not loyally
affected ; which being done, the twenty persons
referred to in the fifth Pbopositioit as Disturbers

i

t04 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

of the Peace of the Island, were named asfol-
Ions : —

Thovas Mathews. I Chsistopeb Ltks

JoH9 Clihckbtt. t Samuel Htat.

Jobs Bates. i Heket M asset.

Constant 8ilyb8Teil ; Lt. Colonel James Dbaxm
Colonel John Fitz James , Captain Thomas Middls>
Major William Foete-; ton.

scuE. iCapt. Rbtnold Allkthk

Lt. Thomas Bous. | Captain David Biz.

Lt. JoHK Johnson. Captain Lewis Moeris. \^

C^t. John Hockebidos.

Captain Feteb Bdnet.

BiGHABD HAWKIN&

Thomas Peab&

some of these being men of the highest con-
sideration in the Colony, who had held mnch
authority there and were possessed of plentiful
estates in it. Divers of them, however, know-
ing what sort of a trial awaited them, had taken
ship and left the island. Those who remained
received a summons to appear before the (Gene-
ral Assembly to answer charges of endeavour-
ing to ruin those loyally affected to His Majesty
and of endeavouring to alter the (Government of
Church and State as formerly established, and to
bring in the Parliament's authority, with some
other charges, the indictment concluding witb
the sentence of the General Assembly :

That for these their crimes and offences they shonld
pay one Million of Sugars fine and be banished the
Island.

The proscribed gentlemen appeared and pleaded
Not Guilty, asking to be allowed to answer to
each charge separately. Such an inconvenient
course could not., however, be allowed, and, when

the impeaohed further demanded a legal trial,

thej were answered with the objection that the

Army must be kept on foot till such a trial should

be over, which would be a great charge and one

they would themselves have to pay for ; it being

even suggested to them that the Army should

cosher them into good manners. The defendants

were then committed to a guard for the night.

The next morning they were again brought

before the Assembly and condemned to fines in

sugar in the manner hereinunder stated, namely : —

Lieat. Col. James Dbaxb to pay 80,000 lbs. of Sngar.

Captain Thomas MiDDLETON „ 20,000 „ „

Lieat. Thomas Boub „ 20,000 „ „

Lieut. John Johnson „ 40,000 „ „

Constant Silvestbb „ 10,000 „ „

Captain John Hockebidob 1 ia aaa

and Thomas Pbabsb J " ^^'^^ *• "

Captain Beynold Alleynb „ 6,000 „ „

Thomas Mathews „ 5,000 „ »

In those days the Council, and the Burgesses
elected by the various parishes, appear to have
sat together and formed the General Assembly, a
body which not only constituted the Legislature
of the Colony but seemfto have acted as a Su-
preme Criminal Court. After the Bestoration,
on Lord Willoughby's reappointment to the Gov-
ernment of Barbados, his Patent gave him power
to order the Council and Assembly to sit "to-
gether or apart", and on the*25th of August 1663
it was ordered in Council that " the Assembly
sit with the Council at this time", but that ap-
pears to be the last occasion on which the two
bodies sat together as a General Assembly.

The next thing was the appointment X>f two
GommissionSv one for compositions of Delinquent s'
Estates, and the other for the examination of
witnesses concerning the lafe Disturbers of the
Peace of the Island i the two Commissions ait-
ting at the same time at Master John Jobson^s
Tavern. It was not without cause that the Bound-
heads pointed out how unfair a trial their leaders
had b^n put upon when they were condemned
first, and, after that, then a Commission had been
appointed to collect evidence against them. On
the 11th and 23rd of May, Acts were passed
ordering that between ninety and one hundred
Independents, as they were termed, and their
adherents, aH of whom were named, should
leave the Islafkd on or before the 2nd of July.
Not only men, but women also, were thus ban-
ished, among them being James Clinckett and
his wife, of St. Peter's, John Ciinckett and his
wife, and William Marshall and his wife, of St.
Andrew's, and Prancis Raynes and his wife, of
St. George's. Those of the "delinquents" who
duly paid the fines to which they had " volunta-
rily consented", and submitted to their banish-
ment/ were thereupon to be " pardoned, fully
remitted and discharged of all the crime and
offence" with which they were charged, and
were to be allowed to nominate to the manage-
ment of their estates during their own banish-
ment, such persons as they chose and " in whom
" the Public could confide". This must have been
a fine time for attorneys. The two Commissions
yent to work with a will : that for Composition

it

IN BARBADOS. ~ 1 07

letting it be known that if Pi^ea were aot-
promptly paid in, tte Independents' estates yfould
1)6 sold, while the Commissioners for ^xammar
tion called up the inhabitants of one parish this
week and of another parish the week after. ^

There being up to the present time no evidence
of the Roundhead Plot of which the , Cavalier
party had said so much, and to prevent the dee^s
of which they had taken up arms and acted with
BO much violence, some of the Colonists began to
ask why the Roundheads had been so highly fined
and been condemned to banishment? JF, more-
over, these had been guilty of so horrid a plot
as it had been given out that they were, why
were they not prosecuted in law and severely
punished ? It was also observed that most of
those who had been fined and banished had lived
a long time in the Island, many of them having
been of erainency in places of authority, who
had ever done their best for the colony ; that, as
a rule, they were men of good estates in the
Island, peaceable folks, while Colonel Walrond
himself had not been many years on the Island,
and most of his adherents were only newcomers
and men having no fortunes in the colony ; that
the Roundheads had not taken up Arms as had
been pretended, for the ruin of the other inhabit-
ants, but only by the Governor's order, upon
whose order also they had disbandedl Now, too,
that the Independents had been disarmed, why
was a Force still kept up, to the great prejadice
of the Country, unless the Cavaliers intended to
maiutain themselves in power and to turn !6^rba-

W9

I08 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

doB into a place of Eefuge for Bojalists ? The
soldiery asked to be disbanded, and many people,
although Cavaliers, murmured at the highhand-
edness of the proceedingcf, insomuch that some
of the latter were questioned, and looked upon as
adherents to and favourers of the Independents,
as the Boundheads were now invariably called.

Peasting is said to have been at this time much
in vogue with the Royalist leaders, in fact " the
greatest of their employments." At a feast given
on the 12th of June at which the grandees of the
party were present, with the officers of their
army, some of the Cavaliers came into the room
where the revellers were assembled and spoke to
the following effect. They said there was much
discontent in the Country on account of the harsh
way in which the Independents had been dealt
with^ that it was feared Trade would thereby be
obstructed ; which would be the certain ruin of
the colony^ that by their bidding defiance to the
Parliament ''in so high a nature" they should
be proclaimed Rebels to their native country
(England) ; that when they were called to arms,
it was pretended that it was only to show their
loyalty and forwardness to and for His Majesty ;
and that there was nothing to show that there
was such a plot among the Independents to
destroy the Loyalists as had been alleged. To
these remonstrances was added a request that
steps should be taken to compose all differences
and thus prevent the ruin which many of the
inhabitants apprehended. In reply, the Eoyalist
leaders said that the remonstrants need not

IN BARBADOS. 109

trouble their minds with such an apprehension
as that Parliament would take notice of their
proceedings, as the Ronndheaded Rebels of West^-
minster Hall had their hands full otherwise —
alluding of course to work Cromwell had in hand
in Ireland, and to the work preparing for him in
Scotland. If it were not so, they said, the
Rump Parliament might fix their eye upon Vir-
ginia and the Bermudas which had shown them
a precedent for what they had done, and yet the
Parliament had not taken notice of it. These
bold Cavaliers plainly declared that they would
league themselves with the Hollanders, and they
neither did, nor woild, nor had cause, to mind
the Parliament, or any thing the Parliament
would or could do to them, " with divers sleight--
" ing expressions and contumelious words to the
" same effect."

Representations such as were made by the
moderate Cavaliers were, however, highly incon-
venient and objectionable to the Walrond party,
and it was necessary that such indiscretions
should be discouraged. On the following day,
therefore, the General Assembly resolved to deal
vigorously with the Independent party. Setting
out with a declaration that Colonel James Draxe,
Captain Thomas Middleton, Captain Reynold Al-
leyne. Master Edward Thompson, Master Cons- -
tant Silvester, Lieutenant Thomas Rous, Lieuten- ..
ant John Johnson, Master Thomas^rkins, and
Master Christopher Lyne, had abused the freedom
and liberty allowed them by the General Assem-
bly, by travelling from place to place to assert their

Qwa innooeDcy, and the oppression of the General
Assembly in punishing them, '* which shall upon
'* their Tr}'a11 appear to the whole world to the
*' contrary, which shall with as much speed as
" may be possible be prosecuted against them,''
the Resolution of the General Assembly, then
indicted the Colonists aforenamed, with having
used many "seditious and scandalous speeches,''
in order to stir up many good people to engage
with them, and with making "His Majestj'^s
subjects in this Island" discontented by telling
them that Trade with England was now lost.
But the offenders were charged with something
worse than these delinquencies, in " impudently
" affirming that the General Assembly are
" ashamed of what they have done" ! This
would indeed have been the unkindest cut of all,
had not a lloundhead writer disposed of it as
false, with the sarcastic observation that if the
spirit of grace had been as prevalent with the
General Assembly as the spirit of deceit and
falsehood was, then the Assemblymen would, and
justly might, be ashamed of their proceedings.
To " satisfy His ^Majesty's loving subjects," there-
fore, it was now ordered that the aforenamed
Colonists should be committed prisoners to the
house and Plantation of Lieut.-Colonel James
Draxe, and Colonels Walrond and Modiford were
desired to raise a guard of eighteen musketeers
under a commissioned officer for the safe-keeping
of these prisoners, at whose own charge the
guard was to be maintained. All other persons
named in the list of Delinquents to be banished

were, at the same time, oi^dered to be 6ofifined to
their houses and plantations utitil tHey departed
frorii the colony.

The Parliamentarians now found that Bar-
bados had becoine too hot for them. The
Eoyalidts were becoming somewhat sanguin-
ary, and it was understood that they were
bent upon condemning to death some of
the Paiiiamentarians, and confiscating their
Estates. Even a man like Colonel Thomas
Modiford who kept on terms with the Bound-
helkds, although himself an ardent Loyalist, had
become uncomfortably blood thirsty, confiding to
one of the opposite party that ** if lie acted ko
"high in the business as the Walronds did,
" he would have good store of them, and by that
" means engage the Country in the quarrel : so

that the Country (if any opposition cariie)

being as deeply engaged as themselves, might
" stand by them". There was now nothing left
to those sentenced to banishment but to accept
their fate, and leave the Colony, and get to
England^ there to lay their grievances before the
Parliament from whom they counted upon getting
help, and not without reason. Why were thev
allowed to leave the Island without a trial for
that dark Plot in which they had been said to
have been so deeply engaged?

Punctually to the time fixed, Lord Willoughby
returned to Barbados and assumed the Govern-
ment. His "was not a spirit to brook a rivd near
the Thtone, and hence one of his first acts was
to remove Colonel Humphrey Walrond and'Cblo-

112 CAVALipRS AND ROUNDHEADS

nel Ellis from the Council, and to appoint in
their stead Colonel Shelley and Captain Henry
Ouy, " as bad or worse than they could be", as
these are described in the '' Humble proposals of
''several Barbadeans", made to the Council of
Stat« on the 22nd of I^ovember, 1650. To
fortify the Island was the new Governor's chief
care, and to secure it for the King, and on the
17th of October he procured the passing of an Act
entitled *' An acknowledgement and declaration
of the inhabitants of Barbados of His Majesty's
right to the dominion of this Island ; and the
'* right of the Eight Honourable the Earl of
'* Carlisle, derived from his said Majesty ; and
** by the Earl of Carlisle to the Right Honourable
*• the Lord Willoughby of Parham ; and also for
'* the unanimous profession of the true religion
in this Island, and imposing condign punish-
ment upon the opposers thereof".
Meanwhile, the General Assembly had not
been idle, and Acts had been passed for the
security of persons who engaged to furnish the
Island with means of defence ; for the speedy
fortification of the marine parts of the Island^
and the better preservation of its present and
future peace; for the better encouragement of
trade ; and no doubt as accessory to this, another
Act for the repeal of part of an Act for rating
shirts, smocks, shoes, and drawers; for an
addition to an Act for the confiscation of fugi-
tives' Estates ; and one for the more distinct read-
ing and publishing by the Ministers of the Acts
of Assembly of the Island.

' I '

wmjaMLTM&.' 113

Atotfb tbtt tkM Tnhn fi^pMt west te Mar-
Miles iateDdhig te goibtimto SavfaniiM vJ£h
Ins Teaadlt to «i]pport the AograMs of 4k^
Cc^leny. The €cmiicil ^ 8Me ui ilflife Pnia-
ment'wwB ak» «Mm astir da i^ka^iiiribMiiijfJhir-

CHAPIBJB Vn.

Au: as the eye isan reach the btilowt foam,
tKtryeyourSinirtiBMid'lMhdMl^ur 'He

Ifom l^e endnsf tfae Fiftwentii Oeiitivjr, «bDn
3B^iy '^he ^'Se^evth (cxnuDDsnooed iftolBi Mid
Bebiurtasa Osbot 4o «st 19 the IKiqgb slnB-
"avd 'Bi the Iferw W«ii!d, tmtfl the hegimiijig
ttf the €ml W«r, i^bs ijngs <iif Bngkni vs-
flfamed as Sovereign Lsudi, emakntht pof won
over lands newfy tond OHfc Isy ihenr iSnhyecite,
to the preelasiMi df ^e 4Btate it&dL The
FhmtiitaeDs or CeibDies imwe the Smg'e fiMPdgn
JDomimims, his lleiDeMie knds in pmiStms «a>-
torfiw, and M(t paitB of /hk gisigdiMi of fibg-
itmd. The Broprietay Obbniea, iiks tbsi; of
the Carihhee idands, wcee esaeted waim .firo-
vinces, within "wlAcii ^tbe Jtepraetet at 4lhe
Eiti§f« BefHitif oitO^mtjmttjmmmwaimlLi^SlAi all

at^l

1 14 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

the same Eoyal powers which appertained to the
King in his Palace, both Executive and Legisla-
tive. These Provinces were all virtually Coun-
ties Palatine, as was, for instance. Lord Carlisle's
province of Carlid» in the Caribbees, wherein the
proprietor had all the power and authority
which the Bishop of Durham in his own county
had, according to the custom of Durham.

When, therefore, in the days of King James
the Pirst the building up of our *<]!oloniaP Em-
pire was set about, the right of the Parliament
of England to legislate in Colonial concerns was
not recogni|ed, and an attempt on the part of
that body to intervene in such affairs was deemed
a rather impertinent invasion of the Eoyal Pre-
rogative : and so much so that when, in 1621,
the House of Commons put in the claim of the
State to the Free Eight of Fishery on the "NoTth
American Coasts, and attempted to set up the
jurisdiction of Parliament over that Eight, mem-
bers were told in the House by the Servants of
the Crown that *' It was not fit to make Laws
*< here for those countries which are not yet
" annexed to the Crown," and, that " This Bill
'* was not proper for this House, as it concerneth
" America." When too, in 1624, the House was
about to proceed upon a petition from the settlers
in Virginia, to take cognizance of the affairs
of the Plantations, — upon the Speaker's producing
and reading to the House a letter from the King
concerning that petition, the petition was then
by generiQ resolution withdrawn.

Having thus asserted the Eoyal Supremacy as

IN BARBADOS. II5

Sovereign Lord, the King and his Council then
proceeded to treat the constitutions of the several
Colonies as placing these in the same position as
the island of Jersey, which was held as part of
the Duchy of Normandy and had been associated
with the Crown of England from the days of the
Conqueror : and thus it came about that appeals
from the Colonial Courts were made, not to the
Courts of Equity or Common Law in England, or
to the House of Lords, but to the King in Coun-
cil, as appeals from Jersey were brought before
the King of England, as Duke of Normandy in
his Council.

Afterwards, as the affairs of the Colonies mul-
tiplied, it was found necessary to appoint certain
members of the King's Council to supervise their
administration, and hence on the 28th of April,
1634, Lords Commissioners for the Plantations
were appointed in the persons of William Laud,
Archbishop of Canterbury ; Thomas, Lord Coveh-
tr5% Lord Keeper ; Eichard Neyle, Archbishop of
York; Eichard, Earl of Portland, Lord High
Treasurer ; Henry, Earl of Manchester, and of
seven other officers of State. The Earl of Man-
ciiester's name which appears in the foregoing
list shows that from the earliest times the family
of the President of the Council of the * Eoyal Co-
lonial Institute has been identified with the
Colonies, while in the last century one of its mem-
bers attempted to found an English Colony in St.
Lucia, and in the early part of this century
another for twenty years governed Jamaica in
the days of its wealth.

Q t

tl6 CAVALIEBS MO BDOnDHEADS

/Ce.

He fvum gbtn t» thoM iMdm
OBWiMk floBiapbak. •grtsactod bjp a gobioqamfc
CiiiMMi09, innd cm Oft lOit Afni^ ie3«i,

T»itiiefli^ apf8akiiD»tfi« Lmt Qtaxto ir««ef
sitoml^ fliii^aBatfceiiplo&tktipaitQC Vr$neit
Ibioifc, ■gftng! a* AfWiMiri^Taior oj ^^ eaUsta af
Stfll^rt Mtwtk^ wlm had been a Menbar al
femiNll li St. ClHistopiteBX. to m* lUxWilUam
Cbonb^PAutiieCbiiiialSiDgfaBawk at Weat^
MMter ia lff38v for g/todm vbidb eaaMlyft had
Motroob ia St; Gkaiatajpiser's in tha< aaiablAshad
eaureatciJaatioe^ waAanpprasaadon tine a(>|^liicayaQ
of the seoond Earl of GarliBle to theKiogvalthoiigli
the aatka had beeo lai dowa for tihd he£am Sir
John BnmUKmm the Chief 2Baid«»tl the Km^'a
Battehu

(Boon af tai the vmptwe betweoat the ILiBg and
tih» fludiaanearft the latter^ hj ao QHinanee of
lt43, appointed Kebert Hicfa, Eari of Warimk,
the> Leni S^ Admiral^ to b« GoTemef^in^htef ,
and LonI H^h Admiral el all the< Plantationa in
AmeriBa» and with thia '< Stoat Eark of Warwiok"
otbeff Peera and Cbmatottafls were nominttted by
Yaiiianeat aa GoounisaiooerK fbt Plasvtai>ionB.
Oa tb» 24th of Norember, 1643^ thia body of
aofeeblea iaaoed a Cemmawma ta» Sir fitenn^^l^*^
WanNrr appeuitins hoa C^evfemov imd lieuienaait
Cton^ai oMlhriUbee isiandaw undbr the Ebal of
liarmh^ WTainoHK-Chief ofi att the Plaota-
tIbM m AmmatB^ nhen GnMrenior Wamer'a
oiDMBiBsiMi was ngned bf the feflowiag among
other aMNnaraUe peraonagesi Phflip, Sad of
Pembroke and Montgomery ; Sdmnaid, ladoClCao-

rtHHi

m BtABBADOS* 117

<teste:r^ Ptalip».LardWbiiitoB ; John, Lord Eol)9rt0 ;
Sir Qilbect Geiard; Sir Arthar Hasialrigg; Sir
Henry Vaiae« ihe youjjger ; Sir Benjamin JLudr
}(^d ;. fohik Pym^ aad Oliver Cromwell..

Tt h from this Itiree that the control of Pftrl^
am«nt o^er the affairs' of the colonies began, tboi
light of the Legislature to deal with stich mat-*
ters being admitted by Charles the Second on ilim
Eestoration and maintained to the present day.
The exerCTse of thntJ righ* h«s from: time to time
been somewhat m»difie^ by the reststanee of the
colonists themselves, more especially in the
case ef tbe old Platitatjons in North America^
whit!b hove now grown into such a magnificent
State that the fact of their having once been
Englisb colonies seems likely to be forgotten by
Englishmen, though it never will be by the
descendants of the older colonists. On the 2nd
March, 1650, the Council of State resolved that the
whole Council, or any five of its Members should
become a Committee for Trade and Pkntation««
This was the body, with John Bradshaw, the
Lord President, at its head, to whcan the banished
Barbadians would new appeal for redress.

Six months after the beheading of the King,
the Coimoil of State caused letters to be written
t& the Plantations to notify the change of
Gavernment, and t^o require the colonists to con-
tiauQ their obedience as they looked for protec-
lion. But no sooner did the Virginians and Ber-
mudians hear that the King was dead than
. thay proclaimed his aon ;. the colonists ^ the

Il8 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

" Still vext Bermoothefl", although a feeble folk,
boldly declaring their defiance and detestation of
the " horrid act", and requiring the Governor of
the colony to proclaim the Prince of Wales as
Charles the Second. And now colonists began to
arrive in England from Barbados who told how
that colony had openly adopted the Eoyal Cause,
and placed itself in rebellion to the Common-
wealth. Forthwith, orders were given by the
Council of State to make stay in all the ports of
England of any ships going to Barbados, while
the Committee of the Admiralty, with the
younger Sir Henry Vane at their head, took
steps to have a declaration prepared for Parlia-
ment, together with an Act for the prohibition
of all trade with that Island ; the Commissioners
of Customs were instructed to examine all ships
from Barbados, to ascertain whether they had
on board any goods belonging to persons who
stood out in rebellion to the Commonwealth ;
.and, it was decided to report to Parliament that
the Council of State found it necessary for the
reduction of Barbados and other places which
adhered to that Island, and for prevention of
trade there, that a Fleet should be despatched
thither with ail s[ eed.

On the 10th of September Sir Henry Vane, the
same person whom Cromwell afterwards, on dis-
solving the Rump, apostrophised, " Sir Harry
Vane, Sir Harry Vane, the Lord deliver me from
Sir Harrv Vane"! — Colonel Morlev, Mr. Cha-
loner, and Mr. Bond, as the Committee of the
Admiraltv considered the draft of an Act con-

IN BARBADOS. II9

cerning the reducing of Barbados, Bermuda, and
Virginia. The draft was read in the presence of
"divers Barbadosmen", but the matter of fact
"not appearing to be rightly stated", it was
ordered that Dr. Walker, the States Advocate,
be desired to attend Mr. Chaloner on the follow-
ing day, at 7 o'clock in the morning, with " some
" of the gentlemen that came from Barbados",
to confer together touching the right stating of
the matter of fact, and to prepare it for the Com-
mittee for presentation to the Council of State,
thence to be transmitted to the Parliament. The
draft having been corrected by Lord President
Bradshaw was " reported" on the 19th of Septem-
ber, read a first and second time on the 27th, and
was passed on the 3rd of October. This Act
prohibited Trade and Commerce with Barbados,
Antigua, Virginia, and the Somers' Islands, be-
cause of their Eebellion against the Common-
wealth of England ; while the colonists were
proclaimed Traitors to the Commonwealth. This
Act laid the foundation of those Navigation Laws
under which, for the greater part of two centuries
the commerce of the colonies was crippled by a
monopoly, to the advantage of the Mother-
country. By means of these Laws, however.
Great Britain was enabled to build up that
Naval Power which has been from time to
time put forth for the protection and preserva-
tion of her own Colonial possessions, and for the
destruction and annexation of the colonies of
other nations : their operation it was that enabled
Britannia to secure such a predominance on the

«t

1 20 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

Oeeftii as lias been mzng by the Poet 'Cai&pbeli in

liifl well Icnown lines —

Her march is o*er the mountain waves,
Her home is on the deep.

On the 3rd of October, Parliament alsoorftet^ed
that a strong Fleet, with a mnnber of Trandpotts
should be ** despatdhed" away with all possiMe
speed, for reducing ^* the Island of Barbados, and

all other English Plantations fhat 'Sboioid

persist in opposition to the Odvemmetit df liiis
^ Conittionwealth*' ; and, that Uie Coimefl t)f
BtatcMr should give orders to the ^< generals stt^sea"
that ^ey take oare, in case any ^ips be 'found
by them trading to IBai^ados, Bermuda, Virginia,
AnftigUa, and other inlands, contrary to the Act
prohibiting trade to those parts, that they shotdd
make stay of them until they s/hould hare given
an account to Parliament or the 'Council 'of State
and receive further instructions therein. OnUhe
^th of October, the Committee of the Admira*h;y,
on learning that ten or twelve ships were about 'to
sail for Barhados from Dutch ports^ ordered the
Commanders in the Downs, to "•^ma'ke rt"ay
" of them" in the Channel ; and, on the 13th
of November the Council of State ordered the
Committee of the Admiralty to ascertain whatgoods
were in the Custom House belonging to ar\y Plan-
ters in Bart)ado8, and "the affection" of the
owners to the Commonwealth, and to take steps
for the delivery of such goods to the proprietors.

The men of iron will who then ruled En^and
required little, prompting to the course which
they adopted, hut they could uot complain of

•want of interest on the part of the exiles them-
selves, which extended from the representations
made by John Webb, that his tongue had been
bored through with a hot iron in Barbados, and
by Captain Tineman and Lieutenant Brandon,
that they had been branded on their cheeks with
the letter T; tx> "Humble desires", "Humble
proposals", " Propositions", and " Thoughts"
which were fired off at the Council of State bv
Merchants and Planters interested in Barbados.
Colonel James Praxe, and his brother William,
Captain Reynold Alleyne, and "learned Mr.
John Bayes" were among those who represented
the grievances of the banished islanders.

The fleet which was ordered on the 3rd of
October, 1650, was not reported as ready until
the 22nd of January, 1651, when seven ships
mounting 236 guns, and manned with 820 men,
were prepared for the " Barbados business."
These vessels were called " the Barbados Fleet,"
Instead however of going to Barbados directly
they were used for the reduction of the Scilly
Isles, which they successfully accomplished in
June, when Sir John Grenville, the Royalist Go-
vernor of those Isles, was brought prisoner to
England; and it was only on the 19lh of June that
the expedition for Barbados wap finally taken in
hand. The fleet left Plymouth on the 5th of
August, 1651, and consisted of the Rainbow, car-
rying Sir George Ayscue as Admiral, the Malaga
Mer^ianthvith Captain Pack as Vice-Admiral,
Se Amituij^iiccess, Ruth, Brazil, and Increase.

122 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

Witii theM vessels went soma six or seven mer*
ehant ships.

Bir George Aysoue or Ayscagh, who command-
ed the Fleet, was a Lincolnshire gentleman whose
father had held an offlee at the Court of King
Charles, and on whose account it would seem,
rather than for claims of his own, the King bad
knighted Ayscue and his elder brother Edward,
at an early age. The Admiral had taken early
to the sea, and had shewn himself a good sailor,
but he had up to this time done nothing particu-
lar, excepting at the Seilly Isles, whence he had
just returned, unless the command of the fleet
which transported Oliver Cromwell's army to
Ireland in 1649, be considered a title to fame.
When, however, the Fleet had gone over to the
King from the Parliament's side, Ayscue had
kepi his ship loyal to the latter. He was an
honourable gentleman, with a high sense of
duty, and his subsequent actions proved him a
very capable Commander.

With Sir George Ayscue, were associated
Daniel Searle, and Captain Michael Pack, as
Commissioners for reducing Barbados. The in-
structions given to these Commissioners were,
that on their arrival they were to make known
the cause of their coming, and to omit no oppor-
tunity to reduce the island. If they found the
inhabitants sensible of their late defection, power
was given to assure pardon and indemnit}-, ex-
cept to such persons as they should think fit to
omit. Everything concluded by them was to be
effectual and valid to all intents and purposes.

IN BARBADOS. 123

They were to insist that the inhabitants of Bar-
bados should submit to the Commonwealth « The
Acts of Parliatnent af^ainst Kingship, abolishing
the House of Lords, for abolishing the Book of
Common Prayer, and for taking the Engagement,
with other Acts delivered to them, were to be
published. All the inhabitants were to take the
Engagement, and the Governors from time to
time appointed by the Parliament were to be
received. Those who had been damnified either
in person or estate on account of their affedtion
to the Commonwealth, were to have full reparti-
tion. The charges for the reduction of the Is^
land were to be repaid " so far as you find it
feasible*' by the inhabitants^whose rebellion and
delinquency occasioned the expense. All trade
and intelligence with the Island were to be pro-
hibited. The Commissioners were given ^fuU
powers .to treat and conclude upon Any other
articles they might find advantageous to the
Commonwealth.

In case of the death of Admiral Avscue^ then
Captain Michael Pack was to command the FlAet :
if Captain Pack died before Ayscue, then the lat-
ter was to nominate his successor. Bailing from
Plymouth on the 5th of August, and carrying
several merchants and planters of the colony
as passengers (among them Colonel James
Draxe, Mr. Raynes, Captain Keynold AUeyne^
who seems now to have gone with th6
I rank of Colonel, and Mr. John Bayes) the Bar*>
bados fleet with its convoy made for Lisbon, to
seek for Prinde Bupert, according to the orders

m 1

124 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

of the Council of State, and the ships remained
off the Tagus for five' days, from the 16th to the
21 st of August, alarming the Portuguese, hut un-
ahle to force them to fight. On the 2l8t the
fleet sailed for St. Vincent, in the Cape Verd
Islands, arriving there on the 8th of September,
and remaining ten days, during which time their
beer got so bad that it stank, and had to be
thrown over board. The ships having taken in
water at St. Vincent, then made for Barbados.

Prince Rupert was not at Lisbon when Sir
George Ayscue came to the Tagus, but was at
that time cruising off the West-ern Islands. This
he was doing much against his will, for the de-
sire of his heart was to make a voyage to the
West Indies and join forces with the Cavaliers
there. When, however, in the early part of July
he had made known his resolve to the Comman-
ders of his ships, the majority of them, headed by
Captain Chester of the Swallow, entered into a
combination against his purpose, and on one pre-
text after another they carried their own point,
and it was thus decided to cruise off the Western
Islands. Among the arguments urged by the ob-
structives against the voyage to the West Indies,
was, that nothing but starvation could be ex-
pected there, that no considerable quantity of
cassada was to be had there, and that the men
could never be brought to feed on it, " which I
have seen the contrary of by our men leaving
good meat to eat it", says Captain Pitts, who was
one of those in favour of the West Indian expe-
dition. Time after time did the Prince renew

IN BARBADOS,. 1 25

his proposal, but so often did his ill-conditioned
opponents succeed in thwarting the man whose
charge had been found irresistible at Marston
Moor, at Naseby Fight, and on many another
field of battle. It was while in this enforced
state of inaction, going backwards and forwards
amongst the Azores, receiving now a " gallant
reception" from the Governor of St. Michaels,
now a coldly civil reception from the Governor of
Terceira, who " stood on his gravity", that the
Commonwealth's Fleet went by, undescried. At
the end of the same month, September, in a ter-
rible storm, the Prince's own ship, the Constant
Reformation, was lost, with almost all hands in
her. The Prince had determined himself to go
down in her, but was by main force put into a
boat, which just managed to take him safely on
board his brother's vessel. Tlie brave way in
which his comrades met their common fate has
yet to be celebrated in English poetry.

It was some time in the month of February
1651 when news came, by a ship from Holland,
to Barbados that the colonists there had been
proclaimed Rebels by Act of Parliament, and that
a Fleet was to be sent out to reduce the Islanders
to allegiance to the Commonwealth. The tidings
thus brought stirred the colonists to action, they
being resolved to fight for their self-preservation
and to stand by one another to the last man. It
so happened that the General Assembly was at
tlie time in session, and the members of that
body now called upon the Governor to put the
Island in a posture of war, to which end, forces of

126 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

both horse and foot were raised^ which were
to be paid by the Colony and kept as a stand-
ing army. On the 19th of February an Act
was passed for the defence of the Govern-
ment, Liberty, and Freedom, of Barbados, and
to this Act was annexed an '* Engagement"
after the manner of the Engagement which the
Parliament had established for the security of
the Commonwealth. It was, however, on the
previous day that Lord Willoughby and his
Boyalist Legislators made their Declaration against
the English Parliament, in which the Lord Lieu-
tenant General together with *' the Lords of jj^his
Council and Assembly*' sounded their counter-
blast of defiance to the Independent Dogs of West-
minster Hall. Any one reading the Declaration
must admit that it has the ring of the old days
of Home about it : that it breathes the spirit of
" free-born Englishmen." It runs thus ; —

A Declaration of Lord Willo^ighby a/nd the ZegUlatwe
of the Island of Barhadog against the British

ParUament.

** A Declaration of my Lord Willoughby, Lieaten-
ant-GFeneral, and Governor of Barbados, and
other Carabis Islands; as also the Coancil of
the Island belonging to it ; serving in answer to
a certaine Act formerly put forth by the Par-
liament of England, the 3rd of October 1650.

" A Declaration, published by Order of my Lord
Lieutenant-General, the 18th of February 1661,
the Lords of the Council, and of the Assemblie,
being occasioned at the sight of certaine printed
Papers, intituled. An Act forbidding Commerce
and Traffick with the Barbados^ Virginia, Ber-
mudas, and Antego.

**Tb6 Lord Lieotenant-Gleneral, together with th«

I H» <I M

FN BARBADOS.

127

Iiorcl« of tbU Cooncil and Afi8embly, having oarefuUy
read over tb« said printed Papers, and finding them to
oppose the Jreedom, safety, and nnU^heing of thit it-
land, have thought themselves bound to oommnnicate
the same to all the inhabitants of this island ; as also
their observation and resolution concerning it, and to
proceed therein after the best manner, wherefore they
have ordered the same to be read publiokly.

" Concerning the abovesaid Act, by which the least
capacity may comprehend how much the inhabitants
of this island would be brought into contempt and
slavery, if the same be not timely prevented :

** First— They alledge that this island was first set-
tled and inhabited at the charges, and by the esspecial
order of the people of England, and therefore ought
to be subject to the same nation. It is certain, that
we all of us know very well, that wee, the present
inhabitants of this island, were and still be that peo-
ple of England, wlut tvith great danger to onr persons,
and with great charge and trouble, hare settled this
islafid in its oofuUtitm, and inhabited the same, and
shall wee therefore be subjected to the will and com-
mand of those that stay at home ? Shall we be bound
to the Government and Lordship of a Parliament in
which we have no Representatives, or persons chosen
by us, for there to propound and consent to what
might be needful to us, as also to oppose and dispute
all what should tend to our disadvantage and harme 1
In truth, this would be a slavery far exceeding all
that the English nation hath yet suffered. And we
doubt not but the courage which hath brought us
thus far out of our own country, to seek our beings
and livelihoods in this wild country, will maintaine us
in our freedoms ; without which our lives will be un-
comfortable to us.

" Secondly— lb is alledged that the inhabitants of
this island have, by cunning and force, usurped a
power and Government.

** If we, the inhabitants of this island, had been
board what we could have said for ourselves, this alle-

I t 1-1 ' w

■ » Mm

- I

128 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

pation had never been printed ; but those who are
destined to be slaves may not enjoy those privileges ;
otherwise we might have said and testified with a
truth, that the Government now used amongst us, is
the same that hath always been ratified, and doth
every way agree with the first settlement and Govern-
ment in these places ; and was given us by the same
power and authority that New England hold theirs ;
against whom the Act makes no objection.

** And the Government here in subjection, is the
nearest model of conformity to that under which our
predecessors of the English nation have lived and
fiourished for above a thousand years. Therefore we
conclude, that the rule of reason and discourse is most
strangely mistaken, if the continuation and submis-
sion to a right well-settled Government be judged to
be an usurping of a new power, and to the contrarie,
the usurpation of a new Government be held a con-
tinuation of the old.

** Thirdly — By the abovesaid Act all outlandish
nations are forbidden to hold any correspondency or
trafl5ck with the inhabitants of this island ; although
all the antient inhabitants know verj"^ well, how great-
ly they have been obliged to those of the Low Coun-
tries for their subsistence, and how diflScult it would
have been for us, without their assistance, ever to
have inhabited these places, or to have brought them
inti^ order : and we are yet daj^ly sensible, what neces-
sary comfort they bring to us dayly, and that they do
sell their commodities a great deal cheaper than our
own nation will doe : But this comfort must be taken
from us by those whose will must be a Law to us :
But we declare, that we will never be so unthankful
to the Netherlanders for their former help and assist-
ance, as to deny or forbid them, or any other nation,
the freedom of our harbours, and the protection of
our Laws, by which they may continue, if they please,
all freedon? of commerce and traffick with us.

" Fourthly — For to perfect and accomplish our in-
tended slavery, and to make our necks pliable for to

undergo the ycMike, they got and forbid to onr own
ooantrjmen, to hold any oorrespondency, oommeroe,
or traffick with ns, nor to suffer any to oome at us,
but such who have obtained particular licences from
some persons, who are expressly ordered for that pur-
pose, by whose means it might be brought about, that
noe other goods or merchandizes shi^ be brought
hither, than such as the licensed persons shall please
and think fit to give way to ; and that they are to sell
the same at such a price, as they shall please to im-
pose on them ; and suffer no other ships to come
hither but their own : As likewise that no inhabitants
of this island may send home upon their own account
any island goods of this place, but shall be as slaves
to the Companie, who shall have the abovesaid licen-
ces, and submit to them the whole advantage of our
labour and industry.

" Wherefore, having rightly considered, we declare,
that as we would not be wanting to use all honest
means for the obtaining of a continuance of commerce,
trade, and good correspondence with our country, soe
wee will not alienate ourselves from those old heroick
virtues of true Bnglish men, to prostitute our freedom
and privileges, to which we are borne, to the will and
opinion of any one ; neither do we thinke our number
so contemptible, nor our resolution so weake, to be
forced or persuaded to so ignoble a submission, and we
cannot thmk, that there tvre am/y amongst tit, who are
toe timple, and toe wnworthUy minded, that they would
not rather ehute a noble death, than fortdhe their otUd
Hbertiet and privileges "

To supply the sinews of war an Act was
passed on the 3rd of April, 1651, " For the bor-
** rowing of goods for the present defence of Bar-
« bados".

Francis, Lord Willoughby of Parham, who now
held Barbados against the Parliament of Eng-
land, was a man of great courage, and of most

^t^

130 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

resolute wiU. When the Ciyil War broke out he
had taken the side of Parliament, and, notwith-
standing that King Charles sent him positive
orders to the contrary, he was one of the first
to raise forces in theSastern counties for the
Parliament. In those counties he had acted in
conjunction with the Earl of Manchester and
Oliver Cromwell ; and at Gainsborough and New-
ark, he had fought with much distinction. When
the Inde{>endents got the upper hand, Lord
Willoughby, who was a Presbyterian, sided with
those Members of Parliament who opposed the
power of the Army, and in 1647 he was one of
those Peers who were accused of treason by the
House of Commons, and his property was seques-
trated. This occasioned his fiight to Holland, and
his open declaration there for the King. The
Duke of York then appointed him Vice Admiral ^ .
of the Boyal ships, a position which he hoAAcl^
until relieved by Prince Rupert's appointment.
He was not a sailor but a soldier, was weary of
dealing with mutinous seamen, and wished to
be rid of the duty. Lord Clarendon says : " The
" Lord Willoughby stay'd on board purely out
*' of duty to the King, though he liked neither
"the place he had nor the people over
" whom he was to command, who had yet more
" respect for him than for any body else." As has
alresdy been described, this nobleman came out to
Barbados early in 1650, as Lieutenant General
for the Earl of Carlisle, the Proprietor of the
Caribbee Islands, and as Governor there for the
King. His wife was a daughter of that Bnglish

IN BARBADOS. 131

Genera], Lord Wimbledon^ who was called Gene^
ral SU-StUly his family name being Cecil, in
derision of his feeble action in the expedition
against Spain. Lady Willoughby remained in
England, but promised to join her husband in
Barbados.

The same vessel that brought the news of what
had been done and was intended to be done by
the Commonwealth, also brought letters to Lord
Willoughby. Lady Willoughby urged her husband
to submit to the Parliament, but although, as he
wrote to her, — " Poor soul ; to hear of the sad-
*^ ness of thy condition, to be brought to so low a
" stipend, cuts my heart", his proud spirit would
not bend to the storm, and, he declared '* since
'* they began so deeply with me, as to take away
** all at one clap, and without any cause given on
" my part, I am resolved not to sit down a loser,
"and be content to see thee, my children, and
'* self ruined". Smarting under the ingratitude
of the Parliament in whose cause he had done so
much, he asks and answers himself, ^ and being
" it is in my own power to help myself, shall I
" not do it, but sit still like an ass, seeing the
"meat torn out of thine and my children's
" mouths ? No ! I will not do it ; and therefore,
" dear heart, let me entreat thee to leave off thy
" persuasions to submit to them, who so unjustly,
"so wickedly, have ruined thee and me and
" mine". How resolved to resist was this bold
baron of England can be seen from the following
declaration to his wife : — " If ever they get the
"Island, it shall cost them more than it is worth

8 9

132 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

*' before they have it. And be not frightened with
** their power and suocess: Grod is above all.
• • ♦ «* One comfort we have, they can neither
" starre as with cold, nor famish ns for hunger ;
•• and why should they think so easily to put us
"to it then?"

Lord Willoughby of Parham had begun a set-
tlement on the river Surinam in Guiana, which
is nowadays remembered only by the corruption
of Parham in the name of Paramaribo, the capi-
tal of Dutch Guiana. When writing to his wife,
he thus describes the country of the Surinam as
it had been described to him, apparently by An-
thony Bous, who was in charge of the settlement,
at all events, by some one with imaginative
powers : —

*' There is an inclofied note directed 'the Gentle-
man/ which I am confident, if yoa will, yon may
make ase of, praying yoa not to omit the opportunity.
I shall send him as mach in sagar, when I hear from
yoa that yoa have made ase of this. Be not frighten-
ed nor perplexed for me ; I am confident yet God will
bring as together into these parts, according to my
former petitions to him, that we may end oar days
together in happiness ; for I have had a retarn of my
discovery of Gaiana, which I writ to yoa formerly of ;
and the gentleman which I sent hath brought with
him to me two of the Indian kings, having spoke with
divers of them, who are all willing to receive oar
nation, and that we shall settle amongst them ; for
which end I am sending hence a hundred men to take
possession, and doubt not but in a few years to have
many thousands there.

'* It is commended, by all that went, for the sweet-
est place that was ever seen ; delicate rivers, brave
land, fine timber. They were oat almost five months :

IN BARBADOS.

133

and amongst forty persons, not one of them had so
much as their head ache. They commend the air to
be so pnre, and the water so good, as they never had
such stomachs in their lives, eating five times a day
plenty of fis]^ and fowl, partridges and pheasants in>
numerable: brave savanas, where you may, in coach
or on horseback, ride thirty or forty miles.

" God bless me into life. And if England will be a
friend, or that we make them so by tiring them out,
either their seamen by the tedious voyages, or the
state by the great expense they must be at, which I
am very confident we shall, being all so well-resolved
to stand by one another to the last man, then I shall
make thee a brave being there ; for since all is gone at
home, it is time to provide elsewhere for a being."

The fortifying of the island went on apace, and
on the 11th of June 1651, a Declaration was
puhlished by the Lord Lieutenant-General, the
Council and the Assembly, for the satisfaction
of the Islanders, in which, after informing the
inhabitants of what *' those disaffected persons
gone hence", like Colonels Draxe and Alley ne,
had been doing in England, and assuring them
that the Council of State had resolved to force a
Governor upon them, and a garrison of 1200 men
in arms, to be maintained by the island, and
would require them, as the Council of State
had "most wickedly done", to renounce their
allegiance to the King, they declared their firm
resolve never to permit His Majesty's undoubted
right to Barbados to be questioned, and, to look
upon all persons bringing propositions to that
purpose as professed enemies to the welfare of
them all. Lord Willoughby desired to pursue
towards the Barbados Parliamentarians a different
policy from that adopted by the Walronds. Not

cc

long after his assumption of the government he
had sent Captain George Marten to England
to invite those who had fled, or been banished
from the island to return, but without success, as
those "disaffected persons" were intent upon
being reinstated with a strong hand. It can
therefore be understood that, when the Parlia-
ment had adopted the cause of the exiles as their
own, the Royalists of the colony should take
steps to avenge themselves upon " those runaway
bankrupt rogues, who durst st«y no longer
here, for fear of a gaol, whereof learned Mr.
** Bayes is one ; having by their villainy, done
" what in them lies to ruin one of the best and
*< sweetest islands in the English possession, or
** in any others, except the Spaniards", as Lord
Willoughby described them to his wife. Henoe
the following Proclamation which was issued on
the 12th of September, 1651, and which shows
how the Estates of the Parliamentarians were
to be dealt with, if these '* runaway bankrupt
rogues" did not **make" reasonable composition
for them : —

A DECLABATION OF THE LORD WILLOUOHBY.

Whereas it hath been taRen into serions considera-
tion by this present Assembly, That all fair and gentle
means have been us3d to induce those persons formerly
fled from this Island to return and conform themselves
to the Government of this place, and quietly to enjoy
their Estates as formerly they have done : by which it
was hoped that all thoughts of ho8tilit> would have
been laid aside, and the heat of their prosecution
against us have been altogether extinguished; but
instead of these good effects, we find them heightened

*»i r

IN BARBADOS. I35

in malice and misohief against ns daily, soliciting and
proyoking those enemies of our dread Sovereign to
invade us, which they undoubtedly intend to do, as
soon as their hands are freed of their more important
affairs at home : and in the meantime these mis*
chievous persons have prevailed with them to call us
(the King's true Subjects) Rebels, interdicting trade
with us and taking (if they can) all Nations that apply
themselves to this island, which resolution upon divers
Holland ships they have already executed ; and where-
as it hath been further considered what great charge
the well-affected people of this Island have been put
to, and what further charge will arise, in order to our
just defence, and holding it unfitting any more to lay as-
sessment upon His Majesty's loyal subjects whilst
these Rebels, the causes of these our troubles, have any
Estate within this Government that may contribute
to support the same ; be it therefore ordained and
enacted and established by the Lord Lieuteuant-
General, the Council and Gentlemen of the Assembly,
and by the Authority of the|same, that all the Estates
both real and personal, and all the debts, dues, and
credits whatsoever, and the profits of the same be-
longing, or any wise appertaining unto Col James
Drax, Capt. Allin Sergeant, and all others that shall
be made appear to have been active against us, in aid-
ing, assisting or abetting them, be, and are for these
their treasonable practices, and rebellious oppositions
to this rightful Government sequestred, until the 25th
day of June next ensuing, the same to be forthwith
seized on the said L. G. Warrant, and the profits of
the said Estates to be disposed of by his said Lordship,
for, and toward the defrajring of the great charges,
which this their unnatural opposition hath already,
and will force us to undergo ; provided nevertheless,
that out of the profits of their several Estates (so
seized on) a fifth part shall be deducted for and
towards the] maintenance of such their wives and
children as are now abiding in this Island ; and dur-
ing the time of their abode within the same, they

giving in seonrity, that no part thereof shall be trans-
ported to the benefit of their husbands, or any other
which now are, or shall be in opposition against this
Island, to the intent that the whole world may judge,
that peace, qaietoess and freedom of trade is only our
aim, and that we can no longer take those men for our
enemies, than whilst the mischievous impressions of
their malice £re apparent to us, and themselves in
open opposition to the welfare of this Island. Be it
further ordained and enacted by the authority aforesaid
that if the said persons or any of them shall before
the 25th day of Jane next ensuing, submit themselves
to his Sacred Majesty and to the Authority of His Ma-
jesty here settled, by the taking the oath of allegiance,
they shall be permitted to a reasonable composition for
their estate, otherwise the said Estates to be forfeited.
Given under my hand the 12th day of September 1651.
To be published by the Minister of St. Philip's two
several Sundays.

Francis Willouohby.

CHAPTER VIII.

Tlie Blockade of Barbados, and tbe Oapitnlatioi^

of tbe OaTaUors.

The wounded men on both sides

Most piteous for to see.
Yet nothing could the courage quell

Of brave Lord Willoughbey.

In the early part of October, 1651, the Colo-
nists of Barbados were in great spirits, for a ship
had arrived from Holland with news that the

IN BARBADOS. 137

Prince of Wales, the King of Scots as the Com-
monwealth men called him, had come into Eng-
land with an Anny, and had marched within
forty miles of London ; that the whole Country
had risen in his cause," that the Army had been
beaten and the Lord General Cromwell,
been slain; and that the Fleet under Sir
George Ayscue had run away from England and
intended to take Barbados as a place of Befuge.
The Dutchmen quite believed, they said, that
King Charles was by that time in London itself.
It is not to be wondered at, therefore^ that the
exiled Boyalists should upon such an occasion in-
dulge in that ** greatest of their employments".
Feasting, whereat they doubtless drank to Church
and Crown, — congratulating one the other that
the King had come to his own again. Such a
Feast there was on the 16th day of October, at a
Plantation some twelve miles from Town, Lord
Wiiloughby being present " with a crew of Des-
peradoes, his officers", as one Parliament man
describes them, *'with all his grandees" says
another. The Feast could not have been over
when news was brought that the Commonwealth's
Fleet was off the Coast, and that some ships of war
were actually in Carlisle Bay itself. There must
have been mounting in hot haste then, and much
firing off of muskets, which, in the absence of Tele-
graphs and Telephones was the manner of sending
warnings of danger up and down the Ishmd.
The long threatened Fleet had indeed come at
last, and had surprised the islanders who, says
Captain Michael Pack, Sir George Ayscue's Vice

nww

13S CAVAUEKS AMD H>CnDHEADS

— — _ 1 ■ —

AdiBinI, '*Uhtiim mea ef Iiakb fli M^ beeawe
** mi itiypd io long oonekidad we wmM nB(b-mmB

fhB Flaat mada Ewbado0 on the niffht of tha
15«h of Ootober, Md a CSouiidi <tf War tMiinff held*
it wa» daddad tlail tbi Vice Admin], OufAmn
Pack, vith tbiee ¥Msels akoiild sail oa vards aad
inta CSaiiiflla Bay to auipiiae the ahifpuig there, or
at leaat to pferent the ahipi Aare frem ramuog
aaray to the laewaod lalanda, iphiia the Admical
with tha laaBainder el the Heat ahoald anchor ia
Anetin'a Bay. Aaatia'jB Bay mm on the wicd*-
ward oaaat, and by lyiof there tiie Adiairal waa
enaUad to keep the Triapdam m doabt aa to
vhat part of tiia aouatry ha voiild asaail, aa ha
oanld doop to leevafd atb any time, while tha
heavy shlpa ooold only with groat diflfeulty
** tarn it op a^aia", ia beatiiig againat tiie wind,
^tibe wind hbweing aU the yearn long one
'*waye^. Aoeordiagly aa the }^th, Captain
Faek in tiie Amkyi^ with t^ Malaga MerAani^
aad the Ateeeas^ stood in for Oarlisla Bay, aooona-'
aanied by a aiMrchaatahipoQflimMndad by Oaptein
^tty, aodanidiored in themidataf thashippiag ly^
ingtheie, the ftp0 from the Foita OB ^oiedoingthe
FailiaaiaDfs yasaels ao injury. There wave at
^tha tima fourteen veaaala in the Bay, maatly
Sotoh tradara, aome of them heavily anned. So
amawind wese tha BoUandera at the position in
wfaieh they fiaand thamaalvea tha^ tiiey afioaed
no reaiataoee whan tha EagUah Vke Atdmmt
aeni \mki kom hia'veaaelato nfiwmaad tha shi^
pera to aonous on hoard the Am^ bat soiraadt

1^ Ihem m Jxift ^tistodj^ and had pctt aotte •! faie
m«n uito'iibaige of iko Dntok Aipt» seni ^rotd
of what ha had doie to the Admiral who was
Ipng at AiOstHiia Bay. Meaawhile^ ia tbe
i^ence from 1^ Bffi^ of tho Goroftter, hk
Marshal oame off to aeo who tho sew trriVals
were, and was detained a prisoner.

When the Admiral received word frotatfaptain
Faok of the latter's success, he at once weigbeA
anchor and sailed sr'tth the >«st of the fleet for
Carlisle Bay. As the vessels were passing within
nrasket shot of IfoodhiBVs Pointy on wbieh was
the stfongeat fort is the itiandy a man cmae off
in a smidl boat and bearing a white flag, Who
hailed them asking what the fleet was, and
teXtitug them ^at if they came to trade they
should be welcome, but if they came as enemies
they should stand on their guard. Ho had no
sooner delivered his message than the fort began
to flfe into the fleet. In order to show that the
Parliament's fleet did not wish to begin hostili-
ties. Sir Georgo Aysoue fired a gun to leeward,
bat when the fort fired at him a second time he
sent a broadside in answer, and one by ono,as
the other vessels eame up, so did they. One
man killed in the Victtmtler and two men
wounded, was all the hurt the fleet sustained in
this oBOoaoter, and that night all the ships of
war were anchored in Carlisle Bay, where they
remained within reach of two of the enemy's
fo^ until the aftemooii of the f oBowing day,
l^whMitiin» tbsr maniiiDg add biltif^gr Olt 0f

X 3

140 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

twelve of the prize ships was carried on, without
molestation from the shore. Two small vessels
had been run ashore. On the Goveroor's return-
ing to Ths Bridge on the 16th and finding his
Marshal had been made prisoner, he demanded
that officer's release, but without success, as the
following correspondence will show : —

To Sb. Gbobgb Atscub, thbse.
8r.

nnderBtaDdiDg:e by a letter from Capt. Packe that
yoa Comand these Shipps now in ye road, without
whose order my Marshall now deteyned could not be
released, I have returned this Drumer with this desire
yt. you please immediately to send him unto me soe
I rest

Yor. flCriend

F. WILLUGHBYB.
October 16th, 1651,
7 at Night.

Ffob te Lobd Willughbyb,.thesb pbbsent.

My Lord. I received yr Lrpp's. by yr Drume, yr
Marshall is now on board me, and consideringe he
came without any Message and yt. there hath bin since
Acts of hostilitie comitted against this fflete under my
charge I hope yr Lordship will excuse me if I doe
not at present satisfie yr Lrpp's. request, but in ye
Interim yr Marshall shalbe civily treated by

Yr Lrpp's, Servant

GEOBGE AfSCUE.
October 16, 1651.

On the 17th of October Lord Willoughby had
posted about 5,000 men at different places on the

IN BARBADOS. 141

coast where the invaders might effect a landing,
and on the following day the number was in-
creased, so that there were then about 6,000 foot
and 400 horse in arms against the Elect. From
some well-wishers who swam from the shore^the
Admiral received intelligence that the Islanders
were almost to a man determined to fight him,
and that no one of any influence was for
the Parliament, but " everye one verie high and
'* violent against the State, in most wicked and
*' bitter expressions and violent actions" : and he
was informed that they were in high spirits over
the news brought by tha Sollanders that the
Scotswitti their King^^fiSMome into England,
and^nsvery near London, that all the counties
came in to him, that the Lord General Cromwell
was slain and the Army beaten, all which had
been duly published in the Churches of the
Island, as there were then no newspapers to
spread the news. Nothing discouraged by the
state of affairs, 8ir George Ayscue on the 17th
of October sent a trumpeter ashore with a letter
in which Lord Willoughby was called upon to
surrender the Island " for the use of the Parlia-
'* ment of England", to which *' strange demand"
the high-spirited lord returned answer that he
acknowledged no supreme authority over Eng-
lishmen but the King and those having commis-
sions from the King, and, to the indignation of
the Parliamentarians, he directed the answer to the
Admiral on board His Majesty's Ship The Bainn
howj the Flag Ship having been one of the Royal
Ships of War which had been taken over to the

142 CAVAUEBS Am ftOUNDHEADS

Ike ]0tten ninrai to nm as fBUonn ^-^

M 7 Inxd-^Bie FtefioHnfe «C Biq^Md, ike SapnHR
Antfaaiii^ ol tiiat Dfttum, tovfiogbMo wnnible of tbe
defeotioD of this Isle, from tbeir diaobedienoe* it beuos
A Gblony wliicfa ooglit to be 8abardiiiale,aiid to depend
upon tkafc O oB u aoiwiwdth ; Aad being tender of tlie
gpod of thie Idirf, to pn{Mve l^ Tnhrt J twi i r i t theiBof
in tfaek Kgtataff, and libertfes ; As also being ifUUng
that th^ ihonld be sfaaren wiUi them in that liberty*
which by the blesdng of Ood they have purchased
with sndi expeBce of blood, and mony, they have sent
B» with this Fleei to indeanmr tte aeoompUshing of
the Bsmo; And I being demioiit to avoid ^e-efihition
of blood, so by this make known the end of my oomiQ^
in order to which I eAiect a present rendition of this
Island, with the fortincfttiotts thereof, for the nse of
the FailiBaiietit of Bni^aiid, yomr Answer iMraaato I
e^»eet by the Betam of my Trampet : And vest joar
liOrdships Servant,— Geoige .Aysoongb.

Aboard the Bainbow in Oashele Bay.

Oetober 17th, 1651«

Tbe L<Hrd Willonghby having leafl it^ without any
long deliberation returned this Answer : —

Sir,— When I heard your Trumpet was arrived, I
expected by him some overtures of Beparation for
those Acts of Hostility acted by yon upon the Ships in
the Bay, and on the person of my Marhhal, and not so
strange a demand. To which I briefly answer, that I
acknowledge no Supreme Authority over Bnglishmen,
but the King, and by his Commission ; and for him I
do, and by God's assistance shall defend this plaee.
Whioh ba asmied fe the resolution of yooi servant,

FBA£K1I8 WBiSOOftHBT

OdtotMT, Ifr IMl «fc neoft

The priae M^jfs were fotmd of gnat use to iJie
fleet oa acoouat oi tke provisions taken in thmn,
while some eorved to feteh wafer fflom the Leo^-
watA Islande* There wee also the Mnsolafaion
that their capture had prevented the Boy^kte
from naing them a^ainet the fleet. The strength
on shore ^ne^ however, so great t^at there was
no p]N)speot of redoeing the deftodera by the
flword, eo the Admiral determined to blockade the
Island, hoping by preventing trade and keeping
tibe inhabitantfl in e- constant etate of aiarm^to
starve and weary them into sabmiesioo. The
ships of war accordingly oroised off the Island^
taking snch Dutch ships as eame their way, some
of which eame from Brazil to load at Barbados,
others from Holland with wine, be^, and othev
oommodities. At the same time, that no rational
o|^rfeu<iity should be lost to maka " this stub**
*' born Island know their duty to the Oommon*
" wealth of England", the CSommissioners foimd
means to send ashore by persona swimming at
nigbt from the i^ips, and to disperse throughout
the Island, a Declaration which they addressed to
the ^Freeholders aud Inhabitants. With this
Declaration they sent a copy ol their summons
to l4ffi WiUou^by^ Xbey assured the Barba-
diana of their friendliness towards them ; of
their wish to avoid the destrucdon of their
** long-laboured for estates'*; dwelling upon the
successes of the Parliament's forces by land and
sea, and the ineiMlity of the Island to subsist
withont free tnside and protection from foreign
enemies, both whiob the Commonwealth would

and ooold secure to them. The inhabitants were
also urged to accept in time offers of peace and
mercy, and to join in bringing about the submis-
sion of the Island. Indemnity was assured to
them.

As from time to time some very untrue ac-
counts reached England of what was being done
at Barbados and these statements were published in
the News Sheets of the day, — the Mercurius Poll-
ticu8 and the like^-or in Broadsides, there is a
good deal of reason to doubt the correctness of
the Broadside narrative subjoined, and the more
so as there is no mention of the affair in the
reports made by Sir George Ayscue, by Captain
Pack, and by Governor Searle, of what actually
occurred during the blockade. The following is
the statement referred to, as it appears in a
Broadside entitled " Blood]/ News frwn the Barba--
" does published, for general satisfaction, Pkiwted
" FOR G. HoBTONs, 1652" : —

Bloody news from the Barbados, hei/ng a true re^
lotion of a great and terrible fight between
the ParUement^s Navie commanded by
Sir George Ayscue^ and the Ungs qf Scots
Forces nnder the conduct and comm>and
of the Lord Wilhmghby ; with the jparti'
culars qf the fight, the storming qf the
Island, the marmer how the Pa/rliamewt*s
Fbrcei were repuUed, and beaten off from
Carlisle Bay and the Block House, and
the number killed cmd wotmded,

JLondon. Printed 1662, Mb, 24
By an eoM^ess from the Parliament Fleet lying
bgore the Barbados, it U certified, that
iSvr George Ayscue firing the Lord WU-

IN BARBADOS. 145

lattgJiby to he very resolute and obstinate,
called a Council of Officers, whose result
was, forthwith to storm Carlisle Block
House, for effecting whereof, about 60
long boats were completely man^d with
Seamen, who endeavoured to storm the
Fort, and to enter the Bay ; but so great
woA the repulse which they received, that
they were inforced to make good their
Betreat with the loss of 15 m^n, and to
betake themselves for Sancfttuiry to their
Ships again. However, the loss is supposed
to be equal on both sides : And tlie Lord
WHloughby is exceedijig vigilant, to make
tJie best of a bad cause, ftr lie rides the
Rounds {in person) every night, from
Fort to Fort, promUfing his Souldiers the
free prize of the Parliaments Narie ; but
with this provistie, I beseech you, when
they can catch it.

The call to arms did not prevent the General
Assembly of the Island from sitting, and on the
5th of November the Martial Legislators joined
in a Declaration of their own which, after dis-
posing of Sir George Ayscue's summons to sur-
render, and of the " loose and scandalous papers"
scattered up and down the island as they termed
the Commissioners' Declaration, they declared
their resolution to " sticke to" Lord Willoughby,
and to defend the Island to the utmost. It is
not improbable that in the names subscribed to
the Declaration as now given may be found those
of the ancestors of some of the Founders of the
North American Republic, and even of one or
two of the signers of the Declaration of Independ-
ence of the American Colonies in the last Cen-

146 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

tttry, for inan j penons iubfteqnaDtly left Barba-
dos to settle in the older NorUi American
Colonies : —

A deeldTM^ gett forth hp fe H^pretentative hodye
tfye Igland tf Bair^adoi, mett together in ye
G0nanUl AgteM^ly ys Uh of Novmber^ 1651.

IMtereat ye Pretent AMembty hath taken into their
terioui ooniideracons ye snm'ms sent ly Sr. George
Ay tone for ye Hendioon of this Island xTvto his hands,
chargeinge vs therein of revoltinge from ye power yt hath
sent him to nwh. neither ye Lawe doth nor owr owne
consents hath ever subjected 11s ; and of ye many Acts of
hostilitie eomitted "by ye Shipps novo riddnge about this
Island, as also ofytaMect andpoore Message sent by ye
Late Marshall to shake (if it were possible') the Jidelitie
of our ever honov/red Ld. It. GcTieral which by him
together wth his contempt of such vnderhand dealinge
hath binfuUy declared vnto vs : Arid alsoe hamn>ge taken
notice of those Loose and scandalous papers wth much
Industry scattered vpp and down ottr Island to pnysen ye
alleigeiance of ye good People here and as far as in them
lyes to breed divisions and distraccons amongst vs either
by sophostieaU Argwnts endeacourvnge topersade si*me
few ignorant People (for of others they can have nee
hope^ to believe yt that Oovernemt wch they have with
ye vttiir mine of owr deere Brethren in thiglandset vpp
is farre better then yt vnder wch our Auncestors have
these mawy hundred years past, lived wth out y* know-
ledge or sense of thftse manty Miseries bU^odshedding
rapines and other oppressions wch yt bleedinge Kingdome
yet groanes vnder or ells they Endeavour wth menaces
of vseinge force to drive vsfrom yt Pfesslon or Loyalty e
to wch our soules wreflrmely rmted as to owr bodies ; vpon
ye oonHderacon of all wch and to lett ye whole world
know how assured we are of ye vpprightnes and svneer-
itie of our cause and of our constancye to defend ye same
We ye Bepsentative Bodye of this whole Island doe
hereby declare Besolve and vrvanimously Pfesse That we
wiil wh ye vttmost haswrd of our Lives andfortunes dO'

IN BARJBADOS. 1 47

Hil

fimd hi* M^j$9ty'$ Jvit&rrnt and LoficfM P^mr in and
to this Idand a* aUoe ye Pertnn of ye right HovJble
Ffrancii Lord WUlttglAye of Pa/rrhmi or Lord Leivt,
Generally and yt ice will adnere and gticke to him and
wtk owr vttm4>itpon9Cr manfully fight vnder H» Comanf^d]
for ye defence of this leUmd and ye 6hvernemt thereof
08 it U now setled and derived vnto Urn ye »aid Lord WiU
lughbye from a/nd by ye Letters Patervtt of his Ma^ettv
together wth our Comon Libertie ffreedomet and Imunl-
ties weh ever twice ye setlinge of this Island we haw to owr
greate happines and coTvtent eniayedfrovn weh Mssohucn
no hopes of Rewa/rd luyrfeare of this present Jforce now
before vs or terror and Menace or future sufferings shall
ever make vs to recede : Infvll and assured Confirmacon
hereof we ye said MeprscTitative Bodye of this whole
Island have hereunto vnandmously and eherefuUy sub'
scribed our names this 5th day of Novembr, 1651.

SUBSCiaBRD.

Of ye Aflsemblye :

Pichard Peers Wm. By ham

Peter Watson Tho, Read

Wm. Fforieecue George Stanfast

Bobt. Hooper Wm, Meathcott

Jahes Wittaker Wm, 8a/ndyfeTd

Gerald Hamtajyne \ Nicholas Edwards

Wm, Consett Bobt. Gibbes

John Wadloe Symon Lambert
Thomas Mayooeke,

Of ye Gouncell :

PMllip Bell Tho. Mtice

Henry Hawley John Birch

Edm,vmd Bead Hewry Gv/ye

Tho. Gibbes Ben^amim Beringer

Hewry Shelley Wm. Mrtan

Tho, Modyford James Browne,

The 7tli of November was kept in Barbados aa
a Tbank^Ting for the King'a auoo^Me^ in Eog-

u 2

148 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

land. On the following day a yessel from Barn-
staple arrived wilh a packet from the Council of
State in which the Admiral was informed of the
"crowning mercy" of Worcester Fight. The
hold manoeuvre which Charles had executed, and
by which he had avoided a battle with Cromwell
in Scotland, and then marched into England,
hoping to gain London itself, had been rendered
fruitless through the energy of Cromwell, who,
by forced marches had come up with the Royal
Army at Worcester, and had there completely
crushed it. Charles Stuart became a fugitive
within his own kingdom for nearly six weeks,
wandering from place to place in a variety of dis-
guises, until, .after many romantic adventures
and escapes he reached the sea coast, and, getting
on board a vessel at Brighton, breathed freely at
last on the shores of Normandy. Oliver Crom-
well entered London in triumph, where he was
received in state by the Speaker and principal
members of Parliament, by the Lord Mayor and
Magistrates of London. The battle of Worcester
was fought on the 3rd of September, 1651, and
on the 9th of September the Council of State
ordered that a letter should be written to Sir
George Ayscue giving him a narrative of the
victories " God hath given us against the
" enemy" since his departure. The same day the
letter was written. The Admiral was told of
successes in England and Scotland, and was in-
structed to make use of them in promoting the
work he had in charge : Charles Stuart had not
received the assistance he had counted upon, only

" the trash of the people" had joined him, said the
Council.

On receipt of the welcome news of the victory
of Worcester it was decided to send Lord Wil-
loughby a* second summons. -Accordingly, the
following letter was sent ashore by a trumpeter,
and the opportunity was taken to send at the
same time a relation of the victory and " some
printed papers" : —

My Lord

Having rec'd by a shipp from England an Expresse
fiom ye Cquncell of State to advize me of ye wonder-
fall Mercyes of God towards ye Commonwealth of
England by makeinge their Armies Victorious in En-
gland and Scotland both at one time which hath putt
a full period to all other troubles, the Kinge of Scotts
with his Armye at Worster being totally routed and
destroyed, and Lieut. Generall Monke Comander in
Chief in Scotland hath had such success there as vt
we may count yt nation fully subdewed ; Truly my
Lord the consideracons of these high blessings to ye
Commonwealth of England doth presse uppon me to
give your Lrpp. the accompt of them which you will
more p'ticularly see by the inclosed papers thereby
satisfyeinge mine owne Conscience that I had done
mj'' duty in avoydeinge what I can the sheddinge of
blood and ye ruine of this Island ; for although I may
by some be looked uppon as aa Enemye yet really I
doe ye office of a Friend in stateinge ye true and
happy condition of England, Leavinge to your Lrpp.
and those engaged with you to Judge of ye Ne-
cessitye of your Lrpp's. and their giveinge their due
obedience to ye State of England or ells to suffer
yourselves to be swallowed upp in ye destrucgon
which a little time must inevitably bringe uppon you,
which I cannot suppose rationall Men will doe. But
ye power and Will of God yt hath soe visibly appr'd

I50 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

in all other WarreB moat much more aatisfie ye Judg-
ments of all Men unless snch whom he hath att^ly
forsaken.

My Lord— If ye due consideraoon of ye State of
Affaires doe tmly represent to yon, your condition, I
know yon will loose noe time to intimate to me yoar
williogness to submit to ye power and go^emmeut of
your Native Countrey which yoar Lrpp. will best
shew by yr deliveringe into my hands for ye use of ye
Gommouwealth of England this Island of Barbados
which can never be happy till yt. day ; your Lrpp's.
answeare hereunto I expect by ye Beturne of my
Trumpet, That if yoar Lrpp. shall refuse ye delivery
upp of this Island My selfe with ye Commrs. may
consider of other wayes for ye Beducement of it; I
shall not trouble your Lrpp. further but conclude yt
I am,

Your Lrpp's. Servant,

GEORGE AYSCUE.
On board ye Bainebowe,
12th November, 1651.

Postcript — My Lord in some Ltrs directed to some
Person in this Island, that arrived here yesterday from
England there was amongst them a letter found for
your Lrpp. I suppose from your Ladye inclosed In a
paper directed to another which as I reod. and ye
pamphletts therewith inclosed, I here send your
Lrpp. as alsoe a Letter for Coll. EUys, a letter to
Major Byham intercepted not longe since comeinge
from Holland and another for Capt. Bell.

G. A.

Among the intercepted letters which acoom-
panied the summons was one from Lady Wil-
loughby to her husband in which she enclosed an
account of the battle of Worcester and assure!
him that the account was true. She at the same
time urged bis submission to the Commonwealth.
Although, no doubt, tbe une^^peot^d news must

m^fmtmmmmm

)N BARBADOS. 151

have somewhat astonished the Boyalists, the
const&n<;y of their leader did not fail him, and he
refused to surrender the Island, aecompanying
his answer with a copy of the Declaration of the
6th November which has been already given : —
Ffob 3b. Gbosgb Atbcue, thb»b.

Sir, — I received by your Trumpett some Letters and
Papers intercepted by you, thoagfa ye contents please
me not at all, yet I must needs acknowledge your Civi-
lities in conveighinge them to my hands ; only in your
Advice given you seeme to look on me as one guided
rather by successe and advantage than by Honor, or
ye consideracon of ye Trust comitted to me which I
assure you That I never served ye Kinge in Expectacon
soe mnch of his Prosperous condicon as in consideracon
of my dutye : And if it have pleased Gk>d to add this sadd
affliccon to his former I will not be a meanes of in-
creasinge it by deliveringe this place to your keepinge
of which as my faith obligeih me, ye unanimous Reso-
lucon (which you may perceive by this inclosed) and
courage of ye Inhabitants I hope will enable me, soe
I rest — Your Servant,

F. WILLUGHBYE.

Barbados : ye 13th 9ber. 1 651.

In the following rejoinder Sir George Ayscue
deals with the question of the importance of Bar-
bados to the king — " If there were such a person
as the king" ! — in so unbelieving a spirit, that his
opinion will hardly now-a-days be approved by
those of its inhabitants of the African race who,
contented and happy and proud of their country,
patriotically assert that '* Barbados is a great
Jfetion" ! :~

TO YE RiGhHT HON'BLE

YB LOSD WrLLlTOHBTE OF PaBHAM.

My Lord,— I received your letter by ye retame of my

152 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

Trumpett ye last ni^ht and Troly my Lord it became
yoa as a person of Honor to Expresse yourselfe as you
did in your Letter, But I did Expect to meete as well
with reason as Honor, for if there were such a Person
as a Kinge you speake' of, your keepinge this Island
signifies nothin^e to his advantage and therefore be-
lieve ye surrender of it would be a small addition of
griefe to him. My Lord, you may please to knowe
That I am not ignorant of ye Interest of this Island,
and verj' well know ye impossibilitie of its subsistence
without ye Patronage of England were not this fleet here,
who though we have bin hitherto vnwillinge to Act ye
vttmost of our Power as abhorringe ye destruccon of
our Countrymen if fairer wayes might prevayle ; yet,
My Lord, you may believe I have such a sense of Honor
and of which is expected from me in ye performance
of my duty here either of which will not suffer me to
leave this place Cby God's Assistance) vntill it
be reduced, which if by fforce will be a sadd catas-
trophe to your Lordship and those yt shall soe vnad-
visedly join with you. I confesse I have bin very de-
sirous fully to satisfie my Conscience that I have vsed
my best endeavours to preserve this Island from ruine
and destruccon which haveinge performed, I shall not
trouble your Lordship or myselfe with more of these
disputes, And I assure your Lordship I had not troubled
you with this now, but only to convoye your Lady's.
Letter to you, for last night, perusing ye remainder
of ye Letters yt came from England 1 found one of
your Ladye's enclosed as it is here sent from

Your Lordship's Servant,

GEORGE AYSCUE.
On board ye Ramhnrv, in Maxwell's Bay,
Ye 14th 9ber 1651.

Determined to do something to make the
islanders feel the inconvenience of holding out,
the Admiral decided to beat up their quarters,
and first of all to attack The' Hole, which had

WMMiawMMtaMMta

IN BARBADOS. 153

formerly been oalled James Town, a place where
three or four guns had been mounted. Captain
Morris in command of about 200 men landed there
on the 22nd of November, beat off the defenders,
spiked their guns, took about 30 prisoners, and
came off with the loss of but one man. The ships
continued to beat up and down the coast ; the
weather being exceptionally calm, and nothing
of special note occurred until the 1st of Decem-
ber when e fleet of ships arrived at the Island.
If the Eoyalists hoped that Prince Bupert had
come at last they were doomed to disappoint-
ment:

Oh, where was Rupert then ?

His trumpet^s blast were worth ten thousand men.

The Virginia fleet had arrived, consisting of
fifteen vessels bound to Virginia to reduce the
Eoyalists there. The commissionei€w the reduc-
tion of that colony had called at Barbados on
their way, in accordance with instructions to do
so given to them by the Council of State.

The accession to his strength which Sir George
Ayscue thus received made up a fleet of more
than forty vessels, including the prizes taken in
Carlisle Bay and off the coast, and he now hoped
that he might prevail upon Lord Willoughby to
deliver up the Island upon honourable terms.
Upon this the Admiral sent a third summons to
the Governor, but without result, as the corres-
pondence following will show, it having been
debated in the General Assembly whether an

iiL

CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

answer should be sent to the summons: —

FrOB YE BlOHT Hon'blb

Ye Lobd Willuqhbte of Pabham.

My Lord, — The great Addicon of strength which Gk)d
hath pleased to bringe see safely to vs makes it cleere
to me yt he will owne vs in oar attempts against yoa
(as he hath hitherto done), yet to shew yoa that I en-
deavour, what I can to avoyd ye sheddinge of blood,
r have thought fitt to send this once more to yoar
Lbrdship. to deliver ye Island of Barbados, with ye
Castles and strength thereof into my hands, for ye ase
of ye Oomon wealth of England. This you may be
aasnred wilbe your last opportunitye — which (if God
have not infatuated your Councells,) you will t^e hold
on by which you may receive such reasonable Oondicons
as may be honourable for ye. State to give. ' I expect
your Lordship's anaweare hereunto this Night by my
Trumpett, and. rest

Your Lordship's Servant,

UBOBCIB AYSOUB.
Oa board ye Mainebofeef
. Xber^d., 1661.

Fob Sb. Geobgb Ayscub, Knt., these.

Sir, — Your former letters were all soe positive and
absolute that you could not in reason promise to your-
selfe any other answeare than such as you -have &om
me received, and although ye Accesse of fforce yon
menQon to become to you cannot at all shake our
Resolutions or in ye least weaken our confidence of
prevailiog against you in our just defence of this
Place, yet if those conditions you mention shall appear
to me to be both Honble for my selfe and safe for ye
Inhabitants of this Place, (whose welfare I chiefly
intend) you shall then be assured yt noe man is
more tender of ye spillinge of English blood or more
willinge to mnke upp ye uniiappy breaches amongie my
deare Oountrymen than myself e. In order wherenoto

. I shall within two or three days (by ye advice of my
Coanoell aod Gentlemen of ye Assembly), send' yoaTin
writeinge what shall be thought fitt to require on oor
parts. I rest

Your servant,

F. WILLUGHBYB.
December 3.

To Yb Bt. Honblb. YbLobdWillughbyofPabham.

My Lord,— I received your Lordships ye last night and
conceive nothinge by its contents, but yet.it might
have had a quicker dispatch, which makes me judge
you intend only deiayes and am yet more confirmed in
ye beliefe of it by the length of time yon take to send
proposals which if you bad then not sent would have
appeared' to me aud the Commissioners with me only
a deferringe of time, and for yt cause we are resolved
to receive noe such papers, but if your Lordship
intend (as I doe), plainly and really I expect you will
appoint Commissioners on your part which shall
accordingly be done on ours whereby all objections
on each side may be ye more speedily and clearely
removed and a period putt to ye danger yt now
hanges over your head; if your Lordship consent to
treate by Commissioners, I expect to heare from yon
this day, ye Number you desire to appoynt, and ye
Place where to treate and ye Names and Number oC
Hostages to be given on each side which shall be
indifferent to me provided ye time of Treatye beginne
on Saturday next at Noone, and continue until Monday
next, five of ye clocke and no longer with full poweit
give to ye Comoqissioners to agree and conclude.

My Lord,^I shall add this latter Part of my Lettev
in answeare to ye first Part of your last wherein yod
tell me that I did not offer conditions in my former
summons. My Lord to you I say, I conceived condi-
tions Were to be understood, but I did putt y t word in.
my last summons to take away all objections on joj^](.
part, and indeed conceiving it more became me as a

V s

156 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

Ctontleman to be most fCree and open when I irast be
able to affront; Mj Lord, I expect my Trumpett
letnme by 8 of ye clocke this day, with your Xjordship
positive answeare.

Tonr servant,

OEOBGB AYSCUE.

Ob board ye Bainbow in Austin's Bay,
ye 4tb of December, 1651.

Fob 8b. Obobob Atbcub, Kkt.

Sir, — I received yours this instant, in answeare to
which I shaU assure yon that I will not be diverted
from yt resolution which I wrote you in my last. Not
doubtinge but it will appear to all ye world y t your
refusall thereof is ye cause of all ye evill yt may ensew
thereon, so I rest

Your servant,

F. WILLUGHBYE.
Deoember 4th, 1651.

All gentle measures failing, and the Virginia
fleet being anxious to proceed to its destination,
the crews being very sickly, and 200 men having
died on their passage from England, it was
resolved to beat up the enemy's quarters again
before the departure of that fleet, and to endea-
vour to secure a piece of ground where the
sailors might entrench and fortify themselves
near the sea, and by so doing afford some of the
islanders the means of coming over to the Parlia-
ment's side. Learning that at Speight's Town,
but slender guards were kept, and that the fort
there was not very strong, it was decided to
attack that place. Early on the morning of the

IN BARBADOS.

fie Iff

m

7

7th of December, nnder cover of darkness, a
force of between 400 and 500 men, of whom
about 130 were Soots taken out of the Virginia
fleet, these being no doubt captives from Worces-
ter Fight, was landed under the command of
Colonel Eeynold Alleyne, Major Andrewes, and
Captain Morris. Instead of surprising the Royal-
ists, the invaders found that notice had been
given four hours before their landing of their I
coming, and a force of about 1,200 foot and a
troop of horse, under the command of Colonel
JJ'JJ Gibbes, was assembled to oppose them. Although,
as Sir George Ayscue reported, the Commoii-
wealth's men were " notably received on their
landing", they nevertheless made good their
footing, and the seamen '' running in upon the
" enemy hallowing and whooping in such a fierce
" disorder the enemy was so annoyed, that after
" a short dispute they all ran." The fort was
then stormed and taken, and the ground was
occupied that day and the next, but the
sailors were so unmanageable that they would
not entrench themselves but left the ground and
returned to their ships. Before they left, how-
ever, they razed the fort, burnt many houses,
threw into the sea the four great guns on the
fort, one of which was a culverine, and three/4Jg^*l#,
demi-culverines, and all of which were afterwards
taken on board the fleet. Un-the Roundhead
side some 6 or 8 were killed in%spute, and s|.bout
30 were wounded, among imae being Colonel
Alleyne, Major Andrewes and Captain Morris.
The two latter recovered, but Colonel Alleyne

158 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

died of a wound which he reeeiyed from a musket
shot when landing, and was very much lamented
bj bia party as ^a man of worth and honoai^.
On the Royalist side about 30 were Ulled on the
field, and several died afterwards in the woods
whither they had run from the invaders, while
about 80 were taken prisoners, among them being
Lieutenant Bayly. Besides the four great guns
taken, the Parliament men captured the colours
in the fort, with some 500 arms and a quantity of
gunpowder.

After the affair at Speight's Town the corres-
pondence following took place between the chiefs
of the two parties. It should be mentioned,
however, that Sir George Ayscue's assumption of
virtue for sending ashore prisoners afjer their
wounds had been dressed is open to qualification,
for the Admiral was in fact embarrassed by the
presence of the prisoners aboard, fearing lest they
should eat out the provisions of which the supply
was suflScient for the wants of the Fleet only.
Moreover, before the wounded were liberated they
were duly instructed as to the state of affairs in
England, and were educated into a knowledge
of the fact that they were misled, being at the
same time requested to inform their neighbour^
and friends thereof on their going ashore. Two
of the prisoners for Complying with this request
when they had landed were hanged. It is stated
that about this time it was made death to speak
against the ruling party in the Island, or to read
any writings found in the Island that had come
from the Fleet, before such writings were brought

IN BARBADOS.

159

to Lord WifloDghby, and, that, whoever spake for
peace or a treaty was forthwith imprisoDed.

(Sir George Ayfcue to Lord WUlovghhy,)

Ffok ye Bight Hoh'blb

Ye Lord Willuohbte of Pabbhah.

My Lord, — Yor wounded Men wch we tooke, af-
ter care taken' to dresse their wounds and giveinge
them some refresbmt for their better recoveringe
their harts were sent [on] sboaxe to their severall
aboades, beinge tender of ye condicon of those Misledd
People ; I have diverse other of yor Men my Prisnrs
wch 8hoa[ld] it had bin more pper for yor Lord-
ship whose Soaldiers they were to have inquired after
their wants than for me to mind you of it, yet I could
not denye their Beasonable request to me wch was
to send you this note from them and seinge I have this
occasion to send to yor Lordship I shall acquaint you
That severall Persons are come to me from diverse
good People of ye Island since ye last successe yt Qod
bath bin pleased to owne us in, to know ye grounds of
ye quarrell pressinge they know not That we have
ever offered proffers for peace wherein to give them'ye
better satisfacion and for ye more acquithage of or-
selves before Gk)d and Man (beinge farr from stand-
inge uppon those advantages or late successe hath
given us.) That I doe assure yor Lordship That yor-
selfe and those wth you may yet have such condicons
aS may stand wth ye honor of ye State to give and
^r ye happye and flourishinge condition of ye People
and Inhabitants of this Island. My Lord To this m^^
offer I expect yor speedy answeare by my Trumpett
and rest.

Yr Lopp's Servant,

GEORGE AYSCOB.

On board ye Mamehowe in Speight's Bay,
ye 11th of December, 1651,

i6q cavaliers and roundheads

(Lord( Willoughbye to Sir George Ayscue,)
FiroB.SB. Gbobob Aybcue, Knt., these pbesent.

■ Sir, -Before ye Beceivioge your Last I had taken

oi^r iot Pvision and other Necessaryes that might

refresh or aecomodate ye Prisoners on board to be

sent for wuh I intended to aske yor Pmission in ye

gra^tinge of wch I mnst needes acknowledge ypr

coiirtesie to have pvented me ; The generall accomo-

I dft^dn i looked on wth some hopes on yor last offer

, of, good and hon'ble condicons for ye securinge of

i wq^ and yt all Interrestg might be satisfied I con-

1 vened ye Councell and those Gentlemen Elected by

f all ye freeholders of ye Island to sitt in Assembly,

! whbfe when we were considering of such posicons

as might be safe, your positive refusall of receiveinge

I such came to me wch caused me imediately to send

' them to the severall parts of ye countrey for ye Ne-

• cessary defence thereof wch all ye Inhitants find
! themselv[es] obliged to be more dilligent and resolute
<_ in' 6iD«e they are taught by ye spoyle and burninge

• of yt pt where yor fforces landed what would be-
j come of ye rest if in yor power. And yt any should
\ be Ignorant of yt Message you sent to me v.wch I

made publique to ye whole Island) I wonder as much
; as iihgit} they should send to you to know wt tearmes
! of peace they should have, beinge confident they relye
I more on... care then on ye courtesie of any yt bringe
\ an^Jovasion on them, who seeke nothinge bat an enjoy-
; ment c^ wt wh God's blessinge on their owne la-
J dustrye they have gained in a Place remote from their
I Native Countrey wch hath not bin soe easily gotten
5 as ilcW to 'be negligently defended. To wch purpose
i the^^! oiily take armes and leave ye guilt of yt bloud
I and^ fi^ine at their doores who offer ye fforce in ye
I rep^^i^g^^Jof which they shall never be desert,

-t- M" . , I ; Yor Srvant,

'^ ' "^ ^ F. WILLUGHBYB.

2i»er.vldlb» 1651,

. h*

(Lord Willoughhy to Sir George AymiBi}
Ffob Sr. Georoe Atscub, Knt. ' . 1

Sir, — I have sent by my Trumpett some fStesh Erof
visions for ye Prisoners you have on board and desire
you would give them leave to advize me of their wants
which I shall take care to have sapplyed.

Your Servant, ' «'•«:.! nO

F. WILLUGHBYB.
Xber. 13th, 1651.

Ffor tb Lord Willughbye ov Parrham."

My Lord,— Your Trumpett hath spoake wfth 'pAnz.
Bayly and delivered him ye pvisions were senthiof;
as for ye list of ye Prisoners which your tio'rdshi|)1s
Trumpett desired I shall not be able at present to ^^iid.
it in regard ye Prisoners are on board severall Ships
which will take longer time then I am willinge'td stay
your Trumpett. My Lord what Prisoners you have of
of mine may if you please be exchanged for such as I
have of you Lordship's acoordinge to nambf^^rs] and
qualitie. My Lord haveinge this opportunitie I shall
acquitt myself e from what you seeme to^ohatgi^ me
with in your Letter, as for ye firinge howse^ op ^h^rp
it was positively against my comand. !|^ut my m^n
beinge mocked by some of your's who inviteft them" on
shore with a white fflag as if they meant ft' pftrlejf 'tttld
when they were under comand of ye howsds foiviti»^
fired from thence uppon mine contrary to.ye Lawci pi
Armes not without some mischeife don^ whiclx caused
my men (I not beinge on ye place to hinder it^* in
their rage to fire those bowses from whence' they
received such treacherous dealinge yet NetwithstaA^
inge had I bin uppon ye Place I had hindiisa fha^
Mischeife. And whereas your Lordship ch^rgeth o ii ja5
ye bloud which your standinge out after .many' anql
severall offers o£ peace hath occasioned, we affe ablfe
with cheerefullnes to acquitt our harts to Godlrasals^e
to ye world That noe wayes for preVieQ};]!?!} ^FPRI

l62 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

have bin nnattempted and should be gladd jonr Lord-
ship could 8oe well cleere yourself e in that poin^ and
not willfully drawe ye guilt of more bloud uppon you
by standin^e it out when soe many invitacons of peace
have bin offered you by which ye People may enioy ye
peaceable and qniett possession of their loogelabout-ed-
for Estates which is still ye desire and shalbe ye en-
deavour of

Your Lordship's Servant,

GE0B6E A^SI^SQUl?..

On board ye Bmnebowe in Speight's Bay,
ye 14th Xber., 1651.

Ffob Ss. Gbosob Atbcub.

Sir,— Mrs; Allen hearinge that her. husband 19
woonded hath desired my passe to goe on board to see
him which I have granted her and desire yt my
Drammer and boate may be returned to.

Your Servants

F. WILLUGHBYB.
From my honse,
Xber. [17] 1651,

Unable longer to remain at Barbados on ao^.
count of want of. water and the- presence ol the
scurvy in some of the ships^ tlie Virginia Eleet
sailed' ^iway on the 14th of December. Two
npLonths h£i4 now elapsed since the Commissioners
arrived, and yet they had made but little way la <
their business* Speight's Town itself j where the.
Fleet had' been so successful on the 7th, was now
again occupied by: the Royalists, this time under
the command of Colonel Shelley, the Eleefis suc-
cess^ there havings as Sir Ayscue reported to ,the-
Council of State, "signified nothing tow-ard gain-
" ing the whole island, the enemy having then

" ftbout' 5,000 horse and foot in arms". Of thjB
effect upon the ^loyalists of their defeat at
Speight's Town Captain Paok reported : " Yet this
" rno way moved -them lo any compliance, but
rather exasperated their spirits, especially ye
liord Willoughby, who is as i^nworthy a person
" as any amongst them, and sought nothing more
" then ye Buine of ye place". In this state of
affairs the Admiral resolved to try to create a
.party in his favour among the ttoyalists. Al-
though the news of the overwhelmning disaster
at Worcester had made Lord Willoughhj^nd
some of his thiok and thin supporters only^^OTe
determined to resist, there were men in the
Island with estates to lose, who thought that the
impending ruin of the Colony might be avoided
if honourable terms of surrender were assured to
•the in habitants. Now that the -Parliament had
completely mastered England, Scotlaad, and Ire-
land, if even Prince feupert joined forces with
the Islanders, and the Commonwealth's Fleet
were beaten off the Coast, would not Blate, and
perhaps the Lord General Cromwell himself, with
all the power of England at their -back/, have
to be afterwards contended with? Sir George
Ayscue having, therefore, got to know ihat Colo-
nel Ko^ord was inclined to peace, desired one
of the Danished Boundheads on board ihe Fleet
who was a great friend of Modjfford's to write
to him, and, to use the Admiral's own words,
** to satisfy him in those things I thought "h>
" might most scruple, and to^ive the best encou-
" ragement I could toVrite him to join Witli us

wi

" to force them, the violent party, to a submission
** to peaoe''. It seems probabh that the person
who was asked to write to Colonel Modiford was
" learned Mr. Bayes" as Lord Willoughby called
him, for, in a letter which the Colonel wrote to
Lord President Bradshaw after the Capitulation
he acknowledges *' unexpected civilities " received
from Bradshaw, " at the hands of John Bayes".
It should be stated by the way that, although
Colonel Modiford was an ardent Royalist who had
fought in the West of England in the King's
Service, when there was a King to fight for, he
was a cousin of General Monk, who at this
time was the able ruler of Scotland, but is
better known as having afterwards brought
about The Restoration. Modiford was a powerful
man in the island and commanded the Windward
Regiment^ BUliard^s plantation^ where he lived
was not far from Austin's Bay.

Means were found of getting the letter to
Modiford whom the Admiral found ** master of a
** great deale of reason, and truly sensible of the
" mine of the Island if they should longer be
** obstinate", and, after a time the Colonel
listened to the representations made to him, and
undertook to form a Peace Party in the Colony,
provided Articles were granted which were in
substance those upon which the Islanders subse-
quently capitulated. The correspondence was
carried on clandestinely, without the knowledge
of Lord Willoughby and the bulk of the Royalists.
At length Colonel Modiford wrote that he and his
friends would like to speak to some of the Com-

IN BARBADOS. 165

missioners. A place of meeting was appointed
in an out of the way part of the island, and, with
the consent of Sir George Ayscue and Mr. Searle,
Captain Pack, the Vice Admiral, accompanied by
some Islanders, left the Fleet at midnight. The
place where the meeting was held is mentioned
in one account as " an obscuer place on shoare",
and by the Vico Admiral as ** a remote place of
" ye island, where no boat could land", he adding
" but I was faine to swimme ashore". Several of
these meetings were held and at length Articles
were signed by the Commissioners, Colonel Modi-
ford on his side declaring that he and his friends
would press Lord Willoughby and the General
Assembly to send for a Treaty, and if that were
** denied", then they would declare for the Com-
monwealth forthwith.

In accordance with the plans of the party for
Peace, Lieutenant Colonel Birch of the Windward
Regiment, who was a Member of Council, moved
in the General Assembly for a Treaty, and he was
supported by Colonel Modiford and Colonel Haw-
ley, both also Councillors. Although " a Treaty
was ever disrelished by the Lord Willoughby,"
the Governor felt bound io make a show of
treating with the Commissioners, and the letters
following now passed between him and the
Admiral, the one sending Articles which he de-
manded, the other, Arlicles which he was pre-
pared to grant.

(Lord Willoughby to Sir George Ayscue,)
Fpob Sir Georgb Ayscue, these.
Sir,— Though I have greate reason to blesse God for

l66 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

•ye ynaoimitje and resolatloo I and in ye InhaUtants

of this Island to stand by me in ye jast and necessary
defence of themselves, their Rights and Liberties, yet
•I have thooght fitt to confirme them in it by lettinge
all see and knowe what they fight for which hath added
to their courage, though ye occasion of vseinge it I
hope will be taken away when ye same iastnes of our
cause which by this I hold oat to your selfe shall in-
duce you to quench this Warre kindled amongst Coun-
trymen, and stopp that issue of bloud which will be
required at their hands who cause itts vnreasooabte
aheddioge, of which you seeme to wash yours in. all ye
Messages sent me. An occasion is now offered to iustifie
that Innocence and truly though ye guilt would be
heavye on whomsoever it fall, y6t I shalbe willinge it
be layd on me if I insist on any thinge, beyond ye rules
of Honor or Comon Bight, and pt of that labor which
concerns my owne particular, I am willinge to quitt for
ye intire preservacon of that of ye Inhabitants. These
reasons have caused me with a generall consent and
approbacon to send ye inclosed Proposicons, that I
might discharge ye dutj-e of a good christian to com-
pose soe vnnaturall a strife, and of a good Governor to
prevent if possible ye many inconveniences of a Warre,
ye Event of which I feare not at all. Hareinge given
tnis satisfaccon to my conscience and 3-e wortd that I
have endeavoured aiust and honourable peace, and

i*sue 10 uoasAllmijrhtye disposei nge who though he

allwayes gives not successe where there is right vet

hath putt at this time meanes sufficient to releU anv

■WTonge m to ye hand of r^peii any

Your Servant,

^' ^ILLUGHBYB.

Ffrom my house, ye 25th Xber. 1661.

(Sir George Aygcue to Lord Willoughhy )
Mr X0ED,^I am gladd to find in your I^ttlr and

IN BARBADOS. 167

bj your Expressions there, ye desire you have of Peace,
y«v Itealitye of which I doe bj noe meanes doubt ;
Neitl'ier neede your Lordship question but that it is our
desire to effect it which I hope will be cleere to your
Lordship and ye world when ye Proposalls Now sent
your Lordship and .the Assembly shalbe proposed and
considered on Wherein you will find ^y severall Articles
Proposed by vs That there is noe thinge in this our em-
ployinent we studdye more then ye makeinge happye
ye People of this Island. And tl^t all thinges may be
ye better carried on and for ye avoydinge of Mistakes
and satisfyeinge of all Interrests if your Lordship
thinke fitt (it beinge allready consented to by my self e
and ye Commissioners with me, vizt. : Mr. Daniel 8earle
and Captain Michael Packe) to appoynt fitt Persons to
come on board ye " Bainebowe ", with Power to treate
and conclude vppon all such thinges as may seeme to
be in difference between vs; And because I conceive
your Lordship will approve of this reasonable and
indifferent way and for ye avoydinge ye Losse of time
I have sent herewith a Safe Convoye for such Persons
an4 soe man}' as your Lordship shall Judge fitt to
treate with vs ye Commissioners, To whose Endeavours
I doubt not but God will give his blessinge that this
Island may be againe restored to Peace and happines
which is ye hartye desire of

Tour Lordship's Servant,

GEORGE AYSCUB.

On board ye " Rainebowe/* in Carlile Bay,
Ye 27th Xber., 1651.

My Lord, — I desire your Lordship's answeare with
which convenient speede you may.

G. A.

(Lord WiUoughhy to Sir George Ayscue.)

Ffor Sb4 George Ayscue, tjiese.

Sir,— Though I< am entrusted with ye management
both of ye Warre and Peace yet I findinge your pro*

l68 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

posalls sent by yoa directed to ye Conncell and As-
sembly as well as to my selfe, I referred it to their
consideracons, as well that it may appeare to be noe
private respects of mine owne that keeps ye Warre on
ffoote, as that you may see their constancye in assertinge
what with soe good reason they in ye proposicons sent
to yon, which they are resolved to insist on or what
they can neither be safe nor happy e without, soe That
I have not sent Commissioners whose office ooald have
bin noe other but to returne with your consent (which
a messenger may doe) to what hath bin by ye general!
desire of ye inhabitants sent yoa.

Your Servant,

F. WILLUGHBYE.
Barbados, 29th Xber., 1651.

This was sent inclosed:

We ye Gentlemen of ye Councell and Assembly
beinge summoned by our Lord Leiut Generall to
heare 3^e Proposicoiip sent from j^e Commissioners lye-
inge aboard ye ffleete now against us, doe returne this
answeare that we doe unanimouslye adhere to ye ffirst
Article in our Proposicons sent on board, and without
a grannt ffirst haH w that, we shall not yeild to alio we
any further treaty e.

By ye comand of ye Lord Lieut. Generall
in ye behalfe of ye Councell and Assembly,

WM. POVEY, Secty.
Barbados, 29th Xber., 1651.

(Sir George Ayscue to Lord Willoughhy,)
To TB Right Hon'blb

LOBD WiLLUGHBYB OF PARHAM.

My Lord,— I have received your Lordship's and ye
Resolve of ye Gent, of ye Councell and Assembly, and
in regard they have not explained their meaninge con-
cerninge their first Article, We conceive noe otherwise
but tlmt what We have offered in our Proposalls in

IN BARBADOS. 169

relacon to ye Govern ment of ye Island is as fnllas may
stand with the Libertye, Peace and safetye of a ffree
!People ; And if yoar intents be contrary therevnto, We
Judge it Proceedes from an aversenes to Peace bs like-
wise by your Refusail to appoynt Commissioners to
treate which might have given a right vnderstandinge
on both side by which ye People might have enioyed
an happy Peace. My Lord, we have dischaiiged our
duty to God and Man, and shall waite vntili it shall
please God to give vs an opportanitie to gaine Peace
and Libert V for ye Interests of this Islann, which shalbe
ye desire and endeavours of your Lhp's Servt.,

GEOBGE AYSCUfi.

** Bainebowe," in Garlile Bay,
Xber. 16, 1651.

The Royalists now " put forth a most bitter
*' rayleing declaration" against the Commonwealth,
concluding it with '* an earnest invitation to
undergoe the trouble of a warre for a season,
rather then by a base subjeotion to soe deoeit-
full an Ennimy permit them selfs to be sLares
" for ever."

On the failure of the attempts to bring about
a Treaty, those on board the Fleet expected to
hear from Colonel Modiford and his friends, who
were now bound on their part to declare for the
Parliament. There was no communication from
them until the 31st of December, when they
sent word that they had all been betrayed by
some one who had swttm ashore from Captain
Heathe's ship, and who had liet Lord Willoughby
know of the correspondence that had been held
by Colonel Modiford and the officers at the

lyo CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

"Windward Eegiment with the Fleet, for which
they were all to he examined next morning at a
Council of War. The Council of War was held
on the First of January, but the matter was
hushed, from a fear lest divisions among the
leaders being known, divisions among the Is-
landers might follow, and a general pardon was
granted to those suspected. On the 2nd of
January the Commissioners received a message
from Colonel Modiford that he would on the fol-
lowing day declare for them.

The 3rd of January, 1652, was a Saturday.
On that day Colonel Modiford on bringing down
500 men of his Regiment to relieve 500 others
then on guard, drew up all together, and invited
them to declare for the Parliament, which they
did. The Regiment then fired off three volleys,
and the three guns on the Fort at Austin's were
discharged and forthwith turned upon the Island,
and on this signal being given some of the ships
of the Fleet stood into Austin's Bay. The
Windward men then entrenched themselves by
the seaside, where they had the help of the
shipping, which also furnished them with arms
and other necessaries. In all there were now
about 2000 foot and 100 horse prepared to bring
Lord Willoughby tx) reason, as those for a Treaty
termed it. On being assured of the reality of the
friendship of the Peace part}^ the Admiral
himself went ashore and spoke to them, causing
his Commission to be then read. Scarcely had
this been done when it was found that Lord
Willoughby had drawn up at night 2000 foot and

IN BARBADOS. 171

400 horse within a quarter of a mile of where
the Windward men were encamped. A Council
of War was held by the Royalists, and Lord
Willoughby for his part, designed to charge the
Windward men with his body of horse in which
he had a superiority over the latter ; but while
the Council yet deliberated, a shot fired from one
of the great guns of the Windward party carried
away the head of the sentinel standing guard
at the door of the house where the Council of
War sat, beat open the door itself, and wounded
some in the house. Whether or not the effect
of that uncomfortable incident, the Eoyalistfl
that night marched off to a distance of about
two miles from Austin's where they encamped,
watching day and night the movements of the
Windward men ; and, as many of the Islanders
were inclined to join the party for the Parlia-
ment, Lord Willoughby placed gucrds upon all
the avenues to the Windward camp.

Between the 3rd and the 9th of January 1652,
rain fell incessantly in Barbados, so much so,
Captain Pack says, that the soldiers could scarcely
keep a match lighted. The two armies therefore
lay close to one another inactive, the conviction
of all being, according to Captain Pack, that
when the rains ceased "ve sword must have
decided ye businesse," for, as the correspondence
following will show, a last effort made by the
Admiral, on the motion of the oflScers of the
Windward Regiment, to bring about an honour-
able Treaty, was rejected by Lord Willoughby in
a defiant spirit.

IJ^. CAVALIERS ANP. ROUNDHEADS

(Sir Oeorge. Ay9cu6 to Lard WiUmghby,),

I^QR TB, Right HoNtBLS |

Yk Loiu> Willughbt of Pabhai^. i

My Lord, — I have formerly sent you many Invitacons i
to p swade yon by a f aire complyeaoce wth that Power
yt goveroB yor Native Countrey to p'serve yor self e and . I
ye Gept. wth yoa from a certeyne ruine, and this Is-
land from that desolacoa wch yor obstioacye may |
bringe uppon it ; And al though I have Now bin owned j
by a considerable part of ye Conntrey, my Oommission
pablish^^unto them and myselfe reed as Ctovernor ap- j
{)binted by ye State of BngUnd, amongst you, yet I am i
still ye same Man and hold forth ye same grace and i
favour to. you* I formerly did, beinge resolved noe |
change of ffortune shall change my nature in yt kind, i
and I am ye more induced to offer it now unto you, in {
regard you are Members of that whole of wch I have
now possession of a greate part ; And therefore I am.
bound in Honor as well as good nature to Endeavour
yor p'servacons To wch purpose I have enclosed sent
you ye Articles wch ye Windward Regiment have ac-
cepted, to wch if you have any scruples or Eoccepcons
in wch you may receive satisfacoon, lett me know them
by yor Commrs. and I shall appoynt fitt p'sons to satis-
fi^ them^ and by them you resolvinge to omitt nothinge
on my pt to pvent ye effusion of bloud and which may
p serve yor Persons and Estates from mine, I have
heard y t some of you doubt mine and ye Gommr's.
Power to grannt, and others of our Performance of what .
shalbe agreed to ; As to the first any Person intrusted
by you shall jsee it and be Judge of it andsoe you truly
Informed. To ye second,! shall in ye behalf e of my
sQlfe and ye Commrs. wth me engage not onely mine.,
owne but^ ye Honor of ye St^te of England wch is as
much ,as can be required by any rationall.Men soe I
rest; ^

Yor Servant,

GEORGE AYSCUB.

On board ye Itainebo7»,
5th January 1651.

V

(Lord WiLloughhy to Sir George Ayseue,)

Ffoh Sib GBOBas Atscub^ thesv.

Sir,— I have reed ye Letter sent by yor Trnmpett
wch menooDs a paper Enclosed wch I findeiDge not
there yoa can Bxpect noe Answeare from

Yor Servant,

F. WILLUOHBYB,
Ff rm my Qaarters,
This 6th January, 1651.

(Sir George Ayscue to Lord WtUoughhy.)
Ffob ye Bt. Hon'blb. The Lobd Willughbtb of

FaRHAM, THESE PRESENT.

My Lord,— I reed yor Lopp's by ye returne of my
Trnmpett, by wch I found my oversight in sendinge
ye Articles menconed in my Letter, but I have bin now
more circumspect and have sent them inclosed in this
Letter to your Lopp., hopinge that yor Lopp and those
Gent, wth you will consider ye publique interest of
ye People and yor owne, and avoyd ye further spilling
of bloud by acceptinge of these faire Tearmes now
offered you by

Yor Lopp's Servant,

GEOBGB AYSCUE.
Bainehowe in Austin's Bay,
7 tb January, 1651.

(Lord WiUoughhy to Sir George Ayscue.)
Ffob Sr. George Ayscitb, These.

Sir,— I reed the Articles in your letter enclosed ye
same in effect wch I reed formerly from you. I then
acquainted ye Councell and Assembly with them and
returned their Besolucon to yon, in wch they at psent
with me doe continue much wondringe That what is
rightfully theirs and by Lawe they may clayme (the
only wordes in yt posicon sent you wch they at inaiet on)

174 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

shoold be denyed them; Neither hath ye Treacherye
of one Man soe farre discouraged, or ye easines of
many others beioge seduced by him soe much weaken-
xed vs as that We shoold accept either an vnsafe or
dishonorable Peace, for ye pcuringe a good one None
shall endeavour more then

Yor Servant,

F. WILLUGHBYE.
Ffrm my Quarters,
7th January, 1651.

That warlike Baron then put forth a Declara-
tion inviting the Windward Eegiment to rejoin
him, and declaring Colonel Modiford a Traitor.

The Parliament's Army now resolved to fall
upon the Koyalists at night, but the rain fell so
that the soldiers could not march. On the morn-
ing of the 9th of January a Trumpeter from
the lloyalist camp brought the following letter
in which Lord Willoughby sent to desire a
Treaty : —

(Lord Willoughby to Sir George Ayscue.)
Fpor Sb. George Ayscue, These

Sir, —My Nature not beinge more sensible of ye
strict poynts of Honor than of humane comisera^on
towards ye affliction of others, especially my owne
Countrymen ; And to cleere my conscience to God and
ye World, That I seeke not to hold mine owne advan-
vantage in ye Buine of others, I will offer yet my
endeavour to p'vent ye calamities and effusion of
Christian bloud wch followes a Civile Warre, and seinge
yt ye fire is now dispersed and not gott into ye bowel Is
of this Country', I have resumed ye considera^on of
yor former offers for a Treatye, And though I doubt
not but my fforce is sufficient, not only to keept? wt I
yet have but to be continually regaininge wt was given
away by others rather than lost by me ; yet finding it
might be done wth soe great a spoyle yt few weeks will

IN BARBADOS.

175

turne ye fface of a Countrey soe floarishiDg, and soe
greate an honor to onr Nation into desolation and make
it but a very sadd place of abideioge for ye unhappy
Victors while ye bloud not only oi" Coun trey men but of
those in nearest relation is spilt by one another, I
have rather thought good to seeke a decision of this
difference by reasons, in wch we have noe lease advan-
tage than in Armes and resolution. To ye end there-
fore that some faire Interp'tacon may be given to ye
flirst Article of our propositions I have appoynted 8r.
Eichard Pearce, Charles Pym, Esqr., Col. Thomas
Ellice and Srjeanc Major Wm. Byham to be Commrs.
wch shall repaire to Oystens, on ye sending of }or
safe conduct hither to meet wth ye like Number of
yors wth full power to Treate and conclude. If you
think this fitt, I desire there may be a Cessation of
Armes duringe ye Treaty e on these conditions that
None of yor fforces goe more than one Mile into ye
Countrey from Oystens Bay ; Neere to wch none of mine
shall have leave to come ; And That Coll. Modyford's
bowse remaine as now it is, haveinge Leave only to
take in ffresh pVisions and water, from day to day.
I desire yor speedy Answeare by my Trumpett and rest

Yor Servant,

F. WILLUGHBYE.
Ffrom my Quarters,

this 9th of January, 1651.
If you admitt ye Treaty I desire you will send two
of these safe Conduct'g of wch I have sent a Copye.

F. W.

In his reply to Lord Willoughby, Sir George
Ayscue says that he will not dwell upon the great
advantage he had from the assistance of the Colo-
nists who had joined him ; but the good and wise
Admiral in reporting to the Council of Stat« de-
clares that the enemy's strength was superior to
his. His words are these : " The Lord Willoughby
" sent to desire a Treaty ; and in regard his

IN BARBADOS. 1 77

wthin ye said howse of yr ff all Llbertle to take in £Eresh
Provisions and water from day u> day, And yt whenso-
ever ye Treatye if it shall soe happen may be broken
off noe advantage be taken before ye Comander of yt
Garrison have an bower's notice thereof. And yt like-
wise daringe ye Treatye noe Man's goods or Cattle be
destroyed or taken from them. Yor Lopp's Besolntion
to this I expect wth yor Lopp's Commrs at ye time
before appoynted, soe I rest

Yor Lopp's Servant,

GEORGE AYSCUE,

On board ye RaMowe in Oystens Bay,
ye 9th day of January, 1651.

These are straightley to charge and Comandyon That
you pmitt Sr Richard Pearce, Charles Pym Esqr.,
ColloU Thomas Thomas Ellice and S'jeant Major Wm.
Byham wth their servants to passe quietly wthout lett
or disturbance to Oystens Bay and returne againe, they
beinge Commrs appoynted by ye right Honble ye Lord
Ffrancis Willughbye of Parham, to Treate wth ye like
Number of mine. To whom I have given my p'mise and
this my safe conduct that they come to yt place and
returne at their pleasure, of this you are not to faile
as you will answeare ye contrary at yor ottermost
peril. Given vnder my hand and scale of Armes this of
January 1651.

GEORGE AYSCUE.
To all Officers and Souldiers,
under my Command.

Lord Willoughby's rejoinder ran as follows : —
{Lard Willoughy to Sir George Ayscve.)

I have accordinge to agreement and time appoynted,
sent those Gentlemen whom I desired a safe conduct for,
with full power to treate and conclude of such matters
and things as may concerne ye composeinge and
sedinge ye unhappy distractions of this poore Island.

IN BARBADOS. 179

" I am sure the Commissioners did their best to
'* serve the Parliament as the case stood." Lord
Willoughby for his part, who had been impeached
by the Parliament, and had his property in Eng-
land confiscated, was by these Articles restored to
all his rights of person and property. It is a fact
to be remembered that the Articles as they were
granted were approved and confirmed by Parlia-
ment on the 18th of August, 1652, as may be seen
by the Commons' Jovrnal. They ran thus : —

THB CHABTEB,

** Tbe Charter of Barbados, or Articles of Agreement,
had, made, and concluded the 11th day of Janaary
1662, by and between the Commissioners of the Right
Honorable the Lord WlUoaghby, of Parham of the one
part, and the Commissioners in the behalf of the Com-
mon-wealth of England, of the other part in order to
the Rendition of the island of Barbados,

•* And are as followetb : —

**l. That a liberty of conscienoe in matters of
religion be allowed to all, excepting such tenents as are
inconsistent to a civil government ; and that laws be
pat in execution against blasphemy, atheism, and open
scandalous living, seditious preaching, or unsonnd
doctrine sufficiently proved against him.

" 2. That the courts of justice shall still continue,
and all judgements and orders therein be valid, until
they be reversed by due form of law.

*' 3. That no taxes, customs, imports, loans, or excise
shall be laid, nor levy made on any the inhabitants of
this island without their consent in a General Assem-
bly.

" 4. That no man shall be imprisoned or put out of
his possession of land and tenements which he has by
any former warrant, or title denized from it, or other
goods or chattels whatsoever, without due proceedings
according to the known laws of England, and statutes

y 2

l8o CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

and customs of this island in the courts of justice here
first had, and judgement for the same obtained, and
execution from thence awarded.

** 5. That all suits between party and party, and
'Criminal and common pleas be determined here, and
none be compelled to go into England to assert or
defend their titles to any estate which they have here,
without the consent of the General Assembly.

'* 6. That an act of indemnity be with all convenient
speed passed in the Parliament of England, to save,
keep harmless and unquestionable all and every the
inhabitants of this island that are comprised in these
articles, for or concerning any act or thing whatsoever
done by them, or any of them at any time or in any
place ; or words spoken by them, or any of them before
the date of these articles, and that they be cleared,
acquitted and discharged thereof for ever, in respect
of the public power, as of any particular person con-
cerning damage, or loss which they have received by
reason of the present differences ; and until the said
act come hither, an instrument of indemnity to all
such comprised in these articles to the purpose afore-
said, be assigned by Sir George Ayscue and the other
Commissioners, and the said act together with the said
instrument of indemnity may be received into the
Assembly here, and filed among the records, and that
it be represented by Sir George Ayscue and the
Commissioners to the Parliament of England, or the
Council of State established by the authority of the
Parliament : that an act made the 3rd day of October,
whereby the inhabitants have been declared traitors,
may upon this accord be taken off the file from among
the records.

"7. That all and every the inhabitants of this
island comprised in these articles be restored to all
their lands and possessions, goods and moneys which
they have in England, Scotland or Ireland.

'* 8. That no oaths, covenants, or engagements
whatsoever be imposed upon the inhabitants of this
island, who receive the benefit of these articles against
their consciences*

IN BARBADOS*

l8l

** 9. That all port-towns and cities under the Par-
liament's power shall be open unto the inhabitants of
this island in as great a freedom of trade as ever, and
that no companies be placed over them, nor the com-
modities of the island be ingrossed into private men's
hands ; and that all trade be free with all nations that
do trade and are in amity with England.

** 10. That whereas the excise upon strong liquor
was laid for the payment of public debts, and other
public uses ; it is ttierefore agreed that Lord Willough-
by of Parham, and all employed by him, and all other
persons whatsoever, shall be acquitted and discharged
from the payment of any public debts, and that the
same be discharged by the said excise, and such other
ways as the General Assembly shall think fit : provided
that care and respect therein be had to such as have
eminently suffered in their estates.

" 11. That all persons be free at any time to trans-
port themselves and estates when they think fit, first
setting up their names, according to the custom of this
island.

** 12. That all persons on both sides be discharged
and set free with the full benefit of enjoying these
articles, and that all horses, cattle, servants, negroes
and other goods whatsoever, be returned to their right
owners, except such servants as had freedom given
them, and came on board before Saturday the
third of January.

" 13. That such particular persons as are in this is-
land, together with Sir Sydenham Pointz, who have
estates in Antegoa, may peaceably return thither, and
there enjoy the benefit of these articles.

" 14. That for a certain time all executions be
stopped, sufficient caution being given, that at the ex-
piration of it payment be made, and that the Commis-
sioners, together with the General Assembly, be judges
of the time and caution.

** 15. That the three small vessels or barks now on
ground before the Bridgetown do remain to their

1 82 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS

owners, and have liberty to go to aoj port laden.

*< ] 6. That the Lord Willooghby of Parbam hare all
his lands, rents or estate whatsoever real and personal
in England (without any fine or composition paid)
restored to him, or his assigns, free from all incam-
brances laid on the same by the Parliament of England,
or any by them authorised since the time of its first
seizure or sequestration ; and that what settlements the
said Lord Willoughby of Parham has made at Surinam,
or any other he shall make on any part of the main of
Guiana, shall be by him enjoyed and kept without any
disturbance either of himself or those that shall accom-
pany him thither, and that he has free liberty to bring
servants from any part in England or Ireland, and that
his plantation in Antegoa according to the bounds
already laid out be reserved to him ; and that what
state soever of right doth belong unto the said Lord
Willoughby of Parham in this island of Barbados be
to him entirely preserved.

** 17, That all such persons of this island or else-
where, whose estates have been sequestered or detained
from them upon the public difference be forthwith
restored to their plantations, goods or estates in the
island.

** 18. That the island of Barbados with all the forts,
soonoes and fortifications thereof, and all the artillery,
all public arms and ammunitions be delivered up into
the hands of Sir George Ayscue for the use of the
States of England, before Monday twelve of the clock
at noon, being the twelfth of this instant January, and
that no garrison be kept here, but that all the forces
shall be disbanded within twenty-four hours after the
sealing of these articles ; and that for the safety of the
island, the militia shall be disposed of as to the Par-
liament, Commissioners and future Governors shall
seem fit ; these articles not to be construed to take
away the private arms of any particular person within
this Island.

" 19. That the government of this island be by a
Governor, Council and Assembly, according to the

IN BARBADOS.

1^3

ancient and usual custom here : that the Governor be
appointed by the States of England, and from time to
time received and obeyed here, the Council be by him
chosen, and an Assembly by a free and voluntary
election of the freeholders of the island in the several
parishes ; and' the usual custom of the choice of the
Council be represented by the Commissioners to the
Parliament of England, or to the Council of State
established by authority of Parliament, with the desires
of the inhabitants for the confirmation thereof for
the future.

" 20. And whereas, it has been taken into serious
consideration, that the main and chief cause of our
late troubles and miseries has grown by loose, base and
uncivil language, tending to sedition and derision, too
commonly used among many people here : it is there-
fore further agreed that at the next General Assembly
a strict law be made against all such persons, with a
heavy penalty to be inflicted upon them that shall be
guilty of any reviling speeches of what nature soever,
by remembering or raveling into former differences, and
reproaching any man with the cause he has formally
defended.

'* 21. It is agreed that the articles may with all con-
venient speed be presented to the Parliament of En-
gland, to be by them ratified and confirmed to all
intents, constitutions and purposes.

" 22. It is further agreed that all laws made here-
tofore by General Assemblies, that are not repugnant to
the law of England, shall be good, except such as con-
cern the present differences.

" 23. That the right honorable the Lord Willough-
by have free liberty to go into England, and there to
stay or depart at his pleasure without having any oath
or engagement put upon him, he acting or attempting
nothing prejudicial to the State or Commonwealth of
England.

" In witness whereof we the Commissioners appointed

by the Lord Willonghby of Parham, have hereunto set
our hands and seals, this 11th day of January, 1652.

Thos. Modtford, Richard Pearse,

John Colleton, Charles Pym,

Daniel Searle, Thomas Ellis,

Michael Pack, William Btam,

Commissioners appointed by Commissioners appointed

the authority of tne Com- for the Lord Willonghby

mon wealth of England. and island of Barbados.

(By the Governor.)

" It is my pleasure that the above-written articles be
published by the several ministers in this island.
Given under my hand this 17th of January, 1652.

George Ayscue.
" This is a true copy with the original attested by
me.

"Jo. Jennings,

Clerk of the Assembly."

It will be observed that the Articles were
agreed upon and signed on the 11th of January
1652. The formal transfer of the fortifications
appears to have taken place on the 12th and 13th
of January. Captain Pack, the Yice Admiral,
reported to the Council of the State that the
Island was given up on the 12th, while Daniel
Searle who became Governor after Admiral
Ayscue sailed away to the Leeward Islands, sub-
sequently forwarded to the Council a " Journal
touching the Barhadoes husiness^^ in which the
rendition is stated to have taken place on the
13th of January. Sir George Ayscue does not
mention the date.

The satisfaction which the news of Sir George
Ayscue's success gave to the chiefs of the Com-
monwealth, may be judged from the fact that the

IN BARBADOS.

185

Council of State ordered that ten ponnds should
be paid to the person who brought the first news
of the surrender of Barbados. Besides reporting
at length to the Council of State, Sir George
addressed the following letter to the Speaker of
the Parliament : —

For the Right Honorable William Lenthall,
Esquire, Speaker to the Parliament of
the Commonwealth of England, these
humbly present : —

Right Honorable, — ^Although I think it not man-
ners for me to trouble your weighty affairs with giving
your Honour an account of my proceedings, having
given that trouble to the Council at large ; yet, Sir, my
duty obligeth me to acquaint your Honour that Gk)d
hath blessed your servants in the performance of your
commands (although with many difficulties and hard-
ships.) After three months' siege the Island of Barba-
dos was rendered up to your use and service ; and the
people generally are sensible of their being formerly
misled. And I have, since the surrender of the Island,
settled the Militia and all Courts of Justice, all process
being issued in the same form they are now in England,
having published your Acts against Kingship, &c, on
the third of March the General Assembly are to meet,
which will complete the peace and settlement of the
Island. About the middle of March I shall leave the
Government of the Island to Mr. Searle, and go myself
to Antigua to settle that place which is likewise
reduced. From thence, having visited the other Lee-
ward Islands in order to your service, as St. Christo-
pher's, Nevis and Mount Surrat, whose respective Gov-
ernors have showed cheerful obedience to your Author-
ity, and have been a great relief to your Fleet, by
helping us to what refreshments those places could
afford ; and giving entertainment, and taking care for
^he recovering of our sick men that we were neoessita-

1 86 CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS i

I
ted to send to those Islands for their recovery. \

Yoar assured, obliged, and humble Servant, j

GEORGE AISCUB. |

Barbadoes, Feby. 27, 1652.

Somewhere about the 28th of May 1652
Prince Eupert and Prince Maurice with their
Squadron sailed past Barbados, at night time,
without seeing the island. Having overrun their
reckoning while giving chase to a ship, they
came in sight of St. Vincent and Grenada about
sun-set on the following day. The Admiral's ship
was leaking badly, and it was therefore hazard-
0U8 to attempt to beat up to Barbados, which
was the place they had intended making, they
therefore made for St. Lucia and there came
to an anchor under Point Comfort. The
Governor of Martinique informed the Princes that
all the English Islands had surrendered to the
Parliament, whereupon Eupert resolved to visit
them as enemies. Early in the year Eupert had
written to Sir Edward Hyde, afterwards Earl of
Clarendon, "If I can come handsomely to the
" Barbadoes, and they join, I may, perhaps go on.
" "When it is done, it is done. I need not tell
" you of more," but he had come too late to be of
service to the Eoyalists of Barbados. Governor
Searle caused guns to be mounted in the bays of
that Island for the preservation of the shipping,
for he thought the Prince might visit Barbados.
" What the design of this grand pirate is we can-
" not imagine,'' wrote the Governor to the Council
of State, but he said he did not fear Eupert,

_^

IN BARBADOS.

187

although since the noise of the Princess coming
some persons had been secured, who " out of the
*' abundance of the heart had not been able to
" refrain speaking": others, he said, had left the
island in boats by night, ''which is a good
" riddance." Prince Maurice was lost, with his
ship and crew, in a hurricane, on the 13th of
September, 1652. The Royalist sea-rovers re-
mained in the Caribbean Sea until December,
1652, when what survived of their squadron sailed
for Prance, where their vessels and booty were
sold. In the interval they visited most of the
Leeward Islands; some of them, two or three
times ; now attacking the Islanders, now making
prize of vessels, now encamping on shore. Cava-
liers' Harbour in the Yirgin Islands, and Rupert's
Bay in Dominica received their names at this
time.

Now, let US dance and sing,
While all Barbados' bells do ring.

K« SarnHl aa&(5(.

z t

i

It*-:-.

• * '. '

• ' * ' -

%

7 • ** •

. •• •

* • . 1

^ • ,

.» •

'••*»' •

. * ■ •

, % _

»..'.:,

' « *

* .* »

»;\>;

-■•«*■'

liu^f.

•\-v

M ." '

.*. ■

<;•»■'.

;«;v .

«

' ■ • » 4

. • '^ •'

»« • I

!i;-; -i-