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UNIVERSITY^

PENNSYLVANIA.

UBKARIES

Cazenove Journal

1794

A RECORD OF THE JOURNEY OF THEOPHILE

CAZENOVE THROUGH NEW JERSEY

AND PENNSYLVANIA

(Translated from the French)

EDITED BY

RAYNER WICKERSHAM KELSEY, Ph.D. ^

PROFESSOK. OF AMBRICAN HISTORY IN HAVERFORD COLLEGE

Haverford College Studies, Number 13

Price ^1.80 postpaid. Address, The Registrar^

Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania

LA3>

PUBLISHED BY

THE PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY PRESS

HAVERFORD PENNSYLVANIA

1922

1^,-. M

UNIVERSITY

PENNSYLVANIA

LIBRARES

r, - . . ^

PRESS or

THE NEW ERA PRlNTfNQ COMPANr
LANCASTER, PA.

CONTENTS

Preface iii-iv

Introduction v-xv

Itinerary xvi-xvii

Cazenove Journal 1-87

Expense Account 87-91

Index 93-103

ILLUSTRATIONS

Theophile Cazenove Frontispiece

Map of Cazenove's Journey facing xviii

Facsimile, page i of Manuscript facing i

View of Bethlehem facing 25

Facsimile, page 46 of Manuscript facing 73

4fS00.33

PREFACE

Seldom probably does so small a volume as this
one owe its existence to so many craftsmen.

For help in translating and in the far more difficult
task of transcribing the original manuscript the
editor is in great debt to his chief, President William
W. Comfort, and his colleague, Mr. J. McF. Car-
penter, of Haverford College; also to Lieutenant
Joseph Folliguet, of Chamonix, France, and Mad-
emoiselle Gabrielle de Croze, of Bryn Mawr, Penn-
sylvania. For careful scrutiny and helpful criticism
of the finished work of the editor, sincere thanks are
extended to Professor William E. Lunt, of Haverford
College. The Index was compiled by Miss Mary
Ellis of the New York State Library School.

In the work of gathering material on the life of
Theophile Cazenove and on the localities mentioned
in his Journal generous help has been given by
libraries and individuals in many places. Especial
mention is due in this connection to the Library of
Congress, the New York Historical Society, the New
Jersey Historical Society, the Buifalo Historical
Society; Mr. John W. Jordan, Librarian of- the
Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Mr. Thomas L.
Montgomery, State Librarian of Pennsylvania; Miss
Mary P. Parsons, Librarian of the Public Library,
Morristown, New Jersey; Mr. A. J. F. Van Laer,
Archivist of the State of New York; Reverend
William A. Schwarze, of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,
and Reverend P. S. Meinert, of Nazareth, Penn-
sylvania; Mr. Albert Cook Myers, of Moylan

iv Cazenove Journal: iyQ4

Pennsylvania, and Mr. Louis de Cazenove, Jr., of
New York City.

Mr. A. C. Huidekoper, of Meadville, Pennsylvania,
kindly supplied the present writer with a letter of
introduction to his obliging cousin, Mr. C. P. Van
Eeghen, of Amsterdam, Netherlands. Mrs. Charles
S. (Helen Lincklaen) Fairchild, of Cazenovia, New
York, has rendered untiring service which has been
most valuable on account of her wide knowledge of
men and matters connected with the Holland Land
Company. Professor Paul D. Evans, of Syracuse
University, New York, has contributed material
information gathered during his researches in Ams-
terdam, prior to the visit of the present writer to
that city. Dr. J. Franklin Jameson, Director of
the Department of Historical Research of the
Carnegie Institution, Washington, has been ready
as ever, with open-handed help. By personal advice
and through the efficient machinery of his depart-
ment, the gathering of material in the United States
and in France has been facilitated.

One memory will always cling about this little
book. It is the last in a series of historical tasks
for which the present writer has gained encourage-
ment and inspiration from his revered and beloved
friend and counselor, Isaac Sharpless, formerly
President of Haverford College. Sit tihi terra levis,
mollique tegaris arena.

Finally the most sincere gratitude is due and is
hereby expressed to those friends of the editor and
of Haverford College who constitute the Penn-
sylvania History Press and have made possible the
publication of this Journal. R. W. K.

Haverford, Pa., December i, 1921.

INTRODUCTION

The original French manuscript, of which the
following is a translation, was purchased by the
Library of Congress, Washington, D. C, in 1900,
from a Paris dealer. It is a small book and the writ-
ing is so fine and so filled with erasures and inter-
lineations that great difficulty was experienced in de-
ciphering many parts of it. For help in this task the
editor is indebted to several of his friends and col-
leagues, as mentioned in the Preface, but especially to
Lieutenant Joseph Folliguet, of the French Army.

The Journal is entirely anonymous, and singularly
free from those personal allusions that so frequently
lead to the determination of authorship. The prin-
cipal clues in the body of the text are the references
indicating that the writer had lived in Holland, trav-
eled in France, and latterly had been for some years
in Philadelphia.

A further sign post was set up by the servant who
kept the accounts of the journey, and stated in his
summary the surplus remaining to the credit of "Mr.
C." Moreover, the letter of introduction handed by
the traveler to General William Irvine (see below,
p. 55) lay patiently among the Irvine Papers in the
library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania,
awaiting its opportunity to help in the work of identi-
fication.^

^ A further proof of Cazenove's authorship was found in a comparison of the

hand-writing of the Journal with that of several autograph letters, signed by
Cazenove, — one in the Library of the New York Historical Society, and several
in the Library of the Buffalo Hist. Soc, and the Library of Congress.

vi Cazenove Journal: I7g4

As the Journalist had indicated more than once his
acquaintance with Governor Thomas Mifflin, it was
not surprising to find that the letter to General Irvine,
which follows, was written by none other:

Sir: Mr. Cazenove a gentlemen for whom I have
a sincere esteem, proposes making an excursion into
the interior parts of Pennsylvania, and will, probably
pass through your neighborhood. Should that be
the case, permit me to recommend him to your most
cordial civilities. Your disposition to oblige, and
the personal respectability of Mr. Cazenove would,
I am confident, sufficiently secure your attention to
this introduction; but it may not be improper to add,
that few gentlemen have contributed more to place
the State of Pennsylvania in a favorable light to
European Emigrants, and none can be more solicitous ■
to promote its improvement and prosperity.

I am, with great regard,
Sir

Your Most Obed.t Hbl.e Serv.t I

Tho. Miflin^ I

Philadelphia ' ;

25th June 1794

This letter made the circumstantial evidence I
rather complete, but there was still a chance that
more than one traveler passed through Pennsylvania
in 1794 bearing letters of introduction from Governor
Mifflin. So the final and complete proof of author-
ship came from another source.

The writer of the Journal fixed October 28, 1794,
as the day of his sojourn with the Moravians at
Nazareth, Pennsylvania (seep. 19 below). Happily
the official Diarium of the Moravian Church at
Nazareth is still in existence. For October 28, 1794,
it contains the following entry:

* Irvine Papers, XII, 62.

Introduction vii

"Ein Herr von Holland, Theophilus Cassanove,
der Agent einer hoUandischer Compagnie ist, und
vom Gouverneur Mifflin ein empfehlungs Schreiben
an Bruder Etwein hatte, sah sich heute hier und in
Christiansbrunn alles mit besonderer Aufmerksam-
keit und Theilnahme um, und wohnte auch Abends
der Versammlung bei, erkaufte verschiedene unserer
Gemeinschriften und ging den 29 von hier nach
Bethlehem."

Since discovering the above evidence at Bethlehem
the present writer has had the privilege of visiting
Amsterdam. There, by the courtesy of Mr. C. P.
Van Eeghen, he has been permitted to examine the
old letter books of Theophile Cazenove, sixteen of
which are preserved, covering the period 1790 to
1799. There is also a small box of original Cazenove
letters.

On October 14, 1794, Cazenove wrote from New
York to S. Stadnitski, Amsterdam, referring speci-
fically to his projected journey into the interior of
Pennsylvania. On November 25, 1794, having com-
pleted his journey, he wrote from Philadelphia
outlining his itinerary and mentioning the extensive
notes taken en route. {Cazenove Letter Book, XIII,

pp. 55, 61.)

The mass of material in the Cazenove corres-
pondence belongs to the history of the Holland Land
Company rather than to the brief introduction to
this Journal.

Theophile Cazenove was descended from a branch
of the French Cazenove family that migrated to
Switzerland in the latter half of the i6th century,
during the religious persecutions in France. He was

viii Cazenove Journal: 1794

born in Amsterdam, October 13, 1740, and in 1763
married Margaret Helen van Jever, whose father was
a wealthy and prominent citizen of Amsterdam.^ In
middle life Cazenove was prosperous financially but
owing to financial reverses his fortunes waned and
he became dependent largely upon employment for
a livelihood. There are records in Amsterdam show-
ing how at a later period, while on a salary, he was
paying back the obligations that he could not meet
at the time of his financial debacle.

In the days of his prosperity Cazenove had been
associated with those Dutch financiers whose loans
were so vital to the struggling young republic of the
New World. The story of how those far-sighted sons
of Holland foresaw the future greatness of America
and decided to expand and make permanent their
investments in the New World is too long a tale for
this paper. Suffice it to say that they seem not to
have lost confidence in Cazenove on account of his
business misfortunes, and he seems still to have been
capable of some financial undertakings in his own
name.

Thus, in 1788 Cazenove subscribed to the fund
that financed Brissot de Warville's journey to the
United States to investigate the question of invest-
ments in the debts of the country, state and national.
Late the following year Cazenove was himself
planning a journey to America to conduct operations
in person. On November 30, 1789, he made a
contract with four of the strongest Dutch banking
firms of that day according to which he was to carry
on their financial operations in America. His salary

'Helen Lincklaen Fairchild (editor), Travels of John Lincklaen, 131-132;
Raoul de Cazenove, Rapin-Thoyras (Paris, 1866), p. ccxsvi.

Introduction ix

was to be 8,000 florins per annum.^ Brissot, back
in Paris, wrote, November 27, 1789, introducing
Cazenove to William Duer, Assistant Secretary of
the Treasury under Hamilton: "He (Cazenove) is
to settle himself in America, and I believe to make
some speculations in your funds. I am sure knowing
your obliging temper, you'll give him good infor-
mations about his speculations; and I'll be much
obliged to you to do it and to introduce him to your
acquaintances."^

Armed with this letter and others from the Dutch
bankers who were his employers in the enterprise,
he arrived in America in March, 1790, and at once
began active operations. He invested largely, and
for the most part fortunately, in various depreciated
securities, buying of one man more than ^100,000
in South Carolina debt.^

About two years after this time, when the specu-
lation in American debts had been vindicated by
Hamilton's funding and assumption policy, the
Dutch financiers turned their attention more espe-
cially to investments in public lands. The results
of this policy were the formation of the Holland Land
Company and its extensive dealings in New York
and Pennsylvania lands. Theophile Cazenove be-
came the first General Agent of this Company,
serving it until his return to Europe in 1799.^

An early historian of the Holland Company's
activities has written of Cazenove as follows :

■• Data kindly supplied by Mr. Paul D. Evans, of Syracuse Univ., N. Y.,
from his notes taken in Amsterdam.

* From Duer Papers quoted in Davis, American Corporations, I, 189-190.

* Davis, American Corporations, I, 193 and note.

^ Cazenove was also a stockholder in the Pennsylvania Population Co.,
formed in 1792. See letter of James Gibson, Sept. 26, 1842, quoted at close of
Huidekoper, Hist, of Holland Co. in Pa., Mss. in Penna. Hist. Soc. Library.

X Cazenove Journal: 1794

"When the Company made their first purchases of
lands in the interior of this state, and Pennsylvania
— soon after 1790 — he had arrived in this country,
and acted as their agent. In all the negotiations
and preliminary proceedings, connected with the
large purchase of Mr. Morris, of this region, the
interests of the Company were principally confided
to him. His name is intimately blended with the
whole history of the title. When the purchase was
perfected, he was made the General Agent, and under
his auspices the surveys commenced. The author
can only judge of him from such manuscript records
as came from his hands. They exhibit good business
qualifications and great integrity of purpose. In all
the embarrassments that attended the perfection of
the title, he would seem to have been actuated by
honorable and praiseworthy motives; and to have
assisted with a good deal of ability the legal managers
of the Company's interests."^

It was in the flush of his early interest in the land
speculations of the Holland Company that Cazenove
made his journey through New Jersey and Penn-
sylvania, as recorded in the following Journal.

Upon his personality and manner of life some
light can be thrown. He associated with the
aristocratic group of Frenchmen, in America at
that period, men who were dubbed "emigres" by
the fiery Republicans. The Journal of Moreau de
Saint-Mery pictures the latter group marching
through the streets of New York in a great Fourth
of July parade, — "a long procession of French
Jacobins," with citizen Genet among them, singing
and shouting, and hurling invectives toward the
windows where appeared Talleyrand, Beaumetz,

' O. Turner, Pioneer History of the Holland Purchase of Western Nezo York
(Buffalo, 1850), 425.

Introduction xi

Cazenove, La Coulombe, Le Baron de la Roche,
and Saint-Mery.^

Cazenove lived well, — and paid for It with gout
in his later days. The following Journal testifies to
his appetite for good food and choice drinks. Hardly
a tavern does he mention without a comment on the
quality of its accommodations. He traveled with
a coach and four, an extra saddle horse, a valet,
coachman, and postilion. At his home on Market
Street, in Philadelphia, inviting dinners were served,
and liberally patronized by his noted friends. "Tal-
leyrand and Beaumetz live together," writes a
chronicler of 1795, "but they both eat at Cazenove's
on Market Street, — thus the expression 'dine with
us' means with Cazenove."^° Talleyrand, in his
Memoirs, does not mention the dinners, but speaks
with cynical appreciation of how "useful" Cazenove
was to him during his visit to America. -^^

Cazenove returned to Europe in 1799. He stayed
some time in London but spent most of his remaining
years on the continent. For about two years he
remained in the employ of the Dutch bankers,
trying to help them realize on their American lands.

' S. L. Mims (editor), Voyage aux Etats-Unis . . . by Moreau de Saint-
Mery, 139.

" S. L. Mims (editor), Voyage aux Etats-Unis . . . by Moreau de Saint-
Mery, 194 — The Phila. City Directory of 1793 contains "Carenove (sic),
Theophilus, gentleman, 276 High St." High St. was the early name for
Market St.

^ Talleyrand, Memoirs of (French edn., 1891), I, 232; (N. Y. edn. 1891-92),
I, 175. More detailed comment on Cazenove's personality and career in
America, would perhaps be out of proportion in an introduction to this Journal.
Much light will no doubt be thrown upon his business activities by the re-
searches in the History of the Holland Land Co., now being carried on by Mr.
Paul D. Evans, of Syracuse University. Some interesting data are to be found
in A. de Cazenove, Quatre Siecles (Nimes, 1908), p. 159 f. According to this
authority (p. 169) T. Cazenove became a naturalized citizen of the United States
in December 1794.

xii Cazenove Journal: 17Q4

In this effort the documents mention his activities
at Paris, Lyons, and even at Lausanne where for a
time he roused the curiosity of the famous Necker.

His last years were spent in Paris. There Tal-
leyrand had again risen to power, this time in Na-
poleon's government. The papers are apparently
not extant that would show Cazenove's exact relation
to Talleyrand in these years, but it was probably
somewhat in the nature of confidential adviser,
especially in matters pertaining to Holland and
America. At least he was again "useful" to the
wily minister in advising him on the kind of American
securities to demand in payment for Louisiana. ^^

Cazenove died at Paris, March 6, 1811.^^ The
testimony of his friend, Paul Busti, his successor as
General Agent of the Holland Land Company in
America, ought to be recorded in this connection.
Writing to his friend, Colonel John Lincklaen,
June 12, 1811, he said:

"Our old friend, Mr. Theophilus Cazenove, died
some time in March in Paris. . . . His strict prin-
ciples of honour made him apply the earnings of his
mature age to the payment of the arrears of his
youth. Grown old, his generous heart shared with
a prodigal hand the small savings he may have laid
up in Holland during the few years he was the prime
minister of the H. L. C. [Holland Land Co.], and
probably in the same way evaporated the riches it
has been repeatedly asserted that he had amassed
in financial operations with his friend and protector,
Talleyrand. I give this opinion only from reasoning

" Henry Adams (ed.) Writings of Albert Gallatin, I, 142. See also A. de
Cazenove, Quatre Siecles, 169-171.

" "II mourut dans sa maison de la rue du Bac, No. 84, pavilion au fond du
jardin." — A. de Cazenove, Quatre Siecles, p. 170, note.

Introduction xiii

deduced from the knowledge of Mr. Theophile's
character, for as to the particulars of his life in Paris
I know nothing but what I have been told, that he
died poor, abandoned by Talleyrand."^*

Such in brief outline, is the story of Theophile
Cazenove's life. The city of Cazenovia, New York,
named after him, is his permanent memorial in the
United States, and the following Journal is his
contribution to the story of American life in his day.

In an account so packed with details as the
following there must be some inaccuracies. Much
of the data was necessarily taken from hearsay and
written down later from memory. This limitation
applies of course to practically all journals of the
kind. Par exemple the distances from town to town
as given by Cazenove are probably his own estimates
or those given by local informants. These have been
found to be inaccurate in a few instances but for the
most part they are remarkably exact. Of course the
least valuable parts for historical purposes are
those entirely dependent upon hearsay and covering
subjects with which Cazenove was not conversant.
His notes on the history and organization of the
Moravians contain inaccuracies. On the other hand
his record of industrial and farming conditions lay
within the field of his special interest and personal
observation. His reports have been proved to be
remarkably exact in many respects by the present
writer in a recent journey over much of the same
route. A minor but interesting incident was a call
upon the present occupants of the Big Spring prop-
erty (p. 43 below). The modern voyageur asked
the lady of the house whether there were fish in the

" Letter in possession of Helen Lincklaen Fairchild, Cazenovia, N. Y.

xiv Cazenove Journal: 1794

spring, and she answered, "Yes, trout." He re-
marked again that the pool looked quite deep, and
she replied, "Eighteen feet at the deepest." So the
honor of the early journalist was vindicated even in
matters of minute detail.

There is little of literary merit in the Cazenove
Journal because it represents only the rough notes
taken along the way. In a letter to Amsterdam
just after concluding the journey (Nov. 25, 1794)
Cazenove wrote that he had taken extensive notes
on the trip and hoped to write them up in finished
form during the following winter. This was probably
never done. At least no such copy of the journal
has been found after a somewhat extended search on
two continents. In lieu of literary merit, however,
Cazenove pressed into his little note-book more solid
fact to the square inch than exists in any journal of
early American travel with which the present writer
Is conversant, barring neither Rochefoucauld nor
Schoepf from the lists.

Nor is an elevation of thought lacking when
Cazenove reflects occasionally on the social poverty
of the hard, sordid life of the frontier, or on the
peace and plenty that abounded in a rehgious
community like that of the Moravians (p. 23 below).

Some humor also has bubbled up occasionally to
refresh the desert days of transcription and trans-
lation. The story of Van Beverhoudt's cats is not
bad (p. 6 below). The social scenes at Lancaster
during sessions of Court are at least lively (p. 74
below). Best of all is the unconscious drollery of
Cazenove's body servant who kept the accounts.
If he forgot the name of Chambersburg, what more

Introduction xv

suitable than to write it Roomtown! (See "Roume-
tonne," p. 90 below.)

In the following translation the conventional edi-
torial signs have been used, the chief ones being
brackets to enclose words supplied by the editor. It
should be mentioned that a succession of three dots
represents an omission on account of illegible words
in the original manuscript, while a long dash indi-
cates that Cazenove himself left the space blank.

R. W. K.

Haverford College,

Haverford, Pennsylvania.

ITINERARY

Nezv Jersey
1794 Page

Oct. 21. Left New York i

Oct. 21. Newark i

Oct. 23. Springfield • 2

Chatham 2

Hanover 4

Tro7 5

Old Boonton 6

Morristown 7

Oct. 25. Black River 10

Oct. 26. Long Valley 13

Musconetcong River 14

Wilson's Tavern 15

Mclntyre's Tavern 15

Pennsylvania

Easton 17

Nazareth 19

Bethlehem 23

Allentown 27

Ealer's Tavern 28

Trexler's Tavern 30

Kutztown 30

Oct. 31. Schaeifer's Tavern 35

Reading 36

Sinking Spring 42

Tavern (near Big or Allen Spring) 43

Womelsdorf 44

Myerstown 45

Nov. 3. Lebanon 46

Nov. 4. Hummelstown 49

Nov. 5. Harrisburg 51

xvi

Oct.

27.

Oct.

28.

Oct.

29.

Oct.

30.

Itinerary iivx

Pennsylvania {continued)

Silver Spring 55

Carlisle 57

Nov. 7. Mount Rock 61

McCracken's Tavern 62

Shippensburg 62

Nov. 8. Chambersburg 64

Thompson's Tavern 65

Russell's Tavern 66

Nov. 9. Abbottstown 6y

Nov. 10. York 69

Nov. 1 1 . Wrightsville 71

Lancaster 72

McCleland's Tavern 75

Nov. 14. Downingtown 76

Nov. 15. Fornistak's Tavern ' , 79

Miller's Tavern 80

Nov. 16. Philadelphia 80

CAZENOVE JOURNAL
1794

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH

Page I of Manuscript
New Jerseys 8 s [hillings] to the dollar

On October 21st 1794, ^^^^ New York at 10 'clock,
in a carriage drawn by 2 horses; my saddle horse, the
coachman and Petit.

Arrived at Newark, New Jersey, 8 miles distant,
at 4 o'clock; lodged at Giffort's.^

Oct. 22. Meeting of the directors and stockholders
of the Manufacturers' Company^ established in
Paterson, 14 miles from Newark. N. B. — Learned
that a large cloth-printing factory is going to be
established in Pompton, situated 8 miles from Pat-
erson, under the direction of Mr. John Davies
[Daniels ?]. N.B. — ^They do not know who furnishes
the money for this undertaking; they suspect D.
Academy of Latin and English and reading and
writing and French: prepares for college.

90 scholars, £ 6 per year

£ 25 room in town, boarding and les-
sons.

A Liberty bonnet on a pole in the middle of the
village; a furnace where cast-iron stoves are made.

^ Probably at the inn kept by Archer Gifford. See Joseph Atkinson, History
of Newark, New Jersey (Newark, 1878), p. 162; F. J. Urquhart, Short History of
Newark. (Newark, 1916), p. 76.

* This reference is to The Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures,
which marked the economic beginnings of Paterson.

2 Cazenove Journal: 1^94

The city, very pretty, full of shoemakers, and shoe
and boot factories, sell from ten to thirteen thousand
dollars worth a year; undertook yesterday 20 thou-
sand pairs of shoes for the army, at i dollar a pair.
A factory for cotton, and wool and cotton stockings.

Eight looms [tended] by young boys, [make]
excellent white and blue stockings, but at 10 s., — a
dollar and a quarter.

Mrs. Capron keeps a girl's school of 20 scholars,
boarders and day pupils.^ She teaches them French,
Drawing, Sewing and Embroidery, for $10 a quarter.
Tuition and board, laundry, heat, etc., cost £ 52
or ^130 a year without the afternoon session, —
arithmetic, music, geography; for these the ladies can
go at small cost to the Academy and take lessons
under the supervision of the Newark teachers.

Someone broke into the carriage at night and
carried off some pieces of luggage, — these were
recovered because the parties were detected in the

act.

Page 2 of Manuscript

Thursday [Oct.] 23, Left Newark at 9 o'clock in the
morning. At Springfield, 9 miles, at 11 o'clock:
pleasant journey; fresh cultivation. A stained wall-
paper factory, a large and fine tan-yard; a liberty-
bonnet on a pole in the center of the village.
At Chatham, 3 miles, had dinner at Day's,^ very
good stopping place, clean, a big Bible on the table
under the mirror; district of l}4 miles square; from
Springfield to Chatham the ground very bad, sand

» Madame Capron had formerly conducted a school in Elizabeth, N. J.
Her advertisements appear in The New Jersey Journal and Political Intelligencer,
Apr. 27, 1791, p. 3; Woods's Newark Gazette, Nov. 6, 1793, p. 4-

* Probably at Timothy Day's inn.— C. A. Philhower, Brief History of Chat-
ham (N. Y., I9i4)> P- 36-

New Jersey 3

and broken stones; also what miserable huts! They
say an acre is sold for £3, but there are few in-
habitants; some buckwheat, corn, cider. At Chat-
ham the valley is more level, the ground better and
many pastures. The ground is easily sold for £10,
or $25 per acre. The meadows yield i to i}4 tons
per acre of hay, which sells at Newark for £5 a ton.
Two oxen haul i ton. Here they raise the summer
grains profitably, but wheat dies in the winter from
dampness and frost.

Generally the farms are from 200 to 250 acres;
the farmers try mostly the raising of cattle; they
sell their bulls, 4 years old, at from 50 to 60 dollars
each; their cows, 4 years old, from 20 to 30 dollars
each, for the Philadelphia and New York markets.
The wood has almost all been cut down in this
district; you have to pay 2 dollars a cord for walnut
for burning; butter i shilling. A pair of good oxen
for plowing bring £20 to £30, 50 to 75 dollars; a
horse for farm work £25. There (as everywhere
in Jersey) all the servants are black slaves; a good
dependable negro, 18 to 25 years old, costs £100,
or ^250; a good, dependable negro woman, 18 to 25
years old, £70. You have to pay 5 shillings for a
day's work by a white workman at harvest time; 3
or 4 shillings in the Spring; wages of a white farm-
hand, £30 to £40 per year, and you must also treat
him politely.

There was a general review of the militia of Essex
County 5 miles from Newark; 8000 men under arms,
well commanded, many in uniform, although several
had gone with the expedition against the insurrection
in Pennsylvania,^ mostly loyal Federalists.

* Reference to the Whiskey Insurrection in western Penna. in 1794.

4 Cazenove Journal: 17Q4

Page J of Manuscript

At Hanover 7 miles — stopped at Tapln's — pretty
bad lodging. On approaching this village or district,
the ground is better for cultivation, and less suited
for pasturage; the hills higher, the plains broader,
the declivities gentler. The good land sells for £7
to £8 an acre; the medium for £4 to £5. The
farms contain from 120 to 150 acres. They cultivate
wheat, getting from 15 to 16 bushels per acre; corn
50 to 60 bushels; buckwheat 30 to 40 bushels; rye 20
to 24 bushels; cider. New York is a good market.
More and more the farmers are anxious to raise
cattle. Two oxen, £20 to £30. One milch cow
£7. Plowing with oxen. Must feed the cattle
from December to April. Sow wheat in August —
harvest from 3 to 10 July; sow corn in June — harvest
October 25; sow buckwheat in July, harvest October

Mr. Patin [Tapin], the innkeeper, paid £450 for
his 20 acre place; it is an inn formerly kept by Gray,
and well-frequented. N. B. An English Bible on
the table under the mirror.

One half mile from Hanover is Mr. Charles Marre's
paper-mill ;° he arrived with his wife and three
children in 1791 from England where he worked in
a paper-mill; he came to establish a paper-mill here;
he is an excellent workman and makes the best
paper that I have thus far seen come from a paper
factory in the U. S. He sells the double sheet, very
white and very firm, for 25 shillings a ream, composed

* Melville Paper Mill, operated by Charles Marr. Advertisements of this
mill appear in the newspapers of the period, — e.g. Woods's Newark Gazette,
May 6, 1794, p. 3. Copy in Library of New Jersey Historical Society, Newark,
N.J.

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New Jersey 5

of 20 quires of 24 sheets each, 18 quires extra good,
but the top and bottom ones [In the package] poor.
One could make contracts with him with confidence.
He has difficulty in finding rags and has to go 20 to
30 miles around to get them. There is only [sentence
not completed].

Mr. Ferris [?] in Hanover sells excellent goose quills
for two cents a dozen, or 16 cents, ij^ shillings, for
100, ready for sharpening.

Messrs. Forman, Durand,^ and , three

residents ... of Philadelphia have bought, in this
district, farms which they lease for one half of the
produce and furnish half of the expenses: horses,
cattle, Implements, etc. They paid £8 per acre and
also bought some inferior wooded lands, next to their
farms, at £4.

Page 4. of Manuscript.

27 miles — good road.

24 Oct., Friday, left Tapln's, Hanover, at 9 o'clock

in the morning.

At Troy, 3 [miles], had luncheon and dinner at Mr.
Beeverhoud's.^ He is a Dutchman who made his
fortune in Ste. Croix and who settled in 1772 on this
farm or plantation. There are 1650 acres, a good
half of it in woods; he paid 12 thousand pounds
sterling in 1768 for this land. He complains of the
difficulty of finding workmen and although a large

^ In the land records in the court house at Morristown, N. J., there is a deed
of Apr. 22, 1794, transferring a parcel of land to Lewis Forman and John P.
Durand. — Deeds, vol. B, p. 311.

* Probably the Lucas Van Beverhoudt mentioned frequently in the early
land records of Morris County. See also references to large, manorial estates,
among them "the Beaverwick, near Troy, owned by Lucas Van Beaverhoudt",
— in History of Morris County, N. J. (N. Y., 1882), p. 218.

6 Cazenove Journal: 1794

part of the land which is not woods (forest), is grass
land, he must go shares In hay-making with those
who cut the hay. He has a kind of small stud. He
would like very much to sell his property, but there
is no buyer. This district is not pleasant, the
ground full of stones, and winter wheat does not
grow well. All the buildings are in as bad a condition
as the health of the kind Mr. and Mrs. Beeverhoud
who received me cordially and gave me a pretty
good dinner; Miss van Beeverhoud had made the
apple pie. Mrs. van Beeverhoud, born in Ste.
Croix, was always cold and did not leave the fire-
place from September until June; she had 9 cats
whose company enlivened the dinner, for Mr. van
Beeverhoud had them put outside by 2 or 3 little
negroes who went on all fours to chase the cats and
made them yowl by catching them, but no sooner
was a cat put out than another one came in; they
finally stayed in and mewed for their customary
meal.

At Boun Town [Boonton]^ 2}4 [miles] at the iron-
works of Mr. J. S. Faesch.^° He came from Basle
in 1770. He keeps these iron- works with Mr.
Ogden^° from Newark; the pig iron is made 10 miles
further up, at Mount Hope, where the mines are.
The miners are paid so that a hard-working miner
can earn 10 s., i34 dollars, a day. The forge for
making iron bars is double; a fire and 2 hammers.
Bellows of new construction, kinds of iron boilers
whose lids are pushed by pistons up to

' This place is now known as Old Boonton, and is about two miles southwest
of the present Boonton.

^° Probably John Jacob Faesch and Samuel Ogden. History of Morris
County, New Jersey (N. Y., 1882), pp. 280-281; also I. S. Lyon, Historical
Discourse on Boonton (Newark, 1873), pp. 14-15.

New Jersey 7

Page 5 of Manuscript
32^ miles

up to the further end, and from there the air passes
through tin pipes into an iron pipe which conducts
the air into the fire. In another workshop the bars
are made red hot and pass through a roller that
flattens them and from there they pass through
another roller where the plates are cut into rods
suitable to make nails. They sell these iron rods
for £42, or 105 dollars, for a barrel of 2000 pounds.
Mr. Faesh lives there in a very rustic and stony
place, in order to take advantage of a stream at the
bottom of the valley. A half mile away [is] a church
where they preach in Dutch every two weeks.

At Morris' Town, 8 miles, stopped at O'Hara's;^^
good lodging; the land of the neighborhood: high
hills, stones, medium [soil]. The master of the
house had gone with the militia against the rebels
in Pennsylvania^^ although the absence of the master
from an inn is very prejudicial to his interests. He
had bought the house last July with 6 acres for £800.
The house is of wood and fairly good; agreeably
situated, next to the church and the court-house
and in the center of the village or town. A cord of
wood is obtainable here for 10 shillings for oak, 14
to 15 for walnut; salt 10 to 12 s. a bushel; butter i}i
s. a pound; butcher's meat 4^ cents [a pound]; for
boarding i.e. lodging, food, and a single room, 2
dollars per week, and 2^ dollars per week with heat

" George O'Hara kept a famous inn at the head of South Street, Morris-
town, during the Revolution. A picture of it is in P. H. Hoffman, History of the
Arnold Tavern (Morristown, 1903), p. 23. See also land records in court house,
Morristown, Deeds, vol. A, p. 283.

" Reference to the Whiskey Insurrection in western Penna. in 1794.

8 Cazenove Journal: 1794

and light in the room; a workman easy to find for
4 s. a day.

Many free negroes who hire out by the month in
the summer [for] £3 ; and 3 s. a day. The free negro
women are hired for 4 s. per week. Few houses to
be found for rent, almost every house inhabited by
the owner.

Chicken I s. each; duck ij^ s.; turkey 4 to 6 s.
Flour now (October i, 1794) sells for 4 dollars per
100 pounds, or 7 dollars for a barrel of 180 pounds.
In April and May the same for 2^4 dollars, [or] 20 s.,
per 100 pounds.

The free negroes are quarrelsome, intemperate,
lazy, and dishonest; their children are still worse,
without restraint or education. You do not see one
out of a hundred that makes good use of his freedom,
or that can make a comfortable living, own a cow, a
horse; they remain in their cabins where they live
miserably, barely raise some corn, but do not rise to
anything, — are worse oif than when they were slaves,
although the race is open to them the same as to
white people.

Bricks to be had at the brick factory, a mile from
here, at 32 s. a thousand.

Boards, one inch thick, 10 s. the 100 feet.
do J:4 inch thick 8 s. the 100 feet.
do 2 inch thick 12 s. the 100 feet.

Lime from the kiln, delivered here, 2 s. per bushel.

A mason, per day, 8 s.

A carpenter, per day, 6 to 7 s.

New Jersey 9

Page 6 of Manuscript
40^ miles.
Morristown, continued.

A large hall In the village, as In all large villages,
for dancing In winter.

In this district a farm can be bought for £5 an
acre, cash. Contains 150 acres : 40 acres with enough
wood for the use of the farm; 20 [acres] meadow, or
pasture, yielding i to ij^ tons [of hay, per acre];
orchard of apples and peaches; 80 tillable [acres] for
corn, yielding 20 to 25 [bushels per acre]; little wheat;
fair farmer's house; a barn, milk-house, and cider
press.

There was last year, 1793, a great mortality among
horses (yellow water), so a good farm horse costs
now £30 to £40; a cow £7; two oxen suitable for
ploughing, £22 to £24.

In the village, the land, well located, with lOO
feet street frontage, sells for £100 an acre [?].

There Is a little, public subscription library.

([Side endorsement:] A stage [?] ("chariot")
twice a week from Elizabeth T[own] to Morris
T[own] [and] vice versa.)

A school for the study of Reading, Writing,
English, at 2 dollars per term; Latin, Greek, 3 dollars;
French, 4 dollars: 9 dollars for everything for three
months; £36 or ^90 per year.

25 persons . . .

A new Presbyterian church; an Anabaptist
[church]; a Methodist [church] further away in the
country; neither a Quaker nor a Catholic [church];
no printing establishment; many distilleries where
spirits are extracted from cider. This spirituous
liquor costs 7 s. a gallon.

10 Cazenove Journal: 17Q4.

The average farm from 150 to 200 acres.

A good prison; no criminals; 3 for debts.

The situation of the principal part of Morris Town
Is very pleasant, on the top of a hill and on an
esplanade, well leveled; a large and beautiful church;
court-house; good houses on the square.

A high pole with the Liberty Bonnet in the middle
of the square. Almost all the little boys of the
village have a tri-colored French ribbon on their
hats, put up to it by some people.

The Hessian Fly has been in these districts a
great deal.

The school is very roomy; about 80 scholars,
whom I found studying and in good order in two
large rooms, united for special exercises or also for
little festivities.

Mr. Gilpin Russel, who is principal of the college,
is well educated and fine looking. He had a little
theater built, where the scholars play little comedies.
The man who teaches French and geography . . .
born in San Domingo [?], also well educated. Mr.
Russel takes children into his boarding-school for
^60 per year, or to board and lodge them in town,
^i per week.

The situation is very healthful, and there is a
little stream at the foot of the hill.

Page y of Manuscript
40>^ [miles]

October 25, arrived at Black River, at Drake's;
it is the center of the township, where town-meetings
are held.

Black River. [Stopped] with Drake [at the] Sign

New Jersey II

of Washington, at Black River T[own], 12 miles,
where I put up, fair [accommodations]; it is not a
village — ^farms scattered in the district. The ground
from M [orris] T[own] to this place very broken;
high hills and not very good [soil]; partly uncultivable
because of the sand or the declivity; partly large
level fields, pasture, or corn, buckwheat. The
hollows between the hills make fairly good pasture;
especially [are there] many large orchards of apple
trees, the product of which is important for the
farmer, who generally distills his cider.

They calculate that 8 bushels of apples make i
barrel of cider; the barrel is of 32 gallons, and these
32 gallons of cider make 4 gallons of spirits, which
they sell for 6 s. or ^ dollar a gallon.
([Side endorsement:] Since Jersey farmers have
started to distill their cider, it is impossible to get
any of it unless you pay what the distillery pays
them. Today they ask 50 to 60 s [hillings] per
hogshead, which a few years ago you got for 20.
A hogshead measures 104 [to io61i\ gallons.)

An acre of land, planted with from 65 to 70 apple
trees, 20 feet apart, produces in good years 250
bushels of apples. This great produce encourages
every farmer to enlarge his orchard.

The land on these heights and meadows, cleared,
and soil not very good, generally in farms of 200
acres, sells for £3 [an acre], and the best ones, without
many stones, for £4 an acre; in these 200 acres one
has about 100 cultivable acres; 4 and up to 10 in
orchard; 30 in meadow, yielding i ton per acre; a
farmer's house, and out-houses. Corn yields on
the average 10 bushels [per acre]; barley 10 bushels;
buckwheat 15 to 18 bushels.

12 Cazenove Journal: 1794

They enrich the land with lime, which is abundant,
and the [manure] of their cattle — and then [they
get] a little wheat, which yields from 10 to 12 bushels
per acre.

2 oxen for ploughing, £20; I horse ditto, 25 to
£30; at present very dear.

A Presbyterian [t] church and i school.

When the spirits extracted from cider is old, it is
not unhealthful, but it is so when new.

Much emigration (because of the poor land) to the
Genessee country and a few to Kentucky.

However, the farmers become very rich in this
district, but they use their surplus not to improve
their places, but to buy more land. Mr. Wells, a
farmer near here, has 400 acres contiguous to his
residence, and more than 1000 acres ("1000 ar-
pents")^^ in the neighborhood. Here you easily find
farmers [who will farm] for half the produce of the
land, and the farmer furnishes the cattle, etc.
("stock").

A workman at harvest time, 6 s [hillings] per day —
at other times 4 — now, in October, you find some for
3 s.

There is a great export of spirits of cider to New
York, and from there to the south; and the excise,
instead of stopping the distilleries, has attracted
attention to the advantages of this manner of making
the best of this poor ground [for grain ?] and so good
for apple trees — each farmer has been planting
nurseries for two years; so they are much pleased
with the bargain.

"A French "arpent" is equal to about one and a half English acres. It is
quite probable however that Cazenove in this case and some others uses
"arpent" and "acre" interchangeably (as he certainly does on MS. page 15,
p. 24 below) to mean an English acre.

New Jersey 13

Page 8 of Manuscript
525^ [miles]
Black River Town.

This township is . . . miles long by . . . miles wide.

There are some brickfields selling bricks, 1000
bricks for 30 s., to those who call for them.

Lime sells for i s. a bushel at the furnace. As
there is neither town nor village, provisions have to
be obtained from the farm.

Few negroes in this district.

This district has many iron mines. There are 75
iron-works within a 5-mile radius of this place.

As it is Saturday, the farmers of the neighborhood
come, according to custom, and gather at the inn to
talk and drink. There were about fifteen, although
the weather was very bad and the night dark, which,
with bad roads and heavy drinking, is the cause of
numerous accidents. In this section all the men are
remarkably tall.

The 26th-left Black River Town at 9 o'clock. At
Van House Tavern, in Dutch [German] Valley,^'*
6 miles; very bad lodging; hilly road, bad and stony
ground except in the little valleys between the very
high hills. Here the valley is wider and well culti-
vated. Mr. Wyse^^ has a farm here, 300 acres, with a
good stone house, which he offers to sell for £1400,
([Bottom endorsement:] but the ground has been
overworked and cannot produce any more.) The
valley is very pretty and is crossed by the South
branch of the Raritan River; but it is not navigable.

"The name was changed from German Valley to Long Valley in 1918.
1^ Probably Philip Weise. See T. F. Chambers, Early Germans of New Jersey
(189s), 148.

14 Cazenove Journal: 1794

Miller's Tavern,^*^ 8 miles, ([Side endorsement:] on
the Musconekon [Musconetcong] Creek. Here they
already count the dollar Ve as in Pennsylvania.)
Not good lodging. From Dutch [German] Valley
you have to climb a very steep mountain and the
road is bad; but you can stay here if there is need; it
is an isolated house in the valley, on a 200-acre farm,
which Miller bought for £600 in 1789, where it was

all woods. Now he is offered £1000 for it. Mr.

from Philadelphia has 500 uncultivated acres

there and Mr. Rutherford 1000. It is not worth £2.
There are many . . . ; a few wild ducks here.

All the pioneers who go from the East to Pittsburg,
Kentucky, etc., take this road and through Easton.
N.B. One could have an agent here when the settle-
ments begin in Pennsylvania." Miller told me that
every year hundreds of families pass, emigrating from
New England to Kentucky and Ohio. From Black
River here you see very few farms and almost every-
thing is woods and uncultivated land, except the
valley between the two ranges of mountains, which

Page g of Manuscript
66}4 [miles]

you cross; there the land is pretty good as far as
Easton and sells for £3 to £4 an acre for a 200-
acre farm, % of which is in the valley and }/^ on the
mountain.

Ten bushels wheat, 20 bushels corn, 15 bushels
buckwheat, are counted on in this district for a

" Probably Andrew Miller who kept an inn in this vicinity during the
Revolution, and lived until 1829. — Snell, Hist, of Sussex and Warren Counties,
N. J. (1881), 733. — See also Book B, of Deeds, p. 353, at Newton, N. J.

'^ This refers to the settlements which the Holland Land Co. hoped to
promote upon its lands in Penna.

New Jersey 15

harvest. They use little manure. The market in
East Town, however, is near and very busy, since
from there the produce goes to Philadelphia by the
Delaware River.

At Wilson's Tavern,^^ 7 miles, bad saloon on the
main road. N. B. The farmers buy as much land
around here as they can, not so much, for cultivation
as to . . . who send their cattle and horses to
pasture in the uncultivated woods.

At Makentayer's Tavern,^^ 5 miles, where I stayed;
bad inn. The road from Miller's here is fair, less
hilly but very stony, and with much unfertile land
on the heights. N. B. I took from Morristown the
upper road which is the shorter, but not so good;
and the innkeepers there are chiefly farmers, who
run hotels as a side-line.

Met here two men from New Jersey coming back
from the army — one was a wheelwright and the other
a harness-maker. They could not endure the mili-
tary hardships and all they told me strengthened my
opinion that you need a standing army to keep good
order in an extended and thickly populated district.
These two militiamen complained of the great in-
convenience of leaving their families and especially
their trades, which lost customers while the boss
was away. They also felt the great annoyance of
passing suddenly from the comfort of domestic life
to the deprivations, harshness, fatigues, and inclem-
ency of weather in camp life, tramping in the rain,

"Probably Joseph Wilson's inn at the present Washington, N. J.— See
Snell, Hist, of Sussex and JVarren Counties, N. J. (1881), p. 719.

19 Probably John Mclntyre who owned land and kept a tavern at the present
New Village, N. J.— Book L, of Deeds, pp. 6 and 9, at Newton, N. J. See also
Snell, Hist, of Sussex and IVarren Counties, N. J. (1881), p. 709.

1 6 Cazenove Journal: 17Q4

etc.; and yet they praised the abundance of food
and the fine weather they had in general.

The lack of neatness and of furniture in the farm-
houses, the lack of gardens and improvements . . .
delapidated state of the vineyards which are, however,
large and productive, comes from the lack of taste
and sensibility on the part of the farmers. The
wives have the care of the house, and besides they
have a number of children, 5, 6, 7, 8. So they have
more work than they can do, with no help, except
one or two old and dispirited colored women. That
is why the wives are indifferent, tired. With the
impossibility of having a neat or comfortable home,
and the lack of seeing anything neat and comfortable.
It is plain how, from father to son, is passed on this
astounding indifference to

Page 10 of Manuscript
yS}4 miles

the comforts of life. Fortunately, vanity plays its
part and obliges the farmers' wives to be well dressed,
often above their condition, on Sunday at church.
Without the wise institution of a day of rest, and
church service, may be the farmers' wives would
never wash. This lack of home comfort obliges the
farmer, who wants to enjoy himself to go to the
neighboring saloons to talk about politics and to
drink heavily; so having no opportunity to use their
extra money in improvements, they buy more land
around, and the pride of being considered a large
land-owner is the only thing that rouses them; except
for a few Inland inhabitants, who have lived for a
long time, from father to son, on their farms (but

Pennsylvania i?

those of that kind live in or very near the cities)
most of them have, either themselves or their fathers,
come to America from Germany, Scotland, and
expecially Ireland, poor, from among the poorest
country-people, and spent their first years in servi-
tude (as is the custom for that class) from 2 to 6
years, and then become mechanics or farmers, and
brought up their children as they were brought up.
October 27th— left the bad lodging of Makentayer.
[Arrived] at Easton town, of Pennsylvania, on the
Delaware, 8 miles. Stopped at Opp's-° at the sign
of the Golden Swan, very good lodging.

This little town is pretty; well laid out for the
main square and the rows of streets, partly lined
with good houses of blue stone, abundant in the
neighborhood. Easton is situated at the junction
of the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers, in a little valley
at the foot of the mountain.

The inhabitants are all Germans: the church is
large and the Lutheran and Presbyterian services
are alternately preached, but both in German. The
court-house is fine and very large:— there is a prison

Page II of Manuscript
the construction of which accounts for the frequent
escapes of the prisoners. A vaulted brick building
to keep the county records: Mr. G. Craig^^ who is its
prothonotary is a handsome man, and Mrs. Craig
gives an opportunity to notice that city society
people, who are isolated in a little country-town,

20 Jacob 0pp.— Easton tavern licenses, I794-I79S, in Northampton County
Papers (MSS.), vol. VII, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

21 Initial "G" for the French "GuiUaume". Wm. Craig was prothonotary
at this ^tdod.-Prothonotary Papers, 1783-1S31, in Northampton County
Papers (MSS.), vol. XVI, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

1 8 Cazenove Journal: 1794.

are the same In every country. She received me for
tea elegantly dressed and she complained without
ceasing of being deprived of the pleasures of Phila-
delphia.

Mr. Sitgreaves," who lives here, has just been
nominated for Congress for this district, North-
ampton, Bucks, and Cumberland counties. He is
a clever and very eloquent lawyer; his Federalist
principles kept him away from any post until now,
but since each district must appoint a representative
to Congress, and there was no other to do credit to
the county, Mifflin's party backed him for this
election.

There Is here a printing-establishment of only one
form, and which prints only a German newspaper
that Is published every Wednesday; the subscribers
pay a dollar a year, and 600 copies are delivered In
the city and neighborhood. The printer is at the
same time printer, poet, and compositor.

In one of the stores there were many books well
bound. They were all Bibles, Psalms and Chris
Coppe's-^ sermons, printed in Germany, and w^hich
sell very well here and in the vicinity, where the
people are very religious.

The facilities for shipping provisions from here to
Philadelphia, by the Delaware river, bring here the
produce of the neighborhood, especially in winter,
when there is snow; and some merchants (Mr.
Plersol) pay the farmers for the grain they bring,
according to the price in Philadelphia, only 6 pence

^ Samuel Sitgreaves, a Representative in Congress 1795-1798. Biographical
Congressional Directory (1913), p. 1000.

2' Probably J. B. Koppe, whose sermons were published at Gottingen in 1783.
— Nouvelle Biographie Generale (1861), 28: 79.

Pennsylvania 19

("deniers") less for a bushel. At the present time
they pay lis. for a bushel of wheat and 60 s., or
8 dollars, for a barrel of 180 lbs. of flour.

The freight from Easton to Philadelphia Is 6 pence
per bushel, and 34 dollar for a barrel of flour, and
the boats make the trip in from 24 to 30 hours. To
go up the river takes 3 days and the 100 lb. weight
costs y2 a dollar, which is as expensive as the price
of the stage from Philadelphia to Easton.

There are several locations advantageous for mills;
in a radius of 2 miles there are 7 flour mills, each one
working with 3 pairs of millstones.

Page 12 of Manuscript
7S-}4 [miles]

Easton, Mordacay Peirsol, merchant and real
estate agent, knows the neighborhood. He Is also a
commission merchant In grain, asking ^2%. One
must send J/2 In small notes of the 3 banks and )4
coin. In December, . . . January and February,
the best buying time — when there is a great deal of
snow — Is able to supply at least 10,000 bushels and
store It until spring, — April or March, to go down
the river. The storage, shipping, and freight to
Philadelphia amount to 9 pence per bushel. For
the price of provisions, land, lots, etc., see one of
the printed papers filled in at Easton.

The 28 of October, left Easton at 1 1 o'clock.

At Nazareth, 8 miles, stopped with John Grlmser;^^
neat lodging, under Moravian direction. The land
along the road Is fairly cultivated, but there are few

^*John Kremser. — ^Tavern licenses, I794.-I795, in Northampton County
Papers (MSS.), vol. VII, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

20 Cazenove Journal: 1794

farms because of the difficulty of finding water in
this district. It is necessary to dig very deeply and
search for a long time.

Morse's Geography, page , describes this place.

The Nazareth settlement is entirely Moravian and
is a part of this large congregation which Zinzendorf
established all over the world. This one was begun
in 1763 on a carefully chosen piece of land of 1800
acres. The men's and the women's houses, the
Church, everything is plain and well built; part of
the land is cultivated by 3 farmers who give J^ of the
income to the Intendant of the Congregation. There
are about 30 houses, among which are 2 large build-
ings where the women live and where the Church
and College are. There is a rich spring of most
excellent water, which, by means of underground
pipes, furnishes all the houses with water. In the
backyards there are well built gutters to let the water
run into the meadows, which makes them a rich
pasture. N. B. Good example to follow.

In the Boys' College, about 36 boarders, who
learn reading, writing, ciphering, and German,
English, and Latin. They learn

Page I J of Manuscript
Nazareth 83-3^ miles

also French, but from a teacher who cannot speak
it and has a German pronunciation. All of the 36
boarders sleep in two adjoining rooms; each one has
his bed, but there is hardly enough room for the 36
beds and the ceiling is low. The terms are £25
under 12 years old, and £30 above. I did not
think this school a very good one; however there

Pennsylvania 2 1

were 22 names on the waiting list, the building being
too small to take more than 36. The Church is as
large as that of Zeyst [Zeist, Netherlands]; a very
good organ. About 500 men, women, and children
are leaving [?] the Nazareth settlement.

Mr. Tillofson,-^ the General Intendant, is very
obliging.

There is a little isolated building where the dead
are kept for three days, and are often examined to
prevent the burial of those who might not be dead
(excellent measure that ought to be followed in
ever>^ U. S. city where they have the custom of
burying the dead within 24 hours.)

In the woman's house, there is an apartment
upstairs with 40 beds for the ladies, and the ceiling
is so low that it must be very unhealthful.

Everything is the property of the Unity or Con-
gregation whose seat is in Herrnhut, Saxony, where
the temporal and spiritual affairs of the Congregation
and every Settlement are managed by a council of
12 heads, chosen by the delegates of the various
establishments once every 7 years, but besides this
choice, it is necessary for them to be confirmed by
lot, — what they call "chosen by the Lord."

The innkeeper manages the inn for the settlement.
He is kept and receives £30 per year, with a bonus
of from £8 to £10 if business has been good.

The surplus made by the settlement, after all
expenses are paid, is sent to Germany to the 12 heads
who render a statement to the generals. There are
in the United States eleven settlements, each one
sending its accounts directly to the 12. There are

^ Probablv Nils Tillofsen. — Levering, Hist, of Bethlehem, 569, note.

22 Cazenove Journal: 17Q4

3 bishops In the United States, i In Bethlehem, i in
LItltz, and i In North Carolina.

Two miles from Nazareth, there Is another settle-
ment

Page I-/, of Manuscript
83K [miles]
Nazareth

of Moravians called Christian Spring; It Is a fine
farm of 1500 acres In a beautiful valley, remarkably
well cultivated by about 64 Moravians who do the
farm work under the direction of Count Golgosskl,^^
a Pole related to ZInzendorf. This settlement was
begun In 1753. There Is a mill, a brewery, and
everything needed for a large and Isolated farm.
Those who till It are some poor German Moravians
sent by the heads on condition of working for their
keep, but now they want to be paid and they are
given £16 wages a year besides their keep. This
settlement Is In the department of the one at Naza-
reth. At the evening-prayer, In Nazareth, they
sing hymns beautifully and news from St. Thomas
is read, relating to the great tornado there has been
there, telling of the anxieties and damage done to
the Moravian brothers of St. Thomas, and how much
the Lord helped them in their distress.

Good land In the neighborhood sells for £15; fair,
10 to 8; poor, 3 to 2 £.

I paid Mr. Tilofson," manager of the Moravian
settlement at Nazareth, $15 for a hogshead of the
good cider they make there; at Christmas he will
send it to Mr. M. Plersol, at Easton, who will send

^ Reference probably to George Golkowsky. — Levering, Hist, of Bethlehem,
214, note.

" See note 25.

Pennsylvania 23

it to me to Philadelphia, care of Harrisson and
Sterret, -^ by water or land.

The directors of the Moravian settlement in the
U. S. wrote to the 12 in Germany, advising them to
sell in a lump the Christian Spring establishment,
with land, buildings, etc. They expect an answer
this year.

When you observe what peace and abundance
there are in these Moravian settlements, you see how
much better superstition and enthusiasm are than
the dissoluteness and laziness always produced by
irreligion. There is no choice for the masses, they
must be bigoted or be the prey of their most vicious
inclinations.

Page 75 of Manuscript
83K [miles]

Left Nazareth at 10 o'clock, October 29.

Bethlehem, 10 miles, stopped at the sign of the
Golden Sun,-^ good lodging. . . . land which does
not belong to the Moravian Community in this dis-
trict. The farms are generally from 100 to 200 or
300 acres. Every year the farms diminish in size.
8 miles from here is the Irish settlement, where the
Irish came in 1740, while the Moravians settled at
Bethlehem; but the Irish became poor and their
places have gradually been filled by Germans who
are thriving there.

Farms from 100 to 200 acres. Price of farms an
acre:

2^ Harrison and Sterret, merchants, 3 Walnut Street. — Philadelphia Direc'
tory, 1794, p. 65.

2' The old Sun Inn is still in active operation, 1921. — See Reichel, The Old
Sun Inn (1873).

24 Cazenove Journal: 17Q4.

£13 to 15 for the best, £6 to 8 for the fair. . .£3 for
the poor; then, 100 to 150 [acres] cultivated; 50 in
woods; house and barn fair.

The German farmers are beginning to sow a great
deal of clover and turnips, and plant large apple-
orchards. An acre produces 15 bushels of wheat, 20
bushels of corn. Workmen or laborers, scarce, — 4
to 5 shillings a day.

From Easton to Nazareth and from Nazareth to
Bethlehem, as far as you can judge from the road
(often very high) generally the land is still uncul-
tivated, at least not Vs is culitvated, but the farms
you see are large enough and have very large fields of
wheat, corn and buckwheat; the hollows are good
pasture; the soil is sand and clay; the woods, oak
trees; the houses are stone, and several of logs and
stone. All the inhabitants are German; in the coun-
try-churches, each Sunday, a Lutheran and a Pres-
byterian sermon, in German, are alternately preached.

The settlement of the Moravians in Bethlehem is
situated in a very large valley where the Congre-
gation owns a district of about 5000 acres. It was
begun in 1742, and until 1762 the Moravians there
were merged in a common family, whose every indi-
vidual was working for the Community, and was
kept by it; but since then this full surrender of for-
tune no longer occurs. Each one of the brothers and
sisters keeps his property and is paid for his work.
But the land, buildings, mills, etc., — everything is the
property of the Community, which rents the 5 farms,
into which the 5000 acres are subdivided.

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Pennsylvania 2$

Page i6 of Manuscript
Bethlehem

and supplies the mills, stores, the tan-yard, the
bakery, the school, the brewery, etc., for the benefit
of the Community, which gives so much a year to
the brother directing each establishment. These
brothers keep a strict account of the expenses and
produce, and hand the profits over to the 4 elders
who kee^D all accounts and send to the 12 in Herrnhut
in monthly payments 4% as interest on the sums
used for the purchase of land and the erecting of
mills, etc., which have been successively provided by
Germany. The rest of the income pays for the
expenses of the heads, the pensions to the poor
brothers and sisters, etc.

So there are in Bethlehem one large flour-mill, one
large lumber mill, one large oil press, one large
tobacco factory, one large factory to full cloth, a
boarding-school, where there are 80 students from all
parts of the States, 4 large farms, i large farm with
an enclosure where 40 cows [are kept], a brewery, a
seminary for men, one for widows and one for girls,
a bakery, a tan-yard, a store where all kinds of
merchandise from England and from Germany are
sold at retail, a large inn for strangers; shoemakers,
tailor, locksmith and carpenter.

All these establishments work for the Congregation,
which allots their supervision to some brother and
sister, to whom so much a year is given and who then
pay their own expenses and board in the seminaries.
There is one general Intendant, and the 4 elders
among whom is the bishop have the superintendence.
Now the number of Moravians, men, women, and

26 Cazenove Journal: I7g4

children, has come down to about 400. And the
total number in all their settlements in Pennsylvania
is not more. than 1200. There were more before,
but the Congregation purchased 100,000 acres of

Page 17 of Manuscript
Bethlehem

land in North Carolina and established 8 settlements
where there are 2000 Moravians, also one in Mount
Hope^° in Jersey, of few members. There are 3
Moravian bishops in the United States.

A rich spring, at the bottom of the valley, supplies
every house with water; the water is sent up into a
tank and pushed through a pipe to a height of 120
feet, by means of 3 pistons worked by a wheel put in
motion by the water current.

Twelve sisters are constantly busy, in a house on
the river, washing and ironing the clothes of the
boarders and the sisters and brothers. I doubt if
the education given by the Moravian teachers, who
do not know life, is very useful to form character,
but they teach needle-work, painting, music, reading,
writing, and arithmetic. However, there are 80
school girls, daughters of good families of different
States and the reputation of this school is such that
there were 80 names on its waiting list. The boarders
are divided among 6 rooms, not large, and overheated
by large German stoves. They sleep in two rooms,
with low ceilings; thus there are 40 beds in each
room and not a fire-place, only a small air-hole in
the middle of the ceiling — nothing could be more
unhealthful. Every Friday evening and Sunday the
boarders go to the Moravian Church. I shall never

'" The correct name is Hope, rather than Mount Hope.

Pennsylvania 27

put in the Bethlehem School any girl for whom I am
responsible. The tuition, board and other items go
to £50 or 133 dollars a year per girl; the food is
good, but not extra. Everybody in Bethlehem has
dinner at twelve.

The Bishop told me the Congregation now counts
16000 members: Indians, savages, negroes, etc.,
(heathen) who have been baptised by the missionary
brothers: among these are about 1200 Indians of
North America.

When I asked the bishop if he would sell land or a
house to someone who, without following their
doctrine, would come to settle peaceably in Beth-
lehem, he told me they only admit those who promise
to follow the rules and creed of the fratrum unitas.

Page 18 of Manuscript
93~/^ [miles]
October 30th left Bethlehem at — o'clock.

At Allen's Town, 6 miles, — stopped at Egher's,
fair [lodging]. It is a pretty town of about 80 to
100 houses, 2 German churches, a Lutheran one
which is called "the Church," and the other Pres-
byterian. It is a settlement begun in 1761 by Mr.
Allen,^^ Attorney General in Philadelphia, and now
his grand daughters' property, the 3 Misses Allen.
The situation of the town is high and healthful; the
streets are well laid out. The ladies sell the city
lots 60 feet front by 200 depth for £25 besides being
subjected to a perpetual quit-rent of 9 shillings. The
land around the town is theirs and is divided into

21 The founder of Allentown was William Allen, for some time Chief Justice
of Pennsylvania.

28 Cazenove Journal: 1794

6 farms, which they rent to German farmers for a
dollar an acre per year.

On approaching the town, near the River Lehigh
and on a crest, the land is more cultivated and the
farms nearer each other. On the other side of the
Lehigh River there was a farm of 80 acres, ^4 of it
cleared, which was offered for sale at £700 or £9
an acre. A mile away from Allen Town, a beautiful
farm situated on a crest, on the slope of a hill, could
be bought for £3000. There were 240 acres, 140
of which were in tillage and pasture, and 100 acres
in woods, besides 60 acres in woods 2 miles away;
the house and barn were good and very well kept.
It had produced that year 12 bushels of wheat per
acre, which had been sold the day before to the
Allen's Town dealer for 10 s./6 a bushel.

At Baler's Tavern^'^ — 3 miles — lodging tolerable, in
case of necessity; isolated on the high way. Ealer
is a farmer and owns 264 acres in Allen Town and
neighborhood.

Beef, mutton, and veal, 5 pence a pound; wheat,
10/6 a bushel; salt, 616 a bushel; butter, i shilling a
pound, is bought here and sent to Philadelphia;
walnut wood, 15 s. a cord; oak wood, 10 s. a cord.
It is easy to get workmen at harvest time for 4 s. a
day. In general, the size of the farms is from 200 to
300 acres. Price of a farm of 250 acres £10 to
£15 an acre, with 120 [acres] cultivated, 30 pasture,
100 woods; house and barn made of stone of the
neighborhood. Much clover is sown. You find
land entirely uncultivated, [with] woods, bushes, to

'* Peter Ealer, Whitehall Township. — ^Tavern licenses, 1794-1795, in Nor-
thampton County Papers (MSS.), vol. VII, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

Pennsylvania 29

be bought for £2 or £3 [per acre]. An acre yields
12 to 18 bushels of wheat — new land 25 bushels; 40
bushels corn, but only from pure seed [?]; 20 to 28
bushels buckwheat, according to the weather or rain

Ground limestone.

Page 19 of Manuscript
i02->^ [miles]

Rotation: I. Wheat.

2. Oats or corn or buckwheat.

3. Clover.

4. Clover and plowing to sow.

They fertilize with lime — about 40 bushels per
acre — which is found in abundance in the country
around, — and with farm manure.

Plaster of Paris is good to grow clover, but its
price has gone up very much since the war; before
it was }4 dollar a bushel and now is i dollar a bushel
and they have to go and get it themselves in Phila-
delphia. For clover they manure in the proportion
of 4 bushels per acre.

They are all German farmers In this district;
they are diligent and thrifty and become rich; 'few
vegetables besides cabbage, potatoes, and turnips.

They plow with 2 horses; they generally have 2
and 3 teams. You have to pay from £20 to 25 for
a good plow-horse. They are beginning to use oxen
which are bought for £18 [?] to £20 a pair.

Ealer has to pay, for 264 acres, size of his farm,
this year: no State taxes, 30 s [hillings] county tax,
14 s. road tax, 7 s. poor tax: has to prove that he is

30 Cazenove Journal: 1794

ill, or crippled or old; 10 to 20 s. free donation for
the maintenance of the minister, and parish church.

At Trexler's Tavern^^ 5 miles; bad lodging; isolated
on the road; ^4 mile from there you pass near Big
Spring. It is such a rich and steady spring that it
gives enough water to set a mill going 200 feet away.

From Ealer's to Trexler's you pass through 3 miles
of uncultivated land which may be had for £2 to
3 an acre, but cash; sandy and stony land on which
only brushwood and a few oak trees and pines, very
puny and stunted, will grow. At the end of this
forest, or heath, you arrive in Berks County; there
the land Is broken by less high hills and gentler slopes;
the ground is very good, almost all cultivated, and
there are many farms: it is a succession of fields
intermixed with little woods, retained by the farmers;
very interesting to pass through because these
German farmers take very good care of their farms:
the houses are of stone or

Page 20 0} Manuscript
107-^4 [miles]

"logs", beams, with the crevices filled with stones
and mortar.

At Coots Town [Kutztown] in Berck's [Berks]
County, 9 miles; stopped with Stauht,^^ a Frenchman
from Lorraine — at the sign of Washington — good
lodging.

All this country has been cultivated and inhabited

'' Jeremiah Trexler, Macungie Township. — Tavern licenses, 1794-179S, in
Northampton County Papers (MSS.), vol. VII, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

" Probably John Stoudt (or Staudt). — ^Tavern licenses, Jan. I, 1795, io
Berks County Records (MSS.), vol. VII, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa. See
also Heads of Families, First U. S. Census, 1790, Penna., p. 37.

Pennsylvania 3 1

for a long time. Mr. G. Coots [Kutz]^^ had a farm
here; he chose next to his place a piece of ground of
80 acres and in 1780 laid out for a town the land
which was then in woods, and crossed by the highway.
Now there is a large stone church for Lutheran and
Presbyterian Germans who alternately preach there.

Mr. Coots [Kutz] sells his lots, 50 feet front, 160
feet depth, up to 100 or 200 Dollars [1], plus a quit-
rent of 5-^ s [hillings]; it being thus a perpetual
rent of 5-^ s. (shillings) per lot. In 1780 Coots
[Kutz] gave the lots for this rent. In 1790 you could
get them for £15 and they are now £40 for a street
lot: one of the last ones has just been sold for £60
in . . .

There are already about 50 houses, among which
are 5 taverns, this road being followed by all those
who emigrate from the East, to go and live in Ken-
tucky and in the new lands of Pennsylvania. [There
is] not a farmer in this village, where, by asking from
door to door, I found out there were: i turner, I
carpenter, I joiner, 2 hatmakers making poor hats,

1 saddle maker, i baker, i shoemaker, 2 tailors, I
lock-smith, i wheelwright, i minister, i school [for
learning] to read and write German and English, r
jeweller, who also fixes watches, i weaver, i tobacco-
factory, 2 stores, I butcher, I [place] where 5 women,
spin cotton and wool, I ginger-bread vendor, i
carpenter for houses, i potter, i tan-yard, 5 taverns,

2 of which are very good; a main route from the
east to .

The houses are of (logs) beams and mortar; the
best ones have boards on the outside and are painted
like bricks. These few houses, where live the day-

^The founder of Kuutown was Ge-rge Kutz. — Montgomery, History of
Berks County (1886), 855.

32 Cazenove Journal: 17Q4

laborers, constitute the whole town, which Is in a
pretty poor situation; its inhabitants live on the
produce of the neighboring farms. These farmers
take their wheat to the German Town mills, 7 miles
from Philadelphia, where they were still paid lis.
9 d. a bushel, on the 28th of October. The dealers
(in the stores) pay 10 s [hillings] to those who want
to sell theirs here and so avoid the trouble of sending
it by land (53 miles) to German Town.

This part of Berks County has the reputation of
having the best lands

Page 21 of Manuscript
116-^2 [miles]

of the County and is [indeed] excellent ground
(Township Maxadany) [Maxatawny]. The rest of
the county is not so good. There are iron mines on
the mountain and 3 iron-works.

Here the farms are generally from 150 to 200 acres.
The price of land here for a farm with house, bam,
etc., is from £13 to £14 an acre. Then the house
and barn are good and it is divided: 30 acres in
woods, 25 good meadows, 95 tilled land, — and in
proportion if there are 200 or 250 acres. So a 150-
acre farm near here, the house and barn of which
would cost £900 to build, has been sold for £2200.
The land is a little used up, but 2 years rest would
give it great value.

Generally an acre of land [produces] 20 bushels of
wheat, 25 bushels of barley, 25 to 30 bushels of
buckwheat, l-^ to 2 [.?] tons of hay, both cuttings,
I-M to 2 tons of clover, 2 cuttings, and then turn
the cattle in; corn, a little.

Pennsylvania 3 3

Maxadany [Maxatawny] Township has remarkable
springs: there are three which give enough water to
set in motion big mills 100 to 200 feet away from the
spring.

Plowing is done with horses, but the custom of
plowing with oxen is gaining more and more.

They generally sow wheat. The Hessian fly is
very detrimental to them. For fertilizer manure is
used. Plaster of Paris is very good for clover the
first 2 years, but they find out that it uses up the
land.

A good 300 acre farm is offered for sale near here,
fair house, very good barn, near the River, 60 acres
meadow, 230 tillable, 10 woods, — excellent land, for
£4000 cash.

Generally the farmers force the ground, because
the fathers will it to their oldest sons, commanding
them to pay a certain amount of money to the
younger brothers or sisters, — and in order to pay off
these debts, they force the products.

Here you have to In lygi

pay for butter, 11 pence a pound; 6

meat, 5 '' '' " 2-^
Salt from Philadelphia [prices omitted]

Walnut wood, 10 s [hillings] a cord; 7~^

Oak '' 7-1^ '' '' " 6

October, 1794, wheat 10 s. per bushel, barley 6-J/2
s., buckwheat 2 s./6 to 3 s. For flour you buy your
wheat and bring it to the mill, where it is ground for
one tenth [of it].

A stranger finds here a good unfurnished room
with fire-place for 6 to 7 dollars a year, and board at
Stauht's for 10 s. per week, £25 a year.

34 Cazenove Journal: 17Q4

You get day-laborers for 2 s./6 plus their board,
and you can hire a good farm hand for £20 a year
[but these are] beginning to get scarce.

Page 22 of Manuscript

The German farmers also manufacture coarse
woolen material for coats, skirts, etc, and all their
shirt-linens; they buy only their best clothes, for
Sunday, and not many of these, as they are thrifty
to the point of avarice; to keep seems [?] to be their
great passion; they live on potatoes, and buckwheat
cakes instead of bread. They deny themselves
everything costly; but when there is snow, they
haunt the taverns. They are remarkably obstinate
and ignorant.

On every farm they cultivate enough flax and hemp
and also raise what sheep they need for making
their linen and cloth. They have a few gardens, at
least for cabbage and carrots, and they all have bee-
hives. You always feel like settling in the country
when you see the excellent ground and the charm of
the country, and also the advantage of farming, but
you lose courage when you realize the total lack of
education of the farmers, and that it is absolutely
necessary to live to yourself, if you have any edu-
cation, knowledge and feeling. There ought to be
5 or 6 families living close together in these districts;
then they would be very happy, for freedom and
abundance are obtained in a thousand places of the
United States, if you are sensible and diligent; but
for society — nescio vos.

All these farmers talk politics, and because they
read the papers, they think they .know a great deal

Pennsylvania 35

about the government; they think that government
officers are too many and overpaid. One of these
was complaining about the government excise and
wanted a land-tax, but I pacified him with an argu-
ment made for those who never generalize ideas — a
land-tax, I told him, is against liberty, because every
one must pay it if he has land, while the excise can
be avoided if you want to — in order to do so, do not
distill or drink any intoxicating drinks.

Page 2S of Manuscript
li6-}4 [miles]

October 31st left Coots [Kutz] Town; fine warm
weather, Indian Summer.

At Nicholas Schaffer's Tavern,^^ 12 miles: Maiden
Creek Township; fair lodging, Isolated on the road,
and nicely situated on the Schuylkill River.

He has 182 acres; 120 are cultivated, — clover,
wheat, buckwheat; 62 wood-land; good house, bam;
he is offered £4000 for it, but in this district the
land is worth £12 to £15 an acre. For the farms
which generally have 150 acres, and a farmer's house,
barn, etc., — 90 to 100 acres tilled, 50 to 60 acres
woods; the yield for an acre generally is: 15 bushels
wheat, 25 bushels buckwheat, 15 bushels rye, barley,
one to i-}4 tons of clover, when in good order;
(fallow) it rests every 3 years, and every 3 years the
ground is enriched with plaster of Paris, for if you

36 This was probably the old Cross Keys Inn, still standing five miles north
of Reading on the banks of the Schuylkill River. "Nicolas Scheffer, inn-
keeper," of Maiden Creek township (which extended west to the Schuylkill in
1794) mentioned in Berks County Deed Book, vol. XI, p. 66. See also tavern
licenses of Jan. I, 1795, in Berks County Records (MSS.), vol. VII, State Library,
Harrisburg, Pa.

36 Cazenove Journal: 1794

put it on more often than every 3 years It ruins the
ground. At harvest-time you find workmen for 3 s.
and at other times for 2/6 a day, with board, but you
have to pay them with wheat, calculated as being
worth a i dollar a bushel, 7/6, and so it is more
expensive than 3 s. when the wheat is worth more
than that.

October 1794, here the price of wheat is 10 S./9 a
bushel, buckwheat 3 s. a bushel, barley 7 s. a bushel,
hay £5 a ton, walnut wood 3 dollars a cord, oak
wood 2-^2 dollars a cord, butter 14 to 15 pence a
pound.

They send to market in Reading, 5 miles from
here, where now [sentence not completed in manu-
script.]

The house and barn are made with beams, and
the crevices are filled with stones and mortar. The
rich and not too economical farmers board their
houses on the outside, and have them neatly painted
like bricks, which gives a pleasant appearance.
Schaffer, a farmer with 182 acres, pays

£ United States,

no state tax,
£4.15 County Tax

—.10 Poor Tax

—.15 Road Tax

£ 6 or ^7-

1/37

Page 24 0} Manuscript
i2^-}4 [miles]

. October 31st arrived at Reading, 5 miles; pretty

'^ The %7l^ is clearly written in the manuscript but no doubt represents a
lapse on Cazenove's part, as £ 6 would amount to sixteen dollars.

Pennsylvania 37

good lodging with Mr. Woods,^^ formerly Withman,
at the sign of Washington.

On one side, the surrounding country is wild and
little cultivated, but the other side is prettier. The
city is situated on a hill, quite high, yet surrounded
by higher mountains. At the foot of the hill, the
Schuylkill River winds. The city consists of several
large streets. In the center of the 2 main ones is
the Court-House. There may be about 450 or 500
houses (and 3000 inhabitants, 15 Germans for one of
other nations) — among which houses about 50 are
newly built, of bricks, and neatly decorated like the
Philadelphia houses, with a strip of white marble.

On both sides of the Court-House are 2 markets,
very clean, but their situation in the heart of the city,
and in the middle of the main streets, is more con-
venient than beautiful. The "streets are very wide,
but are not yet paved, though they have sidewalks,
and gutters for the flowing of water.

The ground intended for the city is one mile long
by 34 of a mile wide.

The streets are laid out^^ like Philadelphia's: the 2
streets in the centre, which cross, are lined on both
sides with houses, but the side streets have only a
few. The first house was built here in 175 1, and
for 43 years the city has made rapid progress. The
only manufacture is that of hats, which are made
chiefly of wool, and sell for i dollar; the export of
them is 40 thousand a year. In one of the back

^* Probably Michael Wood, who succeeded, about this time, to the hotel
business of the Witman family. — Montgomery, Hist, of Berks Co. (1886), 659-
660. See also Berks County Records (MSS.), Vol. VII, State Library, Harris-
burg, Pa.

'' At this point in his Journal Cazenove made a rough diagram of the
principal streets of Reading.

38 Cazenove Journal: 1794.

streets a carpenter makes boats which he then takes
to the river. There was a finished boat in the middle
of the street, 60 feet long by 8 feet wide, costing £45.
They are very flat and without keel; thus they carry
to Philadelphia a load of 5 tons, when the Schuykill
is low, and 12 when it is high; a new and beautiful
R[oman] Catholic Church (a fine new German
Lutheran Church and a German Presbyterian one.)

Page 2$ 0} Manuscript
133-K m.
Reading.

There were in the county jail 4 prisoners, all born
in Pennsylvania: a criminal for theft and forgery; a
man and his wife for thefts; and an intriguer who
had cheated the county farmers, making them believe
that he knew how to make 2 dollars with only one
dollar. He began by giving them back 8 shiny ones
for 4 old ones they had given him, then 20 for 10.
Finally, they brought him, one man 100, another
300 dollars, to be doubled, and he disappeared when
he had a good-sized sum.

[The new Roman Catholic Church (see close of
preceding page)] was built here in 1792. There are
only about 50 Roman Catholic families here, but
there are some in the country who come here from
50 miles around — but the priest lives 20 miles away
and comes only once a month for the service. There
is a German church — one of Quakers.

[There being] many merchants, having stores, the
trade inland and the transit business is very im-
portant. The farm produce is shipped from here to
Philadelphia, on these flat boats which carry from

Pennsylvania 39

5 to 12 tons, according to the seasons, when the
river is high or low. The county-jail and the seat of
the court [are here]. About foodstuffs, price of land,
city-lots, etc., consult a printed blank^° filled in for
Reading by Mr. Read,^^ a highly regarded lawyer
here, who showed me much politeness, as well as a
Mr. Morris.^" There are here about 20 rich families,
[worth] from 10 or 15 thousand to £100,000. Mr.
Heyster^^ is said to be worth £100 thousand.

A German newspaper is printed here every Wednes-
day, for I dollar a year. The Penns, proprietors,
founded this city and kept for themselves a perpetual
rent of 6 s. for each city lot. Twice a week, the
stage-coach goes to Philadelphia, fare 2-^4 dollars,
and to Harrisburg, fare 2-}4 dollars.

Mifflin's farm, now belonging to Nicholson,^ 3
miles from Reading; pretty bad road, like all the
others. Its situation is high, although the hills or
mountains around are higher, and covered with
woods, but from the house you see above the fields
the city of Reading and the whole country. The
stone-house is very good and well built. On the
ground-floor, there is a large kitchen, with a rich
and never-failing spring of excellent water; next a

" No trace of Cazenove's printed blanks has been found, in America or
Holland.

*^ Undoubtedly Collinson Read, an eminent attorney of Reading at that
time. — Montgomery, Hist, of Berks Co. (1886), 558. ^'Ir. Read is also men-
tioned prominently by La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Travels through the U. S.
(2 vols. London, 1799), I, 26, 29.

^ Perhaps Benjamin Morris, brother of Cadwalader Morris. — Montgomery,
Hist, of Berks County (1886), p. 549.

*^ The reference is probably to Joseph Hiester, later Governor of Penna.

" Governor Thomas Mifflin sold the farm to John Nicholson, of Phila.
The latter was Controller, State of Penna., 1782-1794, and a great speculator in
lands. Brief biographical sketch in H. Simpson, Lives of Eminent Philadelphians
(1859), 743-744. — Also Deed Book, XIV, 342, Berks Co. Records, Reading, Pa.

40 Cazenove Journal: 1^94

dining-room with a small pantry, further on, the
hall, which is a room with a fire-place, and a small
room with a fire-place; a good stairway leads to the
second floor where there are 7 bed-rooms, and many
ward-robes and closets, — very large attic divided in
2, and a large and excellent cellar. The piazza is in
bad order, no carpeting, but very clean — an ice-
house— very large barn, and a stable for about 12
horses and 48 cows — a cider-press, an orchard of old
trees, and a second one of young pear-trees. There
is a saw-mill, and water for another mill, for flour,
a little but bad house for a workman; a spring that
can bring water all over the house and to the stables.
The garden, not well taken care of, but might be
nicely arranged.

The nature of this land is "Lime land," calcareous
land. There are 900 acres adjacent, and 500 acres
a mile away from the large farm.

Page 26 of Manuscript
^33-H [miles]

The 900 acres consist of:

70 in natural meadows, well watered.

30 that may be made into natural meadows.

400 cleared woods, 280 of which are cultivated.

400 woods, the greater part of which can be made

into artificial meadows.
900 [acres]

The 500 of the so-called "Island farm" consist of:

90 meadow and field, on an island formed by the

Schuykill River.
410 in woods, good for timber, and the greater part
of which can be made tillable and Into pasture.

Pennsylvania 41

Mr. Nicholson has the large farm worked by a
Quaker farmer*^ to whom he gives £90 and the
food supplied by the farm: aside from that, the
farmer stands to him merely in the relation of a
clerk to his employer.

The years 1793 and 1794 have been rather bad on
account of the weather, etc., but in 1791 and 1792,
the farm, not much worked, produced:

700 bushels of wheat
200 " " barley
300 " " buckwheat
150 " " corn
150 tons of hay and clover

The farmer told me you could count on a pro-
duction of

10 to 15 bushels of wheat per acre
20 to 25 corn

25 to 30 " " buckwheat per acre
10 to 15 " " barley " "

I to i^ tons hay and clover per acre

He had tried plaster of Paris; it was a success and
gave a large cutting of clover.

On the 500 acres of Island farm, there is a bad
farm-house; this land is rented to a farmer under
condition of giving 6 bushels of the yield of each
acre; the purchase of this land would be, I think,
beneficial for those who could direct the work. In
179 1, Governor Mifflin offered to sell me this large

** La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt speaks of securing information on agricul-
ture from a Mr. Evans, near Reading: "He superintends and manages the farm
of Angelico for Mr. Nicholson in Philadelphia, who bought it three years ago
from Governor MifBin." La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Travels Through the
United States (2 vols., London, 1799), I, 30.

42 Cazenove Journal: 1794

farm, and the 500 acres of the Island, for £7000.
He sold it since for £9000 to Mr. Nicholson, who
now asks £12000 for it. There are several farms
around, but no society. The land is level, and its
proximity to the River and the city of Reading,
where there is a stage-coach twice a

Page 2y of Manuscript
133-/^ [miles]

week for Philadelphia, 56 miles from Reading, where
there is a market, doctor, and some social life, is a
great advantage.

November 2nd left Reading at 9 o'clock; took two
more horses and a postilion for 2 D [ollars] a day for
as long as I shall keep them, and counting i-}4 days
for the return either from Lancaster or Philadelphia.

In France everywhere I saw the farmers had 4
times as much furniture as the farmers in America
generally have; above all there is no comparison
between the keeping of the inside and outside of the
farms, under the same conditions.

In France you see the farmers having first, several
large wardrobes, filled with clothes and linen, more or
less, silver spoons, knives and forks, large silver
drinking-cups for each member of the family, father,
mother, older children; much linen underwear and
table-Hnen, good wines and brandy in the cellar; each
farm has a well kept garden with plenty of vegetables,
cabbage, lettuce, turnips.

In Pennsylvania^ the rich German farmers and
others [unfinished].

At Deep Spring^^ [stopped] at 5 miles. Fair

** The present Sinking Spring. An old tavern, probably the one referred to
by Cazenove, is still standing on the property.

Pennsylvania 43

tavern, on the road. There you see a very rich
spring, forming a small reservoir, whose water dis-
appears under the ground and forms a large brook
200 feet away.

At 5 [miles]. On the road, a tavern where

one could easily spend the night, it being clean; J<4
mile away, you see the Big, or Allen Spring.'*' It is
a little spring always spouting up in several places
and forming a little pond 18 feet deep, peculiarly full
of excellent trout; the spring has enough water to set
a mill in motion. The farm, on which It is, belongs
to Squire Ekhard,^^ a justice of the peace, who bought
it in 1788 for £2100, and spent £1000 on it. He
has just sold It for £6000, payable In a certain time,
with 6% interest until payment. There are 320
acres, 140 of which is a forest of good timber, and 180
Is tilled and pasture. He does not think the pur-
chaser can produce the £360 net, necessary to pay
him the Interest. Every morning and evening, a
dense fog rises from the pond where the spring is and
makes this place full of fever.

Page 28 of Manuscript
1 43 >^ [miles]

The country is rather pretty along this road; the
land Is very much intersected with high hills and
mountains, but their declivity allows culture, almost
to the top, which Is generally covered with forests
very useful to the farmers. The valleys are rich
meadows and the rest of the land Is in grains and_
clover. The farmers' houses are well built, of stone;

" Big Spring, recently renamed Crystal Lake, lies about ij^ miles west of
VVemersville and about J^ mile north of the main Reading-Harrisburg pike.
" Probably John Eckert, Esquire. — Berks County Deed Book, No. 13, p. 219.

44 Cazenove Journal: 1794

good, large barns, good teams of large and strong
horses, . . . and if the farmers liked money less, they
would surround themselves with more conveniences
and live in plenty.

([Top and side endorsements:] They have all
become rich, through the high price of grains since
the French Revolution. They accumiilate cash and
keep it idle, by distrust — or they buy land, next to
their own, which they do not cultivate and their sav-
ings remain idle. However, it is only fair to say that
German farmers give farms to their sons as soon as
they are of age, for their marriage, and even if they
have 10 sons, they all become farmers, — ^while Irish
farmers, if they make a fortune, bring up their
children for the cities.)

In this district an acre of land is worth from £15 to
£20, but then they are 200 or 300 acre farms, partly
cultivated and with house and barn. The road, as
everywhere, is very bad, clayey soil and rocks, very
deep ruts; in short, break-neck, impassable if it
rained at all.

Womelsdorf, at Stauch's,^^ 4 miles, pretty good
lodging. It is a town where there are a German
Lutheran church, about 50 houses, among which
some of stone and 3 or 4 new ones of bricks, the rest
are of logs and mortar. The neighborhood is re-
markably well cultivated, therefore pleasant. The
road from here to Meyer Town is very bad, clay or
pebbles or rocks, until

^^ Conrad Stauch. — Montgomery, History of Berks County (1886), 875; see
also tavern licenses, Jan. i, 1795, in Berks County Records (MSS.), vol. VII,
State Library, Harrisburg, Pa. Mr. John A. Matthews, an aged resident of
Womelsdorf, feels sure (1921) that Conrad Stauch kept the old Center House,
now closed.

Pennsylvania 45

Meyer's Town [Myerstown] 7 miles, stopped with
Khener/'' bad lodging, — and when you have time,
it is better to stay with Stauch, at Womelsdorf. It
is a little group of about 30 houses and cottages, on
both sides of the highway.

On the road, there is a German Lutheran church.
The sermon ended just as I passed. It seemed to me
I saw people coming out of church in Westphalia, so
much have all these farmers kept their ancestors'
costume, only most young farmers have given up the
straw-hat for the cap [t] of black silk, which Metho-
thodists wear — but for the men, the green coats,
light blue ones, and large, pulled-down hats, boots
extending above the knees, etc., as in Germany —
expecially their bearing and appearance.

I also met a family from Jersey that was mov-
ing,— the old father and the mother with 8 children,
in 2 covered carts, one drawn by 4, the other by 2
horses, all their clothes and some pieces of furniture.
He had sold his farm in Essex County, in Jersey,

Page 2g of Manuscript
154-K [miles]

and was going to Red Stone, Pennsylvania, where he
hoped to find, according to information, some g6od
land to buy. There was some to be had, he said^
from 5 s. up to 5 dollars an acre, according to quality
and situation. He had heard that around Red
Stone winters were less severe and trees easier to fell
(smaller) than in the country beyond the Mohawk,
in New York. He had with him 5 sons, from 22 to
12 years old, and 3 daughters, from 18 to 8. The

" Godfrey Keener (or K.un&r).— Dauphin County Tavern Licenses, 1786-1838
(unbound MSS.), State Library, Harrisburg, Pa. See list for years 1795-1799.

46 Cazenove Journal: 1794

whole family walked briskly along by the wagons.
At Meyer's Town found Mr. Roberdeau, Mr.
Weston's^^ director and assistant in the building of
the great canal. ^^

November 3rd, left Meyer's Town [Myerstown],
and arrived at Lebanon, Dauphin County, 7 miles;
stopped with Greenwald,^^ fair lodging. Followed
the road from Meyer's Town to Lebanon, skirting
the canal, finished for these 7 miles. The part of
the canal (to open navigation between the Susque-
hanna and the Schuylkill Rivers, from Harrisburg to
Reading) already built, shows the skill of the civil
engineer, Weston, from England. The 5 adjoining
locks to have the boats go down and up a 30 foot
fall; the arched bridges, plain and well proportioned,
everything is done well. For the details of this great
and useful undertaking, see the separate note.

The German farmers' stinginess and lack of
conscience in money matters, were particularly shown
when they had to give land for the canal-way, at the
rate of 100 feet width for the strip of land. The
jurymen estimated an acre from £120 to £300;
2 acres have even been estimated £1100, although
the whole farm was bought 3 years ago for £1000.

" Isaac Roberdeau, later Chief of U. S. Bureau of Topographical Engineers.
^Jppleton's Cyclopaedia of Amencan Biog., V, 271; see also R. Buchanan,
Roberdeau Family (Wash., 1876), p. 109, containing also reference to William
Weston, of Gainsborough-on-Trent, England, the engineer referred to above.

^^ This canal was being built by the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Navigation
Co., but later came under the control of the Union Canal Co. After many
delays traffic was opened between Middletown, on the Susquehanna, and Read-
ing, on the Schuylkill, in 1827. — H. M. Jenkins, Pennsylvania, II, 270-271.
See also pamphlet The Union Canal Co. of Penna. Phila. 1853, — copy in Hist.
Soc. of Pa. library-; also Canal Navigation in Pa. Phila. 1795, — copy in Ridgway
Branch, Library Co. of Phila.

" Probably Philip Greenawalt. — Dauphin County Tavern Licenses, 1786-
X838 (Unbound MSS.), State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

Pennsylvania >47

However, this jury is chosen from 48 named by the
prothonotary; each side rejects 12, and of the
remaining 24, the twelve first comers are sworn and
decide. The ignorance of these farmers is such that
they were strongly opposed to the building of a canal
in their district, that could convey their boats and
produce as far as Philadelphia. Those from Boston
offered their land free

Page 50 of Manuscript
161-^2 mi.
Lebanon.

in order to have the canal that is going to be extended
in Massachusetts, pass there.

Lebanon is a little town, quite pleasant; the
situation of the land is very high yet it forms a plain
several miles wide, and thoroughly cultivated. [Top
endorsement:] It is the summit-level of the great
canal. From this plain the water goes on one side
by the Tulpehocken Creek into the Schuylkill, and
on the other by the Quittapahilla and Swatara
Creeks into the Susquehanna.

In the summer, this place must be (for the location)
as agreeable as it is healthful. A stage-coach 2
times a week for Philadelphia — 4 dollars; no printing-
plant. The farms are from 150 to 250 acres and are
worth on the average, with house, barns and 150
acres tilled and meadows, £15 to 20 an acre, gener-
ally yielding: 15 to 20 bushels wheat per acre, 25
bushels corn, 30 to 40 bushels buckwheat, i ton hay.

The town of Lebanon was begun in 1758 by Mr.
Stuyts,^ who gave the lots for a 4 s. (shilling) quit-

" George Stites (also spelled Steitz, Steitze, Stits).

48 Cazenove Journal: 1794.

rent; his property was bought by 8 of the Inhabitants,
5 of whom remain and collect the 4 s. (shillings)
quit-rent per lot or house, and for the out-lots near
the town, at the rate of 5 s. per acre, and one dollar
per acre for meadows. There are in Lebanon 170
houses and two cross streets, inhabited by mechanics,
— and 2 stores. Lots in the center are worth from
2 to 300 £, those further away £150, and are 66
feet front by 190 feet deep. All the inhabitants
are Germans; there are 2 churches, a Lutheran one?
and a German Presbyterian one; 400 feet from the
town, an isolated church for the Moravians of the
town and neighborhood.

In Lebanon, flour costs , butcher's meat 5

pence a pound, fresh pork 6 pence, butter i s [hilling];
walnut wood 2 dollars a cord, oak wood 10 s [hillings]
a cord.

A workman earns 3 s. per day, and ^ dollar in
summer.

For fertilizer, lime, which is plentiful here; plow
with two horses.

[Rotation] New ground here:

1st year, wheat

" wheat again

" oats

" fallow, rest

" wheat

" fallow, etc.

Lands cultivated a longer time :

1st year, wheat

2 " barley

3 " corn, or oats

Pennsylvania 49

4 year, fallow, or buckwheat

5 "if buckwheat the 4th year, then fallow.

The cattle stay in the stables from December to
April.

Board per week in private house, 2 dollars.

Now prices are: wheat 9 shillings a bushel, corn
5 s., barley 7-^ s., oats 2/6 (the army 3/6);" hay
£4.10 per ton now, it being in the barn; £3.15 to
4, taken directly from the fields.

([Side endorsement:] The carting of a ton of hay
from here to Philadelphia is from £5 to £6, if the
road is bad; 2 s./6 for a bushel of grain.)

Page 31 of Manuscript
161-}^ miles

November 4th left Lebanon; at Homelstown
[Hummelstown], 16 miles, stopped at Room's,^^ very
neat [lodging].

It is a village on the highway. There are about
50 little houses, of logs and mortar, yet with little
English windows; inhabited by workmen, who work
for the farmers around; a large retail store and
4 tavern-keepers. However, the lots, or building
ground, 60 feet front by 200 deep, are all bought by
the inhabitants and are worth from 20 to 40 pounds
or 50 to 100 dollars; a German Presbyterian church.

One should go and see the Grotto, the Swatara
Cave, about a mile from Homelstown. It is curious
enough; nothing indicates it on the outside; you
arrive there by crossing plowed, but poor fields, on

^ Annv contingents called out on account of the Whiskey Insurrection
and camped in the vicinity, paid higher than the ordinary price.

** Probably Michael Rahm. — Dauphin County Tavern Licenses, 1786 -1838
(unbound MSS.), State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

50 Cazenove Journal: 1794.

the bank of the River; a few heaps of rocks make the
descent to the shore easy, and the entrance of the
cave is facing the river. This cave is pretty deep
and you go around it through tunnels whose vault is
made of rocks, limestone, and covered with stalactites
of different shapes and sizes, which make the inside
look like the ornamentations of Gothic architecture.
It would be necessary to be a learned naturalist to
describe this cave; there is a spring at the bottom
and the cavity of the cave seems to me to be formed
by the water of the spring which carried away
everything that was not firm. It is the cave des-
cribed by Morse, Geography, Boston edition. Volume
I, page 496. I cut off some stalactite stones which
I am keeping.

On my way I met near Millers Town^^ a funeral
procession, more than 150 farmers and farmers'
wives on horse-back, some in carriages, were pre-
ceding and following a man on horse-back who was
carrying before him a small coffin in which was the
dead child. This large company, after the burial,
was to %o and spend the rest of the day at the mor-
tuary house and be refreshed and feasted. The
whole neighborhood took part in the ceremony and
the cavalcade was as numerous as curious, because
of all those German faces, male and female, trooping
along by the corpse.

From Lebanon to Homelston [Hummelstown] the
road is fair and the land everywhere is good and
thoroughly cultivated; much wheat, few meadows.
The farms all . . . [?] are owned by Germans, who

"The present Annville, about six miles west of Lebanon, long known as
Millerstown from its founder, Abraham Miller. — Egle, Hist, of Dauphin and
Lebanon Counties, Part II, p. 227.

Pennsylvania 5 1

do not sell again, but when they are sold, they are
worth from £15 to £20 an acre.

Page J2 of Manuscript
i6i-y^ m.

November 5th, left Homels Town [Hummelstown]
and arrived through a more broken and wild country,
but however well cultivated, at

Harrisburg, on the Susquehanna, 9 miks; stopped
with Crapp,^^ good lodging.

This city is one of America's little phenomena. In
the matter of the rapidity of its rise. In 1785 there
was on this location only the single house and farm
of Mr. Harris. The favorable situation of the place
gave him the Idea of founding a city there; he laid
out the streets on a wise plan, like the city of Phila-
delphia, but keeping a large square in the center, on

a triangular plot of acres, whose greater side Is

on the edge of the beautiful Susquehanna River.^^
He divided the city Into lots $2-^4 feet front by 210
feet deep. The side facing the river is a magnificent
street, on account of the height of the bank and the
beauty of the river there, a mile wide, and adorned
with 3 small Islands, planted with trees. There are
about a thousand lots, and already 300 houses neatly
built in brick or "logs and mortar," 2 stories high,
English windows; the streets are wide, not yet paved.
With the exception of 3 or 4 independent people,
and lawyers, all the Inhabitants are either mechanics,
or they manufacture hats and tobacco; 32 taverns

"Probably Wm. Crabb. — Dauphin County Tavern Licenses, 1786 -1838
(unbound MSS.), State Library, Harrisburg, Pa. — See also Heads of Families,
First U. S. Census, 1790, Penna., p. 86.

" At this point Cazenove made a rough diagram of the principal streets of
Harrisburg.

52 Cazenove Journal: 17Q4

and eighteen merchants keeping In their stores
European merchandise, and buying farmers' produce.
Mr. Harris sold lots in the nice streets from £60
to £80 and in the less conspicuous parts for £20 to
£30. All the city lots are now the property of the
2nd or 3rd buyer, and one can no longer buy unim-
proved lots under £200 to £300, in good location,
and from 40 to 60 in remote streets. There are few
cities which in proportion have such a large number
of merchants keeping retail stores. Commerce is
very important in this city,

P<^g^ 33 of Manuscript

since it is from here that the Susquehanna River is
readily navigable towards Its source, and crosses, in
its 2 branches, an important piece of country. The
lands watered by the Susquehanna are so excellent,
that settlements are made hourly, and the farmers
are generally supplied from here; also from here
comes a large part of the products, that go down
the river in boats. Last year about 200,000 bushels
of wheat were counted, chiefly used by 2 or 3 very
rich millers, who have their mills In this vicinity and
by a Mr. George Fry who has a splendid mill in
Middle Town, 9 miles below, on the Susquehanna
River.

There is here a printing-plant, where an English
newspaper Is printed; It is published every Monday
and costs 2 dollars a year for subscription; a school,
where I saw about 60 children learning from only one
teacher, reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, etc.;
each scholar paid him 10 s. (shillings) per term. A
German church, where Lutherans and German

Pennsylvania 53

Presbyterians have alternate services; they are going
to build an English church.

This is the capital of Dauphin County, so it is the
seat of the court of law; they are building a large
Court House of bricks which will be very large and
well built.

The county-jail had one prisoner, a thief, con-
demned to 2 years imprisonment, and 3 noisy negroes.
The county allows the jailer, for the keeping of pris-
oners, 4 (four) pence a day, for which sum he must
give them fire, one pound of bread, and water. I had
letters of introduction for General Annha,®° who
married one of Mr. Harris's daughters, and he re-
ceived me very obligingly. He knows a great deal
about Harrisburg.

A hollow, or swamp, which is near the city, where
the exhalations from the bed of the river, when the
water is low, or some other cause, brings every fall
intermittent fevers which inconvenience the inhab-
itants very much. Without this occurrence, there
would already be many more houses. There are 3
brick-factories near the city, where very good bricks
are made at dollars a thousand.

[An asterisk in the manuscript refers to the new
Court House, mentioned two paragraphs above.]
They are making the building so large with the idea
that the Pennsylvania legislature will hold its
meetings here. Mr. Harris, in order to obtain from
the government incorporation for his city, gave the
state of Pennsylvania four acres, still in meadows, in
a high and favorable location in the city. He also

^^ John A. Hanna; he served in the Revolution, and was a Brigadier-General
of militia at the time of the Whiske/ Insurrection. Brief biographical sketch
in Egle, Hist, of Dauphin and Lebanon Counties (Phila., 1883), 501.

54 Cazenove Journal: 17Q4

gave the ferry, which yields £200 a year; also he
agreed to sell 200 lots

Page 340/ Manuscript
170-J/2 miles
Harrishurg

at the prices fixed by the commissioners, named by
the legislature, who fixed them since at from £10 to
£60, according to location. But he sold the rest of
the land from £26 to £80 a lot. Since the past
summer, boats of a new pattern have been built to go
down the Susquehanna. They are a kind of ferry-
boat, with high sides, triangular in the front and back,"
with which they take from 200 to 300 barrels of
flour over the Conewago Falls, provided the water
is not too low.

Generally, the wheat coming from up the river,
goes down to Middle Town, where Mr. G. Fry's big
mills are, and also several other millers who buy what
arrives; there too, the millers of Lancaster and from
all over Pennsylvania, have agents, who always have
money to pay cash. The farmers then come to
Harrisburg where they find larger, well stocked
stores, and they buy what they need.

Carting from Harrisburg to Philadelphia, about 100
miles, usually costs from 5 to 6 s. (shillings) the hun-
dred pounds. Because of the passage of the Army,
the carters were so busy that they ask to-day 8 s. for
a hundred pounds, but that is only accidental. The
Harrisburg citizens are very strongly opposed to the
building of the great canal, because it must end at
Middle Town, a city already a great rival of this one.

" At this point Cazenove drew a rough sketch of the boat he was describing.

Pennsylvania 55

About the price of provisions, lots, land, etc., see
one of the printed papers filled in for Harrisburg.

November 6, left Harrisburg, and crossed the river
by the pontoon, pretty good and cheap, 6 s. for 5
horses, the carriage, and 4 persons. After having
climbed the mountain opposite Harrisburg, the land
is generally very level, of good quality, and exten-
sively tilled; on every side, widely extended wheat
and corn-fields. German farmers of Dauphin and
Berks counties every day acquire farms from the
Irish farmers, who settled here first; 7 miles from
Harrisburg, at Silver Spring

Page SS of Manuscript
I stopped with Mr. Pollok,^^ ^y^Q has an estate of
1300 acres, mill, etc., which he bought in 1786 for
£5000 and for which he is offered £15000. The
house is not much but the water beautiful and the
soil good; 14 miles from Harrisburg is the fine farm
of General Erwin,^^ for whom I had letters. He has
just had an excellent house built there; 15-K miles
from Harrisburg are the barracks of United States
troops, 5 big and well made buildings. There are

82 Perhaps James Pollock. See Heads of Families, Penna., U. S. Census,
1790, p.8i; a James Pollock was appointed Coroner of Cumberland Co. in 1775, —
Penn-Physick Co. MSS., XV, 85; see also Misc. MSS., Northern, Interior and
Western Counties, p. 85; above MSS. in Library of Hist. Soc. of Penna., Phila.
In the county records at Carlisle there are also references to Oliver Pollock and
John Pollock. The latter kept an inn at Carlisle for many years. The probate
records show that James Pollock died in Carlisle. The census of 1790 (see
above), pp. 83, 84, shows two John Pollocks. One of these may have been at
Silver Spring. No trace of a Pollock at Silver Spring is to be found in the
records of the Land Office at Harrisburg.

"General William Irvine. His letters and papers are preserved in the
library of the Historical Society of Penna., Phila.— See vol. XII, p. 62, for Gov.
Thos. Mifflin's letter to Irvine, introducing Cazenove. See also Introduction,
p. vi above.

S6 Cazenove Journal: i'/Q4

150 militiamen stationed here, to keep the rioters in
order.

At Carlisle, county seat of Cumberland County,
17 miles from Harrisburg; stopped with Forest,^"* —
good lodging. This town was begun by the Penns,
proprietors, in 1759. The streets are wide and well
laid out, not paved nor lighted yet; the location of
this town is on a widely extended and very high
plain, since it is the highest part of all the long valley
between the double row of mountains, extending
from Jersey to Virginia, so that only in the North
and South do the high Blue mountains, surrounding
this site, rise above it. There are at present from
330 to 350 houses about a hundred of which are
neatly built, and 2400 inhabitants here. The in-
habitants are generally Irish, and a few Germans,
who gradually are coming to live here; but the first
inhabitants were all Irish.

Messrs. Penn divided the land in the city into lots,
60 feet front by 240 feet deep, subjected to a 7 s.
(shillings) quit-rent per lot; they also disposed of the
out-lots, from 5 to 8 or 10 acres, subjected to a 3 s.
quit-rent an acre. They united two large commons
for the use of the inhabitants, which makes things
easier for the poor. Since the war, the quit-rents
have not been collected, because of some difference
among the Penn heirs, but the inhabitants are ready
to make up these quit-rents, in order to have clear
title deeds for the land which they have successively
sold to one another.

®* Thomas Foster. See John R. Miller, Old Taverns (pamphlet reprint of
address of 1907 before Hamilton Library Assoc), ?• 21. See also Tavern
Licenses, 1780-1837, in Cumberland County Manuscripts, vol. VI, State Library,
Harrisburg, Pa.

Pennsylvania 57

Just now a lot in the main street and on the square
sells for £150, and £300 for the lots at the four
corners of the square; the other lots in the city sell
for £10 to 60 according to location, but the buyer
always has to settle with Messrs. Penn for the deeds.

Page $6 of Manuscript
Carlisle 187-^ [miles]

This defect in the deeds is the reason why the out-lots
sell for only £10 an acre. ([Bottom endorsement:]
They count here a few families living comfortably —
lawyers and some who made a fortune in land-
speculation; among the latter is Mr. Blaine,^^ esti-
mated to be worth £60,000.) The court of law
has its seat here for the County, whose jail is here.
There were 5 robbers, all Irish, in a little room, with
chains on their feet, for crime of theft, first offense,
although they were sentenced to 7 years in prison.
They will be able to escape, as they escape from all
these county jails, whose windows look out into the
street; they can easily saw the bars.

There is an English Presbyterian church, a little
Anglican one, and a little German one. There Is a
college®^ here, whose building is very shabby, and
small for the 70 students. The price for tuition Is
£5 per year. The students find good boarding-
houses for £35 a year; 5 teachers and professors to
teach English, Latin, Greek, mathematics, history,
and philosophy. There is in the town another school,
a preparatory one; the students are taught reading,
writing, and arithmetic. There is a printing-plant:

^ Probably Ephraim Blaine. — Centennial Memorial of the Presbytery of
Carlisle (1889), II, 319, 368.

^ Dickinson College, founded in 1783.

58 Cazenove Journal: 1794.

an English newspaper, every Wednesday, for 2
dollars a year.

In this, Cumberland County, farms are larger,
from 200 to 400 acres, half of it cleared, the other in
woods, with house, barn, etc. ([Side endorsement:]
The farmers keep too much woods, they are always
afraid of not having enough, either for their fire,
field-fences, or buildings.) These farms are generally
bought for £10 an acre; farms unusually good in
land, water, buildings, etc., sell for as much as £15
and even £20 an acre. There are some whose soil
is very poor, called "Slitland""; on which the woods
are stunted [?], that can be bought for £5 an acre.

Generally, the farmers put no fertilizer on their
land, except the small quantity of the farm-manure:
they claim that lime-fertilizer impairs their land.

Generally a good farmer of this district harvests:

15 to 20 bushels of wheat on each acre, sown with

one bushel.
20 to 30 bushels of corn on each acre,
30 to so " of oats " " "
I to i-yi ton of clover or hay.

They are beginning to sow much clover. They
have not a consistent nor very well thought-out
system for their crop rotation, and follow too much
their humor; but those who are reputed good farmers
in this district, use, when the land

" Elsewhere in the Journal spelled "Sklit" or "Sklite." On a loose insert
in the original journal Cazenove has written "Black slate, Gray slate" and then
has crossed out the word slate in both cases and written "sklite." It was
probably a local Pennsylvania German word for slate or shale soils that Cazenove
picked up and tried to spell phonetically. — See also pp. 67, 79 below, where it is
used perhaps to designate soils that are merely stony, although there are real
shale soils in Adams County and in northern Chester County. — See U. S.
Bureau of Soils, field Operations, 12th Report (1910) and 14th Report (1912).

Pennsylvania 59

Page 57 of Manuscript

Cumberland County — Carlisle

is in good condition:

1st year — plow 3 times and sow wheat

2nd " — oats or corn

3rd ] year

4th j " — clover and rest.

Others use:

1st year — wheat

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

— ^barley

— corn

— oats

— rest

— fallow and wheat.

To work one [farm] of 400 acres, 200 of which are
cleared, 4 men are needed, and 10 or 12 are hired for
the 2 or 3 weeks [?] of harvest; 3 men are kept very
busy keeping in order a 150 acre farm, in cultivation
and pasture.

Mr. Moore,^^ a farmer 4 miles from Carlisle, is
reputed the richest farmer in the district; they
estimate he is worth from £30,000 to £40,000.
He is the son of Irish parents and very thrifty.

They always take, on new lands, a piece of ground
which they sow the first year: ^ turnips; ^ sweet
potatoes; 2nd [year] flax.

They plow with 2 horses; the use of oxen for farm
work is little known here.

A day's work brings }4 dollar.

^* Probably John Moore, of West Pennsboro Township. — Cumberland
County Record Book (Carlisle, Pa.), Vol. I, K, p. 14.

6o Cazenove Journal: 1794

In Carlisle they pay now for

butcher's meat 5 pence a pound
salt i-M dollars a bushel

butter I S./3 or 15 pence a pound

walnut- wood $1-/4 to % a cord

oak ^i-Mto>^" "

the army 2^^^

There are 2 brick-factories — 1000 bricks for 25 s.,
$3-}^; a bushel of lime i s.

The price of wheat is at present here I dollar,

7 S./6 bushel
The price of com is at present here 5 s. bushel
The price of oats is at present here 2 s./6 bushel
The price of hay is at present here 7 dollars a ton
The price of buckwheat is at present here J/2 dollar

a bushel
Baltimore is the market-place where flour made in
this county is sent; sometimes to Philadelphia. The
carting of a barrel of flour from here to Baltimore
brings i dollar, and to Philadelphia 10 s. a barrel.
To transport merchandise from Philadelphia here
costs from i to i-M dollars a quintal.

I saw here two elks, male and female, such as are
numerous in the woods up the Susquehanna. The
male is a splendid animal, a kind of a deer, but
stronger and taller, and the structure and arrange-
ment of his horns are much more dangerous. ^°

Page ^8 of Manuscript
Carlisle is in the center of the extent of the valley
which is between the two high ranges of Blue Moun-

*' Army contingents, called out on account of the Whiskey Insurrection
and camped in the vicinity, paid more than the ordinary price.

^^ After this sentence Cazenove drew a rough sketch of the horns of the elk.

Pennsylvania 6i

tains, called here North and South Mountains. The
valley is 12 miles wide and the high mountains, 6
miles away, on either side, are so high that you can-
not pass through. However, last summer and this
summer, land-surv'eyors surveyed all the land on
these mountains, apparently to deceive those to whom
they will sell land in Cumberland County. And
since they surveyed these high, inaccessible lands,
they will probably have surveyed also Mifflin and
Bedford Counties, which are known to be very
mountainous. N.B. Mr. M. Hendresson,'^ a deputy
surveyor of this district, told me he had surveyed the
lands of the 2 mountain ranges. North and South,
of Cumberland County, for Mr. Nicholson^^ and for a
Mr. Stolker, from Maryland, who have established
iron-works on these mountains.

November 7th, left Carlisle, by a pretty bad road
in the plains. Generally on both sides, large culti-
vated fields.

At Mount Rock, 7 miles, — bad lodging, lonely
tavern on the road. There is a mile and a little more
of very stony road up to Rocky Hill. There you
leave the plain and the road follows a range of very
high hills. The good lands and large farms are not
seen from the road. The farms near the road have
been cleared for only 4 or 5 years; the ground is
pretty good, but water is so scarce that these lands
do not sell above £4 or £5. The new farmers all
live in wretched log [t] houses without windows, and
with chimneys of sticks and clay, but as the land they

" Matthew Henderson. See Wing, Hist, of Cumberland Co., 252.

" In the land records of Carlisle, Pa., the names of John Nicholson and
James Nicholson occur frequently. For a grant of mining land by the Common-
wealth of Penna. to John Nicholson, see Cumberland County Record Book,
vol. I, N, p. 132. No Stolker or similar name was found.

62 Cazenove Journal: 1794

acquired yields good wheat, the price of which is so
high, they are beginning to have comfort, and some
are already building large bams.

At McCrake's'^ Tavern, 7 miles, — bad lodging,
isolated on the road. Still the same little farms,
newly cleared, and without water; the inhabitants
have to get it i or 2 miles away from their house.

At Shippensburg, — ymiles, stopped with Reppy,^^
good house, clean, good wine, but bad food.

Mr. M. Hendresson, deputy surveyor of this dis-
trict, told me that Jos.[?] Shippen's father, of Phila-
delphia, had bought here 3000 acres of land from the
proprietors.

Page jp of Manuscript
Shippensburg 2o8>^ miles

the Penns, and then tried to make here a town, but
though it was begun in 1754, Shippensburg remains
a poor village; the houses are near one another and
form, along the highway, only one long street, more
than a mile long, and many vacant lots among about
140 buildings or houses, among which there are not
30 two-stories high and built of stone; the rest are
all wretched huts of wood and logs and clay. The
lots are 52 feet 4 inches front, by 217 feet 4 inches
deep. Why these 4 inches, is the question asked:
so that the lots are exactly 4 times deeper than wide.
Finally, the owners of lots are subjected to a perpetual
12 s. rent for the lots acquired before the Revolution,
and 4 dollars "quit-rent" since 1783, or £25 in one

" Wm. McCracken, Newton Township. — Tavern Licenses, 1780-1837, in
Cumberland County Manuscripts, vol. VI, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.
McCracken^s is given on old maps of the period.

^* Capt. Wm. Rippey. — Tavern Licenses, 1780-1837, in Cumberland County
Manuscripts, vol. VI, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa. See also Hist, of Cumb.
and Adams Counties (1886), p. 262.

Pennsylvania 63

payment; at which rate there are still plenty of lots
to be had.

What remains of the 3000 acres is a part along the
road adjoining the village — inferior quality — which
Mr. Shippen sells for £6 an acre, the same price he
sold the best land of these 3000 acres.

Except this inferior land of Shippen's, there
remains no more uncultivated land in a larger piece
than 100 or 200 acres in Franklin County. There
everything is divided in 200 to 300 acre farms and
no farms to be bought under £10. The lands in
Franklin County's "Upper End" are very level and
good. Those in Bedford County, which is situated
beyond the North or Blue Mountains, are very
broken and mountainous, and there are large pieces
of ground, all uncultivated, to buy.

In Shippensburg, the price (November 1794) of
butcher's meat is 4 to 4-^ pence, pork meat 3 to
3->2 pence, butter i s. to 15 pence, a barrel of flour
— 180 pounds — ^5, wheat i dollar a bushel, barley
5 shillings a bushel, oats 2/6 (the army 3/6),''^ hay
8 dollars a ton.

Baltimore is the market where the produce is sent.
The carting from here to Baltimore is 10 s. per
barrel of flour and J/^ guinea from here to Phila-
delphia.

Page 40 of Manuscript
2oS-}4 [miles]. Chambersburg.

November 8th, left Shippensburg, still following
the edge of the South Mountains, though descending
more towards the plain — better, or less-bad land,

^ Army contingents, called out on account of the Whiskey Insurrection and

camped in the vicinity, paid more than the usual price.

64 Cazenove Journal: 1794

limestone land, of the 2nd rate; farms established
for 5 or 6 years, whose dwellings are here and there
changed for better ones, etc.

In Chambersburg, 11 miles, had luncheon at
Shriock's^^ — very good inn.

At the time of General Bradoc's [Braddock's] last
war against the Indians there was a fort built here;
a few houses were built and Chambers, to whom the
land belonged, tried to found a settlement, which for
a long time remained undeveloped, but, at the time
of the severing of the territory which now forms
Francklin County, which was then included in
Cumberland County's jurisdiction (that is to say in
1784) having been able to make Chambersburg the
County Town, where the County Court had its seat,
then every Inhabitant went there. Chambersburg
is a town well situated on Conococheague Creek.
The place Is very pleasant, and from the quantity of
new brick houses, neatly built. It appears that the
place Is prosperous. There may be 300 houses; a
number of mechanics for everything, several stores.
The Court House Is very neatly built, the jail new
and strong. In which there were 6 robbers. The
Creek waterfall allows the erection of 6 flour-mills In
this neighborhood. There Is a very well-built paper-
mill, where 2 vats are working. The paper made
there Is good. The mill is working for Messrs. J.
Scott, '^^ Tower and Co.; they sell fine paper for i
guinea a ream, consisting here of 20 quires of 24
sheets each.

^^ "Henry Shryock, Chambersburg." — Tavern licenses, in Franklin County
Manuscripts, 1788-1837 (unbound), State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

"John Scott and Co. established a paper mill at Chambersburg in 1788. —
I. H. M'Cauley, Historical Sketch of Franklin Co. (1878), 96.

Pennsylvania 65

They are beginning to put sidewalks in the main
street, near the market.

Page 41 of Manuscript
219-J^ [miles]

Everything is clean and full of animation. Not
enough trade with the inland farmers. Mr. Cham-
bers has a big house here. There is a printing plant
for an English newspaper, once a week, for 2 dollars
a year. No new church yet, only two huts where
they preach in English, — Presbyterian and Church
of England.

After having laid out the streets and divided the
lots 64 feet front by 256 feet deep, he sold these lots
In the beginning for £3, and also subjected them to
a 2 dollar "quit-rent" but now you cannot get lots
In the main street for less than £100, and £40 to
60 in side-streets, but these are still rather empty,
except the one beginning in the middle of the main
street. The inhabitants complain because there is
no town-hall as in the towns laid out by the Penns.
There are two brick-factories; the bricks are sold for
20 s. or 2-J^ dollars for 1000.

The land on the south of the town is better than
near Shippensburg, and its nature is what Is called
lime-stone of the second rate; the little cleared part
which the owners are willing to sell brings from £5
to 6, and for £7, 10 or 8, you find 200 to 300 acre
farms, partly cleared, with house and barn. Flours
and grains are sent to the Baltimore market.

At Thompson's Tavern, '^^ i2-}4 miles — bad lodg-

^' Alexander Thompson, Franklin Township (since l8oo in Adams County).
— ^Tavern licenses in York County Papers (MSS.), vol. VI, State Library, Harris-
burg, Pa. Also tax list in Hisi. of Cumberland and Adams Counties (1886), Part

66 Cazenove Journal: 1794

ing, on the top of the mountain; the road from
Chambersburg here is very bad. It goes over the
mountain range called here "South Ridge". It is
hard work for the horses.

Here I met the York County surveyor, who was
surveying the land of these high mountains for some
speculators who lately located these lands at the
land office for 6 pence per acre, being in the old
purchase. It is to deceive buyers with the big words,
"mill seats, timber", etc. There is hardly here and
there a tillable piece of ground, but how to reach
them ! All the less bad of this very bad mountainous
land had been taken a long time ago.

Left Thompson, and by 5 more miles of bad road,
through the mountain, and the rest fair, [arrived]
at

Russel's Tavern, '^^ 9 miles, fair lodging for a tavern
isolated on the highway, where there is no better
one for 30 or 40 miles. This

Page 42 of Manuscript
241 [miles]

Russel's Tavern is in York County, in the plain, 3
or 4 miles from the South Mountains.

In this district the soil is of different kinds; the

III, 252. Thompson's tavern must have been on or near the present property
of H. W. Newman (1921), east of Graeffenburg P. O., this being an old tavern
site.

^'Probably the tavern of Joshua Russell. — See tavern licenses in York
County Papers (MSS.), vol. VI, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa. Also tax list
in Hist, of Cumberland and Adams Counties (1886), Part III, 252. The present
Adams County was a part of York County until 1800. Russell's tavern was
probably at or near the present Mummasburg. Above tax list refers to Joshua
Russell's tavern as a " stone house." Hence it may have been the present
Carrie farm house, 3 \i miles north of Gettysburg. The expense account calls
the locality "Marsh Creek" (p. 90 below). This name, however, was ap-
plied to a large, ill-defined district in the early days.

Pennsylvania 67

price in general of the "middling good land", it is
"Sklit land",^° that is to say, clay and stones, which
is not worth as much as the "Hme stone land": farms
are generally from 200 to 300 acres: 140 plough land,
20 meadow, 140 woods, house and barn, — bring
from £6 to £10 [per acre]. Many farm hands to
hire for 2/6 in the summer, and 2 s. in the winter,
^2 [dollar] at "harvest time". For £20, a hired
man a — year.

The land yields 12 to 15 bushels wheat, 20 bushels
com, 15 to 40 bushels buckwheat, i to i-^ tons of
hay.

All meadows are sown with timothy; little clover
in this district.

Price of wheat, now November 1794, 7 s./6, corn
4/6 to 5, hay 6 dollars a ton, but not easy to sell,
every one having enough; moreover many cattle are
raised.

There are the mills of three flour merchants within
a radius of a mile. They send the flour to Baltimore
— 64 miles. The carting from here to there costs I
dollar a barrel. The load is 12 barrels of 180 [lbs.],
drawn by 5 horses, or 4 strong ones.

Great complaint of the farmers about the mis-
conduct, thefts, etc., of the now free negroes.

November 9th, left Russel's Tavern, and after 10
miles of level and bad land, although cleared, partly
plowed, and pasture, poor farms, — then the country
rises, slightly, broken by wide and low hills, better
cultivated. The soil is red gravel.

At Abbots Town, 15 miles, had dinner with Jones,
at the Sign of the Indian Queen, — fair lodging.

^° On "sklit-land" see note 67, p. 58 above.

68 Cazenove Journal: 1794

Mr. Abbot,^^ a farmer, >^ mile from here, started
this place as a town or village. There are 35 houses,
the principal ones are inns. The inhabitants are all
Germans, descendants of Lancaster farmers. There
are 2 small

Page 4J of Manuscript
256 [miles]

German churches, one Presbyteidan, the other Luth-
eran.

Mr. Abbot is dead and his will is such that his
sons cannot sell lots until their children are of age.
The location of the village is on the top of a low and
very large hill. He divided the land into house-lots,
4 rods front by eleven rods deep; the first lots were
sold for £5 besides a perpetual quit rent of I dollar.
They now pay for the lots from £20 to £25, and
I dollar quit-rent. The farms, generally of 200
acres, from £4 to £6 [per acre] and for choice and
best land, as much as £10. The soil is mainly red
gravel, rather good for wheat.

A cord of wood, hickory and oak, sells here for 5
shillings; a pound of butter for 10 pence.

An acre yields 12 to 16 bushels wheat, 20 bushels
corn, 10 to 40 bushels buckwheat, I to i-}4 tons of
hay. Price of wheat 9 s. a bushel. There are 2
mills in this district, which send flour to Baltimore.
Price of corn 4 s./6, price of hay 6 dollars a ton. A
strong and good wagon, well built, etc., costs £30.

From Abbot's Town, the country for 6 or 8 miles
is a large plain, whose land is inferior and of red
gravel; few farms, but a good many fields and pasture.

"John Abbott. — Hist, of Cumberland and Adams Counties (1886), Part III,
p. 216.

Pennsylvania 69

Then the land rises gradually, larger and broader
hills; the quality of the soil becomes better, generally
"limestone land"; the hollows of the valleys are well
watered pastures, the slopes of the high hills and the
whole of the lower ones, are grain-fields, and the
places where the soil is sterile are the woods, which
are part of the farms. This variety of field and
forest always makes a very pleasant landscape where
the country is well populated, as is the case in counties
where Germans have settled; on each 200 acre farm,
half or a large third remains in forest.

Page 44 of Manuscript
256 miles

At York Town, county-seat of York County, 15

miles, stopped at Springel's,^" at the sign of ,

— YG-Tj good inn. N. B. Coming from Russel's
to York Town, ... to go through Mc Collister's
Town,^^ a pleasant German Catholic settlement,
good road — beautiful country. The Catholic church
very fine and new, on the hill-top; everything, on all
sides, is cultivated or in pasture.

November loth, stayed at York Town. The first
poor German settlers arrived in this county in 1729,

^- The nearest name found in the license records, for York Borough, is
Spangler. Several of that name kept taverns at York in the early period, not-
ably Baltzer Spangler. — Tavern Licenses, in York County Papers (MSS.), vol.
VI, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

*' Reference apparently to Hanover which was frequently called Mc-
Allister's Town from its founder, Richard McAllister. — Prowell, Hist, of York
County, I, 807-808. See also Reily, Conewago, A Collection of Catholic Local
History (1886). — On account of some illegible words it seems impossible to
determine whether Cazenove passed through Hanover. His description of the
place sounds as if he had seen it, and he may have made a side trip on his
saddle horse for that purpose. On the other hand his mileage, usually quite
accurate, is far from including such a detour. Since his description of the place
is inserted as a note after his arrival at York it may have been merely the
account of an informant at the latter place.

70 Cazenove Journal: 1794

and in 1741 Yorktown was begun by the Proprietors,
the Penns, who laid out the land for a town, and
built the court-house. The lots are 56 feet front, by
250 deep, subjected to a quit-rent of from 2 to 8
dollars a lot, according to location, but the inhabitants
contest this right with the Penns.

The town is in the valley, on Codorus Creek, a
little river always rich in water, permitting several
mills of all kinds in the neighborhood; the common
is unusually spacious; otherwise the place is not
pleasant, although the streets are wide and well laid
out, not paved nor lighted, but a sidewalk in front
of the new houses. The court-house, placed in the
middle of the square, ridiculously shuts off the view
of the whole of the 2 main streets.

( [Side endorsement :] As in every inland town of
Pennsylvania, there is a quantity of taverns and inns,
where the people come to talk and drink, morning
and evening, as in the cafes of European cities.
Also many stores where, in each one, everything is
sold at retail. You find everything necessary in
utensils, clothing, and furniture, for the lower class,
but nothing dainty or choice.

A new building for the offices and records, rather
elegantly built, next to the court-house, which is very
much disparaged by it. There may be about 400
houses, about 60 of which are of brick and newly
built, the rest of "logs and mortar".

Mr. James Smith, Esq., and the families of Mr.
Hartley, ^^ a lawyer and congressman, Mr. Harris,*^
and General Miller, ^^ have been most obliging, and

" Col. Thomas Hartley. — Prowell, Hist, of York County, I, 212.
^ Probably William Harris. — See Heads of Families, First U. S. Census,
1790, Penna., p. 281.

^ Gen. Henry Miller. — Prowell, Hist, of York County, I, 205.

Pennsylvania 7 1

are the best society here. Mrs. Hall, Mr. Hartley's
daughter, is a beautiful woman. % of the inhabi-
tants are Germans and mechanics. There are 9
lawyers.

About the prices of provisions, land, lots, etc., see
one of the printed papers filled in for York Town.
Mr. John Forsyth, the district surveyor, can give
information about the price of land, etc.

The part of Pennsylvania now forming York
County was still inhabited by Indians in 1750.
The first German settlers came in 1728 and settled
among them, and the Indians peaceably let them
cultivate the part they liked. The present land-
owners, farmers, are the children of these first
settlers, who, after having served 3 or 4 years for the
expenses

Page 4S of Manuscript
271 miles

of the trip from Europe to America, settled on the
land, and gradually thrived; several of their children,
being now from 50 to 60 years old, own farms of 4,
5, and 800 acres.

November nth, left Yorktown, by a good road
and through a very well cultivated country; this and
Mc CoUister's districts are the best land in the
county: it is the center; the two sides are mountainous
and inferior lands.

At Wright's Ferry, 11 miles; it is here that you
cross the Susquehanna, on good pontoons. Here the
river is a mile and a quarter wide, swift current,
wild and high shores. Paid for 4 people, the coach,
and 5 horses, 9 s., or i dollar, i s., 6 p.

So you enter Lancaster County where the land

72 Cazenove Journal: 1794

gets better as you go; the whole country Is well culti-
vated and what forests the farmers keep are stocked
with trees of the right kind, — chestnut, locust, wal-
nut, maple, white oak. It is a succession of hills, not
too high, and the aspect of the country is very beau-
tiful. A perpetual change of hills and valleys gives
the country a very pleasent rolling aspect and does
not prevent cultivation; the farmers' houses are
generally placed in the shallow valleys, formed by the
slopes of 3 or 4 wide hills, cultivated to the top.

Lancaster Town, 11 miles; it is the county-seat, or
the town where the Lancaster County court holds
its sessions. Stopped with Stake ;^^ pretty bad; I
ought to have stopped with Mr. Slough, ^^ where one
is very comfortable.

The city of Lancaster is the largest inland city of
the United States. It was founded in 17 — by Mr.
Hamilton,^^ the owner of this ground. He had the
building-lots divided, 65 feet front, by 240 deep,
subjected to a perpetual rent — "quit-rent," of 4 to
100 shillings sterling per lot, according to location, or
so much in cash for the redemption of this quit-rent;
but to-day Mr. Hamilton's successor gets more than
£1000 a year from Lancaster's quit-rents.

The first inhabitants were Germans, and ^ of the
present inhabitants are also Germans. There is a
large town-hall and several very good brick houses,
several smaller ones, also of brick, and a large

" Christian Stake. — ^Tavern licenses, in Lancaster County Manuscripts,
vol. XV, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

** Probably the reference is to Matthias Slough, who kept the "White Swan"
Hotel at this period. — Ellis and Evans, Hist, of LancasUr County, p. 396.

"James Hamilton, in 1730, drafted the plot of the town of Lancaster. —
Ellis and Evans, History of Lancaster County (1883), p. 360. Wm. Riddle,
LancasUr, Old and New (1917), 14.

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Pennsylvania 73

number of log houses in the less conspicuous parts.
About 900 houses

Page 46 of Manuscript
293 miles Lancaster

and 6000 inhabitants, mainly mechanics — many
taverns, several stores or shops; not paved or lighted,
but good sidewalks. The city is situated on 2 hills,
which are part of a very great number of hills,
forming thus a very large and [comparatively] level
land, surrounded on all sides by higher mountains.
The Big Conestoga Creek is near the city, and always
full of water, although it is too much intercepted by
rocks to be navigable as far as the Susquehanna where
this creek has its mouth.

The broad and long main street and the shorter
one which crosses it at the court-house, the best
quarter; the court-house is newly and neatly built,
but is in the middle of the square, which, to begin
with, Is not very large. The city plan is like Phila-
delphia's, so far as the streets already built up are
concerned. ^°

The house of General Ross^^ is the most notable.
The new German Lutheran church is very well built,
of brick, and its steeple is the best built and the
most elegant one in the United States. It Is a pity
that the immense statues of the 4 Evangelists are too
small by half. The city surroundings are very
pleasant. General Hand^^ has his farm >^ mile
away on Conestoga Creek; Its location is very

^''At this point in his Journal Cazenove made a rough diagram of the
principal streets of Lancaster, showing the courthouse in the center square.

" Probably James Ross. — Harris, Biographical Hist, of Lancaster County, 508.

^ General Edward Hand. — See Ellis and Evans, Hist, of Lancaster County,
44-45-

74 Cazenove Journal: 1794

country-like, the house good, and the family very
polite. The families of Hubley^^ (lawyer), Ketter^'*
(la'\;vyer), Ross^^ (senator), Sainseigher^^ (merchant),
are very obliging to strangers. Few dinners are
given here, but many tea parties. The young ladies
I saw here are very well dressed, very much like
Philadelphia ladies. Generally the young women
and girls of this district seemed to me to have a
rather pretty figure, good carriage, beautiful teeth
and hair, not much grace, nor very easy manners.
The most notable ones are beginning to learn a little
music, but after all, the large number of children
and limited fortunes do not permit of the expenditure
for a refined education, so

Page 47 of Manuscript
293 [miles] Lancaster

a lone harpsichord teacher can hardly live, and the
drawing teacher has only 2 or 3 pupils, although
they have been here only 2 years, and by the deter-
mination of I [?] lady.

During the Fair, which lasts for three days in
June, and while Court is held (which is once every
3 months) all the County farmers and their children
always come to Lancaster and then everything is
good cheer. All the young farmers, men and women,
must have pleasure, as they have none the rest of
the year: people say that nothing is more interesting

" John Hubley. — ^Harris, Biographical Hist, of Lancaster County, 322-323.

** John W. Kittera. — Harris, Biographical Hist, of Lancaster County, 345.

* There was at this time a United States Senator from Penna. by the name
of James Ross who may possibly have been residing temporarily in Lancaster
at this time. — Biographical Congressional Directory, 967.

•• Paul Zantzinger, who manufactured clothing on a large scale during the
Revolution, and later. — Ellis and Evans, Hist, of Lancaster County, 369.

Pennsylvania 75

than their loud joy and the big kisses exchanged
everywhere by the sweet-hearts who fill the streets.
So, young people have an opportunity to see each
other, and marriages follow, while the fathers get
drunk In the taverns.

About prices of provisions, building lots, land, etc.,
see one of the printed papers filled for Lancaster.

There are many flour-mlUs on the large and small
Conestoga creeks, where much fiour is made for the
Philadelphia market. The millers are very rich.
There are many Lancaster farmers who own as much
as 10, 15, 20 thousand £, In land, and funds lent on
mortgages on other lands. This does not keep
them from coming with their long linen-trousers,
and themselves driving a cart-load of wood to the
Lancaster market. See folio [?]"

I saw the "patent-stove", invented by Mr.
Hietrlck. The principle seems good to me, but
there are many inconveniences which experience
will change.

Stayed in Lancaster until November 13th, and
[then passing] continuously through an extensively
cultivated country, where farms are adjoining, good
limestone land, fine barns, large grain-fields, hickory,
walnut, and white oak wood, [arrived at]

Mc Clahan's Tavern,^^ 16 miles, pretty bad tavern,
isolated on the highway.

In this district farms are from 200 to 300 acres,
and thus larger than near Lancaster — still good land

" Perhaps a reference to page 60 of manuscript, see p. 82 below.

'* John McCleland, Salisbury Township. — Tavern licenses, in LancasUr
County Mantucripts, vol. XV, State Library, Harrisburg, Pa. The servant who
kept the expense account indicated Pequea as the location of this tavern. See
p. 91 below.

y6 Cazenove Journal: 1794

and beautiful country (lime stone land). You have
to pay for farms with "improvements" from £15
to £20 an acre. I went to see here Leonard El-
maker's farm. It is of 320 acres, 200 of which are
cultivated. There is also a flour-mill and one for
wood. He is a very rich farmer of the district; the
whole family (7 children) were having a very bad
dinner around a very dirty little table, and the
furniture in the main room was not worth 200 dol-
lars, and the whole farm is like those already men-
tioned. They say he is worth £15,000 at least [?].

Page 48 of Manuscript
309 [miles]. Chester County

November 14th, left Mc Clahan's Tavern, through
part of Lancaster [County], still fine land and
beautiful meadows, 2 miles; then entered Chester
County where for 10 miles the land is less level, more
broken by very high hills, generally "barren land",
but afterwards you go down in the valley and arrive
at

Downing's Town [Downingtown], Chester County,
16-^ miles; stopped at Downing's,^^ at the sign of
Washington, very good inn. N. B. 33 miles from
Philadelphia.

In this county, farms are generally about 300
acres, half of which remains as woods — generally
lime-stone land; a farm with house and good bam,
orchard, etc., sells for £12 [per acre] in the valley,
and the price of land on the mountain, bordering

" Hunt Downing. — ^Tavern licenses in Chester County Manuscripts, vol. XI,
State Library, Harrisburg. — See also Futhey and Cope, Hist, of Chester County
(1881), p. 419. — ^The old inn is still standing (1921) in the eastern outskirts of
Downingtown and is occupied as a private residence.

Pennsylvania 77

the valley, called "hill-land", sells for £3 and Is
kept by the farmers for woodland for their farm use.
Generally everything Is grain-land or sown in clover,
when they give it a rest. They fertilize their soil
with lime, taken from their land, and with plaster
of Paris; this latter gives a good yield in hay.

An acre in the good valley land generally yields
15 to 20 bushels of wheat, but these last 2 or 3 years
they have been annoyed in this district by the
Hessian fly and this year (1794) by mildew — so they
cultivate corn more extensively, and sow their fields
in clover, because when there is not enough wheat
sown, the Hessian fly attacks barley; 30 to 35 bushels
corn [per acre], 20 to 25 bushels barley, i-'j/^ to 2 or
2-^2 tons of clover in 2 cuttings.

Send their flour and produce to Philadelphia —
many mills, a few forges near the mountain, where
there is plenty of wood, but no mines.

Very few Germans in this county, except in the
3 townships Spikland [Pikeland], Vincent, and
Coventry. English Presbyterians and Quakers pre-
vail in this county, also many* Anabaptists in the
3 above townships.

The price for transportation from here to Phila-
delphia is 15 to 18 pence a 100 pounds, and 2 s./6>
for a barrel of flour.

You find

Page 4Q of Manuscript
325-J^ [miles]. Chester County

very easily in this district workmen to help with
harvest for 3 s. a day, with meals and a pint of
whiskey.

V^78

Cazenove Journal: 17Q4

There is here a good English school for reading,
writing and arithmetic.

Beef sells here for 3 to 3-^ [pence] a pound,
pork 5 to 6 dollars a 100 pound, and they send it
to the Philadelphia market and sell it to the Phila-
delphia butchers for from 6 to 7 dollars a 100 pound.
The price of butter is 14 pence here and is sent to
the Philadelphia market.

The smallness of grain-crop, since the Hessian
fly [came], causes all the Chester County farmers
to attend to poultry raising, making butter, putting
their land in pasture, all clover, no timothy, and
raising cattle for the Philadelphia market.

Mr. Joseph Downing, a farmer here, has his farm
of more than a thousand acres, almost all in the
valley. Here they tried late sowing last year, not
until near September 20th, in order to avoid the
Hessian fly, but they regretted it, as there was no
harvest at all, having had first drought after sowing
and then it was too late in the season for the grain
to develop. Now they try to use much fertilizer.
They sow here 3 "pecks" of wheat per acre, that
is to say ^ of a bushel, as 4 "pecks" make a bushel.

They find that for cattle-feed, it is better to plant
potatoes than turnips.

They pay county tax 24 to 40 shillings, poor tax
24 to 40, road tax 12 to 20, according to the size of
the farms. Church (free), the richest one pays
from 2 to 3 dollars.

Every house and barn is built of limestone, no
brick-factories. The quality of land in Chester
County is quite varied; the county is crossed in
the north and south by 2 rows of mountains, not

Pennsylvania 79

very high, but too high to be estimated of great
value for cultivation. The land of the south
mountains (chestnut) £3 an acre. The land of
the north mountains, generally oak, for £3 an
acre.i°o /.;

The land south of the mountains Is fair, and is
worth £7 to. £8 an acre, for 2 or 300 acre farms.
The wood on the south mountains chlfefly chestnut.

The valley where the land Is level and "lime-
stone". Farms with improvements, that is to say
In activity [?], and ^4 in cultivation, are worth £12
an acre.

The land In the north, beyond the mountains is
sklit-stone,^°^ stony, but good for grain, Is worth
from £5 to £6 an acre, for 2 to 400 acre farms.
N. B. The trees on the north mountains are
generally oak.

Page £0 of Manuscript
325-3^ [miles]

November 15th, left Downings T. [Downlngtown],
passing through a country partly level, partly
broken with hills, near [?] [arrived] at

Fornlstak's Tavern,^^^ 10 miles, rather bad lodging,
on the highway. This Fornistak belongs to the
Tunkers [Dunkers] sect (all Germans), and con-
sequently has a long beard, takes Saturday for his
rest and church-day, has been baptised by Immersion

1°" The three nest following paragraphs Cazenove arranged in parallel
columns and sketched a mountain range between the first and second, and
another range between the second and third paragraphs.

^^ On "sklit land" see note 67, p. 58 above.

10* This was the old Warren Tavern, still standing (1921), kept in 1794 by
Caspar Fahnestock and his son Charles. Sachse, The Wayside Inns on the
Lancaster Roadside (1912), 55 ff. See also Chester County Manuscripts, vol. XI,
State Library, Harrisburg, Pa.

8o Cazenove Journal: 1794.

and when he is in a Church of his denomination, has
a right to give his opinion when the minister is
through preaching, etc. The seat of this sect is in
Euphrata [Ephrata], a village of Lancaster County,
in Pennsylvania: there live those who do not marry,
sisters in one house, brothers in another. There are
now in Euphrata [Ephrata] only 13 sisters and 6
brothers unmarried: their clothing is a kind of robe
of grayish wool, long, with a hood nearly like the
Carthusian friars. Their system is intensified ana-
baptism. The sect is gradually dying out. Those
who live in Euphrata [Ephrata] and who are un-
married, have their money in common. But every
detail on this sect is found in Morse, Geography,
Volume I, page 262. Boston, 1793. Mr. Fornistak
showed me a big quarto, printed in Euphrata [Eph-
rata], 1752, "Sectionen betrostend das Schule des
Einsamen Lebens" [sic].

At Miller's Tavern,^°^ 12 miles — good inn, on the
road. Here farms are generally 150 acres. The
price in general average, £10 an acre; "clay soil,
poor ground, most worn out"; the short distance
from Philadelphia is its great value.

November i6th, 1794, arrived in the morning at
Philadelphia, 11 miles, making altogether 358-^

miles, through the Jerseys in the counties ,

and in Pennsylvania through the counties, North-
ampton, Berks, Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin,
York, Lancaster, Chester.

"'The old Buck Inn, still standing (1921) between Haverford and Bryn
Mawr. In the tavern licenses of Delaware County "John Miller, Haverford"
is given in 1796, and "Jonathan Miller," 1797. — Unbound Manuscripts, State
Library, Harrisburg, Pa. — ^Jonathan Miller owned the Buck Inn property from
1794 until his death about 1840. From this old inn Washington wrote one of
his most famous despatches to Congress, Sept. 15, 1777.

Pennsylvania 8 1

From October 21 to November 16, making 26 days,
spent during the trip, in a 4 horse-coach, and [with]
a saddle horse, coachman, postiHon, Petit and myself,

5 horses, 4 people, dollars . Everywhere in the

best inns; the horses well fed; had breakfast, luncheon,
and dinner. One rainy day, two snowy ones, No-
vember 14th and 15th, — all the other days dry, and
magnificent weather; often the sun was so hot that
I was obliged to put up my carriage-hood, because
I was inconvenienced by the heat of the sun. Gen-
erally roads which must be nearly impassable after
rain.

[Here follows a rough diagram in semicircles
indicating, as follows, the author's idea of the various
layers of Pennsylvania population.]

First nucleus, Quakers.

Second layer, Germans.

Third layer, beyond the Susquehanna, Irish and
Scotch.

Fourth layer, beyond the mountains, Irish, Scotch,
New Englanders.

Pages 51—59 of Manuscript

[Some of these pages are blank, or only partially
filled. Such writing as there is, consists of scores,
even hundreds, of questions or topics, apparently for
the guidance of the author in securing information,
chiefly about farms and farming. The following,
from the beginning of page 54, is given by way of
illustration:]

When do new settlers arrive?

During what season do they go there and how?

What do they own ?

How do they live?

82 Cazenove Journal: 1794

How long does It take for his farm to produce a
living for him?

[Such questions cover, among many others, the
following topics: clearing land, building houses and
barns, making maple sugar, temperature in winter
and summer, native fruits, fish, game, progress of
emigration, farming methods, fertilizer, mills, stores,
transportation of products, roads, bridges, social life,
etc., etc. — Page ^9 refers apparently to a projected
journey by the author or his agent through central
New York, with some "special questions after having
passed Schenectady." For example:]

What is the produce of a 150-acre farm?

Who makes the roads and keeps them In good
condition ?

What means for produce-transportation — ^what
price by water [?] per ton to Fort Stanwix, Oswego,
Geneva, Canandaigua, Niagara?

How long to arrive there — dangers ?

How much will the Western Canal shorten the
time and expense of shipping?

How many boats used on the Mohawk — their
cost — where built — expense of up-keep ?

Page 60 of Manuscript
German Farmers.

They give as the reason for the lack of neatness
and improvements of the farms, which the rich
farmers own in Pennsylvania, that generally the
father, when he dies, leaves the farm to his oldest
son, mortgaged or In debt for the other children's
shares. Then the new owner exerts himself and
employs all his savings in the payment of the debt;

Pennsylvania 83

so being used to think only of making money, he
keeps on after he has paid out. Very often also the
father, having many sons, buys farms part cash and
part time-payment and gives this farm to his son,
but indebted: the desire to pay for it is the son's
great preoccupation, and being brought up in pri-
vation and used to look at wealth as the only good
and at enjoyment as nothing, so used to doing nothing
but earn money to pay for his farm, he continues
until his death, and it is so from father to son.

I visited several farms in the famous Lancaster
County — belonging to farmers known to be worth
from 10 to 15 thousand pounds. I found them
having for dinner potatoes, bacon, and buckwheat
cakes; tin goblets, a dirty little napkin instead of a
table cloth, on a large table — for downstairs rooms,
a kitchen and a large room with the farmer's bed
and the cradle, and where the whole family stays
all the time; apples and pears drying on the stove,
a bad little mirror, a walnut bureau — a table —
sometimes a clock; on the second floor, tiny little
rooms where the family sleep on pallets, with cur-
tains, without furniture.

No care is taken to keep the entrance to the house
free of stones and mud — not one tree — not one
flower. In the vegetable garden, weeds intermingled
with cabbages and a few turnips and plants. In
brief, with the exception of

Page 61 of Manuscript

the size of the barn and a larger cultivated area, you
do not distinguish between the rich Pennsylvania
farmer and the poor farmer of other states.

84 Cazenove Journal: 1794

In the Downings Town [Downingtown] Inn,
Chester County, where I spent the night there were
that same evening 14 Lancaster farmers; each one
was driving a big 4-horse wagon, with 12 barrels of
flour, to Philadelphia. I found them in a room
next to the kitchen, all lying on the floor in a circle,
their feet to the fire, each one on one or two bags of
oats which they have with them to feed the horses
on the way; they were covered with a poor blanket,
no cap, and all dressed; — this lodging did not cost
them anything — the inn keeper gave them this
shelter to be able to sell them the small quantity of
liquor they buy. In this group there were farmers
known to be worth from £6000 to 8000 in good
land, and money lent on mortgage upon good lands.

Page 62 of Manuscript

Although several German farmers in Berks, Dau-
phin, and Lancaster Counties, have fine stone houses,
2 stories high, with English windows, etc., the inside
is almost unfurnished; in the large fine room an
immense stove on which the dishes are still standing;
potatoes and turnips on the floor; beds generally
without curtains, no mirror, nor good chairs, nor
good tables and wardrobes.

Probably one of the causes of this slovenliness
and lack of comfort is that they do not know any
better, for the German farmers who cross the Sus-
quehanna to settle there, and especially the younger
generation, take more the habits of the Irish who
like comfort more. You notice especially the cloth-
ing of the German farmers and their wives who have
an opportunity to see other examples than their

Pennsylvania 85

father's and mother's; they have English or American
clothing, and from clothes it will pass to house-
furnishings, etc.

Pages 63 to 6s of Manuscript

[Blank.]

Page 66 of Manuscript

[Very rough and scrappy notes on a trip, taken
or projected. Mention of Sunbury, Bald Eagle,
Penn's Valley, Buffalo Valley, Northumberland
County, Carlisle, Lewis Town, Juniata County,
Lancaster, Conewago Creek, Shippensburg; references
to iron works and iron mines; Col. Patent [?]; Mr.
Miles or Miller, of Philadelphia; Mr. Foster; several
names of people and places are nearly or quite

illegible.]

Page 67 of Manuscript

[Rough notes on a trip, taken or projected, from
Bethlehem to Wind Gap, and Stroud's tavern.]
There ask about Major Smith, whom I saw in
Philadelphia, and see him, who lives 2 miles away
from Stroud's, who will tell me whether to go further
to see the new town which Mr. Bides (sic) is building
on the Delaware, in Upper Smithfield.

This Major Smith, who came to offer me land in
his district (May 27th) is French; has been an officer
in the army of Congress; seems to be a well bred
man, who lives secluded on his farm, where he has
his library and studies chemistry, etc.

It will be a good opportunity to know this district
^ell— his son was a Captain of Hussars, and lately
came to join him.

Page 68 of Manuscript
[Blank.]

86 Cazenove Journal: 17Q4

Page 6g of Manuscript

[Rough notes.]
To see part of the interior of Pennsylvania Mr.
Pollock advised me to go from Philadelphia to
Reading.

[Montclare (?), Birdsboro, Wilson's iron-works
and iron-mines, MiiHin's farm; there to Harrisburg;
Silver Spring Tavern, Mr. Pollock's, Carlisle, Ship-
pensburg, Conewago, York, Lancaster.]

Everywhere the best lodgings are at the taverns
where the stages stop, but choose the days when the
stages do not arrive.

At Shippensburg ask if I can find good lodgings,
and roads to go ahead to see Skinner's, Bedford,
Berlin, Galatin (sic).

Read in Morse [Geography] what to see; and
letters for these places.

N. B. — Indication of the road to Asylum.

Page yo of Manuscript

[Blank.]

Page yi of Manuscript

[Rough notes concerning a trip, taken or projected,
from Philadelphia to New York through Bethlehem,
Easton, Jersey, Morristown.]

5 miles from Bethlehem, Mr. Lawrence's [?].
The Nicholson Co. coal mine is about 30 miles from
Bethlehem on the Lehigh River, not far from Fort
Allen, and on the [Tunkhannock] Creek.

To Nazareth.

The Dunkers.

From there go to see the Wind Gap, in the Blue
Mountains, about 20 miles — formerly the bed of

Pennsylvania 87

the Delaware. From there return towards the
Delaware and cross It to go through Easton into
Jersey. Spring ... [?] iron mines.

Page 72 of Manuscript
[The following expense account of the trip was
probably kept by Petit, the servant of Mr. Cazenove.
His gift apparently did not lie in the field of spelling.
His words are a mixture of French and English, both
constantly misspelled. Many places mentioned can
be made out only by reference to the itinerary as
given in the main body of the journal. The editor
has therefore made it into English as best he could
without burdening the text too much with the
conventional editorial signs. The critical scholar is
referred to the original manuscript.]

Memorandiim Of All The Expenses In-
curred ON Your Entire Trip.
Oct., Sept. and Nov. 1794

through Pennsylvania. [The
preceding, in italics, Is In the handwriting of Mr.
Cazenove. It was probably added later when he
did not recollect the exact dates. The time of the
trip did not Include September.]

Pd. for transporting carriage and
horses from Brooklyn to Port
Hook [?] [Paulus Hook] 1-12-

For the ferryman 3- 9

Pd. the ferry, for you, for me, and

the baggage I- 6

Pd. to have the baggage hauled
from the home of Mr. Le Roy

88 Cazenove Journal: 1794

("Roly") to the ferry 2- 6

Given to the servant of Mr. Le

Roy 16-

Pd. for crossing the ferry from
New York to Port Hook [?]
[Paulus Hook] 4- 3

Pd. for the food of horses and "de
quite" [Apparently the stop
for lunch] I- 3~ ^

For the boy - 2-

Pd. for ferrying two rivers [prob-
ably the Hackensack and Pas-
saic] -12-

Pd. at Newark for one day and

two nights 4-12- 3

For the stable-boy who recovered
the baggage that was stolen

For the maid

Pd. for dinner [at Chatham]
Oct. 1794
24th Pd. for the night [at Hanover]

For the boy and the maid
25th Pd. for the night at Morristown

For the boy and the maid
26th Pd. for the night at Black River

For the boy and the maid

Pd. for dinner

For the boy

£16-19- S

I-

10-

I-

Pennsylvania §9

Page 7S 0/ Manuscript
[Oct.] . £16-19- 5

27th The night at [Mclntyre's] in
Greenwich
For the boy and the maid
28th The night at Easton

For the boy and the maid
Pd. for the ferry
Pd. for greasing, and horse-
shoeing
29th Pd. for the night at Nazareth
For the boy and the maid
For soap, gloves, candle, and a
book
30th The night at Bethlehem
For the boy and the maid
For an engraving
Pd. for the ferry, at Allentown
For refreshments
For the night at Kutztown
For the boy and the maid
Pd. for refreshments
November

2nd For two nights at Reading
For the boy and the maid
Pd. for dinner
3rd The night at Myerstown

For the boy and the maid
4th The night at Lebanon

For the maid
5th The night at Hummelstown
For the boy and the maid

£41- 6-

I-

8-1 1

3-9

I-

■18-

I-

10 J

I-

-10-

•6

15-

■ 6

I-

-17-
3

- 6

-10- 8

- I-

- 7

■ 9

90 Cazenove Journal: 17^4.

Page 74 of Manuscript

[Nov.] £41- 6- o

Pd. "a quite" half dollar in |

order to see the cave 3~ 9 |

For mending the carriage pole i

6th The night at Harrisburg 2- 7- 3

For the boy and the maid 3- 9

7th The night at Carlisle 2-16- 2

For the boy and the maid 3- 9

Pd. for having the horses fed 7- 6

8th The night at Shippensburg 1-15- 6

For the boy and the maid 3- 9
For lunch at " Roumetonne "

[Chambersburg !] 15-
For the boy i
9th The night at Marsh Creek i- 9- 5 /-"
For the boy and the maid 3- 9
For refreshments at Abbotts-
town 9- 6
loth Two nights at York 4-16-11
For the boy and the maid 7- 6
For shoeing the horses and

mending the carriage 15-6
nth Pd. for refreshments at [Wright's]

ferry, and for ferrying 18-6

1 2th Two nights at Lancaster 5-12- o

For the boy and the maid 6

Two pairs of chickens [?] 3

Pd. for the bridge i- 6

£65- 8- o

Pennsylvania 9^

Page ys ^f Manuscript
[Nov.] £65- 8- o

13th The night at Pequea

tavern 1-14- 4

For the boy and the maid 3- 9

For brandy i- 6

14th The night at [Downingtown] 1-15- 3

For the boy 3~ 9

15th The night at Miller's Tavern 2- 5- i

For the boy and the maid 3- 9

Pd. for the ferry [across Schuyl-
kill River] 2
17th Pd. the little postilion for 15
days and a half, at the rate
of two dollars a day, plus
one dollar as a tip, makes 12- o- o

£83-17- 5

in dollars 223-^
Received for the trip, 269 dollars

Deduct above expenses, 223-% dollars

leaves 45-M dollars in favor
of Mr. C.

[Note: — Toward the last of the above account,
some of the dates and places seem not to tally with
the itinerary of the main journal. The correct place
has been inserted in brackets in a few cases. It is
possible that the accounts of the last few days were
made out from memory after the journey was ended.
Some places also are omitted, perhaps because
Cazenove paid the bills personally at those places.]

INDEX

Abbott, John, 68 note

Abbottstown, 67-68, 90

Adams County, 66 note

Allen, William, 27 note

Allen Spring, 43

Allentown, 27-28, 89

Anabaptist church, Morristown, 9

Anabaptists, 77

Anglican church, see Episcopal church

Annville, 50 note

Apples, 9, II, 12, 24; production, ll;

8 bushels make I barrel of cider, 11
Arpent, equal to about one and a half

English acres, 12 note

Bakery, 25, 31
Bald Eagle, 85
Baltimore, 60, 63, 65, 67, 68
Barley, 77

culture, 48, 59

prices, 33, 38, 49, 63

production, 11, 32, 35, 41, 77
Beaumetz, z, xi
Bedford, 86
Bedford County, 63
Beehives, 34
Beeverhoud's, see Van Beverhoudt,

Lucas
Berks County, 30, 80
Berlin, 86
Bethlehem, vii, 23-27, 85, 86, 89;

view of, 23
Bides, Mr, 85
Big Conestoga Creek, 73
Big Spring, 30, 43 nou; property,

Cazenove's statement on verified,

xiii
Birdsboro, 86
Black River, N. J., 10-13, 88

Black slaves, see Negroes
Blaine, Ephraim, 57 note
Blue Mountains, 56, 60-61, 86
Boarding, prices, 7, 33, 49
Boarding-school at Bethlehem, 25

Morristown, 10

Newark, N. J., i, 2
Boards, prices, 8
Boats, 54; price, 38
Books, for sale, 18
Boonton (Boun Town), 6
Boys' College at Nazareth, 20
Braddock, General, 64
Brewery, 22, 2$
Brick factories, Carlisle, 60

Chambersburg, 65

Harrisburg, 53
Brickfields, 13
Bricks, prices, 8, 13, 60, 65
Bridges, 82

Brissot de Warville, viii
Buck Inn, 80 note
Buckwheat, 3, 4, 11, 24, 35

culture, 4, 29, 49

prices, 33, 36, 60

production, 4, 11, 14, 29, 32, 35, 41,
47, 67, 68
Buckwheat cakes, 34
Buifalo Historical Society, acknowl-
edgment to, iii
Buffalo Valley, 85
Buildings, 3, 10, 82

city, description, 37, 51, 72

farm, description, 24, 28, 30, 36, 39,
43, 61, 78

village, description, 17, 31, 44, 49,
62, 64, 70
Busti, Paul, letter to John Lincklaen,

xii

Cazenove Journal: 17Q4

Butcher, 31

Butter, prices, 3, 7, 28, 33, 36, 48, 60,
63, 68, 78

Cabbages, 29, 34, 83

Canal, built by the Schuylkill and
Susquehanna Navigation Co., 46
note; price of land for canal-way, 46;
farmers opposed to building of, 47;
Harrisburg citizens opposed to
building, 54

Capron, Mrs, girl's school, Newark,
2 note

Carlisle, 56-61, 85, 86, 90

Carpenter, J. McF., acknowledgment
to, iii

Carpenters, 8, 25, 31

Carrie farm house, 66 noU

Carrots, 34

Cat story, xiv, 6

Catholic church, Reading, 38
York Town, 69

Catholic families in Reading, 38

Cattle, 12, IS, 25, 49, 67, 78
markets for, 3
prices, 3, 4, 9

Cazenove, Louis de, Jr., acknowledg-
ment to, iv

Cazenove, Theophile, proof of his
authorship, v note; autograph let-
ters, v note; letter of introduction to
Gen. Irvine, vi; correspondence, vii;
sketch of life, vii; financial under-
takings, viii; first General Agent of
Holland Land Company, ix; early
historian of Holland Land Com-
pany's activities, ix; stockholder in
the Pennsylvania Population Co.,
ix note; journey through New Jersey
and Pennsylvania, x; personality
and manner of life, x; appetite for
good food and choice drinks, xi;
returned to Europe in 1799, xi; in
employ of Dutch bankers, xi; be-
came a naturalized citizen of United
States in December 1794, xi note;

exact relation with Talleyrand, xii;
last years in Paris, xii; died in
Paris, March 6, 181 1, xii; abandoned
by Talleyrand, xiii; elevation of
thought not lacking in Journal, xiv;
body servant's drollery, xiv; Jour-
nal, little of literary merit but many
facts, xiv; mentioned, xi; portrait,
frontispiece

Cazenovia, N. Y., named after Caze-
nove, xiii

Chambersburg, xiv, 63, 90

Chatham, N. J., 2, 88

Chester County, 76, 80

Chestnut, 72, 79

Chickens, prices, 8

Christian Springs, Moravians at, 22

Church of England, see Episcopal
church

Churches, 10, 78; at Boonton, 7; pay-
ments for support, 30. See also Ana-
baptist; Catholic; English; Episco-
pal; German; Lutheran; Methodist;
Quaker; Presbyterian

Cider, 3, 4, 9, II, 12; prices, il, 22; 32
gallons make 4 gallons of spirits, 1 1;
export of spirits to New York, 12

City lots, price, 27, 3 1, 52, 54, 57;
rent, 39; size, 72

Clay, see Soils

Clearing land, 82

Cloth factory, 25

Cloth-printing factory, I

Qothing, manufacture, 34

Clover, 24, 28, 35, 43, 58, 77, 78
culture, 29, 33, 59
production, 32, 35, 41, 67, 77

Codorus Creek, 70

Colleges, Boys' College, Nazareth, 20
Carlisle, Dickinson, 57

Comfort, William W., acknowledg-
ment to, iii

Conestoga creeks, 73, 75

Conewago, 86

Conewago Creek, 85

Conococheague Creek, 64

Index

Coots Town, see Kutztown
Corn, 3, II, 24, 55, 77

culture, 4, 29, 48, 59

prices, 49, 60, 67, 68

production, 4, 9, il, 14, 24, 29, 32,
41, 47, 58, 67, 68, 77
Costume, of farmers, 45
County records, 17
County tax, 29, 36, 78
Court-houses, 10, 17, 37, 53, 73
Coventry, 77
Cows, see Cattle
Crabb (Crapp), William, tavern, 51

note
Craig, Mrs William, 17
Craig, William, 17 note
Criminals, ID, see also Jails
Cross Keys Inn, 35 note
Croze, Gabrielle de, acknowledgment

to, iii
Crystal Lake, 43 note
Cumberland County, 58, 61, 80

Dancing, hall for, 9
Daniels (Davies), John, I
Dauphin County, 53, 80
Davies (Daniels?), John, I
Day, Timothy, inn, Chatham, 2 note
Deep Spring, tavern at, 42
Delaware River, 15
Dickinson College, Carlisle, 57 note
Distances from town to town, remark-
ably exact generally, xiii
Distilleries, 9, 11, 12
Downing, Hunt, tavern, 76 note
Downing, Joseph, 78
Downingtown (Downing's Town), 76-

79,91
Downingtown inn, 76, 84
Drake's, Black River, N. J., 10
Drawing teacher, 74
Drunkenness, 13, 16, 75
Ducks, prices, 8; wild, 14
Duer, William, letter introducing

Cazenove to, ix
Dunkers, 79, 86
Durand, John P., 5 note

Dutch Valley, see German Valley

Ealer, Peter, tavern, 28 note

Easton, 14, 17, 19, 86, 87, 89

Eckert (Ekhard), John, 43 note

Education, see Boarding schools; Col-
leges; Schools

Egher's, Allen's Town, 27

Ekhard, Squire, see Eckert, John

Elks, 60

Elmaker, Leonard, 76

Emigration, 82; to Genesee country
and Kentucky, 12; from New Eng-
land to Kentucky and Ohio, 14;
from East to Kentucky and Penn-
sylvania, 31

English church, Harrisburg, 53. See
also Episcopal church; Presbyterian
churches

Ephrata, 80

Episcopal church, Carlisle, 57
Chambersburg, 65

Erwin, General, see Irvine, General
William

Essex County, review of militia, 3

Evans, Mr, 41 note

Evans, Paul D., acknowledgment to,
iv, ix; researches in History of the
Holland Land Co., xi note

Excise, 12, 35

Expense account, 87

Facsimile pages, of Cazenove Journal^,

1,73

Factories, brick, 53, 60, 65
cloth, 25
cloth-printing, I
hat, 31, 37, 51
shoe and boot, 2
stocking, 2
tobacco, 25, 31, 51
wall-paper, 2

Faesch, John Jacob, 6 note

Fahnestock (Fomistak), Caspar, tav-
ern, 79 noti

Fairchild, Mrs Charles S., acknowl-
edgment to, iv

Cazenove Journal: 1794

Fann-houses, lack of neatness and
furniture, i6

Farm land, prices, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 13,
14, 22, 23, 28, 30, 32, 33, 35, 42, 43,
44, 45. 47» SI, 55, 5^, 61, 63, 65, 67,
68, 76, 79, 80; taxation, 29

Farmers, costume, 45; thrifty but
avaricious, 44; wealth, 12, 75; wives,
16. See also German farmers;
Irish farmers; Lancaster farmers

Farming conditions, records remark-
ably exact, xiii

Farming methods, 82

Farms, size, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 23, 28,
29, 32, 35, 40, 43, 47, 55, 58, 63, 67
68, 71, 75, 76, 79, 80; price for
rentals, 28

Ferries, 54

Ferris, Mr, 5

Fertilizers, 78, 82. See also Lime;
Manure

Fish, 82

Flax, 34, S9

Flour, 33, 54, 60, 6s; prices, 8, 19, 63;
cost of transportation, 19, 60, 63, 77

Flour mills, 19, 25, 40, 52, 54, 64, 67,
68, 75, 76

Folliguet, Lieutenant Joseph, acknowl-
edgment to, iii, V

Forest land, see Wood land

Forman, Lewis, 5 note

Forsyth, John, 71

Foster, Mr, 85

Foster, Thomas, tavern, 56 note

France, farmers in compared with
farmers in America, 42

Franklin County, 63, 64, 80

Freight, see Transportation

Fruits, 82

Fry, George, 52, 54

Funerals, 50

Furniture, lack of, 16, 42, 76, 84

Galatin, 86

Game, 82

Gardens, lack of, 16

Genesee country, emigration to, 12

Genet, citizen, x

German church, Harrisburg, 52
Reading, 38

See also Lutheran churches; Pres-
byterian churches

German farmers, 29, 30, 42, 44, 55, 82;
lack of education, 34; obstinate and
ignorant, 34; slovenliness, 84; stingi-
ness, 34, 46. See also Germans

German Moravians, 22

German newspaper, 1 8, 39

German Valley, N. J., 13, 14

Germans, 17, 23, 24, 37, 48, 50, $6,
68, 69, 71, 72, 77, 79, 81. See also
Farmers; German farmers

Germantown, 32

Gifford (Giffort), Archer, inn, i note

Ginger-bread vendor, 31

Golkowsky (Golgosski), George, 22
note

Goose quills, price, 5

Grains, 3, 43, 65
price, 18
shipping, cost, 19, 49

Gravel, see Soils

Greenawalt (Greenwald), Philip, 46
note

Greenwich, 89

Grimser, John, see Kremser, John

Grotto, 49

Hackensack, N. J., 88

Hall, Mrs, 71

Hamilton, Alexander, ix

Hamilton, James, 72 note

Hand, General Edward, 73 note

Hanna (Annha), John A., 53 note

Hanover, N. J., 4, 5, 88

Hanover, Pa., 69 note

Harpsichord teacher, 74

Harris, Mr, 51, 52, 53

Harris, William, 70 note

Harrisburg, 51-55, 86, 90; diagram of

principal streets, 51 note
Harrison and Sterret, merchants,

Philadelphia, 23 note
Hartley, Col, Thomas, 70 note

Index

Hats, manufacture, 31, 37, 51; prices,

Hay, price, 3, 3<5, 49, 60, 63, 67, 68, 77
price for carting, 49
production, 3, 9, 32, 41, 47, 58, 67,
68

Hemp, 34

Henderson, Matthew, 61 note, 6z

Hessian fly, 10, 33, 77, 78

Hickorj'-, 75; price, 68

Hiester (Heyster), Joseph, 39 note

Hietrick, Mr, 75

Holland Land Company, ix; settle-
ments which it hoped to promote
upon lands in Pennsylvania, 14 note

Home comforts, lack of, 16

Hope, N. J., 26 note

Horses, 15, 29, 33, 44, 48, 59
prices, 3, 9, 12, 29

Hotels,

Abbot's Town, Jones, Sign of the

Indian Queen, 67
Allen's Town, Egher's, 27
Bethlehem, 25; Sun Inn, 23
Black River, N. J., Drake's, lo
Carlisle, 55; Foster's, 56
Chambersburg, Shryock's, 64 note
Chatham, N. J., Day's, 2
Chester county, Fahnestock's (War-
ren tavern), 79 note
Deep Spring, 43
Delaware county. Miller's (Buck

Inn), 80 note, 91
Downingtown, Downing's, 76 note,

84
Dutch Valley, N. J., see German

VaUey
Easton, Opp's Golden Swan, 17
Franklin township, Thompson's, 65

note, 66 note
German Valley, N. J., Miller's, 14
German Valley, N. J., Van House

Tavern, 13
Hanover, N. J., Tapin's, 4, 5
Harrisburg, Crabb's, 51 note
Hummelstown, Rahm's, 49 note
Kutztown, 31; Stoudt's, 30 note, 33

Lancaster, Slough's, White Swan,

72 note
Lancaster, Stake's, 72 note
Lebanon, Greenawalt's, 46
Long Valley, N. J., see German

Valley
Macungie township, Trexler's, 30

note
Maiden Creek township, Cross Keys

Inn, 35
Morristown, N. J., O'Hara's, 7
Mount Rock, 61
Myerstown, Keener's, 45
Nazareth, Kremser's, 19
New Village, N. J., Mclntyre, 15
Newark, N. J., Gifford's, i
Newton township, McCracken's, 62

note
Reading, Wood's, 37 note
Salisbury township, McCleland's,

75 note, 91
Shippensburg, Rippey's, 62 note
Washington, N. J., Wilson's, 15
Whitehall township, Ealer's, 28 note
Womelsdorf, Stauch's, 44
York county, Russell's, 66 note
York Town, Spangler's, 69 note

Houses, 8. See also Buildings

Hubley, John, 74 note

Huidekoper, A. C, acknowledgment
to, iv

Hummelstown (Homelstown), 49-51,

Indians, 71

Innkeepers, chiefly farmers, who run

hotels as a side-line, 15
Inns, see Hotels
Irish, 17, 23, 56, 57, 81

farmers, 44, 55, 59
Iron mines, 13, 32, 85, 86
Iron rods, prices, 7
Iron works, 6, 6r, 85, 86
Irvine (Erwin), General William, v, vi,

55 "0^^

Jails, 38, 53, 57, 64

Cazenove Journal: 1794.

Jameson, Dr J. Franklin, acknowledg-
ment to, iv

Jersey, see New Jersey

Jeweller, 31

Joiner, 31

Jones, Sign of the Indian Queen, 67

Jordan, John W., acknowledgment to,
iii

Journal, entirely anonymous, v; proof
of Cazenove's authorship, v

Juniata County, 85

Keener (Khener, Kiiner), Godfrey,

tavern, 45 note
Kentucky, emigration to, 12, 14, 31
Ketter, see Kitters
Khener, see Keener, Godfrey
Kittera (Ketter), John W., 74 note
Koppe (Coppe), J. B., sermons, 18

note
Klremser (Grimser), John, tavern, 19

note
Kutz (Coots), George, 30 note, 3 1
Kutztown (Coots Town), Pa., 30-35,

Labor, in country, 5, 59; slaves, in
country, 3. See also Wages

La Coulombe, xi

Lancaster, 72-75, 85, 86, 90; diagram
of streets, 73 note; social scenes at
during sessions of Court, xiv, 74

Lancaster County, 71, 80, 83

Lancaster farmers, 68, 75, 84

Lancaster Town, 72

Land-tax, 35

La Roche, Baron de, xi

Lawrence, Mr, 86

Lawyers, 71

Lebanon, 46, 47-49, 89

Lehigh River, 28

Le Roy, Mr, 87

Lewis Town, 85

Library in Morristown, N. J., 9

Library of Congress, acknowledg-
ment to, iii

Lune, 12, 29, 48, 58, 77

prices, 8, 13
Lime land, see Soils
Limestone, 29
Limestone land, see Soils
Lincklaen, Helen, see Fairchild, Mrs

Charles S.
Lincklaen, Colonel John, letter from

Paul Busti, xii
Liquors, 84; prices, 9, 11; distilled

from cider, 9, 11,12. See also Drunk-
enness
Live stock, see Horses, Cattle, Oxen,

Swine, Sheep, etc
Locksmith, 25, 31
Locust trees, 72
Log houses, 24, 30, 31, 44, 49. 5h 61,

62, 70, 73
Long Valley, N. J., 13 note. See also

German Valley
Lots, see City lots; Farm land; Town

lots; Village lots
Lousiana purchase, xii
Lumber mills, 25
Lunt, William E., acknowledgment to,

iii
Lutheran (German) churches.

Abbot's Town, 68

Allen's Town, 27

Bethlehem, 24

Easton, 17

Harrisburg, 52

Kutztown, 31

Lancaster, 73

Lebanon, 48

Myerstown, 45

Reading, 38

Womelsdorf, 44

McAllister, Richard, 69 note
Mc Allister's Town, 69 note, 71
McCleland (Mc Clahan's), John, tav-
ern, 75 note, 91
Mc Collister, see Mc Allister
McCracken (McCrake), William, tav-
ern, 62 note

Index

Mc Int}Te, John, tavern, 15 noU, 89
Maiden Creek township, 35
Makentayer's Tavern, see Mclntyre,

John
Manufactures, see Factories
Manure, 12, 15, 29, 33, 58,
Map, of Cazenove's Journey, xviii
Maple, 72
Maple sugar, 82
Markets, 37; for cattle, 3; for farm

produce, 4, 15, 18, 28, 32, 36, 60, 63,

65, 67, 68, 77
Marre, Charles, paper-mill, 4
Marsh Creek, 66 note, 90
Masons, wages, 8

Maxatawny (Maxadany) township, 32
Meat, prices, 7, 28, 33, 48, 60, 63, 78
Mechanics, 51, 71

Meinert, Reverend P. S., acknowledg-
ment to, iii
Melville paper mill, 4 note
Merchants, 38

Methodist church, Morristown, 9
Middletown, 52
Mifflin, Governor Thomas, 39 noti, 41

note; letter to General Irvine, vi
Mifflin's farm, 86
Mildew, 77
Militia, review of militia of Essex

County, 3
Militiamen, meeting with, 15
Miller (Miler), Mr, of Philadelphia, 85
Miller, Abraham, 50 note
Miller, Andrew, 14 note
Miller, Gen. Henry, 70 nott
Miller, John, tavern, 80 note
Miller, Jonathan, 80 note
Miller's Tavern, 80, 91
Millerstown, 50
Mills, 19, 22, 30, 33, 52, 54, 55, 70, 82.

See also Flour mills
Miners, wages, 6
Mining land, 61 note. See also Iron

mines
Ministers, 30, 31
Montclare, 86

Montgomery, Thomas L., acknowl-
edgment to, iii

Moore, John, 59 note

Moravian settlements, peace and
abundance in, 23

Moravians, notes on contain inac-
curacies, xiii; mentioned, xiv
in Bethlehem, 24-27
Christian Spring, 22
Lebanon, 48

Nazareth, 20; sojourn of Cazenove
with, vi; entry from official Di-
arium of Moravian Church, vi

Moreau de Saint-Mery, Journal of, x;
mentioned, xi

Morris, Mr, x

Morris, Benjamin, 39 not^

Morris, Cadwalader, 39 note

Morristown, N. J., 5 noU, 7-10, 86, 88

Morse's Geography, 20, 86

Mount Hope, N. J., see Hope

Mount Rock, 61

Mountain land, price, 79

Mummasburg, 66 note

Musconetcong (Musconekon) Creek,

Myers, Albert Cook, acknowledgment

to, iii
Myerstown, 45-46, 89

Nazareth, 19-23, 86, 89; Moravians
at, sojourn of Cazenove with, vi;
entry from official Diarium of Mora-
vian Church, vi

Neatness, lack of, 16

Necker, xii

Negroes, 3, 8, 13, 67

New Englanders, 81

New Jersey, 1-17, 86, 87

New Jersey Historical Society, ac-
knowledgment to, iii

New York, I

New York Historical Society, acknowl-
edgment to, iii

Newark, N. J., I, 2, 88

Newman, H. W., 66 note

100

Cazenove Journal: 1794

Newspapers, English, 52, 58, 65

German, 18, 39
Nicholson, James, 61 note
Nicholson, John, of Carlisle, Pa., 61

note
Nicholson, John, of Philadelphia, 39

note, 41 note, 42
Nicholson Co., coal mine, 86
North and South Mountains, 61
Northampton County, 80
Northumberland County, 85

Oak, 24, 79; prices, 7, 28, 33, 36, 48,
60, 68. See also White oak

Oats, culture, 29, 48, 59
price, 49, 60, 63
production, 58

Ogden, Samuel, 6 note

O'Hara, George, 7 note

Ohio, emigration to, 14

Oil press, 25

Old Boonton, 6 noti

Opp, Jacob, tavern, 17 note

Orchards, II, 40. See also Apples

Organ, at Nazareth settlement, 21

Oxen, 3, 33, 59; prices, 3, 4, 9, 12, 29

Paper, prices, 4, 64

Paper-mills, 4, 64

Parsons, Mary P., acknowledgment
to, iii

Passaic, N. J., 88

Patent, Col., 85

Paterson, Manufacturers' Company, I

Patin, see Tapin

Paulus Hook, 87, 88

Peaches, 9

Pear trees, 40

Penn's Valley, 85

Pennsylvania, 17-91

Pennsylvania History Press, acknowl-
edgment to, iv

Pennsylvania Population Co., iz note

Pequea, 75 note

Pests, in crops, set Hessian fly

Peiit, I, 81, 87

Philadelphia, 60, 77, 78, 80

Piersol, Mordacay, 18, 19, 22
Pikeland, 77

Plaster of Paris, 33,35, 41, 77; price, 29
Plowing, 59; with horses, 29, 33, 48,

59; with oxen, 4, 9, 12, 29, 33
Politics, 16, 34
Pollock, Mr, 86
Pollock, James, 55 note
Pollock, John, 55 note
Pollock, Oliver, 55 note
Pompton, cloth-printing factory, i
Pontoons, 71
Poor tax, 29, 36, 78
Potatoes, 29, 34, 78
Potter, 31
Poultry, 78
Preaching, in Dutch, 7. See also

Churches
Presbyterian church. Black River, N.

J.,ii

Morristown, 9
Presbyterian church (English), Car-
lisle, 57

Chambersburg, 65
Presbyterian church (German)

Abbot's Town, 68

Allen's Town, 27

Bethlehem, 24

Carlisle, 57

Easton, 1 7

Harrisburg, 53

Hummelstown, 49

Kutztown, 31

Lebanon, 48

Reading, 38
Presbyterians, English, Chester

County, 77
Prices, see Boarding; Boards; Bricks;

Butter; Cattle; Chickens; Ducks;

Farm land; Flour; Goose quills;

Grain; Horses; Iron rods; Lime;

Liquor; Meat; Oak; Oxen; Paper;

Salt; Transportation; Turkeys; Wal-
nut; Wood
Printing-plant, 18, 52, 57, 65
Prisoners, see Jails
Prisons, 10, 17

Index

lOI

Quaker church in Reading, 38

Quaker farmer, 41

Quakers, "jj, 81

Quit-rents, 27, 31, 39, 47-48, 56, 62,

65, 68, 70, 72
Quittapahilla Creek, 47

Rahm (Room), Michael, tavern, 49
note

Raritan River, 13

Read, Collison, 39 note

Reading, 35 note, 36-42, 86, 89; dia-
gram of principal streets, 37 note

Red Stone, 45

Rippey, Capt. William, tavern, 62
note

Road tax, 29, 36, 78

Roads, 24; condition, 3, 5, 13, 14, 15,
39, 43, 44, 5°, 61, 66, 71, 81, 82

Roberdeau, Isaac, 46 note

Rocky Hill, 61

Roman Catholic church, see Catholic
church

Rooms, price, 33

Roomtown, rv, 90

Ross, James, 73 note, 74 note

Rotation of crops, 29, 35, 48, 58

Roumetonne, xv, 90

Russel, Gilpin, 10

Russell, Joshua, tavern, 66 note

Rutherford, Mr, 14

Rye, production, 4, 35

Saddle maker, 31
Sainseigher, see Zantzinger
Saint-Mery, see Moreau de Saint-

Mery
Salt, prices, 7, 28, 33, 60
Saw-mill, 40

Scheflfer (Schaffer), Nicolas, tavern, 35
Schools, Black River, N. J., 12

Carlisle, 57

Downington, 78

Harrisburg, 52

Kutztown, 31

Morristown, N. J., 9, 10

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Full text of "Cazenove journal, 1794 : a record of the journey of Theophile Cazenove through New Jersey and Pennsylvania"

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