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NOTE.
The statistical data given in this Volume One
must be understood as having been corrected by
the final statistical data found in Volumes II, III,
and IV (Parts I and 2).
nlU 196*
^-^'
^
CENSUS OF 1918
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF THE FIVE INSPECTION DISTRICTS, SHOWING
THE RELATIVE AREA OF THE PROVINCES AND SUBPROVINCES,
THE DISTANCES OF THEIR CAPITALS FROM MANILA,
AND THE NUMBER OF MUNICIPALITIES
CITY OF MANILA
DISTRICT No. 3
14 SQ. MILES
-7
DISTRICT
CENTEH (MRNILR) *
CAPITftL OF PROVINCE •
MUNICIPALITY g
Antft SECTOR
CENSUS OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Volume I
^CENSUS
OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
TAKEN UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE
PHILIPPINE LEGISLATURE
IN THE YEAR 1918/
IN FOUR VOLUMES
Volume I
GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, AND
CLIMATOLOGY
DIRECTOR
IGNACIO VILLAMOR
ASSISTANT DIRECTORS
FELIPE BUENCAMINO, Sr. EPIFANIO DE LOS SANTOS
ALEJANDRO ALBERT LEON Ma. GUERRERO
COMPILED AND PUBLISHED BY THE
''PP" CENSUS OFFICE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
MANILA
BUREAU OF PRINTING
1920
171073
CONTENTS.
Volume I.* — Geography, History, and Climatology.
Volume II. — Population and Mortality.
Volume III. — Agriculture.
Volume IV. — Social Conditions, Judicial Statistics, Manufac-
tures, Household Industries, and Education.
VOLUME I.
INTRODUCTION.
Authority for and scope of the Census, 1, Proclamation of the Governor-
General, 2. Plan for the taking of the Census, 5. The Assembly of
Census inspectors in Manila, 10. Instructions to eniunerators and
Census agents, 13. Difficulties encountered in the urban districts, 16.
Difficulties in the enumeration of non-Christian Filipinos, 17. Organ-
ization of the Office of the Philippine Census, 27. Official inspection
of the Census Office by high Government officials, 29. Permanency of
the Census Office, 32. Scientific contributions to the Census, 33. Atlas
of the Philippines with geographical sketches and historical accounts, 34.
Weather and climate of the Philippines, 36. Results of the Census
regarding population, agriculture, education, mortality, social statistics,
and manufactures and household industries, 39. Indications of pros-
perity and social progress, 55. Usefulness and necessity of Census data
for constructive measures, 62.
PREFACE.
Page.
Preface to the Atlas of the Philippine Islands 65-71
GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, AND STATISTICAL DATA.
Abra Province 75-77
Geographical sketch 75
Historical account 76
Statistical data 77
Agusan Province 79-81
Geographical sketch 79
Historical account 80
Statistical data 81
Albay Province 83-85
Geographical sketch 83
Historical account 84
Statistical data 85
♦ See separate book entitled "Appendix to Volume I." — (a) Organization of the Philippine
Census of 1918; (6) Census Acts; Regulations Governing Census Organization of 1918.
V
vi CONTENTS.
Page.
Antique Province 87-89
Geographical sketch 87
Historical account 88
Statistical data 89
Bataan Province 91-93
Geographical sketch 91
Historical account 92
Statistical data 93
Batanes Islands 95-98
Geographical sketch 95
Historical account 96
Statistical data 98
Batangas Province 99-102
Geographical sketch 99
Historical account 100
Statistical data 102
Bohol Province 103-105
Geographical sketch 103
Historical account 104
Statistical data 105
Bukidnon Province 107-109
Geographical sketch 107
Historical account 108
Statistical data 109
Bulacan Province 111-113
Geographical sketch Ill
Historical account 112
Statistical dcta 113
Cagayan Province 115-117
Geographical sketch 115
Historical account 116
Statistical data 117
Oamarines Norte Province 119-121
Geographical sketch 119
Historical account 119
Statistical data 121
Camarines Sur Province 123-126
Geographical sketch 123
Historical account 124
Statistical data 126
Capiz Province 127-129
Geographical sketch 127
Historical account 128
Statistical data 129
Cavite Province 131-133
Geographical sketch 131
Historical account 132
Statistical data 133
Cebu Province 135-137
Geographical sketch 135
Historical account 135
Statistical data 137
CONTENTS. vii
Page.
City of Baguio ■ 139-140
Geographical sketch 139
Historical account 139
Statistical data 140
City of Manila , 141-145
Geographical sketch 141
Historical account 142
Statistical data 145
Cotabato Province 147-150
• Geographical sketch 147
Historical account •. 148
Statistical data 150
Davao Province 151-153
Geographical sketch 151
Historical account 152
Statistical data 153
Ilocos Norte Province 155-158
Geographical sketch 155
Historical account 156
Statistical data 157
Ilocos Sur Province 159-161
Geographical sketch 159
Historical account 160
Statistical data 161
Iloilo Province 163-165
Geographical sketch 163
Historical account 164
Statistical data 165
Isabela Province 167-169
Geographical sketch 167
Historical account 168
Statistical data 169
Laguna Province 171-173
Geographical sketch 171
Historical account 172
Statistical data 173
Lanao Province 175-177
Geographical sketch 175
Historical account 176
Statistical data 177
La Union Province 179-181
Geographical sketch 179
Historical account 180
Statistical data 181
Leyte Province 183-185
Geographical sketch 183
Historical account 184
Statistical data 185
Mindoro Province 187-189
Geographical sketch 187
Historical account 188
Statistical data 189
viii CONTENTS.
Page.
Misamis Province 191-193
Geographical sketch 191
Historical account 192
Statistical data 193
Mountain Province — Historical account 195-196
Amburayan Subprovince — Geographical sketch 197
Apayao Subprovince:
Geographical sketch 199
Statistical data 200
Benguet Subprovince:
Geographical sketch 201
Statistical data 202
Bontoc Subprovince:
Geographical sketch 203
Statistical data 204
Ifugao Subprovince:
Geographical sketch 205
Statistical data 206
Kalinga Subprovince:
Geographical sketch 207
Statistical data 208
Lepanto Subprovince:
Geographical sketch 209
Statistical data 210
Nueva Ecija Province 211-212
Geographical sketch 211
. Historical account 211
Statistical data 212
Nueva Vizcaya Province ~ 213-215
Geographical sketch... 213
Historical account 213
Statistical data 215
Occidental Negros Province 217-219
Geographical sketch 217
Historical account 218
Statistical data 219
Oriental Negros Province 221-224
Geographical sketch 221
Historical account 222
Statistical data 223
Statistical data for Siquijor Island 224
Palaviran Province 225-227
Geographical sketch 225
Historical account 226
Statistical data 227
Pampanga Province 229-231
Geographical sketch 229
Historical account 230
Statistical data 231
Pangasinan Province 233-236
Geographical sketch 233
CONTENTS. ix
Pangasinan Province — Continued. Page.
Historical account 234
Statistical data 236
Rizal Province 237-239
Geographical sketch 237
Historical account 238
Statistical data 239
Romblon Province 241-243
Geographical sketch 241
Historical account 242
Statistical data : 243
Samar Province 245-247
Geographical sketch 245
Historical account 246
Statistical data 247
Sorsogon Province 249-252
Geographical sketch '. 249
Historical account 249
Statistical data 251
Statistical data for Masbate Island 251
Sulu Province 253-257
Geographical sketch 253
Historical account 254
Statistical data 256
Surigao Province 259-261
Geographical sketch 259
Historical account 260
Statistical data 261
Tarlac Province „ 263-265
Geographical sketch 265
Historical account 264
Statistical data 265
Tayabas Province 267-270
Geographical sketch 267
Geographical sketch of Marinduque Island , 268
Geographical sketch of Polillo Island 268
Historical account 268
Statistical data 269
Zambales Province : 271-273
Geographical sketch 271
Historical account 272
Statistical data 273
Zamboanga Province 275-277
Geographical sketch 275
Historical account. 276
Statistical data 277
Islands of thd Philippine Archipelago 279
Names of Islands of area one square mile or over, by group of
islands 280
List of ports 284
List of geographic names 475-613
List of mineral resources 614-615
Index 617-630
CONTENTS.
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Page.
I. Introductory Remarks 291-295
Climate and weather, 291. Object and general plan of
this report, 291. Climatological elements, 293. Clima-
tological and weather service of the Philippines, 293.
Previous reports on the climate of the Philippines, 294.
II. Temperature 296-341
Monthly and annual mean temperature, 296. Variability
of the monthly and annual means of temperature, 300.
Mean monthly and annual temperature of the Philip-
pines compared with those of other selected cities
of the world, 302. Means of the monthly and an-
nual extreme temperatures. Temperature map, 306.
Absolute maximum and minimum temperatures,
monthly and annual, 307. Longest periods of conse-
cutive days with maximum temperature of 36° C. or
more at Manila, 324. Mean daily extremes of tem-
perature, monthly and annual: mean diurnal range of
temperature, 325. Mean hourly observations of tem-
perature at Manila, 330. Mountain temperature. Ba-
guio health resort, 332.
III. Rainfall 342-403
Monthly distribution of rainfall : four types. Climate map
of the Philippines, 342. Annual average rainfall, 352.
Annual and seasonal average rainfall by provinces,
354. Monthly and annual rainfall of the Philippines
compared with that of several selected cities of the
world, 354. Monthly and annual rainfall of Baguio
for the period 1903 to 1918, 362. Variability of the
monthly and annual average rainfall in Manila,
365. Annual and monthly extremes of rainfall, 375.
Greatest rainfall in a single day, 376. Greatest
rainfall for a single hour in Manila, 381. Average
monthly and annual rainy days, 381. Remarkable
floods, 384. Floods in Manila and surrounding prov-
inces, 384. Floods of July, 1904, 384. Floods of Sep-
tember, 1914, 385. Floods in central and northern
Luzon, 389. Floods of October, 1908, 389. Floods of
October, 1909, 389. Floods of July, 1911, 390. Floods
in the Visayas and Mindanao, 390. Extraordinary
periods of drought, 391. Drought of 1903, 394.
Drought of 1912, 395. Drought of 1915, 397. Longest
periods of rainless days in the droughts of 1911-1912
and 1914-1915, 401.
IV. Relative Humidity and Cloudiness 404-422
Relative humidity as a climatic factor, 404. Relative
humidity is high in the Philippines, 405. Mean monthly
and annual relative humidity, 406. Relative humidity
in the Philippines compared with that of 22 selected
cities of United States of America, 406. Extreme
values of relative humidity for Manila, 415. Mean
hourly relative humidity for Manila, 422. Mean
monthly and annual cloudiness, 422.
CONTENTS. XI
Page.
V. Winds 423-439
Frequency of wind directions: monthly, annual and semi-
annual percentages, 423; Zamboanga, 423; Surigao,
436; Cebu, 436; Iloilo, 436; Legaspi, 437; Manila, 437;
Baguio, 437; Aparri, 437; Monthly and daily velocity
of the wind, 438. Maximum hourly velocity of the wind
at Manila, 438.
VI. Typhoons 445
List of remarkable typhoons in the Philippines, 1903-
1918, 447. Tracks of remarkable typhoons in the
Philippines, 1903-1918, 452. Monthly and annual dis-
tribution of remarkable typhoons in the Philippines,
1903-1918, 459. Percentage and distribution for prov-
inces and subprovinces of the remarkable typhoons of the
Philippines, 1903-1918, 459. Ordinary typhoons or de-
pressions in the Philippines, 1908-1918, 463. Typhoons
of the Pacific or the China Sea affecting the weather
of the Philippines, 1908-1918, 465. Grand total of re-
markable and ordinary typhoons or depressions in the
Philippines and of the Pacific and China Sea typhoons
affecting the weather of the Archipelago, 1908-1918, 466.
Appendix 468-474
Weather during official holidays in Manila, 1903-1918, 468.
TABLES.
Table I. Normal monthly and annual temperatures 298-299
IL Normal monthly and annual temperatures for several
selected cities of the world 304-305
IIL Means of the monthly and annual extreme temperatures.... 308-311
IV. Extreme monthly and annual temperatures 312-323
V. Mean daily extremes of temperature, monthly and annual.. 326-327
VI. Mean hourly temperatures for Manila, monthly, annual
and semi-annual, 1903-1918 328-329
VII. Most important temperature data for Baguio, 1903-1918.... 335-336
VIII. Average monthly and annual rainfall 344-347
IX. Seasonal average rainfall 358
X. Normal monthly and annual precipitation for several
selected cities of the world 360-361
XI. Monthly and annual rainfall for Baguio, 1903-1918 364
XII. Annual extremes of rainfall 367
XIII. Monthly extremes of rainfall 368-374
XIV. Monthly amount of rain over 500 millimeters registered
in the Manila Observatory since the year 1865 376
XV. Greatest monthly and annual rainfall in a single day 377-378
XVI. Daily amount of rain above 100 millimeters registered in
the Manila Observatory since the year 1865 379
XVII. Greatest hourly amount of rain over 40 millimeters regis-
tered in Manila, 1903-1918 381
XVIII. Average monthly and annual rainy days 382-383
XIX. Daily rainfall in the stations of central Luzon, July 12-15,
1914 384
xii CONTENTS.
Page.
Table XX. Rainfall in the stations of Luzon during the three days,
September 1, 2 and 3, 1914 386
XXI. Greatest rainfalls for three successive days in Manila,
1865-1914 387
XXII, Rainfall from November to May for several stations of the
Philippines 392-393
XXIII. Rainfall in the Philippines during the year 1903 394
XXIV. Distribution of rainfall at Manila for the months of
October to May, 1865-1918 396
XXV. Rainfall at twenty -seven stations of the Philippines, during
the drought of October, 1911, to May, 1912 398
XXVI. Rainfall at thirty-eight stations of the Philippines, October,
1914, to May, 1915 399
XXVII. Total rainfall for the periods October to May, and Feb-
ruary to April, for thirty-five stations of the Philippines,
1911 to 1912, and 1914 to 1915 400
XXVIII. Longest periods of rainless days in the droughts of 1911-
1912 and 1914-1915 401-402
XXIX. Mean monthly and annual relative humidity for several
stations in the Philippines - 407-411
XXX. Mean monthly and annual relative humidity of the Phil-
ippines compared with that of twenty-two selected cities
of the United States of America 413
XXXI. Extreme values of the relative humidity for Manila, 1903-
1918 ; 414
XXXII. Mean hourly relative humidity for Manila, monthly, an-
nual and semiannual, 1903-1918 416-417
XXXIII. Mean monthly and annual cloudiness for several stations
in the Philippines 418-421
XXXIV. Monthly percentages of wind directions at several stations
of the Philippnies 432-433
XXXV. Annual and semiannual percentages of wind directions at
several stations of the Philippines 434-435
XXXVI. Monthly and daily wind velocity for several stations of the
Philippines, 1903-1918 440-443
XXXVII. Maximum hourly velocity of the wind for Manila, 1903-
1918 444
XXXVIII. Remarkable typhoons in the Philippines, 1903-1918 448-451
XXXIX. Monthly and annual distribution of remarkable typhoons
in the Philippines, 1903-1918 460
XL. Distribution and percentage of remarkable typhoons by
provinces and subprovinces, 1903-1918 462
XLI. Distribution and percentage of depressions and ordinary
typhoons, 1908-1918 462
XLII. Weather of New Year's day and July 4th in Manila, 1903-
1918 469
XLIII. Weather on Occupation and Thanksgiving days in Manila,
1903-1918 470
XLIV. Weather on Christmas and Rizal days in Manila, 1903-
1918 471
CONTENTS. xiii
PLATES.
Page.
Plate I. Monthly and annual departures from the normal tempera-
ture at Manila, 1903-1918 301
II. Normal monthly and annual temperature of the Philippines,
compared with that of a few selected cities of Europe,
United States of America, and the Far East 303
III. Mean hourly temperatures for Manila, 1903-1918 331
IV. Types of monthly distribution of rainfall in the Philippines.
(First type) 349
V. Types of monthly distribution of rainfall in the Philippines.
(First and second types) 350
VI. Types of monthly distribution of rainfall in the Philippines.
(Intermediate A and B types) 351
VII. Average annual rainfall of provinces and subprovinces 355
VIII. Average summer rainfall of provinces and subprovinces,
June to September 356
IX. Average winter rainfall of provinces and subprovinces,
November to February 357
X. Normal monthly and annual precipitation for several
selected cities of the world 359
XI. Annual rainfall at Baguio, 1903-1918 363
XII. Monthly and annual departures from the normal precipita-
tion at Manila, 1903-1918 366
XIII. Monthly and annual mean relative humidity: Baguio, Ma-
nila, Legaspi, Cebu, and Surigao 412
XIV. Annual and semiannual percentages of wind directions at
Zamboanga 424
XV. Annual and semiannual percentages of wind directions at
Surigao 425
XVI. Annual and semiannual percentages of wind directions at
Cebu 426
XVII. Annual and semiannual percentages of wind directions at
Iloilo 427
XVIII. Annual and semiannual percentages of wind directions at
Legaspi 428
XIX. Annual and semiannual percentages of wind directions at
Manila 429
XX. Annual and semiannual percentages of wind directions at
Baguio 430
XXI. Annual and semiannual percentages of wind directions at
Aparri 431
XXII. Tracks of remarkable typhoons in the Philippines, 1903-
1906 453
XXIII. Tracks of remarkable typhoons in the Philippines, 1907-
1910 454
XXIV. Tracks of remarkable typhoons in the Philippines, 1911-
1913 , 455
XXV. Tracks of remarkable typhoons in the Philippines, 1914-
1918 456
XXVI. Percentage of remarkable typhoons by provinces and sub-
provinces, 1903-1918 461
xiv CONTENTS.
Page.
Plate XXVII. The weather on New Year's Day and July 4th in
Manila 472
XXVIII. The weather on Occupation and Thanksgiving Days in
Manila 473
XXIX. The weather on Christmas and Rizal Days in Manila.. ^74
ILLUSTRATED MAPS.
Graphic representation of the five inspection districts Frontispiece.
Facing page —
Map of the Philippine Islands 72
Relief map 72
Forestry map 72
Abra / 78
Agusan r 82
Albay 86
Antique 90
Bataan 94
Batanes 98
Batangas 101
Bohol 106
Bukidnon 110
Bulacan ; 114
Cagayan 118
Camarines Norte 122
Camarines Sur 126
Capiz 130
Cavite 134
Cebu 138
City of Baguio 140
City of Manila 146
Cotabato 150
Davao 154
Ilocos Norte 158
Ilocos Sur 162
Iloilo 166
Isabela 170
Laguna _ 174
Lanao -. 178
La Union 182
Leyte 186
Mindoro - 190
Misamis 194
Mountain 196
Amburayan Subprovince 198
Apayao Subprovince 200
Benguet Subprovince 202
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Kalinga Subprovince » 208
Lepanto Subprovince 210
CONTENTS. XV
Facing page —
Nueva Ecija 212
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Occidental Negros 220
Oriental Negros 224
Palawan (North) 228
Palawan (South) 228
Pampanga 232
Pangasinan 236
Rizal 240
Romblon „ 244
Samar 248
Sorsogon (North) : 252
Sorsogon (South) , 252
Sulu 258
Surigao 262
Tarlac 266
Tayabas (North) 270
Tayabas (South) 270
Zambales 274
Zamboanga 278
Meteorological station map 294
Temperature map 306
Climate map 352
INTRODUCTION.
Authority for and Scope of the Census — Prochiniation of the Governor-
General — Plan for the Taking of the Census — The Assembly of
Census Inspectors in Manila — Instructions to Enumerators and
Special Agents — Difficulties Kncountered in the Urban Districts —
Difficulties in the Enumeration of Non-Christian Filipinos — Organ-
ization of the Office of the Philippine Census — Official Inspection
of the Census Office by High Government Oflicials — Permanency of
the Census Office — Scientific Contributions to the Census — Atlas
of the Philippines with Geographical Sketches and Historical
Accounts — Weather and Climate of the Philippines — Results of the
Census Regarding Population, x\griculture, Education, Mortality,
Social Statistics, Manufactures, and Household Industries — Indica-
tions of Prosperity and Social Progress — Usefulness and Necessity
of Census Data for Constructive Measures.
The four volumes of the Census of 1918, as now published,
contain an accurate and reliable exposition of the data recorded
by the enumerators and special agents appointed in accordance
with the provisions of the Census Act.
The taking of the Census of 1918 is authorized by section 2 of
Act 2352, approved on February 28, 1914, as amended by sec-
tion 1 of Act 2766, which reads as follows:
A census of the Philippine Islands shall be taken under the
general supervision of the Governor-General and the immediate
direction of an officer, to be known as the Director of the Census,
who shall be appointed by the Governor-General, by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate. The enumeration shall
begin on a day to be fixed by the Governor-General, which shall
be called Census Day, and shall proceed on consecutive days
from daylight to darkness, including Sundays and holidays, until
completed; and all data prescribed to be gathered by this Act
or by regulations issued under it shall be gathered as of twelve
o'clock of the night preceding that day: Provided, That if the
Governor-General shall deem it necessary to require that the
enumeration of any part or parts of the Philippine Islands should
begin before Census Day, he is hereby authorized to fix the
time when such enumeration shall begin.
In accordance with section 36 of the Census Act, the Governor-
General, in August, 1914, appointed a Committee composed of
the Executive Secretary of the Philippine Islands, Mr. Charles
R. Cameron, Colonel J. Lindsay Johnson, and Mr. Epifanio
de los Santos, Provincial Fiscal of Bulacan. The undersigned,
as Executive Secretary, then began to render service in connec-
171073 I
INTRODUCTION.
tion with the Census. The committee mentioned dedicated seven
months to the preliminary study of the most appropriate methods
to be adopted in the preparation of the Census. In February,
1915, it submitted its report to the Governor-General, recom-
mending that the American plan, as adopted for the Census of
Cuba and for the Philippine Census of 1903, be followed, with
such modifications as the conditions, laws, usages and customs
of these Islands would require. The work of that Committee
consisted principally in the preparation of regulations for the
execution of the Census Act. It also prepared six regular sched-
ules for the taking of the census of the population, agriculture,
schools, mortality, social statistics, and manufactures; two
special schedules for the census of the non-Christian population,
and miscellaneous others, with the necessary instructions for the
collection of the data required in the above schedules.
On March 2, 1918, the Philippine Legislature, in amending
the Census Act, appropriated the sum of one million pesos
(?1,000,000) for the taking of the Census. Subsequently, the
Governor-General, on May 9, 1918, appointed the undersigned as
Director of the Census and Dr. Alejandro Albert, Under Secre-
tary of Public Instruction, Judge Percy M. Moir, of the Court
of First Instance of Rizal, Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero, of the Bureau
of Science, and Messrs. Felipe Buencamino, Sr., and Epifanio
de los Santos, as Assistant Directors. On May 9, 1918, the
Census officials so appointed held their first meeting for the
definite organization of the Census work and for the preparation
of all schedules, instructions, and other printed matter for the
use of enumerators, and immediately proceeded to revise the
schedules prepared by the first Census Committee, adopting
them with certain modifications and introducing new schedules,
such as that on Household Industries.
In accordance with section 2 of the Census Act above men-
tioned, the Governor-General issued Proclamation No. 21, dated
May 24, 1918, fixing the 31st of December, 1918, as the Census
Day. The proclamation of the Governor-General is as follows :
In ancient times countries politically organized have for
military and economic purposes felt the need of possessing exact
data with reference to the number of inhabitants, resources and
occupations. In the Philippines since the time of Buzeta, in
the year seventeen hundred and ninety-nine, several attempts
have been made to collect similar data; but a census as it is
known at the present time, was not taken until nineteen hundred
and three, when by means of scientific methods the work of
enumeration was so skillfully prepared that the census of that
year is considered a success.
INTRODUCTION.
The Census of Nineteen hundred and three was taken not only
as a means of determining the number of Filipino people entitled
to the right of suffrage in electing- members to a popular Assem-
bly, but also of ascertaining their social and industrial condi-
tions as indispensable basis for intelligent legislative action for
the development of the material prosperity of these Islands. The
taking of that Census, according to the proclamation of the
Governor-General, William H. Taft, may be considered a proof
of the capacity of the Filipino people to perform important
governmental functions; an opinion which was substantiated
by the results obtained, according to the testimony of General
Sanger, then the Director of the Census. It is acknowledged,
however, that owing to the unsettled condition of the Islands
at the time when the last Census was taken, there have been
noted, particularly with reference to the social statistics, certain
omissions or deficiencies which make the conclusions for prac-
tical and legislative purposes hard to formulate. For this reason
the Philippine Legislature has deemed it advisable to enact Act
Numbered 2352, as amended by Act Numbered 2766, directing
the taking of a new census which will comprise recent and com-
prehensive data to show not only the actual state of progress
accomplished by the Filipino people, but also to indicate wherein
deficiencies which must be corrected may exist, as well as social
evils which must be remedied.
It is expected that the new census will be better adapted to
set forth the actual condition of the Filipino people, encouraged
by their ideals of progress in all aspects of life, ideals never for
a moment lost sight of during the last decade and a half. Infor-
mation relative to inhabitants of towns, besides data concerning
associations, social and economic institutions, agriculture, in-
dustry and commerce will be collected.
In order that this great task of collecting data in a given
moment of the daily life should be beneficial, the hearty and
enthusiastic cooperation of the whole people is indispensable,
because on them depends the outcome of this work. With-
out such cooperation given with entire faith and confidence
in the results to be obtained and which will surely redound to
the credit of the country, it will be impossible to accomplish
this task successfully.
Misstatements for the purpose either of exaggerating or of
toning down facts, make impossible any accuracy in generaliza-
tions, which are only of value when based upon minute details.
Such minuteness, however wearisome to the casual person, is
of transcendental value for a scientific conclusion. For this
reason the law providing for the taking of the new census in the
Philippines contains several penal provisions to be imposed upon
individuals who in any way raise difficulties or impede the census
work, or knowingly misrepresent data required from them.
It is hoped that the census will be a genuine expression of the
actual conditions of the Philippines with her riches and poverties
fully exposed without pretentions, false modesty, or misrepre-
sentation. The Census will not, therefore, be a dry and confusing
INTRODUCTION.
memorandum book, but a collection of social data, information
and facts of all kinds, profitable for the statesman, the legislator,
the executive, the philosopher, the scientist, the manufacturer,
the merchant, and the agriculturist. In a word, the Census will
be of indispensable utility to everybody interested in the progress
and welfare of the Philippines.
Accuracy in taking down the data should be the rule for all
those who are directly or indirectly connected with the work,
for, first and last, the Census is a brief in favor of the political
and economic ideals to which the Filipino people have always
aspired.
There will be no reason for doubting the conclusions drawn
from the data published in the new Census, for everybody be-
lieves that the Philippines possesses all the elements that go to
make up a country with an independent existence.
From nineteen hundred and three to nineteen hundred and
eighteen, the progress of the Filipino people has been evident not
only in the exercise of self-government but in agriculture, in-
dustry, and commerce. In the Government, there exist Filipinos
of experience and demonstrated ability in all of its different
branches. Likewise, in agriculture, industry, and commerce, and
in the liberal and mechanical arts, a great number of persons
during this period successfully pursued their respective profes-
sions and occupations and their experience constitutes today an
asset of inestimable value to the culture and material develop-
ment of the Filipino people. Along educational lines, there are
excellent proofs of the positive results obtained by both the public
and the private schools ; many of the high-school graduates and
those of the different colleges of the University of the Philippines
and of other institutions of learning are now playing an im-
portant role in the community.
Though the present period of economic crisis through which
the world is passing seems a somewhat unfavorable moment for
the taking of a census in the Philippines, nevertheless when the
time for world peace comes, which we all long for — ^when the
great nations determine the status of the small countries, the
Philippines undoubtedly will be included in that general political
revision, and therefore ought to be prepared to show the best
evidence of her progress, a graphic demonstration of her culture,
in the International Court.
Now therefore, I, Francis Burton Harrison, Governor-General
of the Philippine Islands, in pursuance of section two of Act
Numbered Twenty-three hundred and fifty-two, enacted by the
Philippine Legislature on the twenty-eight of February, nineteen
hundred and fourteen, as amended by Act Numbered Twenty-
seven hundred and sixty-six, enacted by the same Legislature
on the eighteenth of March, nineteen hundred and eighteen, do
hereby issue this proclamation, announcing as Census Day the
thirty-first day of December, nineteen hundred and eighteen, on
which day the enumeration of the population shall begin in all
parts of the Philippine Islands, including the territory com-
prehended in the Department of Mindanao and Sulu, and shall
INTRODUCTION.
proceed on consecutive days thereafter, including Sundays and
holidays, until completed.
It is expected that the enumeration among regularly and spe-
cially organized provinces and subprovinces, excluding those of
the Mountain Province, and the Department of Mindanao and
Sulu will be carried on by the enumerators of urban distri'^ts at
the rate of not less than fifty persons per day, and of rural
districts at the rate of not less than thirty persons per day,
said enumeration to begin at daylight and continue until dark.
The enumeration in the Mountain Province and the Departm*^nt
of Mindanao and Sulu will be carried on in the manner prescribed
by the Director of the Census as circumstances may warrant.
Any reduction in any district in the rate of enumeration tha«
established will be made the subject of investigation by the
inspector, and unless it is found that such reduction in the rate
of enumeration was due to causes beyond the control of the
enumerator, pay for the period in excess of that correspond-
ing to the rate established, may be withheld, pending the decision
of the Director of the Census.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused
the great seal of the Government of the Philippine Islands to be
affixed.
Given at the city of Manila, this twenty-fourth day of May
in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighteen.
Francis Burton Harrison,
Gove7mor-Ge7ieral.
Pursuant to the proclamation of the Governor-General, the
whole Philippine Islands was divided into five districts, to wit;
No. 1 {Northern District). — Comprising the Province of
Nueva Vizcaya and the Mountain Province, with the Subprov-
inces of Benguet, Amburayan, Ifugao, Lepanto, Bontoc, Kalinga
and Apayao, and the Provinces of Abra, Batanes, Isabela, Ca-
gayan, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, La Union, and Pangasinan.
No. 2 {Central District) . — Comprising the Provinces of Tarlac,
Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Ca-
vite, Laguna, Tayabas, Batangas, and Mindoro, and the Subprov-
ince of Marinduque.
No. 3 {District of Manila) . — Comprising the city of Manila.
No. ^ {Southern District). — Comprising the Provinces of
Ambos Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Iloilo, Capiz,
Antique, Romblon, Oriental Negros, Occidental Negros, Cebu
Bohol, and Palawan, and the Subprovinces of Siquijor, Masbate,
and Catanduanes.
No. 5 {Mindanao District). — Comprising the Provinces of
Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Sulu, and Zam-
boanga, or the Department of Mindanao and Sulu, and the Prov-
inces of Misamis and Surigao.
INTRODUCTION.
The above districts were assigned for census purposes to the
Assistant Directors, as follows: Assistant Director Epifanio de
los Santos for the first district, Mr. Felipe Buencamino, Sr., for
the second. Justice Percy M. Moir for the third, Dr. Leon Ma.
Guerrero for the fourth, and Dr. Alejandro Albert for the fifth
district. Upon the resignation of Justice Moir, on November
25, 1918, on account of his appointment to the Supreme Court,
Dr. Albert took his place in the third district, and in Dr. Albert's
place, Judge Ponciano Reyes, of the Fourteenth Judicial district,
was appointed as special inspector, vested with authority and
delegated power similar to those exercised by the Assistant
Directors of the Census. Judge Reyes, who perished on De-
cember 25, 1918, in the wreck of the Qtcantico, was succeeded by
the Secretary of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu, Mr.
Teopisto Guingona.
There were organized in all provinces and municipalities pro-
vincial advisory census boards and municipal and township census
boards in accordance with the regulations approved by the Gov-
ernor-General on May 24, 1918. The members of the provincial
census boards acted as inspectors and auxiliary inspectors of the
Census, while those of the municipal and township census boards
performed the duties of special agents. In the Mountain Prov-
ince, on account of its special conditions, the provincial governor
was appointed as inspector, while the lieutenant-governors
were appointed as auxiliary inspectors for their respective sub-
provinces. A similar organization was adopted for the Depart-
ment of Mindanao and Sulu, the Secretary of the Department
being appointed as special census inspector, and the governors
of the provinces comprising the Department as auxiliary in-
spectors. Thus, the supervision of the census work was assigned
to the officials appointed in accordance with the organic regula-
tions of the census. While the special agents were held re-
sponsible for the work in the portion of the municipality or
township assigned to each, the inspectors and auxiliary inspec-
tors were likewise held responsible for the work in the munic-
ipalities under their jurisdiction.
The provincial census boards are charged with the duty of
lending support and assistance to the officers taking the census
in each province; to exert all their authority and influence, col-
lectively and individually, over the people of the province to make
them cooperate actively and heartily with the Census officers;
to divide the province into as many inspection districts as may
be necessary, each district to be composed of one or more con-
tiguous municipalities, municipal districts, townships, or other
INTRODUCTION.
territorial units, as the case may be ; to divide the municipalities,
municipal districts, or other territorial units within each in-
spection district into as many enumeration districts as may be
necessary, in accordance with the basis established in the census
regulations; to number each inspection district and assign it to
one of the auxiliary inspectors; and, finally, to discharge in
territory not organized into municipalities or townships the
duties herein imposed upon municipal and township advisory
census boards.
The members of the municipal advisory census boards are
bound to exert all their authority and influence, collectively and
individually, upon the people of their municipality in order to
make them cooperate actively and heartily with the census of-
ficers; to furnish the census authorities with any information
that may be desired in connection with the census work, and to
act as special agents in the municipality.
To accomplish this tremendous task in such a manner that it
would reveal the actual conditions of the country in all its
aspects, an extensive organization covering even the minutest
detail of the work was necessary. To this end, as has been
stated, all the provinces of the Archipelago were divided into
five districts, each of which was placed under the supervision of
one Assistant Director; each province was in turn divided into
three or more inspection districts, and to each inspection district
one provincial inspector was assigned. Lastly, the municipal-
ities were divided into enumeration districts of 1,500 inhabitants
each in urban districts, and of 1,000 each in rural districts.
Each enumeration district was assigned to one enumerator and
for every ten enumerators generally one substitute enumerator
was appointed. A similar organization was adopted for the De-
partment of Mindanao and Sulu and for the Mountain Province,
with the only difTerence that the enumeration districts there were
less extensive, and that the lieutenant-governors of the Mountain
Province and the governors of the provinces of the Department
of Mindanao and Sulu were required to perform the same duties
as the provincial inspectors in their jurisdictions.
As a rule, three census inspectors were appointed for each
province and subprovince, with the exception of Manila, Cebu,
Leyte, Pangasinan, and Iloilo, where a greater number of in-
spectors was authorized. The total number of inspectors ap-
pointed was 178. For each municipality and township, three
special agents were appointed ; the aggregate number of these
agents was 2,650. Inasmuch as the number of inhabitants of
8 INTRODUCTION.
the Philippine Islands was estimated at 11,000,000, it was ne-
cessary to appoint 9,702 enumerators, besides 1,730 substitute
enumerators ; their number varied from 1 to 5 in each municipal-
ity, according to the estimated population of the municipality.
In addition to the regular and substitute enumerators, auxiliary
enumerators were appointed in places where their services were
needed in order to secure a successful accomplishment of the
census work. These appointments were, therefore, governed
exclusively by the familiarity of the appointee with the locality
and the customs and habits of the inhabitants thereof. These
auxiliary enumerators numbered 824 in all.
Notwithstanding the fact that the regular enumerators had
to enumerate both the inhabitants and the farms, special enu-
merators for Schedule No. 2 (Agriculture) were appointed in
some provinces where the number of farms was very great. The
total number of special enumerators for schools and mortality
was 3,200. Likewise, special enumerators were appointed for
special areas, institutions, and establishments, such as private
colleges, convents, hospitals, hotels, steamers, military posts, etc.
In the Census of 1903, the regular enumerators took charge of
the schedules relative to population, agriculture, and schools;
and the special agents, who were then the municipal presidents,
were in charge of the demographic, social, and industrial statis-
tics and of Special Schedule No. 7, which was for territories
not regularly organized.
In the present census, the regular enumerators filled in only
the schedules relative to population and agriculture; and the
special agents, those relative to social statistics, manufactures,
and household industries, while the special enumerators ap-
pointed from the Bureaus of Education and Health, filled in
respectively, the schedules for schools and mortality.
In connection with the appointment of Census employees such
as inspectors and special agents, it is gratifying to state that
there was no lack of personnel sufficiently qualified to hold those
positions. Many persons of social standing and high culture
offered their services, animated by the desire to do something for
their country, and many of them were, after the taking of the
Census, elected to provincial office such as governor or member
of the provincial board, while others were elected members
of the House of Representatives. There was no difficulty in the
appointment of enumerators for the provinces, except in the
Department of Mindanao and Sulu and in the Mountain Province.
In order to be eligible for the position of enumerator, a person
INTRODUCTION. 9
had to be over 20 years of age, be able to read and '.vrite
Spanish or English, know the local language and, abovi all,
write a legible and clear hand. The difficulty lay in the selec-
tion from so many candidates, who claimed to possess all the
qualifications required by the organic regulations. Many regular
enumerators have a good knowledge of the English language
and have filled in their schedules in this language; all the
special enumerators for the schools and some of the enumerators
for mortality have done so.
To overcome the lack of personnel in the Mountain Province,
it was necessary to bring people from the bordering provinces
of Pangasinan and La Union. This circumstance greatly in-
creased the cost of enumeration in that province, because besides
their traveling expenses, they had to be paid subsistence for the
number of days they stayed in their respective stations before
the taking of the Census, in order to receive the necessary in-
structions from the inspectors, familiarize themselves with local
conditions, and acquire some knowledge of the customs of the
inhabitants. However, it is a source of satisfaction to state that
out of 471 enumerators appointed for the Mountain Province,
80 were young Igorots, educated in the public schools, some of
them having completed the intermediate course, while others
had finished the first two years of high school.
To solve the difficulty encountered in the Department of Min-
danao and Sulu through the lack of Moros qualified to undertake
enumeration work, it was found necessary to appoint Christian
residents of Zamboanga, the teachers of municipal districts,
and even members of the Constabulary, who had been residing
in the Department for a certain length of time and were there-
fore acquainted with local conditions and the usages and customs
of the inhabitants. The services of some datos or Moro chiefs
were utilized by appointing them as auxiliary enumerators, to
accompany the regular men in the enumeration work. A similar
measure was adopted in the Mountain Province, where certain
leading Igorots were appointed to act as guides to the enu-
merators.
A tremendous task such as the taking of the Census of the
country in its various aspects, necessarily requires uniformity
in the work and an exact knowledge of the instructions prepared
by the Census Office for the filling in of the nine schedules of
the Census regarding population, agriculture, social conditions,
schools, mortality, manufactures, household industries, non-
Christian population, and miscellaneous things. It was deemed
10 INTRODUCTION.
necessary, as had been done when the Census of 1903 was taken,
to summon all the Census inspectors to an assembly, which took
place on September 30, 1918, in order to familiarize them with
the instructions regarding the taking of the census, inasmuch
as they, by reason of their position, were charged with the duty
of attending personally to the instruction of all enumerators.
At the same time that the inspectors were summoned to attend
this assembly, they were advised of their duty to take the pre-
scribed oath of office and organize as provincial advisory census
board, with the elective member of the provincial board as
chairman. In order to avoid all delay in the preparatory work
of the Census, the inspectors were required to prepare, with
the assistance of the district engineer, a map without topogra-
phical details of their respective province or subprovince, show-
ing the inspection districts into which each province had been
divided; the municipalities, municipal districts, townships, or
other territorial units included in each inspection district; the
barrios included in each of these ; the enumeration districts into
which the province had been divided by the provincial census
board ; and the principal inter-provincial and inter-municipal
roads and the roads connecting barrios of the same municipality,
giving the distances from one place to another.
In order to enable the inspectors appointed by the undersigned
to acquaint themselves with the duties assigned to them, as well
as with the work intrusted to the special agents and enumerators,
each was furnished in due time with copies of Census schedules
1 to 9, the proclamation of the Governor-General, the regulations
governing census organization, the Census Act, and the instruc-
tions to enumerators, and with forms of the oath of office. Like-
wise, they were required to submit a list of proposed special
agents as well as a list of eligibles for enumerators, carefully
selected from among such persons in each locality as had the
qualifications required by the Census Regulations.
All the inspectors appointed enthusiastically responded to our
call, except those of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu and
the Mountain Province, who were afterwards convened in their
respective territories by the provincial inspector. The inaugural
meeting of the inspectors' assembly was held at the Marble Hall
on September 30, 1918, and was attended by distinguished Gov-
ernment officials, including the Governor-General, the President
of the Senate, members of the Cabinet, and members of the
Philippine Legislature, whose presence gave special importance
to the occasion.
INTRODUCTION. H
General Sanger, the Director of the Census of 1903, in speak-
ing of the assembly of Census inspectors held in Manila on a
similar occasion, says that these inspectors were formally re-
ceived by the members of the Philippine Commission and by the
Civil Governor and other high officials, who did everything
possible to make them understand the object of the Census and
the importance of the duties and responsibilities they assumed as
inspectors in accordance with the law. It must have been a source
of gratification to the inspectors of the Census of 1918 to have
been given opportunities similar to those accorded to their
colleagues of 1903, and to have had the privilege of being re-
ceived by high officials like those mentioned by General Sanger.
The President of the Senate, Honorable Manuel L. Quezon,
delivered a speech which was in part as follows :
There is no progressive country without a census. An ac-
curate knowledge of the conditions of the people and the con-
ditions in which they live is essential for the right solution of
the great problems of government.
It is particularly necessary to take the census of the Philip-
pines at this time because we are facing a very critical period
in our country's history and shall soon be called upon to solve
very vital and far-reaching questions.
Your chief object in taking the census should be to secure
exact data so that we may find out the assets of the Philippine
Islands and the social conditions of our people. We must not
hide our vices or our shortcomings. It is only thus that we shall
be able to improve ourselves. Rizal said: 'Expose the sick on
the steps of the temple.' This is what you should do so that the
statesmen and the reformers may apply the necessary remedy.
And His Excellency, the Governor-General, Hon. Francis
Burton Harrison, impressing on the inspectors the importance
of the census work, said, among other things :
It has been our policy in the Philippines during the last few
years to place in the hands of Filipinos every bit of the Govern-
ment work possible, and we trust to you to respond by producing
a census which will not only be a pride and satisfaction to the
Philippine people, but a source of security and certainty to the
United States. President Quezon has said that the most im-
portant feature of this census is accuracy. We must have ac-
curacy. I am confident that in the hands of the census officials
and the distinguished inspectors whom I see before me, the
facts reported in this census will be accepted at par value by
every person interested in this matter in the world. If any doubt
is cast upon the accuracy of the census you take, or the con-
clusions drawn therefrom, the whole work will have been wasted.
Mr. Quezon, being a Filipino, was able to say to you that inas-
much as no people is perfect, the Filipino people is not perfect.
12 INTRODUCTION.
You have your defects as well as your high merits. We want
this Philippine situation to stand on its own feet, and I am all
the more satisfied to tell you that because I am certain that the
stand this situation will take will appear very high and noble
to all the rest of the world. We do not want anybody to prove
any political theory through the medium of this census; we do
not want any feature of Philippine life exaggerated or aggrand-
ized at the expense of any other. We want the plain, simple
facts, and if those facts are as I have seen during five years
of friendship and association with your people, you need not
fear their effect in the eyes of the world.
Now, I want you to feel that I am as much interested in the
outcome of your work as any one of you can be. For my part,
I insist only upon accuracy. The policies, the details, the work
itself, is to be carried out by the organization before me today.
I am sure it is going to be straightforward, I am sure it is going
to be successful, and I am sure it is going to put the Philippines
in the place it is entitled to in the world.
It is needless to say that these sentiments uttered by President
Quezon and Governor-General Harrison have served as a guiding
light to the inspectors and other ofl^cials of the Philippine Census.
The assembly lasted for a week. During this time, all questions
pertaining to the census work were extensively discussed, and
as comprehensive explanations as possible were given in regard
to the filling in of the different schedules of the census. In
order to put this knowledge into practice, seeing that they had
had no experience in this kind of work, the inspectors were
given all kinds of schedules to fill in with hypothetical data and
were thus able to show their ability to instruct the enumerators
afterwards. In the course of this instruction, many doubts
arose regarding certain points of the instructions to enumerators,
but all were solved, apparently to the satisfaction of all con-
cerned.
The formation of enumeration districts was also discussed
in this convention. The appointment of regular, auxiliary, and
substitute enumerators in accordance with the lists submitted
by the inspectors, was also taken up. This work, however,
was left unfinished at that time, as some inspectors had failed
to bring a list of eligibles for these positions and some had
been unable to arrange the enumeration districts in their prov-
inces in accordance with the instructions given them by the
undersigned, upon organizing as provincial census advisory
boards. It was, therefore, h necessary to postpone the issuance
of a certain number of appointments until the inspectors had
returned to their provinces and sent to this office the names
of the candidates for the positions. This postponement caused
INTRODUCTION. 13
no little delay in the work of organization. After six days of
instruction and practice in the enumeration work, when the
inspectors had shown their ability to undertake the census work,
they were given permission to return to their provinces, with
the advice that they visit their respective districts and instruct
the regular, auxiliary, and substitute enumerators, as well as
the special agents, in regard to their duties and responsibilities,
and inform the inhabitants of their respective provinces of the
main objects of the census soon to be taken.
As soon as the census inspectors had returned to their prov-
inces, the following material necessary for the use of the enu-
merators in taking the census was mailed to them : all the forms
of schedules mentioned above, the Census Acts and an abstract
of its penal provisions, and the proclamation of the Governor-
General. Translations of these publications into Ilocano, Taga-
log, and Visayan were extensively distributed in the municipal-
ities throughout the Archipelago to inform the people at large
of the main purposes of the Census and thus secure their cordial
cooperation.
To protect them from any possible destruction, the census
forms and other papers mailed to the provinces were provi-
sionally kept in those of the provincial buildings which offered
the greatest security, until they were taken to municipal build-
ings for distribution among the special agents and enumerators.
The municipal presidents were designated as depositaries of the
portfolios containing the census papers. How the distribution
of the census material was to be made and how the census in-
spectors were to proceed in instructing the enumerators, were
the objects of repeated circular letters of the central office.
Pursuant to instructions, the census inspectors went out into
.their respective districts on the days fixed by them. They as-
sembled the special agents and enumerators at the most con-
venient places, required them to take the prescribed oath of
office, delivered to them their portfolios, and instructed them
in the performance of their duties. The instruction generally
lasted three days in each municipality. The inspectors kept
the undersigned in touch with the progress of their work by
advising him by telegram, wherever possible, of their arrival
at, and departure from, each municipality. The incidents that
took place at that period were too numerous to be related in
this report. All the difficulties, however, were overcome by the
laudable efforts put forth by the inspectors, who certified to the
undersigned before Census Day that everything was prepared
14 INTRODUCTION.
for the enumeration work. All measures necessary to insure
the taking of the Census on the day fixed by the proclamation
of the Governor-General were therefore taken.
Before Census Day, the Assistant Directors of the Census
traveled in their respective districts to ascertain whether the
provincial census employees were prepared to undertake their
work, and to help solve all the doubts confronting them. While
the census was being taken, they kept in constant touch with
the inspectors, ready to help them to solve all the difficulties
encountered, while the undersigned stayed at the Central Office
in Manila, answering inquiries from the provinces and supervis-
ing the enumeration work all over the Islands.
For the purpose of acquiring a first-hand knowledge of the
actual condition of the enumeration work, the undersigned also
made three extended trips to the central provinces of Luzon;
to the non-Christian provinces, visiting Nueva Vizcaya, Ifugao,
Benguet, Bontoc, and Lepanto-Amburayan ; and to the South,
visiting the Provinces of Misamis, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao,
Jolo, Zamboanga, Lanao, Palawan, and Mindoro. On the first
trip, he was accompanied by Assistant Directors Buencamino
and Santos; on the second, by Assistant Director Guerrero, and
on the last, by Assistant Directors Guerrero and Albert. No
complaint was received by us as to the manner in which the
census was taken. We were cordially received everywhere, not
only by the Igorot people, but also by the Moros of Mindanao
and Sulu, including those of Ganassi and Parang, all of which
seems to indicate that the taking of the Census of 1918 was
welcomed by the people throughout the Archipelago.
As previously stated, during the enumeration period many
inquiries were received,, both from the inspectors and the enu-
merators, as to the procedure to be followed in various matters,
which they could have solved themselves by the exercise of sound
discretion. This, however, far from denoting lack of judgment
on the part of these census employees, was only the result of
their desire to evade responsibility, and above all, to cooperate
with the central office, in order that there be uniformity in the
census work. They all realized the importance of the work
in which we were then engaged and the value of the results
thereof, and for this very reason they consulted the Director
of the Census even in cases of slight doubts, as they were in-
terested in the success of this great governmental task, the ac-
complishment of which is a test of the capacity of the Filipino
people.
INTRODUCTION. 15
On account of the enumeration, many questions as to terri-
torial jurisdiction between provinces, and even between munic-
ipalities and barrios arose. However, all of them were settled
by directing that the enumeration should be made by the enu-
merator or enumerators orginally assigned to the places in
question, without prejudice to the right of the contending parties
to appeal to the proper administrative authorities for appro-
priate action, it being clearly understood that the enumeration
made did not at all affect any jurisdictional right concerning
the places in controversy.
In the enumeration of rural districts, some difficulties were
encountered, especially in those far distant from the townsites,
where houses lie at a distance of 6 or 7 miles from each other,
and there are no roads or trails connecting them. There the
enumerators had to go around many times in a locality in order
to avoid omission. Instances also happened where there were
no persons who could give them the exact location of the houses
in a certain place, and where they found it necessary to travel
through their whole district, which caused delay in their work
and suffering on their part. In these difficult situations they
were upheld by their devotion to duty and by the realization
that they were cooperating in a work of national importance in
assisting in the taking of the census.
The creation of new barrios, not existing when the Census of
1903 was taken, and the lack of information or visible bound-
aries marking the territorial jurisdiction of each municipality
and barrio constituted a great obstacle to the formation of the
enumeration districts. The lists of barrios secured from the
offices of the provincial governments, and some available maps,
were made the basis, though defective, for carrying on this
work. In many cases it was necessary for the census inspectors
to obtain information from the municipal authorities about the
existing barrios and their respective limits in order to organize
the final enumeration districts.
In the organization and distribution of the enumeration dis-
tricts, the lack of maps with details relative to the location of
barrios and other inhabited places, and their approximate po-
pulation and the rivers, roads, and trails connecting one barrio
with another, caused also no little difficulty. The rivers and
roads would have been the best boundaries of these districts
to prevent one enumerator from getting into another's district.
However, thanks to the census notices fixed on the walls of the
houses enumerated, duplications were successfully avoided.
16 INTRODUCTION.
The taking of the census having coincided with the harvest-
ing of rice, the enumeration w^as somewhat retarded, as all or
most of the heads of families and other adults were absent from
their homes and did not return until after the completion of
the work, while others came back at midnight. It was, there-
fore, not always possible for a great number of enumerators
to comply with the requirements of Proclamation No. 21 by
the Governor-General, directing to enumerate not less than 50
persons per day in urban districts and 30 in rural districts.
In many cases the enumeration had to be made at night, the
only time when the enumerators could meet the people in their
houses.
The main difficulty in the organization of urban districts lay in
estimating the number of inhabitants of a place or locality. In
the provinces, where people do not frequently change their resi-
dence, and where the approximate number of inhabitants in each
place may be obtained from the municipal officials, this estimate
was made quite easily. But in a cosmopolitan, bustling city
like Manila, where a considerable percentage of the population
live in rented houses, which are vacated with the same frequency
as they are occupied; where immigrants constantly arrive; and
where the rich as well as the poor come to fix their abodes; in
a city, in short, where the population undergoes a remarkable
change of number, it was in most cases difficult to estimate
the number of the inhabitants of a given place. To overcome
this difficulty, the inspectors had to exercise a personal and
close supervision over the work of the enumerators, which was
done to our satisfaction. And in order to prevent omissions and
duplications, this office had to publish in the Manila press in-
formation about the provisions of the Census Law which pro-
vide for the punishment of any person neglecting to give notice
of his not being enumerated; or of his knowledge or belief that
he himself or any other person or persons were enumerated
twice, or concealing the fact of his or any other person's or
persons' prior enumeration from any enumerator on the point
of enumerating a second time. As a result of this publicity,
we received various communications asking for enumeration,
which request was immediately attended to by the enumerators.
The same was done in the nearby provinces with satisfactory
results.
Some of the difficulties experienced in Zamboanga were due
to the great distances between the houses and the lack of suitable
means of communication. This is especially true with the Su-
INTRODUCTION. 17
banos. They are accustomed to build their houses on the moun-
tain tops, a practice which made it necessary for the enumerators
to climb to those places in order to do enumeration work.
Another difficulty was due to the ignorance of some people,
Mohammedans and pagans especially, who refused to furnish
the data courteously requested by the enumerators, believing
that the pui^ose of taking the census was to impose more taxes
on them. Some enumerators were charged with carrying
poison with them and consequently were refused entrance into
the houses. In such cases, the help of the authorities had to
be requested.
The enumeration of the Negritos scattered in the mountains of
Zambales, Bataan, and Pampanga, on the slopes of Mount Isarog
(Ambos Camarines), in the hilly parts of Iloilo, Capiz, and
Antique, and in other mountainous regions of the Islands caused
no less difficulty, due to their nomadic mode of living. Special
enumerators were appointed. These had to travel much through-
out their districts to locate the Negritos indicated by no geo-
graphical description, due to the absence of a permanent
residence. It happened not unfrequently that they tried to avoid
meeting the enumerators, and it was sometimes necessary for
the enumerators to await the celebration of feasts where the
people gather, in order to do enumeration work.
The same may be said regarding the enumeration of the
Manguianes in Mindoro Province. Due to their shyness and the
difficulty experienced by the enumerators in reaching their
settlements, there being no roads or trails, or if there were any,
they are in the heart of the mountains, along dangerous preci-
pices, the census inspectors had to make extended trips in order
to help the enumerators in their work by advising and con-
vincing the Manguianes of the purpose of the enumeration and
its advantages. In fact, Inspector Cipriano Liboro says in his
report :
All the Manguianes, both young and old, informed me that
they could not remember any occasion of having been enumerated.
The only ones who told me that they were enumerated fifteen
years ago are the Manguianes living on the sea coast.
The statements made by the inspectors of the Mountain
Province will show how the census work in these districts was
carried on.
Inspector Tomas Blanco of the subprovince of Kalinga has
thtt following to say :
171073 — e
18 INTRODUCTION.
In many cases, the population of a settlement or barrio was
too big to make one enumeration district and too small to make
two districts. It was necessary in several cases to unite one, two
or three barrios or settlements to constitute one enumeration dis-
trict. This caused us a great deal of inconvenience in the
division of the territory comprised in each district, as it was
very hard to know where one district began and where it ended,
because the people live in small groups. Not unfrequently one
sees four or five houses in one group, and each group of houses
is separated from the others by mountains, rivers, brooks, etc.,
which makes travel extremely difficult. With this difficulty,
there was a possibility of omission or duplication of enumeration,
and to overcome this, it was necessary to make a list of the
names of each group of houses included in each enumeration
district, with the approximate number of inhabitants in each
group, and this list was handed to the enumerator, for his
guidance. And with the assistance of the auxiliary enumerator,
who was himself a native and one of the influential men in
the locality, there was practically no confusion in the taking of
the census. There were no questions of jurisdictional limits of
any importance.
Our next difficulty was to get the number of qualified persons
for enumerators, for we needed 45 men for this purpose and
there were only about 10 or 15 available in Kalinga. We had
to take the rest from the lowland provinces. This difficulty
was aggravated by the fact that when the time of the taking of
the census drew near, many of those who had expressed a willing-
ness to come failed to do so and we had to hustle to get others.
Many of those who came from the coast-provinces, on account of
their inability to speak the dialect here, had considerable dif-
ficulty in understanding the people and in making themselves
understood by them. To minimize as much as possible the dif-
ficulty thus encountered, we held classes of instruction here at
Lubuagan for both the regular and auxiliary enumerators, and
efforts were made to solve all the difficulties that they might
encounter in the actual work of enumeration. Here the auxiliary
enumerators played an important part. This being the first
census of its kind taken in Kalinga, the natives were very
suspicious as to the motives of the census, and many of
them actually expressed the belief that the census work was
only a preliminary step toward the imposition of the land tax,
etc. (a thing which they do not want, because the education of
the people is not yet sufficiently advanced to realize the advant-
ages and benefit of the same). The people, through the special
agents of the Census, the auxiliary enumerators, the settlement
presidents, the bacnang (well-to-do), and others, received as
thorough an explanation as we could give them regarding the
census work, its purpose, necessity, and importance. The Census
Law, regulations, etc., were explained to them. I told the peo-
ple that when the enumeration work began, they would greatly
facilitate the work if they would be kindly enough to try and
INTRODUCTION. 19
be all in their respective houses on the day the enumerators
worked in their particular sitios, as this would enable the enu-
merator, without the necessity of asking too many questions,
to know exactly the number of persons in a house or family, and
their sex, age, civil status, etc. This advice the people willingly
followed, with the result that the actual enumeration of the
population (on Schedule No. 8), was accomplished in the ma-
jority of cases in ten days instead of thirty. It is true that
the influenza epidemic, which was at its height when the census
work was in progress here, interfered with the work, but
everybody tried to do his part and we managed to accomplish
everything without serious interruption in the work.
Inspector Donato Ducusin of Apayao, reports :
On the part of the enumerators, some complained of the heavy
rains and swollen rivers, and all complained of the difficulties
of traveling through the interior of the subprovince in which,
due to the absence of trails, there are no means of transportation.
It was impossible to communicate with the enumerators during
the progress of the enumeration.
So far as the people are concerned, there was no serious in-
terruption except in a few unimportant cases, where an enu-
merator experienced some difficulty in getting the necessary
information regarding certain persons. This happened only
among the most ignorant of these primitive people. All the
rest freely and voluntarily submitted to the enumeration and
willingly gave the data required for the purpose of the Census.
Inspector Dosser of Ifugao gives the following information:
There was considerable difficulty in dividing the province into
enumeration districts on account of the houses and barrios being
so widely scattered, and there being no means of telling just
where one district ended and another began. No questions arose
regarding jurisdictional limits.
And, lastly, Governor Calvo, in his report says:
Regarding the taking of the census, there has been little dif-
ficulty met in the enumeration, both on the part of the enu-
merators and the enumerated persons. Our enumerators went
through the mountains of their respective enumeration districts
accompanied only by Igorots who acted as guides. As it was
feared that these people would object to the census being taken,
because of the requirement of the instructions that each person
be enumerated individually, it is gratifying to note that there
has been no occasion for resorting to military or police aid
for the enforcement of the census instructions.
As to the difficulties encountered by the enumerators among
the mountain people of Nueva Vizcaya, Inspector Lope K. Santos,
governor of the province, says :
20 INTRODUCTION.
The recent epidemic disease commonly known as influenza ; the
fact that the taking of the census coincided with the harvesting
of the crops; and the deficient and costly transportation have
been the chief difficulties encountered in the enumeration work
throughout the province.
Due to the aforesaid disease, many houses were vacated and
abandoned. This was especially true in the barrios and other
isolated places. Members of families surviving the disease then
raging moved to other houses, to other towns, and even to other
provinces. Because of the death of many family heads, it was
rather hard for the enumerators to obtain certain data required
by schedules Nos. 1 and 2.
The period for harvesting rice in this province covers the
months of January and February of each year, and during the
month fixed for the taking of the census, a considerable number
of families were living in the rice fields, with nobody left in
their houses in town to give the information required by the
enumerators. In many instances, the enumerators had to go
back to the same house three or four times to make the enumera-
tion, usually at midnight, when the owners had returned. In
many towns, the provincial governor had instructed the munic-
ipal presidents to announce by proclamation by the town crier
the days on which the enumerators for each barrio would gather
data, thus avoiding the absence of family heads from their homes.
As this region is remarkably mountainous, with little popu-
lation, generally scattered in distant barrios connected only by
trails, the travel of the enumerators was always difficult and
expensive. Some of them who had hired horses during the
month, at one peso and fifty centavos per day, complained of
the small compensation granted them.
The enumerators assigned to the mountain regions had to
provide themselves with thick clothing to protect themselves from
the cold weather. Some enumerators who became ill after re-
ceiving census instructions and after beginning enumeration on
January 1st, were replaced by substitute and auxiliary enu-
merators. To minimize these difficulties, we adopted the policy
of employing regular and substitute enumerators of both sexes,
nearly one-half being females. This was possible because, be-
sides the existence in this province of sufficiently educated women
to do the census work of 1918, their cooperation along this line
was successful in the Census of 1903. We endeavored to assign
the female enumerators as much as possible to the central dis-
tricts, inhabited by the Christian population.
A great number of regular enumerators filled out their sched-
ules in English, and only a few of them in Spanish. This was
due to the personnel having been selected from among teachers
and students of the public schools, with the exception of some
who had been deemed properly qualified to do the census work
on account of their experience in the former census, or their
education and influence in the locality.
A thing worthy of mention noted during the enumeration of
the Ilongot people is that the enumerators were able to discharge
INTRODUCTION. 21
their duties unmolested in the rancherias visited, with the excep-
tion of those of Tamsi and Gumyad, where slight opposition
was offered at the beginning-. However, upon learning the
real object of the taking of the census, these Ilongots willingly
submitted to enumeration, answering all questions asked by the
enumerators.
Regarding the difficulties experienced in the Department of
Mindanao and Sulu, Inspector Guingona, in his report, says,
among other things :
The appointment of enumerators in remote regions inhabited
by Moros and pagans met with difficulty in shape of the
lack of adequate personnel. It was necessary that the enu-
merator should possess a knowledge of the dialect, the customs
of the people and the conditions of the locality, and command
the confidence of the people, or have ability to inspire confidence,
in the regions where he had to work. No Moros or pagans could
be appointed, as very few of them were prepared to do the work ;
and Christians or inhabitants of the coast could not be appointed
on account of the objections above cited. However, these dif-
ficulties were overcome by the appointment of members of the
Constabulary stationed in the regions to be enumerated and by
the appointment of teachers. Arrangements were made so that
a man of the locality accompanied the enumerators and served
as assistant or interpreter at the same time. Some datus were
also appointed as special agents and their cooperation was se-
cured in this manner.
Inspector Calvin B. Carter of Cotabato reports:
In forming enumeration districts in the province, the greatest
difficulty encountered was the lack of definite knowledge of the
territory to be covered. Except in the one organized municipal-
ity there was no delineation of barrios, and in many cases
municipal district boundaries were more or less indefinitely
located. It was necessary to consider the topography of the
country in relation to difficulty of travel rather than estimated
population. Fortunately, many of the government officials in
Cotabato had seen long service in the province and had a fairly
accurate knowledge of the territory and people.
Another serious problem was the Moro datu's extreme jealousy
of his neighboring chief. If part of one chief's territory was in-
cluded in the enumeration district with that of another chief, he
became suspicious immediately, thinking that he was losing some
of his followers and that the census districts were permanent gov-
ernment divisions or organizations of territory. This difficulty
could not be overcome in the original formation of districts as
it would have necessitated many more enumeration districts,
than allotted to us according to population. Much patient ex-
plaining, preliminary to beginning actual count, reduced trouble
from this source to the minimum, although there still exists ill
feeling and suspicion in some sections. These cases could have
22 INTRODUCTION.
been avoided had more assistant enumerators been used and one
acceptable to each chief been selected for his limited territory,
but this again would have increased the census personnel and
expense out of proportion to the good derived. One instance
will suffice as an example of this petty jealousy which forms so
great a part of the Moro character. Datu Alimpang was ap-
pointed assistant enumerator for District No. 6, Buldung, and
in company with the enumerator for that district visited the
houses in order. Sultan Agaos of the northern part of Bundan
became highly offended over him even though it had been ex-
plained to Agaos that it would be necessary, upon beginning
the enumeration, to perform the work in the most expeditious
manner to avoid unnecessary expense and hardship. This chief
has not yet been convinced that Alimpang did not purposely
insult him or try to seduce some of his followers. Agaos was
asked the name and location of all barrios under his jurisdiction
and through spite failed to give the information regarding one
distant barrio. After completion of the enumeration, one of
the residents of this barrio notified the provincial governor that
he had not been enumerated. It was necessary for the eni;-
merator to travel from Parang a distance of fifty miles to
count the sixteen people in this place.
Due to the small Christian population of Cotabato Province,
and the fact that nearly all of this population of sufficient in-
telligence to fill out a census schedule have steady employment
at lucrative salaries, it was impossible to secure more than five
enumerators who were not Government employees, the remainder
being school teachers and Constabulary soldiers. These men,
specially the latter, needed most careful instruction and super-
vision. In fact, the task seemed almost hopeless at times. The
enumerators were divided into groups of from five to nine and
placed under the immediate direction of a special agent who was
made responsible for their instruction and the proper perform-
ance of their duties. They then reported to their respective
special agents for further instruction and were sent to their
districts to acquaint the people with the coming census and the
objects thereof, and to learn as much as possible of the territory
they were to cover. The assistant enumerators were native
Mohammedan residents of the districts to which they were as-
signed, who assisted in the preliminary work. All municipal
district presidents and important chiefs were called to the pro-
vincial capital where they were informed of the objects of the
census and their assistance requested. Upon return to their
homes these called a meeting of the municipal district council-
men and instructed them to spread the information throughout
the province. By these methods, it is believed that every single
inhabitant knew of the census and its objects, and few cases
arose where enumerators' questions were looked upon with sus-
picion. In such cases the special agent or inspector was notified
and proceeded at once to overcome such suspicion by careful
explanation. Only one prosecution under the Census Law was
necessary.
INTRODUCTION. 23
After deducting from the small force of Constabulary the men
appointed as enumerators, and the number of men absolutely
necessary for guarding the \'^rious stations and other imperative
work, it was impossible to furnish escorts for enumerators even
in doubtful parts of the province, among the pagan people.
Therefore, it is surprising that no single enumerator suffered
abuse or death since there can be no doubt that many of them
risked their lives by going alone in a country practically unex-
plored. This can only be attributed to the thorough preliminary
work.
The undersigned, he continues, as provincial governor wishes
to speak here of the inestimable value to the province of the
census work aside from the valuable statistical data obtained.
Enumerators were able to talk and become friendly with people
who had never before come in contact with a Government official,
and also gained a knowledge of the practically unexplored por-
tions of the province which will be of great use to Government
here. The census of Cotabato Province in 1903 was only an
estimate because of the unsettled conditions at that time, so that
no accurate comparison with the present census is possible.
Some 3,450 Christian Filipinos including men, women, and
children have immigrated to the province and settled on home-
steads since 1913. Prior to that date immigration was neg-
ligible.
Likewise, the inspectors of Sulu have narrated their experience.
Inspector N. C. Page states:
The enumerators themselves, nearly all of whom were Filipino
teachers, and the auxiliary enumerators, all of whom were Moros,
acquitted themselves with great credit. Theirs was a difficult
task, and they did it well, by the use of tact and good judgment,
and with the least possible friction, and with no loss of life or
brawls.
According to the same inspector, the enumeration of his dis-
trict is as accurate as possible, considering the character of the
people and their suspicious nature. He says that a Moro will
not tell one his own name or that of his wife, if the latter is
present, unless circumstances make it unavoidable or imperative.
Inspector O. H. Newton says :
The main difficulty in enumerating the Moro people is the
reluctancy on the part of the Moro people to tell anything re-
garding their family history. A Moro does not like to tell his
name. If you ask a Moro his name, should he have companions,
he will in turn ask any question about their deceased relatives,
therefore, we probably did not get the correct mortality of
1918. The Census of 1903 of Sulu was only an estimate, there-
fore, and no comparison can be made between 1903 and 1918.
24 INTRODUCTION.
Inspector P. D. Rogers made the following statement:
Great difficulty was experienced in enumerating the people.
First, there was the question of the auxiliary enumerators.
The chiefs who were not auxiliary enumerators objected to
have their people enumerated, as they thought that the auxiliary
enumerators would have the right to claim all the people enu-
merated by them. Also many wild rumors sprang up all over
the province as to the causes of the enumeration, the follow-
ing being some of the principal rumors afloat as to the cause
of the enumeration:
1. That the Government wanted to get a list of all the people,
so that all the men could be listed and forced to go to war.
2. That their religion would be changed.
3. That all the women would be required to wear clothes worn
by the Christians.
4. That all the babies would be branded on the posterior the
same as cattle.
In this connection, Inspector T. W. Coverston of Lanao sub-
mitted the following in his report:
The greatest difficulty encountered in organization for census
work was found in the lack of personnel sufficiently educated
and at the same time possessing a necessary knowledge of local
•conditions and customs to enable them to work harmoniously
among the Maranaos, who were very suspicious of our reasons
for taking the census. Our activities in the past have been
based upon estimates of the population of the various municipal
district the limits of which were sufficiently well defined to avoid
confusion or to permit of questions of territorial jurisdiction.
When a municipal district was divided into two or more enu-
meration districts each district was given a certain part of the
district divided by barrios.
Several months before the taking of the census a campaign
was organized, the object of which was to inform the people
in all parts of the province of the coming census and of the
reasons for taking same. It was believed by the inspectors
that we would not be successful in taking the census if various
and conflicting reasons for the census were given. In order
that we might all be in harmony, a circular letter in the local
dialect was sent to all municipal district presidents informing
them that the census would be taken in order that we might
receive our share of the revenues and that the census was not
for the purpose of taxation. The same reason was disseminated
by all deputy governors and the enumerators, and, as a result,
we found but one man who refused to permit his people to be
enumerated and he later complied with the request of the enu-
merator when the deputy governor of that district came to the
assistance of the enumerator.
The enumerators, who had to deal with people from all the
walks of life, occasionally experienced great difficulty in per-
INTRODUCTION. 25
forming their duty. There were educated people who strenu-
ously objected to being enumerated and whom the courteous
remonstrances of the enumerator would only exasperate them
still further. Then the enumerator would encounter* a man of
the rough and boisterous type, who would indulge in bad lan-
guage and make fun of the census officials and of the questions
propounded to him. Occasionally, he would meet with a vain in-
dividual who would insist upon putting down all the academic
degrees which he possessed or claimed to possess and would
endeavor to show off his alleged knowledge by engaging in a
learned conversation with the enumerator, which latter, not
being in his own house, had to endeavor to make the best of
the situation. Sometimes a lady of wealth and rank would con-
sider that she had a right to treat the enumerator with contempt
and would make him wait for a considerable time and then
give him all sorts of information except what he required, or
make him come back day after day.
The Chinese and Japanese were objecting most vigorously
to being enumerated during the first days of the taking of the
Census, but thanks to the circular letters issued by their re-
spective consuls, upon the request of the undersigned, they at
last allowed themselves to be enumerated.
We have only one instance where the census officials had to
resort to force to secure compliance with the Census Law, and
that was the "Kulay-Kulay case," reported by Inspector Guin-
gona, which resulted in the death of some Moros who had to
be shot. The Awkasa family refused to be enumerated and
offered armed resistance to the force of the Government, in
spite of the persuasion employed to make them change their
attitude. The force employed in this case was extremely ne-
cessary in order to prevent these recalcitrants not only from
doing bodily injury to the provincial inspector and his com-
panions, who had come to enumerate them, but also from dis-
turbing the public peace and order in Sulu. As the Director
of the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes says:
No effort appears to have been spared by Government officials
and by both the local chief, Panglima Agga, and the priest or
Imam, the latter being the nearest relative of the family. When
an individual or group of Joloanos or others of our Moham-
medan population make the preparation the Awkasa family is
stated to have made, they are practically amok and if the local
chief and Imam are unable to bring them back to mental equi-
librium, it is absolutely necessary they be taken into custody
as otherwise they will inevitably pass to the violent stage of
26 INTRODUCTION.
amok when not only must they themselves be killed but some
and perhaps many innocent persons also be wounded and killed.
However, in spite of all the difficulties mentioned, which have
been overcome, it is safe to state that the work of taking the
census was carried on smoothly, and thanks to the valu-able
cooperation of the provincial and municipal officials and the
influence of the inspectors and their assistants in particular,
and to the hearty cooperation of the people in general, as well
as the zeal and faithfulness of the enumerators, the enumeration
of the inhabitants of the Islands was effected in a very satis-
factory manner.
The census records disclose two instances where a reenumera-
tion was made, — the first was the case of enumerator Macario
Gala of Candelaria, Tayabas, whose house was burned down with
the Census papers in it; and the second, that of enumerator
Agaton Pefiaflorida of Buhi, Ambos Camarines, whose port-folios
containing census papers were lost while he was crossing a lake
in a sail-boat.
Generally, the enumeration work was done within the 30 days
period prescribed in the Governor-General's proclamation. This
period, however, had to be extended in some provinces, such
as Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte,
Catanduanes, Batangas, Marinduque, Bohol, Mountain Province,
Oriental Negros, Occidental Negros, Capiz, and Palawan, and
in the Department of Mindanao and Sulu, owing in part to the
difficulties of communication and transportation, but largely to
the influenza epidemic then raging in the Islands and the quar-
antine in some barrios attacked by smallpox.
We have spoken extensively of the Census organization, as
we are convinced that a good organization insures success in
this kind of work. We tried to follow substantially the Amer-
ican plan adopted for the taking of the Census of 1903, as we
were sure that it was the most adequate means of obtaining
complete and exact data on the various subjects embraced in
the census schedules under the provisions of the Census Act.
Yet the , description of the 1918 Census organization would,
without doubt, appear incomplete if we did not give some ac-
count of the organization of the central office, which was tem-
porarily established to coordinate the data obtained by the
enumerators and compute and arrange the same in the form
of statistical tables for publication. In the Census of 1903,
the enumeration work was accomplished in the Philippines, but
the compilation of data, the preparation of statistical tables,
INTRODUCTION. 27
and their publication were done in the United States, where
there was well-trained personnel and all the necessary machinery
for census work. This was not the case with the Census of 1918.
All was done in the Philippines, the enumeration work as well
as the preparation of the statistical tables. We had, therefore,
to organize an office with various divisions to cope with the
different activities arising as the census work was progressing.
The first thing necessary was to properly arrange the papers
returned by the census inspectors and systematize the work,
in order to avoid the loss and insure the methodical handling
of the papers by the compilers.
Accordingly, a division of forms and archives was organized
to separate the papers used from the unused, and to classify
the former by barrios, municipalities, and provinces. This divi-
sion was required to bind the schedules into rolls of 25 sheets
each as to the schedules of population, and of 50 sheets each
as to the agricultural schedules; while the remaining schedules
were bound by municipalities, in rolls of from 5 to 20 sheets.
It was necessary to adopt this method, not only in order to
avoid confusion in the examination of the schedules, but also to
have the sheets in such shape that they could be handled by a
number of compilers without any danger of those sheets going to
pieces.
In this division there was an employee named the "Superin-
tendent of Forms," whose duty it was to take note of all the
papers going from the Archives to the different compilation
divisions, and to see that they were returned. This afforded a
reasonable protection against the loss of any of the papers of
the Census Bureau. It is from the office of this employee that
all the schedules were distributed to the various compilation
divisions, the Archives being somewhat in the nature of a supply
department. He also received from the various compilation
divisions the forms on which data have been entered and sent
them on to the Division of Computation, from which he then
received the results of the computation work done, which he
distributed among the several statistical sections. This office
may be considered as the pivot of the whole of the Census.
The archives are contained in three large rooms, in which
all the schedules and other census material are kept with due
care in order to prevent their destruction by any cause what-
soever. The archives are arranged by provinces and municipal-
ities, according to the correlative number of the rolls.
To collect the data spread upon thousands and thousands of
schedules and group them conveniently in the form of statis-
28 INTRODUCTION.
tical tables, it was necessary to organize the Divisions of Com-
pilation.
For the use of these divisions, several forms were prepared,
on which the compilers entered in figures the data appearing
on the schedules of the numerators, either grouping in a
column of the form the data contained in one column of a sched-
ule, or combining those of two or more columns of the schedules,
as required by the character of the form. In this manner,
the compilers grouped entries of the same kind under each of
the questions appearing in the schedules ; the totals thus obtained
were then computed by the Division of Computation, and the
final results were passed on to the various Statistical Sections
for the preparation of the corresponding tables, which contain,
in concise form, all information needed for the consideration
of measures, whether of a legislative, administrative, social,
or other character, conducive to the improvement of the condi-
tion of the country, which is the principal purpose of the taking
of the Census of 1918.
For the preparation of the personnel which was to take charge
of the compilation and statistical work, it was deemed advisable
to organize a training department, which was maintained until
the schedules returned by the inspectors had been properly
arranged and were ready for distribution among the compilers.
This work extended over the first two months of 1919.
The compilation divisions began to work at the end of Feb-
ruary, when the schedules of the enumerators began to come
in ; but their work was rather irregular, due in part to the de-
fective system of returning the schedules, and partly to the
preparation of new forms of compilation. It can be safely said
that the real compilation work began only about the end of
May, 1919. Of course, in the beginning of the work of com-
pilation, the compilers newly trained in this work encountered
serious difficulties which hindered to some extent the rapid ad-
vancement of the compilation. Instructions to compilers for
the use of the compilation forms were then prepared. These
were given orally to the compilers beginning with the organiza-
tion of these divisions. But in view of the frequent changes
in the office force, due to resignation and other causes, these
instructions had to be repeated several times. This increased
the work of the chiefs of these divisions, and in order to avoid
difficulties and facilitate the work of the compilers, it was
deemed advisable to print said instructions which form Bulletin
No. 2 of the Census Office.
There are other compilation sections, those for Schools. Social
INTRODUCTION. 29
Conditions, Mortality, Manufactures, Household Industries, and
Judiciary, which are at the same time statistical sections, as
they compile the data entered in their respective schedules while
preparing the statistical tables.
To add up and compute or compare the totals of the data on
the various forms filled in by the compilation divisions, with a
view to ascertaining the results thereof, it was necessary to
organize the division of computation. The personnel of this
division consisted of 90 educated young men, properly trained
in operating the "Barret," "Burroughs," and "Monroe" adding
machines, with 86 of these machines of various makes. If one
takes into consideration the fact that the compilation divisions
with 400 compilers were able to fill in about 12,000 forms daily,
it will be easy to imagine the volume of work done every day
by the computation division, which is represented by 7,000
forms, each containing from two to seven columns of figures.
It was not sufficient, however, to have the data compiled by
the compilation divisions; it was also necessary to embody in
statistical tables the results obtained by the computation divi-
sion, in accordance with the outlined plan of work prepared for
the publication of the Census. Hence, the necessity of organizing
the statistical division, which was composed of the most effi-
cient employees of the office, especially trained for this delicate
part of our work. This division was subdivided into various
sections designated as "Population," "Agriculture," and "Mis-
cellaneous." The latter included the statistical section for
Schools, Mortality, Social Conditions, Judiciary, Manufactures,
and Household Industries. The Division of Statistics had charge
of the preparation of all statistical tables published in the Census,
under the direction of its chief, Mr. Braulio Bejasa,^ and the
supervision of the undersigned. In this division there was a
tabulating section which had charge of the forms and tables
needed by the compilers and statisticians.
There were in the Census Office other divisions, such as the
administrative, property, accounting, translating and proof-
reading divisions, which performed the duties imposed upon
similar divisions in other Government offices.
Inasmuch as this was the first Census Office organized in
the Philippines, its activities attracted the attention of the pub-
lic to such an extent that the Office had the privilege of being
inspected by distinguished persons not connected with the Gov-
ernment, and by high Government officials, members of the
* On March 1, 1920, he was required to return to the Bureau of Justice
when he was appointed assistant attorney.
30 INTRODUCTION.
Legislature, department secretaries, the President of the Senate,
the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Governor-
General.
Certain pessimists expressed the fear that the Filipinos could
not make a census of their own, because either the organization
would be deficient or the personnel incompetent. Instead of
discouraging the Census officials and employees, this only made
them more enthusiastic and determined in the performance of
their duties.
The Committee on Appropriations of the Upper House of the
Legislature contributed to a certain extent to those pessimistic
opinions when it submitted an amendment to the Appropriation
Bill of 1920, as approved by the Lower House, to the effect that
the appropriations for the Census should be made in the form
of an itemized statement of expenditures, thus disregarding
the temporary character of the office and the many unforeseen
contingencies sure to arise in it. This proposed amendment
provided, further, that employees of the Bureaus of the Gov-
ernment detailed to perform duties in the Census Office should
not be paid the additional compensation fixed in their respective
appointments unless authorized by the Council of State, which
body resolved, at a session held on January 14th, 1920, that a
final decision upon said additional compensation would be made
as soon as the Census work was completed, taking into con-
sideration the date of completion and the efficiency shown. Al-
though the task seemed difficult, we accepted the responsibility
of carrying out the work contemplated in the Census Act, as
we considered that an opportunity had been afforded us to
serve the interests of our country and to show, through the
efforts of thousands of Census officials and employees from all
over the Islands, that the Filipinos, as a people, possess that
integrity, accuracy, and diligence which make a people capable
of managing its public affairs in a successful manner.
In this connection, it will not be amiss to quote some author-
itative opinions on the Census organization. The Governor-
General, Honorable Francis Burton Harrison, upon inspecting
the Census Office on September 19, 1919, accompanied by the
President of the Senate, Hon. Manuel L. Quezon, among other
things, said:
I have at heart the functions of the Census a year ago and
am delighted to find out in the interesting investigation made
by President Quezon and myself this morning that the stupend-
ous work of the census is nearing its prompt termination.
We want to congratulate President Villamor, his assistants,
INTRODUCTION. 31
and subordinates for the spirit they have shown in carrying
on the census work and for the patriotism and enthusiasm they
have in their hearts, all of which go to demonstrate the ability
of the Filipino people to the American public and to the Amer-
ican Congress.
The Speaker of the House of Representatives, Hon. Sergio
Osmeiia, on the occasion of the inspection of the Census Office
by himself, accompanied by members of the Philippine Legis-
lature, on the 11th of November, 1919, delivered this encouraging
speech :
It has been gratifying for my colleagues of the Legislature
and myself to have been afforded this opportunity to examine
the various divisions of the Census Office. You are not splen-
didly housed ; this being only a temporary office, it has not been
possible to provide very good premises for it, and therefore
we are glad to see that efiorts have been made to arrange the
departments so that the employees may do their work in an
orderly and comfortable manner. But, as the saying goes, even
under the nipa roof of a humble bamboo house great things
may be accomplished.
We, the members of the Legislature here present, are firmly
convinced that in this building — which, perhaps, witnessed im-
portant events in the past — you will show Filipino capacity once
more, and that the confidence we reposed in you when we
placed this work in your hands has not been bestowed in vain.
For the first time the Filipinos are called upon to do themselves
this work, which is so important for the country. Since men
first began to live in communities, there has been a necessity
of taking some sort of census. The tribal chiefs of old had to
find out the number of their subjects for the purpose of ascertain-
ing the number of individuals to be taxed. They also had to
know the effective war strength of the tribe, that is, the number
of able-bodied men available for armed service. In a modern
census, much more than that is needed. We are not taking this
Census for the mere purpose of obtaining the information re-
ferred to, which is perhaps of little use, but to secure complete
data which will, as the Director of the Census rightly says,
be a graphic representation of our own situation, a living image
of the present life of our country, our resources, our land, our
territory and its population, the distribution of that population,
our mode of living, our education, our vices, our virtues, in one
word, the whole substance of our people. All that work, that
image, the preparation of which has been entrusted to you,
must be exact. Just now, certain Government offices have to
come to get data from the office of the Census. In our cam-
paign in America we availed ourselves of the Census to get
information, for example, on educational matters, in order to
supply the demands of the leaders of Congress. Therefore,
we who have come here to pay a visit, cannot say anything but
that the work now being done here is highly important.
32 INTRODUCTION.
I wish to say something else. There are problems that the
country will be confronted with and which will need your
assistance, such as, for example, the increase of population. It
is our duty to see how the population increases. We are a
comparatively numerous people. There are in other countries
of the earth peoples not so numerous as we are, who, nevertheless,
live and are respected. But we will not confine ourselves to
that; we want facts about the growth of our population, and
one of the things we have learned today in this building is that,
in spite of the past epidemics, we are going ahead, and that
our death rate in 1918 was less than that of 1917, and much
less than that of 1903.
There are other very important facts which I am sure will be
confirmed by the Census. For example : One of the main factors
for a really stable government is an even distribution of property,
and it is through this office that the world will know the great
number of small property holders of the Philippines who con-
stitute the foundation of our orderly and peaceful life.
In conclusion, I may say that much is expected of the census
you are now taking. This is your work, and I am sure, and
the members of the Legislature are sure, that it will be done
by you with the utmost efficacy. We are anxiously awaiting
the publication of your work, and when our men and the men
of other countries see it, they will say that you have done not
only a useful, but a meritorious work.
The Director of the Census of the United States, Honorable
Samuel L. Rogers, in his communication to the undersigned, of
January 20, 1920, says: "The report submitted by you to the
Governor-General on September 11th, 1919, is very interesting,
and I congratulate you upon the good organization you have
established. I look forward with a good deal of interest to
receiving copies of the census reports which you state will in-
clude the provincial maps and descriptive matter as well as the
statistical tables."
As has been stated elsewhere in this report, the work of the
Census Office was greatly handicapped by lack of preparation
on the part of the employees, who had to be trained before they
could render efficient service. The experience gained by many
Filipinos in this kind of work should be utilized for the benefit
of both the Government and the people, and I earnestly recom-
mend that this office be made permanent.
In the great majority of advanced nations there is a central
office of statistics charged with the collection, compilation and
periodical publication of information relative to population,
national wealth, and progress. The taking, usually decennial,
of a census through the organization of a temporary office is
objectionable from the viewpoint of its high cost and of the
INTRODUCTION. 33
difficulties that in many cases cannot be overcome, because the
census work thus accomplished is necessarily done hastily.
Furthermore, the decennial census, once finished, leaves an im-
mense lacune, shrouded in darkness, which extends over the
entire decade preceding it, and there is no human power capable
of forming statistics for that period, where dimness and chaos
reign supreme. On the other hand, the leaving of the statistical
work to the scattered and isolated efforts of the various Govern-
ment offices now publishing statistical information would result
in confusion, perplexity, and dissatisfaction, and would not
respond to the requirements of methodization, integration, and
synthesis prescribed by science for the preparation of all national
statistics.
Before we consider the results of the Census, I deem it ad-
visable to mention the division of the work among the Director
and his Assistants, so far as the analytical examination or de-
scriptive part of the statistical tables compiled from the census
schedules is concerned. While the undersigned supervised the
preparation of all the statistical tables and had charge of the
description of the schedule on population, the other schedules
were assigned to the Assistant Directors for examination and
comment, as follows: to Mr. F. Buencamino, Sr., the schedule
of agriculture; that of schools, to Dr. A. Albert; that of mor-
tality, to Dr. L. Ma. Guerrero; and the schedules of social con-
ditions, manufacture, and household industry, to Mr. E. de los
Santos. This arrangement, however, did not prevent the Di-
rector and his Assistants from preparing other articles. For
example, Mr. F. Buencamino, Sr., wrote an article on the Banks
and the undersigned a monograph on criminality, both of which
are included in Volume IV, while Dr. L. Ma. Guerrero prepared
an article on medicinal plants which will be found in Volume III.
Special mention should be made of Dr. Otley Beyer, Associate
Professor of Anthropology of the University of the Philippines,
who prepared a paper on the non-Christian tribes which will be
considered later ; Mr. Francisco Agcaoili, a chemist of the Bureau
of Science, who wrote on the food value of the most important
Philippine products; Reverend Father Jose Coronas, the me-
teorologist of the Weather Bureau, who prepared a report of
the Climate and Weather of the Philippines, and, lastly, Mr.
Rafael Medina, Assistant Director of the Bureau of Forestry,
who wrote an article on the forests of the Philippines. These
gentlemen had no official connection with the Census Office and
deserve our most profound gratitude for their valuable con-
tributions.
171073 — 3
34 INTRODUCTION.
The attention of the reader is called to the Atlas of the Phil-
ippines or provincial maps published in this volume of the
Census. They v^ere prepared especially for the Census, at the
request of the undersigned, by Mr. John Bach, the able cartog-
rapher of the Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey, who used
for this purpose, among other sources of information, the data
recently collected by the Census officials. Every map of the
series is a new production in the sense that it is a complete
compilation of all information existing on the date of publication.
The process of compilation was as follows :
The boundaries of the province were determined and a poly-
conic projection was constructed for the area in question, using
the maximum scale permitted by the size of the page. All shore
lines were reduced by pantograph from Coast and Geodetic
Survey charts. Interior provincial boundaries were plotted from
surveys by the Bureau of Lands, from provisions of the Ad-
ministrative Code, from Executive Orders or, in a few doubtful
cases, from information obtained from local officials. In many
inaccessible regions, the available information is not adequate for
the exact delimitation of provincial boundaries, but all sources
were exhausted in the study of this question and it can be con-
fidently asserted that the boundaries are far superior to those
shown on previous maps.
Interior details were filled from various sources. In regions
covered by maps of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, these were
used as the base for reduction since they themselves contain a
digest of all previous information, including more especially the
detailed topographic surveys by the United States Army.
In other regions various sources of information were utilized,
the greatest weight being assigned to road traverses by the
Bureau of Lands and Public Works. These traverses fixed the
location of towns, and minor features were adjusted to fit in
with these.
For these interior features all maps having any degree of
authority were freely used. In Mindanao and the Mountain
Province, unpublished blueprints from Constabulary sources
furnished a lai;ge part of the data. Sixty-eight blueprints of
the Census Office compiled from data furnished by inspectors,
were used to locate many hitherto unplaced barrios. After all
publications and authentic blueprints had been exhausted, re-
course was had to sketch maps by municipal presidents. Be-
tween 1909 and 1916, the Coast and Geodetic Survey collected
sketches of all municipalities from the presidents thereof. Most
of these sketches are of no value for absolute locations, but they
INTRODUCTION. 35
frequently show the approximate location of otherwise uniden-
tified barrios or mountains and afford checks on boundaries and
streams. None of these informations has hitherto been utilized
in publications.
In the Mountain Province many obscure points were settled
by direct correspondence with governors, presidents, and dis-
'trict engineers.
The question of spelling received attention not heretofore
given. The sketches collected from municipal presidents were
accompanied by lists of barrios and sitios under each jurisdic-
tion, with particular reference to the local usage in spelling.
These lists were combined by the Coast and Geodetic Survey
with similar lists secured from the Bureaus of Education and
Posts, from the Census of 1903, and from laws, executive orders,
and proclamations. From these combinations, forms were
adopted by the Coast and Geodetic Survey for standard use.
These standard lists have been used in restricted areas where
new editions of maps have recently appeared, but the great mass
of these names have not heretofore been used.
Explanations are given in the text regarding the use of con-
ventional signs, as well as a general index of all names appear-
ing in the maps with indications as to the grades of longitude
and latitude and the province where the place wanted can be
found.
These maps are useful not only for the reader in general,
but also for the public and private schools in particular. Fili-
pino educators should encourage school boys and girls to learn
the geography of their province and their country to make them
conversant with the beauty and wealth of the land where
they were born, because the acquisition of such knowledge will
awaken and strengthen the sentiment of patriotism in their
hearts. Nihil volitum quin prxcognitum. The geographical
sketch and historical account preceding each map were carefully
prepared by the provincial section of this oifice, composed of
Mr. Percy R. Angell, Director of Civil Service, and three able
members of the Departments of Geography and History of
the University of the Philippines — Miss Maria Valdez, instructor
in geography, Mr. Leandro H. Fernandez, associate professor
of history and author of "A Brief History of the Philippines,"
a text-book used in the public schools, and Mr. Nicolas Zafra,
instructor in history — who were employed by the Census Office
for the purpose above indicated. The descriptions are intended
36 INTRODUCTION.
to give life to the maps; the texts used as reference for the
same consisted of sixty-two text-books on Philippine geography,
twenty-seven text-books on Philippine history, and others.
The work of the learned Jesuit Father Jose Coronas on the
Climate and Weather of the Philippines is of great practical
value. The report published in Volume I of the Census as de-^
duced from the period 1903 to 1918, is original and contains*
very valuable information not only on the general conditions
of our climate, but also on exceptional weather conditions ex-
perienced during that period of 16 years. The data given in
this report will be of exceptional interest to the public in gen-
eral and most particularly to those who are engaged in agri-
culture or in commerce in the Philippines. Never before has
any report been published on the climate of the Philippines with
such a wealth of data and referring to so many stations dis-
tributed throughout the Archipelago.
In the introductory remarks of this report, a short account
is given of the Climatological and Weather Service of the Phil-
ippines as it existed at the end of 1918. There were in all, 60
official stations and 53 voluntary or cooperative stations through-
out the Archipelago. Weather telegrams are being received
twice daily from about 50 stations in the Philippines, one sta-
. tion in Guam, ten stations in Japan, five stations in Formosa,
five on the China coast and three in Indo-China. A weather map
of the Far East based on these telegraphic reports is being pre-
pared daily at the Manila Observatory since 1907, and posted in
several public places in Manila. There cannot be any doubt that
the preparation of this weather map has helped considerably
to improve the forecasting service of the Philippine Weather
Bureau, especially as regards the forecasting of typhoons.
Special eft'ort has been made in this report to present in a
most comprehensive manner the greatest possible amount of
information referring to the distribution of rainfall in the Phil-
ippines, as this is considered the most important element of
our climate. In fact, it is the cause of the different types of
climate which exist in the Philippines within a characteristically
tropical climate. A very elaborate and interesting climate and
rainfall map and a good number of other graphic illustrations
accompany this part of the report. The different types of
monthly distribution of rainfall graphically represented in three
plates will be of the greatest interest to all. A short account
is also given of the principal floods and periods of drought ex-
perienced in the Philippines since 1903.
INTRODUCTION. 37
The prevalence of typhoons in the Philippines has always
been a matter of the utmost importance to any one interested
in our agricultural or commercial activities. The part of the
report referring to this subject will prove very interesting. The
matter is presented in a new way which will appeal to every one.
The author considers first the remarkable typhoons which have
actually struck the Philippines during the chosen period of 16
years, and distributes them by provinces and subprovinces ; then
he takes up the ordinary typhoons of less importance and reg-
ular depressions that have traversed the Archipelago, distribut-
ing them also by provinces; and finally he gives the number
of those typhoons which influenced clearly the weather of the
Philippines without touching the Archipelago. Typhoons of
the Far East which on account of their distance from our Islands
or of their small dimensions had hardly any or little influence
on our weather are disregarded in this report. This is con-
sidered a very good idea, because what people desire to know is
not precisely the frequency of depressions and typhoons in the
whole Far East, but the frequency of the typhoons which are
apt to work havoc in the Philippines, and also of those which
exert a great influence on our weather conditions.
The article of Mr. Francisco Agcaoili, chief food analyst of
the Bureau of Science, on 'The Value of Food" is an excellent
one and contains practical information regarding the nutritive
value of our common foods. The selection of foods is of par-
amount importance to maintain health and growth. It is need-
less to say that an improperly nourished body can neither
properly function nor eflficiently keep up the routine require-
ment of the present-day strenuous life. The article prepared
by Mr. Agcaoili not only shows those common foods which
may be obtained at reasonable prices and yet have a high nutrit-
ive value, but also demonstrates that by proper selection of a
daily diet and by not overeating, more particularly not over-
crowding the system with a large quantity of one staple food,
a healthy body is obtained; a clear mind is ever ready to meet
the daily task ; and waste and luxury are brought to a minimum.
The importance of the catalogue of medicinal plants prepared
by Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero is self evident. A flora so abundant
in endemic species should necessarily contain many plants of
medicinal and poisonous properties which have a great therapeu-
tic future and which, if studied pharmacologically, could form
the original subjects of a genuinely Philippine Pharmacopoeia.
From time immemorial, our quacks have been using many of
38 INTRODUCTION.
our plants for the treatment of the diseases from which the
inhabitants of our vast Archipelago ordinarily suffer. Quite a
few of our people are opposed to the use of pharmacy drugs,
because they are laboring under the queer prejudice that such
drugs exhaust the force of the patient instead of delivering him
from the disease which threatens his existence.
But it must be admitted that, notwithstanding the fact that
the knowledge of the quack is extremely empirical and crude
with respect to vegetable pharmacology, he knows how to make
a timely application of certain matters the action of which in
the sick organism is of undisputable and sure efficacy, and some-
times even specific. He displays great ability in the use of purga-
tives, emetics, febrifuges, vermifuges, remedies for heart disease,
dysentery, and diarrhea, etc., which he finds abundantly in our
medical flora. He possesses marvelous medicines for healing
wounds, and the antidotes administered by quacks have often
saved the lives of poisoned persons. On the other hand, many
people are not unaware of the deadly effects of many of the
plants which they administer judiciously enough to have a cura-
tive effect, owing to the simplicity of their pharmaceutical
methods, coupled with their poor knowledge of the nature of the
beneficient principle of the drug and of the means of extracting
the same. The reader interested in this matter is referred to
the catalogue of medicinal plants inserted in the proper chapter
of Volume III of the present Census.
The report of Mr. Medina on Philippine forests, published in
Volume III, contains data of great interest not only to lumber-
men, but also to the public in general. More than half of the
total area of the Archipelago is covered with forest, nearly one-
ninth of which consists of commercial timber. From the in-
vestigations and estimates made by the Bureau of Forestry,
it appears that the forests of the Philippine Islands contain ap-
proximately 200,000,000,000 board feet of commercial timber,
which, at the average price of ^3.50 per thousand board feet,
is valued at ^700,000,000. In the report of Mr. Medina, all
kinds of lumber for building construction and furniture, as well
as secondary forest products, are described, and an idea is given
of the various uses made of the same. It also contains data on
the durability and strength of Philippine lumber, and other
useful informations on forestry matters.
From the standpoint of statistics, the taking of the Census
of 1918 may be considered a success, in the same degree at least
as the Census of 1903. This is not intended to mean, however,
INTRODUCTION. 39
that there were no errors on the part of the enumerators. Some
of them, of course, made mistakes in making up the schedules,
but these mistakes were easily corrected, either by the Census
inspectors who revised the schedules before they were turned
into the central office, or by the compilation divisions in accord-
ance with rules prescribed by the undersigned, — thus avoiding
the necessity of repeating the enumeration work.
To carry out all the Census work, 17,275 persons were em-
ployed, 192 of which were females, 12 Americans, 1 Japanese,
and 4 Chinese. These figures do not include the employes of
the central office, which numbered altogether 887. It may be
safely stated, therefore, that the present census was made en-
tirely by Filipinos.
On the Census Day, there were 45 organized provinces, 10
subprovinces, 829 municipalities, 88 townships, 2 cities, 213 mu-
nicipal districts, and 16,307 barrios. The then Department of
Mindanao and Sulu comprised the Provinces of Agusan, Bu-
kidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Sulu, and Zamboanga.
The total population of the Philippine Islands is 10,350,730,
of which 9,463,731 are Christians, while 886,999 are recorded
as non-Christians. Comparing these figures with those of the
1903 Census, it will appear that the total population has in-
creased 35,6 per cent, and while the Christian population shows
an increase of 35.4 per cent, the non-Christians have increased
36.9 per cent.
The Director of the Census of 1903, in describing the charac-
teristics of the Christian Filipinos, says among other things:
It may be said that the Filipinos are generally subordinate
to lawful authority, that, under competent officers, they make
excellent soldiers, and will, in the course of time, it is believed,
make good citizens. In fact, it is not too much to expect that,
under the guidance of a free, just, and generous Government,
the establishment of more rapid and frequent means of com-
munication, whereby they can be brought into more frequent
contact with each other, and, with the general spread of educa-
tion, the tribal distinctions which now exist will gradually dis-
appear and the Filipinos will become a numerous and homo-
geneous, English-speaking race, exceeding in intelligence and
capacity all other people of the Tropics.
Certainly, the Filipinos have demonstrated during the Amer-
ican regime that they are good citizens, love peace and order,
and profess high ideals of progress and justice.
The increasing transportation facilities are doing untold
good to the people of the Islands. People from various parts
40 INTRODUCTION.
of the country are often seen to commingle and enjoy themselves
without in the least taking into account their place of origin.
They consider themselves as Filipinos, and are proud to bear
this distinctive national appellation. The people are becoming
united as they become better acquainted with themselves and
each other and realize their common interest and ethnic affin-
ities, which are a potent factor in a united and strong Filipino
people. The sectional pride of the people is subordinate to their
national consciousness. In order to have the proper internal
improvements, sectional or local pride is necessary, but far
from being a disturbing element, it is, as in the United States
and other enlightened countries, a powerful stimulus for friendly
and healthy competition to accomplish the best results in any
given line of work.
The forces of democracy and equality have been at work in
the Islands since the time of Burgos and even long before.
Now the Filipino watches that his rights as a free citizen are
not trampled upon and that he does not infringe upon those
of other people. It is true that he still falls short of some of
his rights and duties, but what he has accomplished makes us
hope that he will continue to advance towards his goal, self-
perfection. That the great majority of the people are thrifty,
ambitious, and hardworking, is a fact substantiated by the
census data gathered from the schedules of Population, Agri-
culture, Manufacture, and Household Industries. Were the
Philippines inhabited by a superstitious people depending only
upon the blessing of the saints, there would not have been a
sufficient foundation for the work of the United States in these
Islands; and the unparalleled progress of the Filipinos under
the American regime, which has called forth the admiration
of the entire world, would not have been realized in such a short
period. It is true that there are superstitions among the Fili-
pinos, but what country does not have superstitions? Here
they constitute an exception to the rule. The Filipinos in gen-
eral know that God helps only those who know how to help them-
selves, and that they have to work in order to succeed in the
struggle for life. Let it be said that those Filipino customs —
acquired by inheritance or education — which isolate the indi-
vidual and check him in his progress, have already been modified,
and others will uijidoubtedly be modified as the spirit of inves-
tigation and criticism which characterizes the present age,
discovers other customs well in accord with the ideals of im-
provement and perfection which inspire progressive nations.
INTRODUCTION. 41
The description of the non-Christian tribes submitted by Dr.
H. 0. Beyer, and published in Volume II, is interesting and con-
tains valuable information for the study of the wild peoples of
the Philippines in connection with schedules No. 8 and No. 9
of the Census. He classifies the non-Christians into three
groups, designating them by the names of Pigmies, Indonesians,
and Malays.
The author believes that the Philippine pigmies composing the
first group represent the remnants not merely of one, but of
three quite distinct aboriginal races, the first of which is the
true Negritos, or dwarf men of undoubted Negro affinities ; the
second a straight-haired dwarf type of strong Mongol affinities
which may perhaps be termed the Proto-Malay; and the third
a hairy dwarf man intermediate between the aboriginal Aus-
tralian and the Ainu of Northern Japan, which he calls the
Australoid-Ainu. According to the author, the pigmy races have
been considered as the most ancient inhabitants of these Islands,
whose presence here is believed to date back to a time when
the Philippines formed a part of Asia.
The second group is composed of Indonesians. In later times
numerous waves of taller migrating peoples found their way to
these shores. These tall immigrants were of two quite distinct
racial types. Those who came first presented certain marked
affinities to the tall races of southern Asia, and this type is what
the author calls the Indonesians.
The third group is composed of the migrating people who
came later. They were shorter and more Mongoloid, and for
this type the term Malay has come into common use.
The Malay race is divided again into Pagans and Moham-
medans. The Pagans, by reason of their mental, social and
economic characteristics, are considered semicivilized by the
author. They are subdivided into four main cultural groups;
namely, the Tingguians, Bontoks, Igorot, and Ifugao, — all dwel-
ling in the mountainous interior of northern Luzon. Compara-
tively speaking, the culture of the Tingguians has little in
common with that of the other three groups, while the Bontok
culture represents a relatively low state of type which reaches
its higher development among the Ifugao and Igorot.
The Mohammedans are divided into at least seven ethnogra-
phic groups, differing more or less in culture and dialect, the
members of which live almost exclusively in the Sulu Archipelago,
the southern end of the Province of Palawan, and the Provinces
of Zamboanga, Cotabato, and Lanao, on the Island of Mindanao.
In regard to the culture of these people, the author mentions
42 INTRODUCTION.
traits and characteristics which distinguish the Lanaos and
Maguindanaos more or less from other Moro groups. Their cul-
ture reveals Indian influence. Their industrial arts and agri-
culture are more highly developed. The more cultured classes
are all literate in their own tongue, the Arabic alphabet being
used for writing. They have a number of manuscript books,
consisting chiefly of religious works, codes of laws, genealogies
of the datus, historical works, books of magic, etc. There are
a few printed pamphlets in the Maguindanao language. The
social life and beliefs of these groups are interesting to know.
The institution of polygamy and many other Mohammedan cus-
toms, both good and bad, prevail among the upper classes. The
older generation is firmly fixed in these customs, but the young
people who are attending the public schools are gradually draw-
ing away from them. Education and continuance of peaceful
relations will doubtless lead to ultimate assimilation with the
Christian Filipinos.
The Moros profess the Mohammedan religion ; they follow the
Koran and recognize the authorities of Turkey as supreme in
religious matters. From the moral and religious points of view,
there are many people who consider the Koran as a good book.
The trouble is that in its application, the Imams and Panditas
twist the meaning of the passages of the book and thus the
people become fanatical and are led away from the truth. We
have, for example, the practice of going juramentado, in which a
Moro desiring to commit suicide is put under moral obligation to
"die killing Christians." This has been imposed upon the people
by the Panditas and other religious authorities as a command-
ment of Mohammed. It is a politico-religious custom, the origin
of which may be traced to the intolerance and hatred which
formerly appeared to have existed between Christians and Moros,
and which was made use of by the Panditas to persuade certain
Moros to "die killing Christians."
The establishment, however, of civil government in Mindanao-
Sulu in 1914, under the able and wise administration of Governor
Carpenter, who inaugurated and pursued a policy which reached
the hearts of the Mindanao-Sulu people, and especially of the
Moros, resulted in far-reaching reforms. Considering the past
history of these Islands, it is almost incredible that such results
have become possible. The majority of the non-Christians in
the interior of Mindanao-Sulu have changed their manner of
dressing and have adopted the garb of the Christians, whom
they are endeavoring to imitate as much as possible, mingling
INTRODUCTION. 43
with them in their work, and assisting in maintaining law and
order. The Moros have also changed a great deal; the jura-
mentado is practically a thing of the past; they show greater
religious tolerance and a high sense of responsibility; they co-
operate in every way possible with the Christians and the Gov-
ernment authorities in the maintenance of a government of
law and order, and do everything they can to identify themselves
with their Christian brothers. For this reason more great and
beneficial changes have been accomplished in the last five years,
in moral, social, and political respects, as well as in the material
development of the people, than had been accomplished for sev-
eral centuries past. This progress is principally due to the
efforts of the Philippine Legislature, which furnished the De-
partment of Mindanao and Sulu with large annual appropria-
tions and thus helped to make the policy inaugurated by Governor
Carpenter a success.
A similar course should be adopted in order to promote the
cause of civilization among the non-Christian Indonesians and
Malays inhabiting the high mountains in the north of Luzon.
We agree with Dr. Beyer in his opinion that these inhabitants
of the Philippines are a semi-civilized people, with the exception
of the Tingguians who live in the townships and rancheynas of
the Provinces of Abra, the two Ilocos, Nueva Ecija, and Pan-
gasinan, and whose culture is of a lower grade than that of
their Christian brothers.
These semi-civilized people, however, may be said to have
an idea of justice and property and to be law-abiding and in-
dustrious people. As to agriculture, their terraced fields show
perfect workmanship and are a wonder because of the tre-
mendous labor involved in their construction. The fact is
that the mental make-up of the people of the mountains of
Northern Luzon, be they Igorot, Ifugao or Kalinga, is confined
within the narrow limits of the simple ethics of the family clan,
where mutual protection is a duty; where any wrong done to
one of the members is considered as an offence against the
community itself, since the organization is weakened by it. For
this reason it is by no means astonishing that their customs,
morals, mode of living, and notions of justice differ widely from
those of other Filipinos who have, for a considerable length of
time, lived under the civilizing influence of Christianity. We
entertain no doubt regarding their capability of attaining social
and moral betterment. All that is needed is to adopt such meas-
ures, governmental, administrative, and others, as will tend to
44 INTRODUCTION.
improve their habits and bring about their assimilation. Certain
Christian missions, like that of the Belgian Fathers, the Epis-
copalians, the United Brethren and others, are doing wonderful
work in this direction. It would be desirable that action be
taken by the Legislature extending to the people of the Mountain
Province and Nueva Vizcaya, Isabela, and Abra the same finan-
cial aid that was given to the late Department of Mindanao and
Sulu, for the continued promotion of their progress through the
opening of new roads connecting those provinces, and the es-
tablishment of schools even in the remotest rancherias of the
Igorot.
The pigmies, commonly known as Negritos, regarding whom
little hope of their becoming civilized is entertained, may yet
be induced to adopt the modern social life, if they can be obliged
to live in communities near the municipalities, in the mountains
of which they are now scattered, and if they can be given the
necessary assistance until they shall have become independent
and self-supporting, after having been trained to habits of work
and order and taught useful knowledge and the practice of civic
duties.
Census Schedule No. 2 contains the necessary data to show
the condition of agriculture in the Philippines and is similar to
the schedule for agriculture of the Census of 1903. The sched-
ule of 1918, however, embodies additional questions which were
considered necessary for the study of measures tending to facil-
itate land registration, prevent the consummation of usurious
contracts, which are detrimental to the development of agri-
culture and, lastly, locate those provinces where irrigation sys-
tems ought to be established. Schedule No. 2 was filled in by
regular enumerators, with the assistance of other enumerators
especially appointed in cases where the great number of farms
required it. It was not an easy thing to enumerate the farms,
due to the fact that the great majority of our farmers do not
keep records of their properties and products. It was neces-
sary to furnish the enumerators with a list of the average
production per hectare of rice, corn, tobacco, sugar cane, etc.,
and the average number of fruits per tree of the most important
fruit-bearing trees, to be used as memorandum for the farmers
in case of doubt. Likewise, it was necessary to secure from
the municipal treasurers, before the taking of the census, a
list of the declarations of rural and urban property submitted
by the owners or tenants of the land, wherein the area of the
property is stated, so that the enumerators, with the aid of
INTRODUCTION. 45
said list, could solve any doubt regarding the area of land to
be enumerated.
This shows that the Census Office adopted all reasonable meas-
ures to guarantee the accuracy of the data collected by the
enumerators. It is not strange, however, to find mistakes made
by enumerators, for reasons easy to ^mderstand, in collecting
data regarding products, though these errors were properly
corrected in the Central Office in accordance with the instruc-
tions of the undersigned, based on the average of products ob-
tained by the Bureaus of Science and Agriculture. We can,
therefore, state that the Census contains exact data on agricul-
ture. No reference to public lands was made in the Census
of 1903, due, perhaps, to the difficulties then existing to gather
the necessary data. The present Census, which combines the
data collected by the enumerators and the results of surveys
made by the Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey, Bureau of
Lands, and Bureau of Forestry, contains a table which gives
29,629,600 hectares as the approximate area of the Philippine
Islands, distributed as follows: Of private lands, there were
4,563,723 hectares, of which 2,415,778 were under cultivation,
while the rest was not cultivated. The public lands are clas-
sified into forest of commercial value, 16,609,108 hectares;
forest of non-commercial value, 2,096,985 ; cogon and open land,
4,553,049 hectares; mangroves, 262,633 hectares; unexplored
land, 1,541,245 hectares.
Comparing the total number of farms in 1918 with that of
the Census of 1903, it appears that 1,955,276 farms were enu-
merated in 1918, while only 815,453 farms were registered
in 1903.^ As regards the area under cultivation, the statistics
of 1918 show 2,415,778 hectares, as against 1,298,845 in the
Census of 1903.
The average area of farms in the Islands in 1918 was 2.33
hectares, as against 3.47 hectares in 1903, which shows that in
1918 there was a greater division of property.
Out of the 1,955,276 farms, 1,946,580 were owned by Fili-
pinos, 2,678 by Americans, 949 by Europeans, 1,612 by Asiatics,
and 3, 457. loy other nationalities. As to the extent of irrigation,
there were 458,747 farms irrigated with natural current and
13,247 with forced flow ; the rest of the farms were not irrigated.
' In the Census of 1918, any piece of land not less than 200 square meters
devoted to agriculture is considered as a "farm," while in the Census of
1903, any agricultural holding regardless of size was considered as a
"^arm."
46 INTRODUCTION.
As to encumbrances, there were 26,612 farms encumbered or
mortgaged, and 6,917 sold with right to repurchase, while
1,921,749 were entirely free from encumbrance.
The agricultural wealth of the Philippines is shown in the
tables published in Volume III of the Census. The principal
products are abaca, coconuts, from which copra is made, sugar-
cane, tobacco, rice, and corn. The production of these articles in
1918, compared with that of 1903, shows a considerable increase,
as may be seen in the comparative tables. Considering one of
the most important products, as rice, for instance, it will be
seen that there is a general increase of it in all provinces, Pan-
gasinan taking the lead with an increase of 596 per- cent over the
production of the Census of 1903. Regarding sugar cane, there
is no way of making a fair comparison of the 1918 Census with
that of 1903, because this Census gives indiscriininately the
total production of manufactured sugar and cane sugar by prov-
inces, while the present Census gives separately the production
of cane and that of manufactured sugar, but there is no doubt
that all sugar producing provinces have increased their cane
production. The increase of the production of corn is noticeable
in all provinces with a maximum increase of 308.61 per cent
over the production of 1903. The provinces which have the
greatest production of this grain are Cebu, Isabela, Bohol, Leyte.
Misamis, and Cagayan. The existence of many oil factories is
a clear indication of the ever-increasing production of coconuts ;
these factories having been but recently established in the Phil-
ippines, have exported a considerable amount of oil according to
the statistics of the last few years. Abaca also shows a con-
siderable increase of production; the provinces of Agusan, Ba-
tangas, Bukidnon, Cotabato, and Bataan, which had no produc-
tion in the Census of 1903, in the present Census show a
production of from 2,900 kilos for Bataan, to 4,452,484 for
Agusan.
The Census data on large cattle show the possibilities of this
country so far as stock breeding is concerned. At present the
shortage of work animals is one of the principal difficulties
encountered by the agriculturists. For many years prior to
1918, rinderpest had been reducing the number of our carabaos,
which are indispensable for the cultivation of rice. However,,
judging by the number of carabaos shown by the Census of
1918, it seems that the efforts made by the Bureau of Agri-
culture in fighting this disease are bearing fruit and that rin-
derpest is disappearing. If this satisfactory state of affairs.
INTRODUCTION. 47
continues, the country will soon have sufficient cattle for the
cultivation of its farms. The hope expressed by the Director
of the Census of 1903 with regard to introducing mules and
American cattle into the Philippines as a substitute for the
typical carabao for agricultural labor still continues to be un-
realized, and it is believed that it will remain so while present
obstacles such as the high price of those animals and the suscep-
tibility of the mules to surra and of the cattle to rinderpest and
texas fever, exist.
The remarkable progress made in agriculture shows that the
Filipino people work not only to satisfy their present needs,
but also endeavor to provide for their future welfare and hap-
piness. This, however, is not intended to mean that the country
has now reached the maximum of its productive capacity. There
is still much to be done for the improvement of our agriculture.
We should teach more agriculture in the public schools and
should encourage the young generation to pursue this career,
which is of the utmost importance to the progress of the country.
We should extend agricultural education to all rural commun-
ities by multiplying the experimental stations and thus facilitat-
ing the diffusion of practical knowledge among the agriculturists.
We should adopt modern methods of cultivation and use scien-
tific implements, such as tractors, sowing and thrashing ma-
chines; and it is hoped that with the emplojTiient of sufficient
capital and labor and with the establishment of the necessary
irrigation systems, the Philippines will be able to produce all
that is necessary to meet the needs of the people.
Schedule No. 3 of the Census of 1918, referring to schools, con-
tains almost the same set of questions as that of the Census of
1903. In order to obtain the information required therein, the
services of public school-teachers properly recommended by the
Director of the Bureau of Education were utilized. These teach-
ers have unreservedly given their valuable cooperation in the
work. It can be said, therefore, that the data contained in this
table offer all the guarantees of accuracy. However, it should
be noted that some of the figures in the statistical data of the
Census of 1918 differ from those of the report of the Director
of the Bureau of Education for the same year, due to the fact
that the latter report includes only data up to the month of
March, 1918, while that of the Census comprises data gathered up
to the 30th of December of the same year, which was the Census
Day. Attention is, therefore, invited to the text on schools,
in Volume IV, where the necessary explanations are given re-
48 INTRODUCTION.
garding whatever differences there are between the data pub-
lished in the Census and those contained in the report of the
Burau of Education.
It will be noted there that the present Census not only con-
tains a greater number of statistical tables than that of 1903,
but also its tables include the latest details relative to schools
in the Philippines. The statistical tables demonstrate the great
progress realized during the last 15 years, not only with respect
to the total number of public and private schools, but also with
reference to the personnel, Americans and Filipinos, of both
sexes, and to the cost of school buildings, school sites, and land
reserved for gardens, athletic grounds, and fields.
Wherever a shoolhouse has been built, even in the remotest
barrios, there are adjoining lots for gardening and the cultiva-
tion of food products, besides grounds for athletic games, such
as indoor baseball, outdoor baseball, volley ball, basket ball.
The public school is the center of all social, physical, and in-
tellectual activities. In it, the school boys and girls learn many
things that are not taught to them in their homes, and their
minds are revolutionized by these revelations. After finishing
their studies, they apply the knowledge they have acquired to
everyday life, with the results to be expected. They plant flower
seeds about their houses, lead a more hygienic life, beautify their
homes, and eat more nourishing food. They work harder in
order to acquire the things which they have learned to consider
as necessary and indispensable to right living. They sometimes
act as teachers to their parents, brought up in surroundings
devoid of good ideals, and suffering from the results of a limited
and deficient schooling in the past. There are many public and
private school products of this type, and as the years go by, we
shall surely see them multiply, until their influence for higher
ideals shall become a decisive factor. The Filipino is a born
artist and idealist, and if his artistic temperament and idealistic
nature are supplemented by a substantial education, as is being
done now, thus enabling him to look upon the problems of life
squarely and honestly in the face, there is indeed a great future
awaiting him. Not only is the school population affected by
the change of regime, but the Filipinos of the passing genera-
tion have also shared and are taking part in its blessings in
the way of comfort and noble ideals.
The Filipino people have bravely responded to all the needs
of the public schools by donations of land, materials, and vol-
^INTRODUCTION. 49
unteer labor for the construction of schoolhouses. Ninety-five
per cent of the so-called barrio schools have been built by the
natives, who donated the necessary land, materials, and labor,
as well as the school supplies. The Philippine Legislature, on
the other hand, has with the utmost liberality appropriated
great sums of money for the Bureau of Education during the
past years. The last of these is the act appropriating the lib-
eral sum of ^=30,000,000 for additional expenses for the main-
tenance of barrio schools and for the increase of the salaries of
the municipal teachers.
The Census shows that there are 5,720 primary schools, 508
intermediate, 87 secondary, 178 vocational, 15 colleges, and 2
universities. There are 17,172 Filipino teachers, 501 American,
249 Spanish, 58 Chinese, 26 English, and 128 belonging to other
nationalities. The total enrollment is 789,046.
The enthusiasm for education is so intense that it has now
become an increasingly difficult problem for the Government to
give adequate instruction to the great number of students of
both sexes who apply for admission to our public schools, colleges,
and universities. Our young people, the fair hope of the Father-
land, as Rizal called them, are anxious to educate themselves
and conscious of their duty to promote the progress of the coun-
try. They pursue all the branches of learning and take up all
professions, showing everywhere, both here and abroad, that
the Filipino student in general possesses, the opinion of many
travellers to the contrary notwithstanding, great mental ap-
titude for the study of the sciences and arts.
For a long time past there has been a class of cultured per-
sons in the Islands who have had the advantages of a college or
university education. They do not differ in any essential respect
from the educated class in other countries so far as influence
over their fellow citizens is concerned. The number of educated
people, those who have secured higher culture in colleges or
universities, is rapidly increasing. The privileges of education
are now available not only to those who can afl'ord to pay for
it, but also to the poor. The Philippine Government showed
great foresight when it provided for the education of hundreds
of Filipino students in American universities, and it is to be
hoped that this policy will be continued until a sufficient number
of specialists in the different branches of learning shall have
been secured.
Besides the official institutions established in the Islands, there
171073 4
50 INTRODUCTION.
are some religious and a few non-sectarian schools, which are
doing their part to impart higher culture to both men and
women. The old University of Santo Tomas, older than the
oldest university in the United States, has sent out into the world
many of the principal leaders of the country in the political,
judicial, and social life of the people. The Jesuit and Dominican
Colleges have also done work along these lines. The well-known
Silliman Institute in Dumaguete, the Liceo de Manila, the Ateneo
de Manila, the National Academy, the Instituto de Manila, San
Juan de Letran, the Philippine Law School, the National Law
College, San Beda College, the Escuela de Derecho, the De la
Salle College, and the Instituto Burgos, for boys, and the Centro
Escolar de Senoritas, the Instituto de Mujeres, the Assumption
College, and the Santa Escolastica College, for girls, are worthy
of special mention among the private institutions, all of which
exert great influence along educational lines.
Schedule No. 4 relates to mortality and is found in Volume
II. The data shown therein were obtained from the municipal
registers by special enumerators. These registers are kept by
the municipal secretaries, who are at the same time the cus-
todians of the local archives. The law requires that except in
cases of emergency, no dead body shall be buried without a
certificate of death (Sec. 1087, Administrative Code of the Phil-
ippine Islands of 1917) and likewise provides that "it shall be
unlawful for any person to bury or inter, or to cause to be
buried or interred, either temporarily or permanently, a dead
body of any human being or any human remains in any place
other than such as may lawfully be used for such purpose."
(Sec. 1073, Ibid.) The occultations of cases and the surrepti-
tious burials of persons dying from dangerous communicable
diseases — resorted to mainly for the purpose of evading quaran-
tine and other restrictive measures prescribed on such oc-
casions by the health authorities — were practiced only during
the turbulent period of the reconstruction (1900-1903). The
strict enforcement of the provisions of the law above quoted,
which provides a heavy penalty for the delinquent, now in-
sures the recording of all deaths, except in a limited number
of cases of undiscovered murder, homicide, or infanticide, the
aggregate number of which must be so small that they camiot
affect the general conclusions. The certificate of death at pre-
sent in use in the Philippine Islands is patterned after the
American standard and contains the following particulars, to
wit: The name, age, sex, nationality, and occupation of the de-
INTRODUCTION. 51
ceased; whether married or single, widowed or divorced; date
of death, place of death, cause of death when known; duration
of illness; residence of deceased; whether deceased was a per-
manent or transient resident of the municipality in which he
died; whether the deceased had medical attendance, and if so,
the name and address of the physician attending ; whether there
are indications of violence or crime; the date on which the re-
mains were interred, and the place of burial.
The climate of the Philippines, like that of the other countries
lying in the tropical belt, is enervating, but only in certain
months of the year. The accessibility of certain places during
this period — notably Baguio in Benguet, Silang in Cavite, Sibul
Springs in Bulacan and Antipolo in Rizal — all within easy reach
of Manila either by rail or automobile, offsets in a great meas-
ure the nefarious influence of the weather and makes living in
the Philippines more agreeable. Nor do the statistics demon-
strate that the climate exerts a particularly lethal influence on
the health of its inhabitants. The general mortality in the
Philippine Islands is influenced to a large extent by the mor-
tality in children under 10 years of age, but the mortality in
persons of 10 years and over, compares favorably with that of
the registration area of the United States. Moreover, the death
rate among the Americans in the Philippine Civil Service in
1918 is only 11.90 per 1,000. However, allowance must be made,
for the fact that the majority of Americans in the Philippines
are men in the vigor of life and that physical fitness is a pre-
requisite to entrance in the Service.
A relatively small number of the sick received proper med-
ical attendance, as may be seen in the tables of mortality. A
great many people living in rural communities cannot afford
to pay for the services of a physician, usually living in a town
many kilometers away. They are not entirely opposed to the
scientific treatment of disease, but their poverty, sometimes
coupled with ignorance, forces them to solicit the ministrations
of the local herbolario. This is especially true in cases of acute
disorders, but in case of a lingering disease, like tuberculosis,
the people make sacrifices to secure the services of qualified
practitioners. It should be borne in mind, besides, that the
number of physicians in the Philippine Islands is far from being
suflicient for the needs of the inhabitants. On the other hand,
the attitude of the people towards the institutional treatment
of disease has undergone a radical change. Where formerly
they regarded the hospital with horror, they now flock to it,
52 INTRODUCTION.
bringing their sick, often only to be turned away for lack of
accommodation.
The general death rate for 1918 is 40.6 per 1,000 inhabitants,
as against 63.3 for 1903. Influenza heads the list of causes
of death; it caused in the aggregate 84,936 deaths, represent-
ing a mortality of 897.5 per 100,000 inhabitants. As in the
rest of the world, when the disease assumed epidemic propor-
tions, the health authorities were utterly powerless to check
its onslaught. This is the one epidemic disease that has defied
all the resources of modern preventive medicine. It exacted
its toll in thousands of lives and only stopped when the infec-
tive agent naturally lost its virulence.
Malaria and malarial cachexia follow in the list with a total
of 37,703 deaths or a mortality of 398.4 per 100,000 inhabitants.
Malaria is still endemic in certain isolated regions. The street
ditches so common before the era of good roads, the cesspools
beneath the back porch so prevalent everywhere, and the time-
worn custom of keeping water in uncovered jars, have un-
doubtedly contributed a great deal to the propagation of
malaria-bearing mosquitoes, but education and the application
of recognized hygienic principles and the construction of modern
highways have reduced the prevalence and mortality from
this disease. The antimalarial work carried on some years ago
in the San Jose Sugar Estate in the Island of Mindoro is a
standing example of what private initiative and modern sanita-
tion can do. The success of the corporation as a business enter-
prise became possible only when the place was made habitable,
and as a result of this work San Jose is probably the most salu-
brious spot in Mindoro to-day.
Tuberculosis of the lungs has caused a total of 29,775 deaths,
representing a mortality of 314.6 per 100,000 inhabitants. Tu-
berculosis is eminently the result of the present social conditions :
poverty and overcrowding, and it is significant to note as indi-
cative of their awakening, that a living wage has become the
battle-cry of the proletariat. While tuberculosis of the lungs
is still one of the principal causes of mortality, the percentage
of deaths from this disease has gone down considerably, due
to a better knowledge of its causes and its contagious nature
and due, also, to practice of the health authorities to destroy
every known focus of infection. Then patients themselves,
realizing the seriousness of their condition, yet reluctant to
be separated from home and kindred, willingly submit to a
partial segregation in their own houses, using separate eating
INTRODUCTION. 53
utensils and sleeping apart from the others. With the progress
in sanitary education and the efforts of the Philippine Islands
Antituberculosis Society, in intelligent cooperation with the
Health Service, we may yet hope to control, if not completely
eradicate, one of the greatest scourges that now afflict the Fili-
pino people, and, incidentally, the world.
Cholera and dysentery have caused a combined mortality of
19,775 or a death rate of 209 per 100,000. Of these deaths
7,320 or 77.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, were due to cholera alone.
When it is remembered that the epidemic of 1902 caused a mor-
tality of 2,000 per 100,000 inhabitants, the figures for 1918
can certainly be claimed as a distinct triumph of modern sanita-
tion. Indeed, the efficiency of public health administration may
be gauged by its ability to keep down the prevalence of and
mortality from epidemic diseases. To the improved sources of
water supply — attained by the establishment of gravity sys-
tems and the drilling of artesian wells — may be attributed the
reduced mortality from typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera and
other water-borne infections.
Smallpox ^ has caused an unusually heavy mortality. There
were 17,428 deaths, which represent a rate of 184.2 per 100,000
inhabitants. The immunity conferred by the general vaccina-
tion in 1907 has apparently been lost, and this in spite of the
semi-annual vaccinations carried out regularly as required by
law. In the years following this general vaccination, the mor-
tality from smallpox was almost negligible, except in very remote
places, in certain regions of Mindanao and the interior of the
Islands of Leyte and Samar, where fresh vaccine could not
be taken.
Diphtheria and croup have caused a total mortality of 562
or 5.9 per 100,000 inhabitants; they, therefore, constitute a neg-
ligible factor in the general mortality.
Leprosy caused relatively few deaths, considering the num-
ber of persons afflicted with the disease, there being only 124
registered for the year under discussion, or a little over 1.3 per
100,000 of the population. This is due to the fact that the
majority of the victims of this disease died, as usually happens,
from other intercurrent diseases, notably influenza and tuber-
culosis of the lungs. With the establishment in 1906 of the
Culion Leper Colony for the segregation and treatment of the
suflerers, much has been accomplished, and the possible dis-
covery of a cure bids fair to definitively solve this important
* Including varioloide.
54 INTRODUCTION.
health problem by restoring to society some 5,000 of its mem-
bers and saving the Insular Government an annual expense of
nearly half a million pesos.
Beriberi caused a total of 17,689 deaths or 186.9 per 100,000
inhabitants; 9,790, or 103.4 per cent of these occurred in
children under one year of age. Infantile beriberi has since
] 903 been recognized as a separte entity. It was formerly diag-
nosed as alferecia. The local records used to report it under
the head of alferecia or as infantile convulsions or infantile
eclampsia. The works of Williams and Vedder, of Fraser and
Stanton, Guerrero and Quintos, Crowell and Concepcion and,
lastly, of Albert, have definitely established the fact that beri-
beri is transmitted to the infant through the milk of the nursing
mother suffering from the disease. Fed largely on polished
rice, her vitality must necessarily be low. The diet consists of
very little meat, largely pork, and vegetables. The prevalence
of adult beriberi, especially in nursing mothers, is due, as has
been found again and again, to poverty, faulty diet, and living
in unsanitary surroundings.
The principal causes of infant mortality are congenital de-
bility, infantile beriberi, acute gastro-intestinal disorders, and
diseases of the respiratory tract. Moreover, the examinations
of . the milk of nursing mothers, made by the sanitary com-
missions of the Philippine Health Service, with the proper
aseptic precautions, have demonstrated repeatedly the fact that
owing to the mother's impaired vitality, the milk was contam-
inated with various pathogenic micro-organisms, besides being
scanty and poor in quality.
The real problem of infant mortality lies from birth to under
two years of age. At very little expense domestic sanitation
can be much improved and the hygiene of infants raised to a
higher level. Much may be accomplished by educating the
nursing mother, as the question of raising healthy offspring,
while partly economic, is largely one of intelligent motherhood.
These are, briefly reviewed, the outstanding features of the
mortality statistics of 1918, and it is gratifying to state that
the general death rate of the Philippine Islands for 1918 com-
pares favorably with that of 1903 and also with those of other
tropical countries, as shown in the report on Mortality.
Schedule No. 5 has been prepared for the collection of data on
social conditions, a subject-matter which is extensively discussed
in Volume IV. Compared with the Census of 1903, in which
the small number of public hospitals, libraries, and newspapers
was noticeable, the present Census, relatively speaking, shows
INTRODUCTION. 55
remarkable progress in these respects. It is true that the coun-
try does not yet possess what it ought to have, taking into con-
sideration the number of its inhabitants, but there is a decisive
tendency toward that end. The Fihpinos realize more and more
the advantages of having their ills treated in hospitals, just as
they grow more and more fond of reading, as a means of ac-
quiring greater knowledge, and there is no doubt that the neces-
sary action will be taken to satisfy these needs of the people.
A sympton of progress not noted in the Census of 1903 is the
establishment of centers of puericulture, public dispensaries,
and charitable institutions, and the founding of cooperative
rural credit associations, clubs, and civic organizations.
The laboring class in the Census of 1918, compared with that
of 1903, has also improved in some ways, though not in a degree
corresponding to the high cost of living caused by the late Eu-
ropean War. This was evidenced by peaceful strikes of the
laborers and by the friction between landowners and farm
laborers which occurred in some parts of the Islands after the
taking of the Census.
The growth of our national life has a great influence on the
intellectual life of the country. It awakens the energies of
poets, novelists, jurists, philosophers, historians, and statesmen,
who, inspired by the same ideal, the ideal of the country, con-
centrate all their energies upon the publication of newspapers,
magazines, books, and pamphlets enriching Filipino culture. The
work accomplished by literary men is in many ways worthy
of notice. Their works, counting only those that are catalogued
in public libraries, cover a vast range of subjects. Journalism,
religion, sociology, philology, the sciences, literature, history,
and belles lettres, all have been objects of study of the Filipinos.
It is very difficult to estimate the tremendous progress made
so far as social conditions are concerned. The changes for the
better are evident everywhere. This improvement is not only
an intellectual one : it is plainly seen in our dress, in our standard
of living, in the houses in which we dwell, in the organization
of numerous societies for mental, physical, and social recreation
and culture, in the healthier and cleaner sports, in the efficient
administration of justice, etc. The manifestations of improve-
ment are manifold and varied. The political parties and meet-
ings and the discussion of public questions also have their social
aspect. The theaters where dramas written in local dialects
are represented, help to bring the people together and therefore
contribute greatly to increase the amenities of social life.
56 INTRODUCTION.
The diffusion of knowledge through the press has also greatly
bettered social conditions. The average Filipino of our days
reads or hears almost daily about the social and political ques-
tions of his country and his views on these things are corres-
pondingly broadened. The day is not far distant when by
education, reading, and work, the working classes will reach
the social and intellectual plane of the common people of the
more advanced countries.
The changes for the better are especially noticeable in the
Filipino women. She has been and is being taught to be a
good teacher, a solicitous nurse, a woman of society, and a re-
sourceful wife. Not content to confine her talents to these
lines of activity, she goes further and devotes her time and
intellect to higher duties, studying pharmacy, medicine, and
law. Before the advent of modern civilization she was already
known as a loving daughter, a helpful wife, an unselfish mother.
The present method of education gave her a broader view of
life and greater usefulness to her fellow-beings. All this she
acquired without sacrificing her natural sweetness and lofty
sentiments. It is a remarkable fact, undoubtedly attributable
to the Christian religion, that she occupies a most unique and
dignified position in the community. Not only in the home does
the Filipino woman occupy an enviable position, but also in
society, where she is treated with respect and courtesy. An
educated Filipino always yields the first place to her. She is
considered as an equal by her husband and is generally the
treasurer of the household. Her obedience and unselfish love
for her husband and family give weight to her opinion on mat-
ters aff'ecting the household and even the business or profession
of her husband. In this connection we may say that the Fili-
pino family is founded on love sanctified by Christian teaching,
which produces the sublime sentiments of self-denial, protec-
tion, and gratitude that are the basis of the juridical relations
between husband and wife and parent and child.
Another indication of prosperity which the Census reveals is
the fact that the provinces of the Archipelago are self-support-
ing, except a few, some of which are of recent creation and will
need help until they are able to standardize the public taxes.
However, generally speaking, it is interesting to note that the
general income of the Insular, provincial, and municipal govern-
ments all over the Islands, aggregating 1*98,387,749.27, is suf-
ficient to cover their general expenditures, amounting to
^91,830,064.01, which leaves a surplus of ^6,557,685.26. All
INTRODUCTION. 57
these facts go to prove the stability of these political organ-
izations.
Schedule No. 6, on "Manufactures," is set aside for the enu-
meration of manufacturing establishments of all kinds which
have produced one thousand pesos or more during the year 1918.
The result of the present Census, compared with that of 1903,
shows a really encouraging state of prosperity in this respect.
When the Census was taken, there were 5,239 factories and
industrial establishments in the Archipelago, excluding sugar
and rice mills. The total capital invested in real and personal
property was ^=164,745, 868.27. The cost of production amounted
to ^188,943,637. 17. The monthly average number of laborers
was 70,329. The total monthly average of wages and salaries
was ^=2,195,183.06, and the value of the aggregate production
f»=230,485,666.11, which represents a profit of 25 per cent.
There were 2,663 sugar mills, with a capital of ^52,407,514.09 ;
the cost of production was ?=21, 837,596.71 ; the monthly average
number of laborers, 70,722 ; the total monthly average of salaries,
f=l,406,800.63; and the total value of production ^=82,145,961.59,
which shows a profit of 115 per cent. There were 452 rice
mills, with a capital of 1*5,320,209.37; cost of production,
^3,396, 437. 84; monthly average number of laborers, 2,414;
total monthly average of salaries, ?=68,895.40 ; total value of pro-
duction, ^=43,462,805,46, which shows profits amounting to
753 per cent. These profits which seem to be quite excessive
are really not so, as one must remember that the cost of produc-
tion does not include the value of the raw material, the rice.
In the year 1918, when the Census was taken, there were,
therefore, altogether, 8,354 manufacturing establishments in the
Islands, with an aggregate capital investment of ^222,473,591.73 ;
^214,177,671.72 of expenditures; a total value of production of
f»=356,094,433.16, and an average profit of 63 per cent. The
monthly average number of laborers was 143,465 and the total
monthly average of salaries f*=3,670,879.09.
We shall now proceed to state the various manufacturing and
important industrial establishments in the order of their im-
portance, giving the number of establishments, the capital in-
vested, the cost of production, the monthly average number of
laborers, the total monthly average of salaries, and the total
cost of production.
By the number of establishments of each class : The following
industrial establishments number 100 or more: Bakeries and
cake factories; tailor shops; copra-drying establishments; salt-
58 INTRODUCTION.
works; native confectionery factories; fish and shrimp drying
and salting establishments; slipper factories; oil factories; gold
and silversmith, watch repairing, jewelry, and optical shops;
carriage factories ; blacksmith shops ; shoe factories ; embroidery
shops, and distilleries.
By the capital invested: The establishments with a capital
of 1P1,000,000 or more are — oil factories; gas, electric light,
and power plants; cigar and cigarette factories; distilleries;
sawmills ; shipyards ; abaca pressing establishments ; ice plants ;
coal mining industry; iron foundries and machine shops; em-
broidery shops; printing, lithographing, and bookbinding es-
tablishments; bakeries and cake factories; salt-works; gold
mines; shoe factories; gold and silversmith, watch repairing,
jewelry, and optical shops, and hat and umbrella factories.
By the cost of production: The manufacturing establish-
ments which expend ^'l, 000, 000 or more for production, are —
oil factories ; abaca pressing establishments ; cigar and cigarette
factories; distilleries; sawmills; bakeries and cake factories;
gas, electric light, and power plants ; printing, lithographing, and
bookbinding establishments; tailor shops; soap factories; iron
foundries and machine shops; embroidery shops; shipyards;
rope factories ; shoe factories ; slipper factories ; fish and shrimp
drying and salting establishments; furniture and cabinet fac-
tories; hat and umbrella factories, carpentry shops, and copra-
drying establishments.
By the monthly average number of laborers: The establish-
ments which, on the average, employ 1,000 or more laborers
every month, are — cigar and cigarette factories; sawmills; oil
factories; bakeries and cake factories; tailor shops; embroidery
shops; gas, electric light and power plants; copra-drying estab-
lishments; gold mines; salt-works; printing, lithographing, and
bookbinding establishments; distilleries; coal mining industry;
shipyards; slipper factories; iron foundries and machine shops;
abaca pressing establishments; shoe factories, and fish and
shrimp drying and salting establishments.
By the total monthly average of salaries: The industrial es-
tablishments which expend ?=20,000 or more for average monthly
salaries, are — cigar and cigarette factories; oil factories; saw-
mills; gas, electric light, and power plants; printing, lithogra-
phing, and bookbinding establishments; tailor shops; bakeries
and cake factories; shipyards; distilleries; salt-works; gold
mines; embroidery shops; copra-drying establishments; iron
INTRODUCTION. 59
foundries and machine shops ; slipper factories ; abaca pressing
establishments ; shoe factories ; furniture and cabinet factories ;
repair shops; gold and silversmith, watch repairing, jewelry, and
optical shops, and carriage factories.
By the total value of production: The manufactures turning
out ?1,000,000 worth or more of finished products are — oil fac-
tories; abaca pressing establishments; cigar and cigarette fac-
tories; sawmills; distilleries; bakeries and cake factories; gas,
electric light, and power plants; printing, lithographing, and
bookbinding establishments; tailor shops; iron foundries and
machine shops; soap factories; ship-yards; embroidery shops;
shoe factories; rope factories; slipper factories; furniture and
cabinet factories; fish and shrimp drying and salting establish-
ments ; hat and umbrella factories ; copra-drying establishments ;
carpenter shops; aerated and mineral water factories; native
confectionery factories; ice factories; macaroni, spaghetti and
vermicelli factories; gold and silversmith, watch repairing,
jewelry, and optical shops, and tanneries.
Compared with the Census of 1903, the manufacturing in-
dustries of the country may be said to have reached a degree
of development never reached in former years. This is due,
among other causes, to the increase in production, the oppor-
tunities derived from the past war, the cooperation of Filipino
and foreign capital, and, principally, the adoption of scientific
methods of manufacturing.
The analysis of the statistical tables made by Assistant Di-
rector Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal is extremely interesting,
not only to the public in general, but particularly to the manu-
facturers, since his comments speak of the great opportunities
which the country offers for capital investment in manufactur-
ing enterprises.
The enumeration of household industries, as shown in Schedule
7, was made with the object of determining the condition of
the small industries and of pointing out the means of promoting
their progress.
In the 1903 Census, industries with an output of less than
?1,000 were not enumerated, but only those which produced
■^1,000 or more. These latter are classified as manufactures in
the present Census, while those producing more than ?=100 and
less than ^1,000 a year are considered as household industries.
It was a hard task to enumerate the household industries and
the fishing industry, because the people engaged in these indus-
tries generally do not keep books of account, and at the best
60 INTRODUCTION.
write down their notes in pencil in notebooks full of erasures.
Moreover, the special agents assigned to make this schedule
noticed that there was much fear on the part of the owners
that the object of the enumeration was the imposition of a new
tax. This circumstance explains why the data collected show
little production, if not loss, in many industries. Nevertheless,
we may consider that the data compiled by the special agents
are near the truth.
It will be noted that only the embroidery, textile, hat, and mat
industries are to a certain degree well developed, the rest being
in a rudimentary state. What the laboring class needs to pro-
mote the progress of these industries, is organization and the
adoption of modern utensils to improve production. Besides,
there ought to be the proper division of labor in order to realize
big profits. Judging from the figures in the schedules on house-
hold industries, these small industries are only as a supplemen-
tary means of earning a living, and generally the persons engaged
in these industries devote but a small part of their time to the
same. For example, fishing-net weavers do not always weave
nets, but employ most of their time in some other work, and
weave only during certain hours of the day and night.
There were altogether 124,487 registered household industry
establishments, which produced during 1918 1P31,352,458.74.
The provinces that have the greatest number of these establish-
ments are Iloilo, with 14,144; Batangas, with 13,411; Samar,
with 9,780, and Tayabas, with 9,241. The industries regarded
as the most important, because of their production or wide dis-
tribution throughout the Islands, are the following ; Native fiber
textile industry, native cotton textile industry, native hat mak-
ing, spinning establishments, native wine making, etc.
The fishing industry is very important to the country, because
fish is one of the important foods of the people. The provinces
along the coast are all engaged in fishing, and although thej'^
use more or less antiquated implements, this industry always
yields profit to the people engaged in it. In the Philippines
there are 2,107 fish-salting and fish-smoking establishments.
The most important ones are in Manila and surrounding prov-
inces, where there is a great demand and where the industry is
really lucrative.
The fishing industry is carried on by means of fish ponds,
corrals, and fish nets. Fish ponds give greater profits and
generally can be used the whole year. Moreover, they are
not so exposed to destruction by typhoons as the corrals and
INTRODUCTION. 61
fish nets. On the other hand, the corrals and fish nets at times
give almost fabulous profits to the fisherman.
With the exception of sixty-seven Japanese fishermen residing
in the city of Manila and fifty-one foreigners engaged in fishing
in various provinces of the Archipelago, registered on Census
Day, the fishing industry in the Philippines may be said to be
controlled by Filipinos.
The data on commerce and transportation, corporations, and
banks, were taken from records existing in various offices of
the Government, and there is no doubt v.s to their accuracy.
The comments on commerce and transportation published in
Volume IV were prepared by one of the officials of the Census
Office, Mr. Manuel Sityar, formerly professor of mathematics
and commercial and statistical geography in the "Liceo de
Manila."
The data on corporations, railroads, telegraph and post-offices,
and roads are undoubtedly accurate, as they were taken from
official records. The increasing business prosperity of the Phil-
ippines is shown by the table of registered corporations, which
numbered 1,534, with a subscribed capital of ?115,225,686, out
of a total of ?=242,201,067. Among the mercantile corporations,
those organized for the development of natural resources occupy
the first place. The agricultural corporations rank second only,
notwithstanding the fact that the Philippine Islands are an
eminently agricultural country. This may be explained by the
fact that agriculture is generally not engaged in by corpora-
tions, for the reason that a considerable area of the land suitable
for agriculture is owned and cultivated by individuals. There
is no way of establishing a comparison with the commercial
activities of 1903 on the basis of the table on corporations, be-
cause at that time there was not a Corporation Act like the one
now in force.
As to the roads of the Philippines, it is gratifying to know
the great improvements realized since the taking of the Census
of 1903. The Philippine Legislature has authorized the provin-
cial governments to double the cedula tax for the purpose of im-
proving the roads, and this measure, coupled with the eff"ort of
the engineers of the Bureau of Public Works, has resulted in
the construction of many good roads and strong bridges, a large
number of the latter are of steel and cement.
At the time of the taking of the present Census, the total
length of roads and highways in the Philippines was 9,595.5
kilometers, of which 4,500.3 were first class roads. As regards
Q2 INTRODUCTION.
the total length of first, second, and third class roads, the Prov-
ince of Pangasinan comes first, the Province of Cebu, next; the
Province of Occidental Negros, third ; and the Province of Iloilo,
fourth. The province occupying the last place has 247.7 kilo-
meters of first class roads.
The judicial statistics were reproduced bodily from the offi-
cial records of the justice of the peace courts, the Insular and
provincial jails, and the clerk's offices of the courts of First
Instance and the Supreme Court. The analysis of these tables,
prepared by the undersigned, appears in Volume IV.
To mention the multitudinous details of the Census would
be overstepping the limits of a report like the present one. The
attention of the reader is, therefore, invited to the four volumes
of the Census in which he may find interesting information.
A careful study of the hundreds of statistical tables deduced
from the Census schedules and the comments upon the same
will reveal to the impartial observer the great progress realized
by the Filipinos in all the phases of life during the fifteen years
intervening between the taking of the Census of 1903 and that
of 1918. I have examined all the data of the present Census,
and in all I have found evidence tending to show that the Fili-
pino people, as a race, possess the energy necessary for pro-
gress. Their desire for betterment and perfection, constantly
encouraged by their national aspiration, is manifested in all
spheres of life. What they need are more ample opportunities
to develop themselves completely as a people and a nation.
In view of what the Filipino people have accomplished in
the trying years of the past in the development of the country
and the maintenance of a stable government, we sincerly believe
that upon reaching their ardently desired goal, the independence
of their country, they will maintain their place in the concert
of nations with dignity and will demonstrate to the world that
the United States, in carrying to a successful conclusion her
noble work in the Philippines, has added to the annals of civil-
ization what may, perhaps, be their most brilliant page.
Before concluding, I desire to express to the small army of
Filipinos who have worked for the Census my high apprecia-
tion of the zeal and loyalty with which they have performed
their duties.
Likewise, I wish to convey, in the name of the Assistant Di-
rectors as well as in my own, the expression of our gratitude
to the Governor-General, Honorable Francis Burton Harrison,
INTRODUCTION. 63
to the President of the Philippine Senate, Honorable Manuel L.
Quezon, to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Hon-
orable Sergio Osmefia, to the Department Secretaries, Bureau
Chiefs, Census Inspectors, provincial and municipal officials, to
the press, and to the public at large, for the decided cooperation
they have given us in the fulfilment of our duties. In terminat-
ing our task, we are far from entertaining the presumption that
we have produced a perfect work, but we do believe the data
which we have compiled in the volumes of the Census are useful
and necessary for the study of measures conducive to the im-
provement of the conditions of our country.
Manila, Mmj 17, 1920.
Director of the Census.
PREFACE TO THE ATLAS OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
171073 5 65
PREFACE TO THE ATLAS OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
PUBLICATION.
The maps in the following collection were prepared for the
Philippine Census in the Office of the Coast and Geodetic Survey
at Manila during the year 1919.
The work of compilation of drawings and construction of litho-
graphic stones was executed by a force of 12 Filipino draftsmen
and lithographers under the supervision of Mr. John Bach.
Each map is an entirely new compilation from the most author-
itative original sources of information.
The printing was done at the establishment of Carmelo and
Bauermann, in Manila. Five colors were used in printing;
black for outlines and names, brown for mountain shading, blue
for coast fringes, rivers, and lakes; red for municipal symbols
and either pink, yellow, purple, green, or orange for the land-
areas.
MAPS.
The entire collection consists of 61 maps divided as follows:
Philippine Islands, political 1
Philippine Islands, relief 1
Philippine Islands, forest 1
Provinces, entire 43
Provinces, halves 6
Subprovinces 7
Cities 2
Total 61
The whole territorial extent of each province and subprovince
with all outlying possessions is shown in true relation across
intervening water spaces, except in the single case of Albay
which required the displacement of Catanduanes on a sub-plan.
Three provinces (Tayabas, Sorsogon, and Palawan) are di-
vided into northern and southern parts and are each printed
as two maps. The two parts in each case have the same scale.
The Mountain Province is shown twice ; once as an entire unit
67
63 PREFACE TO THE ATLAS.
and again as its seven separate subprovinces on larger scale
maps. These seven separate maps are all given the same color
as the map of the entire province.
On the map of the Philippine Islands each province is given
the distinctive color it bears on its own provincial map.
SCALE.
The necessity of fitting all provinces, regardless of area, to a
uniform size of page results in a wide variation in scale. This
ranges from 1:305,000 (or 4.8 miles to the inch) in the case of
Amburayan to 1 :2,113,000 (or 33.4 miles to the inch) in the case
of Palawan.
For several maps a diagonal position is used to permit an in-
crease in what would otherwise be an objectionably small scale.
The special map of the city of Manila is as large as 1:66,500
(or 1.0 miles to the inch) while the three special maps of the
whole archipelago are as small as 1 : 5,000,000 (or 78.9 miles to
the inch) .
DATE.
Compilation was started in February, 1919, and printing in
April, 1919. Changes in the organization of the administrative
divisions of the Philippine Islands are so numerous and rapid
as to seriously handicap map-making.
After the map of Tayabas was printed the Island of Marin-
duque was constituted an independent province. Also since the
date of publication Act No. 2877, effective February 4, 1920,
rearranges the boundaries of the Mountain Province and of
Ilocos Sur and La Union. In this rearrangement the Subprov-
ince of Amburayan entirely disappears while Lepanto, Bontoc
and Benguet are subject to considerable change. Seven maps
are thus affected.
DEFINITIONS.
Provinces and subprovinces are wholly divided into areas
called municipalities. These are in turn subdivided into smaller
a7'eas called barrios.^ Each barrio-area contains its separate
town known by the name of the barrio; and as the municipal
area is the sum of a number of barrio-areas a municipality con-
tains a number of scattered towns. Legally the name of a
municipality, municipal district or township applies to the whole
administrative area, sometimes of considerable extent. Popu-
larly, however, the name is more commonly restricted to the
* In non-Christian regions the division is usually into municipal districts
or townships while the subdivision is into barrios or rancherias.
PREFACE TO THE ATLAS. 69
most important town in the municipal area. This usage arises
from the fact that this town as a rule gives its name to the
municipality and hence does not have any distinct barrio-name.
When considered as a barrio it is merely called the poblacion.
As the scale of the maps is not large enough to permit the
delimitation of municipal boundaries it is necessary to follow
popular usage and to print the municipal name and symbol at a
town rather than over an area. Generally this town which
bears the name of the municipality is also the seat of the local
government ; but in this respect there are certain irregularities.
Municipal districts frequently, and municipalities occasionally,
do not have a poblacion or barrio with the municipal name, and
hence the seat of government is at a barrio of different name.
In such cases the red municipal symbol and the name in heavy
type are printed at the barrio used as the seat of government,
followed by a parenthesis giving the true barrio name in light
type. In other cases there is a barrio bearing the municipal
name but nevertheless the seat of government is at a barrio of
different name. As in the preceding case the municipal name,
symbol, and type are given to the barrio at the seat of govern-
ment followed in parenthesis by the true barrio name, while in a
different location will be found the municipal name repeated in
light type but attached to a barrio symbol.
Such cases are fortunately relatively rare. Most municipal
names are applicable not only to the entire administrative area
but also to the most important barrio and to the most populous
town which is also the seat of government. Barrios are the
smallest legally-recognized units of area. They do, however,
contain a number of localities known as sitios. These sitios
have neither definite boundaries nor areas. Some of them are
not even inhabited. They are merely places or localities in the
most general sense. When they contain small centers of popu-
lation these group together to form the barrios, as the latter
group together to form municipalities. In a similar way the
barrio-name is applied to the principal population-group.
The barrio does not present similar map difficulties since it
usually contains only one important population-group and since
very few sitios are shown on the maps.
CONTENTS.
The maps show all municipalities, municipal districts and
, townships.
. The barrio representation, however, varies with the scale of
\ the map and the density of population of the region.
\
70 PREFACE TO THE ATLAS.
On large-scale maps or in sparsely-settled regions practically
all of the barrios are shown, but on small-scale maps or in
crowded regions only a fraction can be shown. Out of a total
of 16,307 barrios, 4,998 or 31 per cent appear on the maps.
The selection of barrios presented some difficulty since the
population statistics for 1918 were not available during the
map compilation, and since many selections had to be made
solely from lists of names without adequate data to indicate
the relative importance of the barrios. Space limitation also
prevented the use of important barrios in crowded sections.
The maps also show a few sitios in regions where there are no
barrios.
Provincial boundaries are shown carefully corrected for the
latest information available to the date of issue. (See subse-
quent changes in La Union, Ilocos Sur and the Mountain Prov-
ince caused by Act No. 2877.)
Besides the above political features all the natural geographic
features capable of representation on the scale of each map are
shown. These include the details of shores and islands, the
principal rivers and lakes, and the main mountains and ranges.
Mineral resources are shown with the geological symbol X
(or two crossed hammers) at the locality of each known outcrop.
The symbol is followed by the name of the mineral.
GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL DESCRIPTIONS.
Each provincial map is accompanied by a short description of
the salient facts of its geography and history; and by a brief
table showing statistics of population, production, and public
instruction.
LIST OF ISLANDS.
The Census of 1903 contains a list showing that the Philippine
Archipelago then comprised 3,141 islands.
This list was compiled by the United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey at a time when modern surveys were just beginning.
The enumeration was based on the best previous charts, although
the information in many regions was known to be incomplete.
The progress of detailed surveys has now covered the greater
part of the archipelago and large-scale original survey sheets
are available which have added thousands of small islets.
For the Census of 1918 the United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey has made a new enumeration of islands based on the
results of its own surveys to the end of the year 1919.
This list raises the total number of islands to 7,083. The
PREFACE TO THE ATLAS. 71
count is final within the surveyed regions, but is subject to
some additional future increase when the surveys are extended
to the Sulu Archipelago, the west coast of Palawan, the east
coast of northern Luzon, and the islands lying between Luzon
and Formosa.
Of the total number of islands, only 462 have an area of one
square mile or over, only 2,441 are of sufficient importance to
have names, while 4,642 are small unimportant mangrove or
rocky islets.
The tabulation gives groups adjacent to the principal islands ;
and an alphabetical list of names of all islands of one square
mile or more in area, for each group.
LIST OF PORTS.
Following the provincial descriptions and maps is a list of ports
used by vessels engaged in both interisland and foreign trade.
The list is arranged in alphabetical order of port names. Each-
port is shown with its province and with the classification as-
signed to it by the Public Utility Commission. First class ports
are provided with wharves and afford protection from storms.
The majority of them are ports of entry for foreign trade and
hence have custom houses. Second class ports have some limited
facilities while third class ports are only open roadsteads.
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GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL
DESCRIPTIONS AND PRO-
VINCIAL MAPS.
73
ABRA.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
This beautiful mountainous province, drained by \he volumi-
nous Abra River and its tributaries, falls away from the western
slopes of the Cordillera towards the coastal plain of Ilocos Sur.
It is bounded on the north by Ilocos Norte and Apayao, on the
east and south by the Mountain Province, and on the west by
Ilocos Sur. It is shut off from the coastal plain by mountains
except where the Abra River escapes to flow to the sea.
The province has been considered the seismic center of north-
em Luzon. The land is extraordinarily broken and traversed
on all sides by mountains of the third order, hills and rivers.
The bed rock is volcanic and igneous, overlaid by limestone,
sandstone and by recent alluvium.
The Abra River is the highway to the province of Ilocos Sur.
It rises in Lepanto whence it takes a northerly course to Aguet ;
from this point it flows westward through the Banauang Gap
into the sea. In time of heavy rains the river rises quickly
and as the gap is narrow the flow becomes so much impeded
that destructive floods result. The current, even in normal
times, is swift and traveling is difficult. Out of its entire length
of about 55 miles, 30 miles can be traversed by bamboo rafts.
It is along this river and its principal tributaries, the Sinalang,
Tineg, Malanas, Baay, Saquet, and Magayepyep rivers that most
of the towns and villages are situated.
Rainfall is plentiful. During the southwest monsoons hur-
ricanes frequently traverse the region. The northeast winds
also bring hurricanes, accompanied by thunderstorms which
are made more violent by the presence of thick forests.
The drainage basin is covered with luxuriant vegetation.
Corn, tobacco, and rice are the most important products. The
mountains are covered with forests containing timber suit-
able for construction and famous for hardness, durability and
size. Of the minor forest products, rattan, honey, and wax are
found in abundance. There is gold dust along the Binongan
River, Lacub. Of other minerals nothing is known, except that
traces of copper, coal and iron pyrites have been discovered along
the Abra River. Of mineral springs only that of the Icmin
River is known. This has a temperature ranging from 70° to
80° Fhr. with a flow of 3 to 4 cubic centimeters per second.
The people occupying the valleys in the west are Ilocanos,
while those dwelling farther up the mountains are "Tingguianes."
75
76 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The latter group themselves into "rancherias," settlements, and
townships, and plant rice, corn and sweet potatoes. They lead
a semi-civilized life and display an aptitude to follow the path
of progress. Greater and greater numbers of them are con-
verted to Christianity and receive the benefits of school in-
struction. In Lagaiigilang there is a school of arts and trades
opened exclusively for the "Tingguianes," and there they learn
with facility all kinds of household industries.
Commerce in Abra is not very lucrative because of the dif-
ficulty of transportation. However, there are a few good roads
between the towns, that of TaHgadan, which connects this
province with that of Ilocos Sur, being worthy of special men-
tion. Horse trails are numerous, and rafts are floated along
the rivers. The industry of large cattle raising is well advanced.
The horses of Abra are well-known for their resistance. It may
be said that this province supplies Northern and Central Luzon
with all the carabaos needed for agriculture.
This province has 17 municipalities and 159 barrios. Its
capital is Bangued with a population of 13,895 inhabitants.^ It
is located in the west central part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The territory now belonging to the province of Abra was
formerly included within the jurisdiction of the ancient province
of Ilocos. When this latter province was divided in 1818 into
the provinces of Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, Abra became a
part of Ilocos Sur.
The early history of Abra records nothing notable in the
way of explorations. Missionary work, however, seems to have
been undertaken among the mountain peoples of Abra from the
early days of Spanish occupation. As early as 1598, Augustinian
friars had already founded the town of Bangued. It appears,
however, that after 1598 very little success, if any, attended the
efforts of religious workers.
The great uprising of the latter half of the eighteenth century,
known as the Silang Rebellion, had its effects upon Abra. It
is to be remembered that Diego Silang had willing followers
in many parts of Ilocos. In Abra his chief lieutenant was
Pedro Becbec. Becbec, however, later turned traitor to Silang.
It was he who, in company with Vicos, caused the death of
Silang. Silang's wife carried on the revolutionary activity of
her husband. She gathered together the remainder of his loyal
followers and fled to Abra, where she tried to arouse the people
against the enemies of Silang. Here she was overpowered by
a strong force under the command of Manuel Ignacio de Arza.
The first half of the nineteenth century saw considerable ac-
tivity on the part of missionaries. During this period there
were established in Abra several important missions, among
which were Tayum, founded in 1803; Pidigan, established in
1823; La Paz, founded in 1832; and Bucay, founded in 1847.
The same period saw the creation of Abra into a politico-
military province. This took place in 1846. As constituted,
' Non-Christian population, 282, not included.
ABRA. 77
the new province included what is now the subprovince of Le-
panto and the following towns: San Jose de Manabo, Bangued,
Tayum, Pidigan, La Paz, and San Gregorio. In 1847, Bucay
was founded and made the capital of the province. In 1861,
however, Bangued took the latter's place as capital of Abra.
The effects of the Revolution were felt, just as in most
provinces, in Abra. The moving spirit of the Revolution there
was Don Bias Villamor. Through his initiative the principales
of the province set up, about the middle of 1899, a provincial
government. Leocadio Valera was chosen provincial governor
and remained in power until Abra fell into the hands of the
American forces late in 1899.
Civil government was established in Abra on the 19th of
August, 1901. In February, 1905, however, the province was
annexed to Ilocos Sur as a subprovince. It remained as such
until March, 1917, when, by the passage of Act 2683 that year,
Abra was again made into a separate province.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 3,820
Area of farms hectares.... 119,938
Cultivated lands do 19,128
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 231,347
Sugar cane tons.... 4,260
Corn cavans.... 111,819
Tobacco kilos.... 2,551,500
Population '61,655
Number of schools 101
Primary 93
Intermediate 6
High school 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 6,778
Males 4,549
Females 2,229
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 26.2
Number of establishments of household industries 1,274
Production in 1918 1^246,104.48
Number of manufacturing establishments 28
Production in 1918 P79, 114.00
' One cavan equals 75 liters.
= Non-Christian population, 10,066, not included.
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30
AGUSAN.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Agusan, containing an area of 11,121 square kilometers, is sit-
uated north of Davao, bounded on the east by Surigao, on the
west by Bukidnon, and on the north by Surigao and the Bay of
Butuan, the shores of which make the only seacoast of the
province.
Two remarkable features characterize the land; namely, the
wide fertile valley of the Agusan River, including its extensive
swamps and lakes, and the mountain ranges of the east and
west. The mountains are not high, but they are covered with
fine timber practically untouched, with the exception, however,
of the region along the bay where a little lumbering is carried on.
The soil is in general a rich deep humus of the greatest fertil-
ity and holding a constant moisture. The weather is favorable
to the growth of plants. The rainfall is very evenly distributed
throughout the year. There has never been a drought or a de-
structive typhoon in the Agusan Valley. Abaca and coconuts
thrive well here. Three crops of corn are grown annually
in some sections of the province. The climate is sufficiently
damp, so that rice produces a splendid crop on the bottom
lands without irrigation. Bananas, papayas and other tropical
fruits are grown in great abundance, the famous Mindanao
papaya attaining its perfection in the region about Butuan.
The greater portion of this rich valley is an open grassland,
where stock-raising could be profitably carried on.
The numerous lakes and the extensive area of swampy land
are sources of incalculable wealth. Choicest fish abound in the
lakes, While nipa from which tuba and alcohol are obtained,
and mangroves for fuel and tanning purposes, grow wild in the
fenlands. These resources, however, have not so far been made
use of.
Gold deposits exist in abundance. Most of these deposits
are found in the mountains on the eastern side of the valley.
The location of these mines is favorable, they being near rivers.
There are several gold bearing claims at present under operation.
There is one waterfall, the Alalum, but its flow is not rapid
enough to warrant its utilization.
Agriculture is the chief industry, although fishing on the Bay
of Butuan is carried on an enormous scale. Because of the
presence of coral reefs along the seashores, the bay affords a
good fishing ground. Sardines, lapulapu, pampano, and mac-
kerel are fished here. The establishment of a cannery could
be safely undertaken with the sufficient fish in the bay and with
the constantly increasing market for the product.
Butuan, the capital and most important towTi of the province,
is near the mouth of the navigable Agusan River. This river
79
80 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
port serves the same purpose for the settlements built along
Agusan River and its tributaries, as the town of Cotabato to
the well-scattered towns of the Cotabato Valley. The produce
of the land is floated on the river on rafts to the town of Butuan
for shipment particularly to Manila and Cebu.
The population is composed of Christian and non-Christian
people. The Christian dwellers come from the different parts
of the Archipelago. These daring settlers live a pioneer life
in this productive, but secluded, valley. They live in groups,
as the early settlers of the first thirteen colonies of America,
so as to live a life of security in case of any depredation by
their Mohammedan neighbors who outnumber them.
This province has 3 municipalities and 101 barrios. Its
capital is Butuan, with 9,790 inhabitants.^ It is located in the
northern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The Province of Agusan had its origin in the old politico-
military comandancia of Butuan which formed part of the
Province of Surigao at the end of Spanish rule. It was the
territory included in this politico-military comandancia which
in September, 1914, was established as the Province of Agusan,
one of the seven provinces of the Department of Mindanao
and Sulu.
Late as was the creation of the Province of Agusan, never-
theless it was one of the first places in the Philippines to be
visited by the Spaniards. It is believed that Magellan touched
there on his way to Cebu. About 17 years later, Francisco de
Castro, a Portuguese, visited the same spot, baptizing the in-
habitants of the place including the "regulo" of Butuan. Five
years after the visit of De Castro, Villalobos appeared at the
mouth of the Agusan River. He had come all along the coast
of Surigao in search of provisions. In 1565 Legaspi, having
received glowing reports about Butuan, also visited it. He was
well received by Pagbuaya, the chief of Butuan. He left the
town in April, 1521, after staying there for about a month.
Missionary work was undertaken in Agusan in the early years
of the period of exploration and conquest. Before 1600, Jesuit
missions were already in existence on the banks of the lower
Agusan River. In 1622, Recollect missions began to be estab-
lished in Agusan. By that year the Recollects had ascended
the Agusan River and established a mission in Linao, now Bu-
nawen, a place far in the interior of Agusan.
The settlements along the Agusan River suflfered disaster
at various times. For example, the Moros in 1640 raided Bu-
tuan and destroyed considerable church property. In 1649, the
natives of Linao rose in revolt, and razed the mission that had
been founded there. Later, in 1753, the Moros raided the set-
tlements along the Agusan River and carried away some 200
captives. That the settlement at Linao escaped was due to the
difficulty encountered by the raiders in ascending the river.
* Non-Christian population, 627, not included.
AGUSAN. 81
From the earlier days, Agusan formed part of the province
of Caraga. In 1860, with the establishment of a politico-mili-
tary government for Mindanao, Agusan, with the Province of
Surigao, constituted the East District of Mindanao. This dis-
trict extended from Butuan Bay to Caraga Bay. In 1870, this
district was known as the District of Surigao.
At the end of the Spanish rule, Agusan existed as a politico-
militarj'- comandancia of Surigao under the name of Butuan.
It was ruled by a military officer of the rank of captain.
In 1901, Agusan was included as a subprovince of Surigao
under the name Butuan. It remained as such until 1907, when
the Province of Agusan was created by joining the Subprovin-
ces of Butuan and Bukidnon. Later, in September, 1914, with
the reorganization of the old Moro Province, the present Prov-
ince of Agusan was established as one of the seven provinces
of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu. Its capital is Butuan.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 11,121
Area of farms hectares.... 18,279
Cultivated lands do 11,256
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 74,091
Corn do 48,443
Copra kilos.... 291,420
Abaca do 4,452,484
Tobacco do 123,486
Population '38,323
Number of schools 48
Primary 20
Intermediate 2
Vocational 26
Enrollment for 1918 5,751
Males 3,360
Females 2,391
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 28.2
Number of establishments of household industries 43
Production in 1918 f=14,852.00
Number of manufacturing establishments 4
Production in 1918 ^49,595,00
171073-
' One cavan equals 76 liters.
^ Non-Christian population, 6,035, not included.
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ALBAY.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Albay is the central province of the Albay Peninsula through
which passes the long range of mountains which extends through-
out the eastern part of the Philippines. The coast is very
irregular, the most important inlets being Tabaco Bay and
Albay Gulf; Rapu-Rapu, Batan, Cacraray, and San Miguel are
islands north of the Albay Gulf. Reefs are found along Rapu-
Rapu, but elsewhere the coast affords safe anchorage. Bato,
Tabaco, Malilipot, Bacacay, Lignan, Rapu-Rapu, Puro, and Ma-
nito are important ports. Catanduanes Island forms a sub-
province.
Mayon, Masarana, and Malinao in the east and Catburauan
in the west are the most important mountains. The first is a
semi-active volcano, well known for its beautiful, symmetrical,
and perfect cone that rises over 7,500 feet above sea level
and serves as landmark throughout the Bicol region. It erupted
on fifteen occasions during historic times, the one in 1814 being
the most destructive of all.
The most important rivers are the Calaunan, Yana, Soboc,
Ugat, Lagonoy, and Quinali. Those that rise on the slopes of
the Mayon Volcano fall rapidly and could easily be utilized for
power. The Caratagan, Mabano, Manlapoc, Burayan, and that
lying between mountains Pinalayanan and Jalabong-tagotoy are
the most important lakes. All these teem with fish, especially
Lake Bato, between Camarines and Albay, from which they are
taken in truckloads.
The climate is one of the most attractive features of the
province. The temperature is even, there being no great
extremes, and the nights are delightfully cool and refreshing.
Albay, being mountainous, is well drained and consequently there
is very little swampy land, although the rainfall is heavy. The
province is also rich in salubrious mineral springs, the best
known of these being the Tiwi hot sulphur springs in Naga;
others are in Cawit, near the town of Manito, and in Parian, near
Camalig.
The land is rich and well adapted to hemp, the greatest
source of wealth, as well as to coconuts, sugar cane, pineapples,
vegetables and rice. What little swampy land there is, yields
nipa thatch and alcohol, industries that furnish work to a con-
siderable number of persons. The forests are extensive, pro-
viding timber, rattan, pili nuts, and gum elemi for export.
Gutta-percha and Para rubber trees are extensively cultivated.
The low hills and wide grass lands afford pasturage for horses,
cattle, carabaos, goats and sheep. The island of Catanduanes
will become the center of horse raising in the Philippines, for
contagious diseases have never gained a foothold there.
The Subprovince of Catanduanes abounds in gold, copper, and
iron. The Batan coal mines which are being operated are
supplying several manufacturing and gas plants. In Pantaon,
83
84 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
Albay, there are quarries of marble ; in Ligao, gypsum deposits ;
and in Guinobatan and Camalig, lime.
The people are reputed to be among the most industrious in
the Archipelago, and commerce flourishes. Alcohol is distilled
from the sap of the coconut palm. Sinamay and pinolpog
(sinamay with the fibers flattened by beating) are woven for
export, especially in Daraga. Pots are manufactured in Tiwi.
Commerce has been greatly assisted by the good roads of
the province and by the ease with which coal is mined at
Batan and loaded onto vessels at the mine. Albay is the capital
of the province, having a population of 53,105 inhabitants. It
is located in the southeastern part of the province. Virac is
the capital of the Subprovince of Catanduanes which has 6 mu-
nicipalities and 95 barrios. Albay has 16 municipalities and
391 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Little is known regarding the first exploration of the region
which now constitutes the Province of Albay. It is believed
that the brave Spanish military oflficer, Luis Enriquez de Guz-
man, who explored the Islands of Masbate, Ticao, and Burias
in 1569, also visited portion of Albay. It is probable, however,
that Capt. Enriquez de Guzman's exploration was to a great
extent limited to what is now Sorsogon. It is also believed that
Juan de Salcedo in 1573 explored parts of what is now Albay,
founding the town of Libon and visiting the neighboring Island
of Catanduanes.
At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards, there must have
already been in existence several centers of population in this
region. Albay, the present provincial capital, according to
Cavada, was not formally created until the year 1636. There
are, however, several towns whose foundation dates further
back than Albay. Among these may be mentioned Camalig,
created in 1569, Libon in 1573, Oas in 1587, Polangui in 1589,
and Malinao in 1600.
Until very recently when Sorsogon was made into a separate
province, the Province of Albay included the regions now under
the jurisdiction of Sorsogon. This whole portion of Luzon was
known in the early days of the Spanish rule as Ibalon, although
this denomination probably applied to what is now Sorsogon
rather than to Albay proper.
During the second half of the 18th century and the first
two decades of the nineteenth, the population of Albay showed
a great increase. The number of people recorded as living in
Albay in 1755 was 28,469. This figure rose to 80,205 in 1799
and to 106,333 in 1810.
In 1818, the recorded population of Albay was only 92,065,
showing a great decrease from that of 1810. This was to a
great extent due to the destructive effects of the eruption of
Mayon Volcano in February, 1814. As a result of this eruption,
some 1,200 persons were killed and the towns of Kagsawa and
Budiao were destroyed.
ALBAY. 85
In 1846, Albay suffered a slight diminution of territory. This
was due to the partial segregation of the Islands of Masbate
and Ticao which, in October of that year, were created into a
comandancia politico-militar. At the same time, Albay ceded
to Camarines Sur, Lagonoy, Caramoan, and Sagnay, in the Cara-
moan Peninsula, in exchange for Camalig, Guinobatan, Maoraro,
Ligao, Oas, Polangui, Libon, Donsol, and Quipia.
By 1850, Albay had more than recovered the population she
lost in 1814. This renewed growth in population was indi-
cative of the general prosperity of the province at about this
time. A great factor that contributed to the general prosper-
ity of Albay at this period was the wise administration of
Jose Maria Penaranda who became governor of the province in
May, 1834. It should be remembered that it was this engineer-
governor who built Albay roads, bridges, and public edifices
and encouraged agriculture. For decades after Penaranda's
enlightened rule the general prosperity of the province continued,
so that in July, 1860, Albay was made an "alcaldia" of the first
class.
At the outbreak of the Revolution, Albay for a while remained
at peace. Later, however, like the Camarines Provinces, it came
under the Revolutionary Government. During the last year of
its resistance, Pawa and Belarmino were the prominent military
leaders.
Civil government was established in Albay on April 26, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 2,525
Area of farms _ hectares.... 143,580
Cultivated lands ., do 110,670
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans *.— 537,095
Sugar cane- tons.... 6,743
Corn cavans.... 6,764
Copra kilos.... 3,630,788
Abaca do 86,143,464
Tobacco do 2,657
Population 258,770
Number of schools 308
Primary 292
Intermediate 11
High school 2
Vocational 3
Enrollment for 1918 22,676
Males 12,997
Females 9,679
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 40.3
Number of establishments of household industries 4,304
Production in 1918 ■P830,309.87
Number of manufacturing establishments 62
Production in 1918 ^485,236.19
' One cavan equals 7B Ktera.
86 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
STATISTICAL DATA (CATANDUANES) .
Approximate area square kilometers.... 1,471
Area of farms hectares.... 26,163
Cultivated lands .-do 21,841
Production in 1918:
Rice ^.cavans \... 113,288
Corn do ' 6,192
Sugar cane tons.... 911
Abaca kilos.... 3,066,815
Population 62,975
Number of schools , 51
Primary 49
Intermediate 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 5,187
Males 3,152
Females 2,035
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 28.0
Number of establishments of household industries 274
Production in 1918 ?=72,475.71
Number of manufacturing establishments 10
Production in 1918 ^=1,212,360.33
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
ANTIQUE.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Province of Antique embraces the narrow mountain
slopes, valleys, and coastal plain of western Panay. The
mountain range which curves from northwest to southwest has
for its highest peaks, Mts. Congcong, Tiguran, Madiaas (at
the apex of the curve), Baloy, Nangtud, Sipang and Balabac.
These mountains cut off the rains from the northeast monsoon
and cause a long dry season such as is found in the Ilocos
provinces and Zambales. However, the sea on the west and the
forests on the east have the effect of tempering the climate.
From May to June atmospheric disturbances are frequent. Be-
tween April and July thunderstorms and lightning frequently
work havoc among the coconut trees.
The coast levels are nowhere broad since spurs from the
mountain range descend nearly to the coast. The latter is low
and sandy with many outlying reefs. There are no good har-
bors. The port of San Jose de Buenavista, the capital, is very
poor, although during the northeast monsoons it offers a fair
shelter. Lipata and Pucio offer refuge to vessels during the
southwest monsoons. The coastwise trade, however, is active,
and many small steamers and sailboats ply between Antique and
Iloilo. Salt making and fishing are favored by the climate and
coast conditions.
Batbatan, Maralison, and Nagus are islands near the coast.
About 27 miles off shore are the Sombrero rocks, about the
size of a launch, generally white and visible for a distance
of 9 miles. The passage lying between these and the Antique
coast is clear and free from all reefs. The Semirara Islands
formerly belonged to Mindoro. They are low but mountainous.
On the mountain called Cresta de Gallo is a deposit of white
and colored marble of various grades. On Mount Sinocuestac,
557 kilometers from Batnongon is a spring whose reddish water
seems to indicate the presence of copper in the vicinity.
There has also been discovered in promising quantities chromic
iron or chromite in this province. Mineral springs are found
in Aniniy, Barbasa, and Antique, all of which are hot and salty.
There are a number of caves, in two of which are found birds'
nests which the natives use in stopping hemorrhage.
The soil is composed principally of clay and gypsum. Though
mountainous in places, there are low fertile plains and well-
watered valleys in the province still awaiting development.
Sugar cane and copra are raised for export, and rice, corn, and
beans for local use. Forest products, such as timber for build-
87
88 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
ing construction and cabinet work, pitch, gum, resin, wax, and
honey can be found in abundance. There are plenty of grass-
lands for pasturing cattle.
Soil and industrial conditions in Antique are very similar
to those of Ilocos. The people are industrious and hard workers.
The manufacture of delicate fabrics from pineapple fiber gives
employment to hundreds of women and the distillation of al-
cohol from coconut sap provides work for many men.
This province has 13 municipalities and 321 barrios. Its
capital is San Jose de Buenavista with 20,750 inhabitants. It
is located in the southwestern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Tradition has it that in early times ten datos from Borneo
with their followers and slaves landed in Panay Island at a
place called Sinogbuhan, near the site of the present town of
Miagao, Iloilo. The Bornean immigrants found the place in-
habited by Negritos living under the rule of the brave and swift
Maricudo, from whom they finally purchased the island for one
gold "sadok" and a gold necklace. Subsequently the island was
called by the Bornean settlers Madiaas, after a lofty mountain
bearing that name, and was divided into three "sakops," namely
Hantik, Aklan, and Irong-irong. In latter times, Hantik became
Antique, Aklan became Capiz, and Irong-irong, Iloilo. Hantik
or Antique was placed under the rule of a dato named Soma-
kuel, who became the founder of Malandog, the first Malay
settlement in Antique.
It is believed that the Spaniards found their way to Antique
immediately after they had established themselves in Oton, Iloilo.
Spanish influence, however, was not greatly felt until about the
end of the sixteenth century. The one town of importance in
those early days was Antique.
Like the neighboring Provinces of Iloilo and Cebu, Antique
suffered greatly from the incursions of Moro pirates. Especially
toward the end of the sixteenth century and in the beginning
of the seventeenth were these depredations terribly felt. The
pirates came so often that it became necessary to build a fort
near the town of Antique and keep a small garrison there.
Antique was created into a politico-military province in 1790,
out of portions of Iloilo and Capiz. The town of Antique was
the first capital. Later, the provincial government was moved
to Bugasong and for a while the province was often called by
that name also. In 1802, the capital was moved to San Jose de
IBuenavista, where it has since remained.
The history of Antique in the nineteenth century shows a rapid
increase of population. The following figures bear out this
statement clearly: In 1810, the population was 89,325; in 1818,
50,597; in 1840, 57,495 and in 1870, 93,010.
In 1860, a general reorganization of the provincial govern-
ment of the Visayas was decreed. The government of Antique,
however, remained politico-military in character as in previous
periods. It retained this status to the end of the Spanish rule.
ANTIQUE. 89
The Revolution did not make great headway in Antique until
the year 1898. That year saw the evacuation of the whole Island
of Panay by the Spaniards. Antique then came under the con-
trol of the Philippine Revolutionary Government. For some
time Leandro Fullon served as military and civil commander of
Antique.
Civil government was established in Antique on April 13, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA,
Approximate area square kilometers.... 2,618
Area of farms hectares.... 47,418
Cultivated lands do 32,137
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 595,349
Sugar cane tons.... 19,368
Corn cavans.... 91,413
Copra kilos.... 174,001
Abaca do........ 528,390
Tobacco do 51,450
Population '154,343
Number of schools 91
Primary 81
Intermediate 8
High school 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 10,592
Males 6,291
Females 4,301
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 37.9
Number of establishments of household industries 795
Production in 1918 ^190,177.12
Number of manufacturing establishments 10
Production in 1918 'P28,219.67
' One cavan equals 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 5,301, not included.
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ANTIQUE
Area (Sq. Km.) 2,618
Population 159,644
Capital S. JOSEde BUENA-
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Municipalities 13
Barrios 321
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BAT A AN.
GEOGRAPICAL SKETCH.
Bataan occupies the whole of the peninsula lying between
the China Sea and Manila Bay. It forms the southern end of
the Zambales Range, which terminates in Mount Mariveles, a sup-
posed extinct volcano situated just in front of Corregidor Island
at the mouth of Manila Bay. Another important mountain range
is that of Samal and Orani, Between these two groups of
mountains is a low pass dividing the province into northern
and southern sections and allowing communication by trail
between the east and west coasts. Balanga, the capital, lies
north of this pass and the latter forms part of the track of
the typhoons which sweep through from the China Sea. Mari-
veles possesses an important harbor. Here the ships are de-
tained and fumigated when necessary before entering or leaving
Manila Bay.
West of Mariveles is a quarry of white stone called by the
Spaniards "marmol de Mariveles." This stone has served as
material for the pedestal and column of the statue of Charles IV
in Manila. A well near the quarry produces siliceous water. At
San Miguel Point is another quarry.
There are various peculiar phenomena to be found in Bataan.
Northwest of Dinalupihan is a small conical mountain, 250 me-
ters high, which has a fresh water lake at the top. In the neigh-
borhood of Malasimbo are a few shallow marshes, the shores
and waters of which are tinted red by dust said to be formed
from the remains of microscopic animalculse (Galionella fer-
ruginea) . Near Orani is a bed of iron hydride which the people
of the region used to make into paints for walls and carriages.
There are also deposits of clay of which "pilones" are made.
There is also a large deposit of shells which are burned for
lime used in the indigo and sugar industries. On the shores of
Orani is a fresh water spring that rises from a spot covered
daily by the tides. Near the town of Orion is a quaking bog,
impassable by either man or beast. Another, smaller one, is
found in Ogon, Balanga.
The province lacks streams of magnitude or importance for
navigation, although the Talisay River serves during the rainy
season to float rafts that bring down timber and sugar cane.
The eastern coastal plain, ranging from a width of 1 to 15
kilometers, is the center of population. Along Manila Bay are
many fish ponds where young fish caught along the western
coast are reared.
Rice, corn, sugar, and vegetables are the principal agricultural
products. The nipa swamps in the neighborhood of Pampanga
furnish thatch and tuba for alcohol. People of the eastern
91
92 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
coast are extensively engaged in coastwise trade and in bring-
ing vegetables, fruits, and fish to Manila across the bay. The
forests are a source of supply for local and Manila lumber re-
quirements. Much bamboo and rattan is also exported to
neighboring provinces. The open hills of Bataan are thick with
the grasses called "lambo" and "lasa." When these are dry their
seeds are removed and they are made into soft brooms for the
Manila market.
Most of the people that live along Manila Bay are Tagalogs
and Pampangos, while those along the western coast are chiefly
Ilocanos and Zambals.
This province has 12 municipalities and 43 barrios. Its ca-
pital is Balanga, with 8,141 inhabitants.^ Balanga is in the east
central part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Before Bataan was created into a province, this region was
divided between the Province of Pampanga and the "corregi-
miento" of Mariveles. Pampanga then included the northern
portion and many of the towns along the coast of Manila Bay.
The southern portion belonged to the "corregimiento" of Mari-
veles which included the islands at the entrance of Manila Bay
and a portion of the Cavite coast. This arrangement was
changed in 1754 by Governor-General Arandia, who decreed the
establishment of the province of Bataan. The new province as
created in 1754, included the following towns : Balanga, Abucay,
Samal, Orani, Llana-Hermosa, San Juan de Dinalupijan, Pilar,
and Orion (from Pampanga) ; and Mariveles, Cabcaben, Bagac,
and Morong (from the "corregimiento" of Mariveles.)
Among the early Spaniards who entered this region were
the Dominican friars who devoted their time to the conversion
of the natives. In that early period there were already in exist-
ence native villages which were subsequently created into towns.
Among these early villages were Kamaya, Samal, and Abucay,
Kamaya later, on became the town of Mariveles.
There is a beautiful legend connected with the town of Mari-
veles. A Spanish girl by the name of Maria Velez, who was
a nun in Santa Clara convent, fell in love with a friar, with
whom she later eloped to Kamaya, there to await a galleon on
which they intended to secure passage for Acapulco. The elop-
ment caused excitement in Manila, and the corregidor with a
few men was sent to Kamaya in search of the refugees. It is
said that in memory of the persons involved in this story Kamaya
was given the name of Mariveles, the big island to the south was
named Corregidor, the little island to the west was called Monja
(nun) and another small island, off the Cavite coast, was called
Fraile.
During the first two decades of the seventeenth century, the
coast of Bataan was more than once the scene of battles against
the Dutch. The first of these encounters took place in 1600 off
' Non-Christian population, 133, not included.
BATAAN. 93
the coast of Mariveles. The Dutch were commanded by Admiral
Van Noort, while the Spanish-Filipino army was led by the histo-
rian, Antonio de Morga, then an "oidor" (justice) of the Manila
Real Audiencia. The Spanish-Filipino squadron suffered heavy
losses, but the Dutch were nevertheless forced to retreat. Nine
years later, the Dutch again appeared off the Mariveles coast.
This time they were led by Admiral Wittert, against whom Gov-
ernor Silva sent a hastily fitted out squadron of six small vessels
manned by Spaniards and Filipinos. The Dutch were defeated.
In spite of these reverses, the Dutch continued their hostile
visits to the Philippines. In 1646, they bombarded Zamboanga,
unsuccessfully attacked Cavite and finally effected a landing in
Abucay, Bataan. Here they committed depredations and mas-
sacred more than four hundred Filipino soldiers who had laid
down their arms. They were not driven away until after a
long siege.
The history of Bataan during the first part of the nineteenth
century records a steady growth of population. In 1799, the
population was 16,654, while in 1818, it was 23,393. The figures
rose to 39,008 in 1850.
Bataan was one of the first provinces to rise in revolt. Later,
when the Revolutionary Congress was called at Malolos, two of
its staunchest supporters were sons of Bataan. These were
Pablo Tecson, one of the Secretaries of the Congress, and Tomas
G. del Rosario. Pedro de Leon acted as provincial governor for
some time in the name of the Revolutionary Government.
Civil government was established in Bataan on March 2, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 1,243
Area of farms hectares.... 24,785
Cultivated lands do 14,389
Production in 1918:
Rice eavans '.... 366,257
Sugar cane tons.... 21,990
Corn eavans.... 7,291
Abaca kilos.... 2,900
Population * 56,897
Number of schools 31
Primary 28
Intermediate 1
High school 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 4,413
Males 2,616
Females 1,797
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 63.1
Number of establishments of household industries 422
Production in 1918 P179,105.73
Number of manufacturing establishments 58
Production in 1918 ^=2,021,809.72
' One cavan equals 75 liters.
' Non-Christian population, 1,483, not included.
ii;'
BATANES ISLANDS.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Batanes Islands form the northern portion of the
Philippine Archipelago, and consist of the Islands of Y'Ami,
North (Inapanga) Nabudis, Siayan, Itbayat, Diego, Dequez,
Batan, Sabtang, and Ibugos, the last four being inhabited.
The northernmost island is 270 kilometers from Cape Engano,
the nearest point of Luzon, 107 kilometers from the Japanese
island of Little Botel Lobago and 160 kilometers from the south-
ern point of Formosa, From Mount Iraya of Batan the For-
mosan mountains can be seen on a very clear day. The Batanes
are separated from Formosa by the Bashi Channel, which has a
minimum depth of 1,009 fathoms, and from the Babuyanes by the
Balintang Channel, which has a minimum depth of 95 fathoms.
The Balintang Islands, lonely rocks rising perpendicularly from
the sea, lie in the center of the Balintang Channel and form the
connecting link between the Batanes and the Babuyanes groups.
It is believed that in the pre-Miocene times this group of islands
emerged from the sea as a land mass of considerable extent as
a result of enormous explosive eruptions. This land was grad-
ually worn down by streams to an extremely mature topography
resulting in the formation of the islands. From the Miocene to
recent times another great uplift took place which renewed the
activity of the streams and the cutting of step caiions. Volcanic
activity is still going on as indicated by earthquakes, but the
land appears to be stationary. The growth of coral reefs is the
only force that opposes the erosive action of the waves, streams,
and tides. There are several harbors, however, which afford
refuge for vessels crossing the Pacific.
Sabtang, the southernmost island of the group, is extremely
rugged, but to the northwest there is a strip of arable land.
The western coast is covered with sand dunes that reach a height
of about 100 feet. These have dammed back the waters of the
interior and formed a line of small ponds. The southern coast
is extremely broken. The principal ridge, Ceskid mountain,
shows a remarkably serrated sky-line.
The western part of Sabtang was affected by a gravity fault
running in a southerly direction through Balintang to Cagayan.
Later elevation and coral growth built up a limestone mass of
which Itbayat, Dequez, and Ibugos are remnants.
95
96 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The topography of Batan falls into two distinct parts: the
extreme northern end from Santo Domingo, which is dependent
on the extinct Iraya Volcano, and the southern end which has a
topography similar to that of Sabtang. Several hot springs are
found near Mount Iriga. The island is traversed by several
ridges.
The Batanes have a short dry season from February to May \
and a long rainy one during the rest of the year. They lie in
the track of typhoons which often destroy the crops and reduce
the inhabitants to the verge of starvation. Because of the fre-
quent typhoons, the people have built most of their houses with
thick walls of soft stones. Except in a few regions the climate
is healthful.
The inhabitants of Batanes are different in race and language
from those of Itbayat.
The Batan and Sabtang people are considered to be of Malay
stock, and those of Itbayat mixed Malayan and Papuan. Batan
and Sabtang are overpopulated and the arable land is largely
taken up, so that people emigrate to Balintang Island and
to Luzon in considerable numbers. Deforestation of the ridges
for purposes of agriculture has brought about great erosion and
therefore the carrying of the soil to the sea. The principal
products are root crops and cattle. The islands are free from
rinderpest so that they are a great source of supply of cattle for
Philippine field work and Manila slaughterhouses.
The people in general are seafarers and the best pilots are
the most important men of the community. Between Itbayat
and the southern islands the currents are so strong that the
natives of Itbayat are completely isolated. They retain their
own language and peculiar art of basket-making which has at-
tracted the Bureau of Education and supplied the American
market. The island is reputed as unhealthful so that it holds
out no inducements to immigrants and is largely given over to
pasture land.
Basco, the capital and port of Batanes Province, has a popula-
tion of 2,338.
This province has 6 townships and 19 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Batanes appears to have been well-populated since the early
years. In 1687, Dampier, an English freebooter who visited the
place, found the people living in organized communities and in
possession of a civilization of their own. He remained in Ba-
tanes for about three months.
The Spanish government did not undertake to establish its
authority in Batanes until about the close of the eighteenth
century. There were various early attempts, however, to carry
on missionary work among the natives by the friars. The first
efforts to christianize the natives were made in 1686, when some
BATANES ISLANDS. 97
Dominican friars were sent to Batanes. But the work proved
abortive because of the apparent unhealthfulness of the place,
two of the friars having died. The work, as a result, had to be
abandoned.
Nothing further was done in the way of converting the natives
until 1718. In that year Fray Juan Bel, newly appointed vicar
of the Babuyanes, paid a visit to Batanes. The outcome of
his visit was the establishment of a new mission and the assign-
ment there of 25 Dominican friars. The new mission was
established on the Island of Calayan, one of the Babuyanes
group, Batanes being unhealthful to Europeans. To this island
natives of Batanes were removed for religious instruction, the
king being petitioned to bear part of the expenses of transpor-
tation. The mission remained in existence for some time.
But the credit of conquering the Batanes Islands and of bring-
ing them under Spanish authority as a colony of Spain belongs
to Governor Don Jose Basco, who in 1791 sent an expedition for
the purpose of establishing civil government in those distant
islands. Previous to that time Batanes had been abandoned as
a possible field of colonization, the poverty of its soil and the
frequency of typhoons making the place fit only for the culti-
vation of camotes. The expedition consisted of an alcalde mayor,
two Dominican missionaries, mechanics, and artificers. As a re-
sult five municipalities were established and made into a district
of the Province of Cagayan. For this achievement. Governor
Basco received the title of "Count of the Conquest of Batanes."
Moreover, one of the municipalities established was named after
him.
For a long time after the conquest of Batanes, information re-
garding those islands was very meager. In 1830, Governor
Pascual Enrile commissioned Peiiaranda to explore and survey,
the islands. This resulted in the securing of definite informa-
tion regarding them.
At the end of Spanish rule, Batanes was a politico-military
province with Santo Domingo de Basco as capital. As con-
stituted then the province included the following towns : Santo
Domingo de Basco, San Carlos de Magatao, San Jose de Ibana,
Visita de San Antonio, San Vicente de Saptang, Santa Maria
de Mayan, and San Bartolome.
In September, 1897, Batanes came under the control of the
Revolutionary Government. This government remained in
power until 1899, when the Americans took possession.
With the establishment of civil government, Batanes was made
a part of Cagayan. It remained as such until 1909, when it
was separated from Cagayan and organized as a special province
with Santo Domingo de Basco as capital.
171073 7
98 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
STATISTICAL DATA,
192
Approximate area square kilometers....
Area of farms hectares.... 8,529
Cultivated lands do 691
Production in 1918: , „„_
Rice cavans .... 3,347
Corn !'"""'""'"'' do 16,515
Copra kilos.... 1,701
Tobacco do 9,450
Population ^'^\^
Number of schools 21
Primary 18
Intermediate 2
High school 1
Enrollment for 1918 1,963
Males 1,165
Females 798
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 35.9
Number of establishments of household industries 42
Production in 1918 ?=10,652.66
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
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Townships
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Barrios
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BATANGAS.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
BATANGAS, situated on the southwestern coast of Luzon,
borders on the China Sea, with Cavite and Laguna on the north
and Laguna and Tayabas on the east. The coast is very irreg-
ular, Balayan and Batangas Bays being the largest indentations,
while Nasugbu, Talin, Santiago, Janao, and Coloconte Bays also
offer good anchorage. Off the western coast of the province
there are several reefs, but these present no difficulty to the
navigator entering the harbors. The most important ports are
Nasugbu, Calatagan, Balayan, Calaca, Lemery, Taal, San Luis,
Bauan, Batangas, Lobo, and San Juan. Maricaban and Verde
are islands on the southwest coast. The former is mountain-
ous and forested. At Laiya off the coast between San Juan
and Lobo are the famous Lobo submarine gardens. During
fair weather the water is as clear as crystal and the submarine
growth may be seen in all its varied colors and interesting
splendor.
The province is considered the most picturesque in the Ar-
chipelago, particulary on account of its wide perspectives and
of Lake Bombon, in the center of which is an island formed by
the crater of Taal Volcano. Inside this crater there is also a
lake where formerly there were three. Taal Volcano has ex-
perienced several destructive eruptions during historic times,
the last one being in January, 1911. Lake Taal (Bombon) is
about 10 meters deep and 2.5 meters above sea level. It is
said that formerly sea water from Balayan Bay flowed through
the Pansipit River into Lake Taal, and boats could therefore pass
into the interior of the province. Other mountains are the Ba-
tulao range to the west of Lake Taal, Malocot, and Malarayat
on the east, and Lobo, Bartolino, and Banoy on the south. The
mountains on the west are covered with vegetation in contrast
with those of the east which are almost bare.
The climate is warm and humid though it varies locally accord-
ing to topography. It may be divided into three seasons : first,
between the end of October and the beginning of March when
the north winds bring very little rain; second, between March
and the beginning of July when the dry and warm south and
east winds blow ; third, between July and October when the winds
of the second quadrant bring hurricanes and typhoons.
The valleys and slopes of this rugged country are extremely
fertile because of the disintegrated volcanic rock that is carried
down from the mountains by the rivers. Rice, sugar, hemp,
99
100 GEOGRAFHY AND HISTORY.
citrus fruits, coconuts, corn, mangoes, and other fruits and veg-
etables are grown in abundance for local use and (rice excepted)
for export use. Formerly, coffee was one of the principal
sources of wealth, but the blight has ruined the industry. Ef-
forts are now being made to reestablish it.
The forests cover an area of about 97,965 hectares. They
are thickest in the regions of Santo Tomas, San Juan, and
Rosario. Lumbang seed for oil, paints, varnishes, and illumina-
tion purposes and lumber are exported. Great herds of horses,
famous throughout the Archipelago, carabao and cattle are raised
on the mountain slopes.
The shores and lakes abound in fish. Lake Bombon furnishes
a great supply although it is said that much of the fish caught
therein has to be well seasoned to rid it of its disagreeable
sulphur taste.
The land is well drained by rivers and streams, the most
important being Calumpang, Pansipit, Palico, Obispo, Malaquing
Hog, and Bancoro. Outside of its mineral springs and sulphur,
Batangas has no mineral wealth except some copper ore. The
San Juan sulphur springs, the Bauan hot springs, and the Ro-
sario fresh water spring are the most famous. Aside from the
above, Batangas may well be proud of her caves and grottos.
The two largest are found in the slopes of the Mount Pulan Suya
and Camatingue of San Juan, one of which has an opening 40
meters in circumference. Issuing therefrom is an underground
river which connects with Lake Taal and flows through the
Batulao range. Along its course are extensive galleries and
chambers lined with fantastically shaped stalactites and stalag-
mites; and at the approach of an eruption of Taal Volcano, it
emits a weird sound, audible at great distances.
The inhabitants of the province are Tagalogs. Bauan and
Lipa are famous for the fine jusi and pina cloths manufactured
there and for the knotted abaca that is sent to Japan for the
manufacture of Tagal hats. Embroidery is a growing industry.
Trading is extensively carried on and in each of the towns is a
market for the sale of its particular products.
This province has 25 municipalities and 552 barrios. Its
capital is Batangas with a population of 41,182. It is located
in the south central part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards there were already,
in what is now Batangas Province, large centers of population
like Nasugbu, Balayan, and Batangas. Native settlements also
existed along the Pansipit River. These settlements are be-
lieved to have been in existence long before the Spaniards dis-
covered the Philippines. In fact, according to tradition, the
region now known as Batangas was settled by Dato Balensusa
and Dato Dumangsil, two of the ten datos who purchased Panay
Island from the Negritos. (See Antique.) It is believed that
these two datos founded the first Malay villages at the mouth
of Taal River.
BATANGAS. 101
Batangas was explored by Martin de Goiti and Juan de Sal-
cedo on their way to Manila in 1570. From Mindoro, these two
brave explorers crossed over to the coast of Batangas. Goiti
went directly to and explored the neighborhood of Balayan,
while Salcedo sailed up the Pansipit River into the interior.
Rejoining each other at Balayan, Goiti and Salcedo then pro-
ceeded to Manila, sailing along the western coast of Batangas,
then known as the region of Tuley.
The Province of Batangas was created in 1581, its jurisdic-
tion extending over a vast territory including what is now Ba-
tangas, Mindoro, Marinduque, and all the land southeast of
Laguna as far as Camarines. The name of the province was
then Bombon, or Balayan, with the capital at the town of Bala-
yan. At a later date, the outlying regions were separated
and Batangas proper became the only constituent part of the
province.
The name of the province was changed twice during the 18th
century. In 1732, the capital was moved from Balayan to Taal
and the whole province was called, from that time on, after its
new capital. But in 1754, when Batangas became the provincial
capital, the present name was adopted.
Throughout the seventeenth century the coast towns of Ba-
tangas suffered greatly from Moro attacks. During Acuiia's
rule, for example, the Moro pirates committed depredations on
the coast villages. Stone forts were erected at various points
along the coast — in Lemery, Taal, Bauan, and Batangas — but
still the Moros came. In 1675, they captured the town of Ba-
layan, and in 1754 thirty-eight of their vessels appeared off the
coast of Batangas.
Another periodical source of danger to the people of Batan-
gas was the Taal Volcano. This volcano, which from time
immemorial the natives had looked upon with superstitious in-
terest, erupted several times during the eighteenth century. As
a result of its eruption in 1716 and 1754, several towns in the
neighborhood were ruined. Its eruption in the nineteenth cen-
tury did not result in so much destruction, but the most recent
one was accompanied by heavy loss in human lives and property.
In 1763, the northern part of Batangas was visited by the
British. It will be remembered that an expedition under the
command of Backhouse was sent by the British authorities then
occupying Manila in search of the treasure of the galleon "Phil-
ippine." The expedition which failed to find the coveted treasure
went as far as Lipa and plundered the town.
The history of Batangas during the nineteenth century was
that of a period of economic growth. Coffee, which was intro-
duced in 1814, became the most important crop of the province.
From the time of its introduction into Lipa, that town became
very prosperous. Lipa alone, in 1887, produced 70,000 piculs of
coffee. This crop, however, subsequently began to diminish
until it was practically destroyed in 1892.
Batangas was one of the first provinces to start the Revolution.
Two of the few great leaders of this period were sons of Ba-
102 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
tangas, namely, the great lawyer and statesman Apolinario
Mabini and Miguel Malvar, the famous general. When the Re-
volutionary Government was established, Manuel Genato served
for some time as provincial governor of Batangas.
Civil government was established on May 2, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 3,289
Area of farms - hectares.... 178,083
Cultivated lands do 82,639
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans\... 669,805
Sugar cane tons... 253,936
Com cavans.... 83,329
Copra kilos-... 840,100
Abaca do 1,131,748
Tobacco do 35,945
Population 340,195
Number of schools 175
Primary 156
Intermediate 13
High school 3
Vocational 3
Enrollment for 1918 18,866
Males 11,848
Females 7,018
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 42.2
Number of establishments of household industries 13,411
Production in 1918 P2,596,728.15
Number of manufacturing establishments 119
Production in 1918 ^=872,247.03
' One cavan equals 75 liters.
BOHOL.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
BoHOL Province — the name was derived from the barrio of
Bohol where the Spaniards first landed on the coast — includes
the Island of Bohol and a number of smaller ones around the
coast. It has an area of about 3,978 square kilometers and is tra-
versed by mountains and rivers. The coast line, 161 miles in
extent, is for the most part regular in form and where there are
indentations, especially along the north and west coasts, the reefs
make navigation dangerous. Between the shore and the island
reefs, however, fine places for anchorage are to be found.
At Tagbilaran, the capital, a safe harbor was provided by
cutting a channel through the reef. On the south, the shores
are so precipitous and the water too deep that anchorage is
dangerous. The water on the coast is shallower. It is only by
cutting passageways through the reefs that the great possibil-
ities in the interior may be developed.
Without counting the Cordilleras of Bohol, Valencia, and
Garcia-Hernandez, Bohol has as many as 167 mountains, the
highest of which are Alimerio and Bunucan in Tubigon, Maja-
ligin and Lusday in Guindulman, Carohabol, Canhumangad, and
Caloyhuan in Jagna, Canloboj and Campusa in Catigbian. From
these lofty peaks can be obtained a wonderful view of extensive
valleys and fields whose boundaries disappear on the horizon.
There are few rivers and these are so insignificant that the
fertile interior valleys lack the water necessary for luxuriant
production. With the aid of irrigation ditches, however, agri-
cultural products in the interior may be greatly increased. The
scenery along the banks of the two important rivers, Loboc and
Inabanga, is delightful. The former river is navigable from
Loay to Loboc, and the latter for small launches and native craft
only. Cataracts and waterfalls may often be seen in the interior.
The climate is not uniform throughout Bohol because of topo-
graphic conditions. It is usually warm and dry along the coast
and cold and humid in the interior. Rainfall, however, is evenly
distributed. Baguios, though not frequent, occur during the
change of the monsoons. Dimiao suffers the most from their
visitations. Dimiao and its neighborhood furnish the greater
part of the emigrants to Leyte and to Mindanao.
In the interior is a fertile plateau, cogonales and grasslands
where once roamed large numbers of cattle and carabaos, now
almost exterminated by the rinderpest. Rice, coconuts, hemp,
and corn are the most important agricultural products. The
103
104 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
soil is especially adapted to the last named, and coconuts and
hemp are raised principally for export. Forests are also ex-
tensive except in the regions near the coast where the land has
been denuded of them in a shameful manner. Resin, pitch, gum,
wax and honey are the minor forest products found.
In Lison is a coal mine, but due to the poor quality of the
product and the inaccessibility of the location it has not been
developed. The mineral springs in Guindulman as well as
those in San Juan, Cajidoon, Napo, Lubod, and Cambalaguin,
are reputed to be efficacious in curing skin diseases. Edible
birds' nests are gathered in the Canaoan Cave. Other caves
are found in Baclayon, Guindulman, Jagna, and Sierra Bullones.
"Buri," "ticog," and "salacot" hats are made in almost every
town. The weaving of "piiia" and sinamay cloth is a specialty
in Baclayon, Loboc, Jagna, and Duero, and "saguran" weaving
in Talibon, Inabanga, Baclayon, and Jetafe. Mat making is an
important industry. The commercial exploitation of the pearl
and shell banks in the Bohol seas has only recently been begun.
The catching of the flying lemur and the tanning and prepara-
tion of its hide is a new occupation. Most of the towns are
found along the coast so that a great proportion of the inha-
bitants are engaged in coastwise and interisland trade.
This province has 36 municipalities and 460 barrios. The
capital, Tagbilaran, has 12,590 inhabitants. It is situated in
the southwestern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
It is believed that the Magellan expedition visited the little
Island of Panglao southwest of Bohol and the vicinity of the
town of Bool, which gave the larger island its present name.
It was not until 1565, however, that the Spaniards became well
acquainted with Bohol. In that year, Legaspi visited the island
and performed with Chief Sicatuna the ancient Filipino ceremony
of the blood compact. He succeeded in making friends with
the natives and in securing provisions from them.
During the early days of Spanish rule, Bohol was under the
jurisdiction of Cebu. This island, therefore, did not figure con-
spicuously in the, early Spanish records.
In 1622, a great rebellion broke out in Bohol. The leader of
this revolt, which was really an armed protest against Jesuitical
influence, was a Babaylan by the name of Tamblot. The up-
rising rapidly spread throughout the entire island ; only the
towns of Loboc and Baklayon remained peaceful. The rebels
retreated "to the summit of a rugged and lofty hill, difficult of
access," and there fortified themselves. It took the government
six months to suppress this rebellion.
Another rebellion, no less formidable than the Tamblot up-
rising, broke out in Bohol in 1744. It gained strength in 1750
under the leadership of Dagohoy, who for a long time was the
whole soul of the movement. The rebellion affected almost the
entire island and lasted for over eighty years. The government
sent several expeditions to put down the revolt, but without
BOHOL. 105
success. The rebels established a native government and lived
as an independent people. This v^^as, perhaps, the most success-
ful revolt the Filipinos ever conducted from the viewpoint of
duration of resistance.
In 1854, Bohol vi^as separated from Cebu and, with the Island
of Siquijor, was made a politico-military province. In 1860,
when the provincial governments of the Visayas were reor-
ganized, Bohol retained this status. She remained a politico-
military province till the end of the Spanish rule.
The suppression of the Dagohoy revolt in 1828 and the sub-
sequent return to peaceful life of some 20,000 rebels who laid
down their arms, resulted in the establishment and enlargement
of several towns. According to Governor Ricafort, the "reduced
insurgents were formed into the following new villages: Ca-
tigbian with 1,967 souls, Batuanan with 6,266, Cabulao with
790, Balilijan with 2,100, and Vilar with 930." The rest were
distributed in other towns.
The Revolution did not readily spread to Bohol. Later, how-
ever, Bohol was greatly influenced by the Cebu movement. The
natives rose and established a local Revolutionary Government.
For sometime Pedro Samson was the conspicuous military leader.
Civil government was organized in Bohol on April 20, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 3,978
Area of farms hectares.... 131.874
Cultivated lands do 55,220
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 437,973
Sugar cane tons.... 1,966
Corn cavans.... 468,945
Copra kilos.... 8,243,693
Abaca do 646,334
Tobacco do 136,500
Population 359,600
Number of schools 265
Primary 243
Intermediate 16
High school 2
Vocational 4
Enrollment for 1918 27,495
Males 15,300
Females 12,195
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 31.5
Number of establishments of household industries 8,818
Production in 1918 ^=2,063,681.56
Number of manufacturing establishments 11
Production in 1918 ^55,976.00
' One cavan equals 76 liters.
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BUKIDNON.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
BuKiDNON Province occupies the great fertile plateau of
Mindanao that is bounded on the north and west by Misamis,
on the east by Agusan, on the south and southeast by Davao, and
on the southwest and west by Lanao and Cotabato. Separating
Bukidnon from Davao and Agusan is a long range of mountains
running northward from Mount Pinamalic to Butuan Bay at
Diuata Point. A few extinct volcanic peaks, like Mount Tang-
kulang and Mount Katanglad, rise here and there, but for the
most part the land is rolling and cut into deep and wide canyons
by the Cagayan, the Pulangi, and the Tagoloan Rivers and
their branches and other rivers.
Though the province is nearer the equator than the Island
of Luzon, the climate is pleasant by reason of the altitude and
the usual extreme of heat of a tropical region is lacking. The
rainfall is abundant and the province lies outside the path of
typhoons.
It contains immense areas of fertile soil unsurpassed for
grazing and general farming. There are at least 300,000 hec-
tares of open grass-covered land which would yield rich returns
under the plow. The Bukidnons themselves, learning to use
modern agricultural implements, are taking advantage of their
opportunities, this being clearly evidenced by the beautiful fields
of corn surrounding their settlements, by the increased plant-
ings of rice and camotes, and by the great increase in the ex-
portation of hemp and coffee. The lower levels of Bukidnon
produce the best grade of hemp in northern Mindanao. Corn
grows to a height of 13 feet on the Bukidnon plateaus, the
stalks supporting two ears. Two crops may be grown annually.
Transportation, especially in the interior, is difficult. Along
the lower reaches of the rivers trade is carried on with the
neighboring provinces. Articles that are imported or exported
pass through the port of Cagayan. Abaca and coffee are shipped
out of the province. The people of Bohol go to Bukidnon via
the Cagayan River, Misamis or Agusan for the "sud-sud" or
tikug hats which the natives make. At present there is a
road being constructed through the main section of the province.
The greater portion of the Bukidnon territory is nearly level
prairie land, but as a rule the roads are built along the canyons,
varying in depth to 500 feet.
There are some Manobos and a few Moros in the province,
but the greater part of the inhabitants are Bukidnons who are
timid, peaceable farmers.
107
108 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The land offers indeed great possibilities, and homesteading
and immigration into the fertile prairies should be encouraged
by all means. The Government is now teaching the Bukidnons
to come down from their hillside homes and live in settlements
in the valleys.
There are no large towns. MalaybaTay is the capital.
This province has 4 municipalities, 9 municipal districts, and
144 barrios. Its capital has a population of 9,868 inhabitants.
It is located in the southeastern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The Province of Bukidnon, as the name implies, is the home
of the Bukidnons. This people, it is believed, formerly in-
habited that territory of northern Mindanao which at present
belongs to the Province of Misamis, but that they retired into
the interior as Visayan immigrants settled the country.
Very little, if anything, was known of Bukidnon in the early
years. As a matter of fact, a considerable portion of this
province remained unexplored up to as late as 1908. The towns
of Malitbog and Claveria were among the first, if not the first,
to be founded. And they were founded in 1849. In 1850, Ma-
litbog was described as having "24 houses," while Claveria was
known to have "27 houses." The inhabitants of these tovms
were then exempted from the tribute.
About the middle of the nineteenth century a considerable
portion of what is now the Province of Bukidnon was under
the jurisdiction of Misamis, for this latter province then was
described as extending between "six and eight leagues into the
interior."
In 1860, a politico-military government was established for
Mindanao, and Bukidnon, together with what is now Misamis,
was organized into one of the six districts into which the Island
of Mindanao was divided. This district was known as the
northern district. Its capital was the town of Misamis. This
district subsequently became the Province of Misamis.
At the end of Spanish rule, Bukidnon formed part of the
District of Misamis, one of the seven districts of Mindanao.
This district was ruled by an army officer of the rank of lieu-
tenant-colonel. It had a population of 126,313 and had its capital
at the town of Cagayan.
Bukidnon as a part of Misamis came under the control of the
Revolutionary Government in December, 1899. In that year,
the Revolutionists assumed control of the Province of Misamis.
They remained in power for three months.
With the establishment of civil government, Bukidnon be-
came a subprovince of Misamis. It remained as such until
1907 when it was made a subprovince of the Province of Agusan
which was created that year. When the Department of Min-
danao and Sulu was created in September, 1914, Bukidnon be-
came a province of the department with its capital at Malaybalay.
BUKIDNON. 109
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers... 10,026
Area of farms hectares.... 15,656
Cultivated lands do 7,679
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 25,376
Corn do 16,881
Copra kilos.... 3,938
Abaca do 360.297
Tobacco : do 22.250
Population '25,299
Number of schools 11
P imary 1
Vocational 10
Enrollment for 1918 1,281
Males 800
Females 481
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
2 Non-Christian population, 22,512, not included.
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BUKIDNOIS^
Area (Sq. Km.) 10,026
Population 47,811
Capital MALAYBALAY
Municipalities 4
Municipal districts 9
Barrios 144
Elevations in meters
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BULACAN.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Province of Bulacan, named from the Tagalog word
"bulac," meaning cotton, which was once a principal product
of the region, lies in the central part of Luzon, its bound-
aries touching those of Nueva Ecija on the north and north-
east, Tayabas on the east, Rizal on the south, Manila Bay on
the south and southwest, and Pampanga on the west. Except
where the province touches Manila Bay, there is no coast line.
This portion of the province is low, swampy land intersected by
the numerous esteros of the delta, or by the distributaries of
the Rio Grande de Pampanga.
The eastern mountainous portion with Mount Oryod as its
highest peak at an elevation of 1,170 meters is part of the crest of
the great Cordillera of Luzon, and part of the western boundary
is the extensive Candaba swamp which marks a pronounced
depression in the low plain between the Cordillera and the
Zambales Range. In general, therefore, this province lies tilted
toward the east and the rainfall caught in the mountains and
foothills makes its way west. The eastern portion, though less
developed, is where lie the iron, coal, gold and limestone deposits,
the mineral springs, of which Sibul and Marilao are the most
important, the valuable forests and the beautiful little mountain
valleys and basins that must sooner or later prove very attrac-
tive to Filipino adventurers, homeseekers and farmers of the
younger generation.
The climate is distinctly tropical. Except in the region of
the Candaba swamp where malarial diseases prevail, it is very
favorable both to human life and to agriculture. The province
is not very much exposed to typhoons.
The soil, which is of alluvial and volcanic origin, is rich.
Rice, corn, sugar, pineapples, bananas, betel nut, mangoes, and
all sorts of vegetables are raised in the well irrigated and
low-lying lands. The nipa swamps which supply most of the
nipa thatches, vinegar and alcohol are the principal resources
of a great many people. The forests cover over 89,980 hectares
and yield good commercial timber and many minor forest prod-
ucts.
The land is well drained by the Pampanga and the Angat
River systems. The field regions bordering the coast are ir-
rigated by the fresh water that is backed up by the tide.
Aside from agriculture and mining, the industries of the
province are making hats (Baliuag) and silk textiles, weaving,
111
112 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
tanning, fish breeding, distilling alcohol, and furniture-making.
Baliuag, Meycauayan, Obando, Polo, Hagonoy, and San Miguel
are the centers of these industries. Some of the people are also
engaged in domestic commerce and in trade between the prov-
ince and Manila which has to be supplied by the fruit, vegetable
and other farm products of the province.
This province has 23 municipalities and 371 barrios. Its
capital is Malolos, with 26,444 inhabitants. It is located in the
southwestern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
BuLACAN was one of the earliest provinces founded by the
Spanish government, its creation dating as far back as 1578.
It appears that even before the arrival of the Spaniards there
were already in existence, in what is now Bulacan, thriving
native settlements. On these settlements were founded the
towns which the first missionaries erected in the early years
of the conquest. Among these were Calumpit (founded in
1572), Meycauayan (in 1576), Bulacan (in 1578), Malolos (in
1580), Hagonoy (in 1581), and Bocaue (in 1582).
The early history of Bulacan records no serious uprising such
as those which at various times took place in other provinces.
The disorders which occurred in Malolos in 1643, resulting from
the activities of a certain Don Pedro Ladia, appear to be the
only ones of importance which occurred in the early years of the
history of this province. Ladia, who was a native of Borneo,
claiming that he was a descendant of Raja Matanda, went about
exhorting the people to overthrow Spanish rule and to place
him in power as their king. His efforts failed, however; he
was quickly apprehended and his rebellious activities put to
an end.
In the events which followed the arrival of the British in
1762, Bulacan figured rather conspicuously, serving as a center
of resistance during the British occupation of Manila. Anda,
just before the capitulation of the city, escaped to this province
where he organized a government of his own to carry on hostil-
ities against the British and to hold the country in its loyalty
to Spain. The province was also the scene of armed conflict
during this period. Captain Slay of the British army in the
course of his expedition to Bulacan in January, 1763, undertaken
to destroy Anda's forces there, came to blows with the Spaniards
and their Filipino allies on more than one occasion. In one
of those encounters, at Marisanto, the Spaniards and their
native allies put up a determined fight against a superior force
under Slay, but in the end their resistance was overcome and
most of them were put to the sword.
The period intervening between the British occupation and
about the middle of the nineteenth century was a period of mate-
rial growth and prosperity in the history of Bulacan. Agricul-
ture was furthered, new plants were introduced, and industries
developed. Among the industries which flourished during this
BULACAN. 113
time that of weaving may be mentioned. It is estimated that
in 1850 there were in operation throughout the province 1,500
looms for the weaving of silk, cotton and sinamay fabrics, and
prosperity reigned.
The same period also saw the provincial boundaries extended.
The region which includes the important town of San Miguel
de Mayumo and the neighboring places was formerly a part
of Pampanga. In 1848, when changes were made in the bound-
aries of Pampanga, this region was adjudicated to Bulacan.
Even before the outbreak of the Revolution, Bulacan was al-
ready prepared for an uprising. Some of the best known fig-
ures like M. H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce, whose names are
connected with the period of propaganda, are sons of this prov-
ince, which was one of the first to raise the standard of revolt.
Later, when the Revolutionary government was established, Bu-
lacan came under its control and Isidoro Torres was appointed
to act as governor.
Some of the most notable events of the Revolution took place
here and their scenes have become places of historic interest.
It was at Biac-na-bato, in the mountains of Bulacan, where in
December of 1897 the famous Pact of Biac-na-bato was con-
cluded, and the town of Malolos was for some time the capital
of the Archipelago. It was in Malolos that in 1897 Philippine
independence was proclaimed. Here also, in the historic church
of Barasoain, the Congress which drafted the Constitution of
the Republic held its sessions.
Civil government was established in Bulacan on February
27, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 2,608
Area of farms hectares... 92,103
Cultivated lands do 70,837
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans^.... 1,522,315
Sugar cane tons.... 61,812
Corn cavans.... 74,697
Tobacco kilos.... 40,000
Population '248,180
Number of schools 205
Primary 185
Intei-mediate 17
High school 1
Vocational 2
Enrollment for 1918 24,815
Males 14,740
Females 10,075
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 53.6
Number of establishments of household industries 5,529
Production in 1918 1*1,380.281.32
Number of manufacturing establishments ' 207
Production in 1918 f>=2,748,412.28
171073-
' One caran equals 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 683, not included.
GAGAYAN.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Province of Cagayan occupies the lower basin of the
Cagayan River. Its eastern coast is high and mountainous.
The north coast bordering on the North China Sea is low; that
on the south touching Kalinga is high, while the one adjoining
Apayao is low and swampy. The northern coast has been largely
built up by the deltas of the Cagayan and Abulug Rivers. Be-
tween the low mountains are large valleys fertilized by allu-
vial soil that is deposited by the rivers every year. Northern
Cagayan is adapted to rice but not to tobacco as in the south, as
it is low and exposed to the sea breezes. Rainfall is abundant
with the coming of the northeast monsoons. The forests that
crown the mountains invite electrical disturbances during the
rainy season.
The tobacco-producing region occupies the whole of the Chico-
Cagayan Valley. Coconuts are also grown here. Besides to-
bacco and rice, corn is also cultivated. There is much sugar
land but little sugar is grown on account of lack of transporta-
tion. East of the Cagayan Valley is the extensive Cagayan
Lake. The nipa swamps do not constitute an important source
of revenue as in Bulacan and Pampanga. Formerly there
were distilleries in Abulug and Pamplona, but with the impo-
sition of internal-revenue taxes the industry was destroyed.
The forests are extensive and contain much hard wood, but the
lack of transportation facilities prevent their exploitation.
Near the ends of the mountain chains in the east and west are
wide grassy plains suitable for cattle. Formerly, large herds
grazed there but the rinderpest has thinned them out.
No minerals of value are found in Cagayan. In the vicinity
of Mount Maguipit is a bed of copper while near Mount Cagua
there are a few veins of coal. There are several caves or grot-
tos, the largest of which, famous for the edible birds' nests that
are found in it, is at Mount Quira.
Except in the tobacco and rice regions, the occupation of the
people is chiefly that of trading. The Cagayan River is the
one commercial outlet. Rafts and bancas are sent up the river
for tobacco that is gathered and stored in the warehouses of
Aparri where boats from Manila call once a week. This latter
port is so exposed that vessels have to proceed for some distance
up the river to find shelter. The Abulug River is deep, but very
swift and infested by crocodiles. Along the coast the fishing
industry attains considerable importance. The people salt or
dry the fish and export great quantities to Isabela and to the
Ilocano provinces.
The people are Ibanags and Ilocanos. There are also many
Negritos on the low hills of the marshes, Aetas on the Sierra
Madre and Kalingas and Apayaos on the cordillera. Cagayan
is fairly well populated, but it needs more people to develop
115
116 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
it. The Claveria-Bangui Road when finished will tend to in-
crease the influx of Ilocano settlers.
Two kilometers from the northwestern corner of the Cagayan
Peninsula is the Island of Palani where a light-house is estab-
lished on Cape Engaiio. About forty kilometers north of Ca-
gayan is the Babuyanes group. In these islands are two active
volcanoes, one in the Didicas Rocks and another now in the
solfataric stage in Camiguin. They are said to have first ap-
peared in 1857.
Rice, tobacco, and sugar are the principal agricultural prod-
ucts of these islands, while fishing and cattle raising are im-
portant industries. The climate is salubrious, though the region
lies in the path of typhoons.
This province has 23 municipalities and 493 barrios. Its
capital is Tuguegarao, with 19,284 inhabitants. It is located in
the south central part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The narrow strip of territory along the northern coast of
Cagayan, and the northern part of the Cagayan Valley, were
among the regions of Luzon early visited by the Spaniards.
These places served as bases for the conquest of and the im-
plantation of the cross in northeastern Luzon. What later be-
came the Province of Cagayan or Nueva Segovia had its origin
in these regions. As early as 1583, the political division of
Cagayan was already recognized.
The exploration of Cagayan began during the administration
of Guido de Lavezares (1572-1575) . The first explorer was Juan
de Salcedo, who in 1572 visited some of the northern coast towns
like Pamplona, Abulug, and Aparri. Another well known ad-
venturer in this region was Captain Juan P. Carreon, who led
an expedition in 1581 for the purpose of driving away the
Japanese corsair Tayfusa who was then threatening the coast
towns of Cagayan. Carreon, after driving away Tayfusa,
founded the town of Nueva Segovia (now Lal-loc) on the banks
of the Cagayan River and explored the neighboring regions. A
decade later, Luis Perez Dasmgiliias also explored the ter-
ritory. He sailed up the eastern coast of Luzon from Bina-
ngunan de Lampon and visited the towns of Aparri, Abulug,
and Pamplona.
In spite of its isolation from the western provinces of Luzon,
Cagayan was often influenced by events from that quarter.
The rebellion which Malong started in 1660 in Pangasinan had
its echo in the region along the northern coast of Cagayan,
especially in Pata and Bangan. The Silang Rebellion of 1763
also had its effect in Cagayan. It was the occasion for an
uprising in Tuguegarao, Cabagan, and Ilagan.
The injustices of the tobacco monopoly were felt in all the
tobacco-producing regions throughout the Islands, but more so
in Cagayan than elsewhere, especially during the time of Al-
calde Mayor Jose Martinez Canas. In fact, the enforcement of
the tobacco monopoly resulted on more than one occasion in the
CAGAYAN. 117
reduction of the population of Cagayan by the emigration of
numbers who sought to escape it.
As constituted in the early days, the Province of Cagayan in-
cluded roughly all the territory east of the Cordillera central
mountains and north of the Caraballos del Sur. In the course
of time there were formed out of this extensive region new
provinces and comandancias. In 1839, Nueva Vizcaya was
created into a separate politico-military province. Isabela was
created a province and separated from Cagayan in 1856. In
1889, by order of General Weyler, the territory roughly coexten-
sive with the present Subprovince of Kalinga was organized into
the 'Tartido de Itaves," VN^hile the following year the region
north of the newly created "Partido" was organized into the
comandancia of Apayao.
The effect of the Revolution was not at once felt in Cagayan.
But about the middle of August, 1898, the revolutionists under
the command of Colonel Daniel Tirona landed at Aparri from
Steamer Luzon, formerly the Compania de Filipinas. His
forces took Aparri and then proceeded to Lal-loc. On the 31st
of August, the revolutionary army entered Tuguegarao.
Civil government was established in Cagayan in September,
1901.
In 1908, the Philippine Commission passed an Act establishing
the Mountain Province, whereupon Kalinga and Apayao, which
had hitherto been a part of Cagayan, were created as subprov-
inces of the Mountain Province.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 7,788
Area of farms hectares.... 117,625
Cultivated lands do 50,599
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 894,671
Sugar cane tons.... 905
Corn cavans.... 423,825
Copra kilos.... 227,212
Tobacco do 15,127,350
Population - 184,337
Number of schools 199
Primary 179
Intermediate 15
High school 1
Vocational 4
Enrollment for 1918 17,408
Males 10,190
Females 7,218
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 46.1
Number of establishments of household industries 1,025
Production in 1918 1P^288,813.29
Number of manufacturing establishments 63
Production in 1918 P438,481.69
• One cavan equals 76 liters.
2 Non-Christian population, 15,601. not inluded.
19
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GAMARINES NORTE.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Camarines Norte occupies the northernmost part of the
southeastern cordillera which runs throughout the length of
the Bicol Peninsula. This portion of Ambos Camarines is dis-
tinct from southern Camarines particularly in physiography
and natural resources.
The coast is exposed to the northeast monsoons, but it is
so well indented that there are places which afford safe an-
chorage. Capalonga, Mambulao, Paracale, and Gubat are well
protected by promontories. Along the northeast coast there are
several islands known as the Calagua group. Tinaga, the largest
of the group, is mountainous and bordered by reefs on the north
and west.
The mountains, the most important of which are Bagacay and
Colase, are covered with timber suitable for construction pur-
poses. The most important rivers are the Basigon and the Labo.
The climate is agreeable because of the mountains and vege-
tation. The cold and the heat are felt intensely during the
north and the south monsoons, respectively.
The land is, in general, sandy and stony, but fertile in many
places. The valleys near the coast are tilled for rice, corn, and
other products. Rice, however, is imported. Abaca is culti-
vated extensively on the hillsides. There are vast areas of
grassland.
The place is rich in mineral resources. Gold is found in
many places and its commercial exploitation is being carried on
in Mambulao and Paracale. Iron, silver, lead, and copper are
also found. The exploitation of these mines will surely develop
the country which is not so far advanced as the southern portion.
There are also several mineral springs.
Daet is the most important commercial town. The mines of
Mambulao and Paracale are, however, making these two towns
the centers of industry and, naturally, of commerce. The region
is sparsely settled. Most of the people are Tagalogs, immigrants
from Tayabas.
historical account.
Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur for over two centuries
and a half formed only one political unit, namely, the Province
of Camarines or Bicol, later better known as Ambos Camarines.
These two regions from 1573 to 1829 made up the Province of
Camarines; in 1829, they were separated, only to be reunited
in 1854 as Ambos Camarines. In 1857, they were again sepa-
119
120 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
rated but joined once more in 1893. From that year till the
present March, 1919, they continue to form one province. In
fact, these two regions existed as separate provinces only for
about sixty years. ^
The region generally known as Camarines Norte was explored
by Juan de Salcedo in 1571. It will be remembered that Salcedo
in that year, after subduing the towns of Taytay and Cainta,
marched accross Laguna and Tayabas and visited the gold mines
at Mambulao and Paracale. It appeared that Salcedo was at-
tracted to this region by the news obtained from the natives
regarding the abundance of gold. Spanish influence, however,
did not make itself felt until the permanent establishment of a
Spanish garrison in Naga by Captain Pedro de Chaves. This
was accomplished during De Sande's administration.
At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards, there were already
several native settlements in what is now Camarines Norte.
Besides the mining towns of Mambulao and Paracale, there
also existed the settlements of Indan and Daet. Paracale is
described by early Spanish chroniclers as having about 2,000
inhabitants and possessing gold in abundance. The mines Sal-
cedo found to be "excellent, very rich, and more than thirty
or forty estados in depth."
The towns of Capalonga, Mambulao, Paracale, Indan, and
Labo are inhabited chiefly by Tagalogs, the remaining towns of
Camarines Norte, although predominantly Visayan, show strong
Tagalog influence. This is because Camarines Norte, especially
its northern section, was settled from the neighboring Province
of Tayabas. The immigrants are believed to have come mostly
from the tov^ni of Mauban.
The state of affairs in Camarines Norte about the middle
of the seventeenth century may be seen from the following data,
taken from an account of the Franciscan missions in this region
in 1649, to wit: (a) Capalonga had a population of 400 souls
and possessed a bamboo church and convent, (b) Paracale had
a population of 800 and a bamboo church and convent, (c)
Indan had a population of 1,800 and a wooden church and convent
and (d) Daet had a population of 1,200 with a wooden church
and convent.
In 1829, when the Province of Camarines was divided, Cama-
rines Norte was assigned the following towns: Daet, Talisay,
Indan, Labo, Paracale, Mambulao, Capalonga, Ragay, Lupi, and
Sipocot. However, in 1846 Camarines Norte lost to Camarines
Sur the towns of Sipocot, Lupi, and Ragay in exchange for Si-
ruma.
As already indicated, Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur
were again united in 1854, only to be separated once more three
years later. But in 1893, they were again united so that there
was but one Province of Camarines during the Revolutionary
period and the subsequent years.
* An Act has been passed by the Philippine Legislature, March, 1919,
authorizing the Governor-General to separate these two regions into the
provinces of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.
CAMARINES NORTE. 121
Civil government was established in Ambos Camarines on
April 27, 1901.
The Act passed March, 1919, authorizing the Governor-Gen-
eral to divide Ambos Camarines into two provinces, assigns to
Camarines Norte the following towns: Capalonga, Mambulao,
Paracale, Indan, Labo, San Vicente, Talisay, Daet, Basud, and
the islands along her coast. Daet will be made the capital.
STATISTICAL DATA.^
Approximate area square kilometers.... 2,018
Area of farms .—hectares.... 190,215
Cultivated lands do 107,782
Production in 1918:
Rice --cavans'.... 705,572
Sugar cane tons... 5,472
Corn - cavans.... 9,049
Copra kilos.... 5,699,682
Abaca do 24,285,481
Tobacco do 8,400
Population ^50,822
Number of schools 238
Primary 223
Intermediate 8
High school 3
"V ocational 4
Enrollment for 1918 16,777
Males 9,992
Females 6,785
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 35.1
Number of establishments of household industries 4,038
Production in 1918 890,572,68
Number of manufacturing establishments 82
Production in 1918 1,897,643.94
^ All data hereon are for Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur unless otherwise indicated.
- One cavan equals 75 liters.
^ Refers to Carnarines Norte only. Non-Christian population, 795, not included.
CAMARINES SUR.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Camarines Sur embraces the valleys of the Bicol River and
its branches, the volcanic regions of Mounts Isarog and Iriga,
and the Caramoan Peninsula.
The climate is distinctly tropical. The typhoons which occur
during the change of the monsoon pass through the country, but
do not cause very much damage.
The land bordering on Ragay Gulf is traversed by low moun-'
tains from which rise many but short rivers. This region is
not very fertile, and with the exception of Ragay and Pasacao its
population is sparse. Caves and grottos are found in Lupi,
Ragay, Bula, Libmanan, and Pasacao.
The valley of the Bicol River is very fertile. It is here
where most of the towns are located. Below the headwaters
of the southern branch of the Bicol, there are lakes, the Buhi,
Bato, and Baao nipa swamps and mangroves. These lakes and
the coasts are sources of fish for export. In Lake Buhi are
found the smallest fish in the world. It takes hundreds of them
to make a handful.
Mounts Isarog and Iriga, extinct volcanoes, are conical and,
although low in altitude, they seem to appear high when com-
pared with the low flats up the Bicol. These volcanic cones
supply the valleys with fertile soil carried down during the
rainy season.
Caramoan Peninsula, jutting toward the northeast, forms a
distinct physiographic province. The region is mountainous
and of extreme relief. Geologists say that Caramoan Penin-
sula was formerly an island and had been joined to the main-
land by deposits built up through eruptions of Isarog Volcano.
The higher elevations culminating in Saddle Peak (elevation,
1,031 meters) in the Calinigan group of mountains, lie in the
southern part of the peninsula, but extend west through the
central portion. Mount Putianay, one of the prominent western
peaks, displays a white scar near its summit, which makes it
conspicuous from the direction of the town of San Jose. The
eastern end of the peninsula is rugged, but the hills attain only
moderate elevations. The northern coast and the outlying
islands are low and are fringed at places with swamps. The
principal drainage systems discharge on the northern coast;
no large river has developed so as to control the topography,
but a series of short streams with tidal lower courses serve to
carry away the run-off from an exceedingly heavy rainfall.
The peninsula is very sparsely inhabited and a splendid forest
covers its western half. The forest yields a great deal of rattan,
123
124 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
the rattan industry together with hemp planting and fishing
being the principal industries. Some of the small islands to
the north of Caramoan abound with coconut groves.
The southern coast of the peninsula is bounded by straight
lines; within a short distance from the shore the sea attains
depths of 900 meters. The southern coast, in contrast, is sinuous
with numerous indentations and the adjacent sea is shallow.
The forest resources make the peninsula important. Gold,
copper, mercury, coal, clay, stone, and gravel are the minerals
already discovered, but which are so far unexploited with the
exception of stone and gravel which are now used locally.
The exports of Camarines Sur are abaca, copra, forest pro-
ducts, fish and manufactured articles. Pili nuts and the resin
obtained from the tree, sinamay made from abaca, and chairs
made of bamboo and rattan are the most important exports.
There are a number of distilleries in which alcohol is manu-
factured from the sap of the nipa and coconut palms.
A considerable amount of the products of Camarines is trans-
ported on its rivers and roads. Small steamers from Manila
ascend the Bicol River to Naga, the capital, and flat-bottomed
boats go as far as Nabua. The road from Naga extends through
the Bicol Valley to Albay. Iriga is an important town on this
road.
The people are Bicols and are among the most industrious and
progressive of the Archipelago.
This province and Camarines Norte form what is known as
the Province of Ambos Camarines and both have 40 municipal-
ities and 558 barrios. Its capital is Naga, with 9,468 inhabit-
ants. It is located in the central part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Juan de Salcedo, the explorer of Camarines Norte and many
other regions of the Islands, was also responsible for the open-
ing up of what is generally known as Camarines Sur to the
Spaniards. In 1573, during the administration of Guido de
Lavezares, he led an exploring expedition into this region and
founded the "villa" of Santiago de Libon, a town now belonging
to Albay. He left at this place a small garrison of eighty
Spanish soldiers under the command of Captain Pedro de Chaves.
It was this small garrison that became the nucleus of Spanish
power in the Bicol regions, for a little later, in order to continue
the work so well begun by Salcedo, Governor De Sande ordered
Captain Chaves to found the Spanish City of Nueva Caceres on
the site of the then already prosperous native settlement of
Naga. The city was accordingly built and immediately became
the capital of the old Province of Camarines.
Besides Naga, there were already at the time of the arrival
of the Spaniards, several other centers of population in what
is generally called Camarines Sur and especially along the banks
and in the immediate neighborhood of the Bicol River. Among
these early native towns were Libmanan, Canaman, Minalabac
and Bula.
CAMARINES SUR. 125
Peaceful as the people of Camarines appear to have been,
yet the history of the province shows that she has not been
altogether free from rebellious tendencies. About the middle
of the seventeenth century, when the great Sumoroy revolt was
in progress in the neighboring island of Samar, the people of
Camarines declared themselves against Spain. Disturbances of
a rebellious character also occurred in this region during the
British occupation of Manila when Spanish power seemed to be
on the decline.
Up to the year 1829, there was but one Province of Cama-
rines. This comprised the regions generally known as Cama-
rines Norte and Camarines Sur and parts of the present Province
of Albay. But, in 1829, the province was divided into Camarines
Norte and Camarines Sur. The latter province as constituted
that year had four main sections, namely: (a) The district of
Nueva Caceres consisting of the towns of Tabaco, Naga, Cama-
ligan, Canaman, Magarao, Bonbon, Quipayo, Calabanga, Libma-
nan, Milaor, San Fernando, and Minalabac; (b) the district of
Rinconada consisting of the towns of Bula, Baao, Nabua, Iriga,
Buhi, and Bato; (c) the district of Iriga consisting of the towns
of Libon, Polangui, Oas, Ligao, Camalig, and Capsava; and (d)
the district of Isarog consisting of Goa, Tigaon, Tinambag, and
the mission of Manguirin.
The delineation of Camarines Sur was greatly changed in
October, 1846, when she lost Siruma to Camarines Norte and
the towns of Camalig, Guinobatan, Ligao, Oas, Polangui, Libon,
Mauraro, Quipia and Donzol to Albay. At the same time, how-
ever, she acquired from Camarines Norte a few towns in the
territory between the Bicol River and Tayabas and the Ragay
Gulf, and from Albay the Caramoan Peninsula.
In 1854, the Camarines provinces were united to be again
separated three years later. During this brief period of union,
the province lost the Island of Burias which in 1856 was created
into a separate comandancia politico-militar. Camarines Norte
and Camarines Sur remained as separate provinces from 1857
to 1893 when they again were reunited.
At the outbreak of the Revolution, anti-friar propaganda
was already on foot in Camarines Sur. In 1897, several pro-
minent residents of this province among whom were Manuel
and Domingo Abella were executed at Manila for alleged con-
spiracy against Spain. When the Revolutionary Government
was established, Camarines Sur, then a part of the Province of
Ambos Camarines, came under its control.
Civil government was established in Ambos Camarines on
April 27, 1901.
An Act was passed by the Philippine Legislature, March, 1919,
authorizing the Governor-General to divide Ambos Camarines
into two provinces. This Act gives Camarines Sur the following
towns: Cabusao, Canaman, Cabalonga, Camaligan, Gainza, Lib-
manan, Lupi, Magarao, Milaor, Minalabag, Naga, Pamplona,
Pasacao, Ragay, San Fernando, Sipocot, Baao, Buhi, Bula, Bato,
Caramoan, Goa, Iriga, Lagonoy, Nabua, Pili, Sagnay, San Jose,
Siruma, Tigaon, and Tinambac. Naga was made the capital.
126 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
STATISTICAL DATA.'
Approximate area* square kilometers.— 5,366
Population '218,980
' Data for production, schools, rate of mortality, number of establishments of household
industries, and manufacturing establishments are included in Camarines Norte.
2 Non-Christian population, 750, not included.
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CAPIZ.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The name of this province is said to have been derived from
the Visayan word "Kapis," the name of a pearl shell that is
found in abundance on the coast. From the western range that
separates it from Antique, the land slopes northeastward to the
Visaj'-an sea, while the eastern and southern boundaries are
formed by the Province of Iloilo. The coast is somewhat ir-
regular in places. The capital, Capiz, has a harbor that is well-
sheltered from the northeast and southwest winds and so has
Pontevedra, where the arms of the land surrounding it reach
far out into Pilar Bay. All along the coast of Capiz there are
small islands which seem to be of coral reef or of sandbar origin.
The southwestern part of Capiz is very mountainous. Be-
tween this and Antique are found peaks of considerable size
like Baloy, Nantud, Magosolan, Toctocan, Balabac, and Tina-
yunga. The western portion is drained by the Aclan River and
its tributaries and the eastern side by the Panay River and its
affluents.
The climate is tropical. There is only one short dry season.
The rains are heaviest during the northeast monsoons. At the
time of the change in the direction of the winds the typhoons
that cross Samar also pass through Capiz and frequently cause
much damage in Dumalag, Ibajay, Jamindan, Mambusao, and
Sapian.
The land may be considered as divided into two regions, the
Aklan Valley, and the Panay plain called Ilaya. The Aklan
Valley produces and exports abaca and copra in greater quanti-
ties than Ilaya. Coconut plantations are found along the coasts
and hemp is grown along the river banks and mountain slopes.
Rice and corn are also raised though not in sufficient quantities
for even local consumption.
In Ilaya, rice and sugar are the principal products. The
eastern part is especially adapted to sugar cane and the central
portion is the rice granary of Panay and Negros. The land
under cultivation for sugar, while extensive, is very small com-
pared with that now lying idle for lack of capital to develop it.
Around Capiz and at the mouths of the Panay River and its
tributaries are extensive swamps overgrowm with nipa palms
and mangroves. The nipa sap was formerly distilled for alcohol,
but with the increase in the internal-revenue tax this industry
was ruined. However, with capital, sugar could be extracted
from the sap. At present nipa thatching is exported from Capiz,
127
128 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
Panay, and Pontevedra ; and lumber and firewood, from Sibuyan
and New Washington, respectively.
The forests are rich in trees that yield timber suitable for
construction purposes as well as gum, pitch, and resin. Dao,
Dumalag, Dumarao, Libacao, Madalag, Balete, and Jamindan are
the most favored localities in forest wealth.
Deposits of coal, gold, gypsum, and granite are hidden in the
mountains of Capiz, but the hand of man has not yet unearthed
them for commercial purposes. Mineral springs are found in
Buruanga, Jamindan, Libucao, and Mamburao.
A few of the natural attractions in Capiz are the numerous
waterfalls, the natural bridge of "Suhut" in Dumalag and the
famous caves of the same town. Near the natural bridge a
spring of sulfurous and salty water bubbles forth. The cave
of Dumalag is a charming manifestation of the work of nature.
An hour's walk from the entrance leads one to a place where
the roof has collapsed and trees have grown to gigantic heights,
the cave continuing to an unknown distance. Everywhere within
are to be found fantastically shaped stalactites and stalagmites.
The weaving of textiles is an industry well developed in Capiz.
Almost every house in Aklan contains several looms for the
women of the house. The towns of Calivo, Makato and Ibahay
supply the markets of Manila with fiber fabric known by the
names of the towns from which they come. Bags for sugar are
woven from buri leaves. A fabric known as Daet or saguran,
made of buri fiber for hats, slippers, mats, household adorn-
ments and sail, is also woven.
Commerce, local as well as interisland, is extensive. The
roads are good and each river outlet has a good port. This
province has 25 municipalities and 510 barrios. Its capital
is Capiz with 21,996 inhabitants. It is located in the north-
eastern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
It is believed that the term Capiz comes from the Bisayan
word "Kapid" meaning twins. This name, which the whole
province has come to bear, was first given to the town of Capiz,
it is said, in commemoration of the twins that were born there
in the early days of its history.
The ancient name of Capiz was Aklan. The ten datos who
once purchased Panay from the Negritos (see Antique) divided
the island into three "sakops." One of these "sakops" was
Aklan, which was placed under the rule of a dato called Bangkaya
who became, according to this tradition, the founder of the
first Malay settlements in what is now Capiz.
The Spaniards entered Capiz as early as 1569. It was Le-
gaspi himself who built the first Spanish settlement on Panay
Island, on the site of the present town of Panay. This settlement
was the second Spanish settlement in the Philippines, the first
being San Miguel (Cebu) which the Spaniards partially aban-
doned in 1569 on account of repeated Portuguese attacks of
the previous years.
CAPIZ. 129
When the Spaniards entered Capiz, they found a few native
settlements already established in this region. ^ Among these
early centers of population which were later organized into towns
were, besides Panay, Bulacale, Aclan, Dumarao, Ibahay, and
Dumalag. Batan and Mamburao were organized during the
first decade of the seventeenth century.
Capiz was organized into a politico-military province in 1716.
Before this time, this region was included within the jurisdic-
tion of Oton, Iloilo. As organized in 1716, Capiz embraced not
only its present territory but also the neighboring islands of
Romblon, Maestre de Campo, Tablas, and Sibuyan.
Like the rest of the Visayan provinces, Capiz at the end of
Spanish rule was still a politico-military province.
The revolutionists entered Capiz in 1898. Immediately there-
after, Panay island was abandoned by the Spaniards. Capiz,
like Antique and Iloilo, came under the Revolutionary govern-
ment. For some time, Ananias Diokno was the civil and military
commander of Capiz.
Civil government was established in Capiz on April 15, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 4,429
Area of farms hectares.... 99,784
Cultivated lands do 56,555
Production in 1918:
Rice ....cavans^.... 840,880
Sugar cane tons.... 16,818
Corn cavans.... 30,892
Copra ...kilos.... 3,032,289
Abaca do 843,522
Tobacco do 99,750
Population =283,907
Number of schools 176
Primary 159
Intermediate 14
High school 2
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 21,574
Males 12,629
Females 8,945
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 32.8
Number of establishments of household industries 4,257
Production in 1918 18,131
Number of manufacturing establishments 51
Production in 1918 ?=237,414.61
171073 9
' One cavan equals 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 8,589, not included.
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CAVITE.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Cavite, in the southwestern part of Luzon, lies along the
shore of Manila Bay. It has an area of about 1,202 sq. km.
Except at the extremities, the coast, which extends from Sangley
Point in the northeastern part to Limit Point in the southwest,
is very regular and free from barrier reefs that would obstruct
navigation. It boasts of a fine harbor, so situated as to make it
an excellent location for a naval station. Cavite is the capital
of the province and is noted for its dockyards.
The province may be divided geographically into two parts,
which present striking contrasts. The northern portion is a
level plain, dotted here and there by low swelling mounds, while
the southern half is traversed by mountain ranges. But those
mountains are not high enough to serve as a barrier to invasion.
The only high peak is Mount Sungay, which rises about 752
meters above sea level.
The climate changes with the seasons. The highlands receive
much rainfall during the northeast monsoon, but little or none
from FebiTiary to April. But when the southwest monsoon
comes, it brings abundant rains in the southern and southwestern
parts of the province causing the rivers to overflow and destroy
crops and other property.
The plain of Cavite is very fertile because it is of volcanic
origin. The most important agricultural products are rice,
hemp, sugar, copra, cacao, coffee, and corn. Rice is produced
in nearly all the towns of the province. It is raised both on
irrigated and unirrigated land. Hemp is grown principally in
the towns of Alfonso, Indang, Mendez and Amadeo and largely
exported to Japan. Sugar cane is cultivated in the towns of
Naic, Silang, Malabon, and Carmona, while coconuts are grown
mostly in the towns of Alfonso, Indang, and Silang. Most of
the products grown in this province are sent to the markets of
Manila by boats and by rail. Large numbers of cows, carabaos,
horses, and sheep are raised on the wide grazing grounds of the
province.
The swamps, which are few in number and of little significance,
are usually found near the seacoast. Some of the plants found
in them are utilized for their fiber, while dwarf trees are used
for fuel purposes. The mountains are clear of forests so that
the highlands are practically all under abaca cultivation. The
lumber found in the province is not hard and durable enough
for heavy construction purposes.
Cavite furnishes but few minerals, the most important of
which is a soft stone which is used for building purposes.
The rivers are short, but navigable for small boats. Most of
them rise in the mountains of Indang and Silang and discharge
131
132 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
their waters in Laguna de Bay; while the rest find their outlets in
Manila Bay. Although the rivers are short and of recent origin,
the geological formation of the country is such as to make it
favorable for drilling artesian wells for irrigation purposes.
These rivers teem with fish although most of the fish supply is
obtained along the seacoast.
The inhabitants are mostly Tagalogs. About fifty per cent
of them can speak the Spanish language, thus showing the in-
fluence of the Spaniards who lived there for hundreds of years.
Farming is the chief occupation of the inhabitants of the interior,
salt-making and fishing of the dwellers along the coast, while
on the hills and higher levels of the province the people largely
devote themselves to cattle raising and lumbering.
This . province has 20 municipalities and 171 barrios. Its
capital is Cavite, with 22,163 inhabitants. It is located in the
northern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards in Manila, the
region which was later organized into the politico-military
Province of Cavite was but sparsely populated. The centers of
population in those early days were Kawit, Bacoor, Maragon-
don. As late as 1735, the population of the province was only
about 5,904 souls.
Cavite was created a politico-military province in 1614. It
then occupied approximately its present territory except Ma-
ragondon and the neighboring region bordering on the south
channel. Maragondon and neighboring territory were annexed
to Cavite in 1754, when they were separated from the corre-
gimiento of Mariveles to which they had previously belonged.
The town of Cavite, once a barrio of Kawit but now the
capital of the province, owes its growth to the navy yard which
the government there early established. Here the ships used
in the Manila-Acapulco trade and in southern expeditions
against the Mohammedan pirates were fitted out.
The history of Cavite in the seventeenth century records two
events of historical importance, namely, the Dutch attack of
1647 and the foundation of the settlement of Ternate.
In 1647 a Dutch squadron suddenly made its appearance off
the coast of Cavite and bombarded the fort. It is said that
the Dutch fired more than 2,000 cannon balls at the fort and
almost succeeded in capturing the place, but in the end, however,
they were forced to withdraw.
The settlement of Ternate was founded in 1660, as a result
of the abandonment of the Moluccas by the Spanish govern-
ment about this time. It appears that when the Spaniards
withdrew their forces from the Island of Ternate, the Jesuit
missionaries took their converts with them back to Manila. To
provide homes for these exiles the Jesuits later founded the
town of Ternate near the old town of Maragondon.
From very early times, the fertile soil of Cavite attracted
the attention of enterprising religious orders and later on the
rich coastal plain was gradually converted into flourishing
CAVITE. 133
haciendas. The administration of their vast estates, however,
resulted in numerous conflicts between the orders and the
tenants. Agrarian disputes arose, especially in the towns of
Imus, Malabon, Kawit, and Silang and drove such men as Luis
Parang and Juan Upay to the mountains where they preferred
to live as outlaws. Later, about 1869, similar troubles broke
out, the refractory element being headed by Eduardo Camerino.
In 1872, a military mutiny led by Lamadrid took place in
Cavite. This mutiny though insignificant in itself had important
political results. The government made it an excuse for the
execution of three leading native priests, Dr. Jose Burgos and
Fathers Gomez and Zamora, and for the exile of many innocent
Filipino leaders of the liberal movement of 1869-1871. This
was the first uprising in which the educated class was involved.
From the beginning to the very end of the Revolution, Ca-
vite was the center of military operations. Zapote bridge, for
example, was more than once the scene of hard fighting.
Practically every town in the province was at one time or an-
other fought over. Many of the leaders of the Revolution, like
Emilio Aguinaldo, who was President of the Philippine Republic,
his cousin Baldomero, Noriel, Trias, and others are sons of
Cavite. Moreover, when the Revolutionary Government was
established, Bacoor was really the first capital. For a time,
the province was governed by Ladislao Diwa in the name of
the Revolutionary Government.
Civil government was established in Cavite on June 11, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers... 1,202
Area of fai-ms hectares.... 66,582
Cultivated lands do 31,572
Production in 1918:
Rice ; cavans\... 416,872
Sugar cane tons.... 13,556
Corn - cavans.... 7,215
Copra kilos.... 300,731
Abaca do 6,049,736
Tobacco do 3,500
Population 157,347
Number of schools 96
Pi'imary 83
Intermediate 11
High school 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 15,728
Males 8,878
P'emales 6,850
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 64.7
Number of establishments of household industries 2,401
Production in 1918 5*577,442.92
Number of manufacturing establishments 209
Production in 1918 ^^811.081.17
' One cavan equals 75 liters.
it
CEBU.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Island is bounded on the north by the Visayan Sea, on
the west and northwest by the Taiion Strait, on the south by
the Mindanao Sea, on the southwest by the Bohol Strait and
on the east by the Camotes Sea. Although the mountains extend
through almost the entire length of Cebu, the island is the lowest
of the Visayas. The highest peak, found at the central portion,
is Mount Uling (1,013 meters), so called for the black color
of the coal that is found in the region. From this peak the
land falls away on all sides to form the central plateau, which
is one of the most densely peopled regions of the island. In
the north and south are several other plateaus, but these are
not well populated because of less fertile soils and the absence
of streams that afford good drainage. The coast is irregular
and though reefy has fine places for anchorage. In fact, it is the
reefs that give the island many a sheltered harbor with a deep
approach.
Because of the proximity of the mountains of Samar, Leyte,
and Negros that cut off the moist winds from the northeast
and southwest, respectively, the island does not receive enough
rain for the cultivation of rice. The conditions of rainfall
and of the soil make corn the staple food of the people. They
also make the region of the capital and other nearby towns
more salubrious, although the climate is warmer. Cebu is
visited by terrible hurricanes at the approach of the equinox.
The plains yield as many as three crops of corn a year.
Coconuts, sugar cane, abaca, peanuts, bananas, pineapples, ca-
motes, and tobacco are other products.
The island is rich in minerals, of which gold and coal are the
most important. Industries are well developed in Cebu. Good
fishing banks found along the shores furnish the people with
food for local use and for export. Hogs and goats are raised for
local use. Poultry raising enables the people to export chickens
and eggs to neighboring islands and even to Manila. Cotton
cloth, woven for local use and sinamay, made from the fiber
extracted from banana and pineapple leaves, are exported.
Much tuba is collected in the coconut regions.
This province has 50 municipalities and 880 barrios. Its cap-
ital is Cebu, with 65,300 inhabitants. It is located in the east
central part of the province.
historical account.
The town of Cebu or Sugbu existed as a prosperous native
settlement before the discovery of the Philippines by Magellan.
Its king, who appeared to be the recognized leader of a great
135
136 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
part of the Island of Cebu, was well known to the people of
some of the settlements along the coasts of the neighboring
islands. Judged from the Chinese plates, bells and gongs found
in Cebu by the Spaniards in 1521, this town must have had
trade connections with China in pre-Spanish times. In fact,
several days before Magellan arrived in Cebu a boat from Siam
had anchored in the port to trade with the Cebuanos.
The Island of Cebu, was discovered by Magellan on April 7,
1521. The town was then under the rule of Raja Humabon, a
powerful chief who had eight subordinate chieftains and a force
of some two thousand warriors under him. Magellan made
friends with Humabon and succeeded in baptizing him, his wife,
and as many as eight hundred of his men. Magellan also en-
deavored to bring the people of Mactan under Spanish influence.
In this attempt, he met his death while engaged in battle with
the people of Opon who were then under Chief Lapulapu.
Forty-four years after Magellan's time, Legaspi occupied the
town of Cebu which was then under the rule of Tupas. Here
Legaspi founded the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines
which he called San Miguel. The town, which was planned in
the shape of a triangle, was defended on the land side by a
palisade and on the two sides facing the sea by artillery. The
name of the town was later changed to the City of the Most
Holy Name of Jesus "in honor of an image of the Child Jesus
which a soldier had found in one of the houses."
The establishment of the Spanish settlement in Cebu brought
to this island the Portuguese who then disputed the ownership
of the Archipelago. In 1566, 1568, and 1570, Portuguese ex-
peditionary forces were sent to Cebu to drive away the Spaniards.
First in 1568 and again in 1570, the Portuguese blockaded Cebu,
but in both cases the blockade resulted in a failure.
The people of Cebu did not suffer as much from the blockades
as they did from the frequent attacks of the Moro pirates. The
coast towns especially suffered terribly from these incursions
which became quite a constant menace to life and property toward
the end of the sixteenth century. These raids continued well
into the seventeenth century.
About the middle of seventeenth century, on the occasion of
the Sumoroy revolt in Samar, the people of Cebu showed great
restlessness. Only the presence of substantial government force
prevented a general revolt. Similar rebellious tendencies were
manifested by the people of this island during the British oc-
cupation of Manila.
The population of Cebu showed marvelous increase during
the nineteenth century. Buzeta and Bravo gave the following
figures: 100,000 souls in 1799; 334,790 in 1846, and 389,073 in
1850. Many towns were also founded during this time, among
which are Naga (1829), Talisay (1834), San Fernando and
Cordoba (1844-1866), and Alcoy and Santander (1866-1880).
In 1863, Cebu was thrown open to foreign trade. This
event was important, for it resulted in the general economic
growth of the province. From that time on, Cebu prospered as
a trading port until it became a worthy rival of Iloilo.
CEBU. 137
Like many of the other Visayan islands, Cebu did not im-
mediately join the Revolution. Later, however, the standard
of revolt was raised . and the Spaniards had to evacuate the
island in December, 1898.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 4,836
Area of farms hectares... 252,316
Cultivated lands do 128,819
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans\... 223,907
Sugar cane ...tons.... 47,755
Corn cavans.... 5,377,527
Copra kilos.... 26,423,014
Abaca do 3,959,215
Tobacco do........ 3,639,658
Population ~ 857,410
Number of schools ^^^
Primary 335
Intermediate 25
High school 3
Collegiate 1
Vocational 2
Enrollment for 1918 43,361
Males 26,992
Females 16,369
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 28.0
Number of establishments of household industries 5,666
Production in 1918 ^1,411,771.88
Number of manufacturing establishments 2'i4
Production in 1918 =?14,099,885.67
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
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Area (Sq. Km.)
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Capital
Municipalities
Barrios
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30
CITY OF BAGUIO.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
About 160 miles to the north of Manila, situated high up
among the Benguet mountains, is Baguio, the capital of Benguet,
and one time the summer capital of the Philippines. Baguio
ranges in elevation from 4,500 to over 5,500 feet and is sur-
rounded practically on all sides by high mountains and connect-
ing ridges almost 8,000 feet above sea level.
The city of Baguio covers an area of 49 square kilometers.
First class roads wind along its pine-covered hills and afford
beautiful glimpses of the luxuriant vegetation. The scenery is
everywhere beautiful and in many sections truly magnificent.
Rolling hills enclose valleys which are steep in some places and
gently sloping in other parts.
There are two first class roads leading to Baguio, one of
which is the Benguet Road well known for its "Zig-zag." The
other route is the Naguilian Road running from Bauang town
and along the Bauang and Ribsuan River through the Naguilian
Valley. Government automobiles are operated to carry freight
and passengers from the lowlands to Baguio.
The resident people of the city are now 5,462, and the annual
number of visitors is rapidly encreasing. The population of
Baguio is composed mostly of Filipinos and Americans. There
are also many foreigners engaged in various kinds of business
enterprises. The Igorots in the neighboring rancherias go to
the city for the purpose of selling their goods or to work in the
construction of roads.
The most famous places of interest are the open-air amphi-
theater, Camp John Hay, Burnham Park, Teachers' Camp,
Government Center, Mirador, the Athletic Grounds, and several
others.
This city is located in the south central part of the Subprovince
of Benguet,
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The first Spaniard to visit Baguio is believed to be Guillermo
Galvey, who in 1829 led an expedition into the mountain country
and succeeded in reaching the Trinidad Valley and the neigh-
boring territory. Galvey's diary kept during this expedition
reveals his astonishment and delight upon his discovery of this
region, where "the Spaniards saw with enthusiasm the carefully
separated and walled fields growing camotes, taro, and sugar
cane."
Baguio proper, to the end of Spanish rule, was nothing but
a small Igorot rancheria with a few dispersed Igorot dwellings.
The only Government officials of any importance residing there
were a Spanish vacunador and an Ilocano directorcillo. It should
be remembered that the important town of Benguet then was
Trinidad, not Baguio.
139
140 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
However, during the last decade of the nineteenth century,
the place where now Baguio stands had already begun to attract
the attention of a few men. The Spaniards made attempts to
establish a health resort in Baguio and to study the best possible
way of connecting Baguio with either Pangasinan or La Union.
An agent was sent by the Jesuits during the time of Antonio
Bajar, the last Spanish commander of Benguet, to Mirador Hill
to survey the place and make recommendations for the erection
of an observatory.
The favorable location of Baguio and its beautiful environment
early attracted the attention of the Americans. When civil
government was established in Benguet in November, 1900, the
capital of the new province was located in Baguio. In 1904,
the famous American landscape architect, D. H. Burnham, visited
the place and made plans for its improvement and beautification.
In 1908, the Bureau of Education started the Teachers' Camp,
now one of the attractions of Baguio. Finally, in 1909, the
township of Baguio was incorporated under the name of "City
of Baguio."
From the time of its incorporation to the present, Baguio
steadily grew in prosperity and popularity. Modern conven-
iences were introduced one after another such as telephones,
electric lights, water works, and sewerage system. To-day, Ba-
guio is not only one of the most beautiful spots in the Philippines,
but also one of the cleanest and coolest.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 49
Population * 5,462
Number of schools 7
Primary 2
Intermediate 3
High school 2
Enrollment for 1918 852
Males 536
Females 316
^ Non-Christian population, 6,490, not included.
CITY OF MANILA.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Manila is the most beautiful and interesting city on the shores
of the China Sea. It is situated at the mouth of the Pasig River,
on the west coast of the Island of Luzon. Besides being the
metropolis and capital, it is now one of the most important ports
of call and entry in the Far East. Because of its beauty and
importance, it has also been named the "Pearl of the Orient."
The city is practically divided into two parts by the Pasig
River which runs through it. To the north of the river, near
its mouth, lie the districts of San Nicolas, Binondo, and Tondo,
the last being the oldest part of the city. These form the
business center of the city. The Escolta, traversing the district
of Binondo and close to the Pasig River, is the most important
business thoroughfare. The Rosario, another busy street in the
same district, is chiefly occupied by Chinese stores. The other
principal districts north of the river are Santa Cruz, Quiapo,
Sampaloc, and San Miguel. To the south of the Pasig River
are the Old City, surrounded by a thick and high stone-wall,
Ermita, Malate, Paco, Singalong, Pandacan, and Santa Ana.
Tondo is the most thickly populated and on that account it
is not an attractive district. The greatest portion of the res-
idents here are native Tagalogs. Ermita, San Miguel, Malate,
and Paco are the seat of the best residences in the city.
Manila covers a large area, and an extensive system of trans-
portation is required to carry the people to different parts of
the city. Electric cars furnish transportation to the majority
of the traveling public. Automobiles, calesas, and carretelas
are other means of public conveyance. Manila is provided with
a modern water-system, a sewerage, and electric light system.
Gas is also used for lighting houses and for fuel. Recently an
automatic telephone system has been installed in addition to the
old system.
The city has a population of 283,613, the greater portion of
which are Tagalogs. The other native elements are Ilocanos,
Pampan^os, Visayans, and Bicols. Of all the foreigners, the
Americans are the greatest in number. There are thousands of
Chinese who are either merchants or laborers. The rest of the
residents are Spaniards, Englishmen, Japanese, and citizens of
various foreign countries.
The hot season commences in March and continues until July.
The rainy days begin in August and last till December. The
climate is generally warm except in the months of November,
141
142 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
December, and January when the temperature is rather mild.
Frequently, storms from the Pacific bring heavy rains causing
destructive floods in the suburbs.
The places of recreation and amusement can compare favor-
ably with those of any American city of its size. There are fine
cinematographs and theaters. Other places of interest are the
Luneta, where the Constabulary Band plays on most evenings, the
athletic grounds around the Walled City, the Mehan Gardens, the
churches, and the Cementerio del Norte. Being the capital of
the Philippines, Manila has many fine buildings, monuments, and
parks. The seat of Government is the Ayuntamiento in the
Walled City. A number of fine school buildings have been con-
structed, such as the Philippine Normal School, the Philippine
School of Arts and Trades, the Philippine General Hospital, and
the buildings of the University of the Philippines. Among the
imposing monuments are those to Rizal, Legaspi and Urdaneta,
and Magellan.
As the chief commercial center in the Philippines, Manila
has an excellent harbor. The port is protected from the waves
by a breakwater. Behind this wall, where the water is calm,
large steamers from foreign countries load and unload beside
modern piers. Along the shore south of the Pasig River is the
water front. There are warehouses in which goods are stored.
The mouth of the river is used by small steamers and sailing
vessels, especially those engaged in coastwise and inter-island
trade. Launches, casco, and barges ply up and down the river
transporting cargo to or from the ships.
The Pasig River, flowing through Manila, is crossed by several
high bridges. Big vessels can not go under these bridges, but
launches pass beneath them. Several roads and railroad lines
enter the city. These are the ways on which products of the
provinces are brought for the local factories or to be exported.
Cheap transportation for freight is made possible by the esteros,
or estuaries, which enter the land all around Manila Bay and
are often connected with one another. Along these arms of
the sea are built the cigar factories, distilleries, cold-storage
plants, saw mills, vegetable oil factories, rice mills, and cotton
mills.
As a distributing center, Manila receives the greatest portion
of the imported products for the various parts of the Philippines,
From the different provinces inter-island boats bring tobacco,
sugar, copra, and hemp for export. Rice, firewood, vegetables,
fruits, poultry products, mats, and zacate are brought in from
the neighboring provinces for local use.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The name "Manila" is derived from the Tagalog word May-
nila, meaning "there are nilas." Nila was a kind of plant which
used to abound on the Pasig River. In the beginning what
subsequently became Intramuros was known as May-nila.
At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards, Maynila (now
Intramuros) was ruled by Rajah Soliman. It was then a
strongly protected town being surrounded by a heavy palisade
CITY OF MANILA. 140
and defended by many well-armed warriors. Opposite to it,
on the northern bank of the Pasig, stood another thriving town.
It was ruled by Rajah Lakandola, the King of Tondo.
Manila was first visited by the Spaniards in 1570. Legaspi,
hearing of the existence of a prosperous Mohammedan com-
munity in Luzon, sent an expedition to it under the command
of Martin de Goiti. De Goiti anchored at Cavite and sent a
message of friendship to Rajah Soliman. Soliman was willing
to befriend the Spaniards but would not submit to Spanish au-
thority. This attitude of Soliman led to friction and trouble.
In June, 1570, De Goiti attacked Soliman's city, captured it
after a stout resistance and having taken possession of it in the
name of the King of Spain, returned to Panay. The next year,
the Spaniards returned. This time Legaspi himself led the ex-
pedition. The inhabitants of May-nila seeing the coming of the
Spaniards set fire to the place and fled to the neighboring town of
Tondo. Rajah Lakandola accepted the offer of friendship with
Legaspi. Soliman, however, remained irreconcilable. He gath-
ered a strong force and prepared to expel the Spaniards. The
decisive battle was fought at Bangcusay. Here the Filipinos
were defeated, Soliman himself perishing in the struggle.
Legaspi then began to rebuild the city of Soliman. He ordered
the construction of 150 wooden houses for the Spaniards and
a palace for himself. Besides, he established a new government
for the city, appointing two judges, twelve aldermen and several
other officers. He called it, the "distinguished and ever loyal
city" and in it he established the seat of government of the
Philippines. In the meantime, the surrounding communities
came under religious influence. Towards the end of 1578, mis-
sions were established in Santa Ana, San Miguel, Dilao (now
Paco), Sampaloc, and Pandacan.
Since the early years, Manila was threatened with danger from
various sources.. What proved to be a constant source of danger
for a long while were the Chinese. Even as early as 1574, Ma-
nila was threatened from this danger. In that year, Limahong
with a fleet of sixty-two Chinese warships bearing a force of
3,000 men, besides a large number of women, tried to take the
city. His attempt, however, failed. At various times during
the following century, the Chinese rose in revolt. In the revolt
of 1602, the Chinese did considerable damage. They set on fire
buildings in Tondo and Quiapo and for a time threatened to
capture Intramuros. In 1662, the Chinese in Manila again re-
volted, while, in 1686, a number of them under the leadership of
Tingco conspired to kill the Spaniards. It was to minimize
the danger of a Chinese uprising that during the early years,
Chinese were confined to a particular place in the city, known
as the Parian or Alcaiceria.
A notable event in the history of Manila during the eighteenth
century was the occupation of the city by the British in 1762.
The British occupation was an echo of the Seven Year's War
in which England and Spain had taken opposite sides. The
British arrived in September, 1762. They were under the com-
144 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
mand of Admiral Cornish and General Draper. They remained
in the city until June, 1764.
In 1830, with the adoption of a more liberal commercial policy,
the port of Manila which had up to that time been a closed
port was thrown open to foreign commerce. Manila grew in
importance as a result of this policy. The number of commercial
houses in Manila increased rapidly. By 1842, there were 12
foreign firms in the city and in 1859 three more were established.
Before 1850, consulates were maintained in Manila by France,
the United States, Denmark, Sweden, and Belgium.
Manila up to about the middle of the nineteenth century formed
part of the ancient Province of Tondo. This province included
almost the whole of what is now the Province of Rizal. In 1859,
a decree was issued establishing a civil government for the
Province of Manila. With this decree what formally was the
Province of Tondo became the Province of Manila. According
to this decree the civil governor of the province was also corre-
gidor of the city of Manila.
In 1863, Manila was visited by a severe earthquake which
resulted in great loss of life and property. Among the build-
ings destroyed by the shock was the Cathedral of Manila.
Almost all the people who happened to be inside the church at
the time of the occurrence of the earthquake perished among its
ruins. Among the victims was Father Pedro Pelaez, one of
the early champions of the cause of the Filipino clergy. Another
public calamity occurred in the city in 1867. In September of
that year, Manila was visited by a severe typhoon which resulted
in the inundation of the suburbs of the city. For a time bancas
were the only means of transportation in several places of
the city.
In 1880, Manila was visited by a severe earthquake which
reduced to ruins many of the public buildings of the city and
almost all the churches.
The city of Manila may be said to be the birthplace of the
Katipunan, for it was here in a house on Calle Azcarraga where
on the 6th of July, 1892, Andres Bonifacio with Deodato Are-
llano, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, and some others, founded the
association. The Katipunan was discovered by Father Gil, the
curate of Tondo, on the 19th of August, 1896.
With the outbreak of the Katipunan in August, 1896, Manila,
as a port of the Province of Manila, was declared to be in a
state of war. Hostilities took place at various places on the
outskirts of the city, such as Caloocan, Balintawak, and San Juan
del Monte.
Manila fell into the hands of the Americans on August 13th,
1898. A military government was in control of the city for
some time.
With the establishment of civil government, the old Province
of Manila was abolished, and some of the towns which belonged
to it were given to the newly created Province of Rizal. To the
city of Manila with its present limits was granted on August 7,
1901, a charter which vested the government of the city in a
CITY OF MANILA. 145
municipal board composed of five members, three of whom were
directly appointed by the Governor-General, two, the president
of an advisory board and the city engineer, being ex-ofRcio
members. In June, 1908, the charter was amended so as
to give to the people of the city some participation in the gov-
ernment. According to the amended charter, the government
was vested in a municipal board of six members, three appointive
members, the city engineer, and two elective members. Recently,
a further amendment was introduced in the charter of the city
giving to the people much greater participation in the affairs of
municipal government. With the new amendment, the govern-
ment of the city is vested in a mayor appointed by the Governor-
General and ten councillors elected by the qualified voters of
the city. •
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 36
Area of farms hectares.... 769
Cultivated lands do 607
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans\... 24,200
Corn do 509
Population 283,613
Number of schools HI
Primary 34
Intermediate 25
High school 22
Collegiate 10
Vocational .' 18
University 2
Enrollment for 1918 59,085
Males 38,974
Females 20,111
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 51.4
Number of establishments of household industries 528
Production in 1918 ^308,627.90
Number of manufacturing establishments 1,586
Production in 1918 =P147,564,454.87
> One cavan equals 75 liters.
171073 10
Iz'O 58
121 00
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REFERENCES
m..
\
RizalM
Aquarium
Ayuntamienlo
(Govt Hdqus)
Bank. Phil Nat.
Bilibid Prison
Bridge, Ayala
Bnd|3, Colgaxte
Bridge. Jo'ies
Bridge, 0^ Spam.
Bridge, Sta Cruz
City Hall
Club, Army &■ Navy
Club, Elks
Club, filipino.
Club. Manila
Club, Nacionalista.
Club, Spanish,
C and n Survey
Custom House
Fort Santiago
Gas Plant.
Hoipilal, Army,
hospital, Philippine
General
Hospital, S Lazaro.
Hospital S J de Oios
Hospital, St Paul
26 Hotel de France
71 Hotel. Luneta
28 Hotel Manila
29. Library Philippine
30 Luneta New
31 LuneU, Old
32 Malacanan Palace
33 Marine Railways
3* Market. Arranque
35. Market. Dinsona
.36. Market, Gaga'angm
37 Market Paco.
38. Market, Omnia
39. Market. S La7ai'j
W). Market, Sta Mesa
41 Market. Tondo
3 Masonic Temple'
4? Miibeurii Philippine
i3 Museum. Slo. Tomas
W Normal School
it) Observatory
46 Police Station Luneta
47 Police Station. Meisir
46 Post i. Tsl. Office
43 Power House, dec
50 Prinlinj. Bureau of
51 R B Sation Mam
52. R R Station, Paco
53 Science Bureau af
J^
Mi^.
i<-
>^e. finlicBoiit
I 54. Senate, Philippine
17. Treasury. Philippine
55 University of the
Philippines
56 Warehouses. U S
57. Warehouses. P I
58 Y M C A
-1 37
^ ^■
'^,
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/ S.NlCOiAS
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CJTY or MANILA
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Area (Sq. Km.) 36
Perimeter (Km.) 26.8
\ Mean monthly Min. 21.9 C
"/ Mean monthly Max. 31.1 C°
Humidity (average) 19.5'7'c
Population 283,613
Temp.
iPAJ
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X'
'000 SOO Q
Meters ooo
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!.'l
COTABATO.
f
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
CoTABATO, a term which signifies a "stone fort," is the name
of the province occupying the entire southwestern portion of
Mindanao. Together with the small island of Bongo, it has an
area of about 24,916 square kilometers. The coast is regular
with few important indentations; namely, the PoUoc Harbor
on the northwest, the Linao and Tuna bays on the west, and the
Sarangani Bay on the southwest. These indentures are deep,
landlocked harbors, and are therefore good for anchorage.
There are big towns near the coasts. Most of them are
found along the rivers, especially along the Cotabato River
and its tributaries. Cotabato, the capital, is at the mouth of
the river, and forms an important shipping center. The Co-
tabato River system, though not as swift as the Rhine River
of Germany, serves the same purpose to Cotabato as the Rhine
to Germany, in the sense that it forms the chief means of com-
munication, and transportation for conveying finished products
and raw materials from the different towns to the coast.
In general, Cotabato is mountainous, excepting the broad
valleys which are drained by the great but sluggish river system.
The mountain ranges on the north are low in comparison with
those of the west, south, and east. The highest peaks on the
western range are Mount Blik (1,226 meters) and Mount Bi-
naca, (1,021 meters) ; those of the south are Mount Matutum, a
recently formed volcano, (2,292 meters), and Mount Latian
(1,612 meters). On the eastern border, Mount Magolo (1,450
meters) , and Mount Apo (2,929 meters), the highest peak in the
Archipelago, are the most important. These mountains are
densely wooded with the finest and hardest timber to be found
in the Archipelago. With the exception of that small portion
around Sarangani Bay, where logging is being carried on, most
of the forested area is not yet exploited. The most important
forest products, which are at present exported in great quantity,
are the candlenut, almaciga, and gutta-percha.
The climate is agreeable. The province receives little rain-
fall during the northeast monsoons, because the mountains along
the eastern border are lofty, thus preventing the rain clouds
to pass over them; consequently, only a little shower falls on
the Cotabato Valley. But when winds come, the land receives
much rainfall, causing the rivers to overflow their banks and
renew the fertility of the soil by depositing the sediment which
thev carry from the mountains to the plains.
147
148 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The soil recently put under cultivation, is very fertile and
productive. It is well fitted to rice cultivation. But because
of the scarcity of laborers to cause the soil to produce the greatest
yield, only a small area of this great and resourceful plain of
Mindanao is under the experimental stage of development
On the eastern side of the valley are many extensive but
shallow swamps, such as the Liguasan and Libungan. Large
lakes, as Buluan and Cebu, and many small ones abound. These
natural basins yield an immense wealth for the country. On
the marshes, mangroves and nipa grow in abundance, while
the lakes teem with the rarest and choicest fish.
Sulphur is abundant near and around Mount Apo, an extinct
volcano. The difficult ascent and the lack of transportation
facilities make exploitation impossible at present. Mineral
springs can be found near the town of Cotabato.
The population of the province is very sparse. The Christian
people, who emigrated from the different parts of the Philippine
Archipelago to exploit this rich valley, built their homes along
the river basins and near the bays accessible to commerce. Lum-
bering and agriculture are the most important industries of these
people. The Moros, who inhabit the interior valleys and in-
accessible coastal plains, manufacture trays, krises and other
implements of warfare from brass imported from Singapore.
The Moros possess valuable jewels and ornamental gongs and
dishes imported from China during the early days.
.This province has 2 municipalities and 218 barrios. Its capital
is Cotabato, with 4,105 inhabitants.' It is located in the north-
western part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The term "Mindanao" or "Maguindanao" was originally
given to the town now known as Cotabato and its immediate
vicinity. The word is derived from the root "danao," which
means inundation by a river, lake, or sea. The derivative "Min-
danao" means "inundated" or "that which is inundated." "Ma-
guindanao" means "that which has inundated" .... The
"Cotabato" is in Moro, Kuta watu, which means "fort." As the
sultan of Maguindanao became more powerful, however, he
extended his dominion over the neighboring territory until it
included the whole valley of the Rio Grande and the seacoast.
Islam was successfully introduced and firmly established in
Mindanao by one man. This same man founded the Sultanate
in Maguindanao and reformed the whole system of government
among his converts. His full name was Sharif Mohammed Ka-
bungsuwan, and he is believed to have established himself in this
region toward the end of the fifteenth century.
Garcia Jofre de Loaisa, who in 1525 led an expedition from
Coruiia, Spain, reached the coasts of Mindanao, which Urdaneta
called Bendanao, in October, 1526. Loaisa entered one of the
ports, which, judged from the description, must have been Pollok
or some place in Illana Bay, remaining there about ten days.
' Non-Christian population, 1,772, not included.
COTABATO. 149
If this is so, Loaisa and Urdaneta were the first Spaniards
to visit Cotabato.
The first attempts to conquer the Maguindanao Moros were
made by Rodriguez de Figueroa and Pedro de Almonte. Rodri-
guez de Figueroa in 1596 occupied the town of Tampacan and
tried to restrain the Moros from their piratical activities. The
people of the region, however, under the leadership of their
brave chieftains Malaria, Silongan and Buhisan, attacked the
little band of Spaniards. Figueroa was killed and the Spaniards,
on the death of their commander, abandoned the place. Forty-
three years later. General Almonte, who was then operating in
Lanao, penetrated into Cotabato and established a small presidio
at Buhayen.
These early attempts to bring Cotabato under control were
soon abandoned. For a period of over two hundred years,
or from 1640 to the middle of the nineteenth century, the Ma-
guindanao Moros, Maranao, were really an independent people
recognizing no authority except that of their datos or sultan,
and obeying no laws but their own.
In June, 1851, Cotabato was again visited by the Govern-
ment forces. An expeditionary force attacked and occupied
Pollok. The Spaniards were not blind to its strategic position
and immediately converted it into a naval base. Three years
later, Pollok was made a politico-military district dependent
on Zamboanga.
The subjugation of Cotabato now started on a more determined
policy. The year 1861 saw three campaigns in this region. The
first one, which was led by General Salcedo and the then Coman-
dante politico-militar of Mindanao, sailed up the Cotabato River
and reached as far as the site of the present town of Cotabato.
After some difficulty, the Sultan and his father, Dato Arnirol,
recognized Spanish authority, the irreconcilables retiring to
Pagalufigan. The second was conducted by Enrique Garcia
Carrillo, politico-military governor of Davao, and had for its
objective the acquisition of Lake Buluan region. The expedition
reached as far as a place called Mailad, where a fort capable of
accommodating two hundred soldiers, was built. The third was
led by Captain Casto Mendez-Nunez and Lieutenant Malcampo.
This expeditionary force sailed up the Cotabato River and finally
succeeded in taking Pagulungan.
In 1862, the military base at Tamantaka was established.
Immediately, thereafter, Cotabato was founded. Then other
interior towns were occupied and military establishments set up.
By 1872, Cotabato was so far more advanced than any other
region and was made the temporary capital of the whole Island
of Mindanao for a period of three years. At the end of Spanish
rule, Cotabato, then the fifth district of Mindanao, was composed
of the politico-military comandancia of Pollok and the military
districts of Malabang, Reina Regente, Taceran, Babia, Illana,
Baras, and Lebac.
Early in 1899, Cotabato was evacuated by the Spaniards. A
150 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
native government under Roman Vilo was set up. A rival More
government, however, was also organized under Dato Piang.
In 1903, when the Moro Province was created, Cotabato be-
came one of its districts. In 1914, civil government was
established in the Department of Mindanao and Sulu and Co-
tabato was organized as one of the provinces of the department.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... ^^'21S
Area of farms hectares... -^^'fn?
Cultivated lands do 4,301
Production in 1918: „^„.r
Rice cavans .... 36,645
Corn ZZZ do 22,013
Copra kilos... 33,610
Abaca do 162,121
Tobacco do 2.5,000
Population "21,391
Number of schools 8
Primary 4
Intermediate 1
Vocational 3
Enrollment for 1918 545
Males 366
Females 179
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 27.6
Number of establishments of household industries 36
Production in 1918 ^11,104.00
Number of manufacturing establishments 4
Production in 1918 ^338,150.08
1 One cavan equals 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 147,800, not included.
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COTABATC^
Area (Sq. Km.) 24.916
Population 169,191
Capital COTABATO
Municipalities 2
Municipal districts 35
Barrios 218
Elevations in meters
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DAVAO.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Davao Province occupies the southern part of the Agusan
Valley, the southern part of the eastern coastal plain, and
the coastal plains around Davao Gulf.
The coasts of Davao are much indented and if it were not for
the big waves caused by the south and southwest monsoons, there
would be many good harbors. The principal anchoring ground
is found in the passage between the mainland of Davao and the
west coast of the Island of Samal. It is an open roadstead with
a depth ranging from 8 to 15 fathoms. Baganga, Garaga, Pu-
jada, Cateel, and Malalag bays also offer safe places for anchor-
age during certain seasons.
In the Davao Gulf are found the Islands of Samal and Ta-
licud. Sarangani and Balut are other islands south of Point
Tinasa.
The land is exceedingly mountainous. The ranges of mount-
ains run in almost all directions, the one along its western
boundary being the highest and longest. The most important
peaks are Mounts Latian, Magolo, Sinako, Malambo, Apo,
Matutum, and Saddle, the last three of which are semi-active
volcanoes. Apo is the highest mountain in the Philippines.
Between the mountain ranges are wide fertile valleys through
which flow wide, navigable rivers that overflow their banks
annually. The most important rivers are Agusan, Davao, La-
sang, Libuganon, Cateel, and Mohanook.
The climate along the coasts is wholesome and agreeable. The
rainfall is evienly distributed throughout the year. The typhoon
belt does not cross this region.
Because of the fertile soil and fine climate, agriculture is
much encouraged. Almost all of the arable land of Davao is
in the hands of Japanese corporations. A few Christian Fili-
pinos from the Visayan islands and Luzon and a few Moros also
own farms. Large abaca plantations have been set out on the
plains around Davao Gulf, and, along the shores, thousands of
coconut trees have been planted. Abaca fiber and copra are
exported. Coffee, cacao, and rice are also raised successfully.
The mountains are covered with forests yielding hard woods
which are excellent for building purposes. The slopes are
covered with grass that could support thousands of cattle. Coal
is found in the mountain near the Mayo River, and sulphur,
almost in a pure state, covers the top of .Mount Apo. These,
together with the agricultural lands and the pearl and fish
wealth of the coasts, will undoubtedly make Davao one of the
richest provinces in the future.
More than a half of the population are pagans, among whom
151
152 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
are the Mandayas and Bagobos who form the largest tribes.
The Bagobos, taken as a group, have many customs in common
with the Christian FiHpinos. The Mandayas are the most nu-
merous and the most powerful pagan people of Mindanao. Of all
the non-Christian tribes in the island, they have the best develop-
ed primitive civilization. Their women weave excellent cloth,
which is dyed in curious and ornamental patterns, and the men
make daggers, spears, and other articles of metal. They also
grow corn, mountain rice, and an excellent quality of hemp.
The Bagobos, being fond of horses, raise very good ones.
They trade by barter with the Moro and Chinese merchants.
Davao is the capital and principal port of this province.
The province has 7 municipalities and 236 barrios. Its cap-
ital, Davao with 13,046 inhabitants,^ is located in the west central
part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
In 1847, D. Jose Oyanguren, a native of Vergara, of the
Province of Nueva Guipuzcoa, Spain, led a successful expedition
to what is now the town of Davao. Two years later, he organized
the neighboring regions, together with a strip of territory from
the province of Caraga (now Surigao) into a new province.
He called this province Nueva Guipozcoa, in honor of his home
province; the capital, which was established in what is now the
town of Davao, he called Vergara in honor of his native town.
In this province of Nueva Guipozcoa, the present Province of
Davao had its origin.
Parts of Davao were visited by the early Spanish explorers.
For example, the Island of Sarangani was visited by Alvaro de
Saavedra during the latter part of 1528. Saavedra stopped here
for about three days on his way to the Moluccas. The towns
of Baganga and Manay on the eastern coast of the province
were visited by Villalobos in 1543, and found to be uninhabited.
Villalobos also paid a visit to the Island of Sarangani whither
he went in search of provisions. The Spanish soldiers under
his command planted corn on the island from which they obtained
a good harvest.
Up to about the middle of the nineteenth century, Davao was
under the jurisdiction of the sultanate of Mindanao. In 1844,
however, Governor Figueroa of Zamboanga and Agustin Boca-
llan, a brigadier in the Spanish army, obtained from the sultan
of Mindanao the cession of this vast region to the Spanish gov-
ernment.
The cession of Davao was followed by its conquest by Jose
Oyanguren. Immediately after the cession of Davao, Oyanguren
went to visit it. He was so impressed by the possibilities of the
region that when he returned to Manila, he proposed to lead an
expedition thither for the purpose of bringing the region under
Spanish sovereignty, expelling or pacifying the Moros, establish-
ing Christian settlements, and opening up communication with
the inhabitants in the interior. Permission was duly granted
by Governor Narciso Claveria. Oyanguren became the first
' Non-Christiaij population, 2,144, not included.
DAVAO. 153
governor of the province newly created by him. As then
constituted, Nueva Guipuzcoa included the territory bordering
on the Gulf of Davao, together with a strip of territory from
the old province of Caraga including the towns of Tandag, Tago,
Lianga, Mision de San Juan, Bislig, Jinatuan, Cateel, Quina-
blangan, Dapa, and Baganga.
In 1858, the Province of Nueva Guipuzcoa was abolished as
such and in its stead there were created two politico-military
comandancias : Bislig and Davao. In 1860, these comandancias
were included in the District of Davao, one of the six districts into
which Mindanao was divided. The District of Davao comprised
the southeastern territory of Mindanao.
At the end of the Spanish rule, Davao was one of the seven dis-
tricts of the politico-military government of Mindanao. It was
governed by an army officer of the rank of major. Davao then
included two politico-military comandancias: Mati and Glan.
Each was under a captain of the Spanish army.
In 1903, the Moro Province was established. This included the
Sulu Archipelago and the whole Island of Mindanao with the
exception of Misamis and Surigao. Davao became a district of
this province.
In September, 1914, the Moro Province was abolished and
in its stead there was created the Department of Mindanao and
Sulu, comprising seven provinces. Davao became one of the
provinces of this department, with the capital at Davao.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 19,389
Area of farms hectares.... 110,628
Cultivated lands do 34,092
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans '.... 80,228
Corn do 7,191
Copra - kilos.- 354,074
Abaca do 12,911,323
Tobacco do 28,049
Population '66,293
Number of schools 68
Primary 47
Intermediate 2
Vocational 19
Enrollment for 1918 5,913
Males 3,880
Females 2,033
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 51.3
Number of establishments of household industries 152
Production in 1918 77,396.60
Number of manufacturing establishments 44
Production in 1918 P=385,918.69
' One cavan equals 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 53.011, not included.
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ILOCOS NORTE.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
This Province occupies the whole of the coastal plain in the
northwestern corner of Luzon. The Cordillera del Norte, which
separates it from Abra and Cagayan, extends along the eastern
border to the China Sea in the north. Along this range, the
highest peaks are Simminublan, Burnay, Sicapco, Licud, Dinawa-
nang, and Quilang.
The coastline is so regular that although there are several
ports, such as Gabut, Laoag, Bangui, Diriqui, and Currimao, the
last named is the only one which offers any protection from the
north winds.
The climate is humid but generally favorable except during the
rainy season from May to September when the hurricanes which
form in the Pacific sweep across this region to the China Sea.
The hottest months are from April to July. The land being open
towards the north and west, the people suffer from the effects
of the change of the direction of the monsoons.
The land, especially towards the west, is level, sandy along the
shore and stony along the rivers. Much soil is washed down
from the mountains and as most of that of the plains is clayey,
it is, therefore, adapted to the growth of rice. There are no
swamp lands. A few lakes are to be found, among which the
Nagpartian and the Dacquel a Danum (Paoay Lake) are the
largest. The latter has a depth of about 10 meters and is
located only about 3 kilometers from the sea. A canal from
this lake to the seashore would permit vessels to penetrate in-
land and would assuredly develop the region commercially.
The mountains are covered with fine timber trees, and resin,
honey, and wax are found on their slopes. Between the Cor-
dillera and the coastal plain are low hills which make fine grazing
lands. Cattle raising, however, has declined as an important
occupation of the people, although it is being revived because
of the increasing prices of carabaos and cattle in the neighboring
provinces.
A few grottos or caves are found near the mountains of the
interior. There are a number of stone quarries. Limestone
is found on Mount Calvario, San Nicolas and in Burgos. The
beach supplies a great amount of coral for road building. East
of Cape Bojeador are manganese and asbestos deposits which
are being exploited.
Farming is the most important occupation and rice is the
principal product. Corn, beans, peas, tobacco, and cotton are
155
156 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
planted after the rice harvest season. Sugar cane is widely
produced, but most of the juice is made into an alcoholic bever-
age called "basi." The amount of fertile and well drained land
is somewhat limited so that the land holdings are small. Fish-
ing is carried on extensively, both in the sea and fresh water.
Commerce in foodstuffs is not great, as the people produce
almost everything they need on their small farms, but rice, peas,
and beans are exported to Hocos Sur and Cagayan and tobacco
and maguey to Manila. The weaving of textiles is the principal
industry among women throughout the province. Paoay spe-
cializes in the weaving of towels and figured blankets, Batac in
cloth for wearing apparel and plain blankets, and San Nicolas
in silk handkerchiefs. Along the coast, salt is produced from
the sea water by heating. Mat making and the pottery industry
are also well developed.
Laoag, which means "clear" in the dialect of the people, is
the name of the capital and the center of commerce. It is
situated on the bank of the Laoag River, and through it passes
the first-class road which connects all of the coastal towns from
San Fernando, La Union, to Pangasinan.
The people residing along the coast and in the plains are
Ilocanos. Up in the mountains are a few Tinguianes, Igorots,
and Apayaos who venture to come down only to trade their wax,
rattan, and honey with the Christians. The Ilocanos are noted for
their industry. Not having sufficient land for their activities
in Ilocos Norte, they emigrate in large numbers to Nueva Ecija,
Tarlac, Pangasinan, Cagayan, and Isabela. Many of them have
travelled as far as Mindanao in search of farm lands.
This province has 16 municipalities, 3 rancherias and 361
barrios. Its capital, Laoag, has 38,294 inhabitants. It is located
in the west central part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards there was already a
region known as Ilocos, which included the greater part of north-
western Luzon. The centers of population seem to have been
Laoag and Vigan.
The Spaniards created this region into the Province of Ilocos,
with Vigan as the capital, but by a royal decree of 1818, the
northern part was separated and erected into a province called
Ilocos Norte. To the new province were assigned the following
towns: Bangui, Nagpartian, Pasuquin, Bacarra, Vintar, Sarrat,
Piddig, Dingras, Laoag, San Nicolas, Batac, Paoay, and Badoc.
At the time Ilocos Norte was made a separate province, the towns
above mentioned had a population of 135,748.
It is believed that even before the arrival of the Spaniards,
the Chinese and Japanese traders were already familiar with the
coast towns of Ilocos. Spanish exploration of Ilocos began as
early as 1572, when Juan de Salcedo made his famous trip along
the Ilocano coast. During this trip, he visited what is now Ilocos
ILOCOS NORTE. 157
Norte, occupying Laoag, which even then seems to have been
the chief center of population of that region. He explored the
mouth of the Laoag River and had several encounters with the
hostile natives. He also sent a punitive expedition to a town
called Bacal, probably the present town of Batac.
The history of Ilocos Norte from the beginning of the Spanish
rule to the first decades of the nineteenth century records many
important revolts, which may be classified as those that were
caused by the ''tributes" and forced labor and those that were
caused by the monopolies.
The first important revolt caused by the injustices arising out
of the collection of tributes by the encomenderos occurred in
Dingras in 1589. The next, arising out of the same causes, took
place in 1660. This uprising was led by Don Pedro Almasan
of San Nicolas, who, influenced by the action of Andres Malong
in Pangasinan, proclaimed himself king and his daughter and
son-in-law as heirs apparent.
Two revolts of consequence were caused by the monopolies.
In 1788, an uprising occurred in Laoag caused by a general dis-
content over the tobacco monopoly, when, it is said, about 1,000
persons rose up in arms. In 1807, another revolt resulted from
the injustices of the wine monopoly. The leaders of this up-
rising were one Ambaristo and Pedro Mateo. The centers of
the movement were Sarrat, Laoag, Batac, and Paoay.
The nineteenth century records no important revolts in the
history of Ilocos Norte. On the other hand, the economic pro-
gress of the province during this period was well marked. As
a result of the operations of the Real Compania de Filipinas, the
textile industry was developed on a large scale. The manu-
facture of indigo was also encouraged in Ilocos Norte as well as
in the other Ilocos provinces. Toward the close of the nine-
teenth century, economic progress was furthered by the abolition
of the tobacco monopoly.
Like many other provinces, Ilocos Norte espoused the cause
of the Revolution. Gregorio Aglipay of Batac, now the head of
the Philippine Independent Church, was among the first to join
the ranks of the Revolutionists. The Revolutionary Army under
the command of General Manuel Tinio occupied Ilocos Norte
as well as the other Ilocano provinces in the name of the Re-
volutionary Government.
Civil government was established in Ilocos Norte on September
1, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area .....square kilometers...
Area of farms hectares...
Cultivated lands do
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans '...
Sugar cane tons...
Corn cava7is...
Copra kilos...
Tobacco do
3,349
62.547
44,856
1,435,599
82.525
127,693
2,352
1,623,944
> One caran equals 7P liters.
158 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
STATISTICAL DATA — continued.
Population '217,436
Number of schools 157
Primary 138
Intermediate 14
High school 1
Vocational 4
Enrollment for 1918 18,584
Males 11,029
Females 7,555
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 36.5
Number of establishments of household industries 1,584
Production in 1918 332,975.82
Number of manufacturing establishments 27
Production in 1918 ?=248,055.73
^ Non-Christian population, 1,515, not included.
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ILOCOS NORTE
Area (Sq. Km.) 3,349
Population 218,951
Capital LAOAG
Municipalities 16
Municipal districts 3
Barrios 361
Elevations In meters
Kilometers
150
J
120 30'
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so
ILOCOS SUR.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
iLOCOS SuR, another typhoon-swept region, is the narrower
of the Ilocos provinces. In some parts, the branch of the Cor-
dillera range, that separates it from Abra, runs clear to the coast,
which is so reefy that there are very few places that offer safe
shelter for vessels. Pandan is the principal port. Although it
is sheltered from the north winds, the harbor at Salomague is
sought only during a typhoon. A mile to the northwest of
Salomague harbor is an island surrounded by a reef which runs
southwest and forms with the coast the side of a passage through
which boats pass into the harbor. Another island on the coast
is Pingit, low, covered by forest, and surrounded by a reef that
makes the coast unapproachable.
The mountains are almost bare of timber so that rainfall is
scanty and the land sandy in character. The rice produced is
not enough for the provincial needs, quantities being imported
from Ilocos Norte and Pangasinan. The land is especially
adapted to the growth of maguey, a fiber which constitutes the
principal export. Sugar is also another article that is exported
in quantities. Indigo was once a great source of wealth, but
production has greatly declined as a result of the manufacture
of cheap aniline dyes in Germany.
There are no metal mines in Ilocos Sur. Narvacan has great
deposits of lime carbonate. Formerly, jasper was found in
abundance. In Bantay there are quarries of a poor quality of
stone, and in the neighborhood there are indications of the exist-
ence of copper. There are very few mineral springs. The only
one of importance lies two kilometers from Santa Maria at the
foot of Mount Lubung.
The rivers that drain the province, with the exception of the
Abra River, are short and swift. Usually the lakes are found
along the shore, but those in Santo Domingo and Candon are
located far enough inland to add to the fertility of the region.
Because the soil will not support the population, a great many
persons have turned to manufacture and trade. These gave rise
to industrial specialization in different towns. Those along the
coast extract salt from the sea water and export it in great
quantities to inland provinces. In San Esteban, there is a quarry
of stone from which mortars and grindstones are made. San
Vicente, Vigan, and San Ildefonso specialize in woodworking,
the first in carved wooden boxes and images and the others in
159 •
160 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
household furniture. Most of the wood used in these handicrafts
is imported from Abra and Cagayan. Bantay is the home of
skilled silversmiths. In the other towns saddles, harness, slip-
pers, mats, pottery, and hats are made and exported to some
extent. Candon on the coast exports great quantities of coconuts
to Ilocos Norte. Sisal and hemp fiber extraction and weaving
of cotton cloth are common household industries throughout the
province.
Most of the people are Ilocanos but there are also some Tin-
guianes, Igorots, and Negritos living on the slopes of the Cor-
dillera.
This province has 21 municipalities and 441 barrios. Its
capital is Vigan, with 17,764 inhabitants. It is located in the
northwestern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Due to the rapid increase of population of the old Province of
Ilocos which included all of the Ilocos and part of the mountain
country, it was deemed necessary to divide this extensive region
into two provinces; namely, Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. The
division was made in 1818, pursuant to a real cedula dated
February 2 of that year. The capital of the new province was
Vigan. As created in 1818, Ilocos Sur included the northern part
of what is now La Union as far as the town of Namacpacan,
now Luna, and approximately what is now Abra Province. But
later these southern and eastern extremities were separated.
The exploration of Ilocos Sur began in 1572, when Juan de
Salcedo made his famous expedition into the Ilocano country.
It was to this illustrious Spaniard that Ilocos Sur as well as
Ilocos Norte owe a good deal of their early prosperity. It should
be remembered that Salcedo was the encomendero of Vigan and
Lieutenant-Governor of Ilocos. He was the founder of the
Spanish city of Fernandina which he erected in the heart of the
ancient and prosperous Ilocano settlement of Vigan. He was
also the moving spirit for the evangelization of the neighboring
territory.
In direct contrast to Salcedo's beneficent influence was the
terror felt by the natives on the occasion of Limahong's landing
in Sinait in 1574. This Chinese pirate, it should be remembered,
effected a landing in the above mentioned town for the purpose
of plunder while on his way to Manila.
Ilocos Sur embraces within its confines some of the oldest
towns of the Philippines. Besides Vigan, several other towns
already existed in this region before the close of the sixteenth
century; namely, Santa, Narvacan, Bantay, Candon, and Sinait.
Among the several disorders and revolts recorded in the history
of Ilocos Sur, two stand out prominently. These uprisings
were the Malong rebellion of 1660 and the Silang rebellion of
1763. Malong, who was trying to carve out a kingdom for
himself in Pangasinan and the neighboring territory, sent his two
able generals, "Count" Gumapos and Jacinto Macasiag to the
north to effect the conquest of this region. Gumapos and Ma-
ILOCOS SUR. 161
casiag, however, proceeded only as far as Vigan, from which
place they were recalled by Malong. Diego Silang who led the
great rebellion of 1762 dominated the greater part of Ilocos Sur.
He fought pitched battles with the Spanish forces at Vigan and
Cabugao and practically succeeded in establishing a government
of his own in Ilocos Sur.
The greater portion of the first half of the nineteenth century
was a period of economic development in Ilocos Sur as well as
in Ilocos Norte. During this time the exploitation of the cotton,
tobacco, and indigo industries was greatly encouraged.
The effects of the Revolution were not readily felt in Ilocos
Sur. But toward the beginning of the year 1898, anti-govern-
ment propaganda already existed in Candon, where a sort of
Revolutionary government had been established shortly before
the arrival of the Americans in Manila, Moreover, Don Mariano
Acosta later took possession of the government of Ilocos Sur
in the name of the Philippine Revolutionary Government.
Civil government was established in Ilocos Sur on September
1, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 1,145
Area of farms hectares.... 62,091
Cultivated lands do ' 53,045
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 711,053
Sugar cane tons.... 179,202
Corn cavans.... 180,597
Copra ...kilos.... 394,541
Tobacco do 883,349
Population =216,274
Number of schools 146
Primary 127
Intermediate 13
High schoal .- 2
Vocational 4
Enrollment for 1918 18,534
Males 11,795
Females 6,739
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 31.7
Number of establishments of household industries 5,349
Productions in 1918 ^=1,363,338.15
Number of manufacturing establishments 128
Production in 1918 ?464,480.57
171073 11
' One cavan equals 75 liters.
- Non-Chri.stian population, 1,136, not included.
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ILOILO.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Iloilo, one of the three provinces which form the Island of
Panay, occupies the entire southern portion of the island. The
coast is very irregular, especially in the southeastern part, and
is dotted with many small islands, the most important of which
is Guimaras, which is separated from the mainland by the Iloilo
Strait. The province has an area of 5,284 square kilometers.
Iloilo, the capital, is about 258 miles away from Manila. It is
located on a narrow arm of the sea, and by its favorable location
has become the most important port of western Visayas. Large
vessels from China, Japan, Europe, and the United States, put
into Iloilo for sugar. The most important market towns are
Iloilo, Jaro, Oton, and Pototan.
In general, the land is mountainous, the highest peaks being
Mount Baloy, Mount Inaman and Mount Igadalig which form
a chain running along the borders of Antique and Iloilo. The
climate is milder and cooler than that of the other provinces
of western Visayas. The southwest monsoons that bring mois-
ture are usually accompanied by winds of such violence that
they paralyze traffic and. industry and ruin the crops. On the
mountains grow hard woods suitable for shipbuilding and fur-
niture-making, while on the hillsides cacao, hemp and sibucao
for dyeing purposes are grown.
The amount of arable land for the growing of sugar cane,
rice, com, tobacco, hemp and other tropical products is about
131,269 hectares, while 148,877 hectares still remain idle. The
province ranks third in the production of rice, and although the
sugar industry is coming to the fore, the output is still small in
comparison with that of Negros because of the lack of centrals.
But the future holds better prospects there than in Negros, on
account of the well-situated port of Iloilo, the navigable rivers,
transportation facilities and the industrious inhabitants of the
province. Pasture lands are scarce and cattle raising does not
flourish. While the wide level lands produce abundant crops,
the mountains, besides furnishing hard wood for heavy con-
struction purposes, are rich in resins and building stone. Gold
and natural gas have already been located and exploited, but
they are poor in quality and limited in quantity so that there
is little possibility of development. Mineral springs are said
to exist in Maasin, Tubungan, Janiuay and Nagaba. Not only
is the land productive, but also the rivers and adjacent seas.
163
164 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
They teem with fish, and afford the inhabitants an easy means
of communication. At present, irrigation projects are intended
to bring the. arid and idle lands under cultivation, and to make
Iloilo the wealthiest province in the Visayan group.
With the exception of a few Americans, Europeans, and Chi-
nese, the people are mostly Visayans, active and industrious.
The principal pursuits of the people are farming, weaving jusi,
pifia, maguey, hemp fiber and silk, lumbering and fishing. In
the weaving industry, they resemble the Ilocanos except that here
they weave the fine pina for camisas while in Ilocos they make
heavy, durable cotton blankets and towels.
This province has 31 municipalities and 1,310 barrios. Its
capital is Iloilo, with 49,808 inhabitants. It is situated in the
southwestern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
According to tradition, the first ten datos from Borneo (see
Antique) to settle Panay Island landed in the neighborhood of
the present town of Miagao. These datos, who finally purchased
the island from the Negritos, then inhabiting that region, divided
Panay into three districts called "sakops." One of the three
"sakops" was called Irong-irong, which presumably is the present
Province of Iloilo. Irong-irong was placed under the rule of a
dato called Paiburong, who became the founder of the first Malay
settlements in Iloilo.
The Spaniards began to enter Iloilo as early as the time of
Legazpi. In the settlements here they found a people who were
in the habit of painting (tattooing) their bodies. Among the
largest of these early settlements was Ogton, more generally
called Oton at a later time. Janiuay, Dumangas, and Tigba-
nuan were also old centers of population.
Immediately following their entrance into this region, the
Spaniards established themselves at Oton; but it was not till
the time of Governor Ronquillo (1580-1583) who founded the
villa of Arevalo that Spanish power really made itself felt. This
villa appeared to have immediately superseded Oton in import-
ance and became the capital of the alcaldia, the jurisdiction of
which included practically all of the Island of Panay and a
great part of the Island of Negros. Iloilo, now the provincial
capital, did not gain its present position till the year 1688.
Iloilo, like Antique and Cebu, suffered greatly from the raids
of the Moros and the Dutch toward the end of the sixteenth
century and in the beginning of the seventeenth. Forts were
established at Oton, Arevalo and Iloilo, but the pirates of the
high seas continued their periodic visits, and even extended their
activities further north.
During the eighteenth century, the Province of Iloilo lost a
good deal of her territory, as a result of the creation of Capiz
in 1716 and of Antique in 1798. Her jurisdiction over a part
of the Island of Negros also ceased in 1798.
The nineteenth century was a period of prosperity in the his-
tory of Iloilo. The population of the province reveals a steady
ILOILO. 165
increase. The province in 1818 had only a population of 176,901
souls; these figures rose to 277,571 in 1845 and to 348,371 in
1870. This prosperity of the province was greatly enhanced
as a result of the opening of the port of Iloilo to foreign trade
in 1855.
At the end of Spanish rule, Iloilo v^as a politico-military
province like the rest of the Visayan provinces.
Iloilo vv^as evacuated by the Spaniards late in 1898. But sev-
eral months before this event, the revolutionists w^ere already
active in this province. Subsequent to the evacuation of Iloilo
by the Spaniards, the province came under the control of
the Revolutionary Government. The prominent revolutionary
leaders were Martin Delgado and Pablo Araneta, the former
serving for a while as military and civil commander.
Civil government was established in Iloilo on April 11, 1901.
I STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 5,284
Area of farms hectares.... 280,146
Cultivated lands do 131,269
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans\... 2,248,264
Sugar cane tons.... 31,453
Corn cavans.... 76,087
Copra kiloa... 2,053,720
Abaca do 3,648,892
Tobacco do 1,394,146
Population =501,862
Number of schools 346
Primary 299
Intermediate 35
High school 6
Collegiate 2
Vocational 4
Enrollment for 1918 44,910
Males 25,830
Females 19,080
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 40.1
Number of establishments of household industries 14,144
Production in 1918 ^4,221,893.81
Number of manufacturing establishments 150
Production in 1918 P3,021,578.18
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
^Non-Christian population, 6,410. not included.
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ISABELA.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
This chief tobacco province of the Philippines occupies the
upper part of the Cagayan Valley. Along the eastern coast runs
the Sierra Madre which ends at Escaparda Point in Cagayan.
The southern part is traversed by the branches of the Caraballo
Mountains while to the west lie the foot hills of the range that
traverse Ifugao, Bontoc, and Kalinga. The land is well-drained
by the Cagayan River and its two most important tributaries,
the Magat and the Abuluan. The rivers are the principal means
of communication and transportation. All articles of commerce
are transported on the Cagayan River from and to Aparri at its
mouth. Trade with the people of Ifugao, Bontoc, and Kalinga
is carried on through the rivers.
The climate is healthful and is very favorable to the growth
of tobacco. The northeast monsoons bring heavy rains which
wash down the fertile mountain soil and find their way into
the rivers that deposit the silt all along the plains. Every
year, the tobacco fields are fertilized in this manner. Corn is
another important crop, much of it being used as a staple food,
although much rice is important from northern Cagayan.
The province possesses vast resources. The forests of the
Caraballo and Sierra Madre are scarcely touched because of the
lack of transportation. There are extensive tobacco lands avail-
able for homesteading or which can be leased very cheaply
from the Government. The grasslands of the slopes ofl'er great
possibilities for cattle industry. Much fish is caught in the
rivers and game abounds on the grassy plains and in the forests.
There are very few towns and, save Palanan, they are all
located along the Cagayan, Magat and Abuluan Rivers. Palanan
Bay on the east is exposed to the weather and the anchorage
is reefy. The town is separated from the rest of the prov-
ince by great mountains which make communication and travel
difficult and dangerous. Ilagan, the capital, lies at the junction
of the Cagayan and the Abuluan Rivers. The people are prin-
cipally Ibanags, but on the plains there are also to be found
many liocano settlers and traders. The Sierra Madre Moun-
tains are peopled by Catalanganes, Ilongotes, Bunganases, and
Mayoyaos. Isabela is much larger than Cagayan but it has
only one-half as many people. Better transportation facilities
and government encouragement would assuredly result in in-
creased immigration, settlers and laborers being the chief need
of Isabela.
167
168 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
This province has 13 municipalities and 249 barrios. Its
capital is Ilagan, with 23,259 inhabitants.' It is located in the
north central part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The Province of Isabela was created, with Ilagan as its capital,
in May, 1856, out of territories belonging to Cagayan and Nueva
Vizcaya. To form the new province, the towns of Cabagan and
Tumauini, together with a few rancherias, were taken from
Cagayan ; and the towns of Ilagan, Gamu, Angadanan, Camarag
(now Echague), Carig, and Palanan were detached from Nueva
Vizcaya for the purpose. From this newly created province,
the military comandancia of Saltan, which had hitherto belonged
to Nueva Vizcaya, was made dependent.
Prior to this reorganization, there already existed, in what is
now Isabela, centers of population. Some of these settlements
like Camarag, Angadanan, and Nagali, have disappeared and
new towns have taken their places. When the missionaries
arrived, they chose some of these old settlements as centers of
missionary activity. For example, the old towTi of Cabagan,
which later was called San Pablo, was for a long time the
headquarters of missionary propaganda. Moreover, P. Pedro
Jimenez, as early as 1677, carried his religious movement in the
regions of Gamu, Ilagan and Itugud.
Like many other provinces, Isabela was the scene of important
uprisings. In 1763, for example, stirred by the influence of
the Silang Rebellion in Ilocos, the people of Isabela revolted, led
on by Dabo and Juan Morayac. The centers of rebellion were
Ilagan and Cabagan. Again in 1785, another revolt broke out.
This time the rebellion was led by Labutao and Baladon. The
rebellion was caused by the grievances of the people against the
collection of tribute and the enforcement of the tobacco monopoly.
Unlike many other provinces, Isabela was not readily affected
by the revolution on account of its isolation. It was not until
late in 1898 that the province came under the control of the
revolutionists, when Colonel Daniel Tirona occupied the north-
eastern provinces of Luzon.
A historical spot of Isabela is the little town of Palanan near
the Pacific Coast. It was here that General Emilio Aguinaldo
maintained his headquarters until his capture in March, 1901.
Civil government was established in Isabela on August
23, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers... 10,495
Area of farms hectares... 48,360
Cultivated lands do 22,523
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans\... 20,395
Sugar cane tons... 1,014
Corn cavans.... 667,143
Copra kilos... 778
Tobacco do 11,373,917
' Non-Christian population, 171, not included.
-One cavan equals 76 liters.
ISABELA. 169
STATISTICAL DATA — continued.
Population ^109,082
Number of schools 84
Primary - 79
Intermediate 3
High school 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 9,932
Males 5,945
Females 3,987
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 41.1
Number of establishments of household industries 438
Production in 1918 '^98,154.96
Number of manufacturing establishments 20
Production in 1918 ^78,621.00
' Non-Christian population, 3,883, not included.
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LAGUNA.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Province of Laguna is situated on a narrow plain which
lies to the east, south, and southwest of Laguna de Bay. It
is separated by ranges of. mountains from the Provinces of
Tayabas, Batangas, and Cavite. The fertile mountain slopes
varying in width from 2 to 20 miles and in altitude from 100
to 7,000 feet, furnish ideal conditions for the cultivation of
coconuts, rice, sugar cane, abaca, corn, and a great variety of
fruits and vegetables, all of which find a ready market in Manila.
The climate is very pleasant, the usual temperature being
several degrees cooler than that of Manila. The rainy season
lasts for a longer time than in other provinces because of the
dense vegetation. Being protected by mountain ranges, of
which the most important peaks are Maquiling, Malepunyor,
San Cristobal, and Banahao, typhoons are less violent than in
the more exposed provinces.
Concentration of industries is well marked in Laguna. Some
of the largest kind of hempen cables are made in the rope
factory at Santa Cruz. Buntal hats and pandan mats are made
in Majayjay and Luisiana, pandan hats in Cavinti, Sabutan
hats in Mavitac, rattan chairs in Paquil and Los Bahos, wooden
slippers in Biiian and Calamba and abaca slippers in Lilio.
Furniture is also made in Paete, soap in Santa Cruz, crude
pottery in Lumban, better grade of glazed pottery in San Pedro
Tunasan, coconut wine in the upper towns, and embroidery in
Lumban. Mineral waters are bottled in Los Baiios, Pagsanjan,
and Magdalena. A steam saw mill is located in Santa Maria.
In Los Banos is a stone quarry that supplies crushed stone for
the Provinces of Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite, Batangas, and Tayabas.
The province, besides having a rich soil, has an abundance
of water supply. The Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the
Philippines, pennits of easy and cheap transportation. Fifteen
of the 28 municipalities are reached by water and a line of
steam launches provides a daily service between the lake and
port of Manila. The lake abounds in fish. The swamps along its
eastern shores are overgrown with pandan groves. The bay is
covered during the rainy season with the pink-flowered lotus
plant. Along the low shores are veritable hunting grounds
which abound in snipe and wild ducks.
In picturesque scenery, Laguna is unequalled. The Pagsan-
jan gorge is considered one of the beauty spots of the world.
Between Majayjay and Luisiana, the turbulent Botocan River
171
172 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
takes a 200-feet plunge over a precipice, forming the largest
waterfall in the Islands. In the San Pablo Valley, there are
nine beautifully set crater lakes. Banahao, a mountain having
an elevation of 7,382 feet is covered with vegetation of all kinds.
In the crater of San Cristobal at an elevation of about 5,000
feet is a beautiful fresh water lake. Though rather difficult
of access at present, it promises to become the summer resort
of south central Luzon. The mineral springs in Pansol and Los
Baiios well repay a visit. Los Baiios is the seat of the College
of Agriculture of the University of the Philippines.
The people are mostly Tagalogs, there being a considerable
admixture of Chinese blood in certain localities.
Santa Cruz is the capital, and has 14,151 inhabitants. It is
located in the northeastern part of the province.
This province has 28 municipalities and 581 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The region around the Laguna de Bay was one of the earliest
to be visited by the Spaniards in Luzon. In 1571, Juan de
Salcedo, in answer to a challenge made by the natives of Ca-
inta (now belonging to Rizal), led an expedition against that
town, attacked its forts and forced the people to surrender.
The submission of Cainta having been received, Salcedo next
took the neighboring town of Taytay. Thence he led his
victorious army along the southern coast of the bay, exploring
the neighborhood as he went and finally struck out for the gold
mines of Paracale. Among the interior towns he visited in
Laguna were Nagcarlan, Lilio and Majayjay, at which points
he encountered determined resistance from the natives.
Laguna at this early date was already fairly well populated.
Among the early towns, besides Nagcarlan, Lilio, and Majayjay,
were Bay, Pila, and Pangil. The great center of population
at that time seems to have been the town of Bay, which was
the capital of the province till 1688 when the seat of govern-
ment was moved to Pagsanjan. Santa Cruz, the present
capital, did not achieve its present position until 1858.
In 1639, some of the towns along the southwestern coast
of the bay became involved in a large Chinese rebellion which
spread as far as Manila. The uprising began in Calamba and
quickly spread to the neighboring towns. The revolt was not
suppressed until after about 20,000 Chinese lost their lives and
property amounting to seven million pesos was destroyed.
Serious disturbances again occurred in the western part of
the province in 1763 when a British army under the command
of Backhouse invaded this region in search of the treasure of
the galleon "Philippino." Backhouse plundered the towns but
made no attempts to hold them.
Two events of importance in the history of Laguna took
place in the nineteenth century.
The first of this was the revolt of the Cofradia in 1840. This
movement, which was led by Apolinario de la Cruz, had its center
in Tayabas, but it quickly spread to certain towns in Laguna
LAGUNA. 173
like Majayjay, Bay and Binan. In fact, Bay was for a while
the center of the disturbance.
The second event was the agrarian dispute in Calamba, the
native town of Dr. Jose Rizal, in which the family of the hero
became involved. This particular disturbance is worthy of note
because of the extreme cruelty exercised by the Government
in the ejection of the tenants.
A number of changes took place in the boundaries of the
province between 1853 and 1883. Laguna, or Bay, as it was
sometimes called, from the time of its creation till 1853 was
bounded as follows: on the north, Manila and Nueva Ecija;
on the east, the Pacific Ocean; on the south, Tayabas and Ba-
tangas; and on the west, Cavite. But in 1853, when the district
of Morong was created, Laguna lost to the newly created dis-
trict the greater part of its territory north of the bay includ-
ing the towns of Agono, Binangonan, Morong, Baras, Tanay,
Pililla, and Jalajala. To make up for this loss, however, she
acquired from Nueva Ecija the district of Infanta in 1858,
and from Batangas the town of San Pablo in 1883.
Laguna was one of the first provinces to raise the standard
of revolt. During the early months of the Revolution the
military leaders used to meet secretly in the underground
cemetery at Nagcarlan. When the Revolutionary Government
was established, Escolastico Salandanan became the governor
of the province.
Civil government was organized in Laguna on July 1, 1902.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 1,870
Area of farms hectares.... 97,178
Cultivated lands do 65,695
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans\... 832,164
Sugar cane tons.... 295,426
Corn ." cavans.... 24,229
Copra kilos.... 31,809,313
Tobacco do 4,550
Population -195,213
Number of schools 210
Primary 178
Intermediate 19
High school 1
Vocational 12
Enrollment for 1918 22,419
Males 12,996
Females 9,423
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 59.7
Number of establishments of household industries 3,029
Production in 1918 ?=833,718.67
Number of manufacturing establishments 459
Production in 1918 P2,940,848.68
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 158, not included.
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Area (Sq. Km.) 1,870
Population 195,371
Capital SANTA CRUZ
Munioipalitles 28
Barrios 581
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LANAO.
- GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Lanao Province occupies the plateau region around Lake
Lanao and extends to Iligan Bay on the north and to Illana Bay
on the south. Iligan Bay, which is separated from Illana Bay
by an isthmus about 13 miles wide, is well protected against
the winds, hence, the presence of the two good ports of Kalam-
bugan and Iligan.
A line drawn across Lake Lanao in a southwesterly direction
divides the province into two geographical areas: First, the
exceedingly mountainous northwestern region that slopes from
the ranges along the lake to the Pangil and Iligan Bays, and,
second, the southeastern portion, having an older topography,
which gradually slopes from the highlands on the northern
border of Cotabato to the lake. The most important rivers of
the former region are the Liangan, Agus and Bayug. All of
these empty into Iligan Bay. Along the shores of Pangil Bay
are extensive mangrove and nipa swamps. The road from
Dansalan, the capital, to Iligan runs along the Agus River. The
rivers of the southeastern region, of which Malaig and Putian
are the most important, empty into Lake Lanao. There are
many waterfalls in this province which could be utilized as
sources of power.
Lake Lanao is believed to have been formed as a result of
the subsidence of the land accompanying the eruption of vol-
canoes in the surrounding country. The smaller lakes in the
same region are crater lakes. Mounts Makaturing, Lulukan,
and Ragang are active volcanoes.
The climate, especially around Lake Lanao, is very cool.
Many of the people living on the lowlands of Mindanao go to
Dansalan and spend the hot season there. This place can be
converted into a fine summer resort like Baguio.
Rice and corn are raised only for local consumption. Coffee
and abaca are planted to some extent. In some parts of the
province, the soil is well adapted to sweet potatoes and peanuts.
The climate is favorable to the cultivation of many crops of the
temperate zone.
Fishing is an important industry both in the lake region
and along the coasts. The Moros of Lanao make mats of fikug
and send them to Iligan for sale. At some places of the lake
shore, articles of brass are made. This brass work is different
from that of the Moros in the Cotabato Valley. Lumbering is
also an industry, and an excellent grade of lumber is exported
from the northern coast.
175
176 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The population is composed of Moros who occupy the eastern
shore of Lake Lanao, and of Visayans who live in the coast
towns. In this province there are no primitive pagans.
Dansalan is its capital, with 5,988 inhabitants. It is located
in the northeastern part of the province.
This province has 3 municipalities, 35 municipal districts, and
283 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The first attempt made by the Spanish Government to bring
the territory now known as Lanao under its control took place
during the administration of Governor-General Hurtado de
Corcuera. In 1637, Corcuera himself led an expedition against
Sultan Corralat. He arrived in Zamboanga in February, 1637,
and from there proceeded to Corralat's stronghold at Lancitan,
which appeared to have been located on the coast of Lanao,
though there is no town of this name at present in this region.
The Moro stronghold was defended by some 2,000 warriors,
but it was finally taken, the Spaniards capturing "about thirty-
five cannons and lantakas and more than one hundred muskets
and arquebuses." Two years later this attempt was followed
by a decisive campaign into the interior led by General Pedro
de Almonte, with the cooperation of Alcalde Mayor Francisco
de Atienza of Caraga.
Spanish power, however, was really never established in
Lanao. After Corcuera's rule, the Maranaos were left much
to themselves. They remained practically an independent
people, constituting several Mohammedan states, almost to the
end of Spanish rule.
Beginning from the administration of Governor-General
Weyler, a series of campaigns was started to bring the Lanao
region under Government control. In 1891, Government forces
occupied Malabang and other towns along the south coast.
Despujols continued the campaigns, but it was left for Governor-
General Blanco to establish Spanish power in this region. The
governor landed in 1894 in Iligan with a force of 3,000 men
under the immediate command of General Parrado and succeeded
in taking, among other Moro cottas, the stronghold at Marahui,
reputed to be the strongest of the kind in Lanao.
In 1895, in pursuance to a gubernatorial decree dated at
Marahui on October 8 of that year, Lanao was organized into
a district with a politico-military government. It became the
seventh district of Mindanao and Sulu.
In 1896, a few members of a batallion of disciplinarios rebelled
in Iligan, then a part of Misamis. This uprising was really
a phase of the Philippine Revolution. Aside from the killing
of some Spanish officers, this event had no serious results.
In 1903, the Moro Province was established with Lanao as
one of its districts. In 1914, civil government was established
in the Department of Mindanao and Sulu, and Lanao became
one of the seven provinces of the department.
LANAO. 177
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers... 6,317
Area of farms hectares.... 3,930
Cultivated lands do 1,628
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans ^... 12,817
Sugar cane tons.... 3,217
Corn cavans.... 8,159
Copra kilos.... 217,959
Abaca do 100,524
Tobacco do 500
Population ' 12,230
Number of schools 12
Primary 10
Intermediate 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 1,253
Males 757
Females 496
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 33.3
Number of establishments of household industries 49
Production in 1918 P=16,363.81
Number of manufacturing establishments 10
Production in 1918 ¥=493,957.27
171073 12
' One cavan equals 75 liters.
-Non-Christian population, 82,716, not included.
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LA UNION.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
With the exception of Abra, La Union is the most moun-
tainous of the Ilocano provinces. It is only near the coast and
where wide plains are found. Whatever arable lowland there
is elsewhere is found along the river valleys. The rivers are
numerous, short, and swift, and lakes are found near the coast.
The mountains cover an area of about 168,414 hectares. They
are not thickly forested and wood for construction is now scarce
because of the excessive cutting of timber. Aside from salt,
lime, and pottery clay, La Union has no mineral wealth. At
the foot of Mount Bayabas is a hot salt spring.
The people and agricultural products of this province are
similar to those of the provinces to the north. La Union is not,
however, so much affected by the tj^hoons. Tobacco, rice, sisal
hemp, sugar, coconuts, corn, and cotton form the most important
products. Although the land is near the coast, the rivers fer-
tilize the plains with silt, so that La Union ranks third in tobacco
production. Sisal, sugar, and coconuts are important exports.
Rice is imported.
Very little cotton is produced, yet weaving is an important
industry. Cotton cloth is exported to Manila, and to the moun-
tain people. Vegetables, chickens, and eggs are exported to
Baguio. Much fish is caught along the shores and salted and
dried. It is shipped to the inland towns. The making of bas-
kets, mats, ropes, native hats, lace, and embroidery are as yet
only household industries. The raising of bananas for their
sheaths which, when dried, are used for wrapping purposes,
is also an industry that might be profitably developed. Caba,
one of the smallest towns, receives annually about f*=20,000 for
its "alupasi," the local name for the dried banana sheaths.
The making of articles of adornment out of shells is another
household industry still in its infancy which had its origin in the
little town of Santo Tomas. Pottery clay is found practically
in every municipality. Salt and lime are made in all the towns
of the coast.
Darigayos, San Fernando, Pandan, Taboc, and Santo Tomas
are ports that offer fine anchorage; of these San Fernando,
the capital, has the best harbor. Steamers that ply between
Aparri and Manila usually stop here for tobacco. The Manila-
North Road that passes through almost all of the coastal towns
meets the Manila-North Railroad at Bauang. These two afford
easy means of transportation and help to foster commerce along
the lines of route.
179
180 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The population is industrious and is composed mostly of Ilo-
canos, but there are a few Pangasinanes in the southern part.
In the eastern mountains, there is to be found a number of
Igorots.
San Fernando is the capital, with 19,885 inhabitants. It is
located on the northwestern part of the province.
This province has 14 municipalities and 354 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The Province of La Union was created in 1854 out of towns
which had heretofore belonged to the Provinces of Ilocos Sur
and Pangasinan. Ilocos Sur, previous to this time, extended as
far as Namacpacan (Luna). All the territory south of Namac-
pacan belonged to Pangasinan. It was the union of portions of
Ilocos Sur and Pangasinan that gave the new province its name.
As constituted, the new province included the following towns:
Bangar, Namacpacan (now Luna), Purao (now Balaoan), Ba-
latao, which then included the present towns of Bacnotan and
San Juan, San Fernando, Bauang, Naguilian, Aringay, Agoo,
and Santo Tomas.
The region now belonging to La Union was explored by Juan
de Salcedo in 1572. P. San Agustin records that the first town
touched by Salcedo was "Atuley." No such town exists at pres-
ent, but undoubtedly it must have been in what is now La Union.
Another town visited by Salcedo was that of Purao, now Balaoan.
In these towns Salcedo met with vigorous opposition on the
part of the natives, especially in the inland town of Purao.
Although La Union was not created until after the middle of
the nineteenth century, nevertheless it includes within its
boundaries some of the oldest towns in the Archipelago. Among
these are the former town of Purao (now Balaoan), Bauang,
and Agoo.
An important event in the early history of La Union was the
attempt of Malong in 1661 to make this region a part of his
kingdom. It should be remembered that Malong sent an army
of 3,000 men under the command of Gumapos and Makasiag to
subjugate the Ilocano country. This army encountered the
Government forces sent to oppose it at the town of Agoo and
sent them down to an overwhelming defeat. Then it trium-
phantly made its way through La Union up to Vigan.
According to the Guia Oficial (1898), the population of La
Union at the end of the Spanish rule was about 116,000. Ac-
cording to Cavada, the population of the same province about
1876 was in the neighborhood of 8,500. This marvelous increase
of population in about a generation was due to the influx of
Ilocano immigrants from the north.
The effects of the Revolution were felt in La Union from the
beginning. The Government arrested a few individuals who
were looked upon as "dangerous." Later, General Manuel Tinio
entered La Union. The province came under the control of the
Revolutionary Government and Lucino Almeida acted as gov-
ernor.
LA UNION. 181
Civil government was established in La Union on August 15,
1901. Since that time nothing of importance has taken place
in the history of La Union, except the adjudication to the Sub-
province of Amburayan of a narrow strip of territory inhabited
by Igorots, along the eastern boundary of the province.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 907
Area of farms hectares... 65,933
Cultivated lands do 45,708
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 850,728
Sugar cane tons.... 41,022
Corn cavans.... 43,759
Copra kilos.... 223,889
Tobacco do 9,406,768
Population 160,575
Number of schools 97
Pi'imary 78
Intermediate 17
High school 1
Vocational - 1
Enrollment for 1918 16,726
Males 10,848
Females 5,878
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 35.9
Number of establishments of household industries 820
Production in 1918 ^182,253.82
Number of manufacturing establishments 4
Production in 1918 W0,995.00
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
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Area (Sq. Km.) 907
Population 160,575
Capital SAN FERNANDO
Municipalities 14
Barrios 354
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LEYTE.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Leyte is one of the largest and most fertile islands in the
eastern Visayan group. The province of that name embraces
the Islands of Lej^e, Maripipi, Biliran. Guiguintangan, Panaon,
Limasawa (five wives), and several other small adjacent ones.
The Island of Leyte is situated southwest of Samar and is
separated from it by the San Juanico Strait, which is said to be
one of the most beautiful waterways in the world, but dangerous
because of its swift current. The province covers an area of
7,783 square kilometers, but only a small portion of the land
available for cultivation is as yet under tillage, because of the
unfavorable topography of the country, the scarcity of labor,
and the lack of capital necessary for the development of idle
lands and for the opening of roads through the forests and re-
mote valleys. The coast is much indented, especially at Cari-
gara Bay on the north, Sogod Bay on the south, Leyte Gulf on
the east, and Ormoc Bay on the west.
Tacloban, the capital, is the most important seaport on the
eastern coast, while Ormoc is the outlet on the western part.
Like Samar and other Visayan islands, Leyte is traversed by
many low mountain ranges. The ridge which extends from the
northwestern part of the province to its southeastern extrimity
is very rugged and almost impassable. There are also many ex-
tinct volcanoes of which Mahagrao is the most important.
The climate is agreeable and healthful. Due to its geograph-
ical position the island is favored with rainfall continously
throughout the year. The northern part of the province is often
visited by typhoons during the period of the northeast monsoon,
whereas the southern and central parts are seldom affected bj"-
them. Oftentimes the high winds which pass over the northern
part of Leyte are so violent as to blow down large buildings,
uproot big trees, and damage the entire crops planted on this
portion of the island.
The coastal plains and the interior valleys are fertile and
productive. Hemp and copra are the most important products
exported. Although rice is grown in all the towns of Leyte,
corn is the principal food of the people. Other products raised
in the plains are tobacco, bananas, papayas, and pineapples.
The swamps are wooded with nipa and mangroves, while the
mountains yield rattan and timber for various purposes.
At present there are thousands of hectares of virgin forests
which await the enterprising Filipino capitalist to convert them
into actual source of wealth.
183
184 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
Among the domestic animals are cattle, carabaos, hogs, horses,
and goats. There was abundance of cattle and carabaos in
Leyte before the Insurrection, but the ravages of war and animal
diseases have greatly reduced their number.
V/hile the rivers, lakes and seacoasts abound in fish, the moun-
tains are well timbered. Coal is found in the towns of Leyte,
Ormoc and Jaro. Petroleum and asphalt are also found in the
town of Leyte, the latter being mined for street paving purposes.
Gold is found in Pintuyan and San Isidro; sulphur around Ma-
hagnao ; mineral springs in the crater of Mahagnao, Ormoc, San
Isidro, Caibiran, Mainit, Burawen, and Carigara.
The healthful climate and productive soil of Leyte attract
many immigrants from Bohol, Cebu, Masbate, and Samar. The
people are industrious and friendly, their most important pur-
suits being farming and fishing. Lumbering is neglected
because of the lack of good roads, and because nearly all the
inhabitants live near the coast away from the sources of supply.
This province has 46 municipalities and 969 barrios. The
capital is Tacloban, with 15,478 inhabitants. It is located in
the northeastern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
LiMASAWA, an islet south of Leyte, has the unique distinction
of being the place where mass was first celebrated in the Philip-
pines. Toward the end of March, 1521, Magellan discovered
this little island, which then appeared to be a prosperous com-
munity. It was here that Magellan met Rajas Calambu and
Ciagu, who feasted the Spaniards and exchanged presents with
them.
Leyte, which was generally called Tandaya in the early days,
was the first island of the Philippine Archipelago to receive the
name of "Felipina." On the occasion of Villalobos' expedition in
1543, a party visited this island in search of food, and gave the
place the name that, in a modified form, the whole Philippines
now bears. Legazpi also touched here, visiting the neighborhood
of Abuyog and the Island of Limasawa.
During the early days of Spanish rule, Leyte like Samar,
was under the jurisdiction of Cebu. Later, Leyte was erected
into a separate political division. By 1735, Leyte was already
reported as a politico-military province having jurisdiction over
Samar.
In 1622, a religious revolt broke out in Leyte, the leaders of
which were Bancao, chief of Limasawa, and his high priest,
Pagali. The center of the uprising was the town of Carigara,
on the northern coast, where Bancao had erected a temple sacred
to the diwatas. The rebellion spread to several neighboring
towns. Bancao, the leader, was an old friend of the Spaniards,
having received Legazpi in a friendly fashion in 1565. It ap-
pears, however, that the old chief gave up Catholicism in his
last days and went back to the practices of his former religion.
Twenty-seven years after the revolt of Bancao. another up-
LEYTE. 185
rising took place in Leyte. This was merely an echo of the
Sumoroy rebellion then in progress in Samar. The center of
disturbances in Leyte was a village called Bacor, where the
church and the convent were burned by the rebels.
In 1768, Leyte and Samar were separated, each constituting a
politico-military province by itself. From time to time the
capital of the province of Leyte was changed from one to^vn
to another. The first capital was Carigara; it was transferred
to Palo, then to Tanawan, and finally, to Tacloban.
In pursuance with the royal decree of July 31, 1860, which
ordered the reorganization of the provincial governments of the
Visayas, a politico-military government was confirmed for Leyte.
To the end of Spanish rule, the form of government in Leyte
remained politico-military.
In 1874, Tacloban was opened to foreign trade. This event
is important inasmuch as it resulted in the quickening of the
economic life of Leyte.
The Revolution did not spread to Leyte readily. Later, how-
ever. General Vicente Lukban took possession of that province
as well as of Samar in the name of the Revolutionary Govern-
ment. The people of Leyte, like those of Samar, then joined
hands with the expeditionary troops from Luzon, in order to
expel the Spaniards from the island.
Civil government was organized in Leyte on April 22, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 7,783
Area of farms hectares.... 212,043
Cultivated lands do 105,715
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 536,641
Sugar cane tons.... 18,816
Corn ; cavans.... 453,511
Copra kilos.... 8,458,637
Abaca do 58,857,827
Tobacco do 559,300
Population 597,995
Number of schools 314
Primary 279
Intermediate 31
High school 1
Vocational 3
Enrollment for 1918 40,813
Males 22,549
Females 18,264
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 38.2
Number of establishments of household industries 5,638
Production in 1918 f*l,005,117.29
Number of manufacturing establishments 84
Production in 1918 ^31,670,213.10
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
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MINDORO.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The island formerly called Mait is named Mindoro (from the
Spanish phrase Mi7ia de Oro or gold mine), as mining is said
to have once been its great source of wealth, Mindoro is divided
into two distinct parts, the western and the eastern, by a range
of mountains of which Mount Halcon is the highest peak. Other
important peaks in the province are Mounts Calavite, Buco, and
Hagdanan. The eastern part of Mindoro gets it rain from the
northeast monsoon. The western part which has a long dry
season receives the southwest winds. Atmospheric disturbances
are most frequent during the change of the monsoons. The
climate is healthful.
The coast is very irregular and has very many harbors. Ca-
lapan, Puerto Galera, Santa Cruz de Mindoro, San Andres, Sa-
blayan, Palanan, Mangarin, Bulacao, and Pola on the mainland,
and Lilic and Looc on Lubang Island, are the best places for
safe anchorage. All along the coast, especially on the south and
north, there are many islands. Off the coast of Mindoro, in
Verde Island Passage, is a beautiful submarine garden like the
one on the Batangas coast.
The island is traversed by numerous rivers the most important
of which are Baco, Baruyan, Calapan, Abra de Hog, and Subaan
on the north, Silonay, Sinabu, Navotas, Caoayan, Pola, Pinama-
layan, and Aglubang in the east; Caguray, and Bulalacao in
the south, and Sinambolan, Bagbuajan, Mangpong, and Arunay
in the west. These rivers have many falls and rapids and
could be well harnessed for power. Lake Naujan has a circum-
ference of about 25 kilometers. Crocodiles, wild ducks, and
much fish inhabit the lake.
Although in general the land is rugged in character, the coastal
and river valley plains offer extensive fertile irrigation lands to
the agriculturist. Rice, copra, abaca, sugar, and corn are the
principal products. Fruits and vegetables grow in abundance.
Along the coasts are extensive nipa swamps which could be
used as a source of thatch and sap for alcohol, vinegar, or sugar.
The mountains on the southwest are forested, and the slopes are
suitable for pasturage. The northeastern part, especially on the
mountains southwest of Lake Naujan, is heavily wooded. Trans-
portation facilities which could be easily built towards the sea
coast will open up this region as a great lumbering center.
Gold is found in the rivers Binabay, Baco, Bongabong, and
Magasawan Tubig. Coal of good quality is found north and west
of Bulalacao, white marble northwest of Mount Halcon, slate
deposits near the headwaters of Pagbaban and other rivers of
the western coast, sulphur and gypsum on Lake Naujan and
south of Calapan, hot springs between the sea and the north-
western part of Lake Naujan, and salt springs in Dumagan,
Bulalacao, Guano deposits are found in the caves.
187
188 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
Mindoro is sparsely populated; it needs immigrants to take
advantage of the free public lands, to raise rice, coconuts, sugar,
and abaca, and to exploit the forests and mines. The inhabitants,
few as they are, are engaged in very many of these industries.
The sugar industry is well developed, as shown by the existence
of a sugar central. Cattle and poultry are raised in considerable
quantities. Lumbering, too, is quite extensively practiced. The
rubber tree grows well in Mindoro and the rubber industry is
quite well developed. The fishing industry is lucrative. Off
the west coast of Mindoro is one of the most important fishing
banks of the Philippines.
The people are mostly Tagalogs. There are, however, a
number of Visayan and Ilocano immigrants. Calapan, the
largest town, is the capital, and has 12,684 inhabitants.^ It is
located in the northeastern part of the province.
This province has 12 to^vnships and 108 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Mindoro was known to the Chinese even before the coming
of the Spaniards to these shores. It is believed that Chinese
traders made frequent visits to this island as well as to other
places in the Philippines for purposes of trade. When the
Spaniards arrived, they found evidences of the existence of
commercial relations between the natives and the Chinese. Sal-
cedo, while exploring Mindoro in 1570, found two Chinese junks
anchored at the mouth of Baco River. These junks were found
to be laden with Chinese merchandise.
The Spaniards first visited Mindoro in 1570. It was in this
year that De Goiti and Salcedo, while on their way to Manila,
had occasion to explore the coasts of Mindoro. They sailed
along the western shore of the island touching at the Island of
Ilin, the mounth of Baco River, Mamburao, and Lubang. The
next year Legaspi, while on his way to the conquest of Manila,
also visited the island and brought its inhabitants under Spanish
authority, imposing upon them the royal tribute.
In the early years, Mindoro was administered as a part of the
province of Bonbon, now Batangas. About .the beginning of
the seventeenth century, however, the island was separated from
Bonbon and organized into a corregimiento, with Puerto Galera
as capital. Of this newly organized corregimiento the Island
of Marinduque became a part.
Mindoro, like many other provinces, was for several years
a victim of Moro piracy. In fact, its history throughout the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is practically a story of
the constant struggle between the islanders and the Moro pirates.
The Moros established two strongholds on the island : Mamburao
and Balete. From these places, they sallied forth to attack de-
fenseless communities, destroying property and carrying people
away into slavery. As a result of these depredations, whole
communities were destroyed or abandoned by their inhabitants.
Pinamalayan and Masanlay (Bulalacao) were once deserted by
their former inhabitants for fear of Moro attacks. Ilin, once
Non-Christian population, 770, not included.
MINDORO. 189
a prosperous community on the southwest coast of the island,
was totally destroyed by the buccaneers.
For a long time the Spanish authorities were unable to put
a stop to Moro depredations upon communities on the Island of
Mindoro. The successful expedition sent against Mamburao,
the Moro stronghold in Mindoro, during the governorship of
Simon de Anda served to put an end momentarily to the activities
of the Moros. But no sooner had the Spanish force withdrawn
than piracy was resumed.
It was not until the close of the eighteenth century that the
Spanish government began to deal effectively with such activities.
The inhabitants gradually lost fear of the Moros and began to
come down to live in their former homes. As a result, communi-
ties developed and population grew. The population of Min-
doro which in 1800 numbered only 15,845 had increased by 1845
to 28,795, and five years later this number increased to 35,136.
In the year 1837, the capital of the province was transferred to
Calapan, where it has remained to the present.
Mindoro, like many other provinces, came under the Revolu-
tionary Government soon after the latter was established. Min-
doro continued to be under it until 1901, the year when the
Americans occupied the island.
Mindoro was made a part of Marinduque in June, 1902, when
it was organized into a regular province. Five months later,
however, Mindoro, with the island of Lubang, was separated
and organized into a special province.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers... 10,173
Area of farms hectares.... 131,331
Cultivated lands do 33,036
Production in 1918:
Rice -■ cavans \... 112,951
Sugar cane tons... 68,226
Corn cavans.... 10,175
Copra kilos.... 1,199,241
Abaca do 1,141,597
Tobacco do 4,800
Population =60,778
Number of schools 62
Primary , 53
Intermediate 6
High school 1
Vocational 2
Enrollment for 1918 5,536
Males 3,307
Females 2,229
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 46.7
Number of establishments of household industries 1.049
Production in 1918 f*186,022.93
Number of manufacturing establishments 13
Production in 1918 P45,475.56
1 One cavan equals 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 13,044, not included.
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MISAMIS.
V GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Province of Misamis may be roughly divided into three
parts ; namely, the narrow coastal plain bordering the Bukidnon
district and extending from Diuata Point to the town of Lugait,
on the east side of Iligan Bay; the coastal plain on the west
side of the Bay; and Camiguin Island.
The coast is very irregular, indented with large open bays,
like those of Gingoog, Macajalar, and Iligan. Although Misamis
is a coastal province, there are but few large towns, the most
important of which are Catarman and Mambajao on the Island
of Camiguin, Oroquieta, and Cagayan, the capital of Misamis
Province. The town of Cagayan, situated at the mouth of the
river of the same name, is the center of trade. Most of the
products of the Bukidnon people are sent here by rafts for export.
The province has a very rugged surface, but the mountains
are low, excepting Mount Malindang, with 2,427 meters eleva-
tion, and a volcanic cone at Camiguin, 1,333 meters high.
The climate is healthful. During the northeast monsoons,
the land receives abundant rainfall, though less than the amount
of precipitation that falls on the eastern side of Mindanao.
Strong winds are not common, so that abaca and coconuts thrive
well.
The soil along the coast is favorable for the growth of coconuts,
while the leeward sides of the hills are excellent regions for
abaca cultivation. These two chief crops form the source of
wealth of the province. Rice is imported on a large scale.
Coal, gold, and sulphur, found around the volcano of C>amiguin,
are the minerals of Misamis. These mineral deposits have not
been mined yet, because of the lack of capital and labor.
Most of the people are Visayans, chiefly from the Islands of
Bohol, Negros, and Cebu. The inhabitants are engaged in agri-
culture, fishing, and salt-making. The non-Christian people
who form a part of the population do some cultivation in the
interior valleys.
Cagayan, the capital, has 28,164 inhabitants. It is located in
the northwestern part of the province. This province has 15
municipalities and 186 barrios.
historical account.
The first Spaniards to arrive in the regions which now
constitute the Province of Misamis were missionaries, whose
leaders were the Recollects. They landed in 1622 at a place
not far from where Cagayan at present stands. Shortly after,
191
192 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
the Jesuits arrived and began to carry on missionary work
in what is now western Misamis,
At the time of the arrival of the missionaries, Mohammedan
influence prevailed in what is now Misamis. Its regions were
included in the vast Kingdom of Cgrralat, Mohammedan King
of Mindanao. The lord of this region was Salanpang, a vassal
to King Corralat, Upon hearing of the pjesence of the Re-
collects within his territory, Corralat prepared to expel them.
But Salanpang, who had become a convert to Christianity, gave
the missionaries protection. He removed to Cagayan which
he fortified strongly against Corralat. The Recollects found
safety in this place. They built their convent here and made
it the center of their missionary activity.
The original inhabitants of Misamis were the Bukidnons, but
these retired into the interior as immigrants from the Visayan
Islands arrived. These immigrants came mainly from Bohol
and Cebu. They founded settlements along the coast and on
the Island of Camiguin. The first settlement to be established
on the Island of Camiguin was Guinsiliban. The growth of
population as a result of this immigration was rapid.
As first constituted, Misamis formed part of the Province of
Cebu. Later it was made a cori^egimiento. In 1818, Misamis
had the status of a province, with four distinct divisions called
"partidos." These divisions were as follows: (1) Partido de
Misamis, which included the forts of Misamis and Iligan, besides
Loculan and Initao; (2) Partido de Dapitan, including Dapitan,
Lobungan, and a number of villages; (3) Partido de Cagayan,
which included Cagayan and a number of villages like Iponan,
Molugan, Hasaan, and Salay; and (4) the Partido of Catarman,
on the Island of Camiguin, which included the town of Catarman,
and the villages of Mambajao, Guinsiliban, and Sagay. In 1850
Misamis constituted one of the four political divisions into which
Mindanao was divided, including within its jurisdiction a great
portion of what is now Lanao, all of Bukidnon, and the northern
portion of what is now Cotabato.
Except during the first decades of the nineteenth century
when the population of Misamis suffered considerable reduction
as a result of Moro attacks, the history of Misamis showed a
continuous growth of population. About the beginning of the
nineteenth century it was 56,390. By 1818, this had been re-
duced to 26,226. But from that time on the number of inhabit-
ants steadily grew. In 1870, the population was 78,104. In
1887, this had grown to 116,024, and ten years later it had
increased to 169,356.
At the end of Spanish rule, Misamis constituted one of the
seven districts of Mindanao. It was governed by an army ofiicer
of the rank of lieutenant-colonel. The capital was Cagayan de
Misamis. The comandancia of Dapitan with the towns of Da-
pitan, Dipolog and Lobungan was a dependency of this province.
Misamis came under the Revolutionary Government in De-
cember 1899. It remained so for about three months, at the
end of which time it fell into the hands of the Americans.
MISAMIS. 193
Civil government was established in Misamis May 15, 1901.
As constituted, Misamis included what is now the Subprovince
of Bukidnon. In 1907, Bukidnon was given to Agusan, which
was created into a province that year.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 2,668
Area of farms hectares.... 75,082
Cultivated lands do 46,348
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 166,533
Sugar cane tons.... 960
Corn cavans.... 375,240
Copra kilos.... 23,748,487
Abaca do 8,561,922
Tobacco do 13,500
Population 198,981
Number of schools '. 128
Primary 124
Intermediate 3
High school 1
Enrollment for 1918 14,539
Males 7,418
Females 7,121
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 47.4
Number of establishments of household industries 910
Production in 1918 ^=241,579.52
Number of manufacturing establishments 26
Production in 1918 f=142,015.08
1 One cavan equals 75 liters.
171073 13
MOUNTAIN PROVINCE.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The Mountain Province, the third largest province in the
Philippines, comprises that wide mountainous territory lying
between Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya and the Ilocos
provinces. It is made up of several subprovinces, namely, Apa-
yao, Kalinga, Lepanto, Bontoc, Ifugao, Benguet, and Amburayan.
The exploration of the regions now included in the Mountain
Province started as early as 1663. It was in this year that
Governor-General Diego de Salcedo sent an expedition under
the command of Pedro Duran de Monforte which succeeded in
penetrating as far as Kayan, in Lepanto. In 1756, the Alcalde
Mayor of Pangasinan, Manuel Arza, made an attempt to lead
an expedition into these regions. Nothing, however, came of
this attempt.
In 1785, on the occasion of an uprising among the Kalingas,
an expedition was sent from Cagayan by order of Governor-
General Basco for the purpose of restoring order. During the
first half of the nineteenth century, several important expeditions
were made into the mountain country, largely by the famous
Spanish explorer, Guillermo Galvey. This brave military officer
led no less than forty-five expeditions into the mountain regions,
the most famous of which were made in 1829, 1832, 1833, and
1837. On these occasions, he visited the greater part of the
southern portion of what is now the Mountain Province. He
touched Trinidad, Lutab, and Kalayan (Benguet), Kiangan and
Mayoyao (Ifugao), Kayan (Lepanto), and Suyoc (Amburayan).
Galvey, however, shared the honors of the exploration of Le-
panto with Antonio Hernandez, a Spanish military engineer. It
was Hernandez, who, about the year 1850, visited the greater
part of Lepanto for the purpose of gathering general informa-
tion with a view to making maps and mining plans.
At the end of the Spanish rule, the region which now forms the
Mountain Province was divided into several politico-military
comandancias as follows : Cabugaoan, situated just east of Ilocos
Norte; Apayao, adjoinmg Cabugaoan to the east; Itaves, now
the Subprovince of Kalinga; Bontoc; Lepanto, with its depend-
ency, Tiagan; Amburayan; Kiangan, now approximately Ifugao;
and Benguet and Cayapa, now eastern Benguet. These coman-
dancias were formed at various times. The earliest of these
politico-military comandancias to be formed were Benguet
(1846), Lepanto (1852), and Bontoc (1859). The latest ones
created were Amburayan (1889), Cabugaoan (1891), and Ca-
yapa (1891).
195
196 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
In the early years of the Revolution this territory was prac-
tically unaffected by the war. But later, the revolutionists
penetrated into some of these districts. For example, Ambu-
rayan was for a while governed by Pio Ancheta in the name
of the Revolutionary Government. Benguet was likewise for a
while governed by Juan Carino. General Luna is believed to
have visited Cervantes for the purpose of establishing in that
place an impregnable stronghold that could be used in case of
necessity. Aguinaldo, in his memorable retreat that ended at
Palanan, passed through Benguet, Lepanto-Bontoc, Ifugao, and
Kalinga. The famous battle of Tila Pass in Lepanto, where
General Gregorio del Pilar made his gallant stand, may also be
mentioned in this connection.
Of all the regions included in what is now the Mountain Prov-
ince, Benguet was the first to be organized as a province under
American Rule. Civil government was established in Benguet
as early as 1900, when Baguio was made capital. The next
region to receive provincial organization was Lepanto-Bontoc.
Lepanto-Bontoc was organized as a province in 1902, with Cer-
vantes as capital. It had three subprovinces, namely, Ambu-
rayan, Lepanto, and Bontoc, which included part of the territory
now approximately known as the Subprovince of Kalinga.
Kalinga, however, was created as a separate subprovince of
Lepanto-Bontoc in 1907. Apayao, from 1901, formed part of
Cagayan Province, but it was created a subprovince in 1907.
Ifugao from 1902 formed part of Nueva Vizcaya.
Such was the governmental system which obtained in the
mountain country until 1908. Then the Mountain Province was
organized as a special province of the Archipelago, with Bontoc
as capital. The newly created province includes as subprovinces
the following units : Benguet, Amburayan, Lepanto, Bontoc, Ifu-
gao (separated from Nueva Vizcaya), Kalinga, and Apayao
(separated from Cagayan).
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KitoTieters
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AMBURAYAN.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
AMBURAYAN, the only mountain subprovince possessing a
coastline, is separated from Benguet and Lepanto by a high
range of mountains of which Guirayan and Malaya are the
highest peaks. The other mountain ranges run east and west
between the rivers. The main road to the interior of this
region is through a pass at an elevation of from 4,000 to 5,000
feet above sea level.
The whole subprovince is drained by the Amburayan River
and a few small streams that flow into the sea across La Union.
The valley of the Bakun and that of the main branch of the
Amburayan comprise the southern two-thirds of Amburayan.
The northern third is occupied by the valley of the Chico branch.
The southern part is very inaccessible. The rivers are too swift
and precipitous even for rafts. There are no roads of any
importance except one horse trail from Tagudin to Alilem, the
former capital.
The climate is the same as that of Ilocos Sur and La Union.
The rainfall comes from the west coast.
Amburayan is very poor in natural resources. The only low-
land under cultivation is the narrow coastal plain around Ta-
gudin. The rest of the cultivated areas is confined to the valleys
of the three branches of the Amburayan River. Here the Igorot
villages are surrounded by rice terraces irrigated in the same
manner as those of Lepanto and Benguet. The Bakun district
has the most striking rice terraces. This region is a great
plateau surrounded by high precipices difficult of access. Parts
of the trails to Bakun consist of ladders hundreds of feet high
on the side of cliffs. On this plateau are found the great am-
phitheatres of rice terraces. Sweet potatoes, vegetables, and
tobacco are raised and exported. Coconut trees and mangoes
are also found in large numbers.
There are pine forests on the Malaya range. On the moun-
tains deforested by Igorots, there are grass lands, but cattle
raising is limited.
There are but few metallic minerals. Some deposits of as-
bestos and a low quality of copper ores are reported to exist in
the range between the Amburayan and Malaya. The southern
part of the subprovince which may contain minerals, has not
yet been explored. Clay for common pottery is the only mineral
used.
The great water power available from the Amburayan river
is not being utilized. There is at present a project to establish
197
198 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
an irrigation system from this river to water the fields of
Bangar, Balaoan and Luna.
Fishing is extensive along the coasts. In the interior, little
fish is found, for the rivers are too swift.
Baskets are made for export. Excellent weaving is done in
the valleys where cotton is grown.
Tagudin is the only town inhabited by an entirely Christian
population. On the valley of the Chico are many villages of
Christian and non-Christian Igorots who have the same indus-
tries as the people of Tagudin and Lepanto.
This subprovince and Lepanto have 1 municipality, 19 town-
ships, and 191 barrios. Its capital is Tagudin, with 11,237 in-
habitants. It is located in the northwestern part of the province.
Note. — For statistical data, see Lepanto.
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AMBURAYAN
SUB -PROVINCE
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Area (Sq. Km.) 917
Population 32,096
Capital
Municipalities
Townships
Barrios
Elevations in meters
Kilometers
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35
W
APAYAO.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
From the Cordillera range on the western border, the Sub-
province of Apayao slopes eastward down to the valley of the
Cagayan River. The eastern portion from the Tauit and Abu-
lug Rivers is covered by an extensive nipa swamps, dotted here
and there by low hills.
The most important river, the Abulug, makes a remarkable
curve, starting from the headwaters of the Apayao River in
the northwest, then going southeastward to Kabugao whence it
makes a northeasterly bend to the sea. Other rivers are the
Talifugo, the Matalak, and the Sinundungan.
Maize, camotes or sweet potatoes, and a great number of
coconuts and bananas are grown. Upland rice is planted in
kaiiigins, or fire clearings in the forests. Tobacco planted in
these clearings is sold to the lowlanders and marketed as Cagayan
tobacco.
Apayao contains one of the richest virgin forests of the
Philippines, but because of the difficulty of transportation
lumber is not cut on a commercial scale. Beeswax and rattan,
however, are gathered and exchanged for pots, cloth and metals
with the lowlanders.
Mineral resources are as yet little explored. There are a
few undeveloped copper and ore deposits on the Apayao and
Talifugo Rivers. Limestone is also found. Fine clay for pot-
tery is sold to the Ibanags of Isabela from whom the Apayaos
buy the finished products.
Apayaos hunt a great deal and fish by means of traps in
the rivers. Crocodiles are plentiful in the Abulug and Tauit
Rivers. The Negritos hunt deer and wild carabaos on the
swamp hills.
The Apayao villages are found along the rivers and the in-
habitants become expert in managing their rafts or boats in the
rapids. They are essentially a river people and are reluctant to
settle in the valleys. The population is thickest in Kabugao
where many rivers flow together. This town is the capital and
is located in the south central part of the subprovince.
Health conditions in the western half of the province are ex-
cellent, but in the swamps pernicious malaria and skin diseases
of all kinds are prevalent.
This subprovince has 5 townships, 60 settlements, and 136
rancherias.
199
200 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
STATISTICAL DATA.^
Approximate area square kilometers.... 4,898
Population '427
Number of schools 2
Primary 2
Enrollment for 1918 80
Males 45
Females _ 35
1 See production of non-Christians, Mountain Province.
2 Non-Christian population, 10,696, not included.
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STJB-PRnVlNCE
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Area (Sq. Km.)
Population
Capital
Townships
Rancherias
4.898
11.123
KABUGAO
5
136
Elevations in meters
Kilometers
S 0 10
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BENGUET.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The subprovince may be divided into three geographical areas :
the valley of the Bued River which rises from the Bagnio plateau ;
the Agno River of Benguet Valley occupying the northern
and northeastern parts of Benguet; and the Kapangan district,
which embraces the headwaters of the Amburayan and Bauang
Rivers. These different divisions are separated from one another
by ranges of mountains, the one separating the Agno Valley
from the Kapangan district being the higher. This range is
second to the Cordillera Central in height. It is on the eastern
border of Benguet that the highest peaks of Luzon are found.
The land is well drained, but the rivers are all precipitous
with large rapids and falls. In several places the slopes are
so steep that landslides are common occurrences. There are
also several lakes, most of them small in size, on the tops of
mountains. Lake Trinidad is the largest, having a perimeter of
about 4 kilometers. The Baguio Lake, although large in area,
is a combination of several pools.
The climate is, in general, humid, cool, and healthful. Al-
though it is cool and refreshing in Baguio, it is colder in La
Trinidad and Haight's Place, which is about 3,000 feet higher
than Baguio itself. La Trinidad is the garden of Benguet.
Strawberries, celery, cabbages, and other temperate fruits and
vegetables are exported to Manila. In Haight's Place, the high-
land moss and lichen show how low the temperature gets during
the year.
Although the land is mountainous and hilly, the different
industries have great possibilities. Agriculture is well devel-
oped, and although rice is imported, the people raise millet,
beans, corn, and sweet potatoes in considerable quantities.
Coffee is raised and exported in the Kayan district.
There are vast tracts of land where cattle could be raised on
a large scale, and if it were not fo.* the fear of cattle disease,
the Mountain Province would rank as the chief cattle-raising
region in the Philippines.
Benguet is at present the most important gold-mining district.
The Igorots exploited the mines long before the coming of the
Spaniards, and it is said that because of much experience, the
Igorots are more skillful gold miners than those who use their
knowledge of chemistry and mining engineering. Hot springs
are found at Klondikes, Daklan, and Bunguias. Coal deposits
exist in Mount Kapangan.
201
202 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The women weave cotton cloth for their skirts and jackets
and for the men's G-strings. Local commerce is generally
carried on by barter. The Igorots exchange gold nuggets for
some of their necessaries. Cotton cloth in plaids or checks,
hogs, chickens, dogs, and salt are also imported from the low-
land regions.
The people, with the exception of those in La Trinidad and
Baguio, are Igorots. A few of them have been christianized
and taught the industries of the Ilocanos. The Igorots are
peaceful and industrious people.
This subprovince has 14 townships and 95 barrios. Its capital
is La Trinidad, with 503 inhabitants.^ It is located in the west
central part of the subprovince.
STATISTICAL DATA."
Approximate area square kilometers.... 2,593
Area of farms hectares.... 389
Cultivated lands do 87
Population M,126
Number of schools .• 42
Primary 34
Intermediate 4
High school 2
Vocational 2
Enrollment for 1918 - 3,475
Males 2,616
Females 859
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 134.1
Number of establishments of household industries 27
Production in 1918 P13,659.00
Number of manufacturing establishments 20
Production in 1918 ^634,518.82
^ Non-Christian population, 2,572, not included.
- See production of non-Christians, Mountain Province.
" Non-Christian population, 35,329, and Christian population of Baguio, 5,462, not included.
I204C'
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^'-f^'BENGUET
SUB-PROVINCE
(MOUNTAIN PROV.)
G A S I N A N
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Area (Sq. Km.) 2,593
Population 39,455
Capital LA TRINIDAD
Townships 13
Barrios 95
Elevations In meters
Kilorn(
a tars
16
30
120^
50
BONTOC.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Subprovince of Bontoc is exceedingly mountainous.
There are no level spaces or plains except in the extreme eastern
part where the rolling foothills descend into the Cagayan
Valley. Sepaiating Bontoc from Lepanto and Ifugao is the
Cordillera central on the west and the Polls Range on the
south. The highest peaks along the border are Mounts Meng-
meng, Sipitan, and Amuyao.
The land may be divided into three well-marked geographical
areas: 1. The valley of the upper Chico and its tributaries.
2. The Siffu (Cadaclan) valley and its branches occupying the
eastern portion that slopes eastward to the Cagayan valley.
3. The valley of the Tanodan River between the Chico and the
Siffu Valleys. These valleys are separated from one another
by high mountains that average 2,000 meters in height.
The climate of the western half is similar to that of the
southwestern half of Kalinga. The eastern half receives its
rainfall from the east after the winds have passed through the
Cagayan valley so that it is much drier than the western portion.
The mineral resources of the region have not yet been ex-
plored, consequently very little is known of them. Deposits of
iron of considerable size have been developed and in places,
as Tanolo for instance, small veins of lead and silver are found.
Mainit is noted for a hot salt spring from which the natives
extract large quantities of salt for local use and for export
to Kalinga and Lepanto. There are two other hot springs in
Sadanga. Other non-metallic minerals are clay from which
the natives make pottery and stone used by the Bontocs to build
the walls of their rice terraces.
The most important crops raised are rice, sweet potatoes,
millet, and tobacco of a poor quality. There are very few fruits
and vegetables. Rice terraces are usually found at the bottoms
of river valleys and are carried only a short distance up the
mountain sides. Probably more camotes are raised in Bontoc
than in any other part of the Archipelago. Sweet potatoes are
grown in terraces among the rice fields and also between the
houses. The patches are so planted that the wayfarer is struck
by the appearance of the curious geometric figures in which
the sweet potatoes are planted. Millet is raised as a dry crop
on the hillsides above the rice terraces.
Fish is caught to some extent along the Chico river. Except
chickens and dogs there are no domestic animals. Carabaos
203
204 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
are allowed to run loose in fenced-in areas, and killed when
wanted for food. There are only a few wild animals, the only-
important ones being the wild pigs, carabaos, and deer in the
extreme eastern portion.
Besides agriculture and pottery-making, the principal indus-
tries consist of basket-making, lumbering, weaving, and metal-
working. Bamboo and rattan baskets are exported to the low-
lands. In Fidelisan a large sawmill has been erected which
is operated by water-power for the pine lumber in the forests.
The women, by means of their hand looms, weave a great deal
of highly colored cloth out of yarn which they get by barter
from the people of Isabela and Abra. The men manufacture
head-axes and knives from steel which they obtain in the same
way from the Igorots in the west.
Most of the towns are much larger than those of the other
subprovinces and are located along the rivers flowing through
the valley bottoms. The people are being gradually christianized
and take to education readily.
This subprovince has 7 townships and 47 barrios. Its capital
is Bontoc, with 609 inhabitants.^ It is located in the south-
western part of the subprovince.
STATISTICAL DATA.'
Approximate area square kilometers.... 1,528
Population "811
Number of schools 14
Primary 10
Vocational 4
• Enrollmet for 1918 888
Males 611
Females 277
^Non-Christian population, 10,107, not included.
" See production of non-Christians, Mountain Province.
2 Non-Christian population, 32,770, not included.
IFUGAO.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Polls Mountain range on the north and west forms the
border of the Subprovince of Ifugao and cuts it off from Benguet
and Lepanto in the west and from Bontoc in the north. Mount
Pulog (2,924 meters) in the southwestern corner is the highest
peak in Luzon and second only to Mount Apo of Mindanao in
the Philippines. The Polls pass through this range and is 1,940
meters above sea level. Mountains cover the western two-thirds
of the province. The eastern third, practically uninhabited,
slopes gradually away into the valley of the Magat River. This
region is one of the most fertile spots in the Philippines and
is a part of the best tobacco-producing region of Isabela. It
has always been a neutral ground between the Christians and
the Apayaos.
The southeast winds bring so much moisture that in the
northern part of the province it rains all the year round. The
land is well drained and the locality healthful.
The north central part of Ifugao, included within a radius of
20 kilometers on either side of the Kiangan-Banaue road, is
sparsely populated.
"The soils are of basalt rock origin, very fertile and extensively
cultivated. The chief agricultural product is rice, which is
grown on terraces along the mountain sides. Nowhere in the
Philippines Is irrigation developed to the point reached in Ifugao.
There are approximately 100 square miles of irrigated rice
terraces that are watered by great ditches that run for miles.
The terraces are all buttressed with stone walls which measure
a total length of about 12,000 miles. It is believed that the
construction of the present terraces and irrigation systems has
taken from twelve to fifteen hundred years of time." — Beyer.
The Ifugaos have so utilized every drop of available water
supply that in most places it is useless to construct any more
ditches for lack of water, a deficiency mostly due to deforestation.
Several areas have been abandoned awaiting reforestation.
Potatoes, taro, tobacco, cotton, and a great variety of vegeta-
bles, such as peas, beans, and unions, are grown by the Ifugaos.
Except non-metals, no valuable minerals have as yet been
discovered. There is a small seam of coal along the border of
Ifugao and Nueva Vizcaya near Cawayan, but it is not mined
because of the difficulty of transportation. Around Kiangan,
and especially to the south of it, there are deposits of lime suit-
able for mortar. There are extensive areas of good building
205
206 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
stone such as terrace walls are made of, hard basic rocks of
diorites and conglomerates. There is also good pottery clay.
Salt springs and deposits of rock salt are found in the lower
Cadaclan and in the valleys of the Asin and Andangan Rivers.
The salt finds a large local market.
No animals are used for field work, for everything is done
by hand. When the rice fields become dry, fish for food is
raised in ponds. Deer and wild carabaos are plentiful in the
uninhabited regions.
Two dialects are spoken in Ifugao, a circumstance evidently
due to the separation of the inhabitants into two divisions. by
the range of mountains between the Alimit and the Ibulao Rivers.
The Ifugaos are a very industrious people as shown in their
terrace construction of rice fields. They only need education
and Christianity to make them one of the great factors in the
progress of these Islands.
This subprovince has 3 townships and 191 barrios. Its capital
is Kiangan, with 276 inhabitants.^ It is located in the south-
western part of the province.
STATISTICAL DATA.^
Approximate area square kilometers.... 2,012
Population .._ '294
Number of schools 13
Primary 13
Enrollment for 1918 1,150
Males 989
Females 161
1 Non-Christian population, 37,897, not included.
- See production of non-Christians, Mountain Province.
^ Non-Christian population, 66,280, not included.
KALINGA.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Except where this subprovince touches Cagayan and Isabela,
it is entirely surrounded by a high range of mountains whose
peaks range from 1,514 to 2,576 meters in height. Geograph-
ically, it may be divided into three regions: first, the more or
less mountainous western third west of the Chico River
drainage basin; second, the valley of the Chico and its bran-
ches; third, the level plains region between the Chico River
and Cagayan Province. The tops of the mountains are covered
with pine forests and the slopes which are exceedingly rugged
and precipitous are either bare or covered with grass. The land
is barren because of continuous forest fires and landslides.
The central valley region is the most densely populated. The
principal products are irrigated upland rice, camotes and maize.
Rice is planted in terraces along the bottoms of river valleys,
not on the slopes of the mountains as in Ifugao, and three crops
are commonly raised. This cereal is cheaper and more plentiful
in Kalinga than in any other subprovince. The eastern third
is covered with grass and thinly inhabited.
The rivers are young and therefore rapid. Although there
are many rapids and falls for power the water is utilized only
in the southern part for irrigating the few terraces on the
mountain sides. There are no lakes so that the rivers are the
only source of the meager fish supply.
The climate of the subprovince difters according to the region.
The northeastern half which gets its rain from the Cagayan
Valley has a well marked wet and long dry season. The south-
western half depends upon the west winds so that it receives
much greater rainfall.
Very little is known about the minerals of the region. There
are no mining claims and the only industry that is based on the
produce of the soil is pot-making which is confined to the lower
part of the Chico River Valley.
On the whole, the land is unfertile and unprepossessing.
Agriculture is difficult without the aid of irrigation and fertiliza-
tion of the soils. Cattle raising holds out hope for the prosper-
ity of the subprovince.
Besides rough pottery, the people also engage in bamboo and
rattan basket-making, weaving and metal-working. Rattan is
gathered in the forest along the western border, the only part
where there is a true virgin forest. Weaving is carried on in the
southern portion and metal-working by the Tinguianes on the
207
208 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
western border, especially in Balbalasang. Their chief products
are head-axes, bolos, and spears. Steel is obtained by barter
with the Ilocanos.
There is very little outside trade. The people in the west
trade with Abra, those in the east with the Ibanags of Cagayan
and those in the south with Bontoc. Rice and baskets are the
only exports.
The inhabitants of Kalinga are the most mixed of any prov-
ince of northern Luzon. Lubuagan is the capital and largest
town, and has 226 Christian inhabitants.^ It is located in the
southwestern part of the subprovince. This subprovince has
4 townships and 39 barrios.
STATISTICAL DATA.^
Approximate area square kilometers.... 2,940
Area of farms hectares.... 22
Cultivated lands do 17
Population ^272
Number of schools 10
Primary _ 10
Enrollment for 1918 1,230
Males 918
Females 312
1 Non-Christian population, 8.952.
- See production of non-Christians, Mountain Province.
3 Non-Christian population, 25,352, not included.
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LEPANTO.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Lepanto consists of the upper Abra River Valley, except a
small area bordering on Ifugao and Bontoc which is drained
by the headquarters of the Chico River. Running along the
boundary of this subprovince are lofty mountains, the highest
being the Polls Range. There are as many as 200 mountain
peaks, the best known, not necessarily the highest, being Mount
Data. Because of these high mountains, intercourse in former
times throughout the region was done up and down the river
valleys.
The climate is similar to that of the west coast, the rainfall
coming mainly from the west winds.
The land, although exceedingly mountainous, has very little
virgin forest, this being found only on the border range. Pines
are the only trees found and are scattered on the mountain sides.
The greater part of the country is covered with grass and the
river valleys are cultivated. There are as many as 15 to 20
crater lakes found in various places. One lake is found at the
top of Mount Data and another one at Mount Cagubata, to which
the Igorots go for pilgrimage.
The cultivated area is found chiefly on the headwaters of the
Chico and Abra River Valleys. Lepanto is next to Ifugao in
the number of rice terraces. Camotes for local use, pineapples
for export, and sugar cane for basi are also raised. Cotton is
cultivated in large quantities in the region from Sabangan to
Insuda in the Chico Valley, and from Angaki to the Abra border.
Lepanto and Benguet are the regions having the most minerals
in Luzon. All the mountain ranges in the southern part have
millions of pesos worth of copper ore deposits. Mankayan is
the center of the copper mining industry. Here, the Spaniards
found the Igorots using the Chinese method of mining and smelt-
ing. At present, there are about 50 or 60 American miners in
the region, but not much actual work is done for lack of capital.
Suyoc is the gold mining center. Here is found one of the
most striking features of the world. A whole side of a range
of mountains, about 15 kilometers across, slides down to the
valley. On this slide, known as the Palidan Slide, are found
parts of gold veins which must have their connection somewhere
else. Gold mining has great possibilities in the region, but the
work would prove profitable only to large companies. The
rough topography of the land and the lack of transportation
facilities are the only difficulties encountered. Some Filipinos,
especially the Igorots, are interested in gold mining.
The household industries are well developed. Clay products,
such as pots, jars, and pipes made for export, are the best
in the Mountain Province. The men are experts in metal-work-
171073 14 209
210 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
ing. They make weapons, pots, and spoons out of copper which
they mine and smelt by native process. They also manufacture
iron or steel spears, bolos, knives, and tools of all sorts, which
they sell to or barter with the natives of the lowlands. Gold
is used by them in making ear-rings and other ornaments. They
also carve wood into images, bowls, ornaments and other utensils.
The women make sufficient cloth for their own use and for
sale. They spin, dye, and weave the cotton raised there. The
Tinguians who live in the region north of Concepcion-Angaki
and in San Emilio weave cloth for export to western Abra.
Cattle-raising is more extensive m Lepanto than in any other
subprovince. Thousands of horses are allowed to run wild.
These are exported to Bontoc, Ifugao, and Ilocos. There is
but little fishing done in the rivers. Eels in large numbers are
raised for religious purposes in Lepanto.
Lepanto is accessible by two roads, one passing from west to
east, the Tagudin-Bontoc road, and the other from south to
north, from Benguet passing through Mankayan, Cervantes, and
Angaki to Candon.
Most of the people, except along the borders of Ifugao and
Abra, are Igorots.
Its capital is Cervantes, with 2,513 inhabitants.^ It is located
in the southwestern part of the subprovince.
Lepanto has no municipality. It has 19 townships and 191
barrios, with Amburayan.
STATISTICAL DATA.''
Approximate area square kilometers.... 2,678
Area of farms hectares.... 9,568
Cultivated lands do 7,251
Production in 1918:
Rice ; cavans ".... 138,751
Sugar cane tons.... 2,581
Corn cavans.... 9,056
Copra kilos.... 6,247
Tobacco do 128,000
Population "36,432
Number of schools 61
Primary 56
Intermediate 4
High school 1
Enrollment for 1918 5,400
Males 3,333
Females 2,067
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 92.5
Number of establishments of household industries 453
Production in 1918 ?=79,528.63
Number of manufacturing establishments 5
Production in 1918 ?10,660.00
' Non-Christian population, 3,259, not included.
^ IncludinK data for Amburayan.
" One carav e(iual.s 75 liters.
' Non-Christian population, 31,772, not included.
12040'
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LEPANTO
SUB -PROVINCE
(mountain prov.)
b7r a
Area (Sq. Km.)
Population
Capital
Townships
Barrios
Elevations In meters
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NUEVA EGIJA.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
NuEVA EcijA is the easternmost of the provinces in the fertile
central plain of Luzon. Tilting westward from the Caraballo
mountains, it is bounded on the north by Pangasinan and Nueva
Vizcaya, on the east by Nueva Vizcaya and Tayabas, on the
south by Pampanga and Bulacan, and on the west by Tarlac and
Pangasinan.
The province is new and sparsely settled. Most of the in-
habitants are immigrants from the Tagalog, Ilocano, and Pan-
gasinan regions.
At present, Nueva Ecija is second in rice production and a
large part of its crop is exported. Vegetables and fruits are
abundant. Corn, sweet potatoes and sugar cane are important
products.
The rolling hills towards the mountains are suitable for pas-
ture lands. The mountains are thick with untouched forests
that yield fine wood and minor forest products.
In the mountains and rivers gold is found. Placer mining is
the method used to recover it. There are many mineral and
hot springs, the ones at Bongabon and Pantabangan being the
most important.
The land is well drained by the Pampanga River and its trib-
utaries. Though the rivers are too small to be navigable
for cascos except in the rainy season, the basin affords easy
road making. There are a few lakes, the San Francisco, the
Talavera, and the Paitan being the most important. They teem
with fish.
Cabanatuan, the capital, San Isidro and Gapan are the chief
commercial towns. There is a Government Agricultural School
at Muiioz which is attended by students from different provinces.
This province has 26 municipalities and 223 barrios. The
capital is located in the southwestern part of the province, and
has 15,282 inhabitants.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
In 1705, Governor Fausto Cruzat created a portion of Pam-
panga into a military comandancia of that province, naming
the district Nueva Ecija, in honor of his native city. In that
newly created comandancia, what is now the Province of Nueva
Ecija had its humble origin.
From a military comayidancia , Nueva Ecija grew into a prov-
ince of important dimensions. In 1818 her limits extended to the
Pacific and included regions which now form part of other
provinces. The town of Palanan, now belonging to Isabela,
was once a part of Nueva Ecija. The northern portion of what
is now Tayabas, including the towns of Baler, Casiguran, In-
fanta, and Polillo, was also included within the limits of Nueva
Ecija.
Extensive as was the territory of Nueva Ecija, her population
up to the middle of the nineteenth century remained compar-
211
212 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
atively small, being only 9,165 in 1845. In 1848, however, Ga-
pan, San Isidro, Cabiao, San Antonio, and Aliaga were separated
from Pampanga and added to Nueva Ecija. The adjudication of
these towns to Nueva Ecija raised the population to 69,135,
besides enlarging her already extensive territory.
It was not long, however, before great portions of this territory
were taken away and Nueva Ecija was reduced to practically
her present limits. In 1853, the district of Principe, now a part
of Tayabas, was formed out of Baler, Casiguran and two other
towns of Nueva Ecija. In 1856, Isabela was created into a
province and Palanan and the neighboring regions were given
to the newly created province. Two years afterwards, Bina-
ngonan and Polillo were also separated from Nueva Ecija to
form part of Infanta which was created a military district that
year.
Nueva Ecija was one of the first eight provinces to raise the
standard of revolt in 1896. Later, when the Revolutionary Gov-
ernment was formed in 1898, Nueva Ecija came under its control.
Felino Cajucom for some time acted as governor.
Civil government was organized in Nueva Ecija on June 11,
1901.
The seat of government of Nueva Ecija was transferred from
one place to another at various times. Baler was the first
capital, Bongabong the second, and Cabanatuan the third. In
1852, the capital was moved to San Isidro where it remained
until 1912, at which time it was restored to Cabanatuan.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 5,359
Area of farms hectares.... 205,410
Cultivated lands do 97,159
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans^.... 4,150,937
Sugar cane tons.... 6,598
Corn cavans.... 39,908
Tobacco kilos.... 769,955
Population =226,052
Number of schools 155
Primary 144
Intermediate 9
High school 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 18,771
Males 11,585
Females 7,186
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 40.1
Number of establishments of household industries 376
Production in 1918 ^^142,248.59
Number of manufacturing establishments 39
Production in 1918 P161,610.16
1 One cavan equals 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 1,584, not included.
40'
10' -
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NUEVA ECIJA
Area (Sq. Km.)
Population 227,636
Capital CABANATUAN
Municipalities 26
Barrios
Elevations in meters
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NUEVA VIZCAYA.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Province of Nueva Vizcaya is in the north central part
of Luzon and is bounded by Isabela and the Mountain Province
on the north, Nueva Ecija and Taj'^abas on the south, the Pacific
Ocean on the east, and Pangasinan and the Mountain Province
on the west. From the south and west, Nueva Vizcaya may be
reached via Nueva Ecija or Pangasinan from where there are
trails, passable for horses, which connect the said provinces with
the Bayombong-Santa Fe Road, a distance of 49 kilometers from
the capital of the province.
The present number of Christian inhabitants of the province
is 28,432.
There are vast areas of fertile public land, suitable for rice,
tobacco, sugar, beans, potatoes, coffee, cacao, coconuts, and
abaca, practically untouched, as well as virgin forests filled with
all classes of valuable timber.
Nueva Vizcaya forms part of the so-called Cagayan Valley
and is the gateway to and granary of the tobacco-producing
provinces of Isabela and Cagayan, whose valleys are each year
fertilized by the waters of the Cagayan and Magat Rivers,
arising in the forest clad hills and valleys on Nueva Vizcaya.
The climatic conditions of Nueva Vizcaya are unsurpassed.
There are places the climate of which is similar to that of
Baguio. There are also places of scenic beauty, such as Salinas,
which are not inferior to world-famous objectives of tourist
travel. The salt springs at Salinas have been from time im-
memorial the source of this essential food element to the peoples
of even distant regions. The application of modern methods
of salt production is one of the activities of the provincial govern-
ment in the development of our marvelous natural resources.
The province has 8 townships and 153 barrios. Its capital
is Bayombong, with 5,585 inhabitants.^ It is located in the
northwestern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
As early as 1839, Governor Luis Lardizabal, upon the advice
of the Alcalde Mayor of Cagayan, issued an order creating
Nueva Vizcaya into a politico-military province. The order was
approved by a Royal Decree dated April 10, 1841. The new
province included the regions comprising the old missions of Ituy
and Paniqui, in addition to the towns of Gamu, Furao, and
' Non-Christian population, 34, not included.
213
214 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
Ilagan. At the time of its creation, the new province had a
population of about 19,754 souls.
As created in 1839, Nueva Vizcaya comprised a rather exten-
sive territory including not only v^hat is now Nueva Vizcaya, but
also the present Subprovince of Ifugao and a good deal of the
present Province of Isabela, But when Isabela was created in
1856, Nueva Vizcaya ceded to the newly created province a good
deal of her northeastern territory, including Camarag, her cap-
ital. The capital of Nueva Vizcaya was moved to Bayombong.
The history of Nueva Vizcaya, like that of many other prov-
inces of the Philippines, antedates its creation as such. The
early history of what is now Nueva Vizcaya is, to a great extent,
really the history of the missions of Ituy and Paniqui. As far
back as 1609, the mission of Ituy was already organized. Among
the early missionary centers established in this region were
the now defunct town of San Miguel, founded in 1632, and the
town of Aritao, founded in 1665. Bayombong was in the be-
ginning a missionary center of Ituy. So was Bagabag.
The work of the missionaries proceeded under great difficul-
ties, inasmuch as the natives disputed with them every inch of
territory and resisted their advance. Military expeditions were
therefore dispatched to these regions from time to time. Gas-
par de la Torre, for example, sent in 1745 such an expedition
under the leadership of a native soldier by the name of Lorenzo
Dipagang. Three years later, another expedition was again
dispatched under the command of Vicente de Ibarra, a Spanish
military officer, ably seconded by a native soldier by the name
of Cuarto Maddela. In 1832, Guillermo Galvey led another ex-
pedition through these regions which traversed the towns of
Bayombong, Lumabang (now Solano), and Bagabag. But per-
haps the most famous of all the expeditions through this territory
was the one led by D. Mariano Oscarriz in 1847 and 1848. He
explored the Ifugao country and visited Palanan.
The influence of the Revolution was not felt at once in Nueva
Vizcaya. It was not until the latter part of 1898 that the
Revolutionists, after having taken Cagayan and Isabela, occupied
Nueva Vizcaya. Bayombong, whither Jose V. Perez Martinez,
the last Spanish governor of Isabela had fled, capitulated in Sep-
tember, 1898.
Civil government was established in Nueva Vizcaya in Jan-
uary, 1902. But in September, 1905, Nueva Vizcaya was made
a special province. Three years later, when the Mountain Prov-
ince was created, the Ifugao territory of Nueva Vizcaya was
detached and given to the newly created province. To compen-
sate it for this loss, Nueva Vizcaya was given the region for-
merly known as the comandancia of Binatangan, which had
hitherto been a part of Isabela.
NUEVA VIZCAYA. 215
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers... 9,143
Area of farms hectares.... 8,327
Cultivated lands do 5,674
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans\... 318,696
Sugar cane tons.... 2,895
Corn cavnns.... 8.811
Tobacco kilos.... 391,000
Population '28,432
Number of schools 34
Primary 25
Intermediate 2
High school 1
Vocational 6
Enrollment for 1918 3,434
Males 2,051
Females 1,383
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 102.1
Number of establishments of household industries 55
Production in 1918 ^10,206.50
^ One cavan equals 75 liter.s.
- Non-Christian population, 7,387, not included.
\d'o
OCCIDENTAL NEGROS.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Province of Occidental Negros occupies the northern
and western parts of the Island of Negros. It has an area of
8,097 square kilometers about 110,256 hectares of which are
actually under cultivation. The coast is very much more ir-
regular than that of Oriental Negros. By reason of the coral
reefs which abound near the coast, particularly to the west,
navigation is very dangerous and difficult. Large vessels cannot
enter the port of Bacolod, the capital, because of shallow water
in the harbor. Sugar from the province is carried by "lorchas"
to the port of Iloilo, the greatest terminal port of call in western
Visayas, for export. Escalante, sheltered by coral reefs, is an
important harbor in the northeastern part, while San Carlos,
which is also protected by Refugio or Sipauay Island, is an
important port of call on the west.
The northern and western parts of Occidental Negros are a
vast level plain, while the remaining portion is practically a
land of sierras of varying elevations. Mount Silay and Mount
Mandalagan are the highest peaks in the province. The western
part of the province, though covered with mountains which are
overgrown with valuable timber and rattan, is much more ac-
cessible than the eastern side of the island. Coal deposits have
been discovered but their extent is not yet known. A medicinal
spring is found in the town of Murcia.
The province enjoys a very cool and invigorating climate.
Rainfall is abundant, except in the south where a long dry
season is experienced. This is because the high mountains on
the north cut off the rain brought by the northeast monsoons.
The coastal plain is broken up here and there by many large
rivers, the most navigable of which are the Silay River, the
Hog, the Binalbagan and the Bago.
The soil is of limestone origin, well adapted to the growth
of sugar-cane. About 75 per cent of all the exported sugar
from the entire Archipelago comes from Occidental Negros. Ba-
colod, Bago, Talisay, San Carlos, Hog, the Binalbagan are the
centers of sugar industry. Occidental Negros has as many as
518 haciendas, and six sugar centrals in actual operation. Rice,
hemp, and tobacco are chiefly raised in the town of Escalante,
while corn is produced in San Carlos. Copra is exported from
the southern towns.
The province is but thinly populated and the necessary hands
are lacking to develop the limitless resources of the mountains
and plains. Most of the laborers come from the Island of
Panay, principally from Iloilo and Capiz.
While the majority of the population is engaged in agriculture,
a goodly percentage is employed in lumbering, an industry which
is being rapidly developed by the establishment of sawmills.
217
218 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
This province has 25 municipalities and 442 barrios. Its cap-
ital is Bacolod, with 19,350 inhabitants.' It is located in the
northwestern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Occidental Negros may be said to be one of the latest prov-
inces to be created under Spanish rule, for it was only in 1890
that it came into existence as a province. Previous to that time
it formed an integral part of the Island and Province of Negros.
The old name of this island was Buglas, but the Spaniards who
first visited the island, seeing the place inhabited by Negritos,
gave to it the name which it has ever since borne. Fray Andres
de Urdaneta visited the island in 1569, landing at the mouth of
Danao River, within the territory which now belongs to Occi-
dental Negros.
It appears that Occidental Negros, and in fact the whole Island
of Negros, unlike many regions in the Philippines, was very
sparsely populated in the early years. In what is now Occidental
Negros, Hog and Binalbagan appear to be the only native settle-
ments at the time of the arrival of the Spaniards. These settle-
ments were later erected into towns, Binalbagan in 1575, and
Hog in 1584.
It was perhaps due to this scarcity of population that the
Island of Negros was organized as it was at first. Negros being
divided, for purposes of administration, between Iloilo and Cebu.
According to this arrangement, practically what is now Occi-
dental Negros formed part of the Province of Iloilo. In 1734,
however, the island was made into a military district by itself.
Of this district, Negros Occidental became a part. The new
district had Hog as capital for a time. Later the seat of govern-
ment was transferred to Himamaylan from which in 1849, it
was removed to Bacolod, at present the capital of Occidental
Negros.
Such was the status of Negros, a military district (up to about
the middle of the 19th century. Then in 1856 Negros was raised
to the category of a politico-military province, Don Emilio Sara-
via being the first politico-military governor. It was during the
governorship of Saravia that several towns of Occidental Negros,
like San Isidro, San Carlos and Calatrava were established.
The last half of the nineteenth century was a period of rapid
material growth and development in the history of Occidental
Negros. One evidence of this development was the growth of
population. In 1856, there began a great influx of immigrants
into the island from neighboring provinces like Antique, Capiz,
and Cebu. A considerable number of the immigrants found their
way to what is now Occidental Negros, settling in districts
which had hitherto been sparsely, if at all, inhabited. As a
consequence of such an influx of immigrants, the population
of Occidental Negros increased from about 18,000 in 1850 to
148,137 in 1887. Another result was the establishment of new
' Non-Christian population, 64, not included.
OCCIDENTAL NEGROS. 219
towns. In 1860, there were founded the important towns of
Saravia, Valladolid and Escalante.
The economic prosperity which set in during the same period
was shown by the marked increase in the production of sugar.
This result was due to the stimulus given to the cultivation of
cane sugar by the opening of ports like Iloilo and Cebu to
foreign commerce. The Island of Negros soon led the other
provinces in the production of sugar. In 1856, Negros produced
only about 4,000 piculs. This amount was increased to 100,000
in 1864, and 2,000,000 in 1893. In Occidental Negros, the cul-
tivation of cane sugar soon began to be made on a large scale.
The years 1860-61 saw the beginning of the creation of large
haciendas like San Ildefonso de Minuluan, Silay, and Vista-
Alegre. Modern machinery also began to be used, and by 1864
seven machines, operated by steam, were being used in the towns
of Bacolod, Minuluan, and Bago.
During the last decade of the nineteenth century two important
events occurred in the history of Occidental Negros. One was
the division in 1890 of the Island and province of Negros which
had theretofore existed as a politico-military province since 1856.
The other took place in 1898. In November of that year the
Spanish authorities capitulated at Bacolod to the Revolutionists
under Juan Araneta. Immediately thereafter a Revolutionary
Government was established, Juan Araneta acting as governor.
Under this government Occidental and Oriental Negros were
once more united and so remained until the establishment of
civil government when the former divisions were reestablished.
Civil government was established in Occidental Negros, April
20, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 8,094
Area of farms hectares.... 253,997
Cultivated lands do 110,256
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans'.... 904.337
Sugar cane tons.... 898,508
Corn cavans.... 304,408
Copra do 2,240,228
Abaca do 6,080,539
Tobacco do 1,080,508
Population - '392,665
Number of schools 176
Primary 145
Intermediate 26
High school 3
Vocational 2
Enrollment for 1918 24,756
Males 14,140
Females 10,616
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 38.8
Number of establishments of household industries 2,:io8
Production in 1918 P812,544.20
Number of manufacturing establishments 78
Production in 1918 ?=2,034,697.26
' One cavan equals 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 4,660, not included.
Var.
^-.
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OCCIDENTAL NEGROS
Area (Sq. Km.)
8,094
Population
397,325
Capital
BACOLOD
Municipalities
25
Barrios
442
Elevations in meters
KilometerjS
10
3C'
I I
I
ORIENTAL NEGROS.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
This Province, belonging to the eastern Visayan group, forms
a part of the Island of Negros. It comprises the region east of
the central range of the Island of Negros, Siquijor Island, and
a number of smaller ones lying adjacent. It is separated from
Occidental Negros by a chain of rugged mountains and from the
Island of Cebu by the Taiion Strait. The province, covering
an area of 4,926 square kilometers, is sparsely populated, because
the surface of the land, with the exception of a narrow seaboard,
is hilly.
The coast is very irregular. The most important indentations
are the North Bais Bay and the South Bais Bay. The latter,
besides having a deeper entrance, is a safer place for anchorage
than the former, which is obstructed by coral reefs.
The climate is like that of Cebu. The province has but little
rainfall, because it is shut off from the east by the mountains
of Cebu and from the west by those of Occidental Negros ; con-
sequently, the rivers are short, but are navigable for small boats
carrying on local trade.
The soil is sterile, being of limestone origin. The chief food
of the people is corn. Kapok and coconuts are exported. Abaca
and sugar cane are also grown but to a limited extent. The
animals raised are similar to those of Cebu. There are two large
lakes in Oriental Negros, namely. Lake Balinsasayao, and Lake
Lanao which is the crater of an extinct volcano. There are
two active volcanoes, one of which, called Canlaon, is in the
extreme north, and the other one, which emits smoke and gases,
is near Dumaguete.
The mountains are covered with forests of fine timber, but the
difficulty of transporting logs to the coast is so great that lum-
bering is not much of an industry among the people. Sulphur
has been discovered at Tayasan and Mount Tanglad. The town
of Dauin is well known for its medicinal spring.
Most of the people live near coasts, where they have better
facilities to engage in interisland commerce. There chief occu-
pations are farming, sinamay weaving, embroidering, and the
making of mats and hats from the leaves of buri palms and of
chairs and other furniture from rattan.
The capital is Dumaguete, a town so situated on the mouth
of a river as to make it an important commercial center. It
has 16,227 inhabitants. Some of the other important towns
are Tolong, Bais, Vallehermoso, La Libertad, Tayasan, Tanjay,
221
222 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
Dauin, Siaton, and Siquijor in the Island of Siquijor. The in-
terior of the province has only a few towns and the means of
communication between them is poor.
This province has 17 municipalities and 217 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Oriental Negros, like its sister province to the west, was
not created into a separate province until 1890. On this account
it has the distinction of being one of the last few provinces to
be created by the Spanish government. Previous to 1890
Oriental Negros was an integral part of the Island and Province
of Negros. This island was formerly known as Buglas, but the
name was changed to "Negros" by the early Spaniards because
of the fact that at the time Negritos abounded on the Island.
Like Occidental Negros, Oriental Negros was at the time of
the arrival of the Spaniards far from being a well-populated
region. There were not to be found here thriving native settle-
ments such as existed in other regions of the Philippines, even
before the arrival of the Spaniards, Dumaguete, formerly
known as Managuit, a name which was given to it by Moro
pirates, seems to be the only settlement in Oriental Negros
when the Spaniards arrived. Some of the towns of early
creation were founded at the close of the 18th century and the
beginning of the 19th. Dauin, for example, was founded in
1787; Tayasan, in 1790; Jimalalud, in 1797; Guijulngan, in 1800;
and Bacong, in 1801.
As first constituted, what is now Oriental Negros was placed
under the jurisdiction of the Province of Cebu, As such, it
remained until 1734, when the whole Island of Negros was made
into a separate military district. Of this district, Oriental Ne-
gros became an integral part.
Like many other provinces. Oriental Negros sufi'ered long and
greatly from the ravages of Moro pirates. As a matter of
fact the Moros continued to make incursions upon the coast
towns of the province down to as late as 1873. As a defensive
measure, watch-towers were erected along the coast. In these
towers men were stationed to watch for the approach of the
Moros, One of such towers, built in 1811, is still standing in
Dumaguete,
In 1856, the military district of Negros was raised to the
category of a politico-military province. In the same year began
the immigration into Negros of people from neighboring prov-
inces like Antique, Capiz, and Cebu, As a result of such immi-
gration, the population of Oriental Negros increased considerably.
In 1850, it was estimated to be a little over 20,000, In 1887,
however, this number had increased to 122,754,
The second half of the 19th century was a period of economic
prosperity for the Island of Negros and incidentally for the
Province of Oriental Negros as well as for Occidental Negros.
This period saw the opening of the ports of Iloilo and Cebu to
foreign commerce. The opening of the ports gave incentive to
ORIENTAL NEGROS. 223
the production of sugar in Negros. In 1856, only about 4,000
piculs of sugar were produced. However, in 1864, this amount
had increased to 100,000 piculs, while in 1893 the amount reached
the 2,000,000 mark.
In 1890, the Island and Province of Negros was divided into
two politico-military provinces : Occidental and Oriental Negros.
Oriental Negros remained as such till the close of Spanish rule.
As constituted in 1898, it included the following towns : Ambian,
Ayungon, Ayuquitan, Bacong, Bais, Bayanan, Canoan, Dauin,
Dumaguete (capital), Guijuliigan, Manjuyod, Nueva Valencia,
Siaton, Tanjay, Tayasan, Tolon, and Zamboanguita. Moreover,
it included in its jurisdiction the Island of Siquijor, which for-
merly was a dependency of the Province of Bohol.
The Revolution had its effects also in Oriental Negros, where
the people, shortly after the outbreak of the Revolution, rose in
revolt. The uprising led to the capitulation of the Spaniards
in November, 1898. A Filipino Revolutionary Government was
immediately thereafter established, Juan Araneta acting as gov-
ernor. Under this government Negros was constituted as a
single province, known as the ''Politico-Military Government of
Negros."
With the establishment of civil government, the island was
again divided into Occidental and Oriental Negros. In Oriental
Negros, civil government was established May 1, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 4,926
Area of farms hectares... 83,434
Cultivated lands do 37,839
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans '.... 69,315
Sugar cane tons.... 31,092
Corn cavans.... 494,509
Copra , kilos.... 3,938,223
Abaca do 2,713,228
Tobacco do 578,520
Population ^ 215,515
Number of schools 117
Primary 104
Intermediate .,. 11
High school 1
Collegiate 1
Enrollment for 1918 14,336
Males 8,527
Females 5,809
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 36.0
Number of establishments of household industries 1,09?
Production in 1918 ^208,517. 00
Number of manufacturing establishments 12
Production in 1918 ^143,545.43
' One cavan equals 7.5 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 26, not included.
224 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
STATISTICAL' DATA (SIQUIJOR).
Approximate area square kilometers.... 123
Area of farms hectares.... 12,190
Cultivated lands do 7,369
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 7,180
Sugar cane tons.... 216
Corn cavans.... 29,831
Copra kilos.... 765,263
Abaca do 65,130
Tobacco do 109,063
Population 56,695
Number of schools 33
Primary 32
Intermediate 1 •
High school
Vocational
Enrollment for 1918 3,535
Males 1,985
Females 1,550
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 30.0
Number of establishments of household industries 910
Production in 1918 M55,259.36
Number of manufacturing establishments
Production in 1918 ..-..
1 One cavan equals 75 liters.
122
ORIENTAL NEGROS
30
Area (Sq. Km.) 4,926
Population 272.236
Capital DUMAGUETE
Municipalities
Barrios
Elevations In meters
'*" Cs
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10 3 0
1 «^ fc* ^ ■* "^
Kilometers
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PALAWAN.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The long and narrow Island of Palawan lies across the Sulu
Sea between the Islands of Mindoro on the north and Borneo
on the south. This province, with an enormous area of 14,553
square kilometers, includes the island of Palawan and about 200
other small islets, of which the Calamian Group, Cuyo, Duma-
rang, Cagayanes, and Balabac, are the most important.
The eastern coast contains many deep, landlocked bays and
excellent harbors, with a depth ranging from 2 to 20 fathoms.
These arms of the sea are well-protected from terrific storms,
and from the influence of strong currents and big waves of the
Sulu sea. The western coast is bordered with dangerous coral
reefs, so that there is practically no trade carried on here. The
bays of Bacuit, Imuruan Ulugan, and the Malampaya Sound,
afford good places for anchorage on the west coast.
The climate is rather warm, because of its long dry season.
The rainclouds during the northeast monsoons practically lose
all their moisture before reaching the southwestern parts of the
Archipelago, so that Palawan receives no rainfall at this time.
When the southwest winds come, the land receives torrential!
rains, which are not so evenly distributed as to support the
growth of abaca.
A chain of mountain ranges of considerable height runs
throughout the entire length of the island, dividing it into two
distinct parts. The highest peak on the south is Mount Man-
talingahan. with 2,086 meters elevation, Mount Gantung on the
center, with 1,788 meters, and the Cleopatra Needle Peak on the
north, which is 1,585 meters high above sea level. The proxim-
ity of these mountains to the coasts gives rise to short rivers
of little importance. The forests are rich in valuable woods,
rattan, beeswax, resins and barks for tanning leather, which
are exported in great quantities.
The narrow plain along the coasts, and the valleys in the
interior are fertile and productive. Rice, corn, and sweet po-
tatoes are raised for local use, though rice is imported to a
considerable amount. Coconuts thrive best along the seashores,
and form the chief item for export. Oranges are also exported
from the Island of Cuyo.
There are plenty of grazing grounds on some of the small
islands where cattle and carabaos are raised and exported.
The island is rich in mineral resources. Iron, sulphur, gold,
lead, antimony, and quartz, are believed to exist because of the
geological conditions. So far, copper is the only mineral dis-
covered, but not yet exploited.
The chief industry of the people is fishing, gathering trepangs,
seashells, and edible birds' nests on the limestone cliffs near the
shores. Trepangs and edible birds' nests are excellent food for
the Chinese, and are therefore exported to China. The seashells
are exported to Manila for making buttons.
The capital is Puerto Princesa, having 5,827 inhabitants.' It
' Non-Christian population, 645, not included.
171073 15 225
226 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
is the largest town and chief seaport of Palawan on the east
coast. Taytay is the chief seaport on the north. Cuyo and
Balabac are other towns of commercial importance. The latter
trades with the Spice Islands, particularly Borneo, while Puerto
Princesa and Cuyo deal with the ports of Manila and Iloilo.
The proximity of the island to the Dutch East Indies and
to Borneo puts Palawan in a very advantageous position com-
mercially. Besides the favorable location, Palawan is favored
by the valleys of great fertility, the well protected ports, the
easily exploited virgin forests and the rich fishing banks.
The Palawan group has a very few people. The Tagalogs and
the Visayans occupy the northern part of Palawan and some
of the best islands on the north; the Moros live in the south,
while the Bataks, the Tagbanuas, and the primitive Palawans
inhabit the impregnable interior.
This province has 8 townships, 3 settlements, and 132 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The settlements of the province of Palawan were undoubtedly
among the- earliest to come under Mohammedan influence. It is
believed that the Mohammedan movement which overran all of
Oceania between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries took
two distinct courses on reaching the Philippines. One of these
led to Mindanao, while the other lay through the string of
islands which constitute the present province of Palawan.
The Spaniards established their authority first in the northern
portion of the province, over the islands of the Calamianes group.
They organized these into a province, known as Calamianes.
The southern portion of the province, that which includes the big
Island of Paragua, was then a part of the sultanate of Borneo
and as such was beyond Spanish authority. However, in the
early part of the eighteenth century, the Spaniards established
a garrison at Taytay in the northern portion of the island.
Later they built a fort there capable of accommodating a garrison
of 700 men. From that time on, Taytay became the bulwark of
Spanish authority in that portion of Paragua, as well as an
advanced post of Catholicism. The Moros tried to capture it
in 1730 and again in 1735, but their attemps failed each time.
About the middle of the same century, the Spanish government
obtained from the Sultanate of Borneo the cession of the southern
part of Paragua. The attempt was soon after made to extend
Spanish authority to the newly acquired territory by establishing
there a colony similar to the one at Taytay. The enterprise,
however, had to be abandoned because of the outbreak of fever
from which a considerable number of the expeditionary force
perished.
During the nineteenth century several changes were made in
the organization of the province. In 1818, practically all the
territories which now belong to Palawan was known as the prov-
ince of Calamianes. This province had its capital at Taytay.
In 1858, Calamianes was divided into two provinces: Castilla
and Asturias. The first comprised the Calamianes group and
adjacent islands, and the northern portion of Paragua. Its
PALAWAN.
227
capital was Taytay. Asturias included the rest of Paragua to-
gether with the Island of Balabac, which early that year was
made into a politico-military province under the name of Prin-
cipe Alfonso. This province had its capital at Puerto Princesa
Later, during the time of Governor Izquierdo, a further change
was made. The Island of Paragua was organized into a separate
politico-military province with Puerto Princesa as capital. At
the end of Spanish rule, the Province of Palawan was divided
into three district politico-military provinces: Calamianes, Pa-
ragua, and Balabac.
Among the places of special interest in Palawan may be men-
tioned Balabac, on the island of the same name. It will be
remembered that a great number of the men who were exiled in
1896 because of alleged complicity in the Katipunan, which in
August of that year raised the standard of revolt, were sent to
Balabac.
Civil government was established June 23, 1902. The province
as organized was known as Paragua. It included practically
what belonged to the former province of Castilla, namely, the
Calamianes group and adjacent islands and that part of the
Island of Paragua north of the 10° north latitude. The cap-
ital was first established at Cuyo. Later, however, it was
moved to Puerto Princesa.
In 1903, the boundary of the province was extended to include
its present territory.
In 1905, the name Paragua was changed to Palawan, the
present name of the province.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers....
Area of farms hectares....
Cultivated lands _ do
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \...
Sugar cane tons....
Corn cavans....
Copra kilos....
Abaca do
Tobacco _ do
Population „ _
Number of schools
Primary
Intermediate
Higrh school
Vocational
Enrollment for 1918
Males :
Females
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants
Number of establishments of household industries
Production in 1918
Number of manufacturing establishments
Production in 1918
3,151
1,342
32
2
1
1
4,493
14,553
41,566
11,628
86,531
1,092
6,337
768,662
1,075,684
45,200
' 45,989
36
59.3
24
P=8,579.00
3
'P24,709.35
1 One cavwn equals 75 liters.
* Non-Christian population, 23,072, not included.
120
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PALAWAN
NORTHERN PART
(Entire Province)
Area (Sq. Km.) 14,553
Population 69,061
Capital PUERTO PRINCESA
Townships 8
Barrios 132
Elevations in meters
Kilometers
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PAMPANGA.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
With the exception of the western portion which embraces
the low hills of the Zambales range, and of Mount Arayat, Pam-
panga is the lowest and most level of all the provinces of the
Philippines.
As the province is destitute of mineral wealth, the people
depend mostly upon agriculture, lumbering, fishing, and other
industries. The areas of fertile heavy soil in the northern part
make Pampanga the chief sugar-raising province of Luzon and
the second in the Philippines. The central and southern portions
and the areas bordering the Candaba swamp export much rice.
Other parts of the plain produce corn, peanuts, bananas, man-
goes, and other fruits and some vegetables. The mountains of
the west and Mount Arayat supply much timber. The Negritos
of the Zambales side trade rattan and beeswax with the low-
land people. The low hills contain fine grasslands for cattle
and horses. The eastern portion, embracing almost one-fifth
of the area of the province, is covered by the Candaba swamp,
which is a principal resource of the people for alcohol and nipa
thatch. The delta of the Pampanga River in the south bordering
Manila Bay is also covered with mangrove swamps which supply
firewood and tan bark. It is also the home of the fishermen.
Besides farming, sugar making, lumbering, and fishing, the
people are engaged in several other industries, such as the
distillation of alcohol, buri hat making, and pottery. Thousands
of pilones for the sugar industry and quantities of clay jars for
the surrounding provinces are manufactured.
The sedimentary character of the soil and the topography of
the province favor the drilling of artesian wells, over 300 of
which are at present in use.
Pampanga is an exceptionally fertile plain and, with initiative
and efi'ort, the inhabitant has every opportunity to become pros-
perous by taking advantage of the great possibilities around
him.
Commerce is fostered by cheap transportation. The tributa-
ries and estuaries of the river afford easy means of travel.
Small boats ply in the rivers from one town to another, carrying
goods to or from Manila. The railroad has greatly assisted the
development of the province. Many of the inhabitants are
traders and those from Macabebe are given to traveling in other
provinces.
This province has 21 municipalities and 410 barrios. Its
capital is San Fernando, with 21,092 inhabitants. It is located
in the southeastern part of the province.
229
230 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Soon after the Spaniards occupied Manila in 1571, they learned
that north of Manila Bay along the bank of a great river, there
lived brave people called Pampangans. This people had several
prosperous settlements, among the most important of which at
that early time were Lubao, Betis, Macabebe, Bacolor, Candaba,
and Arayat.
A story is told anent the refusal of the people of what is now
southern Pampanga to receive the Spaniards as friends. It
appears that soon after Legazpi had occupied Manila, a delega-
tion of prominent natives from Macabebe and Hagonoy went to
Tondo to persuade Rajah Lacandola to expel the newcomers.
Legazpi learned of the arrival of the delegation and sent two
Spaniards to receive them and to conduct them to his palace in
the belief that they had come to declare their allegiance to Spain.
But the native delegates, true to their intentions, refused the
friendly overtures of Legazpi's envoys. The king of Macabebe,
who led the delegation, is reported to have told the Spaniards:
"May the sun split my body into halves, and may my women
folks heap their hatred on me, if I should ever become a friend
of the Castilians."
To overcome the resistance of the Pampangans, Legazpi sent
Martin de Goiti with an army to effect the submission of the
region north of Manila Bay. At Lubao and Betis, the Spaniards
met great opposition. The Pampangans entrenched themselves
in strong forts and at first successfully resisted the Spanish
attacks. However, after great difficulties, Goiti succeeded in
advancing and early in 1572 had the greater part of what is now
Pampanga under control. In the course of his exploration, he
penetrated as far north as the shores of the Lingayen Gulf.
Hardly had the conquest of Pampanga been completed, when
this region was formally created into a province with Bacolor
as capital. As created, the new province occupied a vast region,
including parts of the present Provinces of Bataan, Tarlac, and
Nueva Ecija.
About the middle of the seventeenth century, two great re-
bellions broke out in the province. The first of these took place
in 1645 as a result of the injustices connected with the collection
of tributes. It spread quickly and extended to Zambales. The
second revolt took place fifteen years later as a result of the
forcible employment of natives in the work of cutting timber
and of the failure of the Government to pay for large amounts
of rice collected in Pampanga for the use of the royal officials.
The leader of the rebellion was Francisco Maniago. It spread
rapidly among the inhabitants of the towns along the banks
of the Pampanga River, and was only suppressed after drastic
measures were taken by Governor-General Manrique de Lara.
It may also be mentioned that the attempt of Andres Malong
to annex Pampanga to his projected kingdom of northern and
western Luzon occured at this time. Malong sent an army of
6,000 men under Melchor de Vera to effect the conquest of
PAMPANGA. 231
Pampanga. This army reached as far as Magalan, but here it
met the Spanish forces which forced it to retreat.
The province of Pampanga as created in 1571 comprised a
vast region which, however, was reduced from time to time.
In 1754, when the Province of Bataan was created, it was given
a narrow strip of Pampangan territory comprising the towns of
Dinalupihan, Hermosa, Orani, Samal, Abucay, Balanga, Pilar,
and Orion. In 1848, by adjudication to Nueva Ecija, Pampanga
lost the towns of Gapan, San Isidro, Cabiao, San Antonio and
Aliaga, as well as the town of San Miguel and its neighborhood
which was given to Bulacan. For the third time in 1860, Pam-
panga lost a portion of her territory. It was in this year that
its northwestern district including the towns of Bamban, Capas,
Concepcion, Victoria, Tarlac, Mabalacat, Magalan, Porac, and
Florida Blanca was detached and erected into a comandancia
politico-militar. The last four towns, however, were returned
to Pampanga in 1873.
Pampanga was one of the first provinces to start the Revolu-
tion. During the early part of the war, Mariano Llanera com-
manded the Revolutionary forces. Later, Tiburcio Hilario took
possession of the province as governor in the name of the Re-
volutionary Government.
Civil government was established in Pampanga on February
13, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers... 2,132
Area of fai'ms hectares.... 149,472
Cultivated lands do 100,400
Production in 1918:
Rice cavnns '.... 1,773,401
Sugar cane tons.... 1,019,779
Corn erf vans.... 81,031
Tobacco kilos.-.. 3,036
Population . = 256,022
Number of schools 132
Primary 115
Intermediate 15
High school 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 17,563
Males : 11,118
Females 6,445
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 52.1
Number of establishments of household industries 3,688
Production in 1918 f*l, 124,701.95
Number of manufacturing establishments 136
Production in 1918 Pl,178,018.50
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
■ Non-Christian population. 1,619, not included.
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PANGASINAN.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Geographically, the province may be divided into two parts,
the northwestern which occupies the peninsula bordering Lin-
gayen Gulf on the east and the China Sea on the north and west,
and the central and eastern regions which include the main
portion of the Agno River delta and the drainage basin.
The relief of northwestern Pangasinan, is quite moderate,
seldom reaching a height over 130 meters. This region, within
comparatively recent times, has been gently uplifted above sea-
level and erosion has subsequently cut out the various topogra-
phical forms of the extensive plateau. The erosion generally
is immature and the majority of the rivers are incised in narrow
sharp valleys which broaden into a flood plain just before enter-
ing the sea. Mount San Isidro forms a prominent feature of the
landscape. It has a conical shape with two conical points which
apparently represent stocks of volcanic events. The major part
of the mountainous region is unforested. Sufficient mangrove
firewood is cut near the sea-coast. Cogon and talahib are found
everywhere except in the cultivated valleys where rice, coconuts,
and tobacco are raised. On the southern end, the hills embrace
the headwaters of the Alaminos and Balincaguin Rivers and
are characterized by narrow valleys and precipitous slopes. The
rivers are rapidly cutting canyons. Cliffs and buttes are fre-
quently seen. The Alaminos flood plain is the largest valley in
area (75 square kilometers).
Coral reefs, recent and living, fringe the shore lines. Harbors
are found at several places along the coast, narticularly, at Sual
where there is deep, well-protected water. Except for coastwise
trade, Sual is not now utilized, although during the Spanish
regime it was one of the centers of foreign commerce. Now all
imports and exports are handled by the Manila Railroad Com-
pany. Dasol Bay has also a fine anchorage, the depth ranging
from 14 to 20 fathoms. Bolinao harbor is well-sheltered, and
the narrow southern entrance is 20 feet deep.
The occurrence of copper, gold, silver, iron, manganese, and
antimony has been confirmed, but the known deposits appear
to be of no value. Mineral springs are found in Mangatarem,
Balungao, and Pozorrubio.
The eastern portion is pnrt of the central Luzon Dlain built
of the flats and delta of the Agno, and makes Pangasinan one of
the richest provinces of the Archipelago.
Rice, tobacco, and coconuts are the principal products. The
rice lands are so extensive and so fertile that during hard times
233
236 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The Revolution did not gain headway in Pangasinan until the
latter part of the year 1897. A few towns then became the
scene of rebellious activities, especially San Quintin. In the
beginning of 1898, in spite of the Pact of Biac-na-bato, disturb-
ances were going on in various towns like Balincaguin, Agno,
Alaminos, and San Nicolas. When the Revolutionary Govern-
ment was proclaimed, Pangasinan, like many other provinces,
came under the control of the new government.
Civil government was established in Pangasinan on February
18, 1901.
In 1903, Pangasinan saw a slight alteration in her boundary.
In that year, the province acquired the northern portion of
Zambales comprising the towns of Alaminos, Bolinao, San Isidro,
Infanta, Anda, Bani, and Agno.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... ,5,035
Area of farms hectares.... 203,050
Cultivated lands „ do 138,812
Pi'oduction in 1918:
Rice cavansK... 13,504,931
Sugar cane tons.... 143,890
Corn cavans.... 183,641
Copra kilos.... 2,789,926
Tobacco do 8,337,625
Population 567,734
Number of schools _ 391
Primary 348
Intermediate 32
High school 3
Collegiate 1
Vocational 7
Enrollment for 1918 44,157
Males 26,229
Females 17,930
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 46.6
Number of establishments of household industries 3,702
Production in 1918 ^931,603.51
Number of manufacturing establishments 119
Production in 1918 ^=1,386,050.67
1 Or jan equals 75 liters.
RIZAL.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
RiZAL Province lies to the north of Laguna de Bay, and ex-
tends from Manila Bay on the west to the Sierra Madre moun-
tains on the east. It has an area of 2,328 square kilometers,
about 13,237 hectares are devoted to the cultivation of rice.
Between Manila Bay and the mountain ranges the country is
dotted with hills. The land near Manila Bay and that separating
the lake and the bay are low and flat.
Pasig, the capital, is an important commercial town. It is
located on the Pasig River, which connects the Laguna de Bay
and the Manila Bay. It has 16,174 inhabitants. The Pasig
River is navigable throughout the year. Numerous steam
launches and bancas ply between the city of Manila and lake
towns. Malabon, noted for her bay fisheries and fish ponds,
furnishes Manila with choice fish to the value of thousands of
pesos every year. Ducks are raised on the Pasig River and
poultry and eggs are sent daily by the lake towns to Manila.
Pateros is the center of the poultry industry.
The climate in general is healthful. The province is seldom
visited by typhoons, being protected from violent winds by the
Sierra Madre on the east and by the Batangas and Laguna
mountains on the southwest. Novaliches and Antipolo, situated
on high plateaus, are much frequented during the hot season
of the year.
The soil is well adapted to the cultivation of rice of which the
town of Mariquina is the chief producing region. Sugar cane
ranks next in importance, but the industry is not well developed
because of the lack of capital. Coconuts are raised in the lake
region and cacao and colfee on the leeward sides of the moun-
tains and hills. Other minor products are maguey, abaca, maiz,
and various kinds of fruits. The business of raising livestock
flourishes because of the encouragement the people receive from
the Agricultural Station at Alabang. Rattan and firewood arc
taken from the forests and timber is found on the high mountains.
The most important mineral resources of the province are clay,
stone, lime, iron, and coal. Neither iron nor coal occurs in great
quantities, and they are respectively of lower quality than the
iron of Bulacan and the coal of Batan Island, so that there is
very little likelihood of their exploitation. There are several
waterfalls in the province, but whether they could be used to
advantage as a source of power remains to be seen. The head-
waters of the Montalban River furnish the water supply for the
city of Manila.
237
238 GEOGRArHY AND HISTORY.
Embroidery work has assumed considerable proportions in the
town of Parariaque, while in that of Mariquina the chief industry
is the making of shoes and slippers. Along the borders of the
Pasig River much grass (zacate) is cultivated to furnish the
Manila market with green fodder for horses and carabaos.
This province has 26 municipalities and 203 barrios. Its cap-
ital is Pasig, with 16,174 inhabitants. It is located in the south-
western part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The Province of Rizal was created in 1901 out of the Spanish
military district of Morong and several towns which up to that
time belonged to the province of Manila. It was named after
Jose Rizal, the most beloved of Filipino heroes.
Late as was the creation of Rizal Province, the region never-
theless includes some of the oldest towns in the Philippines.
Some of these, like Paranaque, Pasig, Taytay, and Cainta, were
already thriving native settlements even before the arrival of the
Spaniards. In fact, it is believed that some of the earliest
Tagalog settlements in Luzon were established in this region,
particularly in that part of it which is traversed by the Pasig
River.
The first Spaniard to visit the region which now belongs to
Rizal was Juan de Salcedo, In 1571, he travelled up the Pasig
for the purpose of bringing the people of Taytay and Cainta
under Spanish authority. These two places were at that time
large centers of population, surrounded by well-cultivated fields
and trading with the neighboring settlements and with the
Chinese. Salcedo, after bringing them under Spanish authority,
explored the neighboring regions, traversing what is now La-
guna and going as far as Paracale.
The Chinese uprising in 1639 was the occasion of more or less
serious disturbances in various places of the province, during
which considerable damage to property was done. The Chinese
burned the churches at Pasig, San Mateo and Taytay. The
uprising was of brief duration, however, and order was soon
restored.
About a hundred years after the Chinese uprising of 1639,
the province again became the scene of serious disturbances.
About the middle of the year 1762, a British force arrived in the
Islands and occupied Manila. Anda, in his attempt to starve
the British and force their withdrawal, detailed a Spanish force
at Pasig to prevent the transportation of provisions from La-
guna to Manila, whereupon the British commander. Backhouse,
sent troops to dislodge them. At the battle of Maybonga, the
Spaniards were defeated and forced to retire to Mariquina. The
British then turned to Pasig, which they occupied after a slight
resistance, and remained there until their departure from the
Islands in 1764.
An important event in the history of Rizal was the creation
in 1853, from portions of Manila and Laguna, of the military
district of Morong. This district was made to include the region
RIZAL. 239
belonging to the towns of Taytay, Cainta, Antipolo, and Boso-
boso, of the Province of Manila, and the region belonging to the
towns of Morong, Baras, Tanay, Pililla, Binangonan, Jalajala,
and Angono, of the Province of Laguna. The capital was estab-
lished at Morong and the district became the nucleus of the
present Province of Rizal.
What is now Rizal includes the places like San Juan del Monte.
Caloocan, and Pasig where first blood was shed in the Revolution.
In this province also is to be found the historic spot of Balin-
tawak, where Andres Bonifacio and his little band of loyal
followers sounded the "cry of Balintawak," the call for the
outbreak of the Revolution.
When the Revolutionary Government was established, it
brought under its control that part of the province of Manila
which was later given to Rizal, Ambrosio Flores acting as gov-
ernor. To the new province were added towns like Caloocan,
Las Pihas, Mariquina, Novaliches, Pateros, etc., which formerly
belonged to Manila.
Civil government was established in Rizal at the time of its
creation, June, 1901, Pasig being made its capital.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 2,328
Area of farms hectares.... 43,283
Cultivated lands do 18,187
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 408,373
Sugar cane tons.... 35,760
Corn cavans.... 10,027
Abaca .: do 2,530
Tobacco do 34,000
Population '227,135
Number of schools 148
Primary 128
Intermediate 13
High school 3
Vocational 4
Enrollment for 1918 18,774
Males 11,251
Females 7,523
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 65.2
Number of establishments of household industries 2,091
Production in 1918 ^=765,566.92
Number of manufacturing establishments 343
Production in 1918 ^,886,914.91
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
' Non-Christian population, 3,070, not included.
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ROMBLON.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Province of Romblon, lying north of the Island of Panay,
is composed of three large islands, Tablas, Sibuyan, and Romblon,
and several small islets. Its estimated area is 1,308 square kilo-
meters. The first two islands are thinly populated.
The capital of the province is Romblon, located on the island
of the same name, about 187 miles from Manila, has 10,457,
inhabitants. This town has a deep, well-sheltered harbor w^hich
makes it one of the most excellent seaports south of Luzon.
Port Concepcion, Maestre de Campo, and Looc, on Looc Bay,
Tablas Island, are also important ports and trade centers.
The numerous mountains of the islands are low, with the ex-
ception of the peaks of Sibuyan, some of which range from 1,219
to 2,057 meters above sea level. The mountain tops are covered
with forests of local importance, while the slopes and table lands
are covered with grass on which animals without number could
graze.
The climate of the islands is conducive to the productivity of
the hills and valleys. The winds from the southwest, which
are usually accompanied by destructive haguios, bring copious
rainfall into the land. But these high winds which pass over
the islands da more harm than good, because lives and property
are often destroyed and crops damaged.
The valleys in the interior and the plains along the coasts would
yield immense crops if they were cultivated intensively. Abaca
and copra, the chief products, are exported to Manila and Iloilo,
from which they are shipped to foreign countries. Corn and
rice, which form the chief staple food of the people, are not
grown to a considerable extent, so that rice is imported. Hun-
dreds of cattle raised on the vast grazing lands are exported to
Manila and Tayabas on the hoof.
The most important mineral resources are gold, in Sibuyan,
and marble, in Romblon. The gold deposit has not yet been
worked, but the marble deposit has been quarried and in use for
years, and is now disappearing. Gypsum is mined on the little
Island of Banton.
The people, consisting largely of Visayans, are peaceful agri-
culturists. Stock-raising, logging, and the making of mats from
the leaves of the buri palm, also form the chief occupations of the
Christian people. The women of Romblon are famous through-
out the islands for crochet laces and bedspreads which they
171073 16 . 241
242 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
make for home use and for export. There are a few bands of
pagans who make clearings (kaingins) in the forest. These
people, the Mangyans and Negritos, have no permanent settle-
ments and wander from place to place in the interior in quest
of food.
This province has 8 municipalities and 138 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The Islands of the Province of Romblon were known to the
Spaniards from the early years. Loarca, who visited the Phil-
ippines about 1582, wrote of the Islands of Simara, Banton,
Romblon (then called Donblon), and Tablas (then known as
Osigan). He estimated that the population of Simara was 150;
that of Banton, 200; of Romblon, 250; and of Tablas, 250.
The islands in the Romblon group were then included within the
jurisdiction of the town of Arevalo.
The Recollects arrived at Romblon in 1635. Previous to this
time, the islands were administered by the secular clergy. Some
of the inhabitants of Romblon, therefore, were already Christians
at the time of the arrival of the Recollects. In 1637, there were
in what is now Romblon Province seven missionary centers,
namely: Romblon which had a population of 5,858 ; Badajoz, with
a population of 3,356 ; Banton, with a population of 4,717 ; Caji-
diocan, with a population of 7,132; Odiongan with a population
of 5,705; Looc, with a population of 5,449; and Magallanes,
which had a population of only 859.
■ Romblon did not wholly escape the raids which were made
at various times upon many a province of the Philippines. In
1646, considerable damage was inflicted by the Dutch in an attack
on Romblon. But the greatest injury was that received at the
hands of the Moros. During the period of Moro piracy scarcely
a year passed in which they did not attack Romblon, burning
villages and churches and carrying away the inhabitants to
captivity. In 1753, the year when the Moro fleets practically
covered the Visayas seas, the town of Romblon was attacked
by a strong force of Moros. The enemy, however, was repulsed,
thanks to the fort which protected the town.
In 1818, the following islands in the Romblon group formed
part of the Province of Capiz : Romblon, with the town of Rom-
blon; Sibuyan, with the towns of Cauit, Pagalar, and Cajidiocan;
Banton, with the town of Banton; Tablas, with the towns of
Guintinguian, Agbagacay, Odiongan, Lanan, and Looc; Simara,
with San Jose and Coloncolon; and the island of Maestre de
Campo, with the town of Sibali. In 1853, these islands were
organized into a politico-military comandancia dependent upon
Capiz. They remained in this status up to the end of the
Spanish rule.
In 1898, the islands of Romblon were governed by an army
officer with the rank of captain. The capital was the town of
Romblon. Besides the capital, the following towns were at the
time in existence: Azagra, Badajoz, Banton, Cajidiocan, Cor-
cuera, Looc, Magallanes, Odiongan. Despujol, and Santa Fe.
ROMBLON. 243
Romblon came under the Revolutionary Government in 1898.
Coronel Riego de Dios, commander of the Revolutionary forces,
for a time ruled the province.
Civil government was first established in Romblon on March
16, 1901. In 1907, it was annexed to Capiz as a subprovince, its
revenues being insufficient for its support. Recently, however,
Romblon was separated from Capiz and made once more a
separate province.
Of late, many of the towns of Romblon have been depopulated
because of the emigration of their inhabitants to such places as
the mines of Masbate and Mindoro and the sugar plantations
of Hawaii. Some of the towns thus depopulated are Maga-
llanes and Azagra, on the Island of Sibuyan, and Santa Fe,
Despujol, and Concepcion on the Island of Tablas.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 1,308
Area of farms hectares.... 34,513
Cultivated lands do 17,161
Production in 1918:
Rice caverns \... 111,893
Corn do 6,143
Copra kilos.... 3,653,634
Abaca do 587,561
Tobacco do 83,000
Population 64,576
Number of schools 42
Primary 39
Intermediate 2
High school 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 5,373
Males 3,277
Females 2,096
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 31.3
Number of establishments of household industries 857
Production in 1918 ^=140,963. 38
Number of manufacturing establishments 12
Production in 1918 ^45,147.20
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
SAMAR.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Samar is the fourth largest island of the Philippines. It lies
southeast of Luzon, and is separated from the Province of Sor-
sogon by the San Bernardino Strait. The province, covering
an area of 13,576 square kilometers, comprises the Island of
Samar and 146 other small adjacent islands, v^hich are moun-
tainous. Some of these, important because of their ports, are
Laoang, Capul, and Homonhon. Daran Island protects Maqueda
Bay from the strong currents and violent waves of the sea, and
thus makes it a safe harbor.
Catbalogan, the capital, is located on Maqueda Bay and is an
important seaport. It has 13,863 inhabitants. This town has
the advantage of being a commercial center in the eastern Vi-
sayas, because it lies about half-way between the ports of Manila
and Zamboanga. Because of the irregularity of its coastline,
the island has many important seaports, among which are Ca-
tarman, Borongan, and Calbayog.
There is not an island in the Archipelago which has so rugged
a surface as the Island of Samar, hence its sparsity of popula-
tion. But all of her mountain ranges are low, so that there
is no part of the island which does not receive rainfall during
the northeast monsoon. It has many short, navigable rivers
on both the east and west coasts and traveling across the island
may be accomplished almost entirely by means of bancas. Due
to the rugged nature of the interior of the country, nearly all
of the towns are located near the coast. Another characteristic
feature of the mountain regions is the presence of caves, of which
the most noted is the Sohotan Cave near Basey. River trans-
portation is the chief means of communication. The most im-
portant rivers are the Catubig, Ulot, Dolores, Suribao, Llorente,
and Gandara.
The climate is cool and healthful. But the geographical posi-
tion of the island is such that it often suffers from violent and
destructive typhoons, usually during the months of September
and October. The frequent damage to crops is injurious to the
progress of agriculture.
The land devoted to agriculture is very small. Only the fertile
coastal plains and some of the accessible interior valleys are at
present under tillage. Rice is the chief food of the people, while
coconuts are raised for export. Cacao and abaca are planted on
the hillsides, and tobacco, camotes, and corn are grown in the
valleys for local use. The swampy parts of the island yield
material for making mats.
245
246 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The forests, which cover about two-thirds of the entire prov-
ince, yield valuable timber for various purposes. But the largest
part of the forest area is still unexplored and undeveloped be-
cause of the lack of capital and labor.
The scanty population is made up of Bicols, Tagalogs, Bohola-
nos, and Cebuanos, who live near the coast. They are engaged
in agriculture, weaving abaca fiber and silk, and fishing along
the coast.
Samar has 37 municipalities, 522 barrios and 6 rancherias.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
To Samar belongs the distinction of being the first island of
the Philippine Archipelago to be discovered by the Spaniards.
On March 16, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan sighted an island then
called Zamal by the natives. The island, which is now called
Samar, was described as having lofty mountains. The day fol-
lowing, the Spaniards efi:'ected a landing on the little Island
of Homonhon, where two huts were built for the sick sailors.
Homonhon was then uninhabited, but a few natives from the
neighboring Islet of Suluan came in a parao to see the new-
comers.
During the early days of Spanish rule, Samar, then often
called Ibabao, was under the jurisdiction of Cebu. Later, it
was declared a separate province, but in 1735, Samar and Leyte
were united and created into a province, with Carigara in Leyte
as capital. This arrangement, however, did not prove very satis-
factory, and in 1768 Samar was again separated from Leyte.
From that time on to the present, Samar has always constituted
a political unit by itself, with Catbalogan as capital.
In 1649, the greater part of the Island of Samar became
involved in a great rebellion which became the signal for a
general uprising in the Visayas and in parts of Mindanao. This
rebellion had its center in Palapag and was headed by Sumoroy.
The cause was enforced labor in connection with shipbuilding.
The uprising began in June, 1649, and was not suppressed till
the middle of the year following. The rebels fortified themselves
in the mountains and there established an independent settle-
ment. "From here they went forth from time to time and
harassed the Spanish forces sent against them. In these little
skirmishes, they were usually victorious. Indeed, they became
contemptuous of the Spaniards. On one occasion, when the
Spanish captain asked them for the head of Sumoroy in atone-
ment for what he had done, they sent him the head of a swine."
Till the beginning of the nineteenth century, the coast towns
of Samar were a constant prey to the attacks of the pirates
from the south. Moro vintas were frequently seen in the waters
of Samar. The natives of the island suffered greatly from the
depredations accompanying these visits and in consequence, until
about the middle of the nineteenth century, the population of
Samar remained small.
In 1860, in pursuance to the royal decree of July 31 of that
year, which ordered the reorganization of the provincial gov-
SAMAR. 247
ernments of the Visayas, Samar was created into a politico-
military province, and maintained that status until the end of
the Spanish regime.
The Revolution did not immediately spread to Samar. Later,
however, General Vicente Lukban took possession of the island
in the name of the Revolutionary Government. The people of
Samar then raised the standard of revolt and with the expedi-
tionary force from Luzon expelled the Spaniards from the island.
Civil government was established in Samar on June 17, 1902.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 13,556
Area of farms hectares.... 177,357
Cultivated lands do 93,671
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans\... 468,080
Sugar cane tons.... 514
Corn cavans.... 118,715
Copra „ kilos.... 13,777,315
Abaca do 12,849,729
Tobacco do 263,872
Population -362,399
Number of schools 186,
Primary 174
Intermediate S
High school 1
• Vocational 3
Enrollment for 1918 24,491
Males 14,061
Females 10,430
Rate of mortality Rer 1,000 inhabitants 31.3
Number of establishments of household industries 9,780
Production in 1918 ^2,345,993.88
Number of manufacturing establishments 149
Production in 1918 ^=584,656.13
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 17,812, not included.
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Population 380,211
Capital CATBALOGAN
Municipalities 37
Municipal districts g
Barrios 522
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SORSOGON.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
SORSOGON occupies the southernmost tip of the Bicol Peninsula.
The province, covering an area of 5,890 square kilometers, con-
sists of Sorsogon, the Islands of Masbate, Burias, and Ticao, and
about 145 islets. The coast is very irregular, the largest in-
denture being the Gulf of Sorsogon. This deep, landlocked body
of vv^ater is one of the finest harbors in the Philippines.
Sorsogon, the capital, located on the gulf, is an important
commercial town. It has 17,049 inhabitants. The town of Pilar
is noted for her shipyards. Ships, lorchas, and boats are built
here from fine timber grown nearby. Bacon, Gubat, Bulan,
Matnog, and Bulusan are the largest towns on the coast.
The land is mountainous and covered with excellent lumber
suitable for shipbuilding and furniture-making. Rattan grows
in abundance in the forests, and a great quantity is exported to
Manila and the neighboring provinces. Mount Bulusan, with
an elevation of 1,560 meters, is an active volcano.
The mineral resources are coal and sulphur, but they are as
yet unexploited. Sulphur is abundant in Mount Bulusan region.
The climate is noted for its coolness. There are two rainy
seasons, one during the northeast and the other during the
southwest monsoon ; as a result, vegetation grows luxuriantly.
The fertile soil of Sorsogon leads the people to engage chiefly
in agriculture. About 78,452 hectares are under tillage. The
chief products are abaca, the best in Luzon, and coconuts, which
grow along the seashore. The less important crops are corn,
sugar, and pili nuts. The cultivation of abaca is far more re-
munerative than that of rice, so that much of the cereal used
for consumption is imported.
The Province of Sorsogon is noted for its beautiful scenery.
The Ginulajon waterfalls, near the capital, the wild vegetation
and the cataracts along the Irosin River, the medicinal hot
springs at Mombon, Bujan, and Mapaso, together with the
beautiful panorama from the Bulusan Volcano are especially
striking. Like Mount Vesuvius, Mount Bulusan has an old
crater, and a new cone that has appeared on the slopes. In-
side the crater, about 500 feet deep, are two pools of hot water
which form the basin from which the Irosin River rises.
The people are all Bicols, industrious and thrifty. Fishing,
next to agriculture in importance, is carried on along the coasts.
Weaving cloth from abaca, and the making of slippers from the
same fiber, are the chief household industries.
The Province of Sorsogon has 16 municipalities and 279
barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The Province of Sorsogon as constituted at present is made
up of Sorsogon proper, formerly a part of Albay, and the
249
250 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
Islands of Masbate, Ticao, and Burias. This province is one
of the youngest in the Island of Luzon, having been created
toward the end of Spanish rule.
The Islands of Masbate, Ticao, and Burias were explored in
1569 by Captain Luis Enriquez de Guzman. Captain Andres
de Ibarra subsequently continued the exploration of these islands
and furthered Spanish influence. It is believed that Enriquez
de Guzman also landed on the mainland and travelled over the
region of Ibalon, which according to Morga, was then a port
of Sorsogon.
The earliest step taken by the Spaniards to secure a permanent
hold on Sorsogon was the establishment of a mission in Casigu-
ran, a port in the Bay of Sorsogon. In the years following,
Spanish activities spread to Bacon and Sorsogon. It appears
that Sorsogon, the present provincial capital, was in the begin-
ning only an outgrowth of Bacon.
The first serious disturbance that occurred in Sorsogon took
place in 1649 on the occasion of the Sumoroy uprising in Samar.
Influenced by this uprising, the people of Sorsogon rose in
rebellion and drove away the Spanish friar of the town of
Sorsogon. The people of Masbate also revolted and killed a
Spanish alferez stationed there.
A great event in the history of Sorsogon was the invention
of a hemp-stripping machine by a priest named Espellargas,
about 1669. The invention was made in Bacon, where it seems
hemp then abounded. The contrivance was ingeniously con-
structed and was quite well adapted to local conditions.
Many of the galleons that the Spanish Government used in
the Manila-Acapulco trade were built in Sorsogon, especially
on the Island of Bagatao, at the entrance of Sorsogon Bay.
Many of these ships were wrecked while navigating the waters
of Sorsogon. It should be remembered that these vessels
laid their course for Mexico via the San Bernardino Strait, a
passage which abounds in dangerous currents, shoals, and rocks.
For example, the galleon San Cristobal was wrecked in 1733
near the Calantas Rock. In 1793, the galleon Magallanes also
ran aground at this place. Other vessels went down in this
neighborhood from time to time, as the Santo Cristo de Burgos,
in 1726, near Ticao, and the San Andres, in 1798, near Naranja
Island.
The Island of Masbate, like Sorsogon proper, was at first
a part of Albay. In 1846, however, it was separated from
Albay and with Ticao was made a separate commidayicia
politico-militar, with Gium, on the Asid Gulf, as capital. The
prosperity of Masbate dates as far back as 1837. In that
year, many settlers were attracted to this island by the news
of the abundance of gold in the neighborhood of the present
town of Aroroy. The story is told that even the Chinese
flocked in considerable numbers to the harbor of Aroroy, tell-
ing the people that they were going "al oro." It is believed
that this town was named Aroroy or Aloroy from this incident.
SORSOGON. 251
Like Albay, at the outbreak of the Revolution, Sorsogon re-
mained peaceful. Later, however, it came under the Revolu-
tionary Government. For sometime, the prominent military
leader here, as in Albay, was Vito Belarmino.
Civil government was established in Masbate on March 18,
1901, and in Sorsogon on April 30 of the same year. Recently,
however, Masbate lost its status as a province and was annexed
to Sorsogon.
STATISTICAL DATA (SORSOGON).
Approximate area square kilometers.... 4,345
Area of farms hectares.... 117,686
Cultivated lands do 78,452
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans '.... 169,591
Sugar cane tons.... 688
Corn cavans.... 5,871
Copra kilos... 5,144,285
Abaca do 22,215,344
Tobacco do 12,652
Population 178,362
Number of schools 92
Primary 85
Intermediate 5
High school 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 11,832
Males 7,096
Females 4,736
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 36.6
Number of establishments of household industries 781
Production in 1918 1^245,810.16
Number of manufacturing establishments 68
Production in 1918 ?4,848,223.79
STATISTICAL DATA ( MASBATE ) .
Approximate area square kilometers.... 1.545
Area of farms hectares.... 50,610
Cultivated lands do 22,220
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans '.... 84,036
Sugar cane tons.... 797
Corn cavans.... 68,732
Copra _ „ kilos.... 5,082.697
Abaca do 1,629,044
Tobacco do 189,590
Population , 67,334
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
252 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
STATISTICAL DATA (masbate) — Continued.
Number of schools ^"
Primary 45
Intermediate 1
High school 1
Enrollment for 1918 5,179
Males 3,084
Females 2,095
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 17.8
Number of establishments of household industries 326
Production in 1918 f=100,110.09
Number of manufacturing establishments 21
Production in 1918 ?298,271.00
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SULU.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
SuLu Province includes all of the islands of the Sulu Ar-
chipelago, which form one of the three connections of the Philip-
pines with the Island of Borneo and prove the geologic theory
that the Philippines belong to the same geographic region as
Borneo, Sumatra, and Java, and, therefore, to Asia and not to
Oceania. They bear the same relation to Asia as the Antilles
to America.
Geologists have theorized that the islands are made of a
multitude of madreporic isles growing in circular form on
and around submarine mountain tops. With the help of the
waters saturated with carbonic acid gas, the calcareous sub-
stances were dissolved and, therefore, left the interlaced branches
of the coral reefs to be crystalized into hard rock which
formed docks against the soil, debris and other sediments. With
the uplifts, ancient and recent, caused by volcanoes, the deposits
emerged from the sea as islands. Further deposition was caused
by the lava which was ejected from some of the volcanic cones.
Brydon found as many as 7 layers of lava on some of the islands.
The Sulu Archipelago is very often affected by earthquakes, the
Sulu Sea, a seismic center, constituting one of the most irregular
and consequently most unstable regions of the Philippine group.
Even where there are no islands, the Sulu Sea is dotted with
coral reefs which make navigation dangerous. The environ-
ment has, however, taught the people to avoid the perils of the
sea, their principal resource. The waters of the Sulu Sea are
warmer than those of the adjacent oceans, for, being nearly
inclosed, and its connections with the China Sea and the Pacific
every^vhere shallow, only the warm surface water can flow
through the passages connecting them. The topography is
young, Bahu and Butpula being mere hills and Sumatanguis
alone (2,940 feet) rising to the dignity of a mountain. What-
ever valleys there are, most of them are cut up by swift streams.
Nature, however, has spared neither beauty nor verdure, nor
luxuriance which are found throughout the islands. On some of
the coral reef islands, no fresh water is found.
The climate is warm and moist, for Sulu is near the equator.
The rainfall is well distributed throughout the year and t>T)hoons
pass far north of the Archipelago.
Because of the formation of the land, the character of the
soil and the climate, Sulu Province has a greater variety of
products than any other part of the Philippines. Besides all the
253
254 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
crops of other parts of the Islands, and fruits such as oranges,
lanzones, mangoes, and jacks, several fruits not known in the
islands to the north are grown; for instance, the mangosteen
and durian. Carabao, cattle, and horses are raised in Jolo for
export.
Fishing is the most important industry. Jolo is the center for
most of the pearling fleet. Sitanki, Omapui, Tumindao, Balim-
bing,- Landubas, Laja, and Siasi are other important fishing
centers. The sea turtle, fish of all kinds, and the trepang are
caught. Beautiful trays and combs and other articles are made
from the back of the sea turtle, and fish and trepang are cured
and exported. Most of the fishing industry is in the hands
of Chinese and Japanese, so that it is high time for Filipinos
to go out also and exploit their sea wealth.
The Sulu Archipelago, especially Jolo, the capital and principal
port, trades with Zamboanga, Borneo, and Singapore. This town
has 5,796 Christian inhabitants ^ and is located in the north-
western part of the Island of Jolo. Chinese merchants traded
with Sulu long before the arrival of Legaspi in the Philippines.
When Manila and Cebu were yet small settlements, Jolo was
already a city, the most important in the Philippines.
Sulu has almost as many people as Zamboanga. As the land
area is small, this shows that the islands are well populated.
Both Samals, the latest Malayan group to arrive in the Phil-
ippines, and Sulus live along the coasts, but the population living
in the interior and cultivating the soil is largely Sulu. These
are the most powerful and most highly cultured of the Moham-
medan groups.
This province has 1 municipality, 26 municipal districts, and
99 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Inhabiting the shores and coasts of the numerous islands
which constitute the Sulu Archipelago, the people of this region
naturally take to a seafearing life. Long before Legaspi colo-
nized Cebu, foreign traders were already familiar with Sulu
waters. On the other hand, native boats brought silk, amber,
silver, scented woods and porcelain from China and Japan;
gold dust, wax, dyes, salt-peter, slaves and food stuffs from
Luzon, the Bisayas and Mindanao; gunpowder, cannon, brass,
copper, iron, rubies, and diamonds from Malacca and Brunei;
and pepper and spices from Java, the Moluccas and Celebes.
Mohammedanism was introduced and firmly established in the
Archipelago by three men ; namely, Makdum, Raja Baginda, and
Abu Bakr. Makdum was a noted Arabian scholar who, after in-
troducing Mohammedanism into Malacca, visited almost every
island of the Sulu Archipelago toward the end of the fourteenth
centiyy and made numerous converts especially in Bevansa and
Tapal. Raja Baginda, soon after the arrival of Makdum, came
by way of Zamboanga and Basilan. He was of princely rank
and is believed to have come accompanied by ministers of state.
He settled in Bevansa and became the supreme ruler of Sulu.
* Non-Christian population, 14,423.
SULU. 255
Abu Bakr, who seemed to have been quite a learned man, arrived
in Bevansa about the middle of the fifteenth century. Here, he
lived with Raja Baginda, teaching the people the Mohammedan
religion. He later married Parasimuli, the daughter of Raja
Baginda, and succeeded his father-in-law as sultan.
The reign of Abu Bakr (1450-1480) was noteworthy not only
because of the firm establishment of Mohammedanism, but also
because of the governmental reforms then effected. Abu Bakr
reorganized the government of Sulu, dividing it into five main
administrative districts, each under a Panglima. He promul-
gated a new code of laws which became the guide for all officials
of the state. During his reign, Sulu's power was felt not only in
Mindanao and the Visayas, but even in Luzon.
The administration of Governor-General Sande (1575-80) was
the beginning of a continuous state of warfare between Spain and
Sulu which lasted to within two decades before the end of the
Spanish rule. Sande wanted to reduce Sulu to a subject state,
impose tribute on its people, secure for the Spaniards the trade
of the Archipelago, and convert the inhabitants to Catholicism.
To attain these ends, he sent Captain Rodriguez de Figueroa to
Sulu with a large army. This expedition, however, accomplished
nothing beyond the arousing of the Sulus to hostility and the
inception of numerous Moro raids on the Visayas and Luzon.
During the first half of the seventeenth century, the Spanish
Government sent at least five expeditions of importance to Jolo
for punitive purposes. The first of these expeditions was led
by Gallinato in 1602; the second, by Cristobal de Lugo in 1628;
the third, by Olaso Ochotegui in 1630; the fourth, by Governor-
General Corcuera in 1638, and the fifth, by General Pedro de
Almonte in 1639. Perhaps the one conducted by Governor Cor-
cuera in 1638 deserves attention, as it resulted in the first
Spanish occupation of the town of Jolo. Corcuera made several
gallant attacks on the forts of Jolo, which were repulsed with
equal bravery by the Sultan's men. The fighting converted it-
self into a long siege of three and a half months, the Sulus finally
abandoning their capital. Corcuera occupied the town, recon-
structed its forts and left there a garrison of two hundred
Spaniards and two hundred Pampangans under General Pedro de
Almonte. In 1646, however, this garrison was recalled to Manila
and Sulu was abandoned.
The reign of Sultan Alimud Din I (1737-1773) forms an
interesting chapter in Sulu history. This extraordinary man
generally referred to by Spanish writers as Don Fernando de
Alimudin, suffered as a result of the disloyalty and ambitions
of the usurper Bantelan a long period of exile in Manila where
he was "converted" to Catholicism by the then archbishop-
governor of the Philippines and later thrown into prison with
his household and immediate followers, due to the suspicions of
the Spanish governor of Zamboanga as to the sincerity of his
professed friendship for Spain. As a ruler, Alimud Din ap-
peared to have been both able and progressive. Soon after
his accession to the throne in 1737, he revised the Sulu code of
256 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
laws, reorganized the juridical system, had parts of the Koran
and some Arabic texts on law and religion translated into Sulu,
prepared an Arabic-Sulu vocabulary so that the people could
learn Arabic, and tried to suppress piracy.
Aside from the repeated attempts of the British to gain a
permanent foothold in Sulu, the other important event in Sulu
history during the nineteenth century was the second occupation
of the Archipelago by the Spaniards. This event, which was
facilitated by the use of steam war vessels on the part of the
Spanish government, occurred in 1850. Governor-General Ur-
biztondo sent an expedition to Tongkil and Jolo which resulted
in the "incorporation of the Sultanate of Sulu into the Spanish
Monarchy." Sulu really became a Spanish protectorate and the
Sultan, among other things, agreed to allow the Spanish govern-
ment to erect a trading post at Jolo and to establish a small
garrison there, ostensibly to protect the trading post. Not con-
tent with this, Spain in 1876 sent another expedition to Sulu.
Malcampo, who led this expedition, repeated the feats of Urbiz-
tondo in 1850 and left a large garrison in Jolo under Captain
Pascual Cervera, who was given the title of ''politico-military
governor" of Sulu. In 1878, Sulu was constituted into a regular
district of the general politico-military government of Mindanao.
The period between 1884 and 1894 was a period of civil war
in Sulu. The cause of this internecine war was the succession
to the sultanate. There were two strong candidates; namely,
Datu Alimuyud Din and Raja Muda Amirul Kiram. Each pro-
claimed himself Sultan. For sometime, the Spanish governor of
Sulu hesitated as to which party to support. Finally, a third
man, Datu Harun, whose signal services to the Spanish govern-
ment in the establishment of order in Palawan strongly rec-
ommended him for the sultanate, was proclaimed sultan by
Governor-General Terrero at Manila. The situation became
worse, as the people refused to accept the Spanish nominee.
Finally, Harun withdrew from the sultanate and Amirul Kiram
was allowed to ascend the throne in 1894.
Spain evacuated Sulu in May, 1899, turning the local govern-
ment over to the Americans.
In 1903, the Moro Province was orgainzed and Sulu was made
one of its districts. In 1914, civil government was established
in the Department of Mindanao and Sulu and Sulu became one of
its regularly constituted provinces.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 2,802
Area of farms hectares.... 4,571
Cultivated lands do 3,823
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans^.... 17,843
Sugar cane tons.... 107
Corn cavans.... I,2fi0
Copra kilos.... 177,631
Abaca do 696
Tobacco do 7,507
' One cava7i equals 75 liters.
sum. 257
STATISTICAL DATA — Continued.
Population '6,582
Number of schools 25
Primary 23
Intermediate 1
Vocational 1
Enrollment for 1918 2,169
Males 1,796
Females 373
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 73.2
Number of establishments of household industries 242
Production in 1918 ^57,604,35
Number of manufacturing establishments 18
Production in 1918 P^204,562.42
1 Non-Christian population, 161,393, not included.
171073 17
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SURIGAO.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Province of Surigao is located in the northeastern part
of the Island of Mindanao. It comprises the northern half
of the eastern coastal plain and mountain slopes of Mindanao,
and several islands, the largest of which are Dinagat and Surigao.
It has an area of about 7,483 square kilometers. It is separated
from Agusan Province, except at Lake Mainit, by the Diuata
range, the highest peak of which rises to a height of 1,838 meters.
The coast is very irregular, and although it offers many places
for anchorage, it is much exposed to the northeast monsoon and
the southeast winds. The tides of the Pacific cause high waves
to break along the shore, but during the southwest monsoon
season the coast is safe.
The climate is healthful. The northeast monsoon brings con-
siderable rainfall. Typhoons and earthquakes are very seldom
felt and do not cause the immense damage inflicted elsewhere.
The rivers, though short, are navigable for boats that go down
to the ports for abaca fiber and copra. Lake Mainit, the crater
of an extinct volcano, is a great source of fish. There are hot
springs nearby.
Abaca, copra and maize are the most important agricultural
products. The area of arable land is extensive, but very little
is under cultivation. The forests have fine hard wood suitable
for building material. There is much fine timber in the forests
of Mindanao, though little lumber is now obtained. The best
of the timber obtainable equals iron and concrete in durability.
Coal, iron, copper and gold deposits form another source of
wealth. Gold is at present mined. Hydraulic mining is em-
ployed in the northeastern part, where waterfalls furnish the
motive power.
With the exception of agriculture and mining, Surigao can
not boast of highly developed industries. Weaving of baskets
and hats and embroidery are taught in the schools. The people
of Dinagat export "tikug" hats. Those living along the coast of
the mainland are engaged in fishing and catching tortoises, the
shells of which are sold in the market.
Trade along the seacoast is quite considerable. The province
has also regular steamship communication with Manila, Cebu,
Tacloban, Catbalogan, Calbayog, and other points in the Ar-
chipelago. Transportat^'on throughout the province itself or
from the capital to other coast towns is generally effected by
means of steamboats and launches. Roads to connect some of
the municipalities with each other are now being constructed.
259
260 - GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
There are but few towns in this province, and the population
is largely made up of Visayans, who originally immigrated from
Cebu and Bohol; those coming from the latter island constitute
about one-half of the total population. Immigration from Leyte,
Iloilo, and other distant provinces is also increasing yearly.
There is a very insignificant number of non-Christians, Manobos
and Aetas, who, through frequent contact with the civilized
inhabitants, are gradually adopting the customs and habits of
the latter. The people who live around Lake Mainit are Negritos.
This province has 14 municipalities and 146 barrios. Its cap-
ital is Surigao, with 15,792 inhabitants.^ It is located in the
northwestern part of the province.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
What is now Surigao was once a part of the old province of
Caraga which in former years existed in northeastern Mindanao.
The term "Caraga" was derived from the "Caragas," the name
applied to the people who at the time of the arrival of the
Spajiiards inhabited Surigao. It is believed that the Caragas
were of Visayan stock, mixed probably with Manobos and other
peoples of Mindanao. They were a warlike people, noted for
their bravery and ferocity.
The eastern coast of Surigao was explored by Villalobos in
1543. Bernardo de la Torre, a member of the expedition of
Villalobos, named the land which they sighted Cesarea Caroli,
in honor of the reigning sovereign of Spain, Charles V. This
name was later applied to the whole Island of Mindanao. Vi-
llalobos, however, was not the first to visit Surigao. That honor
belongs to a Portuguese, Francisco de Castro, who visited the
towns of Butuan and Surigao five years before the arrival of
Villalobos. He baptized the natives of those places, including
the regulo of Butuan and that of Surigao, to whom he gave the
name Antonio Galvan in honor of the governor of Ternate.
The Recollects endeavored to establish missions in what is now
Surigao Province as early as 1597, but their efforts were a failure
due to the hostility and resistance offered by the Caragas to the
Spaniards. The government was forced to launch an expedition
against the natives in 1609 before Spanish authority could be
established under the command of Juan de Vega. This expe-
dition consisted of 400 Spaniards and a number of native allies.
It proved a success, the Caragas being defeated, and more than
1,500 Christian prisoners being liberated. The Spaniards there-
upon erected a fort at Tandag as an outpost of Spanish authority.
Like many other provinces, Surigao suffered severely from
Moro raids. Probably the most destructive of these was the
one that took place in 1752. In that year, the Moros practically
covered the seas of Visayas with their fleets, frequently bringing
desolation and ruin to the places they visited. In what is now
Surigao, the town of Surigao and the Island of Siargao were
attacked. Surigao was devastated and ruined. Nearly all her
population of 2,000 souls were either killed or carried away
to the Island of Siargao, where about 1,600 persons were also
either slain or carried away to slavery.
* Non-Christian population, 459, not included.
SURIGAO. 261
Up to 1849, Surigao included that part of southeastern Min-
danao which now belongs to Davao. This territory, however,
was ceded to Nueva Guipozcoa, which was made a province in
1849. To this newly created province were ceded the following
towns: Tandag, Tago, Lianga, Mission de San Juan, Bislig,
Jinatuan, Catel, Quinablengan, Dapa, and Baganga.
By the decree of 1860 establishing a politico-military gov-
ernment for Mindanao, what is now Surigao Province together
with the present Province of Agusan, became one of the six
districts into which Mindanao was divided. It was known as
the East District and was supposed to include the territory
lying between the Butuan and Caraga Bays. This territory
was known in 1870 as the district of Surigao,
At the close of the Spanish rule, Surigao constituted one of the
seven districts of Mindanao. Its boundaries then were prac-
tically the same as those of the province at the time of the
establishment of civil government. It was ruled by an army
officer with the I'ank of major. The capital was Surigao. There
were, besides the capital, 27 other towns. The district had a
population of 93,000 Christian Filipinos. This district included
the politico-military comandancia of Butuan.
Civil government was established in Surigao May 15, 1901.
As constituted at the time, Surigao included as a subprovince,
the former politico-military comandancia of Butuan, Upon the
creation in 1911 of the Province of Agusan, Butuan was sep-
arated from Surigao.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 7,483
Area of farms hectares.... 67,420
Cultivated lands do 44,651
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans''.... 507,671
Sugar cane tons.... 1,250
Corn cavans.... 58,655
Copra kilos.... 4,608,527
Abaca do 7,230,899
Tobacco do 18,292
Population m9,357
Number of schools „ _ 110
Primary 101
Intermediate 5
High school 1
Vocational 3
Enrollment for 1918 11,662
Males 6,122
Females 5,540
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 26.4
Number of establishments of household industries 841
Production in 1918 , P=269,109.61
Number of manufacturing establishments 8
Production in 1918 P60, 200.25
* One cavan equals 75 liters.
* Non-Christian population, 2,665, not included.
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..•Tiflacer "-^(-rfO^o'^"?""' "" ! f; , . , Municipalities 14
^.r- *^ vv,r^ =^-, •& * ' 'i Barrios 146
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TARLAC.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
TARLAC is situated in the central plain of Luzon, surrounded
by the Provinces of Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and
Zambales. It has an area of 3,051 square kilometers, about
57,477 hectares of which are under cultivation. The capital of
the province is Tarlac, an important commercial town. It is
located in the east central part of the province and has 23,886
inhabitants.^ Camiling, Moncada, Gerona, Victoria, and Capas,
are also important trade centers, connected by good roads.
Some of the rivers flow into the Agno River and the Chico
Pampanga River. Lake Pinac and Lake Victoria furnish good
sport for wild duck hunters.
The land forms two distinct geographical areas. The north-
ern and eastern parts of the province consist of an extensive
level plain, while the rest is covered with mountains which abound
with timber suitable for building material and furniture making.
The minor forest products are anahaw, palasan, rattan, honey,
and bojo for sawali. Buri and anahaw are found in the swamps.
Deposits of chalk and limestone have been discovered, but so far
nothing has been done toward their exploitation. Medicinal
springs are also found in the province, the two most notable
of which are the spring of O'Donnell, in the municipality of
Capas, and that of Sinait.
The fertility of the soil makes agriculture the most important
industry of the people. Like the western provinces of Luzon,
Tarlac receives its copious rainfall during the southwest mon-
soon, but unlike them it raises two crops of rice a year, by means
of irrigation, particularly in the town of San Miguel. The people
are industrious, but a large part of the arable lands still lie
untouched for lack of work animals and capital. While rice
constitutes the chief crop, sugar and tobacco are also raised in
large quantities. Corn, beans, potatoes, coconuts, and pineap-
ples are also grown. Goats, sheep, and cattle are raised on
the grassy hillsides and uncultivated plains.
The population is composed of Tagalogs, Ilocanos, Pangasi-
nanes, and Pampangos, emigrants from their respective regions
where the struggle for existence is keen. Besides agriculture,
they also engage in the making of furniture of various kinds
and of wooden clogs. Little attention is paid to lumbering, the
chief interest of the people being centered on agriculture.
This province has 16 municipalities and 262 barrios.
^ Non-Christian population, 653, not included.
263
264 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The Province of Tarlac was one of the latest to be created
during Spanish rule. Formerly the region which now belongs
to Tarlac was shared by the Provinces of Pampanga and Pan-
gasinan. The first step towards the creation of this region
into a province was taken in 1860, with the erection of a portion
of western Pampanga into a military comandancia, which in-
cluded the following towns: Bamban, Capas, Concepcion,
Mabalacat, Magalang, Porac, Florida Blanca, Victoria, and
Tarlac, which latter was made the capital. This comandancia
was the nucleus of what later became the Province of Tarlac.
Considered from the viewpoint of the foundation of its towns,
Tarlac appears to be a province of late development. With the
possible exception of Tarlac, which was founded in 1686, not
one of the towns which belong to the province of Tarlac was
founded earlier than the beginning of the eighteenth century.
The oldest towns in this province, except that of Tarlac, were
founded in comparatively late years. For example, Bamban
was not created until 1710; Capas, not until 1712; and Paniqui,
not until 1754.
The early history of Tarlac records another important event
besides the foundation of its early towns, and that is the up-
rising of 1762, headed by Juan de la Cruz Palaris. This revolt
had its effects upon Tarlac, especially the northern section of the
province. The town of Paniqui, responding to the appeal of
Palaris for action against the Spaniards, joined other towns in
raising the standard of revolt.
The population of the region of Tarlac remained practically
stationary for quite a number of years. But with the influx
of immigrants from the north, especially the Ilocanos, the popu-
lation steadily grew. The immigrants found their way through
Pangasinan to the northern part of Tarlac, settling in such towns
as Camiling, Gerona, and Paniqui. The extent of this immi-
gration may be seen by a glance at the growth of population
in the towns just mentioned within a period of about two de-
cades. According to reliable records, the population of Cami-
ling, Gerona, and Paniqui about the year 1850 was 14,266. In
1870, it had increased to 33,941.
This marvelous growth of that section probably led to the
erection of the military comandancia of Tarlac into a regularly
organized province. In 1873, the prosperous portion of Pan-
gasinan which included the towns of Camiling, Gerona, and
Paniqui was segregated from that province and made part of
the new Province of Tarlac, which was created in that year.
The newly created province included all the towns which formed
part of the military comandancia of Tarlac, with the exception
of Mabalacat, Magalang, Porac, and Florida Blanca, which were
returned to Pampanga.
Tarlac apparently showed unmistakable signs of unrest on
the eve of the outbreak of the Revolution, for Governor Blanco
included in his decree of August, 1896, the Province of Tarlac
among the eight provinces where a state of war was declared
TARLAC. 265
to be in existence. Indeed Tarlac, like most provinces, was ripe
for revolt. Later, when Malolos was evacuated, the town of
Tarlac became for a time the headquarters of the Philippine
Revolutionary Government.
Civil government was established in Tarlac on the 18th of
February, 1901.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 3,051
Area of farms hectares.... 107,955
Cultivated lands do 64,477
Production in 1918:
Rice cavarLs"^.... 1,931,233
Sugar cane tons.... 69,093
Corn cavans.... 9,528
Copra kilos.... 365,194
Tobacco do 1,112,159
Population '168,265
Number of schools 180
Primary 170
Intermediate 9
High school 1
Enrollment for 1918 16,268
Males 9,901
Females 6,367
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 36.2
Number of establishments of household industries 764
Production in 1918 P201,049.06
Number of manufacturing establishments 32
Production in 1918 M19, 114.53
1 One cavan equals 75 liters.
^ Non-Christian population, 3,757, not included.
12020'
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ZLV6A YEH
GULF
TAR LAC
Area (Sq. Km.)
Population
Capital
Municipalities
Barrios
Elevations in meters
Kilemctart
3,051
172,022
TARLAC
16
262
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TAYABAS.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
Tayabas is the second largest province of Luzon. It occupies
the eastern coastal plain south of Nueva Vizcaya. Covering an
area of 10,865 square kilometers, it embraces the Islands of
Marinduque, Polillo, Patnanongan, Alabat, and many smaller
ones. The coast is indented by many open bays, such as Din-
galan, Lamon, Tayabas, and Ragay Gulf. Short but navigable
streams traverse the whole country, the most important of which
are Umaray, Kanan and Agos.
The Sierra Madre runs along the whole length of the province,
so that only a narrow strip of land along the coast and the
river valleys is available for growing crops. Copra, abaca, and
corn are raised for export, rice and vegetables for local use.
The mountains are densely wooded, but these resources have
not been developed, except on the outskirts of the forests. There
are unlimited areas of rolling hills, covered with succulent
grasses where grazing could be profitably carried on.
Mineral resources are abundant, especially in the Bondoc Pe-
ninsula where gold, coal, and petroleum are found. These have
been worked to some extent, but without much success, because
of the lack of capital and labor and the difficulty of transporta-
tion.
There are other industries. Aside from agriculture and
mining, hat-making in Lucban, Mauban, and Tayabas is an im-
portant source of wealth. Lumbering is in its first stages.
There is a lumber camp at Guinayangan and a modern saw
and planing mill in Lucena. The Botocan Falls, where a stream
40 feet wide makes a leap of 190 feet, could supply the entire
province with light and power for all its needs.
With the exception of the towns of Baler and Infanta, there
are but a few settlements in the east. Most of the important
towns are located along the shores of Tayabas and Lamon Bays.
Lucena, the capital, is an important commercial town on the
Manila-Hondagua railway line. It is located in the southwest-
ern part of the province. It has 11,939 inhabitants. The towns
of Gumaca, Mauban, and Atimonan, protected from high winds
by the Islands of Polillo and Alabat, are important coastal trade
centers.
The population of Tayabas is very sparse. All the Christian
inhabitants are found along the shores, chiefly on Lamon Bay.
Among them are found Ilocanos, Tagalogs, Bicolanos, and Vi-
sayans. The primitive tribes occupy the mountainous regions
of the interior.
267
268 GEOGRAPHY AND jHISTORY.
MARINDUQUE.
Marinduque, separated from Tayabas by the Mompog Pass,
is a hilly island covered with evergreen grass and shrubs. The
climate is agreeable. Cattle, firewood, and sinamay, are exported
to Tayabas. Abaca and coconuts are the leading products, while
sugar cane, rice, and corn, are raised for local use. Gold, zinc,
lead, and copper, are found in the island. The chief markets
are Boac, the capital, and Santa Cruz, on the Santa Cruz harbor,
which has an average depth of from 7 to 15 fathoms. Another
important harbor is Port Balanacan in the northwest, with
an average depth of from 6 to 12 fathoms.
POLILLO.
The Island of Polillo is separated from Tayabas by the
Polillo Strait. Like Marinduque, Polillo has a rugged surface.
It is sparsely populated. The mineral resources of the island
are gold, coal, oil, and lead. Trepang is found on the coasts and
exported to China. The town of Polillo, located on a fine harbor
of the same name, is the largest on the island and is the center
of trade.
This province, Tayabas, has 28 municipalities and 630 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The region now known as Tayabas was explored by the
Spaniards in 1571 and 1572. In 1572, Juan de Salcedo visited
what is now the central portion of Tayabas on the occasion
of his march across Laguna to Paracale. The following year,
Salcedo led his famous expedition around the northern coast
of Luzon. He visited the contracosta towns of Casiguran, Baler,
and Infanta.
The territory which now constitutes the Province of Tayabas
was at one time under the jurisdiction of various provinces.
The southern and central portions, for example, were in 1585
under the jurisdiction of the province of Bonbon, sometimes
called Balayan. The northern portion was divided between La-
guna and Nueva Ecija.
In 1591, Tayabas was created into a province under the name
of Kalilaya. Its capital was the town of Kalilaya, now Unisan.
However, by about the middle of the eighteenth century, the
capital was moved to the town of Tayabas. The new capital
in the course of time gave the province its present name.
Another important event in the annals of Tayabas is the
revolt of the Cofradia in 1841. This revolt was led by Apoli-
nario de la Cruz, once a lay brother in the San Juan de Dios
Hospital. The rebellion spread to a few towns in the neighbor-
ing Provinces of Laguna and Batangas. Apolinario was called
by his followers "the king of the Tagalogs."
Like many other provinces, Tayabas suffered from Moro de-
predations. In 1798, a fleet of some twenty-five Moro boats
harassed the towns of Casiguran, Palanan, and Baler and took
TAYABAS. 269
450 captives. The towns along the southern coast of Bondoc
Peninsula were also at their mercy. These depredations con-
tinued almost to the end of the Spanish rule.
Tayabas was among the first provinces to join the Revolution.
On August 15, 1898, General Miguel Malvar took possession
of Tayabas in the name of the Revolutionary Government.
Civil government was established in Tayabas on March 12,
1901, with Lucena as the capital. On June 12, 1902, the district
of Principe, formerly a dependency of Nueva Ecija, and the
district of Infanta, including Polillo, formerly a dependency of
Laguna, were annexed to Tayabas. Six months later, Marin-
duque, which up to that time had been a separate province,
was also annexed to Tayabas.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 9,943
Area of farms hectares.... 191,678
Cultivated lands do 102,122
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans\... 373,071
Sugar cane tons.... 1,40S
Corn cavans.... 6,709
Copra _ kilos.... 43,694,676
Abaca do 2,451,163
Tobacco do 4,500
Population '209,851
Number of schools ' 168
Primary 141
Intermediate 25
High schools 2
Enrollment for 1918 22,131
Males 13,228
Females 8,903
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 41.2
Number of establishments of household industries 9,241
Production in 1918 ?=2,422,295.17
Number of manufacturing establishments 413
Production in 1918 ^=1,695,726.49
STATISTICAL DATA (MARINDUQUE) .
Approximate area square kilometers.... 922
Area of farms hectares.... 33,303
Cultivated lands do 14,669
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans \... 82,317
Sugar cane tons.... 646
Corn cavans.... 493
Copra _ kilos...- 3,421,436
Abaqa do 2,709,946
Tobacco do 1,059
1 One cavan equab 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 1,745, not included.
270 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
STATISTICAL DATA (marinduque) — Continued.
Population 56,876
Number of schools 40
Primary - 36
Intermediate 3
High school 1
Enrollment for 1918 6,247
Males 3,806
Females 2,441
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 50.8
, Number of establishments of household industries 491
Production in 1918 W37,670.54
J Number of manufacturing establishments 15
Production in 1918 f=89,389.04
ZAMBALES.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The Province of Zambales, with an area of 3,680 square
kilometers, lies in the western part of Luzon, between the Prov-
inces of Pangasinan on the north, and Bataan on the south.
It includes the Islands of Hermana Mayor, Hermana Menor,
Salvador, Capones, Los Frailes, and several other minor ones.
The coast is very irregular, notably so on the southern and
northwestern parts of the province. Along the west coast, there
are no good harbors to protect shipping from the turbulent
waters of the China Sea. On the south, however, there are two
well sheltered ones, Olongapo and Subic, wherein the water
ranges in depth from 6 to 20 fathoms. Transportation in the
province is exceedingly difficult. There are few good roads,
and although there are many rivers, they are short and sluggish.
The most important of these latter are the Cabaluan, Bucao,
and the Grulio. The swamps at the mouths of these rivers
are overgrown with lApa and mangroves. ,-
Iba is the capital of the province. It is located in the western
part and has 5,451 inhabitants.'^ Subic, on the Bay of the same
name, is an important port. Olongapo is a naval station that
boasts of one of the largest floating dry docks in the world.
Almost all the large towns are located near the coast.
The land on the north is not so rugged as that of the south.
The mountains are covered with extensive forests of fine timber,
of which few have been exploited as yet because of the difficulty
of transportation, and the impassable nature of the mountains.
Rattan, tan bark and a small amount of timber are exported to
the nearby provinces.
The climate is similar to that of the other western provinces of
northern Luzon. Heavy storms are frequently experienced in-
land during the southwest monsoon. Conditions in the coastal
plain are favorable to the cultivation of rice, of which a large
amount is exported to Cebu and Batangas. The land along
the coast and foothills in the north are adapted to the gro-wi:h
of coconuts. Sugar, tobacco, and mangoes are raised for local
use. The fertile valleys in the interior and the hillsides are
covered with grass on which thousands of cattle, carabaos, and
horses feed.
Deposits of copper, zinc, and coal, await hands to exploit
them, and mineral waters are found in the vicinity of Iba, Subic,
and Palanig.
^ Non-Christian population, 239, not included.
271
272 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The scanty population is composed principally of Ilocanos.
A number of Tagalogs inhabit the southern part of the province,
and in the mountain fastnesses a few Negritos dwell in their
accustomed seclusion.
The province has 13 municipalities and 113 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
The exploration of Zambales began in 1572. In that year,
Juan de Salcedo sailed along the coast of this region, visiting
some of the native settlements on the way. The little band of
explorers on the third day of their voyage reached Cape Bolinao
(now belonging to Pangasinan), where they met a Chinese sam-
pan in which a native chieftain and a number of his followers
were being held captive. Salcedo liberated the prisoners, by
which act of generosity he gained the good will and loyalty of
the natives.
Zambales was organized into a province immediately after
Salcedo's exploration of this region. The capital was first es-
tablished in Masinloc, but was moved later to Iba. As created
in 1572, the new province included all of the coastal plain from
the Gulf of Lingayen to Subic Bay. Though a very small
province, Zambales was nevertheless, one of the earliest to be
organized.
The name of the new province was taken from that of the
people (Zambals) who inhabited this locality. This people, it
appears, had already, before the arrival of the Spaniards, es-
tablished several villages which became the nucleus of new
towns. Among the earliest organized in Zambales were Ma-
sinloc (1607), Iba (1611), and Santa Cruz (1612).
Like Bataan and several other provinces of the Philippines,
Zambales was visited by the Dutch during the early part of the
seventeenth century. It was in 1617 that Admiral Spielbergen,
with a powerful fleet appeared off the coast of Playa Honda.
The Government forces, under the command of Juan Ronquillo,
sallied out and engaged the Dutch squadron. Spielbergen dis-
played much bravery, but was defeated.
The Zambals were known to be one of the bravest and most
warlike people of the Philippines, ever ready to join uprisings
in the neighboring provinces. The Pampangos, for example,
who revolted in 1645, found numerous sympathizers and com-
rades at arms among the Zambals. In fact, the uprising readily
spread to Zambales. And in 1660, this same people became the
voluntary allies of Andres Malong of Pangasinan.
About the middle of the nineteenth centuiy and after, the
population of Zambales showed marvelous increase. In 1818, it
was 18,841 ; but this figure rose to 95,260 in 1847. During this
period, moreover, new towns were founded like San Antonio
(1836), San MarceHno (1843), San Narciso (1849), and San
Felipe (1860). This great increase in population was due to
Ilocano immigration.
The Revolution did not readily spread to Zambales, but in the
early part of 1898, in spite of the Pact of Biac-na-bato, dis-
ZAMBALES. 273
turbances occurred in this province. The Revolutionists seized
the telegraph lines between Manila and Bolinao and besieged the
cable station.
Civil government was established in Zambales on August 28,
1901. Then as formerly, Zambales extended to the Lingayen
Gulf; but in 1903 the northern portion of the province, compris-
ing the towns of Alaminos, Bolinao, San Isidro, Infanta, Anda,
Bani, and Agno, was detached and given to Pangasinan.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 3,680
Area of farms hectares.... 36,674
Cultivated lands do 27,257
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans '.... 635,295
Sugar cane tons.... 2,589
Corn cavans.... 2,297
Copra kilos.... 172,152
Tobacco do 15,750
Population '80,088
Number of schools 70
Primary 62
Intermediate 5
High school 1
Vocational 2
Enrollment for 1918 10,631
Males 6,257
Females 4,374
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 46.7
Number of establishments of household industries 293
Production in 1918 P81,978.82
Number of manufacturing establishments : 9
Production in 1918 ^48,846.26
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
- Non-Christian population, 3,532, not included.
171073 18
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Area (Sq. Km.) 3,680
Population 83,620
Capital IBA
Municipalities 13
Barrios 113
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ZAMBOANGA.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
The ZAMBOANGA Peninsula lies on the northwestern part of
Mindanao. The province, with an area of 16,532 square kilo-
meters, comprises the peninsula, Olutanga Island and the Basilan
group. The coast is very rough and full of many deep in-
dentures, the most important of which are the Bays of Sibuguey,
Dumanpulas, Pagadian, Dapitan, Sindangan, Sibuko, and Port
Sibulan. The bays are deep, ranging from 3 to 27 fathoms,
but are open roadstead, while Port Sibulan, with a depth of
from 2 to 15 fathoms, is well sheltered by the Island of Olutanga
near its entrance.
Zamboanga, located on the southern extremity of the penin-
sula, is the capital of the province and the Department of Min-
danao and Sulu, and has 30,872 inhabitants.^ This port is about
512 miles distant from Manila via the west coast of Mindoro, and
about 519 miles from the Capital City via Verde Island Passage.
All the largest towns are situated near the coast, the most
important of these are Sibucao, Sindangan, Kumalarang, and
Dapitan.
The province is exceedingly mountainous. These mountains
are well wooded and contain the best timbers for shipbuilding
and furniture-making. The mountains in the north central part
are not yet explored because of the absence of good roads and
long rivers as natural highways. But the forest resources around
the bays of Sibuguey and Dumanquinlas, where sawmills are
established, are under exploitation. Guttapercha for insulating
cable wires and almaciga for varnish are the most important
forest products for exports.
The province has a delightful climate, except during the months
of November to January, when it is exceptionally cold. The
rainy season lasts from May to October. The rivers flow over
their banks and destroy the crops. The land is seldom visited
by strong winds, so that famine is rarely felt there.
The broad coastal plains can support thousands of people, if
extensively cultivated. The soil is very fertile, and very well
suited for abaca and coconut growing. Abaca and copra are the
chief export crops, while rice is cultivated largely for home
use. On the plateaus and hillsides, cattle, horses, carabaos, and
sheep are raised.
Coal and gold are found on the peninsula. The situation of
these mineral deposits is very favorable, but because of the lack
of capital and labor, they still remain intact.
* Non-Christian population, 4,143, not included.
275
276 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY.
The population can be divided into three groups, namely, the
Christian people, the Moros, and the Pagans. The Christians
live mostly along the coasts and do the tilling of the arable
coastal plains. They are the most progressive people of Min-
danao. The Moros inhabit the regions along the rivers and
coasts, while the primitive people occupy the interior.
Basilan Island is hilly, three-fourths of its area being covered
with forests. Lumbering is being carried on in this island,
a lumber mill having already been established in Isabela, its
largest town.
There are plantations for the growing of rubber here. Copra
and abaca are exported.
This province has 5 municipalities, 14 municipal districts, and
43 barrios.
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
It is believed that Dapitan is the first point within the con-
fines of the present Province of Zamboanga to have been visited
by the Spaniards. Legaspi in 1565 touched at the town of
Dapitan, one of the oldest towns in the Philippines. This town,
which was founded by immigrants from Bohol, became noted
later as the place where Dr. Jose Rizal lived as an exile. By
1631, the Spanish missionaries were already at work in this
region and in other parts of northern Mindanao.
During the early decades of the seventeenth century, several
armed encounters between the Christian Filipinos and the
Spaniards on the one hand, and the Moros on the other, took
place in Zamboangan territory. In 1628 and again in 1630, the
Island of Basilan was the objective of primitive expeditions
against the Moros. In 1636, the governor of Zamboanga de-
feated the famous Tagal, brother of the Sultan of Magindanao,
off the coast of Punta de Flecha. It is said that about three
hundred Moros together with their famous "admiral" perished
in this battle.
Due to these frequent encounters with the Moros, it was
thought wise to establish a fort in Zamboanga. Consequently,
as early as 1636, Don Juan de Chaves founded Zamboanga and
began the construction of Fort Pilar. In 1662, however, the fort
was abandoned due to the withdrawal of the garrison, which was
recalled to Manila to defend the capital against the threatening
attack of the Chinese pirate Kotsen or Koxinga. Half a century
later, the king ordered the refortification of Zamboanga, but this
was not done till the rule of Bustamante, who rebuilt the fort
in 1719.
In order to strengthen the Spanish position in Zamboanga and
in the neighboring region, three companies of Zamboanga volun-
teers were organized in 1832. In 1847, this volunteer organiza-
tion was made into two companies of two hundred and fifty
men each.
The Province of Zamboanga had its beginnings in the old
"corregimiento militar" of Zamboanga. In 1837, the government
of this "corregimiento" was changed to a "gobierno militar." In
ZAMBOANGA. 277
1860, Zamboanga was one of the six districts into which Min-
danao and Sulu were divided. At the end of the Spanish rule,
Mindanao and Sulu were divided into seven districts, Zamboanga
being the most important of the seven. From the beginning
of the Spanish rule to the end, Zamboanga town was the capital
of Mindanao, excepting the brief period between 1872 and 1875
when the general government was located at Cotabato.
Dapitan, now a part of Zamboanga, was created a politico-
militarj' comandancia in 1863. At the end of the Spanish rule,
it was still a politico-military comandancia dependent on Mi-
samis.
In 1897, as a part of the Philippine Revolution, a rebellion
broke out in Zamboanga under the leadership of Isidoro Midel
and Melanio Ramos. This uprising did not secure important
results. In 1898, the Philippine Revolutionary Government
appointed Vicente Alvarez general of the revolutionary forces
in this region. General Alvarez attacked the Spanish forces,
which were then being concentrated in Zamboanga, and finally
took possession of the province.
In 1903, the Moro Province was organized with Zamboanga as
one of the districts. In 1914, civil government was established
in the Department of Mindanao and Sulu, Zamboanga becoming
one of the regularly constituted provinces of the department.
The town of Zamboanga was made the capital.
STATISTICAL DATA.
Approximate area square kilometers.... 16.582
Area of farms hectares.... 35,717
Cultivated lands _ _...do 21,959
Production in 1918:
Rice cavans '.... 124,823
Sugar cane tons.... 1,985
Corn _ _ _ cavans 43,455
Copra ....'. kilos.... 1,407,460
Abaca do 3,437,324
Tobacco do 29,299
Population _ * 77,001
Number of schools 60
Primary 51
Intermediate 5
High school 1
Vocational 3
Enrollment for 1918 7,565
Males 4,392
Females 3,173
Rate of mortality per 1,000 inhabitants 38.3
Number of establishments of household industries 170
Production in 1918 » P59,811.08
Number of manufacturing establishments ' 6
Production in 1918 ^=588,562.82
^ One cavan equals 75 liters.
2 Non-Christian population, 70,990, not included.
' Including two establishments of Nueva Vizcaya.
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ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO.
[In groups adjacent to principal islands and with reference to naming.]
Principal island.
Luzon
Mindanao
Samar
Negros
Palawan
Panay
Mindoro
Leyte
Cebu
Bohol
Masbate
Sulu group . . .
Romblon group
Total . .
Number of Number of, 'lAreaofone
named unnamed j Total. square mile
islands, i islands, i | or over.
406
420
266
21
619
132
42
52
56
80
50
272
25
1,050
634
437
147
1,149
500
109
80
195
50
59
176
56
1,456
1,054
703
168
1,768
632
151
132
251
130
109
448
81
80
72
46
5
82
26
9
8
14
11
9
99
2
2,441 4,642 7,083
463
Note.
islets.
-The unnamed islands are small unimportant mangrove or rocky
The above values were obtained from the topographic sheets of the Coast
and Geodetic Survey received to December 31, 1919. In the unsurveyed
regions north of Luzon, Sulu Archipelago, and west coast of Palawan, the
counting was done on the best charts available.
Approximate areas of principal islands^
Island.
Square
miles.
Luzon 40
Mindanao *. 36
Samar 5
Ncgros. . ,
Palawan.
Panay. . ,
Mindoro.
Leyte. . .
Cebu.
Bohol
Masbate
All other islands ,
,814
,906
,124
,903
,500
,448
,794
,799
,695
,534
,255
,628
Total land area of Archipelago 114,400
Note. — Islands over 1 square mile, 463.
' For areas of other islands see table in Volume II under paragraph : "Population and
Density of Islands."
279
NAMES OF ISLANDS OF AREA ONE SQUARE
MILE OR OVER.
Alabat I.
Alibi jaban I.
Babuyan I.
Bagatao I.
Balesin I.
Basot I.
Batan I.
Batan I.
Burias I.
Busin I.
Butauanan I.
Cabalete I.
Cabalitian I.
Cabaloa I.
Cabarruyan I
Cacraray I.
Cagbulauan I
Calayan I.
Calintaan I.
Camiguin I.
Canimo I.
Awasan I.
Balukbaluk I.
Balut I.
Basilar! I.
Bayagnan I.
Bilabid I.
Bobuan I.
Bongo I.
Bucas Grande I.
Byby I.
Capaquian I.
Cepaya I.
Cobeton I.
Condona I.
Daco I.
Dassalan I.
Dinagat I.
Boot I.
East Bucas I.
280
ISLANDS BELONGING TO LUZON.
[Total number
Canton I.
Caringo I.
Corregidor I.
Catanduanes I.
Dalupiri I.
Diogo I.
Fuga I.
Guintinua I.
Haponan I.
Hermana Mayor
I.
Hermana Manor
I.
Ibugos I.
Itbayat I.
Jomalig I.
Juac I.
Kalongkooan I.
Kalokot I.
Karlagan I.
Lahuy I.
of Islands, 80.]
Lamit I.
Lucsuhin I.
Luzon I.
Mabudis I.
Maculabo I.
Malabungut I.
Maniwayan, I.
Maricaban I.
Marinduque I.
Matalvi I.
Mompog I.
Pagbilao I.
Palasan I.
Palaui I.
Panay I.
Panuitan I.
Patnanongan I,
Pinget I.
Polillo I.
Porongpong I.
Quinabugan I.
ISLANDS BELONGING TO MINDANAO.
[Total number
General I.
Great Santa Cruz
I.
Hanigad I.
Hibuson I.
Hikdop I.
Hinatuan I.
Igat I. '
Kabo I.
Kaludlud I.
Kangbangyo I.
Kauluan I.
Lajanosa I.
Lamagon I.
Lanahuan I.
Lanhil I.
Lead I.
Ludguron I.
Lutangan L
of islands, 72.]
Maanoc I.
Mahaba I.
Malamaui I.
Malanipa I.
Manangal I.
Mataja I.
Mawes I.
Middle Bukas I.
Mindanao I.
Mosapelid I.
Nonoc I.
Olutanga I.
Palmas L
Pilas L
Pisan I.
Poneas I.
Pujada L
Sakul L
Saluping L
Quinalasag I.
Rapurapu I.
Sablayan I.
Sabtang I.
Salomague I.
Salvador I.
San Miguel I.
Santa Cruz L
Santiago I.
Siapar L
Sibauan I.
Silanguin I.
Talim L
Templo I.
Tinaga I.
Tubutubu I.
Verde I.
Volcano L
Y'Ami I.
Samal I.
Sangboy I
Sarangani
Siargao I.
Sibago L
Sibale L
Sibanoc I.
Takela I.
Talabera I.
Talicud L
Tamuk L
Tapiantana
Teinga I.
Tictauan I.
Tona L
Unib I.
I.
ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINES.
281
ISLANDS BELONGING TO SAMAR.
Aguada I.
Almagro I.
Bani I.
Batag I.
Biri I.
Botic I.
Buad I.
Buri I.
Cabaun I.
Cagnipa I.
Cahayagan I.
Calicoan I.
[Total number
Camandag I.
Canahauan I.
Caperangasan I.
Capul I.
Catalaban I.
Dalupiri I.
Daram I.
Dernasan I.
Destacado I.
Escarpada I.
Gilbert I.
Gintarcan I.
of islands, 46.]
Goyam I.
Hilaban I.
Homonhon I.
Karikiki I.
Laoang I.
Libucan I.
Manicani I.
Maravilla I.
Nabugtusan I.
Parasan I.
Samar I.
San Andres I.
San Juan I.
Santo Niiio I.
Suluan I.
Sundara I.
Tagapula I.
Talisay I.
Timpasan I.
Tinau I.
Tubabao I.
Tubabao 7.
ISLANDS BELONGING TO NEGROS.
Daco I.
Molocaboc I.
[Total number of Islands, 5.]
j Refugio I.
I Negros I.
Siquijor I.
ISLANDS BELONGING TO PALAWAN.
Agutaya I.
Alava I.
Albaguen I.
Bagambangan I.
Balaba? I.
Bancalan I.
Bantac I.
Baquit I.
Batas I.
Binatican I.
Binulbulan I.
Bisucay I.
Boayan I.
Bugsuk I.
Bulalacao I.
Cabilauan I.
Cabulauan I.
Cabuli I.
Cacnipa I.
Cadlao I.
Cagayan I.
Binanan I.
Binuluangan I.
Batbatan I.
Borocay I.
Calagnaan I.
Caluya I.
Gigante North I.
[Total number
Calabadian I.
Calabugdong I.
Calibang I.
Canabungan I.
Candaraman I.
Canipo I.
Canipo I.
Capare I.
Capnoyan I.
Casian I.
Catalat I.
Chindonan I.
Coron I.
Culion I.
Cuyo I.
Debangan I.
Delian I.
Depagal I.
Dibanca I.
Dicabaito I.
Dit I.
of islands, 82.]
Dondonay I.
Galoc I.
Ibobor I.
Icadambanauan I.
Hoc I.
Lagen I.
Lajo I.
Lamud I.
Linapacan I.
Lubic I.
Malanao I.
Malubutglubut I.
Manamoc I.
Mantangule I.
Maobanen I.
Marily I.
Matinloc I.
Maytiguid I.
Miniloc I.
Nangalao I.
Pachiri I.
Palawan I.
Paly I.
Pandanan I.
Passage I.
Patoyo I.
Popototan I.
Quiniluban I.
Ramos I.
Rasa I.
Tagauayan I.
Tambon I.
Tampel I.
Tangat I.
Tapiutan I.
Tara I.
Tuluran I.
Uson I.
Verde N. I.
Verde S. I.
ISLANDS BELONGING TO PANAY.
[Total number
Gigante South I.
Guimaras I.
Guiuanon I.
Igbon I.
Inampulugan I.
Malangaban I.
Panay I.
of islands, 26.]
Pandan I.
Pan de Azucar I.
Panubulon I.
Pinamucan I.
Sicogon I.
Sibay I.
Sibato I.
Semirara I.
Tago I.
Tagubanhan I.
Tandog I.
Tabon I.
282
ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINES.
ISLANDS BELONGING TO MINDORO.
[Total number of islands, 9.]
Ambulong I.
Cabra I.
Ilin I.
Mindoro I.
Ambil I.
Golo I.
Lubang I.
Tambaron I.
Buyallao I.
ISLANDS BELONGING TO LEYTE.
t
[Total number of islands, 8.]
Bacol I.
Gigantangan I.
Leyte I.
Maripipi I.
Biliran I,
Gumalac I.
Limasawa I.
Panaon I.
ISLANDS BELONGING TO CEBU.
[Total number of islands, 14.]
Bantayan I.
Guintacan I.
Mactan I.
Pacijan I.
Carnasa I.
Jibitnil I.
Malapascua I.
Ponson I.
Cebu I.
Jilantangan I.
Olango I.
Poro 1.
Doong I.
Lipayran I.
ISLANDS BET,ONGING TO BOHOL.
[Total number of islands, 11.]
Banacon I.
Jandayan I.
Mahanay I.
Panglao I.
Bohol I.
Jau I.
Pamilican I.
Sandingan I.
Cabilao I.
Lapinin I.
Pangangan I.
ISLANDS BELONGING TO MASBATE.
[Total number of islands, 9.]
Bugtung I.
Jintotolo I. Matabao I.
Naro I.
Carogo L
Masbate I. Napayauan I.
Ticao I.
Deagan I.
ISLANDS BELONGING TO SULU.
[Total number of islands, 92.]
Balanguingui I.
Capual I.
Maniacolat I.
Simonor I.
Bambannan I.
Daluman I.
Mantabuan I.
Sipac I.
Banaran I.
Dammi I.
Manucmanca I.
South Ubian I
Bangalao I.
Dasaan I.
Marungas I.
Sulade I.
Basbas I.
Datu-Bato I.
Minis I.
Tabawan I.
Basbas I.
Deato-Bato I.
North Ubian I.
Tabulunga I.
Bilatan I.
Doc Can I.
Omapui I.
Taluc I.
Bintoulan I.
Dongdong I.
Panducan I.
Tambagaan I.
Bitinan I.
Gujangan I.
Pangasinan I.
Tandubas I.
Bolipongpong I.
Hegad I.
Pangutarang I,
Tandubato I.
Bongao I,
Island (no name)
Pantocunan I.
Tapaan I.
Buan I.
Island (no name)
Papahag I.
Tapul I.
Bubuan I.
Jolo I.
Paquia I.
Taruc I.
Bubuan I,
Kinapusan I.
Parol I.
Tatalan I.
Bucutua I.
Kuad Basang I.
Pata I.
Tawitawi I.
Bulan I.
Kulassein I.
Patian I.
Teomabal I.
Bulicutin I.
Lapac I.
Sangasanga I.
Tigungun I.
Cabingaan I.
Laparan I.
Secubun I.
Tonkil I.
Cabucan I.
Latuan I.
Siasi I.
Tubalubac I.
Cacataan I.
Lintian I.
Sibutu I.
Tubigan I.
Cagayan Sulu I.
Little Calupag I.
Sigboye I.
Tumindao I.
Calupag I.
Loran I.
Simaluc I.
Tulayan I.
Cap I.
Lupa I.
Simisa I.
Usada I.
ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINES.
283
Alad I.
Banton I.
Carabao I.
ISLANDS BELONGING TO ROMBLON.
[Total number of islands, 9.]
Cobrador I.
Maestre de Cam-
po I.
Romblon I.
Sibuyan I.
Simara I.
Tablas I.
LIST OF PORTS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
Name.
Aborlan.. .
Alabat. . . .
Allen
Aparri . . . .
Aroroy. . . .
Atimonan .
Baelayon.
Bacnotan.
Bacolod..
Bacon. . .
Baganga.
Bais
Balabac. .
Balamban.
Balangiga .
Balayan. .
Baler
Balingasag .
Banga. . . .
Bangui. . . ,
Be
Jarili.
Barugo
Basco
Batan
Batan
Batangas. . .
Bato
Bauan
Baybay
Binalbagan. ,
Boac
Bogo
Bolbok
Bolinao
Bolton
Borongan. . .
Boston
Bugasong. . .
Bulalacao. . .
Bulan
Bulusan. . . .
Bungau. . . .
Buruanga. . .
Butuan
Cabadbaran.
Cabalian. . .
Cabangan. .
Cadiz
Cagayan. . . .
Cagayan . . . .
Calapan. . . .
Calauag. . . .
284
Class.
Province.
3
Palawan.
3
Tayabas.
3
Samar.
2
Cagayan.
3
Sorsogon.
2
Tayabas.
3
Bohol.
3
La Union.
3
Occidental Negros.
3
Sorsogon.
3
Davao.
2
Oriental Negros.
2
Palawan.
3
Cebu.
3
Samar.
3
Batangas.
3
Tayabas.
3
Misamis.
2
Zamboanga.
3
Ilocos Norte.
3
Cebu.
3
Leyte.
3
Batanes.
3
Albay.
3
Capiz.
2
Batangas.
3
Albay.
3
Batangas.
3
Leyte.
3
Occidental Negros.
3
Tayabas.
3
Cebu.
3
Batangas.
2
Pangasinan.
3
Davao.
2
Saraar.
3
Davao.
3
Antique.
3
Mindoro.
3
Sorsogon.
3
Sorsogon.
2
Sulu.
3
Capiz.
3
Agusan.
3
Agusan.
3
Leyte.
3
Zambales.
3
Occidental Negros.
! 1
Misamis.
2
Sulu.
3
Mindoro.
3
Tayabas.
PORTS IN THE PHILIPPINES.
285
Name.
Calbayog
Calivo
Caluya
Camp Overton.
Candelaria. . . .
Candon
Cantilan. . . . . .
Capalonga. . . .
Capiz
Carangian. . . .
Carcar
Carigara
Casiguran
Casiguran. . . .
Cataingan
Catanauan. . . .
Catarman
Catbalogan. . .
Cateel
Catmon
Cavite
Cebu
Coron
Cotabato
Culion
Currimao
Cuyo
Daet
Dagupan. . . .
Danao
Dapa
Dapitan
Davao
Dimiao
Dipolog
Diriqui
Dolores
Donsol. . . . . .
Dulag
Dumaguete. .
Dumanjug. . .
Escalante. . . .
Gasan
Gingoog
Gubat
Guinayangan .
Guiuan
Gumaca
Halsey
Himamaylan .
Hinatuan. . . ,
Hindang
Hondagua. . .
Iba.
Ibajay
Iligan
Iloilo
Infanta ,
Class.
Province.
3
Samar.
3
Capiz.
3
Antique.
3
Lanao.
3
Zambales.
3
II0C03 Sur.
3
Surigao.
3
Camarines Norte.
3
Capiz.
3
Samar.
3 1
Cebu.
3
Leyte.
2
Sorsogon.
3
T ay abas.
3
Sorsogon.
3
Tayabas.
3
Samar.
2
Samar.
3
Davao.
3
Cebu.
3
Cavite.
1
Cebu.
3
Palawan.
3
Cotabato.
2
Palawan.
3
Ilocos Norte.
2
Palawan.
3
Camarines Norte.
3
Pangasinan.
3
Cebu.
3
Surigao.
2
Zamboanga.
2
Davao.
3
Bohol.
3
Zamboanga.
3
Ilocos Norte.
3
Samar.
3
Sorsogon.
3
Leyte.
2
Oriental Negros.
3
Cebu.
2
Occidental Negros
3
Taj'abas.
3
Misamis.
3
Sorsogon.
3
Tayabas.
2
Samar.
3
Tayabas.
1 3
Palawan.
1 3
Occidental Negros
3
Surigao.
3
Leyte.
9
Tayabas.
2
Zambales.
3
Capiz.
3
Lanao.
1
Iloilo.
3
Tayabas.
286
PORTS IN THE PHILIPPINES.
Name.
Isabela .
Jagna. .
Jimenez .
Jolo. . . .
Kawayan. . .
Kolambugan .
Lagonoy. . . .
Laguimanoc .
Laoag
Laoang
Larena
Lavezares. . .
Lebak
Legaspi
Lemery
Lianga
Liloan
Llorente. . . .
Loay
Looc
Lubang
Lucena
Luna
Maasin
Macalelon. . .
Magallanes.. .
Malabang. . . .
Malangas. . . .
Malita
Malitbog. . . .
Mambajao. . .
Manapla
Manila
Margosatubig.
Maribojoc. . . ,
Mariveles. . . .
Masbate
Masinloc. ...
Mati
Matnog
Mauban
Mercedes. . . .
Merida
Misamis
Naga
Narvaean
Nasipit
Nasugbu
Nato
Naujan
New Washington.
Odiongan .
Olongapo.
Oras
Ormoc. . .
Oroquieta.
Oslob
Class.
Province.
2
Zamboanga.
3
Bohol.
3
Misamis.
1
Sulu.
3
Leyte.
3
Lanao.
2
Camarines Sur.
3
Tayabas.
3
Ilocos Norte.
i 3
Samar.
i 3
Oriental Negros.
3
Samar.
2
Cotabato.
2
Albay.
: 3
Batangas.
3
Surigao.
3
Leyte.
3
Samar.
3
Bohol.
3
Romblon.
3
Mindoro.
3
Tayabas.
3
La Union.
3
Leyte.
3
Tayabas.
3
Sorsogon.
3
Lanao.
1
Zamboanga.
3
Davao.
2
Leyte.
3
Misamis.
3
Occidental Negros
1
Manila.
3
Zamboanga.
3
Bohol.
2
Bataan.
1
Sorsogon.
3
Zambales.
2
Davao.
3
Sorsogon.
3
Tayabas.
3
Camarines Norte.
3
Leyte.
3
Misamis.
3
3
Camarines Sur.
Ilocos Sur.
3 Agusan.
3 Batangas.
3 Camarines Sur.
3 Mindoro.
3 Capiz.
3 , Romblon.
2 j Bataan.
3 : Samar.
2 1 Leyte.
3 I Misamis.
3 i Cebu.
PORTS IN THE PHILIPPINES.
. 287
Name.
Palauig
Palompon
Paluan
Pambuhan. . . .
Pambuhan Sur.
Panacan
Pandan
Pandan
Paracale
Parang
Pasacao
Pilar
Glass.
Pinamalayan.
Pitogo
Placer
Polillo
Puerto Galera. .
Puerto Princesa.
Quezon.
Ragay . . .
Romblon.
Sabajig. ,
Sablayan.
Sagay. . .
Salcedo
Salomagui
San Carlos
San Esteban
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Isidro . .
San Jose
San Jose de Buenavista.
San Julian
San Pascual. .
San Vicente
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Siasi
Sir J. Brooke.
Sitanki
Sogod
Sorsogon. . . .
Sual
Subic
Sulat
Surigao
Taal
Tabaco. .
Tacloban.
Taft
Tagbilaran.
Tagudin. . .
Talisayan. .
Taytay . . . .
Torrijos. . .
Province.
3 Zambales.
2 ! Leyte.
3 Mindoro.
3 Samar.
3 Samar.
3 Palawan.
3 Albay.
3 I Ilocos Sur.
3 Camarines Norte.
3 Cotabato.
3 I Camarines Sur.
3 1 Sorsogon.
3 Mindoro.
3 Tayabas.
3 , Surigao.
2 I Tayabas.
3 1 Mindoro.
1 Palawan.
Tayabas.
3 Camarines Sur.
1 Romblon.
3 Camarines Sur.
3 J Mindoro.
3 i Occidental Negros.
3 I Samar.
3 Ilocos Sur.
1 Occidental Negros.
3 Ilocos Sur.
2 La Union.
3 1 Sorsogon.
3 I Leyte.
1 Mindoro.
2 Antique.
3 Samar.
3 Sorsogon.
3 Cagayan.
3 Davao.
3 Tayabas.
3 Zambales.
2 Sulu.
3 Palawan.
2 Sulu.
3 Leyte.
2 Sorsogon.
2 Pangasinan
2 Zambales.
3 Samar.
1 Surigao.
3
2
2
3
3
3
Batangas.
Albay.
Leyte.
Samar.
Bohol.
Mt. Province.
3
3
3
Misamis.
Palawan.
Tayabas.
288 .
PORTS IN THE PHILIPPINES.
Name.
Unisan
Villaba
Virac
Zamboanga
Zumarraga
Province.
Tayabas.
3 I Leyte.
2 ' Albay.
1 Zamboanga.
3 Samar.
THE CLIMATE AND WEATHER OF THE
PHILIPPINES, 1903 TO 1918.
171073 19 289
THE CLIMATE AND WEATHER OF THE PHILIP-
PINES, 1903 TO 1918.
By Rev. Jose Coronas, S. J.,
Chief of the Meteorological Division, Weather Bureau.
I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
Climate and weather. — The difference between climate and
weather is thus expressed by Hann in his Handbook of Clima-
tology:^
"By climate we mean the sum total of the meteorological phe-
nomena that characterize the average condition of the atmosphere
at any one place on the earth's surface. That which we call
weather is only one phase in the succession of phenomena whose
complete cycle, recurring with greater or less uniformity every
year, constitutes the climate of any locality. Climate is the sum
total of the weather as usually experienced during a longer or
shorter period of time at any given season. An account of a
climate, therefore, means a description of the average state of
the atmosphere."
In other words, what we mean by iveaiher is the meteorological
conditions of a particular hour, day, month, year or season of the
year, while climate means the average of the weather experienced
for a longer or shorter period of years.
Object and general plan of this report. — It is our intention in
this report not only to consider the average of the atmospheric
conditions of the Philippines as deduced from the period of ob-
servations 1903 to 1918, but also to call the attention of our
readers to some extraordinary conditions of the weather for a
particular day, month, year or season of the year. Hence, the.
reason of our title Climate and Weather of the Philippines. This
method of considering climate and weather together seems to be
more satisfactory: first because it is very difficult at times to
draw exactly the dividing line between weather and climate ; and
secondly because very frequently, if not always, the same tables of
observations may be properly used to study both the climate and
the weather.^
' English translation by Ward, page 1.
'^ See The Weather and Climate of Chicago by Cox and Armington,
page XXIV.
291
292 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
A word of explanation may be necessary as to the period of
observations chosen, 1903 to 1918. This report is being prepared
at the request of the Director of the Census, Hon. Ignacio Villa-
mor, to be included in the Census of the Philippine Islands of
1918. Now, in the preceding Census of the Philippines of 1903,
the climatological conditions of the Philippines were also studied
with observations of previous years up to 1902, inclusive. Hence
it is but proper, in order to avoid repetitions, that we consider
the new period beginning with 1903 and ending on December 31,
1918, the date of the present Census. Besides, a good number of
our official climatological stations now in operation, and estab-
lished since the time of the reorganization of the Philippine Me-
teorological Service in 1901, had not been yet opened at the
beginning of 1902 ; and, therefore, even for the sake of uniformity,
it was considered far better not to include in our period the year
of 1902, although several of our stations had been already es-
tablished in the preceding year 1901. We did not consider it
wise either to include in this work a more previous period of
observations under the Spanish Government, because the Official
Climatological Service was then limited only to the Island of
Luzon, and, therefore, there could be no uniformity in the results
that we might obtain for Luzon as compared with those for the
Visayas and Mindanao. If further on, time and occupations
allow us to take up a more detailed study of the meteorological
conditions in a particular place, use may be made of all records
available for such a place.
Yet, whenever necessary or convenient, especially when we
lacked reliable observations for the last period 1903 to 1918,
use has been made also in this report of the observations taken in
former years, particularly in the preparation of our temperature
and rainfall maps.
That the period of 16 years here chosen is sufficient to get an
accurate knowledge of our climate may be shown from the fact
that the annual average rainfall of Manila as deduced from this
period differs from the average deduced from 54 years of obser-
vation (1865 to 1918) by only -f-17.2 mm.; and the average
annual temperature and humidity, also for Manila, deduced from
the same period of 16 years differ from those deduced from 34
years of observation (1885 to 1918) by —0.2° C. and —0.1 per
cent, respectively.
This report has been prepared in a rather short time, if com-
pared with the amount of work in calculations which it involves.
It is true that the Director of the Census requested it to be
prepared on a letter to the Director of this Bureau dated as early
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 293
as July 6, 1919, and that the latter directed the author of these
lines to prepare it, immediately after that letter was received.
But an extraordinary period of typhoons in the Far East, with
an unprecedented series of heavy rains and floods, that occurred
in Luzon from the end of July to the beginning of September,
did not only cause our routinary work in the Meteorological
Division to be two or three months behind time, but also rendered
several of our employees unable to attend to their duties for a
good number of days owing to overwork. Hence it was found
almost impossible to undertake the preparation of this report
until November, 1919. Furthermore, even from November until
the time the report was finished, it was necessary to do this
work only at such times as the ordinary routinary office duties
would allow. These circumstances have made it impossible to
prepare an exhaustive report on the matter, as it was our desire
to do. It has been our endeavor, however, to present in a most
comprehensive manner some of the most interesting data con-
cerning the weather and the climate of the Philippines for the
period chosen.
Climatological elements.' — ^The most important elements of
climate are temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind direction and
force, cloudiness, and storms, some of these elements being at
times quite independent one from the other, while in other cases
they are intimately connected. Thus rainfall and winds are in
many cases, particularly in summer and autumn, intimately con-
nected here in the Philippines with the frequency, position and
intensity of the storms which are called typhoons in the Far East
or baguios in the Philippines. Atmospheric pressure and its
variations, as Hann says,^ are of secondary importance as cli-
matic factors. Hence they have been disregarded in this report,
except in so far as they are connected with typhoons.
Temperature and rainfall may be considered for any region,
but most particularly for the Philippines, as the climatic elements
of greatest importance, temperature making of our climate a tro-
pical climate, while the distribution of rainfall gives way to a
definite subdivision of climates within a characteristic tropical
climate. Accordingly, it is our intention in this report to give
more space to these two elements, although we will give also
some information on the other elements, at least for a few
selected stations.
Climatological and tveather service of the Philippines. — It
may not be out of place to add here a few words on the
Climatological and Weather Service in the Philippines. There
^ Handbook of Climatology, English translation, page 70.
294 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
were in all 60 official climatological stations maintained by the
Weather Bureau at the end of 1918: One branch station at
Baguio; 6 first class stations, four of them in Luzon and two in
the Visayas; 12 second class stations, six in Luzon, four in the
Visayas, and two in Mindanao ; 30 third class stations, including
the two stations of Guam and Yap; and 11 rain stations. Be-
sides, Manila Observatory had 53 voluntary or cooperative
rain stations, where rain observations were made daily and
sent monthly to the Central Office. All these stations are shown
in the accompanying map.
Hourly observations of all climatological elements are made
regularly during the day at Manila and Baguio; six daily ob-
servations (2, 6, and 10 a. m., 2, 6, and 10 p. m.) in all the
first and second class stations; and two daily observations (6
a. m. and 2 p. m.) in all the other stations, both official and
volunteer. The time used for these observations throughout
the Philippines is that of the meridian 120° east of Greenwich.
Weather telegrams are received twice daily from all the first,
second and third class stations of the Philippines ; also from one
station in Guam, ten stations in Japan, including the Bonin and
the Loochoo Islands, 5 stations in P"'ormosa, 5 stations on the
China Coast, and 3 stations in Indochina. Based on these tel-
egraphic reports a weather map of the Far East is being pre-
pared daily at the Central Office since 1907 and exhibited in
several public places of Manila. Together with the weather
map a table is also given with the most important climatological
observations made throughout the Far East, but especially in
the Philippines, and the daily weather forecast for the next
twenty-four hours, covering the whole Archipelago. A model of
our daily weather map of the Far East may be seen in Plate I
of The Quantico Typhoon, December 25, 1918, by Rev. Jose
Coronas, S. J., 1919; also in Historia del Observatorio de Manila
por el P. M. Saderra Maso, 1915, page 161.
Previous reports on the climate of the Philippines. — The first
attempt to publish some notes on the climate of the Philippines
was made by Manila Observatory in 1899. They were prepared
by us and distributed in monthly sheets under the title Charac-
teristic conditions of the Weather in Ma^iila during the mo7ith of
Then during the second half of the same year
1899 we prepared a voluminous work on the Climatologia de Fi-
lipinas, with many tables and illustrations, which was published
as a part of El Archipielago Filipino, printed in Washington at
the expense of the United States Government. An English
translation of same appeared in Vol. IV of the Report of the
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I
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 295
First Philippine Commission to the President, 1901, pages 113
to 357. A brief resume of these two works, as far as they
referred to the climate of Manila, was published by the author
in a small pamphlet Interesting Climatological Data concerning
the Weather of Manila, 1900.
When the Census of the Philippines of 1903 was being pre-
pared. Rev. Jose Algue, the Director of the Weather Bureau,
contributed to it another report on the Climate of the Philip-
pines. But as the time allowed to prepare it was very limited,
he had to avail himself of many illustrations and tables pub-
lished, as stated above, in El Archipielago Filipino, by bring-
ing them up to date (1902 inclusive) as far as practicable;
two new maps, however, and several new tables were introduced
in this report. He also published two pamphlets on the climate
of Baguio in 1902 and 1909, respectively.
As the distribution of rainfall is one of the most important
elements of the climate of the Philippines, mention should be
made here of two pamphlets published by Rev. Miguel Saderra
Maso in 1907 and 1914, respectively, The Rainfall in the Philip-
pines and Annual Amount and Distribution of Rainfall in the
Philippines, where the climate of the Philippines was divided
into three types according to the different monthly distribution
of rainfall.
Rev. Jose Algue, in another pamphlet issued in 1915 as a
contribution to the Panama Pacific International Exposition,
represented in a map three types of climate as based on the
monthly distribution of rainfall in the Philippines, and studied
carefully the characteristics of the most important climatological
elements for each of the three types.
All the above mentioned reports, except those on Rainfall,
are either exhausted or not intended for free distribution ; hence
it is earnestly hoped that the present one will help to satisfy the
natural desire of many who so often apply to the Weather
Bureau for data and information regarding the climate of the
Philippines.
II. TEMPERATURE.
Monthly and annual mean temperature. — Table I gives
the monthly and annual mean temperature for 52 stations
well distributed throughout the Philippines. An extra column
is added showing the annual range of the mean monthly tem-
perature for each station, or in other words, the difference
between the means of the warmest and the coldest months.
It will be noticed in Table I, and the same may be said of
other similar tables throughout this report, that in several cases
a period shorter than 16 years has been used, even in cases of
stations which have been in existence during the whole period.
To give an explanation of this, we repeat here what Rev. Miguel
Saderra Maso says referring to the rainfall records published
in his pamphlet Annual Amount and Distribution of Rainfall
in the Philippines:
It is to be regretted that our records are not as complete as
could be expected : there are many local causes which can hardly
be controlled. The principal ones are sudden sickness of the
observers, frequent unexpected resignations, and destruction
of instruments by typhoons. These causes, due to the special
conditions of the Islands, and chiefly to the poor transportation
facilities, are responsible for long delays in sending both ap-
paratus and substitutes or successors to the sick or retiring
observers.
At times the records have been found so incomplete that
several full years of observations had to be disregarded in the
preparation of our tables. Months with less than 25 days of
observation have not been included in our calculations.
We wish to say a word on the method followed in this report
in obtaining the mean daily and hence the mean monthly and
annual temperatures for each of our stations. In our desire
not to change the mean values published in our monthly bulletins
and annual reports, different methods have been followed for
different stations according to the number of observations which
have been taken in them. The mean temperatures given for
Manila are the average of 24 daily observations, and those for our
first and second class stations have been deduced from six daily
observations (2, 6, 10 a. m.; 2, 6, 10 p. m.). Those for all the
296
TEMPERATURE. 297
other stations have been obtained by the common formula ^
(minimum + maximum). After a careful comparison of these
three methods made with the Manila observations, we can safely
say that the means deduced from 24 daily observations and those
obtained from six daily observations, as stated above, are prac-
tically the same, while the means deduced from the daily extremes
are somewhat too high, the differences being, as an average,
about 0.5° C. As we could not prescind from several other
sources of error in our observations, like differences in the ins-
tallation of the thermometer shelter, small defects of the instru-
ments, etc., not to say anything on personal errors, we did not
think it convenient to apply any correction to our temperature
means as published in our previous publications, even when
derived from the extreme daily values.
Concerning the monthly and annual mean temperature for
the Philippines, as they appear in Table I, the following re-
marks may be of interest to our readers :
1. The mean annual temperature for the whole Archipelago, as
deduced from the means of all the stations situated near the sea
level is 26.9° C. Baguio and Silang being high stations, their
corresponding temperatures have not been included in the cal-
culation, and will not be considered in these remarks.
2. The difference between the annual average temperature of
the southernmost stations, like Jolo and Zamboanga, and that
of the northernmost stations, like Aparri and Basco, is less than
1° C, the annual average of the former being 26.6° C. and
that of the latter, 25.8° C.
3. Yet, the annual range of the mean monthly temperature is
very small in Jolo and Zamboanga, 1° C, and 0.6° C, respectively,
while in Aparri and Basco it reaches 5.1° C. and 6.1° C, re-
spectively. The increase of this annual range, however, is not
entirely proportionate in many cases with the increase in lati-
tude of the stations, a fact which would tend to show that the
difference in the annual range of temperature does not depend
only on the difference of latitude, but may often depend also
on the local conditions of a particular place, particularly as
regards the prevailing winds, the position of the islands or of
the stations, and the relative position of high or low pressure
centers.
4. While in the great majority of the stations the maximum
monthly mean temperatures are those of April to May, yet in a
few stations the highest of the monthly means is that of August.
5. Following are the monthly mean temperatures for the whole
298
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table I. — Normal monthly
Tabla I. — Temperaturas nor
Station.
Estaci6n.
Province or Subprov-
INCE.
Provincia o subpro-
vincia.
Jolo Sulu
Zamboanga Zamboanga. . . .
Davao Davao
Cotabato j Cotabato
Cagayan I Misamis
Butuan j Agusan
Dumaguete I Oriental Negros .
Tagbilaran ! Bohol.
Iwahig
Surigao
Maasin
Cebu
Bacolod
Iloilo
San Jose de Buenavista
Tuburan
Cuyo
Ormoc
Guiuan
Tacloban
Capiz
Borongan
Calbayog
Masbat.e
Romblon
Batag
Gubat ;
Legaspi
Calapan
Virac. , Catanduanes
Naga \ Ambos Camarines
Batangas Batangas
Atimonan | Tayabas
Silang j Cavite
Paracale Ambos Camarines
Santa Cruz I Laguna
Manila ! Manila
Antipole j Rizal
Iba I Zambales
San Isidro i Nueva Ecija
Tarlac Tarlac
Baler Tayabas
Dagupan Pangasinan
Bolinao i Pangasinan
Baguio I Benguet
San Fernando La Union
Echague Isabela
Vigan I llocos Sur
Palawan
Surigao
Leyte
Cebu
Occidental Negros .
Iloilo
Antique
Cebu
Palawan
Leyte
Samar
Leyte
Capiz
Samar
Samar
Masbate
Romblon
Samar
Sorsogon
Albay
Mindoro
Tuguegarao.
Laoag.
Aparri .
Basco. .
Cagayan .
llocos Norte .
Cagayan . . . .
Batanes
Length
OF Re-
cord.
Periodo
de obser-
vaciones.
Years.
An OS.
16
16
16
10
11
12
9
16
5
16
16
16
6
16
16
7
14
16
7
15
16
11
16
11
15
6
11
16
10
11
10
12
16
8
8
9
16
9
9
16
16
12
16
11
16
16
11
13
14
11
16
16
Janua-
ry.
Enero.
°C.
Ferrua-
RY.
Febrero.
March.
Marzo.
oC.
26.2
26.4
26.2
27.2
25.6
25
26
25
25
25
25.8
26
25.9
25.6
26.2
25.5
26.9
25.2
26.3
25
25
25
24
26
26
24
25.8
25.6
25.7
25.6
25.1
25
25
24
25
24
24.5
25
25.2
24.7
25.7
24.4
25.5
25.9
16.5
25
23.7
25.4
23.3
25
22.9
22.4
26
26.3
26.4
27.6
25.8
25.4
26 1
25.7
25.4
25.5
26
26
26
25.8
26
25
26
25
26
25
25
25
24
26.6
26.5
25.3
25.9
25.6
25.6
25.6
25
26
25
24
24
25
25
25.5
25.2
25.2
26.3
24.5
25.8
26
16.6
25.1
24.2
25.6
24
25.6
23.2
22.5
»C.
26.2
26.5
26.0
28.2
26.5
26
26.8
26.3
26.7
25.9
26.5
26.8
26.8
26.8
27.3
26.1
28
25.8
27.1
26.3
26.6
26.2
25.7
27.5
27.8
26
26.6
26.5
26
25
26.3
27
26.3
26.7
27.9
25.4
27.1
27.2
17 7
26.8
26.1
26.9
26.2
27.2
24.8
24.1
26.8
25.8
26.2
27.8
25.2
25,3
26.4
24.2
24.4
25.3
25
24.9
25.9
24.9
25.2
26.5
April.
Abril.
"C.
26.8
26.8
27.6
28.5
27.5
27
27.5
27
27.6
26.5
27.3
27.7
27.9
27.8
28.2
27.5
29
26.4
27.7
27.1
27.6
26.8
26.5
28.6
29
26.9
27.7
27.5
27
26
27
29
27
26.3
27.1
27.7
27.8
23
27
28
29
26
28
28.7
18.6
28 6
28.1
28.1
27.9
28 5
26.5
26.2
TEMPERATURE.
299
and annual temperatures.
males mensuales y anuales.
May.
June.
July.
August.
Septem-
ber.
Octo-
Novem-
ber.
Decem-
ber.
Annual.
Mean
Annual
Range.
Oscilacion
media anual.
Mayo.
Junio.
Julio.
Agosto.
Septiem-
bre.
ber.
Octubre.
Novlem-
bre.
Diciem-
bre.
Anual.
oC.
oC.
"C.
oC.
"C.
"C
°C
"C.
"C.
"C.
27
26.7
27
26.8
26.8
26.6
26.4
26.4
26.6
1
26.9
26.6
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.6
26.6
26.6
.6
27.5
26.9
26.7
26.9
27
27
26.9
26.4
26.9
1.4
28.3
27.7
27.1
27.1
27.3
27.6
27.6
27.4
27.6
1.4
28
27.4
27.3
27.3
27.2
26.8
26.6
26
26.8
2.4
28.1
27.7
27.6
27.6
27.4
26.9
26.1
25.6
26.7
3
27.6
27.4
27.4
27.7
27.5
27.1
27
26.8
27.1
1.6
27.6
27.3
27.4
27.4
27.3
26.9
26.5
26.1
26.8
1.9
27.5
27
27
26.9
27
26.6
26.4
26
26.7
2.2
27.2
27.3
27.4
27.6
27.4
27
26.3
25.9
26.6
2.1
28
28
27.5
27.4
27.1
27.2
26.8
26.4
27
2.2
28.1
27.8
27.4
27.5
27.3
27.1
26.8
26.5
27.1
2.1
28.3
27.5
26.6
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.4
26.3
26.8
2.4
27.9
27.3
26.8
26.8
26.6
26.6
26.4
26
26.7
2.3
28.3
27.5
26.8
26.9
26.8
27.1
27
26.8
27.1
2.1
28.4
28
27.8
27.7
27.4
27.2
26.7
26
27
2.9
28.7
27.9
27.4
27.4
27.2
27.5
27.6
27.4
27.7
2.1
26.8
26.7
26.7
26.8
26.6
26.1
25.8
25.7
26.2
1.6
28
28
28.3
28.5
28.3
27.8
27.4
27
27.6
2.2
27.7
27.4
27.3
27.6
27.4
26.9
26.4
26
26.8
2.2
28
27.5
27
27
26.7
26.7
26 6
26 3
26.8
2.4
27.3
27.4
27.4
27.6
27.6
26.9
26.5
26.3
26.8
2
27
27
27.1
27.5
27.1
26.5
25.7
25.4
26.3
2.6
29.3
29.1
28.4
28.4
28.2
28.1
27.5
26.9
27.9
3.1
29.4
29
28. 3
28.4
28.2
28
27.6
26.9
28
2.9
27.6
27.2
27.4
27.4
27.2
26.8
26.4
26
26.6
2.7
28.4
28.4
28
28.4
28.1
27.4
26.9
26.3
27.3
2.6
28.1
27.9
27.3
27.3
27
27.1
26.6
26.2
26.9
2.5
28
27.9
27.5
27.6
27.2
27.2
26.9
26.2
27
2.4
27.6
27.7
27.6
27.9
27.5
27
26.7
26.3
26.9
2.3
28.2
28.2
27.9
28.1
27.7
27
26.3
25.6
26.8
3.2
29
28.6
27.6
27.7
27.2
27
26.6
26.1
27.4
3.2
28.2
27.9
27.4
27.5
27
26.9
26.5
25.8
26.8
3
25.9
25.2
24.4
24.7
24.8
24.9
24.7
24.1
24.9
2.2
27.7
27.8
27.6
27.6
27.2
26.7
26.5
25.9
26.7
2.9
28.4
28.1
27.5
27.5
27
26.8
26.2
25.6
26.8
3.5
28.2
27.7
26.8
26,9
26.6
26.3
25.6
24.9
26.4
3.7
28.8
28
26.4
26.2
26.1
26.2
26
25.5
26.6
3.8
28.1
27.6
26.8
26.6
26.6
26.8
26.4
25.8
26.6
2.9
28.3
27.7
26.5
26.5
26.4
26.4
25.6
25.2
26.5
3.6
29.3
28.7
27.5
27.5
27.4
27.4
26.6
26.1
27.5
3.6
27.7
28.1
27.9
28.2
27.5
26.7
26.1
25.2
26.5
3.8
28.5
28 1
27
27
27
27.2
26.6
25.9
27
3
28.8
27.9
26.9
26.8
26.8
27.3
27
26.5
27.2
2.9
18.9
18.9
18.1
17.9
18
18
17.7
17.4
17.9
2.4
29.1
28.4
27.6
27.5
27.3
27.2
26.3
25.8
27.1
4.1
29.1
29.2
28.3
28.2
27.8
26.6
25.2
24.3
26.7
5.5
28.6
28.1
27.2
26.8
27
27.2
26.9
26.1
27
3.2
28.6
28.8
27.8
27.6
27.2
26.2
24.8
23.8
26.4
5.5
28.9
28.5
27.7
27.2
27.6
27.4
26.7
26
27.2
3.9
27.4
28
27.7
27.4
27.1
26.3
25.1
23.7
25.8
5.1
27.5
28.5
28.2
1
27.9
27.5
26.6
24.8
23
25.8
6.1
300 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Archipelago as deduced from the averages of all our stations
given in Table I, disregarding those of Baguio and Silang:
°C.
January 25.4
February 25.6
March 26.5
April 27.6
May 28.1
June 27.8
July 27.4
August 27.4
September 27.2
October 26.9
November 26.5
December 25.9
Annual average 26.9
Accordingly, the year might be divided into seven warmer
months (April to October) with a mean monthly temperature of
26.9° C. to 28.1° C, and five colder months (November to
March) with a mean monthly temperature of 25.4° C. to 26.5°
C. May is the warmest month, and January the coldest.
6. As for Manila and other places with similar monthly dis-
tribution of temperature, the year might be divided into three
warmer months (April to June), four colder months (November
to February) and five months of intermediate temperature
(March and July to October).
Variability of the monthhj and annual means of temperature. —
It is often said that a tropical climate is characterized by an
extraordinary regularity in the sequence of its diurnal monthly
and annual changes of temperature. To show this clearly we
have decided to give in Plate I a graphical representation of
the monthly and annual departures from the normal tempera-
ture at Manila for each of the months and years of the period
1903 to 1918.
The regularity shown in this plate is indeed very remarkable.
The greatest annual departure in excess of the normal is +0.8°
C, and the greatest in defect is —0.5° C. As to the monthly
departures, the greatest in excess is -|-1.6° C, whilst the greatest
in defect is —1.4° C. Taking the hottest months of the years,
April to May, it appears that the highest temperatures were
recorded in the years 1903, 1912 and 1915, three years which
are considered the driest of the whole period for the Philippines,
not precisely as to the annual rainfall but as to the winter and
spring rainfall, as we shall see later. The coldest months, Jan-
uary and February, show the lowest temperatures in the year
MONTHLY AND ANNUAL DEPARTURES FROM THE
NORMAL TEMPERATURE AT MANILA
1903 - 1918
PLATE
302 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
1918 with a departure from the normal of —1.4° C. and —1.1°
C, respectively.
What has just been said on the variability of the monthly
and annual means of temperature at Manila can surely be applied
vi^ith no great differences to all the other stations of the Philip-
pines.
It follows from the foregoing how exact Hann and other
meteorologists are when they state that in the tropics only
five years of observation are needed to give accurate monthly
and annual means or normals of temperature/ while for other
countries like those of Europe or the United States of America
at least twenty years of observations are usually required for
a normal value. Hence it is that, although we use indifferently
in this report the words mean and average for the mean tem-
perature deduced from 16 years of observation, they can rightly
be taken as real normals in the strict sense of this word, and
this is true even in cases of mean values deduced from less than
16 years, but more than 5 years of observation.
Mean monthly and annual temperatures of the Philippines
compared with those of other selected cities of the world. — It
may be of interest to our readers to have the mean monthly and
annual temperatures of the Philippines compared with some
of the most important cities of the world. For this purpose
we give in Table II the mean monthly and annual temperatures
for six cities of Europe, four cities of the Far East, besides Manila
and Baguio, two cities of India, six of the United States of North
America, one of Mexico and one of Cuba. We add at the end
five stations of the southern hemisphere showing an inverse
monthly distribution of temperature.
In Plate II the monthly distribution of temperature is gra-
phically shown for six stations of the Philippines, three other
cities of the Far East (Hongkong, Shanghai, and Tokio), three
selected cities of North America (New York, Chicago, and San
Francisco, California) and three of Europe (London, Madrid,
and Paris). The mean annual temperatures are given in figures
for each place.
The differences more or less pronounced in the monthly as well
as in the annual temperatures are so clearly distinguished, both
in the table and the plate, that we do not think it necessary to
make any remark on them. Attention should be called, however,
to the great similarity of the mean monthly distribution and
^ See Hann's Handbook of Climatology, English Translation by Ward,
page 10.
NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE Or THE PHILIPPINES COMPARED
WITH THAT OF A FEW SELECTED CITIES OF EUROPE, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
AND THE FAR EAST.
30
20
January
rebruary
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
°c
30
20
♦ 10
0
-10
30
ZO
♦ 10
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30
20
♦ 10
0
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PLATE n.
304
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table II. — Normal monthly and annual temperatures
Tabla II. — Temperaturas normales, mensuales y anuales.
City.
Ciudad.
Latitude.
Latitud.
Longitude of
Greenwich.
Longitud de
Greenwich.
o '
120 59 E
120 36 E
0 8 W
2 20 E
3 42 W
13 21 E
16 21 E
12 28 E
116 28 E
121 11 E
114 12 E
139 45 E
88 26 E
72 54 E
87 37 W
74 0 W
77 3 W
122 26 W
90 4 W
118 15 W
99 8 W
82 21 W
58 21 W
77 1 W
71 40 W
43 10 W
151 11 W
Janua-
ry.
Enero.
Februa-
ry.
Febrero.
March.
Marzo.
April.
Abril.
A^anila. ...
o
14
16
51
48
40
52
48
41
39
31
22
35
22
18
41
40
38
37
29
34
19
23
34
12
33
22
33
f
35
25
34
50
24
33
15
54
57
12
15
41
32
54
53
43
54
48
58
3
26
9
37
4
.1
54
51
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S
S
s
s
s
<=C.
24.5
16.5
3.4
2.3
4.5
— .7
— 1.7
6.8
— 4.7
3.6
15.6
2.8
18.4
23.6
— 4.4
— 1.1
.6
10
12.2
12.2
12.2
21.3
24.1
22
17.2
25.2
21.8
25
16.6
4.3
3.6
6.3
:l
8.3
— 1.7
4.1
14.7
3.6
21.3
23.8
— 3.3
— .6
1.7
11.1
13.9
12.8
13.8
22.2
23.5
23.2
17.3
25.4
21.4
oC.
26.3
17.7
5.6
5.9
8.5
2.9
3.9
10.4
5
7.8
17.1
6.8
26.3
25.6
1.1
3.3
5.6
12.2
17.2
13.9
15.8
22.9
21
22.9
15.9
25
20.6
"C.
27.8
18.6
8.9
9.9
11.7
7.7
9.4
13.7
13.7
13.2
21.2
12.4
29.4
27.8
7.8
8.9
11.7
12.8
20.6
15.6
17.8
24.5
17.3
21.3
14.6
23.6
18.1
"Rapuio. . .
Tjondon
Paris
Madrid
Berlin
RomG ■ •
Pekinc
Honffkonff
Tokio
Calcutta
New York
VVashinfftoti.
San Francisco.
Sydney
Note. — The observations for the cities of the United States are taken from the Clima-
tology of the United States by Alfred Judson Henry ; those for Shanghai from La Tempe-
rature en Chine by Rev. H. Gauthier, S. J. ; those for Tokio from the "Results of the
Meteorological Observations made in Japan," published by the Central Meteorological Observa-
tory of Tokio ; those for Hongkong from "The Climate of Hongkong," by T. F. Claxton ; and the
rest from "Lehrbuch der Meteoro!ogie" by Dr. Julius von Hann. (Nota. — Las observaciones
TEMPERATURE.
305
for several selected cities of the world.
de varias ciudades escogidas del mundo.
Mean An-
Septem-
Octo-
Novem-
Decem-
nual
May.
June.
July.
August.
ber.
ber.
ber.
Annual.
Range.
Mayo.
Junio.
Julio.
Agosto.
Septiem-
bre.
ber.
Octubre.
Noviem-
bre.
Diciem-
bre.
Anual.
Oscilaci6n
media
anual.
•C.
"C.
"C.
"C.
°C.
"C.
OC.
"C.
oC.
"C.
28.2
27.7
26.8
26.9
26.6
26.3
25.6
24.9
26.4
3.7
18.9
18.9
18.1
17.9
18
18
17.7
17.4
17.9
2.4
1'2.1
15.7
17.3
16.7
14.2
9.9
6.1
4
9.9
13.9
13
16.5
18.3
17.7
14.7
10.1
5.8
2.7
10
16
15.9
20.4
24.7
24.2
19.1
13.2
8.2
4.3
13.4
20.4
12.7
16.7
18.1
17.4
13.9
9
3.6
.5
8.5
18.8
14
17.7
19.6
18.8
15.2
9.8
3.5
— .6
9.2
21.3
17.8
21.6
24.6
24.2
21.1
16.4
11.2
7.6
15.3
17.8
19.9
24.5
26
24.7
19.8
12.5
3.6
— 2.6
11.7
30.7
18.5
23
26.8
26.9
22.8
17.5
11.1
5.6
15.1
23.3
24.9
27.2
27.7
27.4
26.9
24.6
20.7
17
22.1
13
16.5
20.5
24.1
2.5.4
22
15.8
10.1
5.2
13.8
22.6
29.8
29.2
28,3
28
28.1
26.7
22.4
18.5
25.5
11.4
29.2
28
26.4
26.3
26.3
27.1
26.3
24.7
26.3
5.6
13.9
18.9
22.2
21.7
17.8
11.7
3.9
— 1.7
9.1
26.6
15.6
20.6
23.3
22.8
18.9
13.3
6.7
1.1
11.1
24.4
17.8
22.8
25
23.9
20
13.9
7.2
2.2
12.7
24.4
13.9
15
15
15
16.1
15.6
13.3
10.6
13.4
6.1
23.9
27.2
28.3
27.8
26.1
21.1
16.1
12.8
20.6
16.1
17.2
19.4
21.7
22.2
21.1
17.8
15.6
13.3
16.9
10
18.1
17.6
16.9
16.7
16.2
14.8
13.5
12
15.4
6.1
26.2
27.4
27.7
27.7
26.9
25.5
23,7
22
24.8
6.4
13.4
10.8
10.3
11.6
13.9
16.6
19,9
22,8
17.1
13.8
1 19.2
17
16.1
16.2
16.6
16.9
19,1
21,3
19.3
7.1
13.1
12
11.7
11.4
12.2
13.7
15
17.2
14.3
5.9
21.8
•20.3
19.9
20.4
20.8
21.7
22 9
24.7
22.6
5.5
14.7
12.6
11.2
12.5
1
14.7
17.5
19,1
20.9
17.1
10.6
de las ciudades de Estados Unidos se ban tornado de "Climatology of the United States," per
Alfred Judson Henry ; las de Shanghai, de "La Temperature en Chine," por el R. P. H.
Gaulhier, S. J. ; las de Tokio, de "Results of the MeteoroloKical Observations made in Japan"
publicado por el Observatorio Meteorologico Central de Tokio ; las de Hongkong, de "The
Climate of Hongkong" por T. F. Claxton ; y las restantes de "Lehrbuch der Meteorologie"
por el Dr. Julius von Hann.)
171073-
-20
306 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
mean annual range of temperature of San Francisco, California,
with that of a tropical station. San Francisco has a latitude
somewhat higher than Tokio and considerably higher than
Shanghai. Yet while Tokio and Shanghai have a very pro-
nounced annual range of temperature similar to that of other
cities situated in the temperate zone, San Francisco (and almost
the same could be said of other cities on the west coast of
North America) has a very small annual range, almost iden-
tical with that of Aparri in the Philippines.
It may be worth mentioning also that the mean annual tem-
perature of San Francisco is only 4.5° C. lower than that of
Baguio. Hence, we may say that on the west coast of North
America there are places in which, in spite of a high latitude,
owing to the combined action of ocean currents and winds,
the mean monthly and annual temperatures do not differ much
from those of Baguio, and the annual range of temperature is
quite similar to that of our stations in the Philippines, partic-
ularly of those in northern Luzon.
Means of the Ttioiithly and annual extreme temperatures.
Temperature Map. — It was our first intention to include in our
Temperature Map, besides the mean annual temperature, the
absolute maximum and minimum temperatures for all our sta-
tions and for the whole period 1903 to 1918. But as such
absolute extreme values may only occur once in fifteen, twenty,
thirty or more years, we have thought it would help to acquire
a better knowledge of our climate if instead of the absolute
extreme values of temperature, we would include in our map
the means of the extreme annual temperatures recorded during
the period mentioned. This will give quite an accurate idea of
the highest and lowest temperatures which we may expect in
the Philippines during the year.
In Table III our readers will find the mean values not only of
the annual extremes of temperature, but also of the monthly
extremes. The mean values of the annual maximum temper-
atures vary in the Philippines from 33.2° C. to 39.9° C. It is
to be remarked, however, that means as high as 38° C. or more
are only shown in the stations situated in the plains of Pangasi-
nan, in the great valley of the Cagayan River, and in the
provinces of Tarlac and Nueva Ecija. Practically all our sta-
tions of the Visayas and Mindanao give mean values lower than
36° C, while a great majority of the stations in Luzon, partic-
ularly in the central and western part of the island, appear with
mean values higher than 36° C. What we say of the means of
00 aor~^
S
H
-o^
TEMPERATURE. 307
the annual extreme temperatures may be applied also, with
slight changes, to the means of the monthly extremes of tem-
perature.
As to the mean values of the absolute annual and monthly
minimum temperatures the following remarks may be of interest :
(1) The highest values are those of the Visayas and Mindanao,
while the lowest are those of Luzon, just the opposite of what
has been said on the mean absolute maximum temperatures.
Those of the Visayas and Mindanao range between 16.7° C.
and 20.9° C; and those of Luzon, between 15.0° C. and 18.9° C.
(2) Hence it follows that the mean absolute monthly and annual
ranges of temperature are considerably greater in Luzon than in
the Visayas- and Mindanao. (3) The highest mean absolute
annual range is that shown by Tuguegarao records, 24.9° C. ;
while the lowest is that of Cuyo, 13.3° C. (4) As a rule, it
seems that the annual minimum temperatures of the stations
in which cloudy and rainy weather prevails in winter, are not
so low as those of the stations situated in the central and western
parts of the Islands. This is particularly apparent in the Visayas
and southeastern Luzon.
Our readers should remember that in these remarks we pre-
scind from the mountain temperature of Baguio.
Absolute maximum and miniynum temperatures, monthly and
annual. — Table IV contains very interesting data concerning
the absolute highest and lowest temperatures recorded in
each of our stations. First we give the highest and lowest
temperatures per month with the corresponding monthly ex-
treme range, and then the absolute highest and lowest tem-
peratures of the whole period 1903 to 1918 with the corresponding
annual extreme range. What has been said above in the remarks
made about Table III can, with due proportion, be said also
about the present table. We will only say here that the extreme
range of the period varies from 16.1° C. in Cuyo to 30.0° C. in
Tuguegarao. The absolute highest temperature for Luzon is
42.2° C, and the lowest 12.1° C, whilst the highest and lowest
for the Visayas and Mindanao were 38.2° C. and 13.3° C,
respectively.'
^ We wish to remark here that a few of the extreme temperatures given
in Table IV seem to differ too much from those of other not distant stations.
Although we have been very careful in having all the observations well
checked and revised, it has been impossible in some cases to decide with
certainty whether the difference was to be attributed to local conditions
or to any defect of the instrument or mistake on the part of the observer.
Yet, as we could find no evidence of such a mistake or defect, we did not
feel justified to prescind from these observations.
308
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
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TEMPERATURE.
309
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324 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
The extreme temperatures of the whole period for Manila
are 38.6° C. and 14.5'' C. : they were registered in May, 1915, and
January, 1914, respectively. In the year 1915, Manila was
greatly affected by one of the most extraordinary periods of
drought experienced in the Philippines, as we shall see later on.
The month of April had also the highest monthly temperature
of the period, 38.0° C, in 1915. In another most extraordinary
period of drought of 1912, the highest temperatures for April
and May (37.5° C. and 38.3° C.) were not much below those
for April and May, 1915. The maximum, 38.3° C, is identical
with the one observed in May, 1889, the only occasion during
the previous 32 years, 1880 to 1911, on which the thermometers
had reached such a height. The hot period of 1889 coincided
likewise with a scarcity of rain, since not a drop of rain fell
during May and only 3.5 mm. during April. From 1865 to 1880
we find in our records only one year with maximum temperatures
higher than that of 1915. It was 1878, which was considered as
an extraordinarily hot year: the absolute maximum was then
39.7° C. on May 17, while on May 2 and April 29 temperatures
as high as 38.7° C. and 39.2° C, respectively, were ob-
served. As to the absolute minimum, 14.5° C, we can safely
state that it is the lowest recorded in Manila since 1865. It is
true that in our bulletins there appear two minimum tempera-
tures as low as 12.1° C. and 12.2° C, observed in December, 1870,
and December, 1871; but a careful comparison of the minimum
temperatures for these months with the temperature readings
for 6 a. m. leaves hardly any doubt as to the unreliability of
those minimum temperatures.
Longest periods of consecutive days with maximum tempera-
ture of 36° C. or more at Manila. — The number of consecutive
days with very high maximum temperature is one of the data
most interesting in the description of any climate. The short
time at our disposal for the preparation of this report, prevents
us from giving at present such information for other stations but
Manila. And even as regards Manila we shall only make here
a few remarks, hoping that on another occasion we may be able
to take up this matter again and more in detail. As the periods
of drought in the Philippines generally occur during the hottest
months of the year, the highest temperatures and the longest
periods of very high temperatures are to be looked for in
the periods of the most extraordinary droughts. During the
TEMPERATURE. 325
severe drought of 1912, no less than 27 times the daily maximum
temperature was 36^ C. or more, the hot spell of 16 consecutive
days (April 20 to May 5) being especially noteworthy. During
the drought of 1915, there were 22 maximum daily temperatures
above 36° C. in April, and 12 in May, a total in two months of
34. A careful study of the records of the Manila Observatory
for previous years shows that since 1865 only the years 1878
and 1889 can compare with the two just mentioned in the
number of days of so high maximum temperatures. In the year
1878 there were 8 cases in April, 20 in May, and 9 in June, in
which the maximum daily temperature was higher than 36° C,
and two periods of 9 consecutive days with such a high tempera-
ture. Our records for that year show also that there was an
extraordinary period of 37 consecutive days without rain (April
12 to May 18). In the year 1889 maxima as high as 36^ C.
or more were recorded on 7 days in April and 16 days in May:
a total of 23 days. Eleven of these maxima occurred on con-
secutive days (May 7 to 17). This hot period of 1889 coincided
likewise with a scarcity of rain as stated above.
Mean daily extremes of temperature, monthly and annual;
mean diurnal range of temperature. — Hann has the following to
say on this climatic element in his Handbook of Climatology:^
The amount of the diurnal range of temperature, or the diurnal
amplitude of temperature, is a very noteworthy climatic element,
and should be included in every account of a climate which aims
to be at all complete. This element is expressed by the differ-
ence between the mean temperatures of the warmest and the
coldest hours of the day, and is then called the periodic amplitude;
or, it is expressed by the difference between the mean minima and
the mean maxima of the month, obtained from the readings of a
maximum and minimum thermometer. The latter is known as
the non-periodic amplitwle.
Table V contains the mean daily maximum and mean daily
minimum temperatures, monthly and annual, for a few selected
stations of the Philippines : two from Mindanao, two from the
Visayas, and six from Luzon. The mean diurnal range or non-
periodic amplitude is also included for each station. Table VI
gives the mean hourly temperature observations for Manila,
with the corresponding mean diurnal range or periodic amplitude.
Lack of time prevents us at present from giving similar obser-
* English translation by Ward, page 12.
326
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
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TEMPERATURE.
327
33
22.8
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328
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
00
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TEMPERATURE.
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329
330 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
vations for any other station besides Manila. A few remarks
will be made now on the information included in these two
tables as far as they refer to the diurnal range of temperature.
1. Comparing Table V with Table I, it is evident that the
difference between the mean highest temperature of the day
throughout the year and the mean lowest temperature is con-
siderably greater in the Philippines than the difference between
the mean temperature of the warmest month of the year and
that of the coldest month. In other words, the mean diurnal
range of temperature is much greater here than the mean annual
range. Although we give in Table V the mean diurnal range
of temperature for only ten selected stations, yet it may be
safely stated that the annual mean diurnal range varies in the
Philippines from about 6° C. to 12° C, while according to
Table I the mean annual range of temperature varies from
0.6° C. to 6.1° C.
2. As was to be expected, the greatest ranges are those of
the stations in the western and central part of Luzon, including
the Cagayan Valley.
3. The diurnal range of temperature as deduced from hourly
observations of Manila is naturally smaller than that deduced
from the daily absolute extremes of temperature.
4. The diurnal range for the rainy months, June to October,
is much smaller than that of the dry months, November to
May. This and the next remark may hold good for other
stations having a monthly distribution of rainfall similar to
that of Manila, but not for stations having a quite different
monthly distribution of rainfall. We say this, because the rainy
days have the greatest amount of cloudiness, and to the state
of cloudiness or nebulosity more than to any other cause is
to be attributed the decrease in the daily oscillation of tem-
perature of which we now speak.
5. The months of the greatest daily oscillation in Manila are
January to May, the highest ranges being those of March and
April. July, August and September have the smallest oscilla-
tions, while June, October, November and December may be
considered as the months of intermediate oscillation.
Mean hourly ohservations of iemveratui'e at Manila. — Table
VI gives the mean temperature at Manila for each of the twenty-
four hours of the day. The following conclusions may be de-
rived from this table :
Annual
June 10
October
"C.
31
30
29
26
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
MEAN HOURLY TEMPERATURES FOR MANILA
1903 -1918.
la. 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a 7a 8a. 9a. lOallillOOn Ip 2p. 3p. 4p. 5p. 6p. 7p. 8p. 9p lOpflpHldt.
1
>^^ "^\ z\
y \
l\ ^
^ ^ "^"""^
^ ^_/
31
30
29
2S
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
31
30
29
28
27
26
2S
24
23
22
2 I
20
»ein,t&'*
tlein,?S.3
PLATE 111.
332 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
1. There is only one daily oscillation of temperature with a
minimum at about 6 a. m. and a maximum at about 2 p. m.
2. During the rainy months, June to October, the maximum
is generally advanced to 1 p. m., while in the other months,
November to May, it is at times somewhat retarded, to 3 p. m.,
the mean value being the same at 2 p. m. and 3 p. m.
3. The hours of the greatest increase and of the greatest
decrease of temperature are from 6 to 9 a. m. and from 4 to 7
p. m., respectively.
Mountain temperature. Bagnio health reso7't. — We can only
say here a few words on the climate of Baguio, the most im-
portant health resort in the Philippines. For further details
and information our readers are referred to the two pamphlets
on the subject published by Rev. Jose Algue, S. J., The Climate
of Baguio, 1902, and Mirador Observatory, Baguio, Benguet,
1909.
We read the following in Descriptive Meteorology by W. L.
Moore, page 269:
The most equable temperature on the globe will be found on
the high table lands and plateaus of the tropics. Bogota, in
the United States of Colombia, has an average temperature
of about 59° F. (15° C.) for all months of the year, and the
range for the entire year is less than is often experienced in a
single day in some parts of the middle latitudes. But while
the ideal temperature may be found on the higher elevations
of the tropics, the rainfall is much greater and more continuous
than in this country.
At sea level in the tropics extreme conditions of heat and
moisture produce great physical discomfort. But even under
the equator it is possible to escape the tropical heat of low
levels by ascending from 4,000 to 6,000 feet.
Fortunately for the Philippines, the distribution of rainfall in
Baguio is of the first type (see Chapter III of this report),
with three dry months, January, February and March, and at
least three others, April, November, and December, with a re-
latively small amount of rain. Hence it is that we have in
Baguio for at least six months during the year an ideal tem-
perature without the discomforts proper of a rainy season. If
the heavy rains which are so characteristic of Baguio during
July, August and September, would be continuous throughout
TEMPERATURE.
333
the year, the climate of that place would be the most unbearable,
even in spite of its ideal temperature.^
That the plateaus of Baguio, about 1,450 meters above the
sea level and 175 miles from Manila, enjoy climatic conditions
which are greatly beneficial to the health, not only of the Euro-
peans and Americans, but also of the Filipinos, has been repeated
over and over again in many medical reports. The following
statements of Colonel William H. Arthur may be of interest :
Experience has shown that a large number of cases of disease
or injury, or patients convalescing from surgical operations,
recover much more rapidly in the cool mountain climate of Baguio
than in the depressing heat and humidity of the plains. Before
' Such may be considered the climate on Mount Banahao in Tayabas Prov-
ince, where, with a temperature even lower than on the plateaus of Baguio,
the rainfall is heavy and well distributed throughout the entire year,
as will be shown in the next chapter. Although observations have
been made on Mount Banahao for only one year, yet it may please our
readers that we reproduce here the temperature observations as tney were
published by William H. Brown in The Philippine Journal of Science, C
XII, page 322.
Temperature for periods of four weeks in forest at the top of Mount
Banahao, Luzon, P. I. Altitude, about 2,100 meters.
Four weeks ending —
I Maxi-
I mum.
oC.
Dec.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
1, 1915 17.7
29, 191.5.
26, 1916
23, 1916.
22, 191G.
19, 1916.
1916.
1916.
1916.
1916.
6, 1916.
4, 1916.
1, 1916.
Average
17,
14,
12,
9,
17.1
16.0
15.8
17.8
Mini-
mum.
17.
19.
18.
22.
23.
19.
17.
17.
"C.
oC.
10.6
14 9
10.0
13.8
8.3
13.4
7.7
13.2
5.0
13.5
10.3
13.5
11.1
15.0
14.3
15.1
12.5
15.7
9.2
15.2
12.2
14.9
12.2
15.8
14.5
15.6
15.9
14.7
14.6
14 2
15.0
14.5
16.2
17.6
17.4
16.
16.
15
15.
13.3
13.1
12.0
12.0
12.2
12 4
13.8
15.2
14 8
14.1
14 6
14.2
14.7
14.6
15.7
13.6
The annual mean temperature here given for Banahao is lower than
that of Baguio by 3.3° C.
Mr. Brown says the following regarding the v%'ay these observations
were made:
"Owing to the difficulty of making trips to the top of Mount Banahao
to obtain regular records of climatic condition, the writer was compelled
to have most of this work done by an assistant, Macario Ocampo, who
had had no scientific training. For this reason the only instruments
employed were a rain gauge, a recording thermometer, and a recording
hygrometer. The results obtained from these are probably about as ac-
curate as would be expected from the instruments as the reading of a rain
gauge is very simple and the records from the hygrometer and thermo-
meter were checked by the writer at various times. The hygrometer and
thermometer were in a case with louver sides and a lattice bottom and
were about 75 centimeters above the ground."
334 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
the establishment of this mountain refuge from the heat of the
plains, many cases of this class were transferred to the United
States that are now brought back to health at Camp John Hay
and Camp Keithley. The beneficial effect of the change in
climate is particularly noticeable in people who have become
run down after one or more hot seasons spent at the lower
levels.
The great value of a refuge in the mountains from the effect
of prolonged heat is shown in medical reports, which indicate
the classes of cases especially benefited, but there are a great
many others not reported and not actually sick but whose vitality
and resistance are more or less diminished and who find great
benefit from an occasional sojourn in the mountains of Benguet
or the highlands of Mindanao, especially during the hottest part
of the year.
In Table VII we offer to our readers a most complete summary
of the temperature observations taken at Baguio during the
period 1903 to 1918. It will be noticed that the observations
referring to the extreme temperatures are divided into two
periods. This has been considered necessary on account of the
considerable difference between the maximum and minimum tem-
peratures recorded during the second period at Mount Mirador,
from 1909 to 1918, and those recorded during the first period,
from 1903 to 1908, in one or two different places from 55 to
60 meters below. Both maximum and minimum temperatures of
the first period were lower than those of the second period. We
did not think it necessary to introduce any division of period
into the mean monthly and annual temperatures, as there was
practically no difference between the mean values deduced from
the first period and those deduced from the second period. That
all differences disappeared in the mean values of the two periods,
may be attributed to the different methods followed in finding
these means. As the Baguio station was only a third class station
from 1903 to 1908, no more than two observations were made
daily, and hence the daily means had to be deduced from the daily
extremes, while the daily mean values for the second period were
deduced from six daily observations. Now, mean daily tempera-
tures obtained by the first method give for Baguio a mean
difference of -fl.2° C. if compared with means obtained by
the second method. Hence it is that the mean monthly
and annual temperatures obtained from the first period are
almost identical with the means obtained from the second period.
In other words, the mean monthly and annual temperatures
which we publish here can be practically considered as means
deduced from 16 years of observation at Mount Mirador.
TEMPERATURE.
335
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'8161-6061 'aoiaaj UNOjas
TEMPERATURE. 337
As to the information given in Table VII, we will only call the
attention to the following:
1. The mean annual temperature of Baguio, 17.9° C, differs
from that of Manila by —8.5° C. The differences of the monthly
means vary from —7.5° C. in December to —9.3° C, in May.
2. The mean annual range of temperature, that is the dif-
ference between the mean temperature of the warmest month
and the mean of the coldest month, is 2.4° C, somewhat smaller
than that of other nearby stations on the sea level.
3. The lowest air temperature in 16 years has been 3° C.
The mean of the annual minimum temperatures, however, is
7.4° C. for the first period of observations, and 9.9° C. for the
second period. In our Temperature Map the mean of the two
periods is given. The absolute minimum 3° C. was recorded in
January, 1907, which was an extraordinarily cold year for
Baguio.
4. Speaking in general, we may say of the temperature of
Baguio that it is about 8 or 9 degrees lower than in the other
stations of Luzon on the sea level, but otherwise it follows
the laws of a characteristically tropical climate as to the diurnal,
monthly and annual range, as to the warmest and coldest months
of the year and the warmest and coldest hours of the day, etc.,
etc.
Before finishing this chapter the attention of our readers
should be called to a fact which may help to have a better
knowledge of the climate of Baguio and may be of special value
to agriculture. We had heard at times that real frost was
observed and even a thin crust of ice formed in little pools at
the foot of Mount Mirador, even when the air temperature both
on the top of Mirador and in another station on a plateau near
the City Hall was several degrees above the freezing point.
During the winter of 1918 to 1919, the observer at Mirador, Mr.
Pastor P. Daroy, made a series of observations which leave no
doubt on this matter. As observations of this kind are not very
common, we think it will please our readers if we copy them here
as they are recorded in the monthly bulletins of Mirador Observ-
atory. We will only add in each particular case, in which the
minimum temperature on the pools is given, the minimum air
temperature as recorded on the same day within our thermometer
shelters on the top of Mirador and on the plateau near the
City Hall.
171073 22
338 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Decembe?' 8, 1918. — Real frost observed in the pool or sink-
hole commonly known as "San Jose spring" and in other similar
places. The most delicate plants were killed to a height of one
meter and a half above the ground.
December 12, 1918. — Frost again in ''San Jose spring," but
less than on the 8th. A minimum thermometer on the grass
read —0.9° C. The minimum air temperature for Mirador was
13.3° C, and the minimum on the plateau near the City Hall,
10.2° C.
December 23, 1918. — Frost again in "San Jose spring," but
much greater than before. A minimum thermometer on the
grass read —2.7° C. Minimum air temperature on Mirador,
12.4° C, and on the plateau near the City Hall, 10.1° C.
December 2U, 1918. — Frost in "San Jose spring." Two mini-
mum thermometers had been placed on the grass the preceding
afternoon: they read this morning —4.2° C. and —3.5° C,
respectively. Minimum air temperature on Mirador, 12.1° C,
and on the plateau near the City Hall, 9.7° C.
January 12, 1919. — Frost in San Jose: one minimum thermo-
meter on the grass read —1.1° C. Minimum air temperature
on Mirador, 13.5° C; on the plateau near the City Hall, 10.6° C.
January 13, 1919. — Frost in San Jose: two minimum thermo-
meters on the grass read —2.8° C. and —3.0° C, respectively.
Minimum air temperature on Mirador, 13.5° C. ; on the plateau
near the City Hall, 9.7° C.
January lU, 1919.— Frost in San Jose: two minimum thermo-
meters on the grass read —2.0° C. and —2.8° C, respectively.
Minimum air temperature on Mirador, 13.1° C. ; on the plateau
near the City Hall, 10.1° C.
Januui'y 23, 1919. — Frost in San Jose: one minimum thermo-
meter on the grass read —3.9° C. Minimum air temperature
on Mirador, 11.4° C; on the plateau near the City Hall, 8.9° C.
January 2U, 1919. — Frost was observed to-day not only in
"San Jose spring," but also in many other places in Baguio.
One minimum thermometer on the grass at San Jose read
—8.9° C. Minimum air temperature on Mirador, 13.0° C. ; on
the plateau near the City Hall, 7.9° C. A basin with water is
placed in the evening on the grass in order to observe whether
ice be formed the next morning.
January 25, 1919. — Frost in San Jose: the minimum thermo-
meter on the grass read —5.8° C. Minimum air temperature
TEMPERATURE. 339
on Mirador, 11.8° C; on the plateau near the City Hall, 9.4° C.
A crust of ice from two to three centimeters thick was found
in the basin placed on the grass the preceding evening.
January 26, 1919. — Frost in San Jose: minimum on the grass
—3.5° C. Minimum air temperature on Mirador, 12.4° C. ; on
the plateau near the City Hall, 10.7° C. Ice was found on the
basin, but not as thick as that of the preceding day.
January 27, 1919. — More frost than yesterday in San Jose:
minimum on the grass, —4.5° C. Minimum air temperature on
Mirador, 11.3° C; on the plateau near the City Hall, 8.0° C.
Ja7iuu7'y 28, 1919. — Frost in San Jose: minimum on the grass,
—5.2° C. Minimum air temperature on Mirador, 11.2° C; on
the plateau near the City Hall, 8.4° C. A crust of ice was found
in the basin as thick as on the 25th.
Januxiry 30, 1919. — Frost in San Jose: minimum on the grass,
—2.0° C. Minimum air temperature on Mirador, 13.3° C; on
the plateau near the City Hall, 9.7° C.
Januxiry 31, 1919. — More frost than yesterday: minimum on
the grass, —3.9° C. Minimum air temperature on Mirador,
13.9° C; on the plateau near the City Hall, 11.4° C.
February 1, 1919. — Minimum on the grass at San Jose, —1.2°
C, but no frost. Minimum air temperature on Mirador, 12.2°
C; on the plateau near the City Hall, 10.2° C.
It may be well to remark that the pool or spring of San
Jose where these observations were made is about 80 meters
below the thermometer shelter on the top of Mount Mirador and
about 20 meters below the other shelter on the plateau near the
City Hall.
It is evident from the foregoing that many times frost was
observed in the pool of San Jose when the air temperature in
Baguio was many degrees above the freezing point; and that
the difference between the grass temperature in the pool and
the minimum air temperature as registered in our two stations
of Baguio was indeed very remarkable. This difference varied
from 13.4° C. to 21.9° C. (minimum on the grass in the pool
compared with minimum of air temperature on Mount Mirador) ,
and from 11.1° C. to 16.8° C. (minimum on the grass in the
pool compared with minimum of air temperature on the plateau
near the City Hall), the maximum being that of the 24th of
January, 1919, when the grass temperature in the spring of
San Jose was —8.9" C, and the minimum air temperature re-
corded in our two stations of Baguio were 13.0° C. and 7.9° C,
respectively. The difference between the minimum tempera-
340 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
tures on the top of the mountain and those on the plateau near
the City Hall should also be noticed.
We believe that these facts are not so uncommon in Baguio,
as many people may think, especially in nights of clear sky
and of no wind. Our observer at Baguio, when asked whether
these phenomena did not occur there before 1918, said that he
did not doubt that it happened often before, but that no attention
had been paid to it.
Our readers may like to have an easy explanation of these
facts, and we think that no better one can be given than that
offered by the famous meteorologist. Dr. Julius Hann, in his
Handbook of Climatology.^ He says as follows:
Terrestrial radiation: Nocturnal cooling. — There is another,
and a contrasted effect of the loss of heat by radiation which is
of great importance climatically, and may be directly observed
with much greater ease. This is the nocturnal cooling of the
free surfaces of bodies to a temperature below that of the air.
On clear nights the temperature of the surface of the earth, or
of plants, often falls considerably below that of the air at some
distance above the earth's surface. The temperature of the air
being that of which we wish to obtain a record, thermometers
are protected from the effects of nocturnal radiation by means
of shelters. This is necessary because thermometers, like almost
all other bodies, are much better radiators than the air itself,
which cools but slightly by radiation. Different bodies cool, as
the result of nocturnal radiation, by different amounts, as is
shown by the varying quantities of dew which form upon their
surfaces. For climatological purposes the intensity of nocturnal
radiation is best measured by means of a minimum thermometer
laid directly upon a surface of short grass, and by means of a
thermometer laid on the bare ground and ligthly covered with
earth.
The difference between the minimum temperature in the free
air and that of the air close to the grass or the surface of the
earth, is a measure of the loss of heat by nocturnal radiation.
Observations of this sort, although easily made, are nevertheless
not available for many climates. The English meteorological
stations alone are generally provided with radiation thermo-
meters.
In Vienna, the readings of a minimum thermometer which was
freely exposed on the grass averaged lower than those of the
minimum thermometer in the shelter, four or five feet above
the surface, by the following amounts : in spring, 1.3° ; in
summer, 1.8° ; in autum, 1.3° ; mean monthly extremes, in spring,
2.1°. We may therefore conclude that frost can occur in the
' English translation by Ward, pages 41 and 42. See also Mirador
Observatory, by Father Algue, page 9.
TEMPERATURE. 341
neighborhood of Vienna even when the mean nocturnal minimum
temperature is +2° to +3°. These differences are still greater
in drier climates, especially at greater altitudes above sea level;
and frost can occur when the air temperature is 5° to 6°, if radia-
tion is favored by a clear sky, and if the absence of wind makes
it possible for considerable differences of temperature to be
produced between bodies in the air and the air itself. On the
dry plateau of Yemen, with a nocturnal minimum of only +8°,
Glaser saw the pools in the vicinity frozen over in the early
morning.
III. RAINFALL.
Monthla/ distribution of rainfall: four types. Climate Map
of the Philippines. — There cannot be any doubt that the most
interesting feature of the climate of the Philippines is the
monthly distribution of rainfall. If this element would be about
the same throughout the Archipelago, there would hardly be
any difference of climate in the Philippines. But as it is, the
different position of the islands which makes them or part of
them more or less exposed to the general winds prevailing in
the Philippines, both in winter and in summer, is the principal
cause of our different kinds of climate in spite of the relatively
small extension of the Archipelago from east to west, especially
in Luzon. In winter the rains of the Philippines are mainly
due to the northeasterly air currents, which, coming directly
from the Pacific, cause abundant rains to fall over the eastern
part of the Archipelago. Hence they are sometimes called
"NE monsoon rains." In summer and autumn our rains are
mainly due to the influence of typhoons which either cross the
Islands, generally from eastsoutheast to westnorthwest, or pass
some distance to the north. These rains, though they are quite
general throughout the Archipelago, are more abundant in Luzon
and the Visayas, and exceptionally heavy at times in the western
part of these Islands which is more exposed to the westerly and
southwesterly winds. As the great majority of typhoons that
occur from June to October pass to the NE or N of the Philip-
pines or cross the northern part of Luzon, the winds from
west and southwest are the most prevailing during that season.
This summer and autumn rainfall may be rightly called "cyclonic
rainfall" as distinguished from the "NE monsoon rainfall."
These cyclonic rains are far from being continuous, their fre-
quency depending entirely on the frequency of typhoons.
The following remarks on the winter rainfall in the Philip-
pines made by Rev. Miguel Saderra Maso in his pamphlet An-
nual Amount and Distribution of Rainfall in the Philippines,
may be of interest to our readers :
These winter rains cannot be called continuous, for they de-
pend not only on the fluctuations of the continental center of
high pressure, but also on the barometric oscillations of less
342
RAINFALL. 343
importance which occur in the southern part of the Philippines.
Whenever the N winds are due to the formation and advance
of the continental center of high pressure, the barometric
gradient is very conspicuous as far as 13° lat. N, but not in
lower latitudes, although the winds from the N and NE keep
their strength all along the northern and eastern coasts of the
Archipelago as far as 6° lat. N. It sometimes happens that
when the barometers rise very much on the Continent and in
the neighboring seas, the northers reach as far as the center
and W of Luzon and the Visayas, with cloudy and wet weather,
known in the country as the ''dirty norther." In this case the
N winds may be considered as normal, as they are also when the
barometric gradient is specially pronounced, owing to some de-
pression crossing the southern part of the Archipelago. But
there is a special case which happens frequently and which
must be reckoned as a peculiar circumstance of the Philippine
norther, viz, that sometimes when the continental center of high
pressure decreases and the barometers fall considerably on the
China coast and in the neighborhood of Formosa, slight de-
pressions are formed which remain almost stationary between
the Visayas and Mindanao. When this occurs, the northers lose
all their force above 20° lat. N, but continue in the Archipelago,
sometimes with considerable strength and with rain for about
a week. This is due entirely to the slow development and move-
ment of the depression in the S.
The epoch or date on which the winter rains usually begin
is very uncertain ; isolated periods of the NE monsoon may
occur at the beginning of November or even during October,
while on the other hand there are years in which the first
northers do not come till the second half of December. The
same happens with regard to the end of the period; though
during the months of January and February the center of high
pressure advances toward the E and SE, and consequently the
winds in the Archipelago veer quickly to the E, nevertheless
it is not extraordinary to have a few gusts of N wind after the
middle of February.
The other rains that occur mainly in spring, and may be
called "thunderstorm rains," are of little importance as com-
pared with the other two kinds of rainfall just mentioned, and
they are generally observed only in the afternoon or in the
evening.
Our Table VIII gives the average monthly distribution of
rainfall for 70 stations of the Philippines. Based on these ob-
servations, and taking in consideration the greater or less pre-
valence of either of the two most important periods of rain,
we have tried to divide this monthly distribution of rainfall
into four types: two altogether opposite types and two other
intermediate types. Graphs for a good number of stations
844
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table VIII. — Average
Tabla VIII.— Promedio
FIRST TYPE.
Station.
Estaci6n.
Bacolod
Iloilo
San Jose de Buenavista
Cuyo
San Jose
Mamburao
Batangas
Ambulong,Tanauan,Batangas
Silang
Santa Cruz
Corregidor
Cavite
Manila
Antipolo
Balanga
Olongapo
Marilao
Arayat
Iba
San Isidro
Tarlac
Dagupan
Bolinao
Baguio
San Fernando
Candon
Vigari
Laoag
Cape Bojeador
Province oh Subprov-
INCE.
Provincia o subprovincia.
Occidental Negros .
Iloilo
Antique
Palawan
Mindoro
do
Batangas
do
Cavite
Laguna
Cavite
do
Manila
Rizal
Bataan
Zambales
Bulacan
Pampanga
Zambales
Nueva Ecija
Tarlac
Pangasinan
.... do
Benguet
La Union
Ilocos Sur
. . . .do
Ilocos Norte
do
Length or
Record.
Periodo de
observa-
cion.
Years.
Alios.
6
16
16
15
5
2
11
6
11
9
14
4
16
7
6
15
3
5
10
16
16
16
15
16
16
16
16
11
3
Months.
Meses.
January.
Enero.
Feb-
ruary.
Febrero.
mm.
111.2
56.6
35.7
13.2
13.2
3.2
25.6
33.6
37.9
57.1
11.8
17.5
20.6
29.3
18.2
5.5
11.3
10.2
6.9
14.4
8.5
10.4
17.1
30.5
6
5.6
1.2
4.6
5.7
771771.
63.9
46.1
22.5
18.8
13.1
2.3
19.8
10.2
20
31
6.5
6.5
11.6
17
7.3
2.6
6.3
6.7
5.3
7.6
9.8
20.7
16.9
18.4
8.2
8.6
6.9
7.6
13.1
March.
Marzo.
7H771.
15.3
28.6
15.4
3.4
12.7
9.4
7.3
9.7
20.8
34.3
3.8
11.3
19.4
13.3
7
8.6
8.1
8
31.5
13.6
19.2
29.2
21.8
47.8
9.1
10.8
11.7
6
38
SECOND TYPE.
Caraga . . . .
Butuan , . . .
Surigao . . . .
Guiuan . . . .
Tacloban . .
Borongan . .
Catbalogan .
Batag
Gubat
Legaspi . . . .
Virac
Atimonan . .
Paracale . . .
Davao
Agusan
Surigao
S-mar
Leyte
Samar
do
do
Sorsogon
A] bay
C atanduanes
Tayabas
Ambos Camarines .
5
15
16
6
15
16
3
6
13
16
11
16
8
294.8
246.4
484.6
743.6
355.9
635.3
639.1
554.4
313.3
376.3
230
244.2
459.1
402.4
204.1
342
309.2
220.7
426.7
283.1
332.2
234.8
273.2
222.4
127.2
276.7
270.3
166.9
296.8
260.3
155.7
258.5
175.5
180.4
171.9
171.5
152.9
89.2
205.1
THIRD OR INTERMEDIATE A TYPE.
Zamboanga
Cagayan, Misamis.
Balingasag
Dumaguete
Iwahig
Cebu
Tuburan
Capiz
Masbate
Romblon
Lucena
Bayombong
EcbagUe
Tuguegarao
Aparri
Zamboanga ....
Misamis
do
Oriental Negros .
Palawan
Cebu
do
Capiz
Masbate
Romblon
Tayabas
Nueva Vizcaya .
Isabela
Cagayan
16
9
6
8
5
16
7
16
15
15
3
8
11
16
16
64.2
51.7
75.2
90.6
102.5
95
112.3
162.3
181.8
121.8
257.8
34.8
66.1
32.9
135.8
55.7
40.7
51.7
112.4
89.1
73.5
67.5
100.9
139.3
88.5
61.4
29.6
38.3
22.3
86.4
28.7
38.1
25.6
33.5
45.5
48.6
40.9
29.9
55.7
49.9
43.3
37.6
51.6
34.3
E7.7
RAINFALL.
345
monthly and annual rainfall.
mensual y anual de lluvia.
PRIMER TIPO.
M ONTHS — C ONTINUED.
Meses — Continuacion.
April.
Abril.
May.
Mayo.
June.
Junio.
mm.
mm.
mm.
24.5
138.6
236
36.7
146
262.3
57.5
185
347.5
23.5
167.1
284.3
59.4
160.5
356.8
29.9
271.8
595
28.8
100.4
146.7
73.1
132.8
237.3
53.8
177.9
258.9
43
136.8
195.3
42
112.7
341.7
16
20.9
281.1
47.7
112.6
202.1
39.9
119.4
301.5
51.6
248.6
292.4
47.5
205.9
362.8
48.6
154.3
360.6
27.6
131.2
240.9
51.5
235.4
448.2
50.7
179.2
204.6
66.7
179.7
217.8
91.2
256.4
293.1
38.1
232.2
390.1
123.9
402.5
399.3
17
191.6
304.7
14.6
202.4
317.7
29.4
197.3
339
10.3
203.1
300.1
38.7
63.6
211.2
SEGUNDO TIPO.
148.5
132.8
220.3
159.8
132.9
232.1
145.5
120.5
88.6
126.4
128.4
88.7
102.9
203.7
156.4
137.8
250.8
155.4
224.3
114
153.4
103.9
133.6
148.9
158.4
178.7
103.6
166.1
131.8
238.4
199.9
255.2
269.7
250.9
133.7
207.3
238.5
186.6
216.1
July.
Julio.
, mm.
I 413.5
380.6
554.5
385
505.5
327
259.6
270.6
474.7
246.8
631
329.7
456.7
559.3
596.1
779.2
545.1
373.5
1,009.2
383,2
419
566.7
727.4
1,074.7
621.8
716.8
757.2
690.5
419.8
August.
Agosto.
mm.
305.2
347
511.9
391.4
434.5
997
150.2
198.1
386.4
231.7
538.1
231.7
368.6
531.2
484.2
832.4
372.5
212.8
919.3
288.8
354.7
471.6
621
1,080.3
. 664.4
694.7
819.8
834.1
344.1
OCTO-
Septem-
BER.
Novem-
ber.
Noviem-
bre.
mm.
302.1
317.8
513.2
374.2
415
485.4
312.5
433.9
384.8
310.9
485.4
291.8
358.2
580.8
404.5
614.7
280.1
307
773
293.3
340.8
471.6
531.4
845.2
451.8
459
476.8
717
395.6
.3
.8
.3
.9
mm.
256.8
272.2
371.8
263
476.5
323.2
215.
212.
179.
238.
190
197.3
186
253.8
233.4
238,6
183.2
223
194.1
198
175.
209,
186.
432.
172.
208,
191,
272.
247.4
mm.
119.2
188.6
169.2
129.1
105.1
48.2
164.8
99
147.4
187.4
73.4
78.2
107.8
136.6
65.9
71.8
59.1
59.5
38.8
79.8
79.6
60.7
50.1
85.8
42.5
42.1
19.4
36.3
110.6
DeCEM- AfNUAL.
EER. Anual.
Diciem-
bre. I
Tnm.
186.
127.
61.
56
88,
23,
111.
92
120,
158.
41.
69
71.
114.
33.
35.
73.9
38
30.3
42.1
38.9
20
14.3
56.3
8,6
11,2
10.3
22.7
39.2
142.7
123.3
133.6
169.3
173.7
191.6
148.8
124.7
172.6
230.7
242
204.4
290.2
75.7
106.3
93.3
105
136.8
135.8
187.4
165.3
101.3
172.5
128.5
139.1
171.8
67.4
128.4
142.9
161.6
151
239.2
181.4
282,4
150.3
202,2
187
308.8
256.9
230.4 1
164.1
327.8 1
192.7
272.9
251.7
328.8
163.7
319.2
286.4
357,3
243.2
522.7 j
171.9
250.3
401.1
359,2
275,1
488,4
238.3
395.8
394.8
348.8
368.8
435.1
494.8
422.6
294.7
552.2
4.14
350.7
605
393.1
416.2
506
488.5
440.4
401.1
507.8
mm.
2,172.8
2,210.1
2,845.4
2,109
2,640.5
3,116
1,542.1
1 ,803.1
2,262.3
1,871.9
2,478.3
1 ,551
1,962.
2,696.
2 ,442 ,
3,205
2,103,
1,638,
3,743.5
1,755.3
1 ,909.8
2,500.9
2,846.5
4,597,6
2,498.2
2,691.8
2,860.6
3,104.4
1,927
2,432
2,151.8
3,183,7
3,513,4
2,509.3
3,948.7
3,081.8
3,185,7
2,686.5
3,109.3
2,783.7
2,717.7
3,669.1
TERCER TIPO O TIPO INTERMEDIO A.
42,4
73.3
95.4
107.7
94.9
99.8
117.4
102.6
107.7
989.8
34,1
98.2
198.2
152.8
185.1
192,5
162.5
77.8
122.6
1 ,354.3
21.3
47.8
177.8
241
179
274.4
225.9
253.6
86 2
1 ,659.5
27.4
110.2
163.2
135.7
86.8
126
208.6
127.3
149.5
1.371,2
33.8
186.4
231.3
215.3
166
196.4
241.8
289.9
417.8
2,215.8
38.6
95
180.6
157.1
142.5
189.8
224.9
138.2
146
1,629,8
9.9
59.9
130.7
148.5
99.6
178.1
170
153
114.5
1,284.9
53.1
180.8
291.2
333.1
249.6
291.8
440.2
285.1
257 . 7
2,675,7
36.9
79.1
135.5
189.3
162.8
185.7
143.3
183.5
220.5
1.713,4
60.7
127.8
216.1
272.3
155.1
218.8
299,5
286.2
233
2,129.7
59
126.9
190.2
124.8
93.3
192.5
273,9
167.4
256 . 1
1.846.6
70
164.1
77.2
153
124.5
178
132,9
107.3
77.3
1,186.2
69
155.4
99.8
202
208.6
205.5
215,9
223.2
157.6
1,683
79.3
134.5
140.3
225
208
292 4
296.8
292.1
158.8
1,916.7
42.6
120.7
153.7
172.8
231.8
248.3
337.4
300.3
242.2
2,129.7
346
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table VIII. — Average monthly
Table VIII. — Promedio mensual
FOURTH OR INTERMEDIATE B TYPE.
Station.
Estacion.
Jolo . . .
Isabela .
Davao .
Province or Subprov-
INCE.
Provincia o Subprovinda.
Sulu
Zamboanga .
Davao
Cotabato I Cotabato .
Dapitan
Tagbilaran
Maasin
Ormoc
Calbayog
Calapan
Naga
Baler
Basco
Zamboanga
Bohol
Leyte
. . ..do
Samar
Mindoro
Ambos Camarines
Tayabas
Batanes
Lenght of
Record.
Periodo de
observa-
cion
Months.
Meses.
Years.
Anos.
January.
Enero.
15
16
16
12
13
16
16
16
16
10
14
15
16
128.
84,
118
91.
166.
86.
222
175.
210.
117.8
131.4
244.5
243.4
Feb-
ruary.
Febrero.
March.
Marzo.
mm.
106.1
84.6
134.9
84.2
128.3
81.6
158.1
111.8
177.2
77.7
82.9
139.1
116.3
mm.
85.6
53.6
161.3
75.2
71.6
71.6
133.6
85.8
134
75
59
201
120
Mean annual rainfall for the Philippines, 2,366.1 mm.
Mean seasonal rainfall for the Philippines /J""^ to ^l^^^fj' ^''^}^aK ™™-
iNovember to May, 929.2 mm.
RAINFALL.
347
and annual rainfall — Continued.
y anual de lluvia — Continuacion.
CUARTO TIPO O TIPO INTERMEDIO B.
Months — Continued.
M eses — C ontinuacion .
Septem-
OCTO-
Novem-
Decem-
Annual.
Annual.
April.
May.
JUNY.
July.
August.
ber.
ber.
ber.
Abri!.
Mayo.
Junio.
Julio.
Agosto.
Septiem-
bre.
Octubre.
Noviem-
bre.
Diciem-
bre.
Tmti,
Tnm,
TWWl.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
133.4
187.6
219.3
169.6
190.9
177.8
230.3
197
157.3
1 ,983.1
83.1
139
208.4
197.4
204.3
197.9
258.6
153
152.7
1,817.2
162.8
256.6
258.6
190.1
193
198
255.8
166.5
194.7
2,290.3
163.2
243
261.4
282.4
250.9
232
264.2
204.2
120.2
2,272.1
136.2
110.2
178.2
169.3
110.7
130.1
238.9
362.2
297
2,099.2
59.7
78.4
145.4
168.9
129
154.6
198.6
164.1
152.4
1,490.9
66
134.9
158.4
255.7
220 A
280
227.3
314.6
333.4
2,504.7
74.3
87.4
202.9
270.6
270
272.8
234.6
207.9
201.2
2,194.7
116
160.4
208.3
216.1
185.1
272.7
257.8
2.56.3
278.8
2,473.1
110.2
170.1
242.7
227.1
101.2
235.4
252.2
310.5
205
2,125.1
84.2
127.1
202.6
254.6
156.9
278.5
271.6
266.9
338.5
2,254.3
283.6
276.9
285.1
293.3
150.5
318.1
388.3
346.9
363.7
3,291.3
112.8
236.5
160.8
291.1
375.9
346.8
354.9
355.5
378.8
3,092.9
Lluvia media anual para Filipinas, 2,366.1 mm.
Lluvia media en Filipinas para las diferentes estaciones , -, . . , . ,„„ „
ano IJunio a octubre, 1,436.9 mm.
"VNoviembre a mayo, 929.2 mm.
del aiio
348 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
grouped into these four types are reproduced in Plates IV, V,
and VI.
A few words will be said now on each of these four types,
reference being made to our Climate Map which represents
graphically their distribution throughout the Archipelago.
First type : Two pronounced seasons, dry in winter and spring,
wet in summer and autumn. Only the cyclonic or summer rain-
fall prevails, the other being hardly noticeable; hence the dry
season of winter lasting from three to six or seven months. As
represented in our Map, this is the type shown by the monthly
distribution of rainfall in all the stations on the western part
of the Islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros and Palawan, and the
western and southern part of Panay.
Strictly speaking, by a dry month in the Philippines should
be understood a month with less than 50 millimeters of rain;
yet sometimes a month with even more than 100 millimeters of
rain is considered a dry month, especially if it comes after three
or more very dry months. Thus Father Saderra Maso says:^
It is noteworthy that the mean rainfall of May in the central
plains and mountain regions of Luzon surpasses the monthly
normal average; nevertheless, this month is considered as a dry
one because the rain is not sufficient to prepare the fields for
the next rice crop.
Second type : No dry season ; with a very pronounced maximum
rain period in winter. The regions enjoying this type of climate
or of monthly distribution of rainfall are Catanduanes, Sor-
sogon, the eastern part of Albay, the eastern and northern part
of Ambos Camarines, a great portion of the eastern part of
Tayabas, practically the whole of Samar, the eastern part of
Leyte, and a great portion of the eastern part of Mindanao.
There is in the regions of this type much of cyclonic or summer
and autumn rainfall; but the maximum monthly rainfall is
generally that of December and January, while the monthly
amounts of rain for the summer and autumn months are far
from being so great. There is not a single month dry in regions
of this type, the minimum monthly rainfall occurring in some
places in spring, and in other places in summer.
Third or Intermediate A type : No very pronounced maximum
rain period; with a short dry season lasting only from one to
three months. This type is intermediate between the preceding
^Annual Amount and Distribution of Rainfall in the Philippines,
page 8.
Types of Monthly Distribution of Rainfall in the Philippines
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PLATE V.
Types or Monthly Distribution of Rainfall in the Philippines
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.100
_Q-
B.vi.i rI
unlit
m
300.
200.
100.
0
300.
200
100
.. II
K AC ^
t
m? n " nm"""
.300
.200
100
0
PLATE VI.
352 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
two, although it approaches more the first type inasmuch as
there is in it a short dry season. Regions with this type of
climate are the western part of Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva
Vizcaya Provinces, the easternmost part of the Mountain Prov-
ince, a small portion of the southern part of Tayabas, Masbate,
and Romblon, the northeastern part of Panay, the eastern part of
Negros, the central and southern part of Cebu, part of Misamis,
Agusan and Bukidnon Provinces, the peninsula of Zamboanga,
and a good portion of eastern Palawan. The short dry season
experienced in regions of this type occurs in some places in
winter, and in other places in spring.
Fourth or Intermediate B type : No very pronounced maximum
rain period and no dry season. This is also an intermediate
type between the first and the second, but approaching more
the second inasmuch as there is no dry season in it. Regions
with this type of climate are the Batanes Province, the east-
ernmost part of northern Luzon from Cagayan Province to about
one-third of the Tayabas east coast, the western part of Ambos
Camarines and Albay Provinces, the Bondoc Peninsula, the
eastern part of Mindoro, Marinduque, a small portion of Samar
near Calbayog, the western part of Leyte, the northernmost part
of Cebu, the Islands of Bohol, Jolo and Basilan, and a great
portion of Mindanao, including the Provinces of Lanao and Co-
tabato, the western part of Davao and Misamis Provinces and
the eastern part of Zamboanga Province.
Both cyclonic and NE monsoon rains as well as thunderstorm
rains are experienced in these regions with not a single month
dry during the year, the minimum monthly rainfall occurring
generally in spring, although in Davao it takes place in January.
The reason why the Batanes and the easternmost part of north-
ern Luzon have this fourth type of climate and not the second
type like the regions of the eastern part of the rest of the
Archipelago, may be this: typhoons crossing northern Luzon
and the Batanes Islands are the most frequent in summer,
hence the amount of cyclonic or summer rains over that region
is so great, that no matter how much rain may fall there during
the NE monsoon, the period of winter rain is no more pro-
nounced than the period of summer and autumn rain. Our
readers are referred to the graphs of Basco and Baler in
Plate VI.
Annual average rainfall. — In the last column of Table VIII
the annual average rainfall is given for 70 stations of the Phil-
ippines. The same information for a good number of stations
<1 ^-ss iisl ill I ^
llimeters
cent
0 0 0 0 "S
-, 0 C3 0 0
-. „ >n 0 0 <= -g
^-Mf ^lei rn i y.
— '^ -0C3O ^, "l;;^:'
■^ c Zl _' oJ -=) CO ^4^
>.*• \«/ v^ V^
lo^
["^
*<».
*fc.
RAINFALL. 353
is graphically represented in our Climate Map. The length of
record from which this average has been deduced could not be
uniform, as it is shown in the same Table VIIL Yet, there are
no less than 45 stations with a length of record of either 16 years
or at least more than 10 years. For these the annual averages
obtained may be considered as normals, it being almost certain
that the variations which such an average may undergo with
more years of observations, will be of little importance.
By averaging all the annual means of the 70 stations included
in Table VIII, we may give as the annual average rainfall for
the Philippines 2,366.1 mm. The annual means for a single
station vary between 4,597.6 mm. and 989.8 mm. The greatest
annual mean is that of Baguio, Benguet, and such a great amount
of rainfall is undoubtedly due to the elevation of the place aided
by local topographic features. The least annual rainfall is that
of Zamboanga: but here we wish to remark that our attention
has been often called to the fact that the present position of the
rain gage is not well suited to the purpose, and that, if a better
position could be obtained in the future, the average annual
amount of rain for that place may possibly change. Yet, it is
significant that two years of observations made there by a
conscientious observer, in a position very different from the
present, more than twenty years ago, gave also an annual rainfall
below 1,000 mm.^
Our Climate Map gives in figures the annual average of rain-
fall for 65 stations. It will be noticed that many of the stations
shown in the map of our meteorological stations are not included
either in this Climate Map or in the Temperature Map of the
preceding chapter. The reason is that many of these stations
have been established quite recently, and, therefore, the observa-
tions made in them are not enough to give any approximate
monthly or annual average.
The stations showing an annual average of over 2,500 mm.
are those on the east and west coast of Luzon, on the west coast
of Mindoro, on the north and west coast of Panay, on the east
and south coast of Leyte, and practically all the stations of
Samar, Catanduanes, Batanes, and northeastern Mindanao. On
the contrary, the stations showing an annual average of less
than 2,000 mm. are those of the interior of Luzon, those of the
south coast of Batangas and Tayabas Provinces, those of Mas-
bate, Cebu, Bohol, southern Negros, the coast of Misamis Prov-
ince, Zamboanga, Basilan, and Jolo. Attention should be called
' See El Archipielago Filipino, Tomo II, pag. 111.
171073 23
354 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
to the annual rainfalls of Antipolo and Silang, which appear
to be greater than in the nearby stations, due probably to the
height of those two stations above the sea level.
Annual and seasonal average rainfall by provinces. — To make
the matter more interesting, we represent in Plates VII, VIII,
and IX the annual and seasonal average rainfall by provinces
and subprovinces, as far as the number of records available at
present allows us to give this information. As to the annual
average represented in Plate VII, Benguet subprovince occupies
the first place with an annual amount of over 4,000 mm. Then
follow with a mean amount of over 3,000 mm. the Provinces of
Zambales, Samar, Surigao, Albay, Ilocos Norte and Batanes.
The provinces with the least annual amount are those of Nueva
Vizcaya, Misamis, Oriental Negros, Bohol and Cebu.
In order to show in a most striking way the difference between
the distribution of rainfall in the Philippines in the different
seasons of the year, we have taken only the four months in which
the summer or cyclonic rains are more abundant, viz, June, July,
August, and September, and compare the average amount of
rainfall for these months with that of the other four months
in which the NE monsoon rains occur, viz, November, December,
January and February. This information is given in Table IX
for our stations divided into four types as above, while it is gra-
phically represented by provinces in Plates VIII and IX. These
two plates show clearly (1) that the average rainfall of the
period June to September for the whole Archipelago is much
greater than that of the period November to February : (2) that
the provinces of the western part of Luzon, which are more
affected by the cyclonic rains, are the driest in the period of
winter rains; and (3) that, on the contrary, several of the driest
provinces during the summer period, like Surigao, Davao on the
Pacific coast, etc., are the most benefited by the winter rains.
Monthly and annual rainfall of the Philippines compared with
that of several selected cities of the world. — Plate X and Table
X contain very interesting information referring to the monthly
and annual average rainfall for several selected cities of the
world as compared with that of the Philippines. We use in
Plate X the same scale for all the stations in order that our
readers may notice immediately the great difference between the
annual rainfall of different countries, but most particularly be-
tween the small amount of annual rainfall for European coun-
tries and the great amount proper of tropical countries.
AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF PROVINCES AND SUBPROVINCES.
PROVINCE OR SUBPROVINCt.
BEHOBET (Biguio)
ZAMBALES (Hi)
SAMAB (BaUff, Calbftjog, CKtbalogun, BorongftO, Ouiaan).
SVBIQIO (Snricao)
AL8AY (L(c>ipi)
OOCOS NOBTE(Uo«t)
BATANES (Bum)
AHB03 CAMARINES (Psmealc. Naga)
ILOCOS SDElVitan)
ANTIQUE (San Joae it Bu'uviiU)
CAIANDnAMES (Vii«c)
SORSOOON (Oubal)
CAPIZ(Capii)
MTNDORO (Calapan, Mamburno, San Joae)
TAYABAS (Baler, AtimoDoi), Lucena)
PAHOASBIAK (Datupui)
LA ITNION (San Fernando)
BATAAN (Balanja)
IXVTE (TftCloban, Ormoc, Maatin)
DAVAO (Davao)
COTABATO (CoUbau)
PALAWAN (Iwahit)
aoao (iioiio)
OCCIDENTAL KEOBOS (BMolod)
A0U8AR (Bntoiui)
BOHBLON (Eomblon)
BULACAH (Marilao)
SDin (Jolo)
KAjnLt
CAOATAM (Tiiple|!»l«i)
TAKIAC (TirUc)
LAOUNA (Santa Cm)
KUEVA ECUA (San Uldn) .
MAIBATE (Haabate)
ISABELA(Ecbapie)
PAKPAIIOA (Anyal)
ZAKBOAKOA (DapiUn, Zamboanga. Itabcla)
CATTTE (Carlle)
BATASOAS (BaUnfai)
CEin(Cebg)
BOHOL (Tajbllarmn)
ORIENTAL KEOROS (Doma(iKU)
mSAlOS (Ca«»7M)
■VETA VIZCATA (B4joBbo»f)
u> at a
SOS
to O rj
BSSQ
PLATE VII
AVERAGE SUMMER RAINFALL OF PROVINCES AND SUBPROVINCES: JUNE
TO SEPTEMBER.
PROVINCE OR SUBPROVINCE.
BENGUET (Baguio)
ZAMBALES (Iba)
ILOCOS NORTE (Laoag)
ILOCOS SUR(Vigan)
LA UUION (San Fernando)
ANTIQUE (San Jose de Buenavista)
PANGASINAN (Dagupan)
BATAAN (Balanga)
MINDORO. Southern part of (San Jo»e)
BULACAN (Marilao) --
MANILA
TARLAC (Tarlac)
ILOILO (Iloilo)
OCCIDENTAL NEGEOS (Bacolod)
BATANES (Basco)
NUEVA ECIJA (San Isidro)
CAPIZ (Capiz)
CAVITE (Cavite)
PAMPANGA ( Arayat )
COTABATO (Cotabato)
LAGUNA (Santa Cruz)
LEYTE. Western part of (Ormoc, Maasin)
AMBOS CAMARINES, Northern part of (Paracale)...
AMBOS CAMARINES, Southern part of (Naga)
SAMAR, Western part of (Calbayog, Catbalogan)
BATANGAS (Batangas)
CAGAYAN (Tuguegarao)
ROMBLON (Romblon)
ALBA Y (LegaspO
DAVACGulf of (Davao)
TAYABAS (Atimonan)
PALAWAN llwahig)
MINDORO, Northern part of (Calapan)
CATANDUANES (Virac)
SULU (Jolo)
MISAMIS (Cagayan)
SAMAR, Eastern part of (Batag, Borongan, Guiuan)-.
ISABELA (Echague)
MASBATE (Masbate)
CEBTJ (Cebu)
LEYTE, Eastern part of (Tacloban)
ZAMBOANGA. Southern part of (Isabela, Zamboanga).
SORSOGON (Gubat)
BOHOL (Tagbilaran)
ZAMBOANGA. Northern part of (Dapitan)
AGUSAN (Butuan)
NUEVA VIZCAYA (Bayombong)
ORIENTAL NEGROS (Dumaguete)
SUBIQAO (Surigao)
DAVAO, Pacific coait of (Gang*)
o
o
O
o
O
o
o
O
o
CU
«d-
U3
CD
o
OJ
fNJ
CM
CSi
CM
ro
PLATE VIII.
AVERAGE WINTER RAINFALL OF PROVINCES AND SUBPROVINCES: NOVEM
TO FEBRUARY.
BER
PROVINCE OR SUBPROVINCE.
SAMAR. Eastern part of (Batag, Borongan, Ouiuan)
STOIGAO (SnriBao)
AMBOS CAKARrNES. Northern part of (Paracale)
ALBAY (legaspi)
SORSOGON (Gubat)
DAVAO. Pacific coast of (Caraga)
CATAKDUANES (Virac)
SAMAR, Western part of (Calbayog. Catbalogan)
TAYABAS (Atimonan)
LEYTE, Eastern part of (Tacloban)
BATANES (Basco)
AGUSAN (Butuan)
ZAMBOANGA, Northern part of (Dapitan)
PALAWAN (Iwahig)
LEYTE. Western part of (Ormoc. Uaasin)
AMBOS CAMARINES, Southern part of (Naga)
CAPIZ (Capiz)
ROMBLON (Rorablon)
MASBATE (Masbate)
MINDORO. Northern part of (Calapaa)
DAVAO GULF (Davao)
StTLUdolo)
CAOAYAN (Tnguegarao)
COTABATO (CouTmto)
BOHOL (Tagbiiaian)
OCCIDENTAL NEGROS (Bacolod)
ORIENTAL NEGROS (Dnmagnete)
ISABELA (Echague)
CEBU(Cebu)
LAGUNA (Santa Cmz)
ILOILO (Iloilo)
ZABIBOANGA, Sonthem part 0/ (Iiabela, Zamboanga)
BATANGAS (Batangai)
MISAMIS (Cagayan)
ANTIQUE (San Jose de Buenavista)
NUEVA VIZCAYA (Bayombong)
MINDORO, SoBtheni part of (Ban Joie)
MANILA
BEHQTOKBagnio) ,
CAVITE (Cavite)
BtTLACAN (Marilao)
NTOVA ECIJA(San Iiidn)
TARLAC (Tarlac)-.-_
BATAAN (Ba'anga)
PAMPANOA (Arayat)
PANOASINAN (Dagnpaa)
ZAMBALES (Iba)
IL0C08 NORTE (Laoag)
LA UNION (San Fernando)
ILOCOS BUB(V}gan)
PLATE IX.
358
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table IX. — Seasonal average rainfall for many stations of the Philippines.
Tabla IX. — Lluvia media en las diferentes estaciones del aiio.
FIRST TYPE.— PRIMER TIPO.
Station.
Estacion.
June to Sep
TEMBER.
De Junio a
Bacolod
Iloilo
San Jose de Buena-
vista
Cuyo
San Jose, Mind'oro . .
Mamburao
Batangas
Ambulong, Tanauan,
Batangas
Silang
Santa Cruz, Laguna .
Corregidor
Cavite
Manila
Antipolo
Balanga
Olongapo
Marilao
Arayat
Iba
San Isidro, Nueva
Eclja
Tarlac
Dagupan
Bolinao
Baguio
San Fernando, La
Union
Candon
Vigan
Laoag
Cape Bojeador
November
to Feb-
RUAKY.
a„..t;„v„K..« I De Noviem-
Septiembre. breaFebrero.
1,256.8
1 ,307 . 7
1,927.1
1,434.9
1,711.8
2,404.4
869
1,139.9
1,504.8
984.7
1,996.2
1,134.3
1,385.6
1,972.8
1,777.2
2,589.1
1,558.3
1,134.2
3,149.7
mm.
480.8
418.9
288
217
219
77
321
1,169
1,332
1,803
2,269
? ,399
2 ,042 . 7
2,188.2
2,392.8
2,541.7
1,370.7
234 . 8
325.7
434.2
133.6
171.2
211.3
297.2
124.6
115.3
150.6
114.4
81.3
143.9
136.8
111.8
98.4
191
65 3
67.5
37.8
71.2
168.6
SECOND TYPE.— SEGUNDO TIPO.
Caraga . . .
Butuan. . . .
Surigao. . . .
Guiuan. . . .
Tacloban . .
Borongan. .
Catbalogan
Batag
m.
389
4
538
6
509
7
694
1
660
7
769
6
862
8
705
mm.
1,291.7
995.5
1,779.9
1,866
1,202.4
2,155.4
1,553.6
1,698.6
SECOND TYPE.— SEGUNDO TIPO.
Station.
Estacion.
June to Sep
TEMBER
De Junio a
Septiembre.
Gubat . . .
Legaspi . .
Virac ....
Atimonan
Paracale .
mm.
600
862
772
816
921.3
I November
TO Feb-
ruary.
De Noviem-
bre a Febrcro.
mm.
1,448.9
1,486.8
1,261.6
1,207.6
1,738.4
THIRD TYPE.— TERCER TIPO.
Zamboanga
Cagayan . . .
Balingasag. .
Dumaguete.
Iwahig
Cebu
Tuburan . . .
Capiz
Masbate . . .
Romblon . . .
Lucena
Bayombong,
EchagUe. . . .
Tuguegarao.
Aparri
mm.
1
397
8
728
6
872
2
511
7
809
670
556
9
1,165
7
673
3
862
3
600
8
532
7
715
9
865
7
806
6
mm.
330.2
292.8
466.7
479.8
899.3
452.7
447.3
806
725.1
729.5
742.
248.
475.
506.
764.
FOURTH TYPE.— CUARTO TIPO.
Jolo
Isabela, Basilan.
Davao
Cotabato
Dapitan
Tagbilaran
Maasin
Ormoc
Calbayog
Calapan
Naga
Baler
Basco
mm.
mm.
757.6
588.6
808
474.9
839.7
614.1
1,026.7
499.8
588.3
954
597.9
484.7
914.5
1
,028.4
1,016.3
696.3
882.2
922.5
806.4
711
892.6
819.7
1,047
1
,094.2
1.174.6
1
,094
^rt)RMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION FOR SEVERAL
SELECTED CITIES OF THE WORLD
=^
M^t^HA
i
I
I
i
t
" -£ ™ 5- " 3 => = S- o S i^
i
fi
i
B-
i
0
It
H-Ar«*^H-rAt
s
in£ ujL 'MZ
m
I
.rO^(^-<>
EOO
500
400
300
200
100
5f
w
^^e
II II II II II II II II II II II
«
glAre
I3L\M.
miBWIBIBIBWlBIBWW
o
1
5"j t? Hi "ft:"A"N" S"l & S"
i
K^
:^m.
I
soo
i
400
300
200
600
500
400
^v
&
o
^t
1
1
...
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
\
1 A
^
4rfr
'ti^
id
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
1
'
—
—
—
1 —
--
1
if
1
■
—
:^
1
V
^
F%H*^-S
isliiffsg
H^
F ABftrSht
i
I
ILIZI
■
i
soo
400
600
100
PLATE X.
360
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table X. — Normal monthly and annual preci
Tabla X. — Lluvias normales, mensuales y
City.
Ciudad.
Latitude.
Latitud.
Longitude
OP
Greenwich.
Longitud de
Greenwich.
Jan-
uary.
Enero.
Febru-
ary.
Febrero.
March,
Marzo.
Manila
o
14
16
51
48
40
52
48
41
39
31
22
35
22
18
41
40
38
37
29
34
19
23
34
22
33
35 N
25 N
34 N
50 N
24 N
33 N
15 N
54 N
57 N
12 N
15 N
41 N
32 N
54 N
53 N
43 N
54 N
48 N
58 N
3 N
26 N
9 N
37 S
54 S
51 S
o /
120 59 E
120 36 E
0 8 W
2 20 E
3 42 W
13 21 E
16 21 E
12 28 E
116 28 E
121 11 E
114 12 E
139 45 E
88 26 E
72 54 E
87 37 W
74 0 W
77 3 W
122 26 W
90 4 W
118 15 W
99 8 W
82 21 W
58 21 W
43 10 W
151 11 W
mm.
20.6
30.5
51
36
34
39
34
73
3
53.2
36.6
55.3
11
3
50.8
96.5
86.4
114.3
116.8
71.1
4
69
74
119
94
mm.
11.6
18.4
41
33
28
37
37
59
5
57.9
42.9
72.3
24
0
58.4
99.1
91.4
86.4
119.4
71.1
5
58
66
110
140
mm.
19.4
47.8
43 ,
38 ■
45
47
51
63 ]
87.8 !
75.9
111.1
33
0 ;
63.5 1
104.1
104.1
81.3
132.1
68.6
15
46
117 !
137
138 I
Baguio
London
Paris
Madrid
Berlin
Vienna
Rome
Peking
Shanghai
Tokio
Calcutta
Bombay
Chicago
New York
Washington
San Francisco
New Orleans
Los A ngeles
Mexico
Habana . .
Buenos Aires
Svdnev
Note. — The above data are taken from the same publications mentioned in the foot-note
of Table II, page 305 except those for Shanghai which are taken from the Revue Mensuelle,
of Zikawei Observatory.
RAINFALL.
361
pitation for several selected cities of the world.
anuales de varias ciudades escogidas del mundo.
April.
May.
June.
July.
August.
Septem-
ber.
Octo-
Novem-
EER.
Decem-
Annual.
Abril.
Mayo.
Junio.
Julio.
Agosto.
Septiem-
bre.
ber.
Octubre.
Noviem-
bre.
ber.
Diciembre.
Anual.
WITW.
mm.
mm.
mm.
Tnm.
Tnin.
vi7n.
mm.
mm.
mm.
47.7
112.6
202.1
456.7
368.6
358.2
186
107.8
71.3
1,962.6
123.9
402.5
399.3
1,074.7
1.080.3
845.2
432.9
85.8
56.3
4,597.6
42
49
57
61
61
61
69
58
54
647
43
45
54
52
54
50
61
45
46
557
47
45
30
12
12
33
45
47
41
419
35
44
63
69
57
42
51
47
49
580
50
72
71
67
68
42
51
46
48
637
59
55
38
16
28
69
104
113
83
760
16
36
77
240
161
65
16
7
2
634
95.7
90.4
181.8
149.6
144.6
114.4
90
50.7
30,9
1 ,147
140
297.5
398.3
319
364.8
245.6
124.7
36.1
31.2
2,112.6
129.2
151.8
166.3
139.7
114.7
203.3
184.1
104.7
58,7
1,491.2
55
144
302
325
342
262
130
17
7
1,652
1
14
522
624
378
278
45
12
1
1,878
68.6
88.9
94
91.4
71.1
76,2
66
66
53.3
848.2
83.8
81.3
83.8
114.3
114.3
88.9
94
91.4
86,4
1,137.9
81.3
96.5
101.6
114.3
101.6
88.9
78.7
71.1
78,7
1 ,094.6
45.7
129.5
17.8
101.6
5.1
157.5
7.6
119.4
33
76.2
71.1
96.5
109.2
109.2
571.5
"ieo ""
"i44!8'
1,463
27.9
15
12.7
51
2.5
104
20.3
43
38.1
11
83.8
4
396, 1
"i64 "
"123 "
"ios"
584
72
114
182
128
153
170
188
78
55
1 ,313
72
76
71
55
59
79
92
73
99
933
116
92
47
41
47
58
78
104
138
1 ,091
145
129
137
109
72
82
"
80
66
1
1,265
Nota. — Los datos de esta tabla se han tomado de las mismas publicaciones mencionadas en
la nota al pie de la Tabla II, pag-ina 305, e.xceptos Ios de ShanRhai que se ban tomado de
Revue Mensuelle del Observatorio de Zikawei.
362 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Monthly and annual rainfall of Baguio for the period 1903
to 1918. — As there is so much interest attached to the rainfall
observations of Baguio, we thought it convenient to give here in
Table XI all the monthly and annual amounts of rainfall for
that place during the whole period of 1903 to 1918. Besides,
in Plate XI we offer year by year a graphic representation of
the annual amount of rainfall for the same place and for the
same period of 16 years. The year 1911 surpasses all the others
with the enormous annual amount of 9,038.3 mm.^ Next to this
are the years 1913 and 1914 with annual amounts of over
6,000 mm. The greatest monthly amounts are those of July
and August, 1911, with 3,381.7 mm. and 2,521.7 nmi., respec-
tively. As an average, July and August are the rainiest months
of the year, and February the driest month.
*We call the annual amount of 9,038.3 mm. (355.84 inches) enormous,
because it is really so if compared with the mean annual rainfall for
Baguio, 4,597.6 mm. (181 inches). But Baguio is far from being the wet-
test place on earth, as shown from the fact that this enormous
amount of rainfall is still below the average annual rainfall of Cherra-
punji, in the Khasi Hills in India, 10,820 mm. (426 inches).
Recent observations show that in the Hawaiian group of islands there
is another damp spot, at least as rainy as Cherrapunji. The following
notes by G. K. Larrison {Monthly Weather Review," Vol. 47, No. 5, Wash-
ington, 1919), may be of interest to our readers:
"Cherrapunji, in the Khasi Hills in India, which is said to have the
greatest known annual rainfall on the earth, has a rival for the world's
maximum wetness in Mount Waialeale, elevation 5,080 feet, on the Island
of Kauai, Hawaiian Territory.
According to the Memoirs of the Indian Meteorological Department,
volume 22, 1913, the mean annual rainfall at Cherrapunji is 426 inches.
The maximum precipitation is supposed to have occurred in 1861, when
905 inches was recorded, but there are grave doubts concerning the ac-
curacy of this record.
During the periods August 2, 1911, to March 26, 1914, and May 31, 1915,
to August 13, 1917, a total of 1,782 days, there was recorded on Mount
Waialeale a total precipitation of 2,325 inches, or an average of 1.3047
inches per day. In a 365-day year this would amount to an annual pre-
cipitation of about 476 inches. The years of 1918 and 1914, for which,
unfortunately, no records were obtained, were the wettest since the local
Weather Bureau office was established in the Hawaiian Islands. Though
comparative estimates are always unsatisfactory, reliable records obtained
at near-by stations indicate that in both 1914 and 1918 the rainfall at
this station exceeded 600 inches. From May 21, 1915, to May 30, 1916,
the recorded rainfall at Mount Waialeale was 561 inches.
Mount Waialeale is the peak of the Island of Kauai, and is inaccessible
except to the most expert mountaineers. For this reason it has been very
difficult to maintain the station and it was finally discontinued on account
of inability to get mountaineers to make the necessary regular visits."
Mr. H. Kondo, the Director of Taihoku Observatory, says {"The Rain-
AHNTJAL RAIKFALL AT BAGUIO
19 O 3 - 13 18
5 s
OOOOO o— —
fT> en en (Ti Oi (DCTlOl
CM ri -s
en <r> a
1915
1916
1917
1918
fnm.
9000
97 50
6S00
6250
8000
7750
7500
7250
7000
$750
6500
6250
6000
5750
5500
5250
5000
.
4750
4500
1
—
4250
—
-
—
3500
—
—
1
—
—
—
-
—
2500
2250
1750
1250
750
500
250
0
Ins.
3S0
340
330
320
310
300
290
260
270
260
250
240
230
220
210
200
190
ISO
170
160
ISO
140
130
120
MO
100
90
eo
70
60
SO
40
30
20
10
0
ff> 0> <T> 0> ff* ^
01 (n o> CT>
<j> fft c* tn
PLATE XI.
364
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
00
o
•<s>
Oi OS
00
1^
•I
i
e
s
X
Eh
o
Oi
s
bo
pq
4)
■ri
01
s
1^
t-OT ;ooot-oo CO n la <y> Oi (O -rf
i-lN00OTf"vOP5O00.tl<(Mt-000»N0>
'-iO(3>coofr--<tc4coio.*CT>e<30c--ai
to M rH eq .-<^in in •* o 00 o ^i_<35^ic 00 00
eoTi<Ti<Tiico-<f-<i'coo5«50«ocowM'^
vn
t-'
OS
in
Decem-
ber.
Diciembre.
05 M 00 00 in 00 to 00 05 lo ocoio
•<*OI>eJt:-Ot-<MtOtOT-lt-COT»i;C
lO r-ir-MDOOCi t- t-t OS C^ 'rj*
CO
to
in
Novem-
ber.
Noviem-
bre.
catoecff>co(Mco ooiot-'^-<l"Nt^!0
tDMasint-0'-Hco«C'-<oosiot-coco
COlO 00 -Jj- 00 00 t- r-l to to (N ■* r-l «0
00
in
00
o 3
oo
iHtONt-tOr-IOSO^tOOlO^NOOlOOSOS
OS
CO
1
1
COCOlrtCO-^OSlOt-'<3'rHCSCO(Nlf5»-'0:)
00t0C0r}<05O00N'^*^00tDC0O-H0S
00 N !N <M ''iO l^' "-i •* "H oo (N N e<i
1-i rH
Septem
BER.
Septiem-
bre.
t-inosiOi-imc<lc-rHiMoo-^iraoo
(N
in
oc
o<-io>05tO(NO^m05 0o-*(Nooir:tD
aSr-lcC-^OOt-rrlNC'a'OOO-^Mt:-
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Si
D «
OS OS in ■* OS 00 OS t- 1- (M 1-1 ■<* nt)i
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tOtOC^ltOOOOtOli^NOS-^rHWCOt-^
c-i/soiraococom '^^'R.^l'^.'^'^ "^
,-1 T-I.H N iH 1-1 Ca rH ,-1
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ooosc-T-itr-ccoONC-ooeot-toososi-i
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,HrH r-ICO'H'-l ""IIN
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•"^lOCOC-NOS-^M-^CJUSOOCOrHt--*
CO
trs
OS
CO
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toootOTfc^t-^co^too^oooot-co
.-104t-eOC<3r-iCaiM(M'<1'-*-«l'IMiM(Mt-
00 r-( 00 00 ;C t£> C- 00 ■<? •* ■^ M .H (DCi
in
o
t- in CO th Tf to 'S< tot-.-iosto
t-e<itotOrHooocotDoot-<t--*Nc-os
osost-t- ■>3<tot--<j< OS .H t- CO to 1-1
tH tH r-lr-lr-ieq i-l i-l 1-t i-l
OS
CO
K 6
U t9
Is
in to inooootooo mm osiniHcoto*^
toooscor-ti^inosi-iiHcqinincaosTji
ri N 1-1 N to N CO (M 00 Oiy-t O -"t lO
00
Feb-
ruary.
Febrero.
lO 00 Tf ost-oseo ■^'^w
oor-i ooNt-t-ffaoootoejN
CO iHio CO ■* .^i-Hin
00
Jan-
uary.
Enero.
riO) Nt-Tf OOCOteO ^NTl<tO
intooii'OcO'«i'ineqNtoocococ-c^
0Or-(r1t-Tf TJ< N(0
in
o
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cO'tintot-ooosO'-iNeo-fl'intDt-oo
OOOOOOO'-'T-'rHi-li-tiHrHiHi— 1
OSOiOSOiOSOSOSOSOSOSOSOSOSOSOS^
RAINFALL.
365
Variability of the monthly and annual average rainfall in
Manila. — Plate XII represents the monthly and annual depar-
tures from the normal precipitation in Manila during the period
1903 to 1918. The departures for the driest months December,
January, February, March, and April are very insignificant.
The greatest departures and the greatest irregularities are cha-
racteristic of the months of July, August, and September. The
greatest annual departure by defect is that of 1903, with a total
annual rainfall that differs from the normal by —932.2 mm.,
while the greatest annual departure by excess is that of 1908,
with an annual amount of rain that differs from the normal by
-(-518.4 mm.
fall in the Island of Formosa," 1920, page 4) that the most rainy spot in
the Far East is probably Kashoryo, a station in northern Formosa situated
on a mountain slope at the head of a valley open to the northeast, a few
miles south of Keelung. The average annual rainfall for that station is
7,176 mm.
Yet, on the light of the rainfall observations made recently on Mount
Banahao in the Philippines (see a foot-note in the preceding chapter) there
seems to be sufficient reason to believe that there is in our Archipelago
at least one spot as wet as Kashoryo. The observations at Mount Banahao
were made from November, 1915, to November, 1916, the rain-gauge being
carefully observed once every week. We reproduce here a table containing
the results of these observations as they were published by Mr. W. H.
Brown in the "Philippine Journal of Science," C. XII, page 320.
Rainfall in inillimeters at the top of Mount Banahao, Luzon, Philippine
Islands. Altitude, about 2,100 meters.
Week ending-7
Rainfall.
1915.
jnm.
Nov. 10
85.0
17
271.0
24
285.0
Dec. 1
221.0
8
163. C
15
140.0
22
94.0
29
301.0
1916.
Jan. 5
183.0
12
92.0
19
145.0
26
476.0
Feb. 2
598.0
9
2.3
16
105.0
23
152.0
Mar. 1
65.0
95.0
Week ending —
1916— Continued.
Mar. 15
22
29
5
12
19
26
3
10
17
24
31
7
14
21
28
July. 5
12
19
Rainfall.
Week ending-
Rainfall.
Apr.
May
June
vfitn,
31.5
26.5
167.0
5.2
136.0
105.0
198.0
101.0
71.5
270.0
171.0
50.1
143.0
130.0
60.1
96.0
98.0
264.0
80.0
1916 — Continued. mm.
July. 26 70.1
Aug. 2 1 34 . 5
9 1 22.0
16 I 48 1
23 ' 40.7
30 I 39 .i
Sept. 6 42.0
13 [ 51.1
20 184 0
Oct.
Nov,
27.
4.
11.
18.
178.0
21.i.0
78.0
205.0
25 181.0
3« I 412.0
7,468.2
■ Nine days.
The following remarks are made by Mr. Brown on the monthly distribu-
tion of rainfall on Mount Banahao:
"The rainfall on the northern and northeastern slopes of Mount Banahao
is distributed throughout all the months of the year, and there are no
distinct wet and dry seasons.
MONTHLY AND ANNUAL DEPARTURES FROM THE
NORMAL PRECIPITATION AT MANILA
1903-1918
Jan.
Feb
Mar
Apr.
May
JuN.
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
VtA1«
1905
1904
I80S
1906
1907
1906
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
Normal
mm.
20.6
11.6
19.4
47.7
M2.«
202. 1
4567
3686
358 2
1860
1078
71.3
19626
mm
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—
PLATE XII.
RAINFALL.
Table XII. — Annual extremes of rainfall.
Tabla XII. — Valores extremes anuales de Uuvia.
367
Station.
Estacion.
Jolo
Isabels, Basilan .
Zamboanga ....
Davao
Cagayan
Butuan
Dumaguete^. . . .
Tagbilaran
Iwahig-'
Surigao
Maasin
Cebu
Maximum. Year. Minimum.
Maxima. Aiio. Minima.
Year.
Alio.
Bacoloda
Iloilo
San Jose de Buenavista .
Tuburan4
Cuyo
Ormoc
Guiuan -
Tacloban
Capiz
Borongan
Calbayog
Masbate
Romblon
Batag 2
Gubat
Legaspi
Calapan
Virac
Naga
Batangas
Atimonan
Sil
ilang .
Paracale'. .
Santa Cruz,
Corregidor .
Manila . . . .
Antipolo4. .
Olongapo . .
Iba
Laguna4.
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
Tarlac
Baler
Dagupan
Bolinao
Baguio
San Fernando, La Union .
Echague
Candon
Vigan ,
Tuguegarao .
Laoag .
Aparri .
Basco .
mm.
3,003.7
1917
2,515
1917
1 ,527,1
1916
3,326.9
1910
1,814.5
19(}9
2,853.5
1916
2,117
1917
1,975.1
1903
3,266
1917
4,650.9
1918
3 ,627 6
1916
2,242.7
1910
2,209.2
1907
3 ,092 . 6
1904
3,388.4
1909
1,692.1
1904
2,476.4
1916
3,016
1916
5,269
1916
3,806.9
1918
5,243
1903
5,385.6
1918
3,545.2
1918
2,371.2
1918
2,655.3
1916
4,257.3
1917
3,757.1
1908
4,311.4
1917 '
2,786.5
1909
3,688
1917
2,817.3
1917
1,908.8
1915
4,270.1 '
1908
3,416.9
1908
6,292
1917
2,014.8
1914
3,172.6
1914
2,481
1908
3,676.2
1914
"4,593
1914
4,775.1 [
1914
2,505.2
1908
2,665
1908
4,784
1906
3,352.7
1911
3,457
1913
9,038.3
1911
3,272.9
1914
2,265.7
1917
4,070.6
1913
4,696.8
1911
3,411.4
1906
4,181.9
1918
3 ,004 . 6
1911
4,053 5
1917
1,140.9
990.6
707.4
1,612.2
1,302.7
1 ,267 . 5
610.6
9.53
1,348.9
1 ,895.8
1 ,262 . 3
780.2
1,958.2
1.781.4
1,760.6
958.7
1,661.1
1,406.9
2,180.6
1 ,812.9
1,186.5
2,564.7
1,431.7
927
1,754
1,721
1 ,960
1,888
1,740
2,240
1,463.4
1,193.3
1,767.3
1 ,703.6
2 ,075 . 5
1,622.1
1 ,406.1
1 ,030.4
2,359.4
1,368
3,021.4
1.203.7
1 ,527.5
2,232
1 ,820 . 6
2,061.6
3,194.8
1 ,801
1 ,205 . 6
1 ,681
1,772
934.5
1,938.6
1,213.7
2,034.2
.4
.6
.3
.7
1914
1914
1903
1903
1918
1914
1914
1905
1914
1915
1905
1914
1906
1905
1903
1903
1906
1911
1914
1905
1914
1914
1914
1914
1914
1914
1912
1914
1918
1912
1914
1916
1911
1905
1914
1918
1903
1903
1916
1912
1916
1910
1903
1913
1910
1903
1907
1909
1914
1915
1907
1914
1912
1914
1905
^ Only eigrht complete years of observation. (Solo ocho afios completos de obeervacidn ) .
* Only five complete years of observation. (Solo cinco anos completos de observacion) .
'Only six complete years of observation. (Solo seis anos completos de observacion).
* Only seven complete yeare of observation. (Solo siete afios completos de observacion).
» Annual maximum, although it is the total of only seven months of observations, no
records being available for the months of January to May, 1914. (Maxima anual, aunque es
el total de solo siete meses de observaciones, pues no se hicieron observaciones de enero a
mayo de 1914.)
368
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XIII. — Monthly extremes of rainfall.
Tabla XIII. — Valores extremes mensuales de lluvia.
Station.
Estacion.
Jolo.
Isabela, Basilan .
Zamboanga ....
Davao
Caraga
Cotabato
Cagayan
Dapitan
Butuan
Dumaguete . . . .
Tagbilaran
Iwahig
Surigao
Maasin
Cebu
Bacolod
January.
Enero.
Max-
imum.
Mixima.
466.3
298.2
302
195.4
366
209.1
209.8
609.4
565.4
200.3
201.8
188.4
,183.9
774.4
327.6
255.7
Iloilo 197-8
168.3
240.2
83.6
549
1,788.8
1,385.1
627
2,191.4
690.8
511.9
270.2
844.1
783.8
799.3
227
573.1
341.3
88.9
699.8
69.3
79.9
1,099.2
118,8
34.5
65
107.8
24.4
23.2
43
21.1
23.8
528.3
45.5
90.9
San Jose de Buenavista
Tuburan
Cuyo
Ormoc
Guiuan
Tacloban
Capiz
Borongan
Calbayog
Masbate
Romblon
Batag
Gubat
Legaspi
Calapan
Virac
Naga
Batangas
Atimonan
Ambulong, Tanauan,
Batangas
Silang
Paracale
Santa Cruz, Laguna . . .
Corregidor
Manila
Antipolo
Olongapo
Iba
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
Arayat
Tarlac
Baler
Dagupan
Bolinao .
Baguio I 146.9
San Fernando, • La
Union 25.4
Echaglie \ 150.9
Candon i 38.7
Vigan [ 14.2
Tuguegarao 121.2
Laoag .
Aparri ,
Basco .
Year.
Ano.
37
303.8
399.9
1918
1316
1916
1917
1906
1909
1918
1918
1918
1918
1918
1916
1918
1918
1904
1907
1907
1916
1907
1907
1916
1918
1918
1916
1918
1918
1916
1917
1917
1904
1904
1916
1917
1904
1916
1917
1917
1906
1917
1916
1907
1913
1913
1904
1913
1916
1906
1912
1906
1917
1914
1913
1913
1917
1916
1916
1913
1916
1911
1915
Min-
imum.
Minima.
mm.
3
13.2
1.8
22.1
140.2
16.4
13.7
22.2
90.3
16.3
4.5
12.3
105.3
33.8
7.9
31.4
2.8
0
14
0
40.2
98
84.3
17.3
196.5
27.4
22.2
24.4
159.7
95.5
77.8
13.8
101.3
12.7
3.6
73.5
2.8
2.5
225.7
15.1
0
0
0
0
Year.
Ano.
Max-
imum.
Maxima.
0
0
0
7.
0
0
6.9
0
0
1.8
0
4.8
125.2
1903 i
1905
1915 1
1903
1907
1906
1913
1908
1908
1911
1912
1915
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
(*)
1914 1
1912
1911
1912
1912
1905
1915
1905
1914
1905
1912
1912
1912
1915
1910 ;
1905 i
1915
1905
1912 !
1914 I
1918 '
1905
1905
1914
(*)
a 1903
1914
a 1905
1907
1905
1914
1918
1918
1905
a 1914
bl903
1904
1905
1914
(*)
1915
(*)
(*)
1905
(*)
1905
1910
mm.
452.8
272.5
183
352.6
707.4
160
124.1
368.8
508.2
261.2
160.8
159.5
830.7
372.9
196.3
178.3
209.4
114.4
263.9
113.1
286.9
751.3
453.4
352.4
914.3
381
474
258.3
894.5
519.7
736.8
97.4
482.4
316.6
74.8
375.6
26.4
43.7
772.5
82.3
26.1
29.6
58.1
9.1
27.8
38.9
16.5
30.2
325.2
February.
Febrero.
Year.
Ano.
Min-
imum.
Minima.
1904
1904
1911
1910
1903
1904
1918
1904
1911
1916
1910
1917
1908
1911
1910
1904
1916
1916
1904
1904
1918
1918
1918
1904
1918
1917
1907
1917
1917
1904
1917
1911
1917
1911
1911
1908
1916
1911
1917
1911
1911
1908
1916
1916
1916
1917
1906
1911
1908
Year.
Ano.
mm.
0
.8
.5
0
192.8
0
0
3.3
3.7
0
0
0
58.5
0
0
.3
0
0
13.7
0
2.5
28.9
12.1
1.9
34.8
4.4
0
5.1
28.7
13.7
41.4
30.5
13.8
0
0
.3
0
0
17
1.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38.1
1905
1906
1914
1906
1915
1906
1915
1915
1915
1915
1915
1915
1914
1915
1915
1915
1906
C1906
1914
(•)
1905
(*)
1914
1915
1914
1914
1915
1914
1906
1903
1914
1905
1905
1915
1914
1905
1915
1915
1916
1906
1915
1915
dl905
1906
1913
1915
(*)
1903
1914
el903
1905
1905
1905
1907
1906
t 108
1909
0
!
1907
1914
73.4
1904
0
1
a 1906
1912
52.3
1918
0
/
I
B1903
1907
34.5
1916
0
(*)
79.8
1911
4.3
1915
43.6
1916
0
(*)
63.6
1916
0
f
h 1907
70.2
1916
0
1
1912
48.3
1908
0
(')
250.5
1916
3.8
1906
1 266.3
j 1907
12.6
1906
• Several years,
a Also 1918.
•> Also 1905.
'Also 1915.
<> Also 1907 and 1908.
• Also 1906 and 1907.
'Also 1913.
s Also 1914 and 1915.
" Also 1914.
RAINFALL.
369
Table XIII. — Monthly extremes of rainfall — Continued.
Tabla XIII. — Valores extremes mensuales de lluvia — Continuacion.
Station.
£staci6n.
March. — Marzo.
Max-
imum.
M4xima.
Jolo
Isabela, Basilan .
Zamboanga ....
Davao
Caraga
Cotabato
Cagayan
Dapitan
Butuan
Dumaguete ....
Tagbilaran
Iwahig
Surigao
Maasin
Cebu
Bacolod
Iloilo
San Jose de Buenavista
Tuburan
Cuyo
Ormoc
Guiuan
Tacloban
Capiz
Borongan
Calbayog
Masbate
Romblon
Batag
Gubat
Legaspi
Calapan
Virac
Naga
Batangas
Atimonan
Ambulong, Tanauan,
Batangas
Silang
Paracale
Santa Cruz, Laguna . . .
Corregidor
Manila
Antipolo
Olongapo
233.8
165.3
103
481.6
445.5
156.7
143.2
201.4
301
103.8
197
92
680
495
106
36
Iba.
San Isidro, NuevaEcija.
551
85
24
64
29
41
115
Arayat . .
Tarlac . . .
Baler
Dagupan .
Bolinao . .
Baguio
San Fernando,
Union
La
EchagUe
Candon .
Vigan . .
Tuguegarao .
Laoag
Aparri
Basco
.3
.4
4
9
9
289.
436.
561.
77.
521.
429.
145.
194.
317.9
403.5
459.7
194.3
278.5
146.3
15.5
230.9
18
92.8
70.9
33.8
78.8
501.
109.
91
149.
38.7
160.3
56.3
53.8
83.7
20.4
196.7
370.5
Year.
Alio.
112.5 ]
46.3 I
67.2
24.7
Min-
imum.
Minima.
1917
1909
1911
1917
1916
1908
1917
1918
1910
1918
1904
1910
1906
1910
1917
1917
1910
1918
1908
0
18.7
83
10.8
0
0
46
2.1
3.6
0
81.9
1.3
7K7W,
1906 17.7
1908 0
1913
1908
1904
1904
1909
1916
1908
1918
1907
1918
1918
1918
1918
1908
1908
1918
1907
1918
1918
1918
1918
1918
1908
1918
1910
1910
1918
1909
1917
1910
1917
1910
1917 .3
1917 I 10.4
55.1
43
5
62
3
7
1
33.8
27.9
23
28.7
59.4
0
2.1
0
79.7
3.3
April. — Abril.
Year.
Ano.
0
6.4
1.3
0
2.9
0
1918
0
1917
» 1
1917
1917
1913
0
0
16 1
1908
/ "■ 1903
\ 1905
f b 1903
I 1905
1903
1905
1912
1915
1915
1905
1915
1915
1914
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
f 1903
I 1904
1905
(*)
1912
1912
1912
1911
1912
1905
1915
1903
1915
1905
1905
1914
1913
1905
1914
1905
1914
/ 1904
il d 1905
1914
1913
I (•)
1903
1914
' (•)
f 1903
\ 1915
( 1903
I 1907
,/ c 1903
1 1905
1903
1904
1903
f 1904
\ 1905
, 1912
(•)
1914
(•)
(*)
d 1903
1904
(•)
1903
1911
Max- I
imum.
Maxima.
Tflffl,
316.1
206.2
110.5
306.8
199.3
276 . 3
109.8
553.2
246
66.8
203
78
451.6
186.2
145.2
113.4
157.8
146.7
40
79.3
203.3
271.9
261.4
178.5
485.1
218.9
123.3
125.5
206
147
387
251
272
86
161.6
682
260.4
126.1
246.4
81.4
274.7
64
105.3
217.2
50.8
142.6
252.1
Year.
Alio.
Min-
imum.
Minima.
1: 228.8 ;
102.6 ,
|l 283.5
105
185.7
149.7?
80.4
145
173.8
84.9
186.4
146.8
118.5
• Several years.
» Also 1911.
171073 24
«> Also 1908.
= Also 1905 and 1907.
>• Also 1914.
• Also 1907.
1917
1904
1904
1910
1906
1918
1910
1918
1918 :
1917
1904
1917 i
1913
1916
1904
1904
1904
1916
1904
1918 ,
1916 ;
1916
1910
1904
1910
1911
1904
1910
1916
1904
1911
1911
1913
1914
1914
1911
1914
1910
1911
1911
1911
1905
1914
1905
1911
1916
1905
1905
1904
1918
1905 .
1911
1911
1911
1911
1911
1910
1917
190G
1908
Tnvi.
0
9.6
22.6
112.5
38.6
4.8
12
64
.5
4.5
.8
78.9
6.6
1
1.1
1
0
0
14.7
57.1
57.6
.5
.9
.8
26
9
10
39.
2.
32.
9.
0
2
0
8.4
0
11.2
2.1
96.3
10.5
0
1.3
0
8.7
0
0
0
.9
9.5
97.
20.
0
10.7
29.8
8.9
37.7
25.6
Year.
Afio.
1905
1905
1908
1914
1907
1915
1914
1915
1911
1912
1906
1915
1917
1918
1915
1905
1909
1915
1903
1907
1915
1915
1912
1915
1915
1909
1909
1909
1907
1917
1909
1909
1915
1909
1903
f 1908
1912
1912
1915
1906
1912
1912
1903
1906
1908
1918
1903
1906
1903
1904
1904
1918
1908
1912
1915
1907
1909
1916
1913
1909
1912
K 1912
1914
1912
1916
1918
f Also 1916.
( Also 1918.
370
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XIII. — Monthly extremes of rainfall — Continued.
Tabla XIII. — Valores extremes mensuales de lluvia — Continuacion.
Station.
Estaci6n.
Jolo
Isabela, Basilan
Zamboanga
Davao
Caraga
Cotabato
Cagayan
Dapitan
Butuan
Dumaguete
Tagbilaran
Iwahig
Surigao
Maasin
Cebu
Bacolod
Iloilo
San Jose de Buena-
vista
Tuburan
Cuyo
Ormoc
Guiuan
Tacloban
Capiz
Borongan
Calbayog
Masbate
Romblon
Batag
Gubat
Legaspi
Calapan
Virac
Naga
Batangas
Atimonan
Ambulong, Tanauan,
Batangas
Silang
Paracale
Santa Cruz, Laguna. .
Corregidor
Manila
Antipolo
Olongapo
Iba
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
Arayat
Tarlac
Baler
Dagupan
Bolinao
Baguio
San Fernando, La
Union
EchagUe
Candon
Vigan
Tuguegarao
Laoag
Aparri
Basco
May.
Mayo.
Max-
imum.
Maxima.
mm.
426.1
30^.3
162.6
546.3
332.6
352.3
195.2
307
302.
261.
195.
261
374.
337
245.
206.2
271.9
411.2
121.2
348.5
260
546.6
343 . 5
404.
617.
529.
173.8
259.7
346
245.
477.
297.
280.
324.
227.9
505.7
184.6
276.7
357.6
195.1
436.6
476.5
264 . 1
■ 696.3
756.6
518.5
448.2
478.6
518.2
360.8
872.2
1,397.8
512.6
284.9
691.6
678.7
377
852.7
338.5
677
Year.
Alio.
1916
1915
1916
1910
1905
1905
1917
1905
1916
1917
1916
1917
1916
1914
1917
1908
1910
1914
1904
1910
1916
1916
1913
1904
1913
1906
1915
1908
1913
1906
1916
1909
1911
1916
1908
1916
1913
1908
1916
1916
1906
1908
1914
1906
1910
1906
1906
1906
1906
1910
1910
1906
1906
1915
1906
1906
1910
1915
1908
1906
Min-
imum.
Minima.
mm.
65.7
41.1
0
127.6
102.7
149.7
17.3
0
20.5
11.7
1.5
127.7
17.8
0
29.2
91.3
12.2
27.5
9.4
27.7
4.9
16.7
17
34
32
23
1
4
11
10
30
73
16
0
14
24
67
43
48
45
6
15
39
13
69.8
38.1
8.1
39.4
132.4
51.9
18.6
131.8
2.1
55
5.1
.5
21.9
27.4
10.6
21
Year.
Afio.
June.
Junio.
1903
1910
1908
1903
1907
1918
1912
1906
1912
1912
1912
1915
1912
1912
1905
1903
1912
1912
1905
1905
1912
1912
1912
1912
1912
1912
1912
1905
1915
1912
1918
1912
1912
1905
1912
1907
1916
1905
1912
1913
1918
1903
1913
1912
1912
1903
1903
1905
1911
1918
1912
1903
1912
1918
1912
1912
1905
1912
1914
1905
Max-
imum.
Year.
Alio.
Min-
imum.
Maxima.
Minima.
mm.
mm.
460.7
1910
19.6
365
1906
54
180.9
1906
25.3
414.5
1909
98.1
172.8
1907
35.8
444.3
1918
136.5
288.5
1915
132.2
394
1918
21.3
245.8
1909
47.4 '
293.2
1917
90.8 1
277.4
1906
46.7 i
353.6
1915
83.3 !
230.4
1914
0
277.9
1908
45.4
303
1918
33
399.2
1904
145.9
456.4
1904
110.4
640.8
1914
181.7
281.2
1908
61.3
526
1914
139 . 8
388.6
1918
82.5 '
398.5
1915
100.3 :
317.6
1908
55.2
736.8
1906
159.5
470.4
1908
111.3
421.9
1918
60.7
382.3
1918
20.3
448.2
1916
52.3 1
388.6
1918
83.5 !
287.1
1908
29.8 i
509.8
1918
56
423.7
1910
86.2
459.5
1918
73.3
430.6
1918
76.5
357.7
1918
19
424.4
1914
78
360.1
1914
134.2
428.7
1904
139.5
415.8
1918
74.4
365.7
1914
108.5
856.7
1914
46.8 ;
437.1
1904
79.3
624
1914
40.7
1,190.1
1904
82.8
787.1
1914
205.3
505.3
1904
22.7
474.3
1904
30
495.1
1904
78.1
623.9
1915
108.9
614.2
1904
162.8
844
1904
122.4
983.5
1904
168.4
706.6
1904
104.7
311.6
1912
23.5
818.4
1904
36.3
753
1904
59.2
372.6
1904
38.9
708.2
1918
90.5
351
1918
11.7
619.3
1907
18.3
Year.
Ano.
1905
1905
1905
1912
1904
1906
1913
1907
1905
1914
1912
1914
1905
1913
1909
1905
1910
1913
1909
1903
1913
1912
1912
1912
1912
1913
1915
1912
1913
1912
1913
1912
1912
1915
1913
1903
1915
1909
1912
1912
1913
1910
1915
1910
1910
1915
1903
1909
1913
1917
1903
1903
1909
1910
1915
1909
1910
1915
1903
1909
RAINFALL.
371
Table XIII. — Monthly extremes of rainfall — Continued.
Tabla XIII. — Valores extremes mensuales de lluvia — Continuacion.
Station.
Estacion.
July.
Julio.
August.
Agosto.
Max-
imum.
Maxima.
Jolo
Isabela, Basilan
Zamboanga
Davao
Caraga
Cotabato
Cagayan
Dapitan
Butuan
Dumaguete
Tagbilaran
Iwahig
Surigao
Maasin
Cebu
Bacolod
Iloilo
San Jose de Buena-
vista
Tuburan
Cuyo
Ormoc
Guiuan
Tacloban
Capiz
Borongan
Calbayog
Masbate
Romblon
Batag
Gubat.
Legaspi
Calapan
Virac
Naga
Batangas
Atimonan
Ambulong, Tanauan,
Batangas
Silang
Paracale
Santa Cniz, Laguna. .
Corregidor 1
Manila
Antipolo
Olongapo
Iba
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
Arayat
Tarlac
Baler
Dagupan
Bolinao
Baguio
San Fernando, La
Union
EchagUe
Candon
Vigan
Tuguegarao
Laoag
Aparri
Basco
7W7TO.
292
369.4
214.6
341.4
227.1
350
248.3
374.7?
204.7
249
564.9
343.3
217
508.5
279
415.1
758.5
837.1
202.5
789.6
596.
311.
355.
936.
371
395.
395.
521.4
248.2
370.5
447.7
371.7
435.1
476.9
490.9
428.4
417.4
732.4
572.1
484.7
,100 1
698.5
778.8
,401.1
,832.2
676.4
643 . 5
924.9
788.1
,300.4
,891.4
,381.7
,078.7
285.3
,431.2
,6^1.5
5,52 . 6
,294
506.6
645.6
Year.
Alio.
1903
1909
1905
1905
1906
1903
1909
1912
1916
1912
1912
1917
1911
1909
1909
1906
1911
1913
1909
1911
1913
1913
1913
1903
1909
1917-
1913
1913
1915
1909
1909
1913
1909
1912
1913
1913
1913
1909
1911
1911
1913
1911
1913
1918
1911
1911
1905
1911
1909
1911
1911
1911
1911
1917
1918
1911
1911
1918
1911
1917
Min-
imum.
Minima.
Year.
Ano.
7W7W,
12.9
73.6
1918
1918
Max-
imum.
Maxima.
27.5
38.4
15.7
172.8
13.3
25.9
25
60
27
69,
37,
69
34
233
57
238.6
115.1
141
28.1
64.4
25.4
82
49.3
101 . 1
46.2
55
13
57
67
78
24
87
62.5
54.8
219.1
239.2
85.9
104.4
207.5
179 9
168
175.5
418.3
154.1
142.5
191.5
86.2
100.1
254.2
276.9
178.9
88.8
144.3
259.8
75.9
285.1
22
88.3
1907
1914
1904
1907
1910
1910
1914
1914
1918
1914
1918
1903
1914
1907
1910
1910
1904
1906
1904
1918
1904
1918
1918
1916
1904
1918
1918
1910
1904
1914
1918
1914
1910
1904
1914
1910
1914
1910
1916
1916
1916
1912
1910
1916
1903
1915
1910
1916
1910
1916
1916
190S
1916
1915
1916
1916
1910
1916
mm,
433.4
396.5
192
328
121
313
317
274
193
162
250.8
207.9
161.5
377.5
228.8
438.8
762
920.6
230
711.1
530.2
181.2
282.9
675.4
254.4
348.3
344.7
290.5
254.4
188.3
315.7
197.9
195.8
267.3
390.1
243.8
296.3
629.4
259
378.7
1,077.9
656.6
832.8
1,634.5
1,360.2
513.6
290.5
748.6
366
914.4
1,081.1
2,521.7
1,148.6
365.5
1,941
1,864
631.5
1 , 830 . 8
500.9
910.7
Year.
Ano.
I Min-
imum.
Minima.
1917
1917
1907
1905
1906
1906
1913
1918
1913
1916
1912
1916
1907
1907
1912
1907
1904
1918
1906
1918
1905
1912
1904
1906
1905
1903
1918
1904
1916
1913
1912
1913
1913
1918
1912
1907
1914
1912
1913
1912
1912
1912
1914
1914
1912
1912
1905
1907
1918
1914
1914
1911
1914
1918
1916
1916
1911
1914
1911
1903
38.
53.
25.
104.
40.
187.
84.
11.
33.
37.
8.
111.
4.
64.
64.8
200.2
72.8
93
26
179
65
43
39
53
39
75
30.9
70.6
80.3
9
40.3
36.3
17.3
69.5
32.4
36.1
61.6
161.3
79.5
85.
241
71
305.
257.
556
125,
199
155.
21.7
217.3
137.8
366.9
.3
.6
.1
.7
.3
.2
.4
.7
91
114.1
157.1
313.6
55
130.6
97.6
112
Year.
Alio.
1905
1914
1908
1918
1904
1903
1909
1908
1903
1915
1911
1914
1903
1903
1914
1903
1909
1903
1908
1903
1911
1917
1911
1918
1911
1915
1909
1911
1915
1910
1909
1910
1909
1903
1909
1911
1917
1909
1916
1917
1903
1909
1917
1912
1917
1909
1903
1903
1916
1909
1909
1909
1909
1910
1909
1918
1909
1909
1906
1915
!l
372
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XIII. — Monthly extremes of rainfall — Continued.
Tabla XIII. — Valores extremes mensuales de lluvia — Continuacion.
Station.
Estacion.
September.
Septiembre.
October.
Octubre.
Maxi-
mum.
Maxima.
Year.
Ano.
Mini-
mum.
Minima.
Year.
Ano.
Maxi-
mum.
Maxima.
' Year.
Ano.
Mini-
mum.
Minima.
Year.
Ano.
Jolo
mm,
330.3
385.5
168.9
478.1
125.8
405.5
322.4
196.8
238
220.5
310.7
288.6
290.6
381.3
391.5
417.1
616.4
866.4
342,8
644.8
601.3
284.9
254.5
597.1
352.5
666.2
316
402.4
252.8
480.4
509
491.2
283.4
479.5
676.8
726.8
1,022.8
681.1
430.6
632.6
963.6
887.7
1,100.9
1,647.7
1,407.2
383,4
482.6
490.1
715
934.4
907.8
2,108.1
982.6
414.7
1,179.6
1,491.1
749.6
1,380.8
510.2
777.3
1908
1908
1908
1909
1906
1908
1911
1904
1908
1917
1908
1917
1908
1908
1908
1908
1914
1908
1908
1910
1908
1916
1908
1903
1910
1908
1916
1916
1916
1906
1906
1914
1916
1917
1914
1908
1914
1914
1917
1914
1914
1914
1914
1914
1914
1906
1906
1906
1906
1913
1913
1913
1913
1918
1913
1913
1906
1913
1906
1912
mm,
43,6
101.6
62,6
61 9
28.4
132,2
57 3
40,7
5.1
34.8
31.4
91,9
64.2
151,7
47.3
227.6
146,3
276,4
24.9
150,2
87.7
49
74
115.8
47.9
94.7
84.5
44.6
111.4
73 7
92.2
77.7
81.2
128
130.7
81
215
121.7
115.5
214.8
181.4
149.7
2.59
234.4
434.2
165.2
112.5
220,7
134,3
214,7
167.9
172.5
82 1
84,9
122.5
183.8
65.3
182.3
69
147.2
1911
1912
1905
1914
1905
1917
1918
1918
. 1918
1914
1907 1
1914 i
1917
1914 ;
1913
1905
1903
1918 !
1907
1918
1914
1918
1907
1913
1918
1907
1914
1903
1914
1904
1918
1913
1914
1918
1917
1907
1917
1911
1914
1913
1911
1903 :
1917 '
1912 i
1915
1917
1903
1903
1913
1915
1903
1908
1908
1910
1908 (
1915 i
1909
1908
1904
1915 j
mm.
420.4
418.5
298.8
462.9
343.2
404.2
294.6
386,2
300,7
359.9
383,3
353,8
402
657.1
588.3
362.5
559.5
1,064.4
304
551.1
483.5
350 2
320.7
1,494,6
629.9
487.1
279.5
489.9
526.8
594.9
619.7
375.8
694.5
639.3
570.7
556.2
325.6
423.8
835,8
325.6
403
340.6
421.6
475.7
425.3
412.2
388.4
365.3
648.4
603.8
506
1,509.1
420.5
342,4
529.5
543.5
681.2
858,9
663,4
734.1
1905
1916
1909
1909
1904
1917
1913
1905
1004
1917
1913
1914
1912
1912
1912
1905
1912
1915
1905
1915
1912
1914
1910
1905
1904
1906
1917
1912
1916
1904
1904
1910
1916
1913
1915
f 1904
I 1915
1915
1908
1917
1916
1918
1917
1918
1912
1912
1909
1904
1906
1916
1908
1909
1908 ,
1915
1912
1915
1915
1903
1909
1906
1903 1
mm.
117.5
72.2
17,4
116 5
52.6
112.7
29.1
63.6
54.2
92.1
109.7
169 6
112.8
84.5
43.7
100.5
50
41.4
94.8
22,6
63.9
136.3
103.4
95.2
98.9
62
18.5
173.1
147.7
57.3
94.4
106
74.6
41.5
5.5
169.9
47.7
38,4
193.7
42.4
13.3
9.7
41.4
8.6
50.3
13.6
144.5
46.3
86.4
69.6
41,8
63.2
22.4
60
0
15,3
21,6
11.5
140
79.3
1903
Isabela, Basilan
Zamboanga
1914
1911
Davao
1917
Caraga
1903
Cotabato
1914
Cagayan
1914
Dapitan
1906
Butuan
1914
Dumaguete
1914
Taghilaran
1906
Iwahig
1918
Surigao
1905
Maasin
1908
Cebu
1918
Bacolod
1908
Iloilo
1914
San Jose de Buena-
vista
1914
Tuburan
1908
Cuyo
1914
Ormoc
1908
Guiuan . ...
1918
Tacloban
1918
1908
Borongan
1918
Calbayog
1918
Masbate
1914
Romblon
1918
Batag. . .
1914
Gubat
1909
Legaspi
1911
Calapan
1918
Virac
1911
Naga
1914
Batangas
1911
Atimonan
1911
Ambulong, Tanauan,
Batangas
1914
Silang
1907
Paracale
1918
Santa Cruz, Laguna . . .
Corregidor
1914
1911
Manila
1911
Antipolo
1914
Olongapo
1914
Iba
1914
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
Arayat
1914
1905
Tarlac
Baler
Dagupan
Bolinao
1911
1905
1907
1914
Baguio
San Fernando, La
Union
1914
1914
Echagiie
Candon
Vigan
Tuguegarao
Laoag. .
1914
1914
1907
1911
1911
Aparri
1907
Basco
1907
RAINFALL.
373
Table XIII. — Monthly extrevies of rainfall — Continued.
Tabla XIII. — Valores extremos mensuales de lluvia — Continuacion.
Station.
Estacion.
Jolo
I^abela, Basilan
Zamboanga
Davao
Caraga
Cotabato
Cagayan
Dapitan
Butuan
Dumaguete
Tagbilaran
Iwahig
Surigao
Maasin
Ccbu
Bacolod
Iloilo
San Jose de Buena-
vista
Tuburan
November.
Novicmbre.
Maxi-
mum.
Maxima.
mm.
465.4
335.1
238.7
290
178.3
408.7
174.5
624.4
692
258.3
281.6
,035.9
693.9
748.5?
289.3
189.8
460.5
507.1
256.4
Cuyo I 452.4
i 424.6
664
392 . 8
664 . 8
835.3
411.7
400.2
637.2
666
833.6
566.1
747.4
553 . 9
557.1
465.3
1,277.9
Ormoc
Guiuan
Tacloban . .
Capiz
Borongan
Calbayog
Masbate
Romblon
Batag
Gubat
Legaspi
Calapan
Virac
Naga
Batangas
Atimonan
Ambulong, Tanauan,
Batangas 195.6
Silang 359.6
Paracale 1,095.6
Santa Cruz, Laguoa. . 384.3
Corregidor I 200 . 9
Manila 229.2
Antipolo 2a2.4
Olongapo 268 . 7
Iba 126.4
Sanlsidro, NuevaEcija 359.7
Arayat 207 . 8
Tarlac 288.5
Baler 764 . 1
Dagupan 230 . 2
Bolinao 210.5
Baguio 236.2
San Fernando, La
Union \ 159.5
Echagiie 446 . 2
Candon 166 . 1
Vigan.
94.5
Tuguegarao 1 ,315.7
Lauag 104 . 5
Aparri 785.4
Basco.
Year.
A3o.
1910
1910
1910
1908
1906
1908
1909
1912
1904
1917
1909
1917
1910
1912
1909
1908
1910
1908
1904
1910
1909
1917
1908
1904
1909
1903
1908
1909
1917
1903
1909
1917
1917
1903
1908
1908
1915
1908
1917
1917
1915
1917
1917
1915
1915
1908
1906
1908
1917
1908
1915
1903
710.7
1909
Dece.mber.
Diciembre.
MUM. "'^EAR.
Minima, '^'^o-
TtlTtl.
59
13
27
48
31
70.5
9
153.8
69.5
42.5
74.2
45.5
175.9
1C3.6
28.3
96.9
2.8
2.1
76
1.5
85.8
178
137
33.3
348
82.3
58.7
72.9
174
193.9
89
58.2
137.4
41.3
2.4
52.3
24.7
10.1
112.2
27.6
0
6.1
8.3
0
0
0
1.3
1.8
43.5
0
.3
8.6
Maxi-
mum, j
Maxima.
1903
0
1917
6
1903
0
1903
0
1906
21
1909
0
1906
36
6
121.2
1905
1911
1911
1914
1904
1913
1911
1907
1908
1911
1915
1918
1911
1914
1913
1907
1914
1911
1906
1913
1918
1914
1914
1914
1918
1911
1913
1914
1914
1913
1905
1918
1911
1914
1911 i;
1911
1913 j
1905
1911
1911
1911
1911 '
1918
1914
1911
1918
1911
1903
1914
1911
1911 j]
1918
1918
1911
1918
1911
1911
1918
• 1911
1914
1918
1911
1911
1904
mm.
297.1
331.9
279.6
494.3
553.2
2r.2.4
438.7
591.6
636.6
370.2
382.5
809.1
949.5
688.1
425.7
429.2
528.3
534
223.6
164
391.6
733.4
574.6
1,505.7
912
716.7
522.3
494?
633.1
1 ,324 . 6
1,130.6
327.6
829
990.7
345
926.2
264.8
346.3
998.3
377.3
189
182.3
318.6
146.8
92.1
200.5
156.6
150.9
779.8
85.1
49.2
276.6
42.8
276.6
52.6
44.9
335.9
54.6
479.9
739.1
Year.
Afio.
1916
1907
1916
1908
1904
1908
1909
1903
1909
1915
1909
1916
1909
1909
1903
1903
1903
MlNI-
I MUM.
i Minima.
Year.
Ano.
1915
1903
1903
1903
1903
1917
1909
1911
1911
1909
1908
1915
1916
1909
1916
1916
.6
.9
8
9
mm. !
68.6
31.5 i
16
75.9
195.
55.
4
155.
73.5
46.7
32 4
41.2
272.4
140.7
50.7
94
26.9
\ 1909
0
1 1908
43.6
1903
0
1916
42.1
1915
236 2
1908
140.8
1903
25.6
1908
278.8
1915
45.7
1915
43.2 .
: 1908
43.3
1917
169.8
1903
83.8
1903
71.7
1909
108.9?
1915
92.2
1915
42.4
1915
16.3
1915
57.6
1915
26.4
1907
9.4
1915
49.2
1915
58.6
1915
0
1915
8
1915
32.4
1.
0
114!
0
0
0
53.1
0
0
44.8
0
42
187.8
I "
1914
1904
1904
1914
1903
1904
1914
1P04
1914
1918
1911
1918
1912
1905
190f
1906
1904
1911
1903
1906
1911
1911
1914
1911
1914
1911
1914
1905
1911
1914
1911
1911
1912
1911
1911
1914
1911
1914
1906
1912
1911
1906
1911
1913
1914
1918
1904
1904
1905
1905
1911
1910
1914
1918
1904
1914
1918
1918
1912
1913
(•)
1918
1914
1918
1918
1918
♦ Several years.
■ Also 1911.
"Also 1918.
374
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XIII. — Monthly extremes of rainfall — Continued,
Tabla XIII. — Valores extremes mensuales de lluvia — Continuacion.
Station.
Estaeion.
Jolo
Isabela, Basilan
Zamboanga
Davao
Caraga
Cotabato
Cagayan
Dapitan
Butuan
Dumaguete
Tagbilaran
Iwahig
Surigao
Maasin
Cebu
Bacolod
Iloilo
San Jose de Buenavista
Tuburan
Cuyo
Ormoc
Guiuan
Tacloban
Capiz
Bor.ongan
Calbayog
Masbate
Romblon
Batag
Gubat
Legaspi
Calapan
Virac
Naga
Batangas
Atimonan
Ambulong, Tanauan, Batangas
Silang
Paracale
Santa Cruz, Laguna
Corregidor
Manila
Antipolo
Olongapo
Iba
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
Arayat
Tarlac
Baler
Dagupan
Bolinao
Baguio
San Fernando, La Union
EchagUe
Candon
Vigan
Tuguegarao
Laoag
Aparri
Basco
Annual.
Anual.
Maximum.
Maxima.
Month and
Year.
Mes y Afio.
Minimum.
Minima.
Month and
Year.
Mes y Afio.
mm.
mm.
466.3
1.
1918
0
fix, IV, 1905.
Ill, 1906.
418.5
X,
1916
0
Ill, 1903, 1905.
302
I,
1916
0
fill, 1903, 1905.
IIV, V, 1908.
546.3
V,
1910
0
II, 1915.
707.4
II,
1903
15.7
VII, 1904.
444.3
VI,
1918
0
II, 1915.
438.7
XII,
1909
0
II, III, 1915.
624.4
XI.
1912
0
fill, 1915.
IV, 1906.
692
XI,
1904
3.7
II, 1915.
370.2
XII,
1915
0
II, 1915.
564.9
VII,
1912
0
II, 1915.
1,035.9
XI,
1917
0
II, III, 1914.
1,183.9
I,
1918
0
VI, 1905.
774.4
I,
1918
0
fll, 1915.
IV, 1912.
588.3
X,
1912
0
II, 1915.
438.8
VIII,
1907
.3
II, 1906.
762
VIII,
1904
0
fll, 1906, 1914.
tin, 1905.
1,064.4
X,
1915
0
(*)
342.8
IX,
1908
0
fill, 1905.
IIV, 1903.
789.6
VII,
1911
0
(•)
601.3
IX,
1908
2.5
II, 1914.
1,788.8
I.
1918
16.7
V, 1912.
1,385.1
I,
1918
12.1
II, 1914.
1,505.7
XII,
1903
.5
IV, 1915.
2,191.4
I,
1918
32.9
V, 1912.
716.7
XII,
1915
3.3
Ill, 1905.
522.3
XII,
1915
0
fll, 1906.
IIV, 1909.
637.2
XI,
1909
1.3
Ill, 1903.
894.5
II,
1917
11.7
V, 1915.
1,324.6
XII,
1903
8.9
IV, 1909.
1,130.6
XII,
1903
23
Ill, 1905.
747.4
XI.
1917
13.8
I, 1912.
829
XII,
1915
13.8
II, 1914.
990.7
XII,
1915
0
II, III, V, 1905.
676.8
IX,
1914
0
fll, 1915.
IIV, 1908, 1912.
1,277.9
XI,
1908
.3
II, 1915.
1,022.8
IX,
1914
0
II, 1915.
732.4
VII,
1909
0
fll, 1906.
till, 1904, 1905.
1,099.2
I.
1917
17
II, 1915.
632.6
IX.
1914
1.8
II, 1915.
1,100.1
VII.
1913
0
(*)
887.7
IX.
1914
0
(*)
1,100.9
IX.
1914
0
fl, 1914.
\II, 1915.
1,463.5
VIII.
1907
0
(•)
1,832.2
VII.
1911
0
(•)
676.4
VII,
1911
0
(*)
643.5
VII.
1905
0
(•)
924.9
VII,
1911
0
(•)
788.1
VII,
1909
6.4
III, 1904
1,300.4
VII.
1911
0
(*)
1,891.4
VII,
1911
0
(•)
3,381.7
VIL
1911
0
(•)
1,148.6
VIII.
1914
0
(•)
446.2
XI,
1917
2.9
III, 1914
1,941
VIII,
1916
0
(•)
1,864
VIII,
1916
0
(•)
1,315.7
XI,
1906
0
fll. 1907, 1912.
\I1I, 1903, 1904.
1,830.8 VIII,
1914
0
(•)
785.4 XI,
1906
0
III, 1903.
910.7 VIII,
1903
9.5
IV, 1918.
• Several
years.
RAINFALL. 375
Annual and monthly extremes of rainfall. — Table XII contains
the annual extremes of rainfall of 55 stations for the period
1903 to 1918. Prescinding from Baguio that appears with a
maximum annual precipitation of 9,038.3 mm., the highest values
are those of Paracale, on the north coast of Ambos Camarines,
Borongan and Guiuan, in the eastern part of Samar, and Capiz,
on the northern coast of Panay Island: they all appear with an
annual maximum amount of rainfall above 5,000 mm. As for
Manila, the year of maximum rainfall was 1908 with an annual
amount of 2,481.0 mm., while 1903 was the year of mini-
mum rainfall with an annual amount of only 1,030.4 mm. For
the years 1865 to 1902, the maximum annual rainfall was
"The northeast monsoon strikes the Islands on the eastern coast. As
there are no high mountains masses northeast of Mount Banahao, this
monsoon brings heavy rains to the northern and northeastern slopes of
the mountain. The moisture carried by the northeast monsoon is largely
deposited on the eastern half of the Islands; and the monsoon continues
over the western half of the Archipelago as a drying wind, which results
in a marked dry season in the latter region. The southwest monsoon is not
nearly so strong as the northeast monsoon, and although it brings rains
on the western side of the Archipelago, much of the rain which comes at
this season of the year is the result of the cyclonic disturbances (typhoons),
which cause the deposition of rains on both sides of the Islands. Thei'e-
fore, also during this season, heavy rains occur on the northern slopes of
Mount Banahao."
As shown in the table given above, the annual rainfall for Mount Ba-
nahao from November, 1915, to November, 1916, was 7,468.2 mm., an amount
which differs very slightly from the annual average of Kashoryo. And
although this is the annual rainfall of only one year, yet we consider it
very probable that the average of many years of observation would not
differ much from that amount, because, although the rainfall for November
and December, 1915, as well as that for January, 1916, were considerably
above the normal owing to the unusually frequent depressions and typhoons
of those months, yet, on the other hand, the rains during the typhoon
season in 1916 were much below the normal owing to an extraordinary
lack of typhoons in the Philippines during that season, as stated in our
Monthly Bulletins and Annual Report for 1916. Hence we believe that
there was a kind of compensation between the winter and the summer
rainfall, and therefore, that the annual rainfall obtained must not differ
much from the normal.
Again, the monthly distribution, as shown in the table above, is proper
of the second type with no dry season and a very pronounced maximum
rain period in winter. But for the reasons just given we believe that
with more years of observations the mean summer and autumn rainfall
would increase, and, on the contrary, the mean winter rainfall would not
be so pronounced, thus showing for Mount Banahao a monthly distribu-
tion of rainfall of the fourth type with no dry season and no very pro-
nounced maximum rain period: in other words, with heavy rains well
distributed throughout the entire year.
376
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
that of 1867 with an amount of 2,978.8 mm.S and the minimum
was that of 1885 with an annual amount of only 906.5 mm.
This was the only year drier than 1903.
In Table XIII the maximum and minimum monthly rainfalls
are given for the same period of 1903 to 1918. Baguio has an
absolute monthly maximum of 3,381.7 mm. (July, 1911). The
Iiighest monthly maximum for stations with a pronounced maxi-
mum rain period in winter is that of Borongan, on the eastern
coast of Samar, with the amount of 2,191.4 mm. (January,
1918). The absolute monthly maximum for Manila is 887.7
mm. (September, 1914). This was exceeded only three times in
the previous period of 1865 to 1902: September, 1867, 1,469.7
mm.; July, 1899, 1,190.9 mm.; and August, 1877, 1,095.6 mm., as
can be seen in Table XIV in which only monthly amounts of
rain over 500 mm. are included.
Table XIV. — Monthly amounts of rain over 500 millimeters registered
in Manila Observatory since the year 1865.
Year.
1865.
1867.
1869.
1872.
1876.
1877.
1877.
1880.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1887.
1888.
1890.
1891.
1891.
1895.
Month.
September.
. . ..do
October . . .
August. . . .
September.
July
August. . . .
July
....do... .
do
do
September.
July
September.
June
July
June
Amount.
mm.
687.9
,469.7
589.7
798.8
520.3
602
.,095.6
809.8
573.6
754 . 6
721
738
680.6
536.7
655.5
642.7
539.5
Year.
1896.
1899.
1900.
1902.
1904.
1905.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1911.
1912.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1917.
1918.
Month.
August. . . .
July
August. . . .
September.
July
do
do
August. . . .
July
do
do
Augu.=t. . . .
July
September.
July
do....
Amount.
mm.
6.50 . 2
1,190.9
770.9
523.3
682.2
594.4
504
645
561.8
698.5
529
656.6
570.6
887.7
606
621.9
Greatest rainfall in a single day. — Table XV gives for each
station and for every month of the year the greatest amount
of rain observed in a single day. Prescinding from Baguio,
which is the only station showing an absolute maximum daily
rainfall above 800 mm., Candon in Ilocos Sur and Laoag in Ilocos
Norte, are the only stations with a maximum daily precipita-
tion of more than 500 mm. The maximum daily rainfall for
^ Although the year 1919 does not enter in the period chosen for this
report, it may interest our readers to know that it broke all our records
since 1865 both as to the monthly and to the annual rainfall. The total
annual rainfall was 3,920.6 mm.: it is 941.8 mm, above the maximum
of 1867. The monthly rainfall for August, 1919, was 1,983.0 mm., an
amount which differs by +513.3 mm. from the monthly maximum ever
observed before in Manila since 1865. This maximum was that of Sep-
tember, 1867, with a monthly rainfall of 1,469.7 mm.
RAINFALL.
377
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CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
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RAINFALL.
379
Manila is 271.5 mm. Our readers may like to know that this
absolute maximum daily rainfall was exceeded only three times
in the years, 1865 to 1902, and that daily rainfalls of over
200 mm. are rather seldom registered in Manila. This is shown
by Table XVI in which we give all the daily amounts of rain
above 100 mm. recorded in Manila since the year 1865.
As to Baguio, the absolute maximum rainfall observed in a
single day is as great as 879.8 mm., an amount which is above
the annual average rainfall of many cities of Europe and of
the United States. This heavy rain occurred during a typhoon
which crossed the northern part of Luzon on July 14 to 15, 1911.
No less than 2,238.7 mm. of water were collected by the rain-
gauges of Baguio in four days, as follows: July 14, 879.8 mm.;
Table XVI. — Daily amounts of rain above 100 millimeters registered in
' Manila Observatory since the year 1865.
Year.
Date.
Amount.
Year.
Date.
Amount.
1865
Sept.
Juy 12
Sept. 23
Sept. 24
Sept. 25
Sept. 26
Sept. 30
Oct. 7
Nov. 22
June 23
July 19
Aug. 2
Aug. 20
Sept. 26
May 12
Aug. 2
Aug. 3
Aug. 22
Aug. 30
July 17
Sept. 13
June 21
Aug. 1
Aug. 14
Aug. 15
July 30
Sept. 20
Nov. 20
July 29
July 30
Aug. 4
Sept. 15
May 24
June 28
June 29
Au?. 20
July 28
Oct. 20
Jan. 1
July 28
July 29
July 30
July 20
July 21
July 21
Sept. 19
Sept. 20
Oct. 5
July 23
Aug. 16
July 15
114
145
135
330
306.3
162.4
126
172
139.1
102.8
101.8
107.6
105.2
128
101.8
226.5
129.2
176.1
124.8
104 . 5
117.8
111.4
118
149.1
192.7
128.8
162.3
102.6
166
290.1
111.6
213.1
166.8
119.6
139.3
118.8
176.8
165.2
186.1
154.6
156.9
114
178.3 '
179.5 ;
115.7
164.8
125.3
118.6 j
109.2
107.4
124.3
1890
July 16
Nov. 11
June 15
July 25
July 26
Sept. 15
Nov. 16
June 24
June 25
June 26
Sept. 2
June 28
July 9
July 10
July 18
July 19
July 20
Sept. 20
June 27
Oct. 3
Oct. 14
June 17
Sept. 22
June 25
July 12
July 13
April 29
July 1
July 2
May 18
July 29
Oct. 26
May 29
Aug. 5
July 15
Aug. 13
July 31
Sept. 9
Sept. 10
June 2
June 3
Sept. 1
Sept. 2
Sept. 3
Sept. 11
Nov. 3
July 11
July 9
Aug. 11
Oct. 15
mm.
189 1
1867
1890
153 8
1867
1891
252 7
1867
1 1891
136 8
1867
1891
139 4
1867
1891
115 8
1867
1891 . . .
180 6
1867
1895
143 4
1868
1895
111 6
1869
1895
106 5
1869
1895
115 6
1869
1899
105 2
1869
1899
209 8
1869
1899
158 7
1870
1899
169 3
1872
1899
253 5
1872
1899
148 8
1872
1899
180 8
1874 .'
i 1900
107
1876
1901
103 9
1876
1901
101 4
1877
1902
116 3
1877
' 1902
123 2
1877
1904
107.4
1877
1 1904
226.2
1878 .
1904
197 5
1879
1905
143.1
1879
1905
185.6
1880
1905
200.4
1880
1906
144.9
1880
1 1907
141.9
1880
' 1907
124.7
1881
' 1908
121 6
1881 . . .
1908
102.8
1881
1911
117
1881 .
1911
133.1
1882
1912
157.6
1882
1913
105.8
1883
1913
128.2
1883
1914
106.3
1883 . . .
1914
109.7
1883
1914
169.5
1 884
1914
234.7
1884
1914
114.5
1887
1915
103.3
1887 . .
1915
105.4
1887. . .
1917
107.6
1887
1918
271.5
1888
1918
135.7
1888
1918
194.3
1890
380 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
July 15, 733.6 mm.; July 16, 424.9 mm.; and July 17, 200.4 mm.
These daily amounts of rain are counted as it is customary in
the Philippines from 6 a. m. of one day to 6 a. m. of the next
day. But the most remarkable thing is that taking only the
period of hours in which the rains fell with most heaviness, we
have the incredible amount of 1,168.1 mm. recorded, as shown
in a Friez Quadruple Register in only 24 hours, from noon of
the 14th to noon of the ISth.^
^ The following note is reproduced here from a footnote of a pamphlet
which we published in 1912 on "The Extraordinary Drought in the Phil-
ippines— October, 1911, to May, 1912.''
"As a curiosity we mention that, as far as we are aware, there are
only two instances known in which the torrential rains of four conse-
cutive days exceeded this rainfall at Baguio. Both occurred likewise
at stations of great elevations, the one at Cherrapunji, in the Khasi
Mountains, India; the other at a place called Silver Hill, in the mountains
of eastern Jamaica.
The rains at Cherrapunji referred to, occurred from June 12 to 15,
1876, and the total amount of 2,586.7 millimeters (101.84 inches) was
distributed over the four days as follows: June 12, 773.4 millimeters
(30.45 inches) ; June 13, 196.8 millimeters (7.75 inches) ; June 14, 1,036.3
millimeters (40.80 inches); and June 15, 580.1 millimeters (22.84 inches).
We are indebted for these particulars to the Director-general of ob-
servatories, India, who, replying to an inquiry, assured us that these
figures represent the absolute maximum of rainfall for four consecutive
days and for twenty-four hours, respectively, observed at Cherrapunji
from 1871 to 1911. There are no records antedating 1871.
The second instance of most extraordinary rains occurred at Silver
Hill in November 1909. According to the Scientific American, 2,451.1
millimeters (96.50 inches) fell in four days, and on two days 1,460.5
millimeters (57.50 inches). That these figures are at least approximately
correct is indicated by the records of the nearest stations.
From the time at which this note was written, we have learned of a few
other cases in which similar daily amounts of rain have been recorded.
In Funkiko, Formosa, we find a three days' rainfall with 2,071 mm. (81.54
inches) on July 18-20, 1913 (July 18, 400 mm.; July 19, 638.0 mm.; July 20
1,033 mm.), and one day's rainfall with 1,034 mm. on August 31, 1911.
In Honomu, Hawaii, there was a heavy daily downpour of 811.5 mm.
(31.95 inches), the heaviest ever recorded in that territory, on February
20, 1918.
It would seem very probable that heavy daily rainfalls like those men-
tioned must have occurred also in Kashoryo, Formosa : but unfortunately we
have no daily records from that place, as the gauge there is read only
on the 1st, 10th and 20th of each month.
Although Baguio is not one of the wettest places of the world, yet the
record of 1,168.1 mm. in 24 hours is considered, as far as known, a world's
rainfall record for a period of 24 consecutive hours (See Monthly Weather
Review, Vol. 47, No. 5, page 302).
RAINFALL. 381
Greatest rainfall for a single hour m Manila. — It being im-
possible at present to give this information for any considerable
number of our stations, we have taken from the records of the
Central Office all the cases in which an hourly amount of rainfall
over 40 mm. has been registered in Manila from 1903 to 1918.
This information is included in Table XVII. The greatest hourly
rainfall for the whole period is 65 mm. from 9 to 10 p. m. on
April 29, 1905, when a typhoon was traversing Luzon north of
Manila between San Fernando, La Union, and Dagupan. This
is also the greatest hourly rainfall recorded in Manila since 1885,
as the maximum of the period 1885 to 1902 was 60 mm. on May
21, 1892, from 5 to 6 p. m.
It may be added here that the greatest hourly amount of rain
Table XVII. — Greatest hourly amount of rain over UO millimeters registered
in Manila, 1903-1918.
Tabla XVII. — Cantidades maximas de lluvia en una hora naayores de 40 millimteros registradaa
en Manila, 1903-1918.
Amount.
Cantidad.
Date. Hoi r.
Fecha. Hora.
Tntn.
52.2 August 26, 1903 7:00- 8:00 p. m.
44.5 July 12,1904 1:.50- 2:30 p.m.
46 July 13,1904 2:3.o- 3:25 a.m.
41.2 Sept. 20,1904 3:00-4:00 p.m.
65 April 29, 1905 8:00- 9:00 p. m.
57.4 June 8,1905 11:00-12:00 mdt.
48.4 July 29,1907 9:00-10:00 p.m.
47 May 10,1909 1:00-2.00 p.m.
43.2 June 18,1909 4:00-5.00 a.m.
44.5 August 13, 1910 9:00-10:00 a. m.
46.5 April 14,1913 .^>:00- 6:00 p.m.
40.9 June 12,1913 7:00-8:00 p.m.
42.9 June 26,1915 10:00-11:00 p.m.
42.7 ." June 24,1917 3:00-4:00 p.m.
47.4 August 7,1917 1:00-2:00 p.m.
50.3 August 19, 1918 6:00-7.00 p.m.
registered in Baguio during the typhoon of July, 1911, mentioned
above, was 89.9 mm., from 4 to 5 p. m. of July 14th.
Average monthlij and annual rainy clays. — The study of a
climate would not be complete if together with the amount of
monthly and annual rainfall, the number of rainy days would
not be given. By a rainy day is generally understood a day
of rain in which 0.1 millimeter of water or more has fallen.
Table XVIII gives the average monthly and annual rainy days
for 53 stations of the Philippines divided into the four t\T)es
of climate. The regions with the second type show the greatest
number of rainy days, generally over 200. Borongan, on the
eastern coast of Samar, appears with the maximum number, 242.
By averaging the mean annual number of rainy days of the
382
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
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RAINFALL.
383
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T-H »-l *-H ^- *-l tH »-t
^ O O) C- OJ
OJ rH t-H f-H T-i
iH i-< 1-1 i-H 1-1 T-< N *-• r-l tH 1-4
*HlONOCOOCCOt-'rt<OOCJiO
.-iio.-ittstot-i.iWTj'i-Tj'io
NicwoiuiGOt-Oicot-eoN
lM00Ti'05«D00i-lt-Ni-iOO
C5NO0C— ic000C^ONO05
CDt.OC0(^t-COi.OOOOOOO?OlO
lotototDOit-ooiOtxi-rrx
tOC-05000'-l-^N-<fOeO'-i
t-ojeo^eoto«omioeo«o«o
to
c
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o <« S bi • -S .2 "c 3 M.^
S CO 3 a 4> a" o M o 3 a
CQ
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pj
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»H*H.-t»HrHrHC<lClCJi-t»-tN
Tj'0«0>-<(MNOOO»t-t-«30
rtT-l,-liH,H,H,Hr-l,-<i-l,-lM
UJO00Or-lr-<t-t-^U5C10C.
eoooT'^W'-'CCooooooiot-
«DMO»CCC>5a>C-O500->t;DCO
oooe<50c-mocoN«o«>o
05ooai05C-c-o)Tj<coc-wco
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384
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
53 stations included in Table XVIII, we have an annual average
of 159 rainy days for the whole Archipelago.
Remai'kable floods. — It is not our intention to give here a com-
plete list of all the floods observed in the Philippines during the
period 1903 to 1918, but only to mention the most remarkable
as far as we have found them described in our Monthly Bulletins
for that period. By floods we do not mean the inundations
caused at times on the coasts of the Islands by the so-called
hurricane or cyclonic waves which accompany the cyclones or
typhoons in their movement of progression on the sea. We wish
to mention only floods produced by heavy rains, whether these
rains connected with typhoons or not.
Floods in Manila and surrounding provinces. — The most im-
portant floods in Manila and surrounding provinces for the period
chosen are those of 1904 and 1914.^ And it may be well to
remark that in both cases there was no typhoon near Manila,
but only quite distant typhoons over the Pacific northeast of the
Philippines.
Floods of July, 1904.. — On the floods of 1904 the following data
are taken from the General Weather Notes for July, 1904, by
Rev. Miguel Saderra Maso:
Table XIX. — Daily rainfall in the stations of central Luzon for July
12-15, 190 Jt.
Station.
July 12.
July 13.
July 14.
July 15.
Total.
Tuguegarao_ _ _. .
m,m..
8.3
6.9
117.9
252.2
393.7
124.7
145.8
374.4
128.3
161.3
176.8
112.3
166.1
175.0
226.2
120.6
103.6
12.7
0.2
7nm.
12.1
10.9
2.0
1.3
41.4
4.3
6.4
79.0
46.7
49.0
83.8
73.4
167.6
305.8
197.5
341.1
155.7
90.7
3.3
TO»n.
""742"
10.4
16.5
26.4
54.1
21.8
76.2
36.1
87.9
110.5
183.9
35.6
59.2
52.2
69.6
142.5
59.7
1.3
mm.
1.5
81.5
1.5
22.6
12.4
70.1
22.6
50.8
34.3
42.7
70.1
134.4
46.2
75.2
34.0
62.5
54.9
26.9
mm.
21.9
Vigan__
173.5
Candon
131.8
San Fernando, Union
Baguio..
292.6
473.9
Bolinao
253.2
Dagupan . ..
196.6
Masinloc , _
580.4
Tarlac . .
245.4
Arayat _ .
340.9
Porac _
441.2
01ongapo,__ _.
504.0
Marilao.
415.5
Balanga.
615.2
Manila _.
509.9
Sta. Ana, Manila ,.
593.8
Corregidor
456.7
Malahi Island .
190.0
Atimonan
4.8
^ More important than any of these were the floods of 1919, of which
we expect to give interesting details in a separate pamphlet. They were
particularly remarkable for their extraordinary protracted duration. As
to the heaviness of the rain that produced such floods, something has
been said above in a footnote.
RAINFALL. 385
Looking now at the distribution of the rains as revealed in
this table we find that the western coast of Zambales, the slopes
on the east of its great mountain range, and the valley of the
Pasig give us the greatest amounts and in about equal quantities.
This precipitation explains the inundations of Tarlac, Zambales,
Bataan, Manila, and even the disastrous flood of San Juan del
Monte ; for the soil in this last place is more or less broken and
stony with a subsoil of volcanic tuff, which could not possibly
absorb such an enormous quantity of water in a short time. The
reader may imagine what would have been the effects of the
flood if that immense amount of water which covered the plains
of Santa Ana, Pasay, Uliuli, Sampaloc, etc., for many miles had
been forced to escape through a narrow and steep channel. The
newspapers published full accounts of the flood and the heavy
losses it caused.
Floods of September, 1914. — On occasion of the floods of 1914,
the author of these lines published a detailed account of the heavy
rains that caused them, together with a comparative study of
those rains and floods and other heavy rains or floods of the
preceding years since 1865. Part of the information given there
will be reproduced here, as it is considered particularly in-
teresting: ^
Many still remember the heavy rains and the consequent
floods that occurred in Manila and in several provinces of the
western part of Luzon during the first few days of this month
of September. We have brought together here all the data we
could obtain on the subject and we believe that it will not be
without interest to our readers.
In the following table we give the amount of rain that was
registered in our stations of Luzon on each of the three con-
secutive days of heavy rain, together with the total fall for the
three days.
As the period of extraordinary rains began in Manila a little
before midnight of August 31 and ended at about 6 a. m. on
September 3, it follows that, as we reckon the daily rainfall for
the Philippines from 6 a. m. to 6 a. m. of the next day, August
31 must be counted as one of the three days of heavy rain,
whereas, if we would count the daily rainfall from midnight to
midnight, September 3 should be included as one of the rainy
days instead of August 31. Something similar happened in some
of the other stations.
A cursory examination of the table shows the following facts :
(1) The rainiest zone of the period was that which includes
the western part of the island from the Province of Pangasinan
to that of Batangas, both included. It will also be remembered
that in the provinces of this zone there occurred the greatest
floods, the effects of which were spoken of for several days in
the Manila press.
(2) The rains were not equally heavy throughout the whole
* The Typhoons and Floods of September, 19U, by Rev. Jose Coronas,
S. J., Manila, 1914.
171073 25
386
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XX. — Rainfall in the stations of Luzon during the three days, Sep-
tember 1, 2, 3, 1914.
Stations.
Aparri
Laoag
Tuguegarao
Vigan
Candon
Echaglie
San Fernando, La Union
Baguio
Bolinao
Dagupan
Baler
Tarlac
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija .
Iba
Olongapo
Montalban
Antipolo
Manila:
In the park
On the tower
Lamao
Alabang
Corregidor
Santa Cruz, Laguna
Paracale
Silang
Ambulong, Tanauan, Batangas.
Atimonan
Batangas --.
Nueva Caceres -
Legaspi
August
31.
mm.
J 56.6
77.3
190.6
16.5
17
264.2
114.8
151.4
127.3
95.5
Sep-
Sep-
Sep-
tember 1.
tember 2.
tember 3.
m.m,.
mm.
mm..
0
1
1
78.7
59.4
3.8
15.7
0
61
99.5
65.6
51.4
36.3
0
8.1
25.1
44.2
132.5
51.4
259.5
95.6
15.5
60.5
i24.8
129.3
96.7
184.6
1.8
6.4
5.4
17.8
18.6
55.1
19.6
59.7
67
296.1
165.1
146.6
422.1
274.3
182.9
1
282.9
248.9
1
239.4
249.2
i
176.2
223.2
147.8
186.4
196.9
121.9
108
106.7
63.2
85.1
225
157.2
92.4
6.4
1.8
0
101.9
80
102.3
97.5
103.4
228.3
34.6
26.1
33.8
. 54.4
25.2
244.9
5.8
2.1
2.6
12
3.8
6.3
Total in
3 days.
2
194.7
19.5
226.1
165
33.2
228.1
545.7
200.8
410.6
24.7
41.8
91.7
422.8
733.8
721.4
646.6
640
526.7
531.1
336.6
373.3
345.1
8.2
284.2
429.2
94.5
324.5
10.5
22.1
of this zone, nor were the maximum falls recorded on the same
dates. The heaviest rains fell (prescinding from Baguio) in
Olongapo, Antipolo, Lamao, Manila, and Montalban; in other
words, the Provinces of Rizal and Bataan and the southern part
of the Province of Zambales. The greatest amount of rain of the
three days was recorded on the 1st, in Antipolo, Montalban, and
Santa Cruz, Laguna; on the 2d, in Manila; and on the 3d, in
Bolinao, Dagupan, Iba, Olongapo, Lamao, Corregidor, Silang,
Ambulong, and Batangas.
(3) Outside the zone mentioned above, the rains of this period
were somewhat abundant in the western part of northern Luzon,
viz., in the Provinces of La Union, Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte ;
but small throughout the whole of the eastern part of the island.
With regard to the hourly distribution of the rain in Manila
during the three days, September 1, 2, and 3, we may note
that the hours in which it rained most were from 11 p. m.,
August 31, to 6 a. m. September 1 (92 mm. on the tower and
103.2 mm. in the park, in seven hours), from 8 p. m., September
1, to 8 a. m. of the 2d (184.8 mm. on the tower and 250 mm.
RAINFALL.
387
in the park, in twelve hours), and from 9 p. m. of the 2d to
6 a. m. of the 3d (105.5 mm. on the tower and 117.2 mm. in the
park, in nine hours) . We do not think that the flood would have
been so high if the amount of rain that actually fell had been
better divided during the hours of these three days.
To form some idea of the extraordinary rainfall in Manila
during these days it will be sufficient to point out the following
facts :
(a) The normal rainfall of Manila for the whole of the month
of September, is 370.3 ^ mm. ; so that the amount of rain that
fell in the first three days of September, 1914, was 148.4 mm.
greater than the normal of the whole month. Moreover, even
the rainfall of the first two days was 33.9 mm. greater than the
normal.
(b) During the last fifty years there have only been two
occasions on which the rainfall for three consecutive days was
greater than in the present period. These quantities were 804.7
mm. for September 24, 25, and 26, 1867, and 571.6 mm. for
July 18, 19, and 20, 1899. Two other amounts which come close
to that of this year are 500.5 mm. for July 28, 29, 30, 1880,
and 475.9 mm. for July 12, 13, 14, 1904.
It will not be without interest to copy here from the records
of the Observatory the following data concerning the greatest
rainfalls for three days that have occurred in Manila since 1865 :
Table XXI. — Greatest rainfalls for three successive days in Manila, 1865-
19U.
Year.
1867
1872
1880
1883
1884
Month.
September
August. . .
July
do ... .
, ...do
Days.
24
25
26
2
3
4
28
29
30
28
29
30
20
21
22
Daily
Total in
Year.
ramfali.
3 days.
mm.
mm.
336
306.3
\ 804.7
1890
162.4
22b.. 5
129.2
[ 383.1
27.4
44.4
1899
166
[ 500.5
290.1
154.6
156.9
[ 425.5
1904
114
178.3
i
179.5
[ 420
1914
62.2
1
Month.
July ,
do.
Days.
.do.
.do.
September .
14
15
16
9
10
11
18
19
20
12
13
14
1
2
3
Daily Total in
rainfall. 3 days.
tn 771.
58.
124.
189.
209.
158.
54.
169.
253
148.
226.
197.
62.
169.
234.
114.
771771.
372.1
423.2
571.6
475.9
518.7
It may be asked whether the floods observed in these periods
were as great as the total amount of rain during the three days
would seem to indicate. As we have not at hand data on floods
that occurred previous to 1899, we restrict ourselves to the floods
of 1899, 1904, and 1914. Of these three, the greatest was the
one of 1904; then comes very similar in character, although
perhaps a little inferior, that of this year, 1914; and in the
third place the flood of 1899, which was of very slight importance
compared with the other two. And yet, against what we would
^ The normal given in this report obtained from the period 1903-1918
i<s 358.2 mm.
388 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
expect, we find that the total amounts of rain for the three days
corresponding to these floods are in inverse order, viz., 1899, 1914,
and 1904. If instead of three days we take only two days, the
result is not much more satisfactory, for we have 423.7 mm. in
1904, 422.8 mm. in 1899, and 404.2 mm. for 1914; so that the
rainfall in two days is almost the same for 1904 and 1899 and
both of them greater than in 1914, and yet, as was indicated
above, the floods of 1904 and 1914 were very similar, and that
of 1899 very much smaller.
Prescinding from other circumstances that could influence
more or less the greatness of the floods, and fixing our attention
only on the manner in which the greater or less amount of rain
probably influences the flood, we believe that it is not so much the
sum total of rain in two or three consecutive days that has the
greatest influence in producing greater or smaller floods, as the
greater or less amount of rain accumulated in intervals of a few
hours. Moreover, even supposing the same or similar quantities
of rain in the same number of hours, the greatness of the con-
sequent flood will depend in great part on whether this rainy
period has followed two or three days of more or less wet weather
during which the subsoil has already been saturated, or has
followed two or three days of little or no rain.
With this, let us see what happened in the three floods we are
engaged upon. In 1904, which is the year of the greatest floods,
281.1 mm. of rain fell in fifteen hours (July 12, 1 p. m. to
July 13, 4 a. m.), while in 1899 and 1914 the greatest amount
accumulated in twelve hours was respectively 182 mm. (July 19,
i a. m. to 1 p. m.), and 184.8 mm. (September 1, 8 p. m. to
September 2, 8 a. m.). According to this it would appear that
the flood of 1899 ought not to have been less than that of 1914,
nor the one of 1914 so similar to that of 1904. Nevertheless,
it must be remembered that while the three days of rainfall
in 1899 began suddenly after six days of practically no rain,
in 1914 they took place after a series of wet days and specially
after two days in which the rain had been somewhat heavy, viz.,
43.3 and 57.9 mm., respectively, on August 30 and 31. On the
other hand, although it is true that the three days of rain in
1904 had also been preceded by a few more or less wet days,
yet these rains were of much less importance than those which
preceded the 1914 period of rains; thus during the two days
preceding July 12, 1904, only 30.5 and 26.7 mm. were collected
in the gauges of Manila, and during these same days there
were intervals of several hours without any rain at all, with
more than five hours sunshine on the 10th, and more than two
hours on the 11th, while in 1914 there were only two hours of sun-
shine on the 30th and none at all on the 31st of August. Hence
though the accumulation of water in a determinated period of
hours was considerably less in 1914 than in 1904, nevertheless
the saturated condition of the subsoil at the beginning of the
three days of abundant rain in September, 1914, caused the
flood to be much greater than would otherwise have been the
case.
RAINFALL. 339
Floods in central and northern Luzon. — These floods are gen-
erally caused by typhoons crossing the northern part of Luzon
during the typhoon season from May to October, and especially
from July to September. They are quite frequent, particularly
in the Provinces of Cagayan, Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, owing
to the frequency of typhoons striking the northernmost part of
Luzon. We say that these floods are generally produced by
tj^hoons crossing northern Luzon, not to exclude possible cases
in which floods may be produced at times in northeastern Luzon
by heavy rains owing to northerly currents so common in the
winter months. Thus we see a case, recorded in the Monthly
Bulletin of the Manila Observatory for December, 1903, of great
floods that occurred in the region of the Cagayan River as an
effect of strong and protracted northerly winds produced by the
coexistence of a high pressure center to the north of Luzon and
of a low pressure area covering the Visayas, Mindanao, and the
Sulu Sea. Another similar case, but of much greater impor-
tance, is mentioned in the Monthly Bulletin for November, 1906,
in which the rains in northeastern Luzon were so abundant,
especially in the southern part of Cagayan Province and in Isa-
bela Province, that Tuguegarao reported the enormous amount of
1,086.9 mm. of rain in only eleven days: from November 20 to
30. The consequent floods were terrible, causing in the Caga-
yan Valley great loss of life and incalculable material damages.
The most important of these floods produced by typhoons in
central and northern Luzon during the period 1903 to 1918 are
those of October, 1908, October, 1909, and July, 1911. In the
three cases a severe typhoon was traversing the northernmost
part of Luzon. The following is taken from what we said on
these floods in three of our pamphlets concerning typhoons.^
Floods of October, 1908. — The floods were general in all the
rivers of central and northern Luzon, and so extraordinary that
a similar flood is almost unknown in the Philippines. To the
data given above by eyewitnesses we have to add that the flood
of the Agno River destroyed several kilometers of railroad track
of the Dagupan Railroad, and that the Bued River cut away a
considerable part of the plateau of Pozorrubio and caused great
damage to the Benguet Road.
Floods of October, 1909.— The first typhoon of October 17 to
18, which was of much greater intensity, was, moreover, accom-
' Three Typhoons in Luzon, October 4 to IS, 1908, The Typhoons of Oc-
tober, 1909, and The Typhoons of July, 1911, by Rev. Jose Coronas, S. J.,
1909 and 1911.
390 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
panied by torrential rains, at least in some provinces of Luzon,
and even at considerable distances from the vortex. These
caused unusually heavy floods, such as have rarely been seen in
the Philippines. The extraordinary rainfall of October 17 and
18 and the consequent flood v^^ere responsible for so extensive
damages along the famous Benguet Road, that the latter had
to be closed to traffic for two months.
To the slow progress of this typhoon must likewise be at-
tributed— not precisely the fact that in some regions the rains
were so excessively heavy — but that, like the hurricane winds,
they lasted for so many hours. The amount of water which
fell at Baguio during the twenty-four hours from 6 a. m. of the
17th to 6 a. m. of the 18th is the largest on record in the Phil-
ippines ' viz, 689.7 millimeters (27.15 inches).
Rains so extraordinary in intensity and duration could not
fail to produce terrible floods in central and northern Luzon as
already mentioned.
Floods of July, 1911. — The most striking feature of this ty-
phoon were the extraordinarily heavy rains which from July
14 to 17 fell in western Luzon, but especially in Baguio. It
seems incredible that during so short an interval of time 2,238.7
millimeters should have fallen at Baguio; and we would have
had difficulties in believing it, had we not found it thus registered
by the pluviometer on the "quadruple register" as used at the
first-class stations of the Weather Bureau.
The total amount of precipitation for Baguio was distributed
over the four days as follows: On the 14th, 879.8 millimeters;
15th, 733.6 millimeters; 16th, 424.9 millimeters; 17th, 200.4 milli-
meters.
The accounts which the daily papers published of the enormous
losses caused by the heavy rains and consequent floods on July
16 to 18, are presumably still fresh in the memory of everybody.
Above all the damages done to the railway from Manila to
Naguilian and Camp One, and to the Benguet Road deserve to
be mentioned.
Floods in the Visayas and Mindanao. — These floods, like those
of northern Luzon, occur mainly during typhoons or depressions
that cross the Visayas or Mindanao, particularly from November
to January, or also while low-pressure areas cover those islands
in the winter months. Severe typhoons and consequent heavy
rains and floods are quite frequent in Samar and Leyte.
In December, 1903, great floods were reported from the Vi-
sayas and northern Mindanao; also from northern Mindanao
on December, 1909, and from the Visayas on January, 1916.
But the most remarkable were those of Mindanao during a
typhoon on the 22d to 24th of January, 1916.
^ We said this in 1909: This daily amount, however, was surpassed during
the heavy rains of July, 1911.
RAINFALL. 391
The following is taken from one of our pamphlets on ty-
phoons : ^
The floods that occurred in Mindanao as an effect of the heavy
rains observed there, are generally considered as the worst and
most destructive experienced in many years in that island. The
losses were enormous, particularly in Agusan Province, where
all the rivers rose to an average of about 25 feet (7 to 8 meters)
above their ordinary level, all the towns having been 3 to 4
feet (one meter or more) under the water, and some of them
10 to 16 or even 17 feet (3 to 5 meters).
It can be surely stated that the immense region from Ebro
and Los Martires to Veruela and Gracia was transformed into
a great lake where only the tops of the trees were visible. The
crops were a complete loss in many of the tovras, a great number
of labor animals was killed, and many houses, wharfs, and
bridges were practically swept away by the rushing waters.
In the Provinces of Lanao and Bukidnon many strong bridges
were washed away, a great number of roads were destroyed
or greatly damaged, and the crops, particularly in the low
valleys, were either totally or partially lost. In Misamis Prov-
ince there were enormous losses caused by the floods to the
crops, bridges, and roads. The rivers throughout the province
rose to a height of about 21 to 22 feet (6 to 7 meters) above
their ordinary level. In Davao Province a great deal of damage
was done to roads and bridges, some of them having been totally
destroyed: in the town of Moncayo the water was 20 feet (6
meters) high in the streets, and practically all the houses and
bridges were destroyed. In the Province of Zamboanga the
bridges between the Capital and the Penal Colony of San Ramon
were destroyed by the torrential rains.
Extraordinary periods of drought. — From what has been said
above on the general causes of rainfall in the Philippines, it
is evident that, as they generally affect the whole Archipelago,
if at any time there is a failure of rainfall, it will generally be
felt not only in Luzon but also in the Visayas and Mindanao.
The periods of extraordinary drought, however, are not, as a
rule, very long, but rather limited to the winter and spring
months. Hence it is that a year of extraordinary drought in
the Philippines does not necessarily mean a very dry year as a
whole, because the rains that fall in summer and autumn often
fully compensate the lack of rain of the first part of the year.
Thus the extraordinary drought of October, 1911, to May, 1912,
was hardly noticed in the annual amounts of those two years
corresponding to Manila and in the general amounts of the
stations on the western part of Luzon.
Table XXII will help one to see at once the years in which there
* The Typhoons and Floods of January, 1916, by Rev. Jose Coronas, S. J.,
Manila, 1916.
392
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XXII. — Rainfall from November to May for
Tabla XXII. — Lluvia de noviembre a mayo para
Zamboanga.
. Davao.
Surigao.
Year.
Afio.
Total in
7 Months.
Total de
7 meses.
Percent-
age OF
Normal.
Por ciento
de la
normal.
Total in
7 Months.
Total de
7 meses.
Percent-
age of
Normal.
Por ciento
de la
normal.
Total in
7 Months.
Total de
7 meses.
Percent-
age OP
Normal.
Por ciento
de la
normal.
1902-1903
mm.
148.3
mm.
35.3
mm.
684.6
1,234.2
1,211.7
mm.
58.4
105.2
103.3
mm.
1,318.7
2,487.5
1,278.7
mm.
55.9
105.4
54.2
1903-1904
1904-1905
299.8
281.5
496.6
137
71.5
67.1
118.4
32.7
1905-1906
1906-1907
1,182.5
1,896.2
100.8
161.6
1907-1908
3,282.3
2,319.1
3,290.3
2,628.8
1,268.9
139
98.2
139.4
111.4
53.8
1908-1909
1909-1910
1,891.3
1,334.5
975.7
895.7
1,064.7
505.6
1,303.6
1,057
1,188
161.2
113.7
83.2
76.3
90.8
43.1
111.1
90.1
101.3
1910-1911
1911-1912
315.2
390.6
348,1
168.7
802.3
806.1
840.5
75.1
93.1
83
40.2
191.2
192.1
200.3
1912-1913
1913-1914
1914-1915 . . .
1,494.5
3,061.9
2,505.5
3,390.7
63.3
129.7
106.1
143.6
1915-1916
1916-1917
1917-1918
Mean
419.6
i 1,173.2
2,360.6
Media
*
Leo
VSPI.
Batangas.
Atimonan.
Ykar.
Ano.
Total in 7
Months.
Total de 7
meses.
Percent-
age OF
Normal.
Por ciento
de la
normal.
Total in 7
Months.
Total de 7
meses.
Percent-
age of
Normal.
Por ciento
de la
normal.
Total in 7
Months.
Total de 7
meses.
Percent-
age of
Normal.
Por ciento
de la
normal.
1902-1903
mm.
1,014.8
3,475
713.4
1,372.6
1,881.6
2,614.1
2,119.1
2,840.8
2,377.5
800.1
1,904.6
1,259.6
745.8
2,611.1
2,856.1
1,983.7
mm.
53.1
181 9
mm.
mm.
mm.
657
1,913.6
1,130.2
1,336
1,502.8
1 ,942 . 5
2,866
1,419.6
1,845.1
346.7
1,276.6
1,289.2
512.4
2,716.8
2,888
1,608.4
mm.
41.6
121.5
71.6
84.7
95.2
123.1
181.6
90
116.9
22
80.9
81.7
32.5
172.1
183
101.9
1903-1904
1904-1905
37.3
71.8
98.5
136.8
110.9
148.7
124.4
41.9
99.7
65.9
39
136.6
149.5
103.8
1905-1906
1906-1907
1907-1908
423.4
891.1
566.1
776.4
82.5
381.3
340.7
88.3
853.2
326.3
353.3
91.6
192.8
122.6
168.1
17.9
82.6
73.7
19.2
184.6
70.7
76.4
1908-1909
1909-1910
1910-1911
1911-1912
1912-1913
1913-1914
1914-1915
1915-1916
1916-1917
1917-1918
Mean
1,910.6
462.1
1,578.2
Media
(
RAINFALL.
393
several stations of the Philippines, 1903 to 1918.
varias estaciones de Filipinas, 1903 a 1 918.
Cedu.
Total in
7 Months.
Total de
7 meses.
mm.
348.6
1 ,262 . 8
255.3
380.9
667.8
820
531.6
1,308.3
741.3
252.5
307.3
'224.9
897
865 . 8
Percent-
age OF
Normal.
Por ciento
de la
normal.
mm.
55.1
199.4
40.3
60.2
105.5
129.5
84
206.6
117.1
39.9
48.6
35.5
141.
136.
ILOILO.
Capiz.
Total in
7 Months.
Total de
7 meses.
m,m.
336.1
1,093
472.5
Calbayog.
Percent-
age OP
Normal.
Por ciento
de la
normal.
Total in
7 Months
Total de
7 meses.
Percent-
age op
Normal.
Por ciento
dela
normal.
Total in
7 Months,
Total de
7 meses.
mm.
52.1
171.3
74.1
434.2
709.5
7 AT A
1,012.1
937.8 I
165.4 I
774.5
485
257.8
867.8
766.2
511
68.1
111.2
117.1
158.6
147
25.9
121.4
76
40.4
136
120.1
80.1
mm.
543.3
3,259.9
953.9
mm.
51.8
310.8
90.9
mm.
652.8
1.918.8
603.7
1,194.7
661
1,073
244.3
864.9
483.4
. 213.9
1,578.5
1,118.1
1,593.2
63
102.3
23.3
82.4
46.1
20.4
150.5
106.6
151.9
1,363
1 ,263
1,901
1,650
522.
1 ,230
943.
504
2,336
1,638,
2 ,239
Percent-
age OF
Normal.
Por ciento
dc la
normal.
mm.
49
144.2
45.4
89.8
102.4
94.9
142.9
124
39.3
92.5
70.9
37.9
175.5
123.1
168.3
633.2
638
1,049
1,330.9
Manila.
Total in 7
Months.
Total de 7
meses.
Percent-
age OF
, Normal.
Por ciento
de la normal.
Olongapo.
Total in 7
Months.
Total de 7
meses.
mm.
191.1
368.6
303.2
437
347.3
708.1
588.2
681.1
559.9
84.9
430.1
223.2
157
567.3
367.1
431.2
48.2
92.9
76.4
110.2
87.6
178.5
148.3
"146.5
141.2
21.4
108.4
56.3
39.6
143
92.6
108.7
Percent-
age OF
Normal.
I Por ciento
de la normal.
mm.
152.5
299.6
mm.
45.9
90.2
171.4
51.6
463
139.3
600.2
180.6
728.9
219.3
377.1
113.5
38.4
11.6
i95.8
58.9
San Isidro.
Dagupan.
Total in 7
-Months.
Total de 7
meses.
Percent-
age OF
Normal.
Por ciento
de la normal.
Total in 7
Months.
Total de 7
meses.
mm.
256
438.8
245.3
605.3
352.1
276
332.3
106
83.
531.7
592.4
535.1
531.3
188.8
296
339.8
228,3
525 . 5
428.5
430.7
411.6
mm.
62.2
106.6
59.6
147.1
Percent-
age OF
Normal.
Por ciento
de la
normal.
129.2
143.9
130
129.1
45.9
71.9
82.6
55.5
127.7
104.1
104.6
mm.
317
543.1
296.8
1 ,009 . 7
403.3
485.2
704.9
609
489.1
260.6
563.4
301.7
342.2
558.8
471.2
476.8
489 6
mm.
64.7
110.9
60.6
206.2
82.4
99.1
144
124.4
99 9
53.2
115.1
61.6
69.9
114.1
96.2
97.4
394
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
was an extraordinary lack of rainfall during the period 1903
to 1918. Only a few stations have been chosen, for which the
total rainfall from November to May is given for every year of
that period together with the percentage of the normal for the
seven months, November to May.
It appears from this table ,that there has been a general lack
of rain in the years 1903, 1905, 1912, 1914, and 1915. But the
most important and more general periods of drought were those
of 1903, 1912, and 1915. A few words on each of them will
be of interest.
Drought of 1903. — As far as Manila is concerned we may say
that the distribution of rainfall for the year 1903 was very
extraordinary. There was a considerable lack of rain through-
out the year, except only in December, thus making that year
the driest on record since 1865 with the only exception of 1885.
That the conditions shown by Manila records did not differ
Table XXIII. — Rainfall in the Philippines during the year 190S.
January to May.
June to October.
station.
Normal.
1903
Differ-
ence.
Per
cent.
Normal.
1903
Differ-
ence.
Per
cent.
Aparri
mm.
528.8
66
97
146.7
262.4
184.2
927.8
604.3
974.4
334.3
331.5
476.7
1,532 1
733.9
235.1
624.6
Tnm.
260.6
188.8
72.7
118.6
60.8
62.4
330,1
257,9
552.6
180.7
169.8
164.7
836.4
509.9
71.8
229.3
mm.
—268.2
+ 122.8
— 24.3
— 28.1
—201,6
—121.8
—588.7
—346.4
—421,8
—153.6
—161.7
—312
—695.7
—224
—163.3
—295.2
49
286
75
81
23
34
37
43
57
54
51
34
55
69
31
44
mTn.
969.2
495.1
1,704.9
2,242.2
1,349.6
1,-536.2
1,316.6
1,261.9
1,228.3
1,272.9
852.6
1,748.2
734.9
891.5
464.8
721.9
mm.
1,033
1,105.1
1,826.5
1,795,5
982.9
773.7
722.6
1,184.1
759
1,249.4
758.2
1,234.6
540.5
794.6
321.3
1,074.7
tnm.
+ 63.8
+ 610
+ 121,6
—446.7
—366.7
—762 . 5
—593.9
— 77.8
—469.3
— 23.5
— 94.4
—513.6
—194.4
— 96.9
—143.6
+352.8
107
Tuguegarao
223
Vigan
107
Bolinao
80
San Isidro
73
Manila
50
Daet
55
Atimonan
94
Legaspi
62
Iloilo
98
Cebu
89
Bacolod
71
Surigao
74
Davao
89
Zamboanga
69
Jolo
149
November to December.
Annual.
Station.
Normal.
1903
Differ-
ence.
Per
cent.
Normal.
1903
Differ-
ence.
Per
cent.
Aparri
mm,.
490.1
139.3
65.8
42.5
157.8
194.5
642.5
794.2
758.1
189,1
288
826.3
895.6
262.5
186.2
288
561.3
441.9
119.1
147.5
210.4
194.3
1,575.6
1,073.9
1,573.4
652.8
504.9
691.2
600.2
307.7
277.7
405.2
mm.
+ 71.2
+ 302.6
+ 53.3
+ 105
+ 52.6
— .2
+ 933.1
+279.7
+815.3
+463.7
+216.9
+264.9
—295.4
+ 55.2
+ 91.6
+117.2
115
317
181
347
133
100
245
135
208
345
175
181
67
122
149
141
mm.
1,988.1
700.4
1,867.7
2,431.4
1,769.8
1,914.9
2,886.8
2,660.4
2 ,960 . 8
1,796,3
1.472.1
2,561.2
3,162.6
1,877.9
886.1
1,634.4
mm,.
1,854.9
1,735.8
2,018.3
2,061.6
1,254,1
1,030.4
2,628.3
2,515.9
2,885
2,082.9
1 ,432.9
1,990.5
1 ,977,1
1 ,612.2
670.8
1,709.2
mm.
— 133.2
+ 1,035,4
+ 150.6
— 369.8
— 515.7
— 884.6
— 268.6
— 144.6
— 76.8
+ 286.6
— 39.2
— 560.7
—1,185.6
— 265.7
— 215.3
+ 174.8
93
Tuguegarao
248
Vigan
108
Bolinao
86
San Isidro
71
Manila
64
Daet
91
Atimonan
95
Legaspi
97
Iloilo
116
Cebu
97
Bacolod
78
Surigao
63
Davao
86
Zamboanga
76
Jolo
111
RAINFALL. 395
much from those shown by the observations of several other
stations throughout the Archipelago, can be easily deduced from
Table XXIII and the following remarks taken from the General
Weather Notes for December, 1903, by Rev. Miguel Saderra
Maso:
We believe that this table which is a continuation of the one
we presented in the General Weather Notes of May, will not
be without interest, for it shows very clearly how really abnormal
the distribution of the rainfall has been this year throughout
the Archipelago. We include in this table only the principal
stations from which we possess data taken previous to the es-
tablishment of the Philippine Weather Bureau, so that we may
obtain a truer normal value. To make things more clear, we
have divided the year into three periods, namely, the dry season,
January to May; the rainy season, June to October; and the rela-
tively dry season, November to December. We find then, first,
that this year has been a relatively dry year all over the Islands,
since the total rainfall, except at very few places, has been
below the normal ; second, that the deficit is due to the scant
rainfall during the first two periods of the year, so that if it
were not for the abundant compensation in December, the year
1903, even considering the total rainfall alone, would have been
from every point of view one of the driest years ever known
in the Archipelago.
Drought of 1912. — The period of drought obsei'ved in the
Philippines from October, 1911, to May, 1912, was by far more
acute and severe than that of 1903; and judging from the re-
cords of Manila, we have every reason to believe that certainly
for Manila and very probably for a large number of other
stations, it was the worst ever experienced since the foundation
of the Manila Observatory in 1865. This may be shown by the
following table and remarks, which we reproduce from one of
our pamphlets on this subject ' although we have added as an ap-
pendix after the table the years 1912 to 1918 in order that the
same table may help later to study the drought of 1914-1915.
In the following table XXIV we offer to the reader statistics
which show clearly to what extraordinary and almost incredible
an extent the rainfall of the last eight months has been deficient,
even if compared with the driest years which Manila has ex-
perienced since meteorological records are being kept. The
table comprises the following data: (1) The total rainfall during
the three months of October, November, and December, for each
year from 1865 to 1911 ; (2) the total rainfall during the five
months of January to May, for each year from 1866 to 1912;
* The Extraordinary Drought in the Philippines, October, 1911, to May,
1912, by Rev. Jose Coronas, S. J., Manila, 1912.
396
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
(3) the total rainfall for the eight months, October to May,
for each year of the period under consideration; and finally
(4) the mean or normal amounts of rain for each of the three
preceding groups of months for the period 1865 to 1911.
Table XXIV. — Distribution of rainfall at Manila for the months of Oc-
tober to May, 1865-1918.
Years.
October
to
Decem-
ber.
January
to
May.
October
to
May.
Years.
October
to
Decem-
ber.
January
to
May.
October
to
May.
1865-66
mm.
380.9
672.4
362.1
431.7
832.5
390.7
338.4
363.4
356.7
198.7
265.7
181.2
296.3
311.6
550.1
314.9
311.6
602.6
237.7
258.3
172.6
516.3
470.0
290.5
698.3
480.2
405.3
231.3
mm.
230.4
243.0
84.0
216.6
325.7
40.1
182.7
206.7
76.0
154.0
256.9
203.6
101.5
329.8
226.9
194.6
240.9
432.6
102.8
29.0
158.0
402.5
77.3
117.2
193.0
126.3
177.9
243.2
mm.
611.3
915.4
446.1
648.3
1,158.2
430.8
521.1
570.1
432.7
352.7
522.6
384.8
397.8
641.4
777.0
509.5 i
552.5
1,035.2
340.5
287.3
330.6
918.8
547.3
407.7
891.3
606.5
583.2
474.5
1893.94
mm.
187.3
393.1
261.3
139.2
338.4
536.9
450.0
391.4
865.1
198.3
270.0
241.2
212.3
572.8
340.3
573.2
426.2
539.9
23.8
m7n,
205.4
292.1
192.9
96.6
332.7
211.0
73.5
109.7
94.4
62.4
174.3
201.7
398.7
97.2
589.7
253.6
319.9
265.4
70.8
mm.
392.7
1866-67
1894-95
685.2
1867-68
1895-96
454.2
1868-69
1896-97
235.8
1869-70
1897-98 . .
671 1
1870-71
1898-99
747 9
1871-72
1899-1900
1900-1
523 5
1872-73
501 1
1873-74
1901-2
959 5
1874-75
1902-3
260 7
1875-76
1903-4
444 3
1876-77
1904-5
442 9
1877-78
1905 6
611.0
1878-79
1906-7
670 0
1879-80
1907-8
930.0
1880-81
1908-9
826.8
1881-82
1909-10
746.1
1882-83
1910-11
805.3
1883-84
1911-12
94.6
1884-85
Mean
1885-86
380.5
200.3
251.7
154.3
63.6
176.9
184.6
126.3
580.8
1886-87
1887-88
i 1912-13
348.8
188.6
133.6
555.8
406.1
645.5
1888-89
600.5
1889-90
1 1913-14
342.9
1890-91
1914-15
197.2
1891-92
1915-16
732.7
1892-93
1916-17
590.7
1917-18
771.8
Even a cursory inspection of the table leads to the following
conclusions :
{a) The rainfall at Manila for the months of October to
December, 1911, differs from the normal for these three months
by —356.7 millimeters.
(6) For the five months from January to May, 1912, this dif-
ference amounts to —129.5 millimeters.
(c) For the eight months, from October 1, 1911, to May 31,
1912, the total rainfall at Manila remained 486.2 millimeters
below the normal amount for this period.
{d) The total amount of rain which fell at Manila during
October, November and December, 1911, differs by —115.4 milli-
meters from the minimum recorded for the same three months
during the forty-six years preceding. The said minimum oc-
curred on October to December, 1896, and was 139.2 millimeters.
It must further be remarked that only during five other years
the rainfall during these months had remained below 200 milli-
meters. On the other hand, the heaviest rainfalls recorded
for these three months in question during the same period, were
832.5 and 865.1 millimeters, corresponding to October to De-
cember of 1869 and 1901, respectively.
RAINFALL. 397
(e) As regards the precipitation at Manila during the five
months from January to May, 1912, we find that the amount is
not the absolute minimum of rainfall for this group of months
during the period 1865 to 1912, since three years show a still
smaller quantity, to wit, 1871, 1885, and 1903.
(/) The total rainfall for the eight months from October, 1911,
to May, 1912, is, however, 141.2 millimeters below the absolute
minimum which had been recorded for these months during the
entire period. The latter was 235.8 millimeters, and belongs to
the months of October, 1896, to May, 1897. Only three times
since the establishment of the Manila Observatory had the total
rainfall corresponding to these eight months been less than
300 millimeters. The greatest total for this group of months
was 1,158.2 millimeters, and fell from October, 1869, to May,
1870.
In order to show that this drought was general throughout
the Archipelago, Table XXV and the following remarks are taken
from the pamphlet mentioned above:
The fact that in a series of observations covering so long a
period and made at so many different stations positive differences
are so very rare is, beyond doubt, a very noteworthy and striking
circumstance. If we prescind from the positive signs shown
by the differences for the six stations in northern Luzon during
December, there remain only one or another, certainly well
isolated case, which has little or no significance if we consider
the long period of eight months and the number of stations.
That the rains during December exceeded the normal amount for
that month at the stations in northern Luzon was due to a
typhoon which, though out of season and abnormal in character,
brought beneficial rains to this part of the Archipelago, and more
particularly to the valleys of Benguet, Isabela, and Cagayan
Provinces. The track of this typhoon may be seen in the
Monthly Bulletin of the Weather Bureau for December, 1911.
The vortex of this storm passed north of, and close to, Tugue-
garao in the evening of December 8.
Drought of 1915. — In the table given above, showing the rain-
fall at Manila for the months of October to December and October
to May, it is evident that the year 1915 occupies the second
place after 1912 as a year of extraordinary drought. That this
period of drought was also general throughout the Archipelago
is shown by Table XXVI, which was prepared in 1915 but has
not yet been published.
A comparison between the droughts of 1911-1912 and 1914^
1915 may not be out of place. For this reason Table XXVII
has been prepared which it is thought will be of the greatest
interest.
398
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
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RAINFALL.
401
It seems to follow from this table: (1) that the two droughts
must be considered as very extraordinary and very general
throughout the Philippines; (2) that taking the whole period
of eight months from October to May, the drought of 1911-1912
was more severe than that of 1914-1915; and (3) that consider-
ing only the months of February to April, the latter, with the
exception of northern Luzon, was more severe, especially in
southeastern Luzon, the eastern Visayas and eastern Mindanao.
And almost the same result would have been obtained if the
months of January and May had been included in the second
period, as seems to be shown by the preceding table, in which
the difference from the normal is given for each station and
each month.
Longest periods of rainless days in the droughts of 1911-1912
and 1914-1915. — We will finish this chapter by giving in the
following table XXVIII the longest periods of rainless days
observed at several stations of the Philippines during the two
severest periods of drought of which we have just spoken.
Periods of less than 15 days have not been considered of suffi-
cient importance to be included in the table. For stations having
several periods of more than 15 rainless days, only the longest
periods are mentioned.
Table XXVIII. — Longest periods tf rainless days in the droughts of
1911-1912 and 191U-1915.
Station.
Jolo . . .
Isabela .
Zamboanga .
Davao
Cotabato . . .
Cagayan . . .
Dapitan . . .
Butuan . . . .
Dumaguete .
Tagbilaran .
Iwahig.
Surigao .
Maasin .
Cebu . . .
IloJlo . . .
San Jose de Buenavista
Cuyc
Drought of October 1911, to
May, 1912.
Number
of days.
30
21
37
26
18
15
22
35
15
51
32
28
23
29
15
23
46
16
22
34
35
56
23
36
112
36
Periods.
Jan.
Jan.
Mar
18-Feb.
25-Feb.
3-Apr.
15-Apr.
11-28.
Mar. 14-28.
Nov. 5-26.
Mar. 6-Apr.
16.
14.
8.
Mar
Mar
May
Mar.
Apr.
Jan.
Mar.
Apr.
3-17.
8-Apr.
29-May
7-Feb.
8-30.
28-Mav
27.
30.
3.
26.
May
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jan.
Mar.
Apr.
Nov.
Jan.
Mar.
Nov.
Mar.
3-17.
8-30.
16-May
9-24.
14-Feb.
8-Apr.
12-May 16.
17-Jan. 11.
13-Feb.
6-Apr.
M-Mar.
6-Apr.
31.
4.
10.
4.
10.
4.
10.
Drought of October 1914, to
May, 1915.
Number
of days.
27
36
31
43
38
38
38
55
20
57
33
16
67
27
33
65
25
48
22
25
68
22
59
44
22
125
Periods.
Feb. 4- Mar. 2.
Jan. 23-Feb. 27.
Dec. 1.5-Jan. 14.
Jan. 16-Feb. 27.
Jan. 22-Feb. 28.
Jan. 22-Feb. 28.
Jan. 22-Feb. 28.
Feb. 13-Apr. 8.
Feb. 8-27.
Jan. 2l-Mar. 18.
Mar. 21-Apr. 22.
Nov. 2-17.
Jan. 22-Mar. 29.
Jan. 29- Feb. 24.
Mar. 19-Apr. 20.
Jan.
Apr.
Jan.
Mar.
Nov.
Jan.
Mar.
Jan.
Mar.
22-Mar. 27.
13-May 7.
19-Mar. 7.
29-Apr. 19.
1-25.
20-Mar. 28.
30-Apr. 20.
19-Mar. 13.
20-May 2.
Dec. 6-27.
Dec. 29-May 2.
171073-
-26
402
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XXVIII. — Longest periods of rainless days in the droughts of
1911-1912 and i9i^-i5i 5— Continued.
Station.
Drought of October 1911, to
May, 1912.
Drought of October 1914, to
May, 1915.
Ormoc . . .
Capiz ....
Calbayog .
Masbate .
Romblon .
Naga.
Batangas .
Atimonan .
Ambulong, Tanauan, Batangas
Silang
Santa Cruz, Laguna .
Manila .
Antipolo .
Corregidor .
Olongapo . .
Iba..
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija .
Tarlac
Dagupan .
Bolinao
Baguio
San Fernando, Union .
Echague
Candon .
Vigan . .
Tuguegarao .
Laoag
Aparri .
Basco .
Number
of days.
29
21
29
17
22
22
25
45
15
24
23
24
22
25
24
22
25
22
24
44
64
62
48
45
33
22
21
44
25
41
36
29
43
30
26
31
27
39
49
36
36
33
27
50
100
35
26
51
29
138
23
43
165
43
24
67
28
102
23
19
Periods.
Apr. 28-May 26.
Mar. 6-26.
Apr. 28-May 26.
Jan. 13-29.
Mar. 20-Apr. 10.
Oct. 24-Nov. 14.
Feb. 22-Mar. 17.
Mar. 23-May 6.
Mar. 3-17.
Oct. 21-Nov. 13.
Feb. 7-29.
Oct.
Nov.
Mar.
Apr.
Oct.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Oct.
Feb.
Jari*
Mar.
Oct.
Dec.
Feb.
Apr.
Oct.
Feb.
Mar.
Nov.
Feb.
Oct.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Dec.
Jan.
Mar.
Nov.
Dec.
Feb.
Oct.
Dec.
Mar.
7.
11.
24-Nov. 16.
20-Dec. 11.
19- Apr. 12.
14-May 7.
26-Nov. 16.
18-Mar. 13.
. 16-Apr. 6.
13-May 6.
25-Dec. 7.
8-Apr. 11.
14-Mar- 15.
19-May 5.
24-Dec.
10-Jan.
22-Mar. 14.
9-29.
25-Dec. 7.
22-Mar. 17.
19-Apr. 28.
2-Dec. 7.
18-Mar. 17.
26-Dec. 7.
11-Jan.
11-Feb.
8-Mar.
11-Apr.
11-Jan.
20-Mar.
10-Apr.
2-Dec.
11-Jan.
18-Mar. 15.
19-Dec. 7.
11-Mar. 19.
21-Apr. 24.
9.
5.
9.
6.
8.
8.
14.
7.
12.
Feb. 20-Mar. 16.
Oct. 18-Dec. 7.
Dec. 10-Jan. 7.
Jan. 9-May 25.
Oct. 2-24.
Oct. 26-Dec. 7.
Dec. 12-May 24.
Feb. 1-Mar. 14.
Mar. 18-Apr. 10.
Oct. 2-Dec. 7.
Dec. 12-Jan. 8.
Jan. 29-May 9.
Mar. 19-Apr. 10.
Feb. 25-Mar. 14.
Number
of days.
29
21
25
21
16
19
22
19
19
43
37
16
21
29
24
21
Periods.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
29-Feb. 26.
26-Mar. 18.
30-Apr. 23.
24
23
21
25
24
59
22
29
35
71
38
64
24
36
46
39
35
21
18
36
37
32
58
99
24
27
26
25
44
122
25
48
68
22
22
28
97
49
16
Mar.
Mar.
Jan.
Jan.
Feb.
Apr.
Jan.
Mar.
Feb.
Dec.
Jan.
Mar.
Mar.
19.
12.
21.
30-Apr.
28-Apr.
3-21.
31 -Feb.
23-Mar. 13.
1-19.
31-Mar. 14.
22-May 3.
13-28.
23-Jan. 12.
31-Feb. 28.
2-25.
28-Apr. 17.
Jan. 30-Feb. 22.
Mar. 29-Apr. 20.
Jan. 31-Feb. 20.
Mar. 28-Apr. 21.
Apr. 23-May 16.
Jan. 14-Mar. 13.
Apr. 23-May 14.
Oct. 18-Nov. 15.
Dec. 25-Jan 28.
Feb. 23-May 4.
Dec. 16-Jan. 22.
Feb. 24-Apr. 28.
Jan. 29-Feb. 21.
Mar. 26-Apr. 30.
Jan. 7-Feb. 21.
Nov. 15-Dec 23.
Dec. 25-Jan. 28.
Feb. 1-21.
Dec. 27- Jan. 13.
Jan. 17-Feb. 21.
Mar. 29-May 4.
Nov. 8-Dec. 9.
Jan. 27-Mar. 25.
Nov. 15-Feb. 21.
Feb. 23-Mar. 18.
Mar. 20-Apr. 15.
Jan. 26-Feb. 20.
Mar. 1-25.
Oct. 1-Nov. 13.
Dec. 16-Apr. 16.
Oct. 2-26.
Oct. 28-Dec. 14.
Jan. 8-Mar. 16.
Dec. 15-Jan. 5.
Jan. 30-Feb. 20.
Feb. 22-Mar. 21.
Nov. 14-Feb. 18.
Mar. 15-May 2.
Apr. 8-23.
RAINFALL. 403
Special attention should be called to the most extraordinary
period of over 100 days without rain observed in Cuyo, Candon,
Vigan and Laoag in the drought of 1911 to 1912, and in Cuyo
and Candon in the drought of 1914 to 1915. It follows from the
data given in Table XXVIII that the longest periods of rainless
days occurred in the western part of the Archipelago. Not to be
misled, however, we must remember that this was to be ex-
pected if we take into consideration the normal monthly distribu-
tion of rainfall in the Philippines. Because, on the one hand,
the western part of the Archipelago is the region in which, even
in normal years, the dry season is very pronounced, especially
during the months of December to April, while, on the other
hand, the eastern coasts of southern Luzon, Samar, Leyte and
Surigao have in normal years the most persevering and abundant
rains from November to January or February. Hence it is that
the percentage of rainfall given in Table XXVII shows better
the severity of the drought for a particular place than the ab-
solute amount of rainfall or the number of rainless days.
IV. RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND CLOUDINESS.
Relative hv/midity as a climatic factor. — We take from Hann's
Handbook of Climatology ^ the following remarks on the re-
lative humidity of the air as a climatic factor:
For purely climatological purposes the relative humidity is,
unquestionably, the most convenient expression for the amount
of water vapour in the air. When we describe the air as being
damp, or dry, we are usually speaking quite unconsciously of the
relative humidity. The air is moist in our climate in winter,
notwithstanding the small amount of water vapour which it then
contains; while the air is dry in summer, although it then con-
tains two or three times as much vapour as in winter. The
relative humidity, next to the temperature, determines the need
which is felt by organisms for water, and also controls evapo-
ration.
The relative humidity is, furthermore, by no means an ex-
pression which is used only in computations. It is a perfectly
definite climatic factor, as can be seen from the fact that it is
directly indicated by organic substances. All organic substances
are more or less hygroscopic, and their condition, so far as it
depends upon the humidity of the air, is determined by the
relative, and not by the absolute, humidity. Thus it happens
that organic substances, such as membranes or hairs, furnish
us with excellent means for the direct measurement of the re-
lative humidity of the air. All other measurements of humidity
are indirect, and involve a somewhat difficult calculation, the
results of which are in certain respects less accurate than those
obtained by means of the hair hygrometer. The readings of
the psychrometer below freezing are a case in point. The rela-
tive humidity is therefore the most natural expression for the
humidity of the air as a climatic factor, for it reacts directly
upon organic substances.
In The Weather and. Climate of Chicago by Cox and Armington
we find the following statements on the same subject which will
be of interest to our readers:
The term humidity has reference to the quantity of moisture
present in the air at all times in the state of invisible vapor.
The air is said to be dry when but little is present, and humid
when the quantity is relatively considerable. If the quantity of
moisture is measured as weight per unit of volume, as, for
example, grains per cubic foot, the numerical value is designated
the absolute humidity. If, however, as is most common in
' English translation by Ward, page 52.
404
HUMIDITY AND CLOUDINESS. 405
statistics relating to weather and climate, the measurement is
expressed as a percentage of the quantity of vapor that can
possibly exist at the temperature in question, then the numerical
value is called the relative humidity.
The conditions of humidity have at times fully as much to
do with comfort and salubrity as do those of temperature, sun-
shine, and wind. Paradoxical as it may seem, a high degree
of humidity makes a hot wave sensibly hotter, and a cold wave
colder, than is the case when the amount of moisture in the air
is relatively low. High humidity in warm weather, by materially
retarding the evaporation of perspiration from the pores of the
body, prevents the cooling produced by this process in other
heated periods. On the other hand, during times of cold weather,
by penetrating the clothing and communicating dampness to it,
an atmosphere with high humidity increases the conductive
qualities of the fabric and permits a more rapid escape of the
body's heat. The disagreeable features of damp climates,
whether warm or cold, and the comparative pleasantness of
regions in which the atmosphere has a low percentage of moisture
are well known. Residents of the foothills along the eastern
sides of the Rockies, and those of the dry sections of the interior
Northwest, experience temperatures of zero and below with less
discomfort than even much higher winter temperatures bring
to localities of greater relative humidity; and the heat of many
arid regions is rendered less oppressive by the extreme dryness
of the air, while very moist climates are enervating at tempe-
ratures but little above the average.
Relative humidity is high in the Philippines. — That there is a
very great amount of water vapor in the atmosphere of the
Philippine Islands will be clearly seen from the data which will
be presently given. This quantity of vapor is due to the ex-
traordinary evaporation from the seas that surround them on
all sides, to the richness of their vegetation, to the different
prevailing winds in the different seasons of the year, and finally
to the abundant rains so proper of a tropical country. The
first two may be considered as general causes of the great
humidity which is generally observed in all our islands through-
out the year, while the other two may influence in a different
degree the humidity of the different months of the year and
of the different regions of the Archipelago. Thus in winter,
when the rains are so abundant in the eastern part of the Philip-
pines owing to the prevailing northeasterly winds, the humidity
must be greater there than in the western part where a dry
season prevails. On the contrary, from June to October, the
rains, although quite general throughout the Archipelago, are
more abundant in the western part of the Philippines, which is
. more exposed to the prevailing westerly and southwesterly
406 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
winds; hence the humidity of the air is greater there than in
the eastern part of the Archipelago.^
Mean monthly and annual relative humidity. — Table XXIX
gives the mean monthly and annual relative humidity for
thirteen stations of the Philippines, together with the mean
annual range for each station. The highest annual mean is that
of Baguio, with 85.7 per cent; then follow, in order, the annual
means of Surigao and Paracale, in which stations the rains
are frequent throughout the whole year. The stations with the
lowest annual humidity are Cebu, in the Visayas; and Vigan,
Dagupan, San Isidro (Nueva Ecija), and Manila, in the central
and western part of Luzon. The annual means of the thirteen
stations chosen vary between 85.7 per cent and 76.7 per cent.
The greatest mean annual range, 19.9, is that of San Isidro,
Nueva Ecija, in the interior of Luzon, and the lowest, 3.3, is that
of Paracale, on the northern coast of Camarines. Generally
speaking, stations more exposed to the northeast monsoon have
the lowest annual ranges of humidity ; they have also the highest
annual means. These stations show the highest monthly mean
humidity in December, while in the others the highest monthly
mean is that of August or September. With a few exceptions,
the lowest monthly mean for all the stations chosen is that of
April.
Plate XIII gives a graphic representation of the monthly dis-
tribution of relative humidity in Baguio, Manila, Legaspi, Cebu,
and Surigao. This plate shows clearly: (1) the small annual
range of Cebu and Legaspi as compared with that of the other
three stations; (2) that the mean monthly minimum of Surigao
is that of August, which may be the case with other stations of
Mindanao, owing to their distance from the summer typhoon
belt; (3) that the lowest monthly mean of Baguio is that of
February: and as Vigan has its minimum also in February (see
Table XXIX) , this may possibly be the case in all the stations
of northwestern Luzon; (4) that the highest monthly mean of
Legaspi, Cebu and Surigao is that of December, while Baguio
shows the highest mean in August, and Manila in September.
Relative humidity of the Philippines, compared with that of
22 selected cities of the United States of America. — In Table
XXX 2 we give the monthly and annual relative humidity for
a few stations in the Philippines, together with that of 22
* See Climatologia de Filijrinas in El Archipielago Filipino, Vol. II, pages
55 and 56.
^ This table has been prepared with data published in Climatology of
the United States, by A. J. Henry, Washington, 1906.
HUMIDITY AND CLOUDINESS.
407
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PLATE XIII.
HUMIDITY AND CLOUDINESS.
413
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CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
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HUMIDITY AND CLOUDINESS. 415
selected cities of the United States of America. But in order
that a good comparison can be made, it should be remarked that
while the humidity for the Philippines is the average of 24 or 6
daily observations, that of the United States has been deduced
from only two daily observations, at 8 a, m. and 8 p. m. Now,
monthly and annual mean values of relative humidity obtained
by the last method are almost invariably higher than those
obtained by the other two methods used in the Philippines.
Hence, in making the comparison, the United States values should
be considered even lower than what they appear in Table XXX.
It is evident from this table that, with the exception of places
near the coasts, the monthly and annual means of relative hu-
midity for the United States are much lower than those of the
Philippines. Our readers will notice, however, the great dif-
ference between the values of different stations of the United
States. To explain this, we should bear in mind that there are
several factors that determine the amount of humidity in the
air, like temperature, altitude, surrounding mountains, distance
from the sea or lakes, etc.
The geographic distribution of relative humidity in the United
States is thus described by Henry: ^
The chief characteristics of the geographic distribution of
relative humidity in the United States are as follows: (1)
Along the coasts there is a belt of high humidity at all seasons,
the percentage of saturation ranging from 75 to 80 per cent.
(2) Inland from about the ninety-seventh meridian eastward to
the Atlantic coast the amount varies between 70 and 75 per cent.
(3) The dry region is in the Southwest, where the average annual
value is not over 50 per cent. In this region is included Arizona,
New Mexico,- southwestern Colorado, and the greater portion
of both Utah and Nevada. The mean annual relative humidity
in the remaining portion of the elevated country comprised be-
tween the one hundredth meridian on the east and the Sierra
Nevada and Cascades on the west varies between 50 and 65
per cent.
In July, August, and September the mean values in the South-
west sink as low as 20 and 30 per cent, while along the Pacific
coast districts they continue about 80 per cent the year around.
In Atlantic coast districts and generally east of the Mississippi
River the variation from month to month is not great. April
is probably the driest month in the year.
Extreme values of relative humidity for Maniln. — In Table
XXXI complete information is given concerning the extreme
values of relative humidity for Manila. The annual mean daily
* Climatology of the United States, page 61.
416
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HUMIDITY AND CLOUDINESS.
417
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HUMIDITY AND CLOUDINESS.
421
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422 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
range deduced from the mean daily maximum and mean daily
minimum of the whole period 1903-1918 is 30.4. The extreme
range as deduced from the absolute extreme values of the same
period is 73, the highest absolute humidity having been 100
per cent and the lowest 27 per cent. The monthly absolute
highest humidity is 99 per cent for the three months February to
April, and 100 per cent for the other nine months of the year.
The monthly absolute lowest humidity varies from 27 per cent
in May to 55 in September.
Mean hourly relative humidity for Manila. — Table XXXII
shows the hourly mean values of relative humidity in Manila
for every month, together with the annual and semi-annual
values. There is only a single daily oscillation, altogether op-
posite to the daily temperature oscillation described in chapter
II, the minimum occurring during the early hours of the after-
noon, and the maximum in the early morning. The annual
mean daily range is 24.4, it being smaller in the summer months
when the temperature oscillation is also smaller, and greater in
the months of February to April, when the temperature range
is likewise greater. The semi-annual daily range is 27.8 for
the period of November to May, and 19.8 for the period of June
to October.
Mean monthly and anrntal cloudiness. — We give in Table
XXXIII the mean monthly and annual cloudiness for thirteen
stations of the Philippines. Cloudiness means the portion of
sky covered by clouds, and this is expressed in tenths of the
whole sky. Thus, for instance, a cloudiness of 5.5 indicates
that 55 per cent of the whole sky is covered by clouds. Our
mean values are based upon observations made between 6 a. m.
and 7 p. m. only.
The mean annual cloudiness as shown in the table varies from
4.4 in Vigan to 7.1 in Tacloban. As a rule, there is a direct
relation between cloudiness, rainfall and relative humidity, al-
though this relation does not always appear so clearly in the
average values. Hence the monthly distribution of cloudiness
in the regions in the eastern part of the Philippines, where
rains are so frequent during the whole year, is quite different
from that of the regions in the western part of the Archipelago,
where a dry season prevails in winter and spring. The cloudi-
ness of Vigan is very small if compared with that of the other
stations included in Table XXXIII, especially from November
to April; and the same must be the case in practically all the
stations of Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte, as they are the driest in
winter and spring.
V. WINDS.
Both the wind velocity and the frequency of the different wind
directions are considered as important climatic factors. It is
to be regretted that we can not give at present more complete
information concerning these elements, particularly as to the
number of gales experienced in each station or in each of our
provinces and subprovinces ; but we hope that on some future
occasion we may be able to say something more on this matter.
Even in regard to the frequency of different wind directions, data
are given here but for a few stations, the time allowed for this
report being too limited to attempt to include more stations, as
was done in some of the preceding chapters.
Frequency of ivind di7'ections: monthly, an7iual and semi-
annual percentages. — Table XXXIV shows the monthly percent-
ages of wind directions for eight stations of the Philippines, while
the corresponding annual and semi-annual percentages are given
in Table XXXV, and graphically represented in eight plates,
XIV to XXI. The stations chosen are Zamboanga and Surigao,
for Mindanao; Cebu and Iloilo, for the Visayas; and Legaspi,
Manila, Baguio, and Aparri, for Luzon. The Manila percentages
are deduced from 24 daily observations and given for sixteen
points of the compass ; but those of the other seven stations are
deduced from six daily observations and for only eight points
of the compass, by joining two points in one as shown in Tables
XXXIV and XXXV. Zamboanga and Baguio are the only sta-
tions which appear with a period of observations of less than six-
teen years, the reason being that six daily observations have been
made only since July, 1909, in Baguio, and since October, 1916,
in Zamboanga. The period of two years for Zamboanga is too
small, and the percentages given for that station are, therefore,
not so valuable as those obtained for the other stations. Yet,
we thought it better to include here the wind frequency for
that place, even though the data given have to be considered
as of a temporary character.
We will now say a few words on the results obtained for
each of the stations chosen, particularly on the annual and semi-
annual percentages.
Zamboanga. — There is only a slight difference between the
three graphs representing the annual and semi-annual percent-
423
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432
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XXXIV. — Monthly percentages of wind directions at several stations
of the Philippines.
Tabla XXXIV.
-Percentajes mensuaJes de las direcciones del viento en varias estaciones de
Filipinas.
ZAMBOANGA. 1917-1918.
Direction.
Direccion.
January.
Enero.
February.
Fpbrero.
1
March.
Marzo.
1
April.
Abril.
June.
Junio.
July.
Julio.
August.
Agosto.
September.
Septiembre.
October.
Octubre.
November.
Noviembre.
Qi5
N, NNE
18
19
21
23
26
19
27
19
13
13
16
25
NE, ENE
24
17
9
12
10
11
14
8
10
5
9
12
E, ESE
13
10
6
4
6
5
6
3
5
2
7
8
SE, SSE
5
7
7
8
8
10
15
10
9
9
6
7
S, SSW
2
5
5
3
3
1
1
2
3
3
5
3
SW, WSW
3
4
5
6
9
11
10
8
9
9
12
6
W, WNW
11
14
25
22
16
20
15
26
15
25
15
16
NW, NNW
6
3
3
7
6
11
5
8
9
9
3
8
Calm
18
21
18
15
16
12
7
15
26
24
28
1.
SURIGAO, 1903-1918.
N, NNE
NE, ENE
E, ESE
SE, SSE
S, SSW
SW, WSW
W, WNW
NW, NNW
Calm
11
1
11 !
32
29 !
14
16
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
6
4
1 29
i
30
!
6
30
20
5
3
2
1
3
29
6
22
20 !
6
3
3
2
3
34 ;
6
4
14
8
15
11
5
5
6
8
6
12
4
6
4
5
39
40
2
3
t!
9 !
26 I
13
37 j
I
2
2
4
1
5
3
3
7
16
3
3
6
9
1
2
3
3
10
8
6
6
36
30
19
11
12
12
9
4
4
5
5
8
29
35
41
37
7
24
15
4
3
4
2
6
35
CEBU, 1903-1918.
N, NNE
27
23
22
15
8
6
3
2
3
9
19
24
NE, ENE
39
41
40
37
20
12
4
3
4
13
23
37
E, ESE
9
10
13
13
10
7
2
2
2
6
7
5
SE, SSE
0
1
1
1
4
4
3
2
2
4
2
1
S, SSW
1
1
1
2
10
11
14
14
15
7
4
2
SW, WSW
1
0
0
1
7
15
32
34
28
15
6
3
W, WNW
0
0
0
0
2
4
8
9
7
5
3
1
NW. NNW
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
3
3
4
4
2
Calm
23
24
23
28
37
37
33
30
85
87
32
26
ILOILO, 1903-1918.
N, NNE
43
42
40
36
18
13
c
3
6
17
33
42
NE, ENE
47
48
48
41
21
13
6
4
6
22
39
46
E, ESE
4
4
6
8
7
4
2
2
1
4
3
3
SE, SSE
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
S, SSW
0
0
0
0
4
7
7
6
4
4
1
0
SW, WSW
1
1
1
5
23
33
55
64
54
26
10
S
W, WNW
0
0
0
0
2
4
5
4
5
4
1
0
NW. NNW
2
1
1
2
5
4
2
2
3
3
2
1
Calm
2
3
8
7
19
19
16
16
20
20
11
6
LEGASPI, 1903-1918.
N, NNE
80
25
22
18
11
6
8
1
4
18
27
32
NE, ENE
51
50
52
50
36
25
9
5
8
27
41
49
E. ESE
7
10
16
17
15
11
4
5
5
7
8
6
SE, SSE
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
S, SSW
0
0
0
1
3
6
7
6
7
4
1
0
SW, WSW
0
0
0
1
5
13
35
46
35
12
8
1
W. WNW
0
0
0
0
2
4
10
14
10
5
2
1
NW, NNW
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
Calm
11
14
»
12
28
33
81
28
28
29
16
10
WINDS.
433
Table XXXIV. — Monthly percentages of vnnd directions at several stations
of the Philippines — Continued.
Tabla XXXIV. — Percentajes mensuales de las direcciones del viento en varias estaciones de
Filipinas — Continuacion.
MANILA, 1903-1918.
>J
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Direction.
Direccion.
OS
Februa
Febrero
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QQ
N
8
5
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
5
8
9
NNE
8
6
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
6
10
11
NE
8
7
6
4
5
4
3
3
3
6
10
9
ENE
5
5
5
4
4
3
2
2
2
4
5
5
E
6
8
10
8
6
5
3
2
2
4
6
5
ESE
6
11
14
14
8
7
3
2
3
5
5
4
SE
7
10
16
17
10
9
4
3
4
4
4
3
SSE
1
2
4
5
3
3
3
2
3
2
1
1
S
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
4
3
2
1
1
SSW
1
1
1
2
3
5
7
8
6
3
1
1
SW
2
2
2
3
7
8
14
18
12
4
2
2
WSW
4
4
4
5
8
9
15
19
15
7
4
3
W
5
6
6
6
7
6
6
6
6
5
4
4
WNW
3
3
3
3
4
3
4
3
3
4
3
3
NW
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
NNW
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
4
3
Calm
29
24
20
20
25
25
23
21
27
34
32
34
N, NNE
3
3
2
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
2
3
NE, ENE
5
5
7
7
8
7
4
5
4
7
5
7
E, ESE
43
39
31
27
21
28
17
10
18
30
44
44
SE, SSE
16
14
14
14
14
18
12
6
10
13
17
18
S, SSW
2
2
2
2
3
4
3
2
2
3
3
3
SW, WSW
16
18
21
19
21
16
29
32
23
16
13
14
W, WNW
8
11
16
19
20
17
23
33
27
16
9
8
NW, NNW
2
2
2
3
6
4
5
5
7
5
2
1
Calm
6
5
5
4
5
4
4
4
6
6
6
1
8
APARRI, 1903-1918.
N, NNE
5
8
7
9
10
9
8
9
,
I
6
6
4
NE, ENE
38
37
38
30
24
15
14
13
18
37
46
47
E, ESE
28
22
16
13
7
6
6
3
8
14
17
23
SE, SSE
9
8
8
9
9
11
8
8
8
9
6
8
S, SSW
8
12
14
17
23
33
35
32
21
11
7
7
SW, WSW
4
6
7
8
12
12
15
16
14
8
6
3
W, WNW
2
1
2
4
5
5
5
6
6
3
1
1
NW, NNW
2
2
3
4
4
6
6
8
9
5
3
1
Calm
6
4
4
5
'
'
4
5
7
8
7
6
171073-
-28
434
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XXXV. — Annual and semiannual percentages of wind directions at
several stations of the Philippines.
Tabla XXXV. — Percentajes anuales y semi-anuales de las direcciones del viento en varias
estaciones de Filipinas.
ZAMBOANGA,
1917-1918.
Direction.
Annual.
Anual.
JiTNE TO October.
Junio a Octubre.
November to
May.
Noviembre a
Mayo.
Direccion.
Total.
Total.
Per
CENT.
Por
ciento.
Total.
Total.
Per
CENT.
For
ciento.
Total.
Total.
Per
CENT.
Por
ciento.
N, NNE
870
519
265
371
138
325
804
283
781
20
12
6
9
3
7
18
6
18
331
177
73
195
40
168
370
153
305
18
10
4
11
1
20
8
17
539
342
192
176
98
157
434
130
476
21
NE, ENE
E, ESE
SE, SSE
S, SSW
SW, WSW
W, WNW
13
8
7
4
6
17
NW, NNW
Calm
5
19
SURIGAO, 1903-1918.
N, NNE . . .
NE, ENE . .
E, ESE
SE, SSE. ..
S, SSW....
SW, WSW .
W, WNW . .
NW, NNW.
Calm
1,750
5
403
3
1,347
5,037
16
665
5
4,372
3,633
11
766
6
2.867 ,
1,060
3
1 300
2
760 1
1,764
6
1 1 ,119
8
645
4,174
13
3,403
25
771
2,054
6
1,436
10
418
1,574
5
647
5
927
10 ,988
35
1 4 ,946
36
6,042
7
24
16
4
4
4
2
5
33
CEBU, 1903-1918.
N, NNE
4,643
7,889
2,509
729
2,349
4,153
1,171
846
10 ,526
13
23
7
2
7
12
3
2
30
698
1,080
585
434
1.777
3,620
970
445
5.041
5
7
4
3
12
I
34
3,945
6,809
1,924
295
672
633
201
401
5,485
20
NE, ENE
34
E, ESE
10
SE, SSE
1
S, SSW
SW, WSW
W, WNW
3
3
1
NW, NNW.
2
Calm
27
ILOILO, 1903-1918.
N, NNE.. .
NE. ENE..
E. ESE
SE, SSE. ..
S, SSW
SW, WSW .
W, WNW . .
NW, NNW.
Calm
8,659
1
25
1,320
9
7,339
9,850
28 1
1.503
10
8.347
1,388
4
398
3
990
254
1
152
1
102
999
3
. 791
5
208
8,086
23'
6,833
47
1.253
791
2
646
4
145
781
2
394
3
387
4.117
12
2.651
18
1.466
36
41
5
1
1
6
1
2
7
LEGASPI. 1903-1918.
N, NNE....
NE. ENE..
E, ESE
SE. SSE. ..
S, SSW., ..
SW, WSW.
W. WNW . .
NW, NNW.
Calm
5,569
16
804
6
4.766
11.606
34
2,112
15
9,494
3,121
9
897
6
2.224
259
1
161
1
98
988
2
843
6
145
4 ,407
13
4,093
28
314
1,401
4 '
1,236
9
165 !
204
I
122
1
82
7,038
^°i
4.161
29
2.877
24
47
11
0
1
2
1
0
14
WINDS.
435
Table XXXV. — Annual and semiannual percentages of wind directions at
several stations of the Philippines — Continued.
Tabla XXXV. — Percentajes anualos y semi-anuales de las direcciones del viento en varias
estaciones de Pilipinas — Continuaci6n.
MANILA, 1903-1918.
Annual.
Anual.
June to October.
Junio a octubre.
No\'EMBER TO MAY
Noviembre a mayo.
Direction.
Direcci6n.
Total.
' Per
CENT.
Por
ciento.
Total.
Per
CENT.
Por
ciento.
Total.
Per
CENT.
Por
ciento.
N
6,068
7,032
7,887
5,287
7,561
9,387
10 ,895
3,699
3,068
4,453
8,868
11 ,336
7,732
4,763
2,707
2,821
36 ,787
4
1 7fi1
3
3
4
3
3
4
5
3
3
6
11
13
6
4
2
2
26
4,307
5,184
5,651
3,795
5,719
7,068
7,962
1 ,956
1 ,043
1 ,117
2,398
3,635
4,323
2.700
1,498
1,813
21 ,435
5
NNE
5 : 1 ,848
6 2 ,236
4 1 ,492
5 1 ,842
7 2;319
8 2,933
3 1,743
2 2 ,025
3 3 ,336
6 6,470
8 7,701
6 3 ,409
3 2,063
2 1 ,209
2 1 ,008
26 IS aM
6
NE
7
ENE
5
E
7
ESE
9
SE
10
SSE
2
S
1
SSW
1
SW
8
WSW
W
4
6
WNW
3
NW
2
NNW
2
Calm
26
1
'
BAGUIO, 1910-1918.
N, NNE . . .
NE, ENE . .
E, ESE. ...
SE, SSE . . .
S, SSW
SW, WSW.
W, WNW..
NW, NNW.
Calm
622
1
3
286
3
336
1,153
6 !
441
5
712
5,764
29 ;
1,679
20
4.085
2.732
13 j
976
12
1.756
503
3 !
235
3
268 .
3,915
20 1
1,931
23
1,984
3,434
17 '
1,938
23
1 ,496 .
687
3 I
414
5
273
904
6
358
4
546
8
6
36
15
2
17
13
2
6
APARRI. 1903-1918.
N, NNE ! 2 .659
NE. ENE ! 10 ,315
E, ESE ' 4,770
SE, SSE ' 2 ,953
S, SSW 6,456
SW, WSW I 3 ,271
W, WNW ■ 1 .216
NW, NNW ' 1 ,521
Calm I 1 ,901
8
29
14
8
18
9
3
4
6
1,230
2,774
1,067
1 ,277
3,857
1,951
727
969
834
8
19
7
9
26
13
5
7
6
1.429
7,541
3,703
1,676
2,599
1,320
489
552
1,067
7
37
18
8
13
6
2
8
6
436 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
ages of wind directions for Zamboanga. The most prevailing
winds during the year are those from N-NNE and W-WNW, the
former having the highest percentage for the whole year as
well as for the period November to May, while the latter have
the highest percentage in the other period, June to October:
but the differences are rather small. The winds with the
smallest percentage throughout the year are those from S-SSW.
The annual percentage of calm is only 18. With more years
of observations these percentages may change, as stated above,
yet there is reason to believe that the wind directions are in
Zamboanga more regular than in other stations, owing to its
distance from the typhoons that influence the weather in the
Philippines from June to October, and to the almost absolute
lack of typhoons over the southern part of Mindanao.
Surigao. — Contrary to what has been observed in Zamboanga,
we have here a great contrast between the graph for November
to May and that for June to October. The prevailing winds
for the former period are those from NE-ENE and E-ESE, the
percentages for the other directions being very small. In the
latter period the winds from SW-WSW prevail, the smallest per-
centages being those of SE-SSE and N-NNE directions. In the
annual graph the greatest percentage is that of the winds from
NE-ENE ; next follow the percentages of SW-WSW and E-ESE.
The last annual percentage is that of SE-SSE winds. The an-
nual percentage of calm is 35, almost twice as great as that of
Zamboanga.
Cebu. — According to the annual graph, the winds that prevail
the most during the year are those from NE-ENE ; next in order
are those from N-NNE and SW-WSW. The least prevailing
winds are SE-SSE, NW-NNW and W-WNW. The annual per-
centage of calm is 30. There is also in this station a great
contrast between the prevailing wind directions of the period
November to May and those of the period June to October, north-
easterly winds having the greatest percentage in the former
period, and southwesterly winds in the latter.
Iloilo. — What has been said of the prevailing wind directions
at Cebu may be applied to Iloilo, as shown in Plate XVII, with
the only difference that the percentage of calm at Iloilo is but
12, as against 30 in Cebu, for which reason the percentages of
the prevailing winds are much higher in Iloilo than in Cebu.
We may add that the percentages of the not prevailing winds
are smaller in Iloilo, which helps also to make the percentages
WINDS. 437
of the prevailing winds so extraordinarily pronounced in the
graphs of this station.
Legaspi. — There appears in this station a very pronounced
high percentage for the northeasterly directions, both in the
annual graph and in the graph for November to May. The
prevailing w^inds for the period June to October are SW-WSW,
with a percentage of 28, but even then the percentage of the
northeasterly directions is 15. The percentage of calm is 20
for the whole year, 29 for the period June to October, and only
14 for the period November to May.
Manila. — The frequency of wind directions in Manila is very
different from that of the preceding stations. In the annual
graph (Plate XIX) we can easily distinguish the directions
that prevail in Manila in the several months of the year,
according to Table XXXIV: ESE and SE in February to April;
WSW and SW in July to September; and NNE, NE in
November to January. As shown in Table XXXIV, the winds
in October are variable, there being no much prevailing di-
rection for that month, while in May and June winds from SW
and WSW prevail almost as much as those from ESE and SE.
The smallest percentages in Manila belong to the wind directions
SSE to SSW and WNW to NNW. The annual and semi-annual
percentages of calm are the same, 26. In the graph for June to
October there appears a highest percentage for the winds SW
and WSW. In the graph for November to May, the highest
percentages belong to the SE, ESE, and E winds; next, with
percentages not much smaller, come the winds from NE and
NNE.
Baguio. — The annual percentage of calm for Baguio is only
5. The most prevailing wind directions during the year are
E-ESE, with a percentage of 29 ; then follow the winds from
SW-WSW, with 20 per cent, and next those from W-WNW, with
17 per cent. In the graph for November to May there appears
a very pronounced high percentage for the E-ESE winds, while
in the graph for the period June to October the percentage for
the E-ESE winds is not much below that of the chiefly prevail-
ing SW-WSW and W-WNW winds. However, upon carefully
examining Table XXXIV, we will see that during the three
months .from July to September there is a very pronounced high
percentage of SW-WSW and W-WNW winds. The smallest per-
centages at Baguio are for the S-SSW, N-NNE, and NW-NNW
winds.
Aparri. — The annual percentage of calm for Aparri is only
6, almost as small as that of Baguio. The most prevailing winds
438 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
during the year are those from NE-ENE ; next come those from
S-SSW. The smallest percentages are those from W-WNW and
NW-NNW. In the period June to October, the highest per-
centage is that of S-SSW winds, there being a good percentage,
however, of NE-ENE winds. In the period November to May-
there is a very high percentage for the NE-ENE winds; but
there is also a good percentage of E-ESE and S-SSW winds. In
Table XXXIV we see that in May the winds from S-SSW
prevail almost as much as those from NE-ENE ; and in October
the prevailing winds are those from NE-ENE.
Monthly and daily velocity of the wind. — Our readers will find
in Table XXXVI the monthly and daily mean velocity of the
wind, together with the maximum and minimum daily velocity,
for several stations in the Philippines : one in Mindanao, two in
the Visayas, and four in Luzon. The greatest monthly mean
velocity is that of Baguio, viz. 10,866 km. ; then follow Iloilo, with
9,878 km.; Aparri, with 9,265 km., and Cebu, with 8,783 km.
That of Manila is only 6,203 km. The greatest daily mean veloc-
ities are those of Baguio with 368 km., Iloilo with 326 km., and
Aparri with 306 km. Manila has a daily mean velocity of only
204 km. The maximum daily velocity was recorded at Baguio
during the typhoon of July 15, 1911; it was 2,478 km. It was
during the same typhoon that Manila anemographs registered the
maximum daily wind velocity of the whole period 1903-1918,
1,317 km.
Maximum hou7iy velocity of the tvind at Manila. — The ma-
ximum daily velocity of the wind, which is given in Table
XXXVI, does not show, as a rule, the strongest and most violent
or destructive winds experienced in a particular place. Hurri-
cane winds caused by destructive typhoons passing over a place
may last for a few hours only, while ordinary gales produced by
distant typhoons are at times protracted for a full day or more ;
and, consequently, the total daily velocity of the wind in the
latter cases will often be greater than in the former. Again, a
typhoon may pass over a place during the night and the hours
of the greatest violence will thus be distributed over two days.
In this case the total daily wind velocity will not be so great
as it would have been had all the greatest hourly velocities
been recorded on the same day. Hence it is not surprising that
the strongest typhoons felt in Manila during the period 1903-
1918 are not shown by the maximum daily wind velocities given
in Table XXXVI.
It would be very desirable, therefore, to have information given
as to the maximum wind velocities for one hour and even for
WINDS. 439
fractions of an hour in a particular place, in order to give an
idea of the strongest winds that may be expected during the
passage of a typhoon. Lack of time prevents us from giving
this information for other stations besides Manila, and even for
Manila we can only offer in Table XXXVII the maximum hourly
velocity of the wind for every year and every month of the
period 1903-1918. It is hoped that we may on some future
occasion be able to give more details on this subject.
The maximum hourly velocity of the whole period was 80.5
km.; it was recorded from 1 to 2 p. m. on September 26, 1905,
with winds from the NE quadrant, when a destructive typhoon,
commonly known as The Cantabria typhoon, passed close to
the south of Manila. It will be well to remark that, although
the maximum total velocity of the wind was 80.5 kilometers
for one full hour, yet there were gusts of short duration of
much greater velocities, the highest recorded being 46 meters
per second (165.7 kilometers or 103 miles per hour) when the
center of the typhoon was about 24 miles from the city.
During the whole period of 16 years there were twelve cases
of hourly wind velocities of more than 60 kilometers: three in
September, two in July, two in October, and one each in April,
May, June, November, and December. The maximum hourly
velocity for August was no higher than 56.5 kilometers. All
these highest wind velocities were caused by typhoons.
440 •
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XXXVI. — Monthly and daily mean wind
Tabla XXXVI. — Media velocidad del viento, men
Station.
Estacion.
SuRiGAO (1912-1918).
Monthly mean velocity (Velocidad me-
dia mensual)
Daily mean velocity (Velocidad media
diaria)
Maximum daily velocity (Velocidad
maxima diaria"!
Date (Fecha)
Minimum daily velocity (Velocidad mi-
nima diaria)
Date (Fecha)
Cebu (1908-1918).
Monthly mean velocity (Velocidad me-
dia mensual)
Daily mean velocity (Velocidad media
diaria)
Maximum daily velocity (Velocidad
maxima diaria)
Date (Fecha)
Minimum daily velocity (Velocidad mi-
nima diaria)
Date (Fecha)
ILOILO (1908-1918).
Monthly mean velocity (Velocidad me-
dia mensual) . .
Daily mean velocity (Velocidad media
diaria . . . .
Maximum daily velocity (Velocidad
maxima diaria)
Date (Fecha)
Minimum daily velocity (Velocidad mi-
nima diaria)
Date (Fecha)
January.
Encro.
Legaspi (1908-1918).
Monthly mean velocity (Velocidad me-
dia mensual) . .
Daily mean velocity (Velocidad media
diaria)
Maximum daily velocity (Velocidad
maxima diaria)
Date (Fecha)
Minimum daily velocity (Velocidad
minima diaria)
Date (Fecha)
Manila (1903-1918).
Monthly mean velocity (Velocidad me-
dia mensual
Daily mean velocity (Velocidad media
diaria)
Maximum daily velocity (Velocidad
maxima diaria)
Date (Fecha)
Minimum daily velocity (Velocidad
minima diaria)
Date (Fecha)
Baguio (1910-1918).
Monthly mean velocity (Velocidad me-
dia mensual)
Daily mean velocity (Velocidad media
diaria)
Maximum daily velocity (Velocidad mh-
xima diaria)
Date (Fecha)
Minimum daily velocity (Velocidad mi-
nima diaria)
Date (Fecha)
February.
Febrero.
Km.
6,323.2
264.2
786
5, 1917
68.2
1, 1918
10,354.4
302.3
734.2
8, 1918
103
1, 1908
13,601.8
420.3
805.4
9, 1918
84.7
4, 1916
11,365.9
295.3
674.2
25, 1918
7.4
15, 1913
4,780.9
154.2
485.5
11, 1907
34.5
20, 1910
11,015.5
350.9
767.1
1, 1915
160.3
22, 1910
Km.
6,775.2
251.8
683.1
1, 1913
75.2
23, 1917
8,193.5
290.7
628.2
2, 1913
99
16, 1911
11,739
408.8
695.7
18, 1918
126.9
8, 1916
7,715.5
284.1
628.7
2, 1910
56.6
9, 1913
5,152.9
182.4
414
2, 1912
64
7, 1912
9,819.9
345.2
815.4
2, 1918
152.2
26, 1911
March.
Marzo.
April.
Abril.
Km.
6,612.4
221.2
490.9
25, 1916
79.2
28, 1918
9,786.5
313
876.6
22, 1915
103.5
16. 1909
13 ,066
412.7
642.7
1, 1915
111.5
23, 1909
8,010.9
265.5
638
1, 1916
90.5
6, 1911
6,554
211.4
412
13, 1903
70
17. 1907
10,422.4
336.8
623.3
12, 1911
189.8
23, 1911
Km.
5,303.4
185
476.9
12, 1916
82.3
9, 1918
8,886.5
287.1
577
22, 1915
96.3
22, 1910
10,198.3
341.3
631
25, 1915
114.4
13, 1913
6,974.2
237.7
905.3
16, 1914
52.3
30, 1911
6,556.6
218.6
824
29, 1905
88.5
27, 1910
9,962.9
328.7
655.5
24, 1910
173.8
27, 1911
May.
Mayo.
Km.
3,967
145.6
506.2
27, 1914
46.1
17. 1918
7,980.2
231.2
1.154.8
31, 1914
86.6
25, 1912
7,361.3
241.3
552.1
3. 1914
94
1, 1911
5,730.9
174.8
525.1
5, 1913
28.4
9, 1909
6,421.6
207.2
1,157.5
18. 1906
57.5
11, 1904
9,840
357.7
1,183,8
9. 1913
185.9
20,1910
WINDS.
441
velocity for several stations of the Philippines.
sual y diaria, para varias estaciones de Filipinas.
June.
Junio.
July.
Julio.
August.
Agosto.
Septem-
ber.
Septiem-
bre.
October.
Octubre.
Novem-
ber.
, Noviem-
bre.
Decem-
ber.
Dicietnbre.
i
Annual.
Anua).
Km.
Km.
Km.
Km.
Km.
Km.
Km.
Km.
4,253.9
6,543
7,155.2
6,809.1
4,533.2
5,519
5.629.8
5,785.4
141.8
211
212.2
224.1
182
184
198.5
201.8
716.9
27, 1918
540.5
28, 1913
505.1
14, 1913
765.6
2, 1913
535.4
14, 1912
680.3
24, 1912
569.2
28, 1916
786
Jan. 5, 1917
61.9
4, 1916
67.8
18, 1916
62.1
14, 1917
71.5
15, 1916
54.2
20, 1^7
63.3
25, 1917
41.8
24, 1917
41.8
Dec. 24, 1917
7,077.5
8,809
9,868.7
9,393.7
8,932.8
7,259.7
8,851.4
8 ,782 . 8
235.9
318.5
311.1
287.5
271.4
254.3
279.8
281.9
1,385.7
28, 1918
1 ,3.52 . 8
16, 1913
940.9
22, 1914
1 ,262 . 6
3, 1913
1,295.5
2, 1918
1 ,140.8
25, 1912
1,171.6
7, 1915
1,385.7
June 28, 1918
75.4
29, 1912
52.5
17, 1912
82.1
14, 1909
70.9
6, 1912
68
13, 1912
t
79.2
11, 1908
101.4
7, 1908
52.5
July 17, 1912
6,633
9,180.3
9,158.6
8,582.4
8 ,023 . 8
9,516.8
11,474.8
9,878
231.7
299.3
337.1
292.9
253.5
304 . 2
366.7
325.8
883.7
28, 1918
829.1
15, 1911
875 . 8
21, 1907
812.2
3, 1913
832.4
16, 1912
724.3
28. 1912
634.5
28, 1916
883 7
June 28, 1918
102.2
12. 1911
97.3
3, 1911
100.6
17, 1918
88.8
9, 1910
87.9
2, 1911
80.3
25, 1917
46.2
14, 1912
46 2
Dec. 14, 1912
4,786.4
5,639.9
6,348
5,993.2
6,788.1
7,369.4
8,949.6
7,139.3
167.6
223.1
231.7
210
216.7
253.3
289.7
237.5
896.9
28, 1918
846.1
14, 1911
572.5
28, 1914
609.3
3, 1913
620 3
2, 1918
1 .066.1
1, 1910
699.7
6, 1915
1 .066 1
Nov. 1, 1910
15.3
16, 1909
22.6
23, 1910
12.7
25, 1910
42.6
10, 1908
33.9
5, 1913
27.3
18, 1912
1
32 7 '
19, 1912
7.4
Jan. 15. 1913
6,235.1
8,312.7
9,179.8
7,117
5,061.3
4,571.9
4.492.8
6,203
207.8
268.2
296.1
237.2
163 3
152.4
144.9
203.6
1,229
25, 1904
1,317
15, 1911
1,044
29, 1905
1.021
18, 1909
1 ,048
29, 1915
622
3, 1915
943
7, 1915
1 .317
July 15. 1911
45
11, 1907
29
17, 1916
39 5
9, 1904
38
18, 1915
45
29, 1913
33 5
3, 1909
45.5
18, 1913
29
July 17, 1916
10,007.7
13 ,028
14,908.7
11,773
9,762
9,041
10.805.6
10.865.6
338.5
457.7
460
413.7
326.3
343 9
351.9
367.6
1,749.3
29, 1918
2,477.9
15, 1911
1,720.2
1, 1912
2 ,266 . 8
28, 1911
1 ,136.7
24, 1915
1,190 7
29, 1912
1 .305.7
8, 1915
2.477 9
July 15, 1911
190.6
14, 1911
180.5
30, 1911
168.2
2, 1910
158.8
26, 1915
158 7
19, 1915
1
115 9
20, 1912
154.8
6, 1917
115.9
Nov. 20, 1912
442
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XXXVI. — Monthly and daily mean wind velocity
Tabla XXXVI. — Media velocidad del viento, mensual y
Station.
Estaci6n.
Aparri (1908-1918).
January, i February.
Enero. Febrero.
Km.
Monthly mean velocity (Velocidad me-
dia mensual) " 10 ,027 . 3
Daily mean velocity (Velocidad media
diaria) 327 . 9
Maximum daily velocity (Velocidad
maxima diaria) 806 . 7
Date (Fecha) 30, 1913
Minimum daily velocity (Velocidad mi-
nima diaria) 33 . 8
Date (Fecha) 27, 1911
Km.
9,218.4
338.3
809.4
13, 1917
119.1
16, 1909
March.
Marzo.
Km.
10,395.5
331.2
750.6
26, 1909
135.1
12, 1912
April.
Abril.
Km.
8,873.2
295.8
691.3
18, 1911
146.8
May.
Mayo.
Km.
8,924.9
287.3
1,015.7
7, 1910
140.7
7, 1913 I 29, 1915
WINDS.
443
for several stations of the Philippines — Continued.
diaria, para varias estaciones de Filipinas — Continuacion.
June.
Junio.
July.
Julio.
August.
Agosto.
Septem-
ber.
Septiem-
bre.
October.
Octubre.
Novem-
ber.
Noviem-
bre.
December.
Diciembre.
Ankuai,.
Anual.
Km.
8,626.1
Km.
8,619.7
Km.
8,726.8
Km.
8,261.7
Km.
8,725.7
Km.
10,594.6
Km.
10,184.4
Km.
9,264.9
297.2
289.8
283.3
287.5
281.7
322
335.3
306.4
1,499.8
29, 1918
1,050.7
29, 1913
1,517.1
16, 1913
1,307
4, 1913
1,047.5
28, 1915
954.3
28, 1908
933 9
8, 1911
1,517 1
Aug. 16, 1913
145.7
1, 1908
127.4
20, 1910
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Jan. 27, 1911
444
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VI. TYPHOONS.
That typhoons have a great influence on the climate and the
weather in the Philippines, cannot be reasonably doubted. Our
rainfall in summer and autumn, many of our prevailing winds,
particularly in summer, the great wind velocity of several months
for a good number of our stations, etc., etc., are to be attributed
to the influence of typhoons. Most of the greatest changes of
weather experienced in our Archipelago as to precipitation, hu-
midity, cloudiness, winds, are caused only by typhoons. Hence
the importance of this matter in any writing on the weather
and climate of the Philippines.
Hann in his Handbook of Climatology ^ has the following
to say on the value of the distribution of storm frequency in
descriptive climatology :
Professor Abbe lays great stress upon the determination of
the number of storm centres that pass over a given locality, or
the storm frequency, and upon the direction of movements of
these storms. We fully agree with Abbe in believing that charts
of the tracks of barometric minima, and of their frequency of
occurrence upon these tracks, are a valuable aid in descriptive
climatology. Such charts furnish direct evidence concerning
the changeableness and the peculiarities of the weather at any
definite place. Charts showing the distribution of storm fre-
quency are therefore also of importance in determining the
boundaries between climates.
In this report we are going to touch on typhoons only as far
as they affect the weather and the climate of the Philippines.
Therefore, in studying the monthly and annual frequency of
typhoons we will not consider all the depressions or typhoons
that have been observed throughout the Far East, as has been
done in practically all the previous publications of the Manila Ob-
servatory, but only those which have either traversed the Ar-
chipelago, or at least have approached sufficiently near to in-
fluence our weather. If in connection with our climate and
weather all the typhoons of the Far East would be included,
even those that remain in the Pacific very far away in the
region of the Ladrone or of the Bonin Islands, the results ob-
' English translation by Ward, page 83.
445
446 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
tained would be simply misleading, as they would convey the
idea, at least for many people, that the number of typhoons felt
monthly or yearly in the Philippines is much greater than it
really is.
Again, distinction should be made between remarkable or, as
a rule, destructive typhoons, and ordinary typhoons. A remark-
able or destructive typhoon is one of the greatest natural cala-
mities that may occur in any place, when it is traversed by the
cyclonic center, causing terrible disasters on land and in the
seas, and enormous material damages. But depressions and or-
dinary typhoons, owing to the beneficial rains that they produce
with the corresponding increase of cloudiness and lowering of
air temperature, are often rather a blessing to the Philippines
than a cause of serious damage.
The same may be said of typhoons, even intense or very re-
markable, which do not reach the Islands, but remain either
in the Pacific or in the China Sea, within 500 or 300 miles from
our Archipelago. It is true that all these typhoons are also
dangerous for navigation ; but this danger is greatly minimized
by the prompt and proper distribution of typhoon warnings as
it is done in the Philippines.
Accordingly, it is our intention in this report to talk first and
more in detail of the remarkable typhoons that have really
traversed the Philippines during the period of sixteen years,
1903 to 1918. Then some information will be given on the de-
pressions or ordinary typhoons that have crossed the Philip-
pine during the period of 11 years, 1908 to 1918, and finally
something will be said on the typhoons, whether remarkable or
otherwise, which have not touched the Archipelago, but have
approached sufficiently near to exert a general influence on the
weather of the Philippines during the same period 1908, to 1918.
With very few exceptions, low-pressure areas with no definite
center and no definite track have not been considered in this
report.
Our readers may wonder why information concerning the
ordinary typhoons over the Philippines, and also the distant ty-
phoons, is taken from the period 1908 to 1918 and not from the
longer period 1903 to 1918. The reason is that our two daily
weather maps began to be drawn ony at the end of 1907, the
year 1908 being the first for which we have these important
means for the study of depressions and typhoons. Without these
maps prepared daily, it is very hard to prepared complete sta-
tistics of typhoons, particularly of ordinary typhoons, and much
TYPHOONS. 447
more to determine the provinces which were traversed by the
cyclonic center.
List of remarkoMe typhoons in the Philippines, 1903-1918. —
By remarkable typhoons in the Philippines we mean here those
storms which have traversed or touched the Philippines, causing
the barometers, in or near the cyclonic center, to fall below
742 mm., if the correction for gravity is not applied, or below
740 mm., if the gravity correction is applied. For the sake of
uniformity with our previous publications all the barometric
readings given in this chapter are not corrected for gravity.
As a rule, typhoons which produce such a falling of the baro-
meter cause considerable damage in the regions situated within
their destructive area.
A complete list of all the remarkable typhoons which have
occurred in the Philippines in the period of 16 years, 1903-1918,
are included in Table XXXVIII. This table gives for each ty-
phoon the date on which the cyclonic center traversed the Philip-
pines; the lowest barometric minimum observed in the station
which was nearest to the center; the direction followed by the
typhoon and its rate of progress while passing near the place
whose barometric minimum is given ; and, finally, the provinces
and subprovinces which happened to be within the destructive
area of the typhoon or which are supposed to have been mostly
affected by the stormy weather and hurricane winds.
A few remarks may be necessary for the better understanding
of the information contained in this table:
1. As to the lowest barometric reading, it is evident that quite
often the barometer must have been much lower in the center of
the typhoon, because not always have we been so fortunate as
to get observations from places situated on the very track of
the typhoon. Thus, for instance, in cases of typhoons passing
through the Babuyan Islands, the nearest station reporting
meteorological observations will be either Aparri or Basco, dis-
tant from the center of the storm from 25 to 50 miles. Hence
it is that we have included in the list a few barometric minima
higher than 742 mm., when we were perfectly sure that the
barometer was much lower in the center.
2. Regarding the rate of progress as contained in the table, we
wish to insist on that we give the rate of progress of the
typhoon just at the time which it crossed the Philippines, and
generally while the center was near the place of the lowest baro-
metric minimum. And as it is not so uncommon that a typhoon
decreases in velocity while within the Archipelago, the rate of
448
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
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452 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
progress deduced from the two dates given in our Plates
XXII to XXV at the beginning and end of each track, may often
differ from that given in Table XXXVIII.
3. As will be explained later, the last column contains those
provinces and subprovinces whose boundary line was within 50
miles from the cyclonic center in cases of very remarkable ty-
phoons, and within 30 miles in cases of only remarkable typhoons.
The attention of our readers should be called to the great
variety observed in the rate of progress of typhoons traversing
the Philippines, the greatest having been 28 to 30 miles per
hour, while the lowest was only 2 to 3 miles per hour. The
former velocity was obtained in the case of a typhoon that crossed
the central part of Luzon, in a WNW direction on November,
1908; and the latter was observed whilst a typhoon of a very
abnormal track, which had been moving first to NE from the
China Sea, was recurving very slowly to N and NW near the
Batan Islands on August, 1910. Velocities higher than 20 miles
per hour have been observed only in two other cases of remark-
able typhoons that traversed Luzon to the north of Manila : on in
October, 1908, and the other in November, 1915. The average
velocity of the 60 typhoons contained in Table XXXVIII is 11.6
miles per hour.
Tracks of remarkable typhoons in the Philippines, 1903-
iPi 5.— Plates XXII to XXV show the tracks of the 60 remark-
able typhoons that traversed the Philippines during the period
1903-1918. The dates given at the beginning and end of each
track refer generally to the position of the typhoon at 6 a. m.
The following remarks on these tracks should prove of great
interest to our readers :
1. There appears an evident tendency on the part of big
typhoons to cross the Philippines through the northern part
of Luzon and the Balintang Channel. This is particularly re-
markable in the years 1911 to 1913, as shown in Plate XXIV.
2. We distinguish in these plates by a heavier line the typhoons
which we call very remarkable, their barometric minima being
lower than 720. Out of 60 typhoons there appear in these plates
14 as very remarkable: 9 to the north of Manila, and 5 to the
south. This means that about 23 per cent of the remarkable
typhoons are very remarkable. It should be noticed, however,
that, as in several cases we could not get observations from
places very near the center of the typhoons, it is very probable
that several other typhoons which appear now in our plates as
remarkable would appear as very remarkable if more weather
reports could have been obtained. This is particularly probable
TRACKS OF REMARKABLE TYPHOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES, 1903-1906.
PLATE XXII.
TRACKS OF REMARKABLE TYPHOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES, 1907-1910.
115° )20»
125°
25'
9
20°
■»^:
IS°
10°
5"
C H 1 N A V
5^
1,' •
b
!5°
20°
•
•>
•
15°
5»
/ ° /
/ * /
1 ° /
f i //
/
// -"^
H 1 C ^<\y /v
.^^^"^^^
5
■'-4!
>.<-.„. jg.wf — ^/ ^^
^^ ^^^^ulj, 27-28.1909,
T '\JLG C H A^
\
\r^
si^
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S ^*Si^^ ^'**'«>i„^ ^^^^^^^^
^
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S7
^ SULU
0.
A' B 0 R N E 0 \-^v
SEA
1
6
A
N A 0 I
oO
p^-^ r ? ■
1
S° 120°
125°
'•■-*
iVery remarksble typhoon wlh 9 barometric minimum beh^ 720nm.^ ■ mi,m.ffemsrksble ^phoon mib s biromeinc atimmum befomM2mm.^ Abnormsl trtck
PLATE XXIII.
TRACKS OF REMARKABLE TYPHOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 1911-1913.
PLATE XXIV.
M«» 7^^^n ,^4tr.r -Mi IrHK
TRACKS OF REMARKABLE TYPHOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES, 1914-1918.
125°
^fr/ remarkable t/phoon wtiha barometric minimum beioiv 720mm.;^^iemarkab/e typhoon m'fb i barometric mimmum bflorr742mm.;^inormal tr^ci
PLATE XXV.
TYPHOONS. 457
in regard to typhoons that crossed the Babuyan Islands between
Aparri and Basco.
3. Out of the 14 very remarkable typhoons there were no more
than 4 typhoons with a barometric minimum lower than 700
mm. ; two over Samar in September, 1905, and September, 1908
(690.1 mm. and 699.1 mm. respectively), one over Leyte in No-
vember, 1912, (693.1 mm.), and the other over the Batanes in
August, 1911 (690 ? mm.). Besides, the typhoon which crossed
the Babuyan Islands on August, 1913, was also in all probability,
even on the 16th., one of the most remarkable typhoons, as the
barometric minimum observed the next day on board the steamer
Empire was as low as 683.17 mm.
4. It is evident from these plates that the annual frequency
of remarkable typhoons is very variable, there being at times
periods of several years with very few typhoons and other periods
with the greatest number of typhoons. Thus Plate XXV shows
only 11 remarkable typhoons for 5 years, 1914 to 1918, while
Plate XXIV has 18 typhoons for only 3 years, 1911 to 1913.
5. In order to show how far these remarkable typhoons may
affect the weather in Manila, we say that 46 passed to the north
of Manila, and only 15 to the south, their distance from the city
being as follows :
0-30 miles 1
30-60 miles 5
60-120 miles 11
Over 120 miles -. 44
It is evident from this that Manila has been considerably free
from the destructive effects of remarkable typhoons, as there
was only one in 16 years that passed within 30 miles from the
city. This was the typhoon known as The Cantahria TupJwon '
which traversed Luzon through the Provinces of Sorsogon, Ta-
yabas, Laguna, Batangas, and Cavite on September, 1905.
Our readers may like to know why is it that rainy and squally
weather is often protracted for several days in Manila when
typhoons pass over 120 miles north of Manila, and particularly
when they traverse Cagayan Province or the Balintang Channel,
while it lasts only for much shorter time when a typhoon passes
nearer through the Provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, or Pan-
gasinan. Several reasons may be advanced to explain this fact :
(1) With typhoons coming from higher latitudes to the north-
east of Manila, the squally winds from W and WSW will begin
to blow much sooner in Manila than in cases of typhoons coming
* For further details on this typhoon see The Cantahria Typhoon, by Rev.
Miguel Saderra Mata, S. J., 1906.
458 CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
from lower latitudes to the east of Manila; (2) when a typhoon
is passing not very far to the north of Manila, the winds in the
city will not be blowing for a long time from the southwest
quadrant, but will back soon to S and even to SE, while in
cases of typhoons crossing the northernmost part of Luzon or
the Balintang Channel, the winds in Manila will keep blowing
from the SW quadrant without hardly backing to the S, much
less to the SE, especially if the typhoon inclines northward in
the direction of the Formosa Channel, which is not a rare case ;
(3) it often happens that a typhoon near the Balintang Channel
recurves north and northeast, while a typhoon will hardly ever
recurve when traversing the provinces of central Luzon it being
a well-known fact that a typhoon decreases considerably, as a
rule, its rate of progress during the time of recurving north-
eastward; (4) in cases of a typhoon over the Balintang Channel,
especially if it recurves north or northeast, there remains some-
times behind it for several days a low-pressure area extending
from the China Sea to the Pacific across northern Luzon and
the Balintang Channel, the effect of which is a prolonged period
of rains and more or less squally southwesterly winds in Manila ;
this does not happen in cases of typhoons passing nearer to
Manila across central Luzon.
6'. The most common and ordinary directions followed by ty-
phoons while crossing the Philippines are WNW and W by N.
7. There appear in Plate XXIII four typhoons formed in the
China Sea and moving northeastward or eastward immediately
after their formation. One of them crossed the northern part
of Luzon in July, 1909, two the Babuyan Islands in August,
1907, and May, 1908, respectively, and the other passed very
close to the Batan Islands in August, 1910. The latter, while
in the neighborhood of the Batanes, recurved N and NW toward
southern Formosa.^ These tracks are altogether abnormal and
very seldom observed in the Philippines.
8. Although Plates XXII to XXV do not show the place
of origin of the remarkable typhoons of the Philippines formed
in the Pacific, it may interest our readers to have some informa-
tion as to the region in which they were probably formed. As
our weather maps began to be drawn only at the end of 1907,
as stated above, we lack sufficient means to point out the place
of origin of the remarkable typhoons of the period 1903 to 1907.
Hence we will consider only those formed in the Pacific during
^ See The Typhoon of the Batan Islands, Formosa and Indo-China, Au-
giist 25 to September 2, 1910, by Rev. Jose Coronas, S. J., 1910.
TYPHOONS. 459
the period of 11 years, 1908 to 1918. There were in all 42 re-
markable typhoons in the Philippines during this period, which
came from the Pacific, their place of origin as to longitude and
latitude being as follows :
125''-135° longitude 13
135»-145° longitude 24
East of 145° longitude 5
5°-10° latitude 15
10°-15° latitude 24
15°-20° latitude 3
For further details and the full tracks of these typhoons our
readers are referred to our Monthly Bulletins for the period
1908 to 1918.
Monthly and annual distribution of the remarkable typhoons
in the Philippines, 1903-1918.— We give in Table XXXIX, dis-
tributed by months and years, the 60 remarkable typhoons of the
Philippines for the period 1903 to 1918. The greatest number
of these typhoons occurred in September and October, these being
13 in each of these two months. Then follows the month of
August, with 9 typhoons. July and November have each 6 ty-
phoons, while June and December appear with only 4 each. One
was observed in January and one in April. Not a single one
occurred in February and March. The years of 1908 and 1911
are the years of maximum frequency of remarkable typhoons,
7 having been observed in each. There were 6 remarkable ty-
phoons in 1913, and 5 in each of the years 1909 and 1912. Only
one remarkable typhoon occurred in the year 1916 and no more
than two in each of the years 1904, 1907, 1914, 1917, and 1918.
Percentage and distribution by provinves and subprovinces
of the remarkable typhoons of the Philippines, 1903-1918. — It
has been always of the greatest interest, especially for those who
are engaged in the agricultural development of the Philippines, to
know to what extent the different regions of the Archipelago
are exposed to typhoons, and most particularly to remarkable
and destructive typhoons. Having this in view, we offer in
Table XL the distribution by provinces and subprovinces, with
the corresponding percentage, of the 60 remarkable typhoons
observed in the Philippines during the period 1903 to 1918.
The percentage is also gi'aphically shown in Plate XXVI. A
few remarks may be necessary for the better understanding of
both the table and the plate :
1. In order that the information may be of practical value,
we realized that it would not be enough to include in each ty-
460
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
w.
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Feb-
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Febrero.
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Janu-
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Enero.
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L918
Total
4-
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i '"''-*''
PERCENTAGE OF REMARKABLE TYPHOONS, BY PROVINCES AND SUBPROVINCES.
1903-191S.
PROVINCE AND SUBPROVINCE
Cagayan
llocoi Norte
Babuyan Islands (Cagayan)
AbVa
Samar
Ilocoi SuT
Isabela .
Leyte
Batanes
Ambos Camarines
Catandnanes
Hindoro A
Uugao-Lepanto-Bontoc
Ambnrayan-Benguet
Noeva Vizcaya
Masbate
la Union
Pangasinan
Northern Tayabas
Albay
Romblon
Nueva Ecija
Sorsog^n
Northern Palawan
Cebu
Tarlac
Zambales
Southern Tayabai
Antique
Iloilo
Occidental Negros
Bulacan
Rizal
PLATE XXVI.
462
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XL. — Distribution and percentage of remarkable typhoons, by prov-
inces and subprovinces, 1903-1918.
Province and subprovince. Total.
Per cent.
Sulu
Cotabato
Davao
Zamboanga
Lanao
Bukidnon
Agusan
Misamis
Surigao
Southern Palawan
Northern Palawan
Oriental Negros
Occidental Negros
Bohol
Cebu
Ley te
Hoilo
Antique
Capiz
Samar
Masbate (subprovince)
Romblon
Mindoro
Marinduque (subprovince)..
Sorsogon
AJbay
Catanduanes (subprovince) .
Ambos Camarines
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
4
0
7
2
6
2
7
11
6
6
5
14
9
8
10
4
7
8
10
10
1.7
0
1.7
0
0
0
1.7
0
6.7
0
11.7
3.3
10.0
3.3
11.7
18.3
10.0
10.0
8.3
23.3
15.0
13.3
16.7
6.7
11.7
13.3
16.7
16.7
Province and subprovince.
Southern Tayabas
Northern Tayabas
Batangas
Laguna
Cavite
Rizal
Manila (city)
Bataan
Bulacan
Pampanga
Zambales
Tarlac
Nueva Ecija
Pangasinan
Nueva Vizcaya
Amburayan-Benguet (sub-
provinces) -
La Union
Ifugao-Lepanto-Bontoc (sub
provinces)
Isabela
Abra
Ilocos Sur
Cagayan
Ilocos Norte
Babuyan Islands (Cagayan)
Batanes
Total.
Per cent.
5
8.3
8
13.3
5
8.3
4
6.7
4
6.7
5
8.3
1
1.7
4
6.7
5
8.3
3
5.0
6
10.0
6
10.0
7
11.7
8
13.3
9
15.0
9
15.0
8
13.3
9
15.0
13
21.7
15
25.0
13
21.7
21
20
19
10
35.0
33.3
31.7
16.7
Table XLI. — Distribution and percentage of depressions and ordinary ty-
phoons, by provinces and subprovinces, 1908-1918.
Province and subprovince.
Sulu
Cotabato
Davao
Zamboanga
Lanao
Bukidnon
Agusan
Misamis
Surigao
Southern Palawan
Northern Palawan
Oriental Negros
Occidental Negros
Bohol
Cebu
Leyte
Iloilo
Antique
Capiz
Samar
Masbate (subprovince)
Romblon
Mindoro
Marinduque (subprovince)..
Sorsogon
Albay
Catanduanes (subprovince) .
Ambos Camarines . . ,
Total.
Per cent.
1
1.6
2
3.3
5
8.2
3
4.9
3
4.9
3
4.9
3
4.9
2
3.3
3
4.9
6
9.8
8
13.1
3
4.9
3
4.9
3
4.9
5
8.2
12
19.7
2
3.3
2
3.3
2
3.3
14
23.0
6
9.8
5
8.2
7
11.5
3
4.9
5
8.2
4
6.6
7
11.5
6
9.6
Province and subprovince.
Southern Tayabas
Northern Tayabas
Batangas
Laguna
Cavite
Rizal
Manila (city)
Bataan
Bulacan
Pampanga
Zambales
Tarlac ;
Nueva Ecija
Pangasinan
Nueva Vizcaya
Benguet-Amburayan (sub-
provinces)
La Union
Ifugao-Lepanto-Bontoc (sub-
provinces)
Isabela
Abra
Ilocos Sur
Cagayan
Ilocos Norte
Babuyan Islands (Cagayan) .
Batanes
TotaL
Per cent.
14.8
3.3
4.9
9.8
6.6
3.3
0
4.9
3.3
1.6
3.3
1.6
1.6
0
1.6
3.3
3.3
4.9
4.9
3.3
3.3
6.6
1.6
13.1
9.8
TYPHOONS. 463
phoon only those provinces and subprovinces which had been sit-
uated in the very track of the typhoon, because by following
this method many provinces in which these typhoons proved
to be destructive and even very destructive, would not have
been mentioned here. Thus, to give only one example, the Can-
tabria Typhoon was very destructive in Albay Province, yet the
very center of the typhoon did not cross that province, but
Sorsogon Province. Hence we decided to include all the prov-
inces and subprovinces whose boundary line nearest to the center
of the typhoon was situated within its area of destruction, or in
other words, all the provinces and subprovinces which had been
mostly affected by the storm. And as, on the one hand, the area
of destruction is very different for different typhoons, and on
the other hand we thought it practically impossible to find out in
each particular case whether any part of any province was really
within the destructive area of the typhoon, we decided to include
in Table XL and Plate XXVI all the provinces and subprovinces
whose nearest boundary line was within 50 miles from the cyclo-
nic center in cases of very remarkable typhoons, or within 30
miles in cases of simply remarkable typhoons.
2. In our endeavor to avoid any misleading impression as to
the frequency of typhoons in the different provinces and sub-
provinces of the Philippines, we thought it better to divide into
a northern and southern part the Provinces of Tayabas and Pala-
wan which are too long from north to south. For the same
reason we mention the Babuyan Islands separately from Caga-
yan, although those islands belong to Cagayan Province.
A glance at our Plate XXVI will be sufficient to show
which regions of our Archipelago are more or less exposed
to frequently destructive typhoons. The Province of Cagayan
is the worst in this respect, 35 per cent of the remarkable
typhoons belonging to that province. Ilocos Norte and Babuyan
Islands come next with 33.3 and 31.7 per cent, respectively.
Then follow Abra with 25 per cent and Samar with 23.3 per
cent. Provinces with less than 10 per cent are those in the
neighborhood of Manila, like Rizal, Bulacan, Pampanga, Cavite,
Bataan, Batangas, etc., also the Provinces of Marinduque, Capiz,
Bohol, Oriental Negros, and Surigao. Provinces with no re-
markable typhoon or hardly any are Sulu and the different prov-
inces of Mindanao Island with the only exception of Surigao.
Ordinary typhoons or depressions in the Philippines, 1908-
464
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
291S. — We will say a few words now on the ordinary typhoons
or depressions which have traversed the Philippines during the
period of 11 years, 1908 to 1918, causing a barometric minimum
generally lower than 755 mm. (gravity correction not applied)
but higher than 742 mm. They were in all 61 while the number
of remarkable typhoons during the same period was only 45.
Their distribution by months with the corresponding percentage
is as follows:
Month.
January.^.
February _
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November .
December.
Number.
Total
61
Per cent.
3
4.9
3
4.9
3
4.9
6
9.8
2
3.3
6
9.8
2
3.3
8
13.1
8
13.1
15
24.6
5
8.2
November is the month which appears with the greatest
number of ordinary typhoons or depressions, 15; next follow
September and October, with 8 typhoons each. February is the
only month altogether free from depressions and typhoons.
June and August have only two each, while December has about
the same number as July : 5 and 6, respectively. May has also 6,
and January, March and April, have only 3 each.
The percentage and distribution by provinces and subprovinces
of these 61 depressions or ordinary typhoons of the Philippines
is contained in Table XLI. For the proper understanding of
this table we have to remark that, contrary to what we did with
the remarkable typhoons, we consider here only for each typhoon
those provinces and subprovinces which were really situated in
the very track of the typhoon and, therefore, were traversed
by the very cyclonic center. The greatest percentages (23.0 and
19.7, respectively) are those of Samar and Leyte, while Caga-
yan, Ilocos Norte, and Ilocos Sur have very small percentages,
only 6.6, 1.6 and 3.3, respectively. Other provinces of northern
Luzon have also small percentages of ordinary typhoons. This
seems to show that the typhoons which so often cross the north-
ern part of Luzon are generally remarkable typhoons; but the
typhoons that traverse also frequently Samar and Leyte are
about half remarkable typhoons and half ordinary typhoons.
TYPHOONS. 465
By uniting the remarkable and the ordinary typhoons we
have a resultant percentage of 23.1 for Samar and 20.7 for
Cagayan. In other words, Samar may have a total number of
typhoons somewhat greater than Cagayan, but Cagayan has a
much greater number of remarkable typhoons.
Typhoons of the Pacific 07- the China Sea affecting the iveather
of the Philippines, 1908-1918. — We will now give some informa-
tion on those typhoons, either ordinary or remarkable, that did
not touch the Philippines, but approached sufficiently near to
affect the general weather conditions of the Archipelago during
the period of 11 years, 1908 to 1918.
In all the cases which will be considered here we may truly
say that the Archipelago was within the body of the storm, the
barometric readings being generally lower than 755 mm. (gravity
correction not applied), at least in that part of the Philippines
nearest to the typhoon, although the center of the storm might
have been some hundred miles away. The greater or lesser
influence of these typhoons on our weather depends not only
on the distance of the center but also on the dimensions of the
tjT)hoon. It happens at times that a very big typhoon
500 miles away in the Pacific, or even farther, influences the
weather of the Archipelago as much, and perhaps even more,
than another much smaller typhoon within 300 miles of the
Philippines. Again, a big typhoon situated about 100 miles from
the Philippines may be felt as strongly or more than an ordinary
typhoon traversing the Archipelago. Thus a Formosa typhoon,
which passed about 80 miles to the northeast of the Batan
Islands on September, 1912, caused the barometer of Basco to
fall to 738.4 mm., the force of the winds being naturally pro-
portioned to such a low reading of the barometer. But this is
to be considered as rather a rare case. The great majority of
the typhoons which will be considered here have been within 300
miles of the Philippines, and their influence on our weather has
been quite often less than in the cases of ordinary typhoons
crossing the Archipelago.
Typhoons not touching the Philippines are either Pacific ty-
phoons or China Sea typhoons. Of the Pacific typhoons some
go straight to Formosa, others cross the Loochoo Islands moving
northwestward or westward, others recurve to Japan, and others
remain in the Pacific. The China Sea typhoons, with a few ex-
ceptions, move either to the China coast or to Indochina. During
the period of 1908 to 1918 there have been 60 Pacific typhoons
and 24 China Sea typhoons affecting clearly the weather condi-
171073 80
466
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
tions of the Philippines : a total of 84 in 11 years. Their monthly
percentage and distribution is as follows:
Month.
Pacific typhoons, j China Sea typhoons.
Number. Per cent. Number. ' Per cent.
January ...
February .-
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October _..
November .
December .
Total
1
2
2
11
12
19
3
4
4
1.7
1.7
60
1.7
3.3
3.3
18.3
20
31.7
5
6.7
6.7
20.8
20.8
29.2
29.2
24 .
It is evident from this that the months in which the Pacific
typhoons occur most frequently are July, August, and Septem-
ber, the maximum frequency being that of September. China
Sea typhoons sufficiently near to influence the weather of the
Philippines were observed only from June to September, the
maximum frequency occurring in August and September.
Grand total of remarkable and ordinary typhoons or depres-
sions of the Philippines and of the Pacific and China Sea ty-
phoons affecting the weather of the Archipelago, 1908-1918. —
We will finish this chapter by grouping together all the typhoons,
whether remarkable or ordinary, whether traversing the Phil-
ippines or not, but which have affected the general conditions of
the Philippines during the period of 11 years from 1908 to 1918.
Their monthly percentage and distribution is as follows:
Month.
January..
February
March ...
April
May.
June
July
August.
2.1
.5
1.6
2.1
5.3
5.8
14.2
14.7
September _. . .. 22.6
October I 11.1
Percent-
aere.
Total.
November.
December.
Total in 11 years
Annual mean
13.2
6.8
4
1
3
4
10
11
27
28
43
21
25
13
190
17.3
TYPHOONS. 467
The attention of our readers should be called to the annual
mean of typhoons, 17, as against the annual mean 25 deduced
from previous periods of years (1890-1898 and 1890-1901),
when all the depressions and typhoons of the whole Far East
were included in the statistics of typhoons,^ and not only those
which really affected the weather of the Philippines, as it has
been done in this report.
* See Climatologia de Filipinas in El Archipielago Filipino, Vol. II, page
195, and Cyclones of the Far East, page 87,
APPENDIX.
WEATHER ON OFFICIAL HOLIDAYS IN MANILA,
1903-1918.
We thought it might be of interest to many of our readers to
include here in an appendix some information regarding the
character of the weather experienced at Manila on the most
important of our holidays during the past 16 years covered by
this report. Weather conditions referring to these days are
graphically shown in Plates XXVII, XXVIII, and XXIX, while
the corresponding data are given in Tables XLII, XLIII, and
XLIV.
Occupation Day (August 13) has been always, with only three
exceptions (1903, 1909 and 1917), a rainy day, the winds pre-
vailing in thirteen cases from the W or SW quadrants. July 4
does not have so many rainy days, although the number of days
with rain is greater than the number of days without rain ; the
winds in ten cases out of sixteen prevailed also from the W or
SW quadrants. Rizal Day, Christmas, New Year's and Thanks-
giving Days, all have a few cases of rain, which, as a rule,
was of little importance, the winds prevailing in most of the
cases from the N or E quadrants. For further details see the
adjoined tables.
It is to be remarked here that the weather conditions in the
eastern part of the Archipelago, like Albay, Samar, Surigao,
etc., would be quite different for the four holidays falling in
winter, from November to January, as the rainy season is there
at its height during these months.
468
APPENDIX.
469
Table XLII. — Weather of New Year's day and July U in Manila, 1903-1918.
TabIaA XLII. — Estado del tiempo en Manila el dia de Ano Nuevo y 4 de Julio, 1903-1918.
NEW YEAR'S DAY.— DIA DE ASO NtTEVO.
Year.
Alio.
1903..
1 904 . .
1905. .
1906..
1907..
1908..
1909..
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
1914. .
191.5..
1916. .
1917..
1918..
Temperatueb.
Temperatura.
Mean.
Me-
dia.
»C.
25.9
25
24
25.4
24.4
25
24
25.2
23.6
24.
23,
24,
24.
25.
25.
23.
Maxi-
mum.
Mini-
mum.
oC.
30.7
29.7
30
30.3
29,2
31.2
27.2
30.8
30.4
32
26
31
31
29
32,
28
Wind.
Viento.
Rainfall.
Lluvia.
Maxima, i Minima.
"C.
19.8
19.6
20.7
21.6
19.1
21.1
21.2
21
18.7
17.2
22.8
20
18.4
22.3
21.3
Prevail-
ing
Direc-
tion.
Direccion
domi-
nante.
Variable
W, S
N
NE
NNE
ESE
NE, E
Variable
SE quad.
E quad.
N
N
SE quad.
N quad.
E quad.
Velocity.
Velonidad.
MlLLI-
Hourly Hourly meters.
Aver- ' Maxi- Mili-
age. mum. metros.
Media Maxima ,
horaria. horaria
Km.
8.0
4.6
10. .
7
9.5
5.1
5.1
4.4
5.3
5.8
7
5.1
5.4
18.8 iNWquad.
5.4
Inches.
Pulga-
das.
Weath-
er.
Estado
del
tiempo.
Km.
19
9
21
28
27.5
13
20
11.5
14.5
16.5
20
14
15
9.5
14
13.5
0.1
0.005
1.7
33.3
2.8
.066
1.31
.11
O
®
€
®
©
®
©
©
o
o
©
€
Sun-
shine.
Horas
de sol.
m.
10
15
30
10
0 50
7 55
0 05
7 30
8 10
7 40
0 00
6 55
8 50
0 15
05
10
JULY 4TH.— 4 DE JULIO.
Year.
Ano.
1903..
1904..
1905..
1906. .
1907..
1908..
1909..
1910. .
1911. .
1912..
1913..
1914..
1915. .
1916. .
1917..
1918..
Temperature.
Temperatura.
Mean.
Maxi-
Mini-
Me-
mum.
mum.
dia.
MAxima.
Minima.
°C.
"C.
oC.
28.8
32.4
23.3
26.5
28.9
23.8
26
30.3
22
28.7
32.8
22 7
27.2
32.4
22 3
27.3
32 3
23.4
25.6
29,9
22.7
26.6
31.3
22.9
26.6
32.8
22.2
26.5
• 32
24
27.2
32
23.8
26.3
29.1
24.2
29.2
32.9
25.2
26.6
30.8
23.5
26.7
31.2
24
1 26.5
i
31.1
22 . 5
1
Wind.
Viento.
Rainfall.
Lluvia.
Prevail-
ing
Direc-
tion.
Direcci6n
domi-
nante.
WSW I
sw
Variable
WSW
WNW
nw, sw
ESE
WSW
SE quad.
W quad.
N, SE
WSW
WSW
SE I
SW t
N quad. [
Velocity. '
Velocidad.
MlLLI-
HouRLv Hourly meters, t, i„„
Aver- M.axi- Mili- ^"'8^-
AGE. MUM. metros.
Media Maxima
horaria. horaria. 1
' Inches.
das.
Km.
9.1
25.2
4
7.4
4.7
9.5
5.4
5
3
5
5
13
15
6.9
14
8.5
Km.
20
40
12
17
14
23.5
16
13
9
20
10.5
28.5
33.5
20
26
24.6
3.4
6
.7
4.4
0.132
.236
.026
.172
Weath-
er.
Estado
del
tiempo.
"i.s
"';287'
7.1
.28
.3
23.9
2
.61
.94
.08
c
i)
c
c
©
c
r
€
€
C
Sun-
shine.
Horas
de sol.
I
h. m.
8 20
3 1$
2 30
10 55
9 35
7 55
0 05
2 55
5 00
0 35
2 40
0 00
10 00
2 16
4 35
4 00
O. Clear (despejado) ; ©, partly cloudy (nublado en parte) ; f) overcast (cubierto).
470
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.
Table XLIII. — Weather of Occupation and Thanksgiving days in Manila,
1903-1918.
Tabla XLIII. — Estado del tieirpo de los dias de Ocupaci6n y Acci6n de Gracias en Manila,
1903-1918.
OCCUPATION DAY.— Df A DE 0CUPACI6N.
Year.
Ano.
1903...
1904...
1905...
1906...
1907...
1908...
1909...
1910..
1911..
1912..
1913..
1914..
1915..
1916. .
1917..
1918. .
Temperature.
Temperatura.
Mean.
Media.
"C.
29.1
26.3
25.8
27.3
26.6
26.5
27.7
26.6
25.1
25.3
26.5
27.2
24.3
27.4
27.5
24.3
Maxi-
mum.
Maxi-
ma.
oC.
32.7
28.4
29.9
32.4
30.4
31.1
32.3
31
27.6
27.2
31
31.2
25.6
30
31.6
26.3
Mini-
mum.
Mini-
ma.
•C.
24.4
23.8
23.4
23.1
23.4
22.9
24.8
23.8
23.6
23.2
23.7
24.2
22.8
25.5
23.6
23
Wind.
Viento.
PRBVAII/-
ing
Direc-
tion.
Direcci6n
domi-
nante.
Velocity.
Velocidad.
Rainfall.
Lluvia.
Hourly
Aver-
age.
Media
horaria.
WSW
SW
SSW
NNE, NNW
SW
WSW
WSW
WSW
SW quad.
SW quad.
SW
SW
NE quad.
SSW, SW
SW
I SE quad.
Km.
7.7
14.6
5.4
6.2
8.6
12.9
6.2
12.4
19.1
13.9
11.2
27.8
4.9
25.4
6.5
10.5
Hourly
Maxi-
mum.
Maxi-
ma
horaria.
Milli-
meters.
Mili-
metro.
Km.
18
34
10
19
27
34
16
29
43
31
24
40
19
42
14.
28
Inches.
Weath-
er.
Estado
del
Pulga- tiempo
das.
4.6
18.7
1.7
45.1
5.7
62.5
133.1
10.9
8.4
21.1
63.2
22.6
0.18
.736
.066
1.774
.224
18.3
2.46
5.24
.43
.33
.83
2.49
.89
.72
®
©
€
©
0
©
©
©
©
©
©
©
©
©
Sun-
shine.
Horas
de soL
h.
m.
10
05
0
20
3
40
5
40
5
10
9
25
9
00
6
10
0
00
0
00
3
20
0
35
0
00
10
00
THANKSGIVING DAY.— DIA DE ACCI6N DE GRACIAS.
Temperature.
Temperatura.
Wind.
Viento.
Rainfall.
Lluvia.
Weath-
er.
Estado
del
tiempo.
Year.
Ano.
Mean.
Media.
Maxi-
mum.
Maxi-
ma.
Mini-
mum.
Mini-
ma.
Prbvaii^
ING
Direc-
tion.
Direcci6n
domi-
nante.
Velocity.
Velocidad.
Milli-
meters.
Mili-
metros.
Inches.
Pulga-
das.
SUN-
SHINPl
Hourly
Aver-
age.
Media
horaria.
Hourly
Maxi-
mum.
Maxi-
ma
horaria.
Horas
de soL
1908
"C.
24.8
24.4
25.4
25.1
25.5
25
25
26.8
23.4
26
23.9
26.5
26.3
23.9
26.2
25.2
•C.
29.7
29.4
32.3
29
30.7
29.8
28 3
32.3
31.5
30.7
26.8
33.7
31.5
30.3
31.7
32
"C.
19.5
21.5
19.9
22.6
21.8
21.4
22.4
23.7
16.8
23.4
21.3
20.7
23.3
20
22.5
21.3
E
ESE
ENE
NNW
W
NNE
NE quad.
NE quad.
W quad.
N
NNE
NNE
SW quad.
NNE
W quad.
NE, E
Km.
6.4
4.7
6.6
4.3
3.4
6.8
6.6
4.4
5.3
12.1
9.7
7.3
3.1
7.2
5
4.9
Km.
14
12
19
12
12.5
17.5
16
12
16
27
22
19.5
U
17
16
16
®
©
®
(D
©
©
®
O
©
©
®
®
©
®
®
h. m.
6 00
1904....
1 45
1905
7 46
1906....
1907....
1908
0.4
1
o.ois
.04
1 05
5 35
8 50
1909....
1 30
1910....
1911.. ,.
.4
.ois
8 10
8 46
1912
1913....
1914
1.7
3
.066
.12
1 45
0 00
5 40
1915
4 50
1916
3 45
1917....
1918....
2.8
.6
n
.02
7 25
6 25
APPENDIX.
471
Table XLIV. — Weather of Christmas and Rizal days in Manila, 1903-1918.
Tabla XLIV. — Estado del tiempo en Manila los dias de Navidad y de Rizal, 1903-1918.
CHRISTMAS DAY.— DfA DE NAVIDAD.
Temperature.
Temperatura.
Wind.
Viento.
Rainfall.
Lluvia.
Weath-
er.
Estado
del
tiempo.
Year.
Afio.
Mean.
Media.
Maxi-
mum.
Maxi-
ma.
Mini-
mum.
Mini-
ma.
Prevail-
ing
Direc-
tion.
Direccion
domi-
nante.
Velocity.
Velocidad.
Milli-
meters.
Mili-
metros.
Inches.
Pulga-
das.
Sun-
shine.
Horas
de sol.
Hourly
Aver-
age.
Media
horaria.
Hourly
Maxi-
mum.
Maxi-
ma
horaria.
1903
"C.
26.2
23.8
25.6
24.8
25.1
25.3
24.3
25
25.8
24.8
25.6
25.9
25
24.8
25
25.4
"C. .
29.7
28
30.1
30.6
30.9
32.1
29.8
29.9
33.5
30.7
31.5
31.9
30
31
29.2
30
"C.
22.2
20
22.1
19.4
21.5
20.5
20.7
20.6
20.6
21.1
21.2
22.2
22
20
22.5
19.9
N
W, ENE
N
Variable
ENE
ENE
NNE
N quad.
E quad
NNE
NE quad.
SE
N
NE
N, NNE
N, NNW
Km.
5.5
4.5
5.4
3.8
3.6
4.2
6.7
4.3
8.4
8.5
7
4.9
6.9
15.8
Kjn.
12
12
12
10
13
9.5
19.5
8.5
20
23.5
26.5
18
18
13
20
35
©
C
€
€
©
0
©
©
2 25
1904
2 30
1905....
1906....
1907 . . .
"o.r
.1
0.026
.005
0 55
6 25
4 05
6 25
1908
1909
4 15
1910
3 40
1911
7 30
1912....
1913 . .
.5
.02
3 05
5 15
8 3";
1914
1915
3 00
8 05
1 00
1 50
1916 .
1917 . .
1918....
7.6
.30
RIZAL DAY, DECEMBER 30.— DfA DE RIZAL, DICIEMBRE 80.
Temperature.
Temperatura.
Wind.
Viento.
Rainfall.
Lluvia.
Year.
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PLATE XXVII.
I9Q3 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 I9G9 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918
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PLATE XXVIII.
1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 iSIO 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1916
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PLATE XXIX.
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
475
t. lir
PREFACE TO THE LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
CONTENTS.
The names in the following list form a complete index of all
names which appear on the atlas maps. The name of the same
place is repeated whenever it appears on separate maps. The
repetitions are grouped in adjacent lines with the name always
listed first under the map of largest scale. The few names out-
side the colored area of a province are in general not given as
they are usually found on the map of the adjacent province.
The list is arranged in six columns headed:
Name. Map. Latitude.
Feature. Page. Longitude.
NAME.
The word in this column is the unabbreviated form of the word
given on the maps. Space limitation necessitated the following
abbreviations on maps.
Maps. List.
S. for San.
Sta. for Santa
Sto. for Santo
Stma. for Santisima
1." for First
Throughout the list the full names are printed. These full
names are arranged in strictly alphabetical sequence of letters
even when the name consists of two or more words or when
initial letters appear in the recognized form of the name. The
only exception to this rigid alphabetical sequence is that all
double names with the first word "San" ''Santa" or "Santo"
are grouped together. Within each of these groups the arrange-
ment is alphabetical with respect to the second word. Names
which would break the continuity of the group are postponed to
the end of the group.
Whenever the same name occurs a number of times, all
repetitions within each province are grouped together and the
several groups are arranged in alphabetical order of provinces.
477
Maps. List.
N.
for North
S.
for South
E.
for East
W.
for West
2.°
for Second
478 PREFACE TO LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Repetitions of the same name within the same province are
arranged in geographical order from north to south.
The spelling of Philippine geographic names is somewhat
loose, due to scarcity of fixed and authoritative forms. Con-
siderable variation in the spelling of the same word occurs in
different localities, among different individuals, and at different
times.
To minimize this confusion a "Committee on Geographic
Names" was appointed by the Governor-General on November
5, 1903. This committee has full authority to adopt and pre-
scribe the spellings to be used in all Government publications.
All forms adopted by this committee have been used both on
the maps and in the index list.
Decisions of this committee however constitute only about 21
per cent of the names used on the maps.
The authority adopted for the remaining 79 per cent is the
"Standard List" of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. This
standard list has been compiled from a combination of the follow-
ing authorities :
Municipal officials.
Census of 1903.
Bureau of Education.
Bureau of Posts.
Laws and Executive Orders.
The Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1908 addressed communica-
tions to the president of each municipality requesting lists of all
barrios and sitios under his jurisdiction, with each name spelled
in accordance with the most approved local usage. The replies
constitute the authority designated "Municipal Officials."
The Census of 1903 publishes names originating from its local
enumerators.
The Bureau of Education compiled a similar list from its
teachers residing in each locality in 1911-1912.
The Bureau of Posts compiled a similar list from the local
postmasters in 1904.
An examination of legislative acts and executive orders gave
rise to another list having official sanction.
The various forms arising from all the above authorities were
tabulated in parallel columns and the most prevalent form was
adopted.
These adoptions constitute the above-mentioned "Standard
List" of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. This list was used
as the standard authority for all atlas names.
PREFACE TO LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES. 479
Occasionally the map-name may differ slightly from the list-
name. This is due to the fact that the maps were prepared
first and contain the few errors inevitable in all publications.
The subsequent compilation of the list was made directly from
the standard list and hence gave opportunity to discover the
few errors which had crept into the map names. Therefore
when the spelling in the list differs from that of the map, the
list form is in agreement with the standard list and is generally
preferable, to the extent that it represents a systematic attempt
to give the most widely current form.
Cross-referencing has not been attempted since it would
largely increase the bulk of the list. Whenever a desired name
cannot be found, search should be made for alternative forms
on the following basis of letters which are very frequently
interchangeable :
C = K
U = W
J = H
V = B
B = P
Such interchanges are frequent not only in the initial letter
but also within the body of the name.
Apart from spelling there are often two distinct types of
names. One is the official type which appears on all maps and
documents and in all Spanish or English usage. The other is
an unofficial type prevalent in the local dialects. Many geo-
graphic names were bestowed by the early Spanish explorers
who introduced them to literature and thus fixed the official
form. In the local dialects, however, words of foreign origin
are considerably distorted and in this modified form have wide
current use. The modification may be so great that its deriva-
tion is not recognizable and the name appears as a different
word. These unofficial forms while in wide conversational use
in the dialects are seldom found in literature. The official form
will always be recognized even in conversation in dialect.
FEATURE.
Under this column is given the description of the object
named, usually in one word. The geographical features such
as mountain, island, river, cape, etc., are self-explanatory. Ad-
ministrative features, however, predominate in number and re-
quire some explanation as to the significance of the terms used.
Province.
The entire area of the Archipelago is divided into provinces.
For the water limits of each group of provinces forming a
480 PREFACE TO LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
large island, see map of the Philippine Islands. See also the
colored area of each individual map for separate provincial limits.
Provinces are of two types called ''regularly organized" and
"special-government" provinces.
The maps show no distinction between the two types. Either
type may have subprovinces, the Mountain Province offering
the most conspicuous example. Regularly organized provinces
have full electoral rights in Philippine and provincial affairs
and are administered through the Department of the Interior.
These provinces constitute the most advanced and populous sec-
tions, and are characterized by population predominantly Chris-
tian in type. The special-government provinces have limited
electoral rights and are administered through the Bureau of
Non-Christian Tribes. They constitute the more inaccessible
and less densely populated regions and are characterized
by a predominance of non-Christian inhabitants. As these
provinces advance in material and social conditions the tendency
is to advance them in political status to that of regularly
organized provinces. At the time of preparation of the atlas the
following provinces had special-government features:
Agusan.
Lanao,
Mountain.
Bukidnon.
Sulu.
Nueva Vizcaya
Cotabato.
Zamboanga.
Palawan.
Davao.
Mindoro.
Municipality.
This is the term usually applied to the local governments of
Christian population. The whole area of each regularly organ-
ized province is divided into smaller areas designated munic-
ipalities, each having a separate local government.^
In the special-government provinces a few of the most im-
portant towns are also classed as municipalities.
Municipal district.
This term is applied to most local governments of non-Christian
population in the Department of Mindanao and Sulu. In the
following special-government provinces all areas not organized
as full municipalities are designated municipal districts.^
Agusan. Davao. Sulu.
Bukidnon. Lanao. Zamboanga.
Cotabato.
* In rare cases where a regularly organized province includes important
non-Christian groups the municipal area may be designated "municipal
district" or "township."
PREFACE TO LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES. 481
Townships.
In the following special-government provinces all areas not
organized as full municipalities are designated townships.'
Mountain. Nueva Vizcaya.
Mindoro. Palawan.
Barrio.
This is the usual term for the subdivisions of municipal areas.
The barrio is the smallest administrative unit among the po-
litical subdivisions and constitutes the great bulk of all the
small villages in the Philippines. The list does not show the
municipality to which a barrio belongs. In case this is needed,
reference to the map will indicate the two or three nearest munic-
ipalities, and further reference to the population statistics will
determine the municipality.
Rancheria.
In non-Christian territory the term "rancheria" is sometimes
used to denote a subdivision corresponding to the barrio.
In Apayao there are no organized barrios and all the sub-
divisions are called rancherias.
Settlement.
Settlements are usually unorganized isolated communities in
the special-government provinces. They are more important
than rancherias or barrios but have not yet been given an or-
ganized local government.
Sitio.
This is a term widely used to designate localities within a
barrio. The sitio has no organization, nor has it definite area
or boundary. It is a loose term applied to a place, either in-
habited or uninhabited. Its name may refer to some natural
permanent characteristic or merely to a past event no longer
evident.
Rest houses.
These are Government lodging places provided with beds and
food for the accommodation of travellers in the Mountain Prov-
ince. They are situated on the main trails and are numbered
in increasing order from Baguio northward.
MAP.
Under this column is given the name of the map on which
the name of the object appears. In practically all cases this is
* In rare cases where a regularly organized province includes important
non-Christian groups the municipal area may be designated "municipal
district" or "township."
171073 31
482 PREFACE TO LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
the same as the province in which the object is situated, but
a few exceptions made the heading "Map" preferable to "Prov-
ince." Some maps are of subprovinces, two are of incorporated
cities while three are of the entire Archipelago. Also Palawan,
Tayabas, and Sorsogon are each in two maps designated "North"
and "South."
In a few rare cases a name is listed when it appears on
a provincial map but in an adjacent province outside the colored
area of the map-province itself. These cases only occur for un-
important places not given on the map of the adjacent province.
LATITUDE.
This column gives the distance of the place north of the
equator, as measured on the graduations on the right and left
borders of each m^p. This graduation shows projection lines
printed across the map and subdivisions of the spaces between
lines. Each projection line is numbered with either a whole
degree (°) or with a number of degrees and minutes (° ')•
The numbering increases from bottom to top. Each degree con-
tains 60 minutes (0 so the value of the unnumbered subdivisions
may be obtained by dividing the number of minutes between any
two adjacent projection lines by the number of spaces. As the
scale of the maps varies considerably the smallest subdivision
may be either 1', 5', or 10'.
The latitude given for any place is that of the nearest sub-
division only. No interpolation for fractions of subdivisions
has been attempted. For this reason a name which appears on
two maps of different scales may be placed in the list with
two slightly different latitudes, but each will correspond to the
nearest subdivision of the map specified. Places toward the
bottom of a map, below the lowest projection line marked with
a whole degree, will always have a degree one less than the
smallest printed on the map.
LONGITUDE.
This column gives the distance of the place east of the meridian
of Greenwich, England, as measured on the graduation on the
top and bottom border of each map. In the same manner as for
latitude, this graduation shows projection lines printed across
the map and subdivisions of the spaces between lines. Each
projection line is numbered with a whole degree (°) or with a
number of degrees and minutes (° '). The numbering increases
from left to right, or from west to east. Each degree contains
PREFACE TO LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES. 483
60 minutes (0 so the value of the unnumbered subdivisions may
be obtained by dividing the number of minutes between any two
projection lines by the number of spaces. As the scale of the
maps varies considerably the smallest subdivision may be either
1', 5', or 10'. The subdivision for longitude is always the same
as for latitude. The longitude given for any place is that of
the nearest subdivision only. No interpolation for fractions of
subdivisions is attempted. For this reason a name which ap-
pears on two maps of different scales may be placed in the list
with two slightly different longitudes, but each will correspond
to the nearest subdivision of the map specified. Places toward
the western edge of a map, to the left of the left-hand projection
line marked with a whole degree, will always have a degree one
less than the smallest printed on the map. j
MINERAL RESOURCES.
The List of Geographic Names is followed by a subordinate
list in which all known mineral outcrops or indications are
collected according to mineral, and then tabulated under alpha-
betical sequence of provinces. This list will give a rapid survey
of the distribution of each mineral in all localities where it has
been reported.
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Abaca Barrio
Abaca Barrio
Abaca Barrio
Abaca Barrio
Abaca Sitio.
Abaccan Barrio
Abagon Barrio
Abagu Sitio
Abanon Barrio
Abao Mountain ...
Abao Mountain ...
Abar Barrio
Abas Barrio
Abas River
Abbatuan Sitio
Abbot Sitio
Abian Barrio
Abiang Barrio
Abihilan Barrio
Abijao Barrio
Abijao Barrio
Ableg Barrio
Ableg Sitio
Aboaba Sitio
Abolan Barrio
Aborlan Barrio
ABRA Province ....
Abra Province ....
Abra River
Abra River
Abra River
Abra River
Abra de Hog Township . . .
Abualan Sitio
Abuanan Barrio
Abubutan Sitio
Abucay Municipality.
Abucay ." Barrio
Abucayan Barrio
Abuluan River
Abulug Municipality.
Abulug River
Abulug River
Abung Barrio
Abuor Barrio
Abuyo (new) Sitio
Abuyo (old) Sitio
Abuyog Municipality.
Abuyog Barrio
Abuyog .^_, Sitio
Acao Barrio
Acao Barrio
Aclan ' River
Aclan Sitio
Acle Sitio
Acnal Sitio
Acocolao Barrio
Acsimao Barrio
Acupan Sitio
Adaoay Barrio
Addang Sitio
Adela Barrio
Adgao Barrio
Adgaoan River
Adiagnao Barrio
Adlay Barrio
Adtuyun Barrio
Aduas Barrio
Aduyungan Barrio
Feature.
Map.
Bohol
Cagayan
Iloilo
Ley te
Nueva Vizcaya
Amburayan Subprovince
Tarlac
Lanao
Pangasinan
Ifugao Subprovince ....
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
Nueva Ecija
Abra
Abra
Isabela
Kalinga Subprovince. . .
Nueva Vizcaya
Benguet Suprovince ....
Bohol
Leyte
Samar
Kalinga Subprovince . . .
Abra
Palawan (S)
Isabela
Palawan (S)
Abra
Philippine Islands
Abra • • ■ ■
Abra
llocos Sur ■.
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
Mindoro
Abra
Occidental Negros
Lepanto Subprovince . .
Bataan
llocos Norte
Camarines Sur
Isabela
Cagayan •.
Apayao Subprovince...
Mountain Province
Batangas
llocos Sur
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Vizcaya
Leyte
Sorsogon (N)
Camarines Norte
Iloilo
La Union
Capiz
llocos Norte
Bulacan
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Tariac
Abra
Benguet Subprovince . . .
Benguet Subprovince. .
Kalinga Subprovince . .
Cebu
Iloilo
Agusan
Camarines Sur
Surigao
Bukidnon
Nueva Ecija
Ifugao Subprovince . . . .
Fac-
ing
page.
106
118
166
186
216
198
266
178
236
206
210
212
78
78
170
208
216
202
106
186
248
208
78
228
170
228
78
72
78
78
162
210
190
78
220
210
94
158
126
170
118
200
196
102
162
216
216
186
252
122
166
182
130
158
114
202
266
78
202
202
208
138
166
82
126
262
110
212
206
Lati-
tude.
9
54
17
35
11
10
11
05
16
00
17
02
15
37
7
45
15
53
16
50
16
50
15
47
17
30
17
31
17
00
17
42
16
26
16
35
9
40
11
10
11
10
17
24
17
28
9
10
16
35
9
20
17
30
18
17
31
17
21
17
33
17
05
13
25
17
42
10
30
17
02
14
43
18
10
13
42
17
05
18
25
18
11
18
15
13
46
17
26
15
53
15
54
10
45
12
56
14
10
10
50
16
32
11
24 1
18
28 '
15
03 ,
16
32
15
40 1
17
46
16
20
16
35
17
23
10
45
10
45
8
20
13
43
9
25
7
45
15
30
16
65
Longi-
tude.
124 29
121 50
122 45
124 55
121 14
120 34
120 37
123 50
120 20
120 55
120 55
120 58
120 46
120 47
122 00
121 26
121 08
120 42
124 18
124 25
125 35
121 11
120 56
118 00
121 45
118 30
120 50
121
120 43
120 42
120 29
120 44
120 45
120 46
123 00
120 46
120 32
120 44
123 27
122 05
121 30
121 23
121 25
121 26
120 29
121 15
121 14
125 00
124 03
122 39
122 30
120 21
122 17
120 54
121 04
120 50
120 33
120 58
120 40
120 50
121 24
124 25
122 20
125 30
123 42
125 65
124 55
120 58
121 12
485
486
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Adya . . .
Barrio
Batangas
102
118
158
202
162
158
154
210
102
118
82
194
86
212
244
106
200
130
126
270
182
216
106
190
130
166
274
94
94
190
244
244
236
236
202
236
202
202
196
236
236
244
86
194
270
252
86
244
190
182
274
200
270
244
186
244
178
212
174
278
244
130
270
130
166
78
130
166
182
244
244
252
206
130
78
90
236
166
274
186
o
13
17
18
16
17
18
8
17
13
17
9
8
13
15
12
9
18
11
13
13
16
16
9
13
11
11
15
14
14
13
12
12
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
12
13
9
14
12
13
12
12
16
15
18
14
12
11
12
8
15
14
6
12
11
14
11
11
17
11
11
16
12
12
12
16
11
17
11
15
10
15
10
53
50
27
36
23
16
00
09
39
50
00
50
43
43
55
49
07
26
29
50
53
34
53
45
13
10
00
28
29
00
30
30
07
08
29
09
31
13
30
13
03
20
36
15
00
02
36
15
25
20
33
11
35
30
35
35
10
44
10
40
30
16
40
21
10
34
24
00
44
25
35
49
46
23
37
30
54
35
04
05
O 1
121 08
Afusinsbato
Barrio
Cagayan
121 45
Agaga .
Agagat
Barrio
Ilocos Norte
120 39
Barrio
Benguet Subprovince
120 34
Agagrao
Agamala . ,
120 -»i
Mountain
Barrio
Ilocos Norte
120 54
Affamitan . . .
Davao
126 00
Agaoa
Barrio
Lepanto Subprovince. . . .
Batangas
120 52
Agas
Sitio
121 2a
Agauan
Barrio
Cagayan
121 40
Agay . .
Barrio
Aerusan
125 35
Afifavavan
Barrio
M^isamis
125 05
Agban . .
Barrio
A.lbay
124 23
Agbannaoag
Agbatang
Barrio ; . . .
NuGva Sciia
121 05
Barrio
Romblon
121 40
Agbuaya . .
Sitio
Bohol
124 02
Agbulu
Rancheria
Barrio
Apayao Subprovince ....
Oapiz
121 04
Agbunud. .
122 24
Agdagnan ... . ...
Sitio
Oamarines Sur
123 19
Agdangan
Barrio
Tavabas (S>
121 55
Barrio
T,a TTnion
120 25
Aggub
Barrio ....
Niipva Vizcava
121 12
Agipo
Barrio ... .
Bohol
124 30
Agkawayan ... ...
Barrio
Mindoro
120 15
Aglalana
Barrio
122 39
Aglalana
Barrio
Iloilo
122 40
Aglao
Barrio
120 17
Agloloma
Barrio
120 23
Agloloma
River
120 25
Aglubang
River
121 15
Agnaga
122 20
Agnipa
Barrio
122 15
Agno
Municipality
Bay
"Panpa^inan
119 48
Agno
119 45
Agno
Barrio
Benguet Subprovince
• 120 36
Agno
Goree
120 41
Agno
River
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Benguet Subprovince ....
Mountain Province
120 46
Agno
120 42
Agno
120 49
Agno
120 42
Agno
120 08
Agnoknok
121 55
Agoho
Barrio
Albay
124 03
Agobo
124 40
Agoho
Tavabas (S)
122 10
Agoho
Sitio
123 40
Agoho
Point
Albav
124 02
Agoho
Point
RnmSlon
122 00
Agong
Mountain
Municipality
Barrio
121 20
Agoo
120 22
Agopop
S^ambales
119 68
Agora
Rancheria
River
Apayao Subprovince
Tavabas (N)
121 16
Agos
121 30
Agpanabat
Barrio
Romblon
122 15
Agpangi
Barrio
Leyte
124 25
Agpudlos
Barrio
Romblon
122 00
Agricultural Colony
Farm
Lanao
124 15
Agricultural School
Sitio
Nupva Kciia
120 56
Agriculture College
Univ. of P. I
Farm
LacTina
121 15
Agriculture College
Ziamboancra
122 10
Agsao
122 25
Agsubay
Mountain
Point
122 53
Agta
Tavabas (N)
121 55
Agtambi
Barrio
Oapiz
122 42
Agtambo
Barrio
Iloilo
122 40
Agtangao
120 38
A.gtanguay
122 44
Agtatacay
Iloilo
122 40
Agtipal
Barrio
La Union •
120 22
Agtiwa
Barrio
122 25
Agtongo
Barrio
Rt^mhliin
122 15
Aguada
Sitio
123 51
Aguaton
Sitio.
Ifugao Subprovince
Oapiz • •
121 14
Agudo
Mountain
Barrio
123 00
Aguet
Abra
120 43
Aguila
Barrio
Antioiip
122 05
Aguilar
Municipality
Barrio
120 14
Aguilar
Iloilo . . .
122 40
Aguimatung
Barrio
120 04
Aguinaldo
Barrio
Leyte
124 55
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
487
Name.
Aguining
Aguisan
Aguja
Agunit
Agus
Agus
AGUSAN.. .,
Agusan
Agusan
Agusan
Agusan
Agusan
Agusuhin
Agutaya"
Agutayan ....
Ajong
Ajos
Ajos
Ajuy
Alabaan
Alabang
Alabat
Alabat
Alaca
Alacan
Alacaygan. . . .
Alacaygan. . . .
Alad
Alad
Alalinao Sur. .
Alaludig
Alam
Alambihud . . .
Alaminos
Alaminos
Alan
Alang
Alangalang . . .
Alanib
Alap
Alapan
Alas
Alasas
Alasasin
Alauihao
Alauli
Alava
Alayao
Alayao
Alayao
Alba
Albalate
Albasan
ALBAY
Albay
Albay
Albay
Albay
Albian
Albuera
Albuna
Alburquerque.
Alcala
Alcala
Alcantara . . . .
Alcantara . . . .
Alchan
Alchan
Alchan
Alcoy
Alegria
Alegria
Alegria
Alegria
Alegria
Alegria
Alegria
Alegria
Alegria
Alegria
Feature.
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
River
Sitio
Province
Province
River
River
River
Barrio
Barrio
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Island
Municipal district
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
River
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Province
Province
Gulf
Capital
Capital, Albay . . .
Sitio
Municipality
Sitio
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Map.
Fac-
I iog
I page.
Bohol
Occidental Negros .
Sorsogon (N)
Ilocos Norte
Lanao
Samar
Agusan
Philippine Islands ,
Agusan
Bukidnon
Davao
Misamis
Zambales
Palawan (N)
Iloilo
Oriental Negros . . .
Iloilo
Tayabas (S)
Iloilo
Ilocos Norte
Rizal
Tayabas (S)
Tayabas (S)
Abra.
Pangasinan .
Iloilo
Occidental Negros.
Romblon .
Romblon .
La Union.
Abra.
Apayao Subprovince.
Cebu.
Laguna .
Pangasinan .
Cotabato.
Nueva Vizcaya.
Ley te .
Bukidnon .
Bontoc Subprovince .
Cavite. . . • •
Sorsogon CS).
Capiz .
Bataan.
Camarines Norte.
Pampanga.
Pangasinan.
Camarines Norte.
Abra • ■ ■ • • •
Camarines Norte
Surigao . . .
Samar
Capiz
Albay v i i
Philippine Islands . . . .
Albay
Albay ■, ; ' ;
Philippine Islands . . . .
Benguet Subprovince.
Leyte ■
Agusan
Bohol
Cagayan
Pangasinan
Cebu
Romblon
Bontoc Subprovince . .
Kalinga Subprovince. .
Mountain Province . .
Cebu
Cebu
Antique
Bohol
Capiz
Iloilo
Nueva Ecija
Romblon
Sorsogon (S)
Surigao
Antique
106
220
252
158
178
248
82
72
82
110
154
194
274
228
166
224
166
270
166
158
240
270
270
78
236
166
220
244
244
182
78
200
138
174
236
150
216
186
110
204
134
252
130
94
122
232
236
122
78
122
262
248
130
86
72
86
86
72
202
186
82
106
118
236
138
244
204
208
196
138
138
90
106
130
166
212
244
252
262
90
Lati-
tude.
10
10
12
18
8
11
8
9
8
8
7
8
14
11
11
9
11
13
11
18
14
14
14
17
16
11
10
12
12
16
17
18
9
14
16
6
16
11
7
17
14
12
11
14
14
14
16
14
17
14
8
11
I 11
13
13
13
13
13
16
10
8
9
17
15
10
12
17
17
17
9
9
10
9
11
10
15
12
11
10
12
Longi-
tude.
05
10
42
05
05
25
40
30
20
20
30
49
10
05
23
15
35
10
01
26
05
10
46
09
00
50 !
40 .
40
30 i
30
17
55
04
10
35
13
10 ;
55 I
04
25
13
30
26
07 ,
52
10
16
28 I
16 ;
55 I
50 I
44 I
15 j
08 I
17
55
05
37
55
5!
00 I
15
15
15
15
45
45
50
36
51
25
42
50
47
05
00
124 36
122 50
123 23
120 43
124 10
30
40
125
125
126
125 40
124 45
126 00
124 45
120 12
121 00
122 40
123 15
123 00
122 20
123 00
120 41
121 03
122 00
122 00
120 49
120 26
122 50
123 05
122 15
122 15
120 25
120 42
121 26
123 35
121 15
119 59
124 30
120 53
124 50
125 00
120 57
120 55
123 17
122 16
120 34
122 55
120 42
120 31
122 35
120 46
122 31
126 05
124 55
122 20
123 40
124
123 55
123 44
124
120 40
124 40
125 45
123 57
121 40
120 31
123 25
122 05
121 00
121
121
00
00
123 30
123 20
122 10
123 59
121 53
122 35
120 40
122 05
124 03
126 05
120 12
488
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Alemania. . . .
Alfonso
Alfonso
Alfonso XII .
Alfonso XIII .
Aliaga
Aliang
Alibaddabag .
Alibago
Alibagon ....
Alibangsay . .
Alibatan. . ^. ,
Alibijaban. . .
Alibunan
Alicante
Alice
Alice
Alice
Aligbay
Alihawan
Alihod
Alijis
Alikad
Alilem
Alilem
Alilintao
Alima
Alimit
Alimit
Alimit
Alimodian. . . .
Alimsog
Alinao
Alinea
Alingac
Alingarog ....
Alinguigan . . .
Alinta
Alipang
Alipaoy
Alipit
Alitagtag
Alitap
Alitas
Aliwan
Allacapan ....
Aliangigan . . . .
Allauan
Al-lay
Allien
Almacen
Almagro
Almagro
Almaguer
Almendras . . . .
Almcria
A'o
Aloguinsan . . . .
Aloran
Alos
Alsem
Altavas ....
Alto
Alto
Altura
Alubijid
Alugan
Aluling
Aiulud ;
Alumbrado . . . .
Alunero
Alung
Aluntayan ....
Alup
Alup
Alupay
Alupipeu
Alzate
Amacalan
Amadeo
Feature.
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality.
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island ,
Barrio
Barrio
Channel
Channel
Reef
Island
Barrio
Mountain . . . .
Barrio
Sitio
Township , . . .
Township . . . .
Rancheria . . . .
Barrio
River
River
Barrio .......
Municipality .
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality .
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality . .
Barrio
L<<land
Municipality . .
Barrio
Siiio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality . .
Municipality . .
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality . .
Peak
Pealc
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Ri ver
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Map.
Nueva Ecija 212
Cavite 134
Lepanto Subprovince. ... 210
Capiz 130
Palawan (S) 228
Nueva Ecija 212
Albay 86
Isabela 170
Isabela 170
Capiz 130
Benguet Subprovince. . . . 202
Mindoro 190
Tayabas (S) 270
Iloilo 166
Occidental Negros ....... 220
Sulu 258
Philippine Islands 72
Sulu 2.58
Zamboanga 278
Bohol 106
Lanao 178
Occidental Negros. ...... 220
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Amburayan Subprovince. 198
Mountain Province. ..... 196
Apayao Subprovince .... 200
Cavitp 134
Mountain Province 196
Ifugao Subprovince ..... 206
Ifugao Subprovince' .... 206
Iloilo 166
Albay 86
Camarines Norte 122
Nueva Ecija 212
Kalinga Subporvin ce . . . . 208
Samar . . .j 248
Isabela 170
Kalinga Subprovince .... 208
Benguet Subprovince. . . . 202
Mindoro 190
Laguna 174
Batangas 102
Tayabas (S) 270
Tayabas (N) 270
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Apayao Subprovince.... 200
Ilocos Sur 162
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Benguet Subprovince. . . . 202
Samar 248
Tayabas (S) 270
Samar 248
Samar 248
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Tarlac 266
Leyte 186
Cebu 138
Cebu 138
Misamis I 194
Pangasinan 236
Ilocos Norte 158
Capiz 130
Leyte 186
Relief 72
Batangas 102
Misamis 194
Samar , 248
Lepanto Subprovince. ... 210
Cavite , 134
Laguna 174
Tayabas (S) 270
Pampanga | 232
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Cotabato 150
Cotabato 150
Batangas i 102
Nueva Vizcava 216
Barrio La Union ! 182
Barrio Tarlac 266
Municipality Cavite ' 134
Lati-
tude.
15 43
14 08
17 10
11 25
9 10
15 30
Longi-
tude.
120 41
120 51
120 37
122 20
118 00
120 51
13
11
123
27
17
00
122
05
17
10
121
50
11
44
122
17
16
36
120
27
12
15
121
15
13
20
122
45
11
10
122
30
10
55
123
00
4
40
119
00
5
119
4
45
119
05
8
45
123
15
9
41
124
24
8 10
10 25
16 14
16 54
16 ^5
17 58
14 28
16 50
16 47
lb 54
10 50
13 14
14 07
15 26
17 29
11 05
17
17
10
35
16 20
13 25
14 14
13 52
14 10
14 40
17 07
18 15
17 10
16 18
16 37
12 30
13 50
11 55
11 55
16 22
15 34 i
11 35 I
9
10
30
15
8 25 i
16 07
18 18
11 32
11 05
11
14 08
8
35 1
12
15
16
59
I 14
13 '
1 14
08
1 14
00
15
04
; 16
03
6
45
1 6
50
13
51
15
58
16
55
15
35 ;
14
10 !
124 25
122 50
121 36
i 120 32
; 120 30
I 121 13
120 56
121 15
121 16
121 16
! 122 25
123 51
, 122 52
121 08
121 11
125 45
121 55
121 26
120 27
120 30
121 24
121 00
121 45
121 40
121 17
121 34
120 30
121 04
120 41
124 15
122 00
124 20
124 15
121 06
120 39
124 20
123 25
123 35
123 50
119 58
120 42
122 29
124 45
125
121 05
124 30
125 30
120 46
120 53
121 23
122 25
120 32
121 28
124 55
124 50
121 18
121 28
120 25
120 36
120 55
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
489
Name.
Amagusan
Amalbalan
Amalia
Amaloy
Amalui
Amanumbus. . . .
Amaraceilen . . . ,
Amarao
Amatong
Amaya
Ambaguio
Ambakon
Ambalayat
Ambangonan . . .
Ambangonan . . .
Ambayoan
Ambigaton
Ambil
Ambil
Ambogao
Ambongdolan . .
Amboyuan
Ambugan
Ambuklao
Ambulogan
Ambulong
Ambulong
Ambulong
AMBURAYAN
Amburayan . . . .
Amburayan . . . .
Amdangle
Amduntog
Amgayang
Amilongan
Amio
Amlao
Amlimay
Ammobocan . . . .
Ammubuan ....
Amnay
Amnay
Amontay
Amontoc
Ampalauag
Ampalauag
Ampaoid
Ampaoid
Amparo
Amparo
Ampayao
Ampayao
Ampayon
Ampid
Ampiro
Ampuagan
Ampusungan . . .
Ampusungan . . .
Amsic
Amtic
Amtuagan
Amucian
Amugao
Amulung
Amulungan ....
Amungan
Amutag
Amutag
Amuyao
Amuyao
Amuyao
Amya
Anaao
Anaao
Anabel
Anablan
Anabu
Anacol
Anacol
Anahao
Feature.
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Subprovince
Subprovince
River
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain . . . . . . .
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Township
Township
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality ....
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
River
River
Barrio
' ^na Lati-
page.
Leyte
Pangasinan
Camarines Norte
Bukidnon
Zamboanga
Cotabato
Cotabato
Ilocos Sur
Romblon
Cavite
Lepanto Subprovince. . .
Agusan •. ■ • •
Amburayan Subprovince
Benguet Subprovince . . .
La Union
Bontoc Subprovince
Bontoc Subprovince
Mindoro
Mindoro
Bontoc Subprovince ....
Benguet Subprovince . .
Iloilo
Bohol
Benguet Subprovince . . .
Ilocos Sur
Mindoro
Mindoro
Batangas
Amburayan Subprovince
Mountain Province
Amburayan Subprovince
Ifugao Subprovince ....
Ifugao Subprovince ....
Lepanto Subprovince. . .
Amburayan Subprovince
Oriental Negros
Kalinga Subprovince . . .
Benguet Subprovince . .
Isabela
Cagayan
Mindoro
Mindoro
Tayabas {S>
Amburayan Subprovince
Bontoc Subprovince ....
Ifugao Subprovince ....
Davao
Relief
Agusan
Leyte
Ilocos Sur
Lepanto Subprovince. . .
Agusan
Rizal
Misamis
Ilocos Sur
Lepanto Subprovince . .
Mountain Province
Pampanga
Albay
Abra
Kalinga Subprovince. . .
Apayao Subprovince. . .
Cagayan
I>anao
Zambales
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S) . .
Bontoc Subprovince ....
Ifugao Subprovince
Ifugao Subprovince
Cebu ■. . . .
Amburayan Subprovince
Ifugao Subpro vince
Bontoc Subprovince
Nueva Vizcaya
Cavite
Apayao Subprovince ....
Mountain Province
Romblon
186
236
122
110
278
150
150
162
244
134
210
82
198
202
182
204
204
190 I
190
204
202
166
106
202 i
162 I
190
190
102 '
198
196
198
206
206
210
198
224
208
202
170
118
190
190
270
198
204
206
154
72
82
186
162 !
210 !
82 !
240
194 I
162
210
196
232
86 ,
78 ■
208
200
118 I
178 I
274 I
252
252
204
206
206
to 15
15 58
14 23
8 30
25
00
55
Longi-
tude.
17 03
12 25
14 23
17 10
8 45
16 55
16 18
16 18
17 01
17 10
13 50
13 50
17 07
16 32
10 35
10 04
16 29
17 28
12 10
12 15
14 05
16 50
16 50
16 41
16 48
16 45
16 58
16 52
9 30
17 24
16 42
16 50
18 25
13 00
13 00
13 45
16 39
17 02
17 02
8 00
8
8 50
10 05
17 10
17 11
9 00
14 41
8 25
17 21
16 47
16 50
15 10
13 18
17 20
17 38
18 08
17 50
8 15
15 22
12 23
12 23
17 01
17 01
16 52
138
10
45
198
16
53
206
15
52
204
17
08
216
16
18
134
14
23
; 200
18
26
196
18
25
244
12
25
25 15
19 52
23 02
25 15
22 09
24 45
25 05
20 25
22 00
20 50
20 50
25 35
20 30
20 29
20 29
21 01
21 15
20 20
20 15
21 23
20 37
22 05
24 01
20 45
20 30
21 00
21 00
21 03
20 30
20 30
20 33
21 11
21 04
20 43
20 35
23 00
21 19
20 50
21 50
21 30
20 55
21 00
22 10
20 28
21 19
21 19
25 40
26
25 30
24 55
20 34
20 34
25 35
21 07
23 40
20 30
20 44
20 45
20 34
23 38
20 42
21 20
21 09
21 45
24 30
19 57
23 16
23 16
21 08
21 08
21 2B
23 56
20 33
21
21
17
04
20 69
20 66
21 07
21 10
21 55
490
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Anahao
Anahawan ....
Anahawan ....
Anajao
Anajauan
Anak
Ananaao
Anangui
Anao
Anao
Anao
Anaoaon
Anapog
Anas
Anatam
Anauayan
Anawan
Anawang
Anayan
Anayan
Ancheta
Anda
Anda
Andarayan ....
Andis
Anduyan
.Anepahan
Angaaoeng ....
Angad
Angadanan ....
Angaki
Angaki
Angaleyguey . . .
Angas
Angat
Angayan
A.ngdanan Viejo
Angela
Angeles
Angeles
Angeles
Anglian
Anglian
Anglian
Angilo
Angllo
Angin
Angit
Anglas
Angono
Angsikan
Anhauan
Anib
Anibawan
Anibung
Anibungan ....
Anilao
Anilauan
Anima Sola . . . ,
Aningoay
Aniniy
Anipa '.
Anislag
Anitla
Ankileng
Anlubi '.
Anog
Anonang
Anonang
Anonang
Ansacuit
Ansad " . '
Ansipsip
Antadao '.
Antamok
Antequera ....
Antipole
Antipole
Antipolo [
Feature.
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Port
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality ....
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Island
Sitio
Municipal district
River
Barrio
Municipality ....
Municipality ....
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Sitio
River
Banio
Municipality ....
Towuship
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality ....
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality ....
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality ....
Municipality ....
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Surigao
Leyte
Leyte
Albay
Surigao
Nueva Vizcaya
Lepanto Subprovince. . .
Ilocos Norte
Tarlac
Pampanga
Capiz
Surigao
Cebu
Leyte
Bulacan
Iloilo
Tayabas (N^
Nueva Vizcaya
Abra
Abra
Ilocos Sur
Bohol
Pangasinan
Isabela
Samar
La Union
Palawan (S)
Amburayan Subprovince
Abra
Isabela
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
Mountain Province
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Camarines Norte
Bulacan
Pangasinan
Isabela
Isabela
Pampanga
Tayabas (SI
Tayabas (S)
Bohol
Bohol
Cebu
Rizal
Relief
La Union
Camarines Norte
Laguna
Rizal
Davao
Capiz
Camarines Sur
Tayabas (N)
Laguna
Surigao
Mindoro
Iloilo
Sorsogon (N)
Zambales
Antique
Isabela
Albay
Ifugao Subprovince ....
Bontoc Subprovince ....
Albay
Sorsogon (N)
Albay
Bohol
Zambales
Amburayan Subprovince
Ilocos Sur
Nueva Vizcaya
Bontoc Subprovince ....
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Bohol
Rizal
Albay
Batangas
Pac-
ing
page.
262
186
186
86
262
216
210
158
266
232
130
262
138
186
114
166
270
216
78
78
162
106
236
170
248
182
228
198
78
170
210
136
202
122
114
236
170
170
232
270
270
106
106
138
240
72
182
122
174
240
154
130
126
270
174
262
190
166
252
274
90
170
86
206
204
86
252
86
106
274
198
162
216
204
202
106
240
86
102
Lati-
tude.
8 55
10 20
10 15
13 57
9 35
16 17
17 09
18 07
15 44
15 08
11 34
9
11
45
00
10 40
15 06
Longi-
tude.
11
14
05
55
16 06
17 53
17 52
17 20
9 45
16 18
16 55
11 40
16 21
9 40
16 46
17 35
16 45
17 09
17 10
16 44
14 03
14 56
15 54
16 45
17 00
15 08
14 05
14 00
44
48
10 15
14 53
15
16 31
14 07
14 16
14 32
7
11
30
32
13 49
15 00
14 13
8 00
12 45
10 45
13 13
14 55
10 25
17 05
13 06
16 52
17 03
14 04
12 48
13 51
9 43
15 08
16 40
17 19
16 20
17 05
16 24
9 47
14 35
13 33
13 55
126 10
124 55
125 15
124 21
126 10
121 43
120 37
120 35
120 38
121 41
122 24
125 25
123 55
125 00
120 57
123 10
122 05
121 29
120 56
120 53
120 31
124 35
119 57
121 50
125 30
120 27
118 30
120 35
120 38
121 45
120 40
120 40
120 49
123 02
121 02
120 42
121 40
122 00
120 35
121 55
; 121 55
124 22
123 57
123 35
121 19
121
120 24
122 58
121 29
121 09
125 30
122 48
123 03
122 05
121 28
126 25
121 30
122 15
123 03
120 14
121 55
121 50
123 41
121 12
120 54
124 11
124 01
124 19
124 11
120 03
120 29
120 27
120 51
120 55
120 40
123 54
121 10
124 12
121 10
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
491
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Antipole
Antipole
Antipole
Antipole
Antipolo
Antipole
ANTIQUE . . . .
Antique
Antique
Antoiayan ....
Antolon
Anuisan
Anulid
Anuling
Anuling
Anuling
Anuling
Anulok
Anunas
Anungan
Anus
Anus
Aoasen
Apad
Apad
Apad
Apadi
Apagen
Apaleng
Apalit
Apang
Aparri
Aparri
Aparri
Apatan
Apatot
Apatot
Apaya
APAYAO
Apayao
Apayao
Apayao
Apayao
Apayao
Apdo
Aplaya
A.po
Ape
Apo
Ape
Apo
Apo
Apo
Apoapo
Apo East
Apoloy
Aponan
Apuao Grande.
Apud
Apugan
Apurauan
Aputan
Aquib
Aquino
Aquino
Arab
Araceli
Aragon
Aranda
Arangasa
Arangayan . . . .
Arangin
Aranguel
Arangureng. . . .
Ararampang . . .
Arasasan
Arasasan
Arayat
Arayat
Arayat
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Province
Province
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitie
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Rancheria
Rancheria
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Subprovince
Subprovince
Barrio
River
River
River
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Island
Volcano
Volcano
Volcano
Volcano, active . .
Sitio
Pass
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Rancheria
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Mountain
Volcano, dormant
Bohel
Camarines Sur
Ifugao Subprovince
Laguna
Occidental Negros
Surigao
Antique
Philippine Islands
Antique
Cebu
Camarines Sur
Rizal
Pangasinan
Bohel
Cavite
Tarlac
Palawan (N)
Bontoc Subprovince
Nueva Ecija
Zambeanga
Batangas
Tayabas (S)
Amburayan Subprovince
Tayabas (S)
Tayabas (S)
Albay
Apayao Subprovince . . . .
Apayao Subprovince . . . .
La Union
Pampanga •. ■ ■ ■
Amburayan Subprovince,
Cagayan
Isabela
Zambales
Kalinga Subprovince. ...
Ilocos Sur ■ .
La Union
Amburayan Subprovince
Apayao "Subprovince . . .
Mountain Province
Cagayan
Apayao Subprovince ...
Apayao Subprovince. ...
Mountain Province
Antique
Batangas
Mindero
Oriental Negros
Philippine Islands
Cotabato
Davao
Philippine Islands
Relief
Zambales
Mindero
Oriental Negros
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Camarines Norte
Albay
Bulacan
Palawan (S)
Apayao Subprovince. . . .
Ilocos Sur
Capiz
Misamis
Abra
Palawan (N)
Davao
Occidental Negros
Surigao
Nueva Ecija
Ilocos Sur
Capiz
Tarlac
La Union
Antique
Antique
Pampanga
Pampanga
Relief
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
106
126
206
174
220
262
90
72
90
138
126
240
236
106
134
266
228
204
212
278
102
270
198
270
270
86
200
200
182
232
198
118
170
274
208
162
182
198
200
196
118
200
200
196
90
102
190
224
72
150
154
72
72
274
190
224
202
122
86
114
228
200 i
162 I
130 :
194 I
78 ,
228
154
220
262
212
162
130
266
182
90
90
232
232
72
9
13
16
14
10
8
11
11
10
10
13
14
15
9
14
15
9
17
15
7
13
13
17
14
14
13
18
18
16
14
16
18
16
15
17
17
16
16
18
18
17
18
18
18
10
13
12
9
13
7
7
7
7
Longi-
tude.
39
30
43
07
20
45
10
40
40
48 ■
50
50
51
07
39 I
40 '
10
45 i
25
52
50
03
00
00 ;
20
05
15
36
57
53
20
55
08
32
19
48
53
05
05
50
20
10
10
35
47
40 <
05
00
00
124 19
123 09
121 03
121 20
123 30
126 15
122 00
122
122 00
123 45
123 46
121 18
120 29
124 26
120 54
120 23
121 20
121 16
121 07
122 05
121 03
122 10
120 36
122 20
122 10
123 28
121 07
121 01
120 23
120 46
120 35
121 40
121 35
120 03
121 20
120 25
120 25
120 35
121 15
121 15
121 30
120 59
121 04
121 05
122 00
121 01
120 25
123 15
120
125 15
125 15
125
125
15
11
120
03
12
40
120
35
9
10
123
00
16
39
120,
47
14
05
123'
05
13
08
123
18
14
50
121
04
9
40
118
20
18
07
121
02
17
27
120
29
11
49
122
06
8
35
123
40
17
31
120
36
10
30
120
00
7
50
126
20
10
15
122
55
8
50
126
20
15
45
120
53
17
07
120
31
11
27
122
56
15
21
120
34
16
47
120
25
11
30
122
05
10
35
122
00
15
09
120
46
15
12
120
44
15
121
492
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Arboledan
Arena. . . .
Arena. . . .
Arena. . . .
Arena. . . .
Arena. . . .
Arenas . . .
Arevalo . .
Arevalo . .
Argao. . . .
Argao. . . .
Argao. . . .
Aringay . .
Aringin . .
Aripip , . .
Aritao . . .
Armenia..
Armenia. .
Arnap. . . .
Arnedo . .
Aroganga.
Aroroy. . .
Aroroy. . .
Arpili ....
Arrasasan
Arrecife . .
Artacho. .
Artuz ....
Arubub . .
Asa
Asassi. . . .
Asdum. . .
Asgad. . . .
Asi
Asia
Asid
Asiga ....
Asiga ....
Asilang. . .
Asilap. . . .
Asin
Asin
Asin
Asin
Asingan . .
Asta
Astorga . .
Astorga . .
Asturias. .
Asturias. .
Asuncion.
Atate . . . .
Ati
Atimonan
Atiotis . . .
Atip
Atok
Atok
Atulayan.
Atupatup.
Auayan . .
Auqui. . . .
Aureliana.
Aurora. . .
Ava
Awa
Awan . . . .
Awang. . .
Awasan . .
Awitan. . .
Ayaas. . . .
Ayala. . . .
Ayam. . . .
Ayangan .
Ayaoan . .
Ayogan . .
Ayson. . . .
Ayudante
Ayung . . .
Ayungon .
Point
Island
Island
Island
Point
Point
Point
Municipality
Barrio ...
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Rancheria
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Sitio
Bay
River
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
River
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio.
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Mountain
Township
Township
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Rancheria
Municipal district
Bay
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Ilocos Norte
Palawan (N). . . ;
Sorsogon (N)
Philippine Islands . . . .
Davao
Tayabas (S)
Zambales
Iloilo
Ley te ' . . .
Cebu
Capiz
Tayabas (S)
La Union
Tarlac
Apayao Subprovince. .
Nueva Vizcaya
Sorsogon (S)
Tarlac
Ilocos Sur
Pangasinan
Samar
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Cebu
Surigao
Palawan (S)
Pangasinan
Capiz
Isabela
Kalinga Subprovince. .
Cagayan
Camarines Norte . . . . .
Samar
Apayao Subprovince..
Occidental Negros . . . .
Sorsogon (S)
Agusan
Kalinga Subprovince. ,
Ilocos Sur
Nueva Vizcaya
Ifugao Subprovince. . ,
Benguet Subprovince,
Benguet Subprovince
Lepanto Subprovince
Pangasinan
Nueva Ecija
Capiz
Davao
Cebu
Sulu
Ley te
Nueva Ecija
Albay
Tayabas (S)
Antique
Abra
Benguet Subprovince
Mountain Province. .
Camarines Sur
Cebu
Camarines Sur
Surigao
Antique
Leyte
Camarines Sur
Ifugao Subprovince. .
Apayao Subprovince.
Cotabato
Surigao
Camarines Norte. . . .
Rizal
Zamboanga
Bataan
Ifugao Subprovince..
La Union
Camarines Sur
Tarlac
Ilocos Sur
Kalinga Subprovince
Oriental Negros
158
228
252
72
154
270
274
166
186
138
130
270
182
266
200
216
2.52
266
162
236
248
252
252
138
262
228
236
130
170
208
118
122
248
200
220
252
82
208
162
216
206
202
202
210
236
212
130
154
138
258
186
212
86
270
90
78
202
196
126
138
126
262
90
186
126
206
200
150
262
122
240
278
94
206
182
126
266
162
208
224
Lati-
tude
0
/
18
01
9
10
13
09
9
7
00
13
15
15
37
10
40
11
20
9
55
11
55
13
35
16
24
15
46
18
06
16
18
12
15
15
26
17
37
16 22
12 05
12 31
12 31
10 30
8 55
8 30
16 12
11 17
16 30
17 31
17 55
14 06
11 10
18 11
9 35
12 05
9 15
17 36
17 43
16 32
16 43
16 31
16 26
17 17
16 00
15 45
11 15
6 50
10 35
6 00
10 10
15 33
14 04
14 00
10 35
17 51
16 35
16 35
13 35
11 15
13 44
9 25
10 55
11 25
13 29
16 48
18 16
05
55
14 12
14 45
7 00
14 31
16 54
16 49
13 33
15 35
17 10
17 28
9 50
120 29
120 50
122 48
121
126 00
122 40
119 54
122 30
124 20
123 35
121 57
121 50
120 21
120 34
121 19
121 02
123 44
120 34
120 26
119 53
125 20
123 24
123 24
123 40
126 20
117 30
120 31
122 29
121 40
121 19
121 45
122 50
125 40
121 10
122 30
123 30
125 40
121 17
120 30
121 12
120 57
120 48
120 30
120 34
120 40
120 57
122 48
125 30
123 45
121 00
124 50
121 05
124 13
121 55
122 00
120 42
120 41
120 40
123 34
123 45
122 59
126 05
122 00
124 20
123 06
120 59
120 59
124 15
125 35
122 51
121 12
121 55
120 36
121 13
120 22
123 20
120 34
120 26
121 12
123 10
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
493
Name.
Feature.
Ayuquitan Municipality Oriental Negros 224
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Ayuquitan Viejo Barrio
Azagra Barrio
Azpitia
Lati-
tude.
B.
Baaba
Baabang
Baac
Baanan
Baac
Baao
Baas
Baay
Baay
Baay
Baay
Baay
Baay
Baayad
Babag
Babaguan . . . .
Babak
Baballasioan. . .
Babatngon . . . .
Babatrigon . . . .
Babatquen . . . .
Babayongan . . .
Bahay Paniqui.
Babba .
Baboy
Baboy
Babuyan
Babuyan
Babuyan
Babuyan
Babuyan
Babuyan
Babuyan
Babuyan
Baca
Baca
Bacacay
Bacacay
Bacacay
Bacag
Bacal
Bacalan
Bacan
Bacangan
Bacao
Bacao
Bacarra
Bacarra
Bacay
Bacay
Bacayao
Baccuit
Bachauan
Baclaran
Baclayon
Bacnotan
Baco
Baco
Baco
Baco
Bacolod
Bacolod
Bacolod.
Bacolor .
Bacon.. .
Bacong. .
Bacong. .
Bacong .
Bacong. .
Bacong. .
Bacooc. .
Bacoor. .
Bacot. . .
Municipal district .
Sitio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Lake
Municipality
Sitio
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
River
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio .,.
Municipality. ....
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Caves
Sitio
Barrio
Peak
Islands
Island
Island
Ciiannel
Volcano, active. . . ,
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Municipality
Mountain
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
River
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Islands
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Capital
Capital, Occiden-
tal Negros.
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Oriental Negros 224 i
Romblon.
Agusan.
Zarnboanga
Romblon
Kalinga Subprovince
Laguna
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Bohol
Abra
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Ifugao Subprovince
Ilocos Norte
Camarines Norte
Abra
Palawan (N)
Davao
Albay
Davao
Ilocos Sur
Ley te
Camarines Norte
Cagayan
Cebu
Bulacan
Bontoc Subprovince
Bohol
Bataan
Cagayan
Cagayan
Philippine Islands
Cagayan
Relief
Bataan
Palawan (S)
Pangasinan
Nueva Ecija
Relief
Albay
Camarines Norte
Camarines Norte
Pangasinan
Nueva Ecija
Antique
Iloilo
Amburayan Subprovince,
Batangas
Palawan (N)
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte
Iloilo
Iloilo
Nueva Ecija
La Union
Romblon
Rizal
Bohol
La Union
Mindoro
Mindoro
Relief
Mindoro
Occidental Negros
Philippine Islands
244
82
278
244
208
174
126
126
106
78
202
206
158
122
78
228
154
86
154
162
186
122
118
138
114
204
106
94
lis
118
72
118
72
94
228
236
212
72
86
122
122
236
212
9
9
12
8
6
12
17
14
13
13
10
17
16
16
18
14
17
10
7
13
7
17
11
13
18
9
15
17
10
14
19
19
19
18
20
14
10
15
15
15
13
14
14
15
15
90 i 11
166 10
198
102
228
158
158
166
166
212
182
244
240
106
182
190
190
72
190
220
72
Surigao 262
Pampanga 232
Sorsogon (N) 252
Oriental Negros 224
Bohol 106
Iloilo ' 166
Tayabas (N) 270
Albay 86
Abra 78
Cavite I 134
Amburayan Subprovince. I 198
17
13
10
18
18
10
10
15
16
12
14
9
16
13
12
13
13
10
11
8
15
13
9
9
10
15
13
17
14
16
30
25
15
40
40
20
31
10
28
27
09
33
37
47
07
06
34
50
50
57
10
23
25
51
40
50
06
11
07
41
10
30
40
26
00
52
24
18
13
16
56
40
35
55
04
43
30
15
15
50
50
40
32
25
32
38
44
30
50
25
40
55
00
02
15
44
50
45
07
40
28
41
Longi-
tude.
123 15
123 15
122 40
125 55
121 55
122 05
121 23
121 26
123 19
123 22
124 13
120 .53
120 26
121 06
120 34
122 44
120 47
121 00
126 00
124 20
125 40
120 32
124 50
123 03
121 00
123 30
121 05
121 21
124 18
120 26
121 40
122 00
122
121 40
122
120 35
118 50
120 00
121 12
121
123 48
122 50
122 52
120 35
120 53
122 05
122 25
120 34
121 13
119 50
120 37
120 • 35
122 45
122 45
120 45
120 19
122 05
121 00
123 55
120 21
121 10
121 10
121
121 10
122 65
123
126 15
120 39
124 02
123 20
124 34
122 40
121 30
123 26
120 48
120 56
120 31
494
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Bacsayan
Bacsil
Bacsil
Baotad
Bactad
Bactalan
Bacuag
Bacud
Bacuit
Bacuit
Baculin
Baculin
Baculong
Baculongan. . .
Bacungan . . . .
Badajoz
Badus
Baday
Badia
Badian
Badian
Badian
Badiang
Badiang
Badiang
Badiang
Badiangan. . . .
Badiangan. . . .
Badoc
Badoc
Bae
Bae
Bae3a
Baeto
Baga
Baga
Bagababoy . . .
Bagabag
Bagahnp
B;igp.bono . . . .
Bai4?c
Bagac
Bagacay
Bagaoay
Bagacay
Bagacay
Biitjacay
Bagacay
Bagacay
Bagacay
Bagacay
Bagahupi . . . .
Baeakay
Bagalay
Bag!.layag. . .
Bagamanoc . .
Bagambangan
Bagambanua.
Baganga
Baganga
Bagani
Bagapuso . . . .
Baga&aue
Bagatao
Bagay
Bagbag
Bagbag
Ragbag
Bagbag
Bagbago
Bagbaguin . . .
Bajjbagun . . . .
Bagbaujan . . .
Baggao
Bagianga
Bagigan
Bagiu
Bagnen
Bagnon
Bago
Feature.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality.
Sitio
Bay
Townsiiip . . .
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality.
Barrio
SiLio
Barrio
Bay
Island
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Mountain . . .
Mountain . . .
Island
Township . . .
Barr o
Sitio
Municipality.
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Parrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Island
Island
Bay
Municipality .
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
River
Municipality.
Sitio
Sitio
Silio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Map.
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Pangasinan
Ifugao Subprovince
Apayao Subprovince....
Surigao
Surigao
Palawan (N)
Palawan (N)
Davao
Davao
Tarlac
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Palawan (S)
Romblon
Surigao
Isabfla
Zamboanga
Cebu
Cebu
Cebu
Bohol
Leyte
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Antique
Lanao
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte
Cebu
Oriental Negros
Rizal
Miadoro
Zamboanga
Relief
Sorsogon (N'
Nueva Vizcaya
Isabtla
Camarines Sur
Bptaan .
Batar>n
Bohol
Camarinss Norte ...
Camarines Sur
Cebu .
Iloilo
Oriental Negros
Sorsogon (N)
Iloilo
Samar
liey te
Leyte
Abra
Sorsogon (S)
Albay
Palawan (N) . .
Bohol
Davao
Davao
Ilocos Sur
Camarines Sur
Cebu
Sorsogon (N)
Cebu
Batangas
Ilocos Norte
La Union
Rizal
Ilocos Norte
Bulacan
Zamboanga
Mindoro
Cagayan
Agusan
Lanao
Davao
Lepanto Subprovince. . .
Camarines Sur
Occidental Negros. . .
Fac-
Lati-
ing
tude.
page.
o
/
162
17
04
162
17
43
182
16
43
236
15
59
206
16
4S
200
18
04
262
9
35
262
9
45
228
11
10
228
11
10
154
7
30
ir,i
7
30
266
15
33
202
16
47
228
9
50
244
12
35
262
9
40
170
16
40
278
6
30
138
9
55
138
9
55
138
9
50
106
9
48
186
10
10
252
12
34
252
12
34
90
10
40
178
7
50
158
17
56
158
17
56
138
10
00
224
10
00
240
14
40
190
13
30
278
7
55
72
8
252
12
42
216
16
37
170
17
05
126
13
50
94
14
S6
94
14
36
106
10
09
122
14
11
126
13
47
138
10
50
166
11
10
224
9
15
252
12
59
166
10
50
24S
11
30
186
11
20
186
10
55
78
17
37
252
12
05
86
13
57
228
11
10
106
10
03
154
7
30
154
7
30
162
17
12
126
13
28
138
10
45
252
12
50
138
11
10
102
14
03
158
18
08
182
16
29
240
14
41
158
18
06
114
14
43
278
6
40
190
13
10
118
17
55
82
9
20
178
7
45
154
7
10
210
17
02
126
13
44
220
10
30 '
Longi-
tude.
120 28
120 28
120 21
120 37
121 17
121 34
125 40
125 30
119 20
119 20
126 30
126 30
120 39
120 50
118 40
122 10
125 35
121 30
122 10
123 55
123 20
123 25
124 35
124 50
123 58
123 58
122 05
123 50
120 25
120 28
123 35
123 10
121 00
120 40
122 40
123
123 37
121 15
121 55
122 49
120 23
120 25
124 15
122 51
123 19
124 00
122 50
123 35
124 08
122 15
125 20
124 55
124 55
120 42
123 48
124 17
119 40
123 54
126 30
126 30
120 28
123 09
123 50
123 48
124 00
121 06
120 45
120 22
121 02
120 45
121 00
121 50
120 45
121 45
125 30
123 50
125 30
120 53
122 51
122 50
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
495
Name.
Bago
Bago
Bago
Bago
Bagombong
Bagong
Bagong
Bagong Cambangay .
Bagtangan
Bagtason
Bagto
Bagu
Bagubantay
Bagubaut
Bagubaut
Baguhan
Baguinbin
Baguingue
BAGUIO
Baguio
Baguio
Baguio
Bagulayag
Bagulibud
Bagulin
Bagulin
Bagulipat
Bagumbang
Bagumbayan
Bagumbayan
Bagumbayan
Bagumbayan
Bagumbun
Bagunsikat
Bagunut
Bagutot
Baha
Bahabaha
Bahai Pari
Bahaon
Bahaon
Bahaon
Bahay
Bahbah
Baheli
Bahi
Bahi
Bahi
Bahia Honda
Bahisan
Bahyan
Bai
Bail
Bailen
Bais
Bais
Bajucan
Baka
Bakag
Bakalan
Bakari
Bakhaw
Bakhawan
Bakingking
Bakiog
Bakulin
Bakulin
Bakulud
Bukulug
Bakun
Bakun
Bakun
Balaat
Balabac
Balabac
Balibac
Balubac
Balabac
Balabac
Balabac
Feature.
Barrio
Sitio
River
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
City, incorporated.
City, do
City, do
City, do
Sitio
Point
Township
Township
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Municipal district .
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio :
Barrio
Municipal district. .
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Municipal district.
Mountain
Township
Township
River
Barrio
Strait
Strait
Island
Island
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Davao
Ilocos Norte . . . .
Amburayan Subprovince,
Occidental Negros
Rizal
Bulacan
Bulacan
Bohol
Lepanto Subprovince. . . ,
Antique
Agusan
Amburayan Subprovince.
Rizal
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Bohol
Leyte
Ifugao Subprovince
Baguio
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Mountain Province
Philippine Islands
Romblon
Zamboanga
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Mountain Province
Sorsogon (S)
Misamis
Cagayan
Laguna
Rizal
Laguna
154
1.58
198
220
240
114
114
106
210
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
7
18
16
10
14
14
14
10
16
90 I 11
82 9
Davao
Nueva Ecija
Cagayan
La Union
Batangas
Bohol
Pampanga • . . . .
Agusan
Bukidnon
Relief
Camarines Sur
Agusan
Palawan (S)
Camarines Sur
Surigao
Tayabas (S)
Palawan (S)
Agusan
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Bontoc Subprovince
La Union
Cavite
Oriental Negros
Amburayan Subprovince.
Apayao Subprovince. . . . .
Cotabato
Abra
Zamboanga
Bontoc Subprovince
Iloilo
Romblon
Agusan
Davao
Surigao
Surigao
Lanao
Apayao Subprovince
Amburayan Subprovince
Mountain Province
Amburayan Subprovince.
Abra
Palawan (S)
Philippine Islands
Palawan (S)
Philippine Islands
Palawan (S)
Antique
Capiz
198
240
252
252
106
186
206
140
202
196
72
244
278
202
196
252
194
118
174
240
174
154
212
118
182
102
106
232
82
110
72
126
82
228
126
262
270
228
82
202
204
188
200
160
78
278
204
166
244
82
154
262
262
178
200
198
196
198
78
228
72
228
72
228
90
16
14
12
12
10
11
16
16
16
16
16
12
7
16
16
12
8
17
14
14
14
7
15
18
16
13
10
15
8
8
8
13
8
10
13
8
13
9
8
16
17
182 I 16
134 I 14
224 ' 9
16
17
6
17
7
17
10
12
8
7
8
8
7
17
16
16
16
17
7
8
8
8
8
11
130 ; 11
00
21
52
35
21
57
54
00
46
00
15
50
39
27
27
00
00
45
24
24
25
25
35
37
40
11
05 1
45 1
16 1
29 *
33
40
44
00
44
53 ■
08
02
15
15 ■
32
40
00 I
63
30 ;
20
20 1
25
33
15
17 !
11 1
35
53
55
00
44
45
16
45
65
45
30
30
30
50
54
48
50
49
48
40
00
00
35
36
25 30
20 44
20 35
23 05
21 22
21 04
20 57
24 21
20 46
22 05
25 35
20 40
21 02
23 34
23 34
24 08
24
25
21
04
20
36
20
36
20
35
21
21
55
22
30
20 27
20 30
23 43
23 45
21 25
21 24
21 03
21 26
26 20
21 02
21 45
20 22
20 42
24 23
20 53
25 15
25 15
25
23 03
25 55
18 50
23 37
26 05
21 50
18 10
26 00
20 38
21 21
20 25
20 48
23 05
20 33
21 17
24 30
20 53
22 35
21 22
22 40
21 40
25 30
26 00
26 20
26 20
24 10
21 21
20 39
20 40
20 39
20 57
17 00
17
17 00
17
17 00
22 10
22 US
496
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Bdlabac
Balabag
Balabag
Balabag
Balabag
Balabagon
Balabak
Balabao
Balacad
Balacay
Balagan
Balagbag
Balagbag
Balagon
Balait
Balait
Balakbak
Balakibok
Balaknit
Balaktasan
Balamban
Balanacan'
Balanga
Balanga
Balanga
Balangabang
Balangao
Balangiga
Balangis
Balangon
Balanguingue
Balanguingui
Balanoajan
Balansay
Balantugan
Balao
Balaoa
Balaoan
Balaoang
Balaong
Balaquid
Balaquilong
Balaring
Balaring
Balaring
Balas
Balasan
Balasbas
Balasian River
Balasig Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Capital.
Capital, Bataan.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. . . .
Sitio
Barrio.
Island
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Sitio.
Balasing.
Balat. . . .
Balatacan
Balatan . .
Balatasan i Barrio
Balatbat Barrio
Balatic Point .
Balatok Barrio
Barrio .
Sitio.
Sitio.
Sitio.
Balatucan
Balatukan . . .
Balatukan . .
Balatukan. . .
Balawag
Balayan
Balayan
Balayang' . . .
Balaybay. . . .
Balaygay. . . .
Balayong. . . .
Balayungan. .
Baibalan . . . .
Balbalan . . . ,
Balbalasang .
Balbalayang .
Balbaldcs. . . .
Balecbec . . . .
Baleno
Baleno
Baler
Baler
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Bay
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Township . . .
Township . . .
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Bay
Rizal
Bukidnon
Bulacan
Lanao
Oriental Negros
Cebu
Zamboanga
Lanao
Ilocos Norte
Albay
Isabela
Camarines Sur
Rizal
Samar
Abra
Kalinga Subprovince. . . .
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Zambales
App.yao Subprovince. . . .
Zamboanga
Cebu
Tayabas (S)
Bataan
Philippine Islands
Batangas . .
Nueva Vizcaya
Bontoc Subprovince. . . .
Samar ■ • .
Cotabato
Batangas
Sorsogon (S)
Sulu
Romblon
Mindoro
Abra
Mindoro
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
La Union
Tarlac
Bulacan
Ley te ■ • .
Batangas
Capiz
Misamis
Occidental Negros. . . . . .
Batangas . .
Iloilo
Benguet Subprovince . . .
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
Isabela
Bulacan
Cotabato . .
Misamis
Kalinga Subprovince
Mindoro
Batangas
Cebu
Kalinga Subprovince
Capiz
Bukidnon
Cotabato
Davao
Kalinga Subprovince. . . .
Batangas . .
Batangas
Tarlac
Zambales
Lanao
Laguna
Cavite
Kalinga Subprovince. . . .
Mountain Province
Kalinga Subprovince. . . .
Abra
Ilocos Norte
La Union
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Nueva Vizcaya
Tayabas (N)
Fac-
Lati-
Longi-
tude.
tude.
page.
o
/
o
/
240
14
49
121
11
110
7
55
124
40
114
14
50
121
11
178
7
55
124
40
224
9
15
123
15
138
9
55
12.T
25
278
6
55
122
10
178
8
00
124
00
158
18
09
120
33
86
13
43
124
24
170
16
55
122
05
126
13
34
123
09
240
14
31
121
02
248
11
55
125
15
78
17
26
121
00
208
17
26
121
00
202
16
37
120
37
274
14
56
120
21
200
17
54
121
33
278
6
45
122
00
138
10
30
123
45
270
13
30
121
50
94
14
41
120
32
72
15
120
102
13
48
121
09
216
16
22
120
52
204
17
06
121
17
248
11
05
125
25
150
6
10
124
15
102
13
54
120
52
252
11
50
124
Ofi
258
6
00
121
45
244
12
20
122
35
190
13
10
120
40
78
17
19
120
41
190
13
25
120
45
210
16
59
120
50
182
16
50
120
24
266
15
40
120
31
114
15
09
121
01
186
11
30
124
35
102
14
04
120
56
130
11
32
122
41
194
8
25
123
50
220
10
50
123
on
102
14
05
121
00
166
11
30
123
05
202
16
14
120
37
210
17
08
120
44
170
17
25
121
50
114
14
51
121
01
150
7
25
124
45
194
8
00
123
40
208
17
29
121
23
190
12
15
121
25
102
13
40
121
12
138
9
50
123
35
208
17
25
121
06
130
11
26
122
45
110
7
25
125
05
150
7
25
125
05
154
6
50
125
20
208
17
24
121
23
102
13
50
120
48
102
13
56
120
44
266
15
33
120
42
274
14
55
120
12
178
7
50
124
20
174
14
08
121
30
134
14
16
120
48
208
17
26
121
12
196
17
25
121
10
208
17
29
121
04
78
17
24
120
46
158
17
55
120
32
182
16
29
120
25
2.52
12
28
123
30
252
12
28 1
123
30
216
15
50
121
35
270
15
50
121
35
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
497-
Name.
Baler
Baler
Balere
Balesin
Balete
Balete
Balete , .
Balete
Balete
Balete
Balete
Balete Iro. . . .
Balete 2do
Balian
Baliangao . . . .
Balias
Balibago
Balibago
Balibago
Balibago
Balibago
Balicaocao. . . .
Balicasag
Balic Balic. . .
Balicuatro . . .
Balicuatro . . .
Baliculing . . . .
Baliga
Balighot
Baligian
Baliguian
Balila
Balili
Balili
Balili
Balili
Balilihan
Baliling
Baliling
Balimbing. . . .
Balimbing. . . .
Balimbing. . . .
Balimbing. . . .
Balinad
Balinatio
Balincaguin. . .
Balincanauay .
Balinciagao . .
Balingaoan . . .
Balingasag . . .
Balingasay . . .
Balingauan . . .
Balinguan . . . .
Balinsa.sayao. ,
Balintad
Balintad
Balintang . . . ,
Balintang ...
Balintang ...
Balintang . . . ,
Balintawac . . ,
Balintingon. .
Baliatoogan . .
Balio
Balio
Ealioag
Baliscan
Balisong
Balitan
Baliti
Baliti
Bali toe
Balituean. . . .
Baliuag
Baliw
Baliwagan. . .
Baliwang . . .
Ballacayu . . .
Ballasio
Ballayangen .
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Bay
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Islands
Point
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district .
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio '
Point I
Barrio
Lake
Barrio
Sitio
Islands
Channel
Channel
Channel
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Silio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Silio
Rarrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Philippine Islands i 72
Tayabas (N) 270
Leyte 186
Lati-
tude.
270
82
102
102
216
190
232
266
134
134
174
194
150
102
Tayabas (N)
Agusan
Batangas
Batangas
Nueva Vizcaya
Mindoro
Pampanga
Tarlac
Cavite
Cavite
Laguna
Misamis
Cotabato
Batangas
Laguna ' 174
Pampanga 232
Tarlac 266
Pampanga 232
Misamis I 194
Bohol I 106
City or Manila 146
Samar , 248
Samar ! 248
Bulacan 114
Abra 78
Capiz 130
Zamboanga 1 278
Iloilo 166
Cotabato 150
Bohol ... 1 106
Bon toe Subprovince . 204
Lepanto Subprovince. . . . 210
Zamboanga 278
Bohol 106
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Lepanto Subprovince. . . . 210
Sulu ..■■' 258
Sulu ...., 258
Tayabas (S) . ' 270
Lanao 178
Albay 1 86
Samar 248
Pangasinan 236
Tarlac \ 266
Kalinga Subprovince. .... 208
Ilocos Sur 162
Misamis 194
Pangasinan 236
Mindoro 190
Misamis 194
Oriental Negros 224
Bukidnon HO
Lanao 178
Batanes 98
Batanes . . . | 98
Cagayan 118
Philippine Islands ....... 72
Rizi-.l 240
Nueva Ecija 212
Lepanto Subprovince 210
Ilocos Sur 162
Ilocos Sur 162
Abra 78
Tayabas (S) ......[ 270
Amburayan Subprovince I 198
Cotabato
Leyte . •
Surigao
Batangas
Pampanga
Bulacan
La Union
Misamis i 194
Bontoc Subprovince ; 204
Isabela , 170
Ilocos Sur 162
Kalinga Subprovince i 208
150
186
262
102
232
114
182-
16
15
10
14
8
14
13
16
12
15
15
14
14
14
8
5
13
14
15
15
15
8
9
14
12
12
15
17
11
7
11
6
9
17
16
7
9
16
16
5
5
13
8
13
11
16
15
17
17
8
16
13
9
9
8
7
20
Longi-
tude.
45
50
25
40
01
50
12
55
12
39
12
11
24
40
40
39
18
10
32
15
15
31
37
40
35
08
18
24
50
10
10
43
04
53
40
45
13
59
00
05
25
00
18
05
05
29
25
14
45
22
15
00
20
15
55
01
20
05
19
40
20
14
40
15
16
17
02
17
22
17
05
17
25
14
15
16
52
5
40
11
10
9
45
13
52
15
15
14
58
16
43
8
45
17
12
17
30
17
30
17
35
122
121 35
124 55
122 05
125 55
121 06
120 55
121 01
121 30
120 41
120 39
120 56
120 59
121 28
123 35
125 20
121 21
121 06
120 35
120 37
120 42
123 50
123 41
121 00
124 25
124 20
121 04
120 43
122 49
122 10
123 20
124 05
124 18
120 56
120 49
122 10
123 57
120 56
120 43
119 55
120 00
121 55
123 50
123 33
125 35
119 56
120 41
121 12
120 26
124 45
119 51
121 25
124 50
123 05
124 40
123 50
122 08
122 00
121 40
122
121 00
121 12
120 53
120 29
120 27
120 36
121 65
120 40
125 15
124 25
12.''> 25
120 38
120 43
120 64
120 20
124 45
121 02
121 50
120 31
121 19
171073-
-32
498
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Ballesteros. .
Balloc
Ballogo ....
Balo
Baloc
Balocaue . . .
Balod
Balognonan.
Balogo
Balolan ....
Balombon . .
Balonga. . . .
Balongay. . .
Baloy
Baloy
Baloy
Baloy
Balsik
Balsik
Baluan
Baluarte . . .
Baluay
BrJubad. . . .
Ba 111 bad. . . .
Balucuc. , . .
Balud
Balud
Balud
Balud
Balug ,
Balugan . . . .
Balugang . . .
Balugo
Balugo
Balugo
Balugo
Balugo
Balugo
Baluguhan . .
Balukbaluk .
Balun
Balung
Balungao . . .
Balungay . . .
Balus
Balut
Balut
Balut
Balut
Balut
Balutictic . .
Balutictic. .
Balutictic . .
Balutu
Balza
Bamban . . . ,
Bamban . . .
Bambang. . .
Bambang. . .
Bambang. . .
Bambang. . .
Bambannan .
Banaao ....
Banaao ....
Banaao ....
Banaba ....
Banaba .
Feature.
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain . . .
Mountain . . .
Mountain . . .
Sitio
River
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipal district.
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Municipality
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Township
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Banahan
Banaba Norte
Banaba Sur Barrio
Banacao Sitio
Banacon Island
Banacon Barrio
Banadero Barrio
Banadero ' Barrio
Banahao Barrio
Banahao Mountain
Banahao Mountain
Banahao Volcano, dormant
Lati-
tude.
Cagayan 118 18 25
Tarlac 266 15 41
La Union 182 16 46
Bontoc Subprovince 204 17 13
Nueva Ecija 212 15 38
Samar 248 12 05
Samar 248 11 30
Albay 86 14 03
Camarines Sur 126 13 54
Kalinga Subprovince 208 17 37
Camarines Norte 122 14 14
Cotabato 150 6 10
Tayabas (N) 270 15 00
Antique 90 11 10
Capiz 130 11 10
Iloilo 166 11 10
Benguet Subprovince 202 16 23
Bataan 94 14 56
Bataan 94 14 53
Cotabato 150 6 05
Bulacan 114 14 43
Benguet Subprovince 202 16 32
Bulacan 114 14 49
Painpanga 232
Pampanga 232
lieyte 186
Samar 248
Sorsogon (S) 252
Benguet Subprovince .... 202
Isabela 170
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Ilocos Sur 162
Albay 86
Camarines Sur 126
Romblon 244
Tayabas (S) 270
Mindoro 190
Romblon 244 12 35
Mindoro 190 13 20
Zamboanga 278 6 40
Benguet Subprovince. .. . 202 16 13
Cotabato 150 7 05
Pangasinan 236 15 54
Nueva Vizcaya 216 16 19
Zamboanga 278 7 10
Davao 154 5 20
Cotabato 150 7 20
Lanao 178 8 05
Bataan 94 14 49
Bataan 94 14 41
Abra 78 17 29
Kalinga Subprovince. .... 208 17 29
Mountain Province 196 17 30
Tarlac 266 15 18
Cagayan 118 18 20
Camarines Norte 122 14 21
Tariac 266 16 16
Nueva Vizcaya 216 16 24
Bulacan 114 14 46
Pampanga 232 15 05
Rizal 240 41 31
Sulu 258 5 35
Lepanto Subprovince. . . . 210 16 56
Mountain Province 196 16 55
If ugao Subprovince 206 16 50
Tariac 266 15 31
Pampanga 232 15 07
Bulacan 114 14 56
Cavite 134 14 14
Cavite 134 14 12
Lepanto Subprovince. . . . 210 17 05
Bohol 106 10 12
Bohol 106 10 12 '
Batangas I 102 14 05 |
Laguna ; 174 14 13
Bohol ; 106 9 58 I
Laguna i 174 14 04 I
Tayabas (S) 270 14 06
Relief 72 | 14 I
Longi-
tude.
121 30
120 21
120 20
121 24
120 54
124 10
126 05
124 08
123 34
121 20
122 42
124 20
121 50
122 15
122 16
122 16
120 43
120 27
120 28
125 15
120 54
120 32
120 52
15
02
120
33
14
58
120
51
11
15
124
40
12
30
124
55
12
02
123
12
16
29
120
48
17
16
121
50
17
04
120
53
17
18
120
32
13
17
123
33
13
30
123
04
12
56
122
05
13
56
122
25
13
00
120
55
122 00
120 40
121 40
120 41
124 25
120 40
120 58
122 15
125 20
124 20
124 10
120 32
120 34
121 00
121 00
121 00
120 42
121 45
122 28
120 34
121 06
120 63
120 49
121 04
120 20
120 50
120 50
121 08
120 38
120 30
121 03
120 50
120 62
120 43
124 10
124 10
121 04
121 10
124 06
121 29
121 30
122
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
499
Name.
Banahaw
Banalo
Banan
Banao
Banao
Banao
Banaoang
Banaoang
Banaran
Banaran
Banasi
Banat
Banatao
Banate
Banaue
Banaue
Banawang
Banaybanay. . .
Banaybanay. . .
Banayoyo
Banban
Banban
Banbanuan. . . .
Banbayan
Bancaan
Bancabanca . . .
Bancagan
Bancal
Bancal
Bancalan
Bancasan
Bancay
Bancay
Banco
Banco
Bancod
Bancolasi
Bancoran
Bancoran
Bancuro
Banday
Bandi
Bandilaan
Banengbeng . . .
Banga
Banga
Banga
Banga
Banga
Bangaan
Bangaan
Bangac
Bangad
Bangad
Bangad
Bangad
Bangai
Bangalao
Bangan
Banganay
Bangantalinga .
Bangao
Bangao
Bangar ,
Bangar
Bangar
Bangay
Bangbang ....
Bangbang ....
Bangbanglang.
Bangbanglang.
Bangbanglang.
Bangbanglang.
Bangcalasag . .
Bangcu
Bangilo
Bangkal
Bangkud
Banglayan. . . .
Feature.
Map.
Sitio
Barrio
Rancheria
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipal district
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality
Township
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
River
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Port
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Point
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain . . . ^. . . .
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Fac-
ing
page.
Surigao 262
Batangas ] 102
Apayao Subprovince 200
Albay , 86
Davao 154
Benguet Subprovince. . . . 202
Pangasinan 236
Tarlac 266
Sulu 258
Sulu 258
Camarines Norte 122
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Kalinga Subprovince....! 208
Iloilo 166
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Mountain Province. . 196
94
102
174
162
224
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude
Bataan
Batangas
Laguna
Ilocos Sur
Oriental Negros
Ilocos Norte . . | 158
Apayao Subprovince. .... 200
Misamis 194
Cavite 134
Laguna 174
La Union 182
166
274
228
138
212
Iloilo
Zambales
Palawan (S)
Cebu
Nueva Ecija
Relief ... 72
Isabela 170
Laguna 174
Cavite 134
Rizal I 240
Palawan (S) . . . i 228
Philippine Islands ... ' 72
Mindoro , 190
Leyte 1 186
Abra 1 78
Oriental Negros 220
Benguet Subprovince 202
Zamboanga 278
130
102
114
166
Capiz
Batangas
Bulacan. .
Iloilo . . .
Zamboanga 278
Ifugao Subprovince. . 206
Isabela 170
Isabela i 170
Kalinga Subprovince. 208
Bataan 94
Rizal 240
Davao 154
Sulu 258
Cagayan 118
Mindoro 190
Zambales 1 274
Benguet Subprovince. . . .; 202
Ifugao Subprovince 206
La Union 182
Tariac 266
Pangasinan | 236
Ilocos Norte I 158
Apayao Subprovince 200
Kalinga Subprovince. 208
Abra i 78
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Mountain Province 196
Relief 72
Bataan \ 94
Tarlac i 266
Abra < 78
Bulacan I 114
Bukidnon ' 110
Ilocos Sur 162
8
13
18
13
7
16
16
15
5
5
14
17
17
11
16
16
14
13
14
17
9
18
18
8
14
14
16
11
15
8
11
15
16
17
14
14
14
8
8
13
10
17
9
16
7
11
14
14
10
7
16
17
17
17
14
14
7
6
18
13
15
16
16
16
15
16
18
17
17
17
17
17
17
14
15
17
14
7
17
40
39
18
13
40
26
00
43
00
00
06
30
19
00
55
55
37
56
15
14
15
27
08
45
19
12
33
30
18
10
05
46
25
14 I
12
39
00
20 I
20 I
43 i
10
31 ,
30
38
54 I
40
30
54
10
30
17
38
22
40
00
30
05
21
49
50
54
36
08 .
05 ;
41
40
19
19
20
50 '
18
36
43
55
28
126 05
121 11
121 02
123 35
126 30
120 45
120 26
120 32
120 05
120 05
123 02
121 04
121 30
122 50
121 04
121 05
120 23
121 07
121 08
120 29
123 35
120 43
121 16
124 45
120 45
121 21
120 23
123 10
120 00
117 10
123 55
120 45
121
121 45
121 28
120 53
120 57
118 40
119
121 20
125 00
120 39
123 35
120 32
122 25
122 20
120 57
120 52
122 15
122 25
121 08
121 55
121 46
121 09
120 33
121 13
126 30
121 35
121 15
120 50
119 58
120 51
121 16
120 25
120 40
120 06
120 42
121 16
121 15
120 57
120 57
120 65
121
120 26
120 36
121 00
120 58
125 10
120 80
500
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Banglos
Bangon
Bangon
Bangon
Bangong
Bangued
Bangued
Bangui
Bangui
Banguitan
Bangunay
Bangyan
Bani
Bani
Bani
Bani
Bani
Banicain
Banil
Banilad
Banilian
Banisilan
Bankiruhan
Banlasan
Banlat
Banlic
Banlot
Banna
Banocboc
Banocboc
Banog
Banogo
Banot
Banquel
Banquero
Bantae
Bantan Grande.
Bantan Pequeno
Bantaoay
Bantay
Bantay
Bantayan
Bantayan
Bantayan
Bantayan
Bantayan
Banti
Bantig
Banti Goolong . .
Bantigui
Bantigui
Bantigui
Bantigui
Bantigui
Bantolinao
Banton
Banton
Bantoncillo
Bantug
Bantug
Bantug
Bantug
Bantug
Bantug
Bantug
Bantulan
Banuangurang . .
Banuyao
Bao
Bao
Bao
Bao
Baoaran
Baobo
Baong
Baoy
Baqui
Baracbac
Barambane;
Barana
Feature.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Capital
Capital, Abra ....
Bay
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Island
Point
Point ...
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio ,
Barrio
Barrio .
Barrio '. .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
River
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Sitio
Map.
Tayabas (N)
Leyte
Samar
Romblon
Abra
Abra
Philippine Islands . . . .
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte
Lepanto Subprovince.
Agusan
Davao
Pangasinan
Camarines Sur
Tarlac
La Union
Zambales
Bataan
Mindoro
Oriental Negros
Nueva Vizcaya
Cotabato
Albay
Bohol
Rizal
Laguna
Cebu
Ilocos Norte
Camarines Norte
Camarines Norte
Pangasinan
Lanao
Tayabas (S)
Samar
Isabela
Palawan (N)
Bataan
Bataan
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Tayabas (S)
Cebu
Cebu
Cavite
Samar
Taybas (S)
Laguna
Leyte
Abra
Misamis
Sorsogon (N)
Batangas
Leyte
Camarines Sur
Bohol
Romblon
Lanao
Romblon
Isabela
Isabela
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Pangasinan
Tarlac
Tarlac
Palawan (N)
Sorsogon (N)
Iloilo
Cebu
Cotabato
Leyte
Camarines Sur
Palawan (N)
Davao
Ifugao Subprovince. . .
Camarines Sur
La Union
Lepanto Subprovince.
Lanao
Camarines Norte
Fac-
ing
page.
270
186
248
244
78
78
72
158
158
210
82
154
236
126
266
182
274
94
190
224
216
150
86
106
240
174
138
158
122
122
236
178
270
248
170
228
94
94
162
162
270
138
138
134
248
270
174
186
78
194
252
102
186
126
106
244
178
244
170
170
212
212
236
266
266
228
252
166
138
150
186
126
228
154
206
126
182
210
178
122
Lati-
tude.
14 45
11 25
11 55
12 25
17 36
17 36
18
18 34
18 32
17 04
Longi-
tude.
20
20
16 11
13 58
15 40
16 13
15 34
14 48
13 10
9 15
16 24
7 30
13 04
9 53
14 41
14 14
10 00
17 59
121 40
124 20
124 40
122 00
120 54
120 37
121
120 43
120 46
120 51
125 35
125 30
119 52
123 20
120 39
120 25
119 55
120 17
121 10
' 123 20
120 59
124 45
123 45
123 56
121 03
121 08
123 35
120 39
11 15
11 10
14 25
12 30
13 40
14 11
10 10
17 41
9 10
12 51
13 41
10 20
13 32
9
12
49
55
8 00
12 55
16 45
16 35
15 46
15 34
16 01
15 37
15 25
10 50
13 01
10 40
10 45
7 25
11 05
13 39
10 50
8 00
16 49
13 47
16 45
17 08
7 45
13 69
14
25
122
57
14
17
122
35
16
11
119
54
7
40
124
40
13
55
122
05
11
35
124
55
17
00
121
45
12
10
120
20
14
39
120
34
14
40
120
34
17
36
120
22
17
35
120
23
13
25
121
55
123 45
123 45
120 51
124 50
122 30
121 27
124 50
120 34
124 60
123 44
121 28
124 45
122 68
123 56
122 05
123 55
122 00
121 40
121 45
120 40
120 55
120 41
120 41
120 44
119 40
123 36
122 15
124 00
124 40
124 30
122 50
121 00
125 50
121 18
122 46
120 23
120 42
124 40
123 05
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
501
Name.
Barandal
Barangabang . .
Barangin
Baraoas
Baraoas
Baras
Baras
Baras
Baras ,
Barasanan
Barat
Barbacan
Barbarit
Barbasa
Barcelona ,
Barcelona ,
Barcelona
Barceloneta
Bari
Bari
Bariiw
Barili
Baringcucurong .
Barion
Barira
Barisibis
Bariw
Barlak
Barlig
Baro
Baroa
Barobo
Baroc
Barong
Baroro
Barotac Nuevo. .
Barotac Viejo . .
Barra
Barrera
Barrera
Barrera
Barrientos
Feature.
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Municipality
Municipality
Sitio
Port
Port
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Laguna 174
Abra. 78
Isabela 170
Ilocos Sur 162
La Union 182
Albay 86
Lanao 178
Rizal I 240
Samar [ 248
Antique 1 90
Ilocos Norte i 158
Palawan (N) 1 228
Amburayan Subprovince . 198
Antique . . . ^ i 90
252
158
166
126
118
90
126
Barton
Barton I Sitio
Barugo Municipality
Baruyan
Baruyen
Baruyen
Basa . . .
Basaan .
Basak . .
Basak . .
Basak . .
Basak . .
Basak . . ,
Basao . . .
Basao . . .
Baaay . .
Basbas . .
Basbas . .
Basca . . .
Bascaran
Basco . . .
Basco . . .
Basdaco .
Basdio . .
Basey . . .
Bashi . . .
Basiad . .
Basiad . .
Basiad . .
Basiao . .
Ba ig . . .
Ba-^igon .
Basilan . .
Basilan . ,
Basilan . .
Basilan I Point
Baslay Island
Basot Island
Barrio
Barrio
River
Municipal district
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Capital
Capital, Batanes. .
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Channel
Bay
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
River
Island
Island
Strait
Sorsogon (N)
Ilocos Norte . .
Iloilo
Camarines Sur
Cagayan
Antique
Camarines Sur
Cebu . . . j 138
Amburayan Subprovince.' 198
Bukidnon
Cotabato
Abra
Albay
Zamboanga
Bontoc Subprovince. . . .
Pangasinan
Lanao
Surigao
Iloilo 166
Ilocos Norte 1 158
La Union ! 182
Iloilo I 166
Iloilo I 166
Sorsogon (S) 252
Sorsogon (N) i 252
Sorsogon (S) 1 252
Camarines Sur I 126
La Union | 182
Palawan (N) 228
Palawan (S)
Ley te
Mindoro 190
Ilocos Norte | 158
Ilocos Norte 158
Agusan 82
Bohol 106
Bukidnon 110
Oriental Negros S24
Oriental Negros ....
Cebu
Cotabato
Bontoc Subprovince
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Oriental Negros 224
228
186
224
138
150
204
Sulu.
Sulu.
258
258
La Union 182
216
98
72
106
Nueva Vizcaya
Batanes
Philippine Islands
Bohol
Bohol ! 106
Samar 248
Philippine Islands . ' 72
Camarines Norte 122
Tayabas (S) 270
Camarines Norte 1 122
Bohol I 106
Amburayan Subprovince. 198
Camarines Norte I 122
Zamboanga 278
Philippine Islands 72
Zamboanga 278
Zamboanga 278
Sorsogon (S) 252
Camarines Sur 126
10 05
16 58
110
7
35
150
7
25
78
17
25
86
13
10
278
7
00
204
17
03
236
16
00
178
8
00
262
8
30
10 40
18 04
16 43
10 55
11 00
12 04
12 32
12 32
13 50
16 51
10 20
1 16
20
11
20
13
25
18
31
18
29
8
05
10
13
7
65
9
15
10
16
10
40
6
50
17
14
17
14
2S
20
00
16 28
16 33
20 28
20
9 47
9 45
11 20
21
14 09
14 10
14 10
10 04
16 49
14 10
6
7
6
6
35
50
40
Lati-
tude.
0
/
14
11
17
30
16
55 1
17
17
16
38 1
13
40
7
40
14
31
11
00
10
30
18
31
10
20 [
1 16
51
! 11
10
12
52
18
07
10
35
13
46
18
50
10
45
13
37
Longi-
tude.
121 08
120 34
121 50
120 26
120 24
124 22
124 00
121 16
125 45
122 00
120 36
119 20
120 40
122 00
124 08
120 46
122 40
123 03
121 15
11 56
13 68
122
00
122
51
123
30
120
29
124
50
124
15
120
45
123
38
122
10
121
06
120
40
123
50
126
05
122
25
120
44
120
20
122
40
122
50
123
38
123
22
123
22
122
56
120
22
119
10
119
10
124
45
121
05
120
43
120
41
126
05
124
20
125
00
123
35
123
20
123
55
124
10
121
07
121
23
122
40
120
15
120
30
120
27
121
14
121
59
122
123
47
124
SO
125
06
122
122
19
122
20
122
20
124
33
120
31
122
40
122
00
122
12''
06
121
50
124
04
123
52
502
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Bassa
Point ^ .
Municipality
Davao
Camarines Norte
Albay
154
122
86
126
278
94
72
102
158
206
248
204
170
94
86
86
98
98
72
86
202
130
86
154
98
72
206
126
110
232
270
190
102
72
102
72
102
198
228
106
114
190
232
232
240
86
90
198
138
244
270
110
150
86
126
86
126
186
130
138
162
182
274
154
154
228
154
86
122
228
224
118
90
262
200
278
106
252
252
o
7
14
13
13
7
14
15
13
18
16
12
17
16
14
13
13
20
20
20
13
16
11
13
6
20
20
16
13
8
14
14
12
14
14
13
14
13
17
11
10
15
13
15
14
14
13
11
16
11
12
14
8
7
13
13
13
13
10
11
10
17
16
15
7
i§
6
13
14
10
9
18
'I
17
6
9
12
12
/
10
04
17
55
50
40
42
04
56
40
06
40
42
35
15
40
25
14
38
35
17
10
40
41
33
05
49
45
40
00
45
43
03
10
01
10
00
09
53
47
03
30
55
10
25
45
25
10
19
19
37
21
20
35
20
20
32
24
30
50
50
50
40
15
50
10
25
20
25
48
40
47
25
25
O '
125 40
Basud
122 58
123 29
Sitio
Camarines Sur
123 32
Basuk
Point
Zaraboanga
122 05
BATAAN
Province
Bataan
120 25
Bataan
Province
Philippine Islands
Batangas
120
121 26
Batac
Municipality
Barrio
Ilocos Norte
120 34
Batad
Ifugao Subpro\nnce
Samar
Bontoe Subprovince
Isabela
121 10
Batag
Island
125 05
BatakacT
Sitio
121 05
Batal
121 35
Bataan
120 18
Albay
124 18
Albay
124 00
Batanes
122 00
Batanes
121 58
Island
Philippine Islands
Albay
122
124 03
Barrio
Benguet Subprovince
Capiz
120 46
122 30
Coal Mining Co. . .
Sitio
Albay
124 02
Davao
125 30
Batanes
122 00
Province
Philippine Islands
Ifugao Subprovince
Camarines Sur
122
Barrio
121 06
Satan? . .
Barrio
123 03
Barrio
Bukidnon ■ . . . .
124 45
Batane- 1 <>
Barrio
Pamoanza
120 37
Barrio
Tayabas (N)
121 35
Batan^an . .
River .....
Mindoro
121 15
Province
Batancras
121 00
Province
Philippine Islands
Batangas
121
Caoital
121 04
Batangas
Capital, Batangas.
Bay
Philippine Islands
Batangas
121
121 00
Bataneen
Barno
Amburayan Subprovince .
Palawan (N)
120 35
Batas
Island
119 40
Batasan
Island . .
Bohol
123 59
Barrio ...
Bulacan
120 56
Batasan
Barrio
Mindoro
120 45
Batasan
Barrio
Pamoanffa
120 47
120 43
Batay
Mountain
121 18
Batbat . ...
Albay
123 28
121 55
Batbato
Barrio
Amburayan Subprovince .
Cebu
120 33
Barrio
124 00
Batiano
Barrio
Romblon
122 00
Barrio
Tayabas (N)
121 40
Batinai " . .
Batrio
Bukidnon
124 35
Sitio
Cotabato
124 35
Bate
Lake
Albay
123 22
123 21
Bato
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Albay
124 18
Oamarines Sur
123 22
Bato
Leyte
124 45
122 48
Bato
Cebu
123 35
Barrio
Ilocos Sur
120 30
Bato
120 24
Bato
119 55
Bato
Sitio
126 00
Bato
Sitio
125 30
Bato
Sitio
119 30
Bato
Point
126 00
Bato
River
Albay
124 16
Barrio
Camarines Norte. .......
Palawan (N)
122 45
Batobato
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
121 00
Oriental Negros
123 10
Batolinao
Cagayan
122 05
Batonan
Antique
122 05
Batonan
Barno
Suricrao
126 10
Battung
Rancheria
Barrio
Municipality
Bartio
Apayao Subprovince
Zamboanga
121 10
Batu
122 10
Batuan
Bohol
124 09
Batuan
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
123 47
Batuan
Barrio
123 47
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
503
Name.
Batuan
Batuanan
Batuang
Batuhan
Batuban
Batulao
Batung
Bauan
Bauan
Bauang
Bauang
Bauang
Bauguen
Bauko
Bauko
Baungon
Bautista
Bautista
Bautista
Bawa
Baway
Bay, Laguna de
Bay, Laguna de
Bay
Bay
Bay
Bay
Bay
Bayabao
Bayabas
Bayabas
Bayabas
Bayabas
Bayabas
Bayabas
Bayabas
Bayabas
Bayabas
Bayag
Bayag
Bayambang. . . .
Bayambang. . . .
Bayanan
Bayanbayanan. ,
Bayandati
Bayang
BayHnfr
Bavang
Bayang
Bayanga
Bayanluma. . . .
Bayansubay . . .
Bayas
Bayauajan
Baybay
Baybay
Baybay
Baybay
Baybay
Bayhayading . .
Baybayaoas . . .
Baybay'n
Baybayog
Baye
Bayil
Baylo
Bayo
Bayo
Bay ocean
Bayog
Bayog
Bayog
Bayombong. . . .
Bayombong. . . .
Bayong
Bayuan
Bayubud
Bayucain
Bayug
Feature.
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio -
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Municipality ,
Barrio
Muncipality ,
Point
River ,
Municipality ,
Township ,
Township
Municipal district
Municipality
Barrio
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Lake
Lake
Islands
Islands
Municipality.
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Rancheria . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio I
Sitio !
Mountain
Township j
Township i
Municipality ]
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district .
Barrio
Barrio
I'oint
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island I
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio I
Sitio
Capital
Capital, Nueva
Vizcaya
Sitio
River i
Barrio I
Barrio
Barrio i
Cavite
Bohol
Benguet Subprovince.
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Batangas
Bukidnon
Batangas
Cagayan
La Union
La Union
La Union
Ilocos Sur
Lepanto Subprovince.
Mountain Province. . .
Bukidnon
Pangasinan
Albay
La Union
Tarlac
Ilocos Sur
Laguna
Riz-al
Laguna
Palawan (N)
Laguna
Abra
Palawan (S)
Lanao
Nueva Vizcaya
Agusan
Bulacan
Benguet Subprovince.
Davao
Misamis
Ley te
Nueva Ecija
Camarines Norte
Apayao Subprovince..
Mountain Province. . .
Pangasinan
Pangasinan
Rizal
Rizal
Bataan
Lanao
.^rusan
Iloilo
Doilo
Bukidnon
Cavite
Rizal
Iloilo
Bohol
Ley te
Bulacan
Camarines Sur
Capiz
La Union
Uooos Sur
Tarlac
Batangas
Cagayan
Capiz
Kalinga Subprovince..
Agusan
Antique
Cagayan ■
Ifugiio Subprovince...
Laguna
Albay
Bontoc Subprovince. .
Nueva Vizcaya
Philippine Islands. .
Ifugao Subprovince.
Oriental Negros ....
Batangas
Laguna
Isabela
134
106
202
252
252
102
110
102
118
182
182
182
162
210
196
110
236
86
182
266
162
174
240
174
228
174
78
228
178
216
82
114
202
154
194
186
212
122
200
196
236
236
240
240
94
; 178
! 82
I 166
166
110
134
240
166
106
186
114
126
130
. 182
162
266
102
118
130
208
82
' 90
118
206
174
86
204
216
72
206
224
102
174
170
I
14
9
16
12
12
14
7
13
17
16
16
16
17
16
17
8
15
13
16
15
17
14
14
14
10
14
17
9
7
15
'• 9
14
16
7
I 8
i 11
15
14
18
18
' 15
'. 15
; 14
14
14
7
9
11
I 11
I 8
14
14
11
9
10
14
I 13
i 11
16
17
15
13
17
11
I"
10
17
! 16
14
13
17
16
16
16
9
14
14
16
13 '
53
21
23
23
03
40
48
45
32
31
31
09
59
00
20
49
02
27
36
36
20
20
14 i
40
11 1
44
30
55 1
60
10
57
29
00
30
00
44
01
16
15
49
53
25
39
40
50
05
00
00
20
25
24
25
46
40
57
43
44
18
OS
38
49
55
23
IS
80
30
45
38
12
04
13
30
Longi-
tude.
120 37
124 27
120 40
123 35
123 35
120 48
12.=
10
52
25
03
10
40
121 00
121 40
120 20
120 19
120 22
120 33
120 52
120 50
124 40
120 28
123 35
120 20
120 37
120 28
121 15
121 10
121 17
119 20
121 17
120 47
118 40
123 60
121 31
125 35
121 06
120 29
125 20
124 36
124 55
120 47
122 44
121 02
121 05
120 27
119 54
121 03
121 06
120 17
124 15
125 35
122 55
122 55
124 35
120 57
121 14
123 10
124 04
124 50
121 02
123 34
122 19
120 21
120 33
120 23
121 16
121 40
122 35
121 14
125 40
121 56
121 45
121 40
121 14
123 27
121 19
121 09
121
121 00
122 66
120 44
121 27
121 30
504
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Bayug
Bayug
Bayug
Bayugao
BajTigo
Bayul
Bayunan
Bayuyungan. .
Bazar
Bebe
Beberron
Becerril ,
Becnuea
Belen
Belison
Bellang
Benagalet ...
BENGUET. .
Benguet
Bcnguet ....
Benihagan. . .
Benituan
Benneng . . . . ,
Bentigan
Beri
Besalan
Besao ,
>Besao
Bessang
Bessie
Betis
Biabas
Biabas
Biac na bate. .
Biak na bato
Biangue
Biao
Biao
Biasing • .
Biasong
Bical
Biclat
Bicobian ....
Bicol
Bicutan
Bidduang. . . .
Biding
Biga
Bigaa
Bigaa
Bigaa
Bigaa
Bigaa
Bigaan
Bigbiga
Big Lun
Bignay
Bignay
Biguin
Bikal
Bikal
Bikigan
Bila
Bilad
Bilan
Bilanbilangan
Bilangbilang.
Bilao
Bilar
Bilat
Bilatan
Bili
Bilibinwang. .
Bilibiran ....
Bilic
Bilig
Biliran
Biliran
Bilis
Billanguan. . .
Feature
Mountains. . .
Mountains.. .
River
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Point
Subprovince .
Subprovince .
Road
Sitio
River
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Township . . .
Township . . .
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Port
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Sitio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Municipality,
Barrio
Island
Longi-
tude.
Bukidnon
Lanao
Lanao
Ilocos Sur
Rizal
Bontoe Subprovince
Iloilo
Batangas
Abri
Pampanga
Caraarines Sur
Cebu
Amburayan Subprovince .
Iloilo
Antique
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Batangas
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Mountain Province
La Union
Romb'-on
Tarlac
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Nueva Ecija
Samar
Ilocos Sur . . .
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Mountain Province
Ilocos Sur
Palawan (S)
Pampanga '.
Bohol
Bohol
Bulacan
Leyte . . .
Zambales
Davao
Ilocos Sur
Palawan (N) . . .
Leyte
Nueva Ecija . .
Bulacan
Isabela
Camarines Sur
Rizal
Cagayan
Ilocos Norte
Laguna
Bulacan
Albay
Antique
Antique . .
Liiguna
Camarines Sur
Ilocos Sur
Cotabato
Batangas
Tayabas (S)
Sorsogon (N)
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Bontoe Subprovince
Cotabato
Tarlac
Cotabato
Bohol
Zamboanga
Capiz
Bohol
Sorsogon (S)
Sulu
Kugao Subprovince
Batangas
Rizal
Nueva Ecija . . . .
Amburayan Subprovince.
Leyte
Leyte
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Sulu
110
178
178
162
240
204
166
102
78
232
126
138
198
166
90
210
102
202
196
182
244
266
202
212
248
162
210
196
162
228
232
106
106
114
186
274
154
162
228
186
212
114
170
126
240
118
158
174
114
86
90
90
174
126
162
150
102
270
252
126
126
204
150
266
150
106
278
130
106
252
258
206
102
240
212
198
186
186
202
258
17
14
17
10
14
17
14
13
9
16
11
10
16
13
16
16
16
12
15
16
15
11
17
17
17
17
9
14
9
9
15
10
15
7
17
10
11
15
15
17
13
14
18
18
14
14
13
11
10
14
13
17
6
13
13
12
13
13
17
6
15
6
10
6
11
9
12
5
16
13
14
15
16
11
11
16
5
20
20
20
04
20
12
35
03
28
52
32
40
59
00
50
48
43
30
30
16
05
38
25
45
35
06
05
05
18
00
59
58
49
08
05
16
20
23
40
00
42
07
15
44
30
30
03
09
49
12
15
50
18
50
19
00
42
50
42
48
43
11
00
44
45
15
55
29
43
10
00
39
59
30
39
50
35
30
31
40
124 30
124 30
124 25
120 27
121 18
121 16
122 10
120 56
120 49
120 42
123 09
123 25
120 27
122 45
121 55
120 41
120 52
120 40
120 40
120 34
121 55
120 43
120 47
120 39
125 05
120 29
120 52
120 50
120 32
118 10
120 39
124 32
124 24
121 06
125 00
120 08
125 30
120 27
119 50
124 30
120 54
120 59
122 25
123 07
121 04
121 20
120 41
121 08
120 55
123 45
122 05
122 00
121 08
122 59
120 26
125 20
121 14
121 30
123 64
123 51
122 59
121 02
125 15
120 26
124 55
124 27
122 10
122 34
124 06
123 17
120 00
121 06
120 67
121 10
121 09
120 36
124 30
124 30
120 29
120 15
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
505
Name.
long
lulo
luso
mmanga. . .
mmotubot.
nabag
nabalian.. .
nabalian.. .
naca
nacayan. . .
nacud
nagbag. . . .
nahaan. . . .
nahaan. . . .
nahaan. . . .
nahian ....
nalayan . . .
nalbagan . .
nalbagan . .
nalian
nalonan . . .
nan
nang
nanga
nangonan. .
nansagan. .
narena ....
natagan. . .
natangan. .
nauangan. .
nay
ncay
nday
neng
nga
ngao.
ngao.
nhagan.
nhagan.
nian .
nibitinan . . . .
nictican
nicuil
nirayan
nlod
nmaca
nmaca
nmaley
nogsakan. . . .
nondo
nongaan
nongan
noni
noyoan
ntacan
ntacan
ntauan
ntog
ntuan
nuangan
nuangan
nuangan
nuur.gan
nubusan
nuhangan . . .
nulasan
nulauan
nuluangan. . .
nungan
mini
nuntucan. . . .
nurun
nu.suran
oos
rauan
ri
rook
sal
sangol
sliang Miinti.
Feature.
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio ,
Barrio
Mountain . . ,
Barrio
Barrio . . . . ,
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio ,
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
River
Barrio
Municipality,
Municipality.
Barrio
Port
Municipality,
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Sitio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Mountain . . .
Municipality.
Barrio
District
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Silio
Sitio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Island
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Silio
Map.
Ifugao Subprovince
Bataan
Cavite
Amburayan Subprovince .
La Union
Cebu
Pangasinan
Zambales
Cotabato
Cavite
Ilocos Sur
Bulacan
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Tayabas (S)
Tayabas (S)
Leyte
Occidental Negros
Occidental Negros
Nueva Vizcaya
Pangasinan
Laguna
Laguna
Bataan
Rizal
Kalinga Subprovince
Mindoro
Camarines Norte
Nueva Vizcaya
Camarines Norte
Tayabas (S)
Leyte
Pangasinan . . .
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Palawan (.N)
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte . . .
Ifugao Subprovince. . . . . .
Ifugao Subprovince.
Zamboanga
Tayabas (.N)
Bataan
Occidental Negro3
Batangas . . .
Cebu •.••■•
Amburayan Subprovince .
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Pangasinan
Albay
City of Manila
Romblon
Abra
Misamis
Camarines Sur
Isabela
Isabela
Nueva Vizcaya
Bulacan
Palawan (N)
Bulacan
Bataan
Misamis
Bataan
Batangas
Leyte
Tayabas (N)
Kalinga Subprovince....
Iloilo
Cotabato
Lanao
Capiz
Albay
Abra
Oriental Negros
Samar
Samar
Nueva Vizcaya
Bulacan
Ilocos Sur
Tayabas (N)
Tna" Lati-
•^f„ tude.
page.
206
94
134
198
182
138
236
274
150
134
162
114
126
126
270
270
186
220
220
216
236
174
174
94
240
208
190
122
216
122
270
186
236
202
228
158
158
206
206
278
270
94
220
102
138
198
202
236
86
146
244
78
194
126
170
170
216
114
228
114
94
194
94
102
186
270
208
166
150
178
130
86
78
224
248
248
216
114
162
270
16
14
14
16
16
11
16
15
7
14
17
14
13
13
14
13
11
10
10
16
16
14
14
14
14
17
48
37
14
57
35
05
25
36
00
27
53
57
49
42
00
50
45
10
15
26
03
20
15
44
28
34
Longi-
tude.
13
15
14
02
16
18
14
18 !
13
30 !
10
55
16
08
16
30
10
40
18
09
17
56
16
49
16
48
7
55
14
55 I
14
49
10
00
14
05
9
55
16
41
16
40
16
02
! 13
12
14
36
12
30
17
45
9
10
13
25 t
17
10 1
17
10
16
35
14
54
12
00
14
43
14
31 ,
8
55
1 14
31 1
! 13
58
11
40
14
45
17
18
11
30 ,
7
30
, 8
10
i 11
25
13
40
17
36
9
30
' 11
40
12
40
1 16
08
15
15
; 17
15
1 H
40 :
121 17
120 33
120 57
120 26
120 25
124 00
119 56
119 55
124 05
120 55
120 30
121 02
122 45
122 52
121 45
122 20
124 20
122 50
123 00
120 58
120 36
121 05
121 25
120 16
121 11
121 23
120 30
122 54
121 28
122 25
122 35
125 00
120 27
120 34
119 20
120 35
120 41
121 12
121 11
123 20
121 50
120 20
122 50
120 57
123 35
120 36
120 36
120 16
123 34
120 58
122 05
120 52
124 50
123 18
122 00
122 05
121 11
120 54
120 00
120 54
120 23
124 45
120 25
120 38
124 35
121 40
121 05
123 10
125 15
124 oa
122 53
124 25
120 55
123 10
124 45
124 20
121 17
121 08
120 29
122 00
506
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Bislig
Bislig
Bisucay
Bita
Bitadton
Bitag
Bitalag
Bitalag
Bitan
Bitanagan . . . .
Bitaog
Bitaog
Bitaogan
Bitaogan
Bitaogan
Bitaoy
Bitaugan
Bitik
Bitinan
Bitlingan
Bito
Bito
Bito
Bito
Bito
Bito
Bito
Biton
Bitoon
Bitoon
Bitu
Bituca
Bitwagan
Biwag
Biyasong
Biyong
Black Rock. . .
Black Rock. . .
Black Rock. . .
Blanca
Blanca Aurora
Blanco
BUk
BUk
Boa
Boaan
Boac
Boayan
Boayan
Bobon
Bobon
Bobon
Bobon
Bobonan
Bobonot
Bobontugan . .
Boca Chica. . .
Boca Engafio .
Boca]
Bocaue
Bocon
Boctol
Bogo
Bogo
Bogtong
Bogtong
Bogtong
Bogui
Bohan
Boho
nOHOL
Bohol
Bohol
Bohol
Bohol
Bojcador
Bojeador
Bojelebung . . .
Bay
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Lake
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Rancheria
Barrio
Barrio
Islet
Pass
Islet
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Island
Municipality
Island
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Province
Island
Strait
Strait
Barrio
Cape
Cape
Consta bula ry
Camp
Surigao 262
Surigao I 262
Palawan (N) ; 228
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Antique I 90
La Union 182
Amburayan Subprovince . 198
La Union 182
Lanao [ 178
Davao [ 154
Bukidnon i 110
Oriental Negros 224
Surigao 262
Surigao 262
Romblon 244
Laguna 174
Davao 154
Tayabas (S) 1 270
Sulu 258
Lepanto Subprovince. . . . i 210
Leyte I 186
Camarines Sur 126
Leyte 186
Amburayan Subprovince . 198
Amburayan Subprovince . 198
Lepanto Subprovince. ... 210
Lepanto Subprovince 210
Sorsogon (N) 252
Capiz 130
Cebu 138
Cotabato 150
Batangas 102
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Apayao Subprovince 200
Leyte 186
Albay 86
Palawan (N) 228
Sorsogon (S) 252
Sorsogon (S) 252
Zamboanga 278
Samar 248
Bukidnon 110
Cotabato 150
ReUef 72
Surigao 262
Philippine Islands 72
Tayabas (S) 270
Palawan (N) 228
Palawan (S) 228
Samar 248
Ilocos Norte 158
Leyte 186
Samar 248
Pangasinan 236
Pangasinan 236
Misamis 1 94
Sorsogon (N) i 352
Sorsogon (N) 252
Camarines Norte 122
Bulacan 114
Albay | 86
Bohol ! 106
Cebu ' 138
Cebu I 138
Sorsogon (N) i 252
Sorsogon (S) ' 252
Sorsogon (S) j 252
Bontoc Subprovince ' 204
Sulu ' 258
Cebu 138
Bohol 106
Philippine Islands 72
Bohol 106
Cebu I 138
Palawan (N) | 228
Ilocos Norte 158
Philippine Islands 72
Zamboanga i 278
8
8
10
17
' 11
16
; 16
16
7
I 7
9
8
: 9
I 12
I 14
; 6
i 13
6
16
1 10
13
10
17
16
17
16
12
11
10
7
14
17
17
10
13
8
12
12
8
12
8
7
7
10
6
13
10
10
1 12
I 18
10
11
16
16
8
13
12
14
14
13
9
11
9
12
11
11
17
7
10
10
10
10
9
10
18
19
6
15
15
50
26
80
24
58
45
30
00
10
20
50
05
30
08
50
30
05
56
45
58
45
00
42
04
52
45
19
05
10
02
09
59
20
46
50
18
17
30
00
45
00
05
25
30
30
30
30
15
05
09
01
40
07
47
09
48
52
47
05
50
52
52
52
16
05
10
00
00
50
30
30
30
126 20
126 20
121 00
121 30
122 05
120 27
120 28
120 22
124 10
126 10
124 35
123 35
126 20
125 55
122 05
121 31
126 00
122 00
121 30
120 42
125 00
123 15
125 00
120 31
120 30
120 40
120 44
123 51
122 40
123 25
124 20
121 07
121 04
121 06
125 15
124 24
119 50
123 49
123 49
123 00
124 55
124 50
124 15
124
125 40
118
121 50
119 10
119 10
124 35
120 35
125 15
125 40
120 31
119 52
124 45
122 57
123 19
122 51
120 56
124 08
123 59
124 00
123 35
124 06
1^1 05
124 05
121 21
lis 25
123 30
124 00
124
123 45
123 40
119 50
120 34
121
122
10
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
507
Name.
Bokiawan . . .
Bokod
Bokod
Bokos
Bolanon
Bolaobalite . .
Bolauan
Bolbog
Bolbok
Bolbolo
Bolinao
Bolinao
Bolinao
Bolinao
Bolinauan . . .
Boliney
Bolirao
Bolisong
Bolitoc
Bolo
Bolo
Bolo
Bolo
Bolo
Bolobolo ....
Bolocboloc. .
Bolod
Bolod
Bolodan
Bolog
Bolog
Bololo
Bolong
Bolong
Bolos
Boljo-on" ....
Bolton
Bonabona . . .
Bona Cerca. .
Bonaffa
Bonayan ....
Bonbon
Bonbon
Bonbon
Bonbon
Bonbon
Bonbon
Bonbonon . . .
Bonbonon . . .
Boncol
Bondoc
Bondoc
Bondoc
Bone
Bonfal
Bonga
Bonga
Bonga
Bonga
Bonga
Bongabo ....
Bongabon . . .
Bongabon . . .
Bongabong . .
Bongabong . .
Bonga Mayor,
Bongbong . . .
Bongcocan . . ,
Bonglio
Bongliw
Bongo
Bongro
Bonleo
Bonot
BONTOC...
Bontoc
Bontoc
Bontoc
Feature.
Map.
Barrio
Township
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio . .'
Cape
Cape
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Islands
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio ■
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio I
Barrio i
Barrio
Barrio '
Peninsula
Point
Sitio ^
Barrio '
Barrio
Island
Barrio i
Barrio
Barrio I
Barrio |
Sitio \
Municipality '
Barrio
Sitio
River
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Bay
Sitio
Subprovince
Subprovince
Capital
Capital Mountain
Province. 1
Fac-
ing
page.
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Benguet Subprovince. ... 202
Mountain Province 196
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Occidental Negros 220
Camarines Sur 126
Nueva Vizcaya ' 21C
Mindoro 190
Batangas ! 102
Abra 78
Pangasinan 236
Philippine Islands ' 72
Pangasinan 236
Ilocos Norte 158
Cebu 138
Abra 78
Leyte 186
Oriental Negroa 224
Zambales 274
Albay j 86
Batangas I 102
Iloilo : 166
Iloilo 166
Tarlac 266
Agusan 82
Oriental Negros 224
Sulu 258
Albay 86
Camarines Sur 126
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Albay 86
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Zamboanga 278
Sorsogon (N) 252
Cebu 138
Davao 154
Palawan (S) 228
Cavite 134 j
Bontoc Subprovince 204 :
Lepanto Subprovince. ... 210
Bohol 106 !
Misamis 194
Sorsogon (S) 252
Antique 90
Cebu 138 ;
Occidental Negros 220
Bohol 106
Oriental Negros 224
Laguna 174
Tayabas (S) 270
Tayabas (S) 270
Tayabas (S) 270
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Rizal 240
Leyte 186
Samar 248
Samar 248
Sorsogon (N) 252
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Nueva Ecija 212
Mindoro 190
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Mindoro 190
Bulacan 114
Rizal 240
Bohol 106
Samar 248
Tayabas (S) 270
Cotabato 150
Ilocos Sur 162
Tayabas (N) 270
Surigao 262
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Mountain Province 196
Mountain Province 196 •
Philippine Islands i 72 I
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
16
16
16
16
10
13
16
13
13
17
16
16
16
17
10
17
11
9
15
13
13
10
11
15
9
9
6
13
13
16
16
13
16
7
12
9
6
8
14
17
16
9
9
12
11
10
10
10
9
14
13
13
13
16
16
14
11
11
11
12
17
15
12
16
12
14
14
9
12
13
7
17
15
9
17
17
17
17
49
30
30
56
55
48
15
15
50
22
22 ,
23
52
05
24
05
40
43
28
47
55
30
34
25
20
15
09
49
44
40
09 I
08
05
46
40
40
40
11
12
59
40
10
16
50
15
15
08
05
09
30
10
20
15
31
19
30
55
50
55
11
38
45
42
40
57
24
36
30
25
20
33
05
25 '
10
10 I
05 I
121 03
120 50
120 50
121 01
123 30
123 21
121 55
121 10
121 23
120 36
119 49
120
119 53
120 34
123 40
120 48
124 55
123 10
119 54
123 40
120 59
122 25
123 05
120 40
125 30
123 15
121 40
123 38
123 26
121 09
121 U
123 32
120 56
122 15
123 59
123 30
125 20
117 30
120 53
121 21
120 65
124 04
124 35
123 29
121 30
123 35
123 05
124 35
123 10
121 26
122 30
122 35
122 30
121 00
121 10
121 15
124 35
124 45
125 00
123 50
121 20
121 08
121 30
121 04
121 25
120 57
121 13
124 08
125 00
122 05
124 00
120 26
121 56
125 66
121 16
121 16
121 00
121
508
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Bontoc
Bontoc
Bonuan Gueset
Bool
Boor
Boot
Borabod
Borabod
Borak
Borbon
Borbon
Borobor
Boroc
Borocay
Borol
Borong
Borongan
Borongan
Borseth
Bosoboso
Boston
Bota
Botiguis
Botiguis ,
Botocan
Botol
Botolan
Botolan
Botolan
Botong
Bowen .
Bua
Buabua
Buad
Buagan
Buagan
Bual
Buan
Buanoy
Buao
Buaya
Buaya
Buaya
Buayaan
Buayan
Buayan
Bubu
Bubuan
Bubuan
Bubuan
Bubug
Bubug
Bubug
Bubulo
Bubuyan
Bucao
Bucao
Bucao
Bucari
Bueas Grande.
Bucay
Bucaya
Bucloc
Bucloc
Bucnit
Bucutua
Budlanan
Buduan
Buduk
Buenavista . . .
Buenavista . . .
Buenavista . . .
Buenavista . . .
Buenavista . . .
Buenavista . . .
Buenavista . . .
Buenavista . . .
Buenavista . . .
Buenavista . . .
Buenavista . . .
Feature.
Capital
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio ,
Sitio
Municipality
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Port
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Municipality.
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Mountain . . .
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Barrio _. . .
Municipal district .
River
Island
Island
Island
Island
Point
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Municipal district .
River
Sitio .•
Island
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Bontoc Subprovince.
Leyte
Pangasinan
Bohol
Rizal
Batangas
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Samar
Cebu
Agusan
Ilocos Sur
Leyte
Capiz
Bulacan
Cotabato
Samar
Samar
Leyte
Rizal
Davao
Tayabas (S)
Cebu
Cebu
Laguna
Ilocos Sur
Zambales
Zambales
Zambales
Batangas
Palawan (S)
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Samar
Samar
Abra
Kalinga Subprovince
Cotabato
Davao
Cebu
Samar
Kalinga Subprovince
Samar
Ilocos Sur
Lanao
Cotabato
Cotabato
Zamboanga
Sulu
Sulu
Zamboanga
Mindoro
Apayao Subprovince. . . .
Occidental Negros
Bulacan
Laguna
Amburayan Subprovince
Tayabas iN)
Zambales
Iloilo
Surigao
Abra
Iloilo
Abra
Abra
Lepanto Subprovince. . . .
Sulu
Bohol
Ilocos Norte
Lanao
Iloilo
Tayabas (S)
Agusan
Albay
Albay
Albay
Antique
Bohol
Camarines Sur
Cavite
Leyte
Fac-
ing
page,
204
186
236
106
240
102
126
126
248
1.38
82
162
186
130
114
150
248
248
186
240
154
270
138
138
174
162
274
274
274
102
228
202
248
248
78
208
150
154
138
248
208
248
162
178
150
150
278
258
258
278
190
200
220
114
174
198
270
274
166
262
78
166
78
78
210
258
106
158
178
166
270 I
82
86
86
86
90
106
126
134
186
Lati-
tude.
0
/
17
06
10
20
16
05 1
9
38
14
22
14
03
13
46
13
42
11
20
10
50
8
30
17
39
11
00
11
59
14
50
6
20
11
35
11
35
11
15
14
38
7
50
13
55
11
05
11
05
14
09
17
15
15
14
15
17
15
14
13
52
8
20
16
24
11
05
11
40
17
31
Longi-
tude.
17 31
10
40
10 30
12 05
17 34
11 35
17 07
8 00
6
6
7
6
5
6
00
10
05
10
25
20
12 20
17 43
10 45
15 06
14 10
16 40
14 40
15 16
10 50
9 40
120 59
124 55
120 20
123 53
121 14
121 05
123 32
123 16
125 25
124 00
125 55
120 25
124 40
121 55
120 54
124 10
125 30
125 25
124 50
121 14
126 20
122 05
123 40
123 40
121 29
120 25
120 00
120 01
120 02
120 55
117 20
120 39
125 40
124 60
121 02
121 02
124 30
125 50
123 40
124 50
121 14
125 00
120 31
124 20
125 15
125 15
122 15
121 00
120 35
121 55
121 00
121 15
123 00
121 00
121 06
120 25
121 55
120 05
122 20
125 55
17
32
120
43
10
35
122
05
17
26
120
52
17
28
120
56
17
05
120
43
6
10
121
50
9
57
123
55
18
29
120
39
8
00
123
55
10
40
122
40
13
15
9
00
13
13
13
03
13
00
11
25
9
52
13
52
14
19
11
10
121 55
125 25
124 10
123 48
123 29
122 05
124 14
123 19
120 54
124 40
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
509
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Buenavista Barrio .
Buenavista .
Buenavista .
Buenavista .
Buenavista .
Buenavista .
Buenavista .
Buenavista .
Buenavista .
Buenavista .
Buenavista .
Buenavista .
Buenavista .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Sitio. . ,
Sitio. . .
Sitio..,
Buenavista i Sitio. .
Buenavista Norte ! Barrio .
Buenavista Sur ' Barrio .
Bued ' Barrio .
Bued Barrio .
Bued River .
Bued River . ,
Buenlag Barrio .
Bueno Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
River .
Sitio. .
Sitio. .
Barrio .
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires
Buensuceso
Buensuceso
Buer
Buga
Bugaboa
Bugabuga
Bugadog
Bugang
Bugao [ Sitio
Bugaoy , Sitio
Bugas Barrio
Bugasan ' Municipal district .
Bugasong Municipality
Bugawas Sitio.
Bugiio Barrio
Bugho Barrio
Bugho Barrio
Bugho Barrio
Bugilit Barrio
Bugjo Barrio
Bugkaon Barrio
Bugko Barrio
Bugnay Barrio
Bugo Barrio
Bugo Barrio
Bugsanga River
Bugsuk I Island
Bugsuk Island
Bugtong Barrio
Bugui Point
Bugui Point
Buguias 1 Township . . .
Buguias I Township . . .
Buguibug Barrio ......
Buguey Municipality.
Bugwasan Bay
Buhangin Barrio
Buhangin Sitio
Buhatan Barrio
Buhatan ' Barrio
Buhay Sitio
Buhaynasapa Barrio
Buhi Lake
Buhi Municipality.
Bujaoen Barrio
Bujo Island
Bujo Island
Bukal Barrio
Bukal Barrio
Bukal Barrio
Bukal Barrio
Bukal Barrio
BuUal Barrio
Bukal Barrio
Bukal Barrio
Bukal Barrio
Leyte
Palawan (S)
Samar
Sorsogon (N)
Surigao
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Surigao
Tarlac
Antique . . .
Nueva Ecija . . .
Romblon . . .
Romblon
Bohol
Bohol
Nueva Ecija . .
Pangasinan
Benguet Subprovince ....
Mountain Province. . . . . .
Pangasinan . . .
Pangasinan . . .
Bohol
Camarines Sur . . .
f ampanga . . .
Pampanga . . .
Pangasinan . . .
Albay
Agusan . . .
Leyte ■. . ■ • •
Amburayan Subprovince .
Bohol
Albay
Ifugao Subprovince. . . . . .
Samar . . .
Cotabato . . .
Antique . . ■
Benguet Subprovince ....
Bohol
Bohol
Cebu
Leyte • • •
Tarlac
I>eyte • . •
Bukidnon . . .
Samar • . .
Bontoc Subprovince.
Antique . . .
Misamis . . .
Mindoro . . .
Palawan (S'> . . .
Philippine Islands .......
Sorsogon (.S^ . . .
Sorsogon (N) . . .
Sorsogon (S) . . .
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Mountain Province
Ilocos Sur
Cagayan
Tayabas (N)
Tayabas (N)
Mindoro
Albay
Sorsogon (N)
Davao
Batangas
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur .'
Zambales
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Batangas
BatangHs
Batangas
Batangas
Batangas
Cavile
Laguna
Lagum
Laguna
Fac-
ing
page
186
228
248
252
262
252
252
252
262
266
90
212
244
244
106
106
212
236
202
196
236
236
105
126
232
Lati-
tude.
10
10
12
13
9
12
12
12
9
15
12
15
12
12
10
10
15
16
16
16
16
15
9
13
15
Longi-
tude.
236
86
82
i86
198
106
86
205
248
150
90
202
106
106
138
186
266
186
110
248
204
90
194
190
228
72
252
252
252
202
196
162
118
270
270
190
232 15
15
13
8
11
16
9
14
16
11
7
11
16
9
9
10
10
15
11
7
12
17
10
8
12
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
17
IS
15
15
13
86 I 13
252 I 12
154 I 7
102 ' 13
126 I 13
126 13
274 14
252 I 12
252 12
102 I 13
102 13
102
102
102
134
174
174
174
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
45
00
00
03
55
54
27
27
05
37
00
41
20
05
05
04
49 :
01
16
15
00 I
47 I
48 I
54 I
12
08 ,
51 I
17 1
50
10
41 i
45 i
00 i
48
45
25
05
15
48 ,
39
10
45
31
15
55
30
12
55
30
30
10
20 I
36
36 I
43
45
06
20
05
45
20
14
58
50
47
26
25
59
35
35
54
52
51
49
4b
17
15
14
11
25 00
18 50
24 55
24 06
25 30
24 07
23 42
23 42
26 10
20 40
21 25
20 54
21 55
21 55
24 08
24 08
20 39
20 23
20 33
20 30
20 22
20 18
24 10
23 18
20 40
20 42
20 16
23 22
25 30
24 25
20 29
24 08
24 16
21 03
25 30
24 15
22 05
20 42
23 51
24 05
23 40
24 55
20 37
24 50
25 05
24 50
21 06
22 05
24 45
21 05
17 20
17
23 16
23 14
23 14
20 50
20 50
20 32
21 50
22 00
21 35
21 15
23 .'SO
24 03
26 00
21 24
23 30
23 30
20 18
23 36
23 36
20 54
20 40
21 05
21 04
21 14
20 45
21 33
21 22
21 10
510
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Bukal
Bukal
Bukandala. .
BUKIDNON
Bukidnon . . .
Bukol
Bula
Bulabud ....
Bulac
Bulac
BULACAN . .
Bulacan ....
Bulacan ....
Bulacan ....
Bulacan ....
Bulacao
Bulacaue, . . .
Bulacnin ....
Bulacus
Bulagao ....
Bulagao . . . . ,
Bulag Este . .
Bulala
Bulala
Bulala
Bulala
Bulala
Bulalacao . . .
Bulalacao . . .
Bulalacao . . .
Bulalacao . . .
Bulalacao ...
Bulalacao . . .
Bulalaqui . . .
Bulan
Bulan
Bulan
Bulanao ....
Bulaneao . . . .
Bulanglang . .
Bulaquin. . . .
Bularit
Bulasa
Bulata
Bulauan ....
Bulauon ....
Bulawan ....
Bulbul
Bulbulala . . .
Bulbulala . . .
Bulbulala . . .
Buldun
Bule
Bull
Bull
Bull
Buli
Bull
Bulihan
Bulihan
Bulihan
Buliluyan . . .
Bulingsung . .
Buljao
Bullag
Bulo
Bulo
Bulosao
Hulsa
Bulu
Bulualto ....
Buluan
Buluan
Buluan
Buiuan
Buluan
Buluan
Buluan
Buluan
Buluang ....
Feature.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Province
Province
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Province
Province
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio . . .
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Bay
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Cape
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
River
Kancheria
Barrio
Lake
Island
Municipal district.
Rancheria
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Sitio
Map.
Laguna
Tayabas (S)
Cavite
Bukidnon
Philippine Islands
Laguna
Camarines Sur
Capiz
Bulacan
Oriental Negros
Bulacan
Philippine Islands
Bulacan
Leyte
Mindoro
Sorsogon (N)
Iloilo
Batangas
Pampanga
Abra
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
La Union • . .
Amburayan Subprovince
Amburayan Subprovince
Kalinga Subprovince. . . .
Palawan (N)
Mindoro
Mindoro
Camarines Sur
Lepanto Subprovince. . .
Mindoro
Cebu
Sulu
Sorsogon (N)
Camarines Sur . .
Antique . .
Nueva Vizcaya
Benguet Subprovince . . .
Tayabas (S)
Tarlac
Cebu
Occidental Negros ......
Isabela
Zambales
Camarines Sur
Benguet Subprovince . . .
Ilocos Norte . .
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Cotabato
Rizal
Batangas
Abra
Bataan
Cavite
Mindoro
Batangas
Bulacan
Bulacan
Palawan (S)
Zamboanga
Camarines Norte. ......
Ifugao Subprovince
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Samar
Tarlac
Apayao Subprovince. . . .
Bulacan
Cotabato
Zamboanga
Cotabato
Apayao Subprovince. . . .
Zamboanga
Cotabato •
Samar
Cotabato
Palawan (N)
Fac-
ing
page.
174
270
134
110
72
174
126
130
114
220
114
72
114
186
190
252
166
102
232
78
162
162
162
182
198
198
208
228
190
190
126
210
190
138
258
252
126
90
216
202
270
266
138
220
170
274
126
202
158
162
182
150
240
102
78
94
134
190
102
114
114
228
278
122
206
252
252
248
266
200
114
150
278
150
200
278
150
248
150
228
Lati-
tude.
14 10
13 55
14 24
8 10
8
14 30
13 28
11 37
14 50
9 10
15 00
15
14 48
10 30
13 40
12 53
11 35
13 59
14 50
17 39
17 39
17 36
17 34
16 44
16 57
16 40
17 33
11 40
12 15
12 30
13 42
16 50
12 20
11 15
6 05
12 40
13 48
11 45
16 23
16 35
14 00
15 34
9 55
9 50
16 50
15 25
13 45
16 42
18 13
17 16
16 49
7 30
14 27
13 53
17 41
14 28
14 16
13 55
13 54
14 53
14 52
8 20
8 00
14 10
16 48
12 25
12 25
11 10
15 27
18 03
15 13
6 40
7 40
6 45
17 44
40
20
11 40
7 15
12 10
Longi-
tude.
121 26
121 25
120 56
125 00
125
121 25
123 17
122 18
121 01
123 15
121 00
121
120 53
124 45
120 25
124 06
123 10
121 08
120 40
120 31
120 31
120 26
120 22
120 21
120 34
120 29
121 11
120 10
121 20
121 25
123 47
120 48
121 20
124 05
121 50
123 52
123 00
122 00
121 05
120 28
121 20
120 37
123 35
122 25
122 05
119 55
122 53
120 51
120 42
120 27
120 25
124 20
121 03
120 57
120 42
120 33
120 44
120 55
121 18
120 54
120 48
117 10
123 35
122 49
121 14
123 34
123 34
125 15
120 23
121 13
120 57
124 55
122 30
124 50
121 24
122 30
124 30
125 10
124 50
119 5U
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
511
Name.
Feature.
Buluang . .
Buluong . .
Bulusan . .
Bulusan . .
Bulusan . .
Bulwagan .
Bumbuneg
Bunaguit .
Bunakan . .
Bunauan . .
Bunawan .
Bundagul .
Bunducan .
Buneg . . . .
Buneg . . . .
Bunga . . . .
Bunga . . . .
Bunga . . . .
Bungalum.
Bungan . , .
Bungau . . .
Bungau . . .
Bungau . . .
Bungca . . .
Bungcayo .
Bungol . . .
Bungsuan .
Bunhian . .
Bunnay . . .
Bunot . . . .
Bunot . . . .
Bunsuran .
Bunutan . .
Buquit . . .
Buraan . . .
Burahit . . .
Burak . . . .
Burauen . .
Burayoc . .
Burayoc . .
Burburan .
Burdeos . .
Burdeos . .
Burgos . . .
Burgos . . .
Burgos . . .
Burgos . . .
Burgos . . .
Burgos . . .
Burgos . . .
Burgos . . .
Burgos . . .
Burgos . . .
Burgos . . .
Buri
Bun
Buri
Burias ...
Burias ...
Burias . . .
Burias ...
Burnay . .
Burnay . .
Burney . . .
Burol
Burol
Buruanga .
Buruncan .
Busa ....
Busainga.
Busak . . .
Busao . . .
Busiing . .
Busing . . .
Busing. . .
Bussot . . .
Bustos . . .
Busu ....
Busuanga
Busuanga
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Volcano
Volcano, active . . .
Sitio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Rancheria
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Sitio
Sitio
Municipal district
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Bay
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Island
Pass
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Point
Sitio
Port
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Sitio
Island
Island
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (N)
Relief
Camarines Norte
Amburayan Subprovince.
Agusan |
Cebu
Davao I
Agusan '
Pampanga
Sorsogon (S)
Abra
Apayao Subprovince
Albay
Capiz
Lanao
Davao '• j
Davao
Sulu
Sulu
Sulu
Iloilo
Amburayan Subprovince.
La Union
Capiz
Ifugao Subprovince
Isabela ■
Apayao Subprovince 1
Rizal
Bulacan
Bulacan i
Davao
Ilocos Norte
Isabela
Samar
Leyte
Ilocos Norte
La Union
Ilocos Norte
Tayabas (N)
Tayabas (N)
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur
Pangasinan
Nueva Ecija
Leyte
Rizal '
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S) i
Surigao
Tariac
Samar
Sorsogon (S)
Samar
Camarines Sur
Sorsogon (N)
Philippine Islands
Sorsogon (N)
Capiz
Abra
Ilocos Norte
Ifugao Subprovince.. . .
Cavite
Nueva Ecija
Capiz
Mindoro
Lepanto Subprovince..
Sorsogon (N)
Camarines Sur
Bohol
Ilocos Sur
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (N)
Lepanto Subprovince. .
Bulacan
Davao
Palawan (N)
Philippine Islands
126
126
252
252
72
122
198
82
138
154
82
232
252
78
200
86
130
178
154
154
258
258
258
166
198
182
130
206
170
200
240
114
114
154
158
170
248
186
158
182
158
270
270
158
162
236
212
186
240
252
252
262
266
248
252
248
126
252
72
252
130
78
158
206
134
212
130
190
210
252
126
106
162
2.'i2
2.52
210
114
154
228
72
13
13
12
12
13
14
16
8
11
7
8
15
! 11
i 17
17
13
11
, 7
1 7
I '^
10
16
16
11
16
16
; 18
14
14
14
5
18
' 16
'■ 11
18
16
18
14
14
18
17
16
' 10
' 14
12
12
I 15
' 11
11
I 11
13
13
13
13
11
17
17
16
14
15
11
12
16
13
13
9
17
13
13
17
14
7
12
12
18
31
45
47
19
40
40 i
15
10
10
14
44 ;
41
42
17
25
35
10
20
10
00 I
??
48
46
14
57
45
28
27
52
45
30
32
40
10
00
36
43
25
45
50
31
19
04
49
00
43
24
24
15
41
35
56
50
34
00
00
27
57
57
50
20
33
51
10
57
07
39
45
37
09
09
07
58
00
10
Longi-
tude.
23 20
23 21
24 08
24 03
24
22 43
20 25
25 30
23 40
25 40
25 55
20 37
24 04
20 55
21 12
23 45
22 33
24 10
25 30
25 30
19 45
19 45
19
45
22
40
20
27
20
25
22
42
21
17
21
45
21
02
21
13
20
56
20
53
r^5
20
20
37
21
30
25
40
24
55
20
47
20
22
20
49
?.?.
05
?.?.
00
20
39
20
30
19
52
20
52
25
00
21
08
23
44
23
44
26
10
20
29
24
50
23
43
24
50
22
55
23
06
23
23
15
22
33
20
55
20
5b
21
0'/
20
66
21
00
21 54
21 15
20 55
23 02
23 00
23 54
20 23
22 58
22 07
20 37
20 55
26 10
20 00
20
512
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Busuanga . . .
Busuk
Buswang ....
Butac
Butag
Butauanan . .
Butauanan . .
Butbut
Butbutigui . . .
Buteg
Butig
Butig
Butigui
Butir
Butitio
Butsi
Butuan
Butuan
Butuan
Butulan
Buyacaoan . . .
Buyallao
Buyasyas . . . .
Buyausen . . . .
Buyo
Buyo
Buyo
Buyo
Buyo
Buyo
Buyoc
Buyuan
Buyya
C
Caacob
Caalanguan . .
Cianas
Caang
Caanian
Caataban . . . .
Caayongan . . .
Caba
Caba
Cababaan . . . .
Cababuyan. . .
Cabacongan . .
Cabacongan . .
Cabacungan . .
Cabadbaran . .
Cabadiangan .
Cabagan
Cabagsay . . . .
Cabahan
Cabalayangan
Cabalete
Cabalian
Cabalian
Cabalian
Cabalitian . . .
Cabalitian . . .
Cabalitocan . .
Caballo
Cabaluan . . . .
Cabanatuan . .
Cabanatuan . .
Cabangan . . . .
Cabangaran . .
Cabangila . . . .
Cabangtohan .
Cabanuangan.
Cabaritan . . . .
Cabaroan . . . .
Cabaroan . . . .
Cabaroan . . . .
Cabaroan . . . .
Cabaroan . . . .
Cabaroan . . . .
Cabaroan . . . .
Feature.
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Lake
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Bay
Capital
Capital, Agusan. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Map.
Sitio
Sltlo
Barrio
Sltlo
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Plateau
Municipality
Sltlo
Island
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Point
Volcano, dormant,
Island
Railroad Station . .
Barrio
Island
River
Capital
Capital, Nueva
Ecija.
Municipality.
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Palawan (N)
Zamboanga
Caplz
Amburayan Subprovince
Sorsogon (N)
Camarlnes Sur
Camarlnes Sur
Bontoc Subprovince
Amburayan Subprovince.
Apayao Subprovince
Lanao
Lanao
Bontoc Subprovince
Ilocos Sur
Ifugao Subprovince
Cotabato
Agusan
Agusan
Philippine Islands
Davao
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Mindoro
Nueva Vizcaya . . .
Abra . . .
Albay . . .
Albay . . .
Sorsogon (N) . . .
Sorsogon (N) . . .
Sorsogon'(S) . . .
Albay . . .
Ifugao Subprovince. . . . . .
Hollo . . .
Ifugao Subprovince
Antique . . .
Mindoro . . .
Hollo
Amburayan Subprovince.
La Union . . .
Ilocos Norte . . .
Surlgao . . .
La Union . . .
Ifugao Subprovince.
Ilocos Norte
Ifugao Subprovince.
Eohol
Leyte
Samar
Agusan
Occidental Negros.
Isabela
Albay
Romblon .
La Union
Tayabas (S)
Leyte
Romblon.
Relief
Pangasinan.
Pangasinan.
La Union
Cavlte
Zambales
Nueva Ecija,
Philippine Islands
Fac-
ing
page.
228
278
130
198
252
126
126
204
198
200
178
178
204
162
206
1.50
82
82
72
154
202
190
216
78
86
86
252
252
252
86
206
166
206
Lati-
tude.
o
/
12
10
7
35
11
43
16
57
12
38
14 07
14 06
17 14
16 58
18 12
7 45 1
7 45
17 07
17 22 I
16 43 1
7 25
9 05
8 55
40
16 48
12 20 I
16 18
17 17
13 37
13 07
12 49
12 27
12 27
13 03
16 45
10 40
16 52
11 50
13 00
11 20
16 53
16 41
18 14
9 25
16 26
16 47
18 21
16 52
9 52
10 55
12 35
9 10
9 50
17 25
Lepanto Subprovince. ... 210
15 10
18 22
11 30
10 35
16 35
18 25
17 24
17 40
17 35
17 19
16 45
16 17
17 15
Longi-
tude.
120 00
122 30
122 23
120 36
123 56
123 19
123 19
121 06
120 36
121 06
124 15
124 20
121 26
120 30
120 58
125 05
125 25
125 30
126
125 30
120 49
121 30
120 57
120 42
124 10
123 52
123 17
123 46
123 46
123 33
121 11
122 20
121 10
121 30
121 00
123 05
120 40
120 21
120 34
125 55
120 21
121 10
120 36
121 05
123 46
125 00
124 20
125 30
122 35
121 45
123 29
122 00
120 22
121 50
125 10
122 00
125
120 07
120 46
120 21
120 37
120 02
120 58
121
120 03
120 47
122 32
121
121
55
40
121 30
120 42
120 25
120 22
120 28
120 22
120 21
120 35
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
513
Name.
Feature.
Cabarruyan
Cabaruyan
Cabaruyan
Cabasan
Cabataan
Cabatuan
Cabatuan
Cabatuan
Cabaun
Cabay
Cabayugan
Cabayugan
Cabcab
Cabcaben
Cabcabin
Cabgan
Cabiao
Cabignayan
Cabiguan
Cabilagalin
Cabilang Baybay
Cabilao
Cabilauan
Cabinangan
Cabingaan
Cabittaogan
Cabittaorrn
Cabiyangan
Cabodiangan . . . .
Cabolotan
Cabra
Cabraran
Cabu
Cabuan
Cabucan
Cabucbucan
Cabugan Chico . .
Cabugan Grande .
Cabugao
Cabugao
Cabugao
Cabugao
Cabugao
Cabugao
Cabugcabug
Cabulalaan
Cabulan
Cabulanglangan .
Cabulauan
Cabuli
Cabulilisan
Cabuluan
Cabuntog
Caburao
Caburao
Cabusao
Cabutagan
Cabuyao
Uabuyao
Cabuyo
Cabuyoan ,
Cacandongan . , . ,
Cacapian ,
Cacarong
Carataan
Cacawit
Cacbolo
Caccajja
Caceres
Cacnipa
Cacriiray
Cadacad
Cadaclan
Cadadanan
Cada^asan
Cadajonan
Cadakan
Cada Negrito . . .
Cadanglaan ....
Cadaoglaan ....
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . . .
Municipality. .
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Municipality. .
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Island
Rancheria . . . .
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Point
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Island
Island
Bay
Bay
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Islands
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Island
Barrio
Uiver
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
|Fac-
; ing
i page.
Pangasinan
Abra
Abra
Albay
Rizal
Jloilo
Isabela
Samar
Samar
Samar
Pangasinan
Sorsogon (S)
Albay .
Bataan
Camarines Norte
Bohol
Nueva Ecija
Mindoro
Sorsogon (N)
Camarines Norte. .....
Cavite
Bohol
Palawan (N)
Nueva Vizcaya
Sulu
Ilocos Sur .
Ilocos Norte .
Cebu
Romblon .
Romblon
Mindoro
Albay
Nueva Ecija
Misamis
Sulu
Nueva Ecija
Ley te
Ley te • • ■ ■
Albay •
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Albay . . . ;
Amburayan Subprovmce .
Kalinga Subprovince
Capiz
Ilocos Norte
Bohol •.
Amburayan Subprovince . j
Palawan (N)
Palawan (N) ,
Leyte '
Abra
Surigao
Abra
Ilocos Sur
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Laguna
Laguna
Tayabas (S)
Albay
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Bulacan
Sulu
Tayabas (S)
Palawan (S)
Ifugao Subprovince
Cebu
Palawan (S)
Albay
Ilocos Sur
Ifugao Subprovince. . . .
Lepanto Subprovince. .
Ilooos Norte
Samar
Leyte
Nueva Vizcaya
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
236
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
16
78 1 17
78 • 17
86
240
166
170
248
248
248
236
252
86
94
122
106
212
190
252
122
134
106
228
216
258
162
158
138
244
244
190
86
212
194
258
212
186
186
86
162
162
86
198
208
130
158
106
198
228
228
186
78
262
78
162
126
126
174
174
270
86
162
182
114
258
270
228
206
138
228
86
162
206
210
158
248
186
216
162
162
13
14
10
16
12
12
11
15
12
13
14
14
9
15
13
13
14
14
9
12
16
5
17
17
10
12
12
13
13
15
9
6
15
10
10
13
17
17
13
16
17
11
17
10
16
11
11
10
17
9
17
17
13
13
14
14
la
13
17
16
14
5
14
10
16
9
10
13
17
16
16
18
12
\0
16
17
17
18
33 i
27
21
50
55
55
30
35
25
44
01
37
27
20
59
15
30
01
10 I
19
53
10
10
40
35
58
20 i
25
35
55
06
32
05
10 1
41
25
30
33
50
48
36
58
27
26
58
09
55
20
30
30
36
45
32 ;
15
44
47 I
17
09
15
53
46
41
54
30
05
30
44
35
30
18
29
39
55
31
25
45
37
52
14
119 58
120 29
120 54
123 52
121 15
122 30
121 40
125 15
124 30
125 30
120 21
123 42
124 03
120 35
122 45
124 00
120 51
120 45
123 39
122 42
121 03
123 46
120 10
121 37
121 05
120 21
120 44
123 35
122 25
122 10
120 05
123 35
121 03
124 50
120 55
121 06
125 16
125 15
124 15
120 25
120 27
124 17
120 29
121 14
122 55
120 41
124 03
120 28
120 10
119 30
124 50
120 36
126 10
120 33
120 27
123 07
122 55
121 08
121 24
122 05
124 13
120 30
120 21
120 58
120 25
121 35
113 00
121 04
123 26
119 00
123 52
120 34
121 01
120 51
120 44
125 16
125 00
121 32
120 31
120 28
171073-
514
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Caddas
Cadean
Cadig
Cadig
Cadig
Caditaan
Cadiz
Cadiz Viejo
Cadongdongan . . .
Caduhaan
Cadulan
Cadulunan .......
Caduruan
Cagamutan
Caganayan
Caganbuac
Cagara
Cagara
CAGAYAN
C-agayan
Cagayan
Cagayan
Cagayan
Cagayan
Cagayan
Cagayan
Cagayan
Cagayan
Cagayancillo ....
Cagayancillo ....
Cagayan de Sulu.
Cagayan Sulu . . .
Cagayan Sulu . . .
Cagbulauan
Cagdayanao
Cagnipa
Cagoras
Cagpile
Cagpipi
Cagsao
Cagsiay
Cagtalaba
Cagting
Cagua
Feature.
Cagua
Caguait
Cagubatan . .
Cagubay ....
Cagunan ....
Caguray ....
Caguray ....
Cahagnaan . .
Caibiran ....
Caima
Caiman
Caingin
Cainta
Cairauan ....
Cairilao
Cajayagan . . ,
Cajidiocan . . ,
Cajoagan . . . ,
Calaba
Calaba
Calabaca. . . .
Calaban ....
Cnlabanga . . .
Calabasa ....
Calabaza. . . .
Calabazas . . .
Calabgan . . . .
Calabogo . . . .
Calabornay . .
Calabugdong .
Calaca
Culagbagnan .
Calagcalag . .
C^alagnaan . . .
Calagua
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Raneheria
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio .
Municipal district
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Province
Province
Capital
Capital, Misamis.
River
River
River
River
Islands
Islands
Township
Island
Municipal district
Island
Island
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain (v o 1 -
cano).
Volcano, dormant.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Municipality
Bay
Point
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Mountain ,
Barrio ,
Municipality ,
Island
Barrio ,
Barrio ,
Sitio ,
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Point
Island
Settlement
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Islands
Map.
Pac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Isabela
Samar
Camarines Norte
Tayabas (S)
Relief
Sorsogon (N)
Occidental Negros
Occidental Negros
Apayao Subprovince
Occidental Negros
Sorsogon (S)
Antique
Sorsogon (S)
Samar
Abra
Mindoro
Sor'?ogon (N;
Sorsogon (S)
Cagayan
Philippine Islands
Misamis
Philippine Islands
Bukidnon
Cagayan
Isabela
Nueva Vizcaya
Palawan (N)
Philippine Islands
Palawan (N)
Palawan (N)
Sulu
Sulu
Philippine Islands
Albay
Surigao
Camarines Sur
Samar
Samar
Samar
Camarines Sur
Tayabas (S)
Camarines Norte
Bohol
Cagayan
Relief
Surigao
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Pangasinan . . . .
Amburayan Subprovince.
Mindoro
Mindoro
Ley te
Ley te
Camarines Sur
Pangasinan
Bulacan
Rizal
Antique
Batangas
Samar
Romblon
Samar
Abra
Nueva Ecija
Camarines Norte
Ifugao Subprovince
Camarines Sur
Camarines Norte
Zamboanga
Iloilo
Nueva Vizcaya
Romblon
Camarines Norte
Palawan (N)
Batangas
Camarines Sur
Oriental Negros
Iloilo
Camarines Norte
170
248
122
270
72
252
220
220
200
220
252
16
12
14
14
14
12
10
11
18
10
12
90 10
252 i 11
248 1 12
78 17
190 13
252 12
55
25
10
10
48
55
00
31
55
13
50
43
20
49
10
27
252
12
27
118
18
00
72
18
194
8
30
72
9
110
8
20
118
18
20
170
16
25
216
16
22
228
9
40
72
10
228
9
30
228'
9
30
258
7
00
258
7
00
72
7
86
13
19
262
9
55
126
13
43
248
11
55
248
12
15
248
12
20
126
13
46
270
14
15
122
14
10
106
10
00
118
18
15
72
18
262
8
55
210
16
56
236
15
52
198
16
44
190
12
15
190
12
25
186
10
10
186
11
35
126
13
41
236
15
55
114
14
59
240
14
35
90
11
10
102
14
07
248
12
40
244
12
25
248
12
35
78
17
37
212
15
18
122
14
18 i
206
16
44
126
13
42
122
14
10
278
6
45
166
11
05
216
16
08
244
12
30
122
14
16
228
11
10
102
13
56
126
13
50
224
9
50
166
11
30
122
14
26
122 00
25 15
22 27
22 30
22
23 51
23 20
23 10
21 00
23 10
23 53
22 05
24 04
25 15
20 48
21 10
23 30
23 30
22 00
22
24 40
25
24 35
21 40
21 45
21 43
21 10
21
21 10
21 10
18 30
18 30
19
23 56
25 40
23 43
25 15
25 20
24 30
23 18
21 45
22 22
24 84
22 05
22
26 15
20 50
20 15
20 31
21 05
21 10
24 45
24 35
22 51
19 46
20 57
21 07
22 00
20 45
25 00
22 40
24 50
20 37
20 52
22 27
20 59
23 12
22 46
22 05
23 00
22 00
22 20
22 48
19 40
20 49
22 57
23 10
23 15
22 56
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
515
Name.
Feature.
Calaguaguin . .
Calaguiman . .
Calagundian . .
Calakad
Calalabangan .
Calamagui . . .
Calamba
Calamba
Calamba
Calamba
Calambat ....
Calambayanga
Calamian ....
Calamian ....
Calamias
Calamintao . . .
Calampinay . .
Calan
Calana
Calancawan . .
Calancuasan . .
Calangaman . .
Calango
Calantas Rock
Calantas Rock
Calanutan . . . .
Calao
Calao
Calao
Calaoaan ....
Calaotit
Calapacuan. . .
Calapan
Calapan
Calapan
Calapangan. . .
Calapauan. . . .
Calape
Calape
Calape
Calape
Calarayan ....
Calasgasan . . .
Calasiao
Calaaomanga .
Calasuche ....
Calatagan ....
Calatagan ....
Calatio
Calaton
Calatrava ....
Calatrava . . . .
Calatugas ....
Calauag
Calauag
Calauag
Calauan
Calavite
Calavite
Calavite
Calavite
Calawit
Calawitan . . . .
Calayab
Calayab
Calayan
Calayan
Calayan
Calayogan. . . .
Calbasag
Calbayog
Calbiga
Calbueg
Caldera
Caleanon
Caliaban
Calibang
Calibon
Calibunan. . . .
Calibungan . . .
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island Group ....
Island Group ....
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Islet
Islet
Railroad Station.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Capital
Capital, Mindoro.
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
I Barrio
j Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Point
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio.
Bay
Municipality.
! Barrio
I Municipality.
j Cape
Cape
Mountain . . .
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Municipality.
Barrio
Bay
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Zambales
Bataan
Samar
Kalinga Subprovince.
Nueva Vizcaya
Isabela
Laguna
Laguna
Misamis
Oriental Negros
Abra
Camarines Norte . . . .
Palawan (N)
Philippine Islands . . .
Batangas
Mindoro
Camarines Sur
Batangas
Kalinga Subprovince.
Camarines Norte. . . .
Nueva Ecija
Cebu
Oriental Negros
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Pangasinan
Isabela
Sorsogon (N)
Kalinga Subprovince.
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Zambales
Mindoro
Philippine Islands . . .
Mindoro
Cagayan
Capiz
Bohol -..
Cebu
Occidental Negros. . .
Samar
Samar
Camarines Norte. . . .
Pangasinan
Tayabas (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Batangas
Batangas
Sorsogon (N)
Romblon
Occidental Negros . . .
Romblon
Palawan (S)
Tayabas (S)
Tayabas (S)
Palawan (N)
Laguna
Mindoro
Philippine Islands . . .
Mindoro
Relief
Palawan (N)
Pampanga
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur
Cagayan
Philippine Islands . . .
Cagayan
Bohol
Ley te
Samar
Samar
Pangasinan
Zamboanga
Kalinga Subprovince,
Abra
Palawan (N)
Lanao
Agusan
Tarlac
Fac-
Lati-
Longi-
page.
tude.
tude.
o
/
o
f
224
14
52
120
04
94
14
45
120
32
248
12
25
124
20
208
17
19
121
25
216
16
20
121
40
170
17
10
121
50
174
14
13
121
12
174
14
13
121
10
194
8
35
123
40
224
10
10
123
15
78
17
45
120
43
122
14
19
122
39
128
12
00
120
00
72
12
120
102
13
52
121
09
190
13
10
120
45
126
13
48
123
03
102
14
00
120
4fi
208
17
25
121
24
122
14
12
122
55
212
15
48
120
39
138
11
05
124
15
224
9
10
123
10
252
12
31
124
05
252
12
31
124
05
236
15
52
120
39
170
16
40
121
35
252
13
00
124
09
208
17
21
121
29
162
17
10
120
2fi
162
17
39
120
27
274
14
52
120
14
190
13
25
121
10
72
13
121
190
13
25
121
10
118
18
00
121
35
130
11
17
122
43
106
9
53
123
52
138
11
10
124
00
220
10
15
123
00
248
11
55
125
00
248
12
35
124
15
122
14
05
122
56
236
16
01
120
21
270
15
00
121
50
2.52
12
13
123
32
102
13
50
120
38
102
13
49
120
37
252
12
49
124
00
244
12
10
122
05
220
10
35
123
30
244
12
40
122
05
228
9
10
118
10
270
14
05
122
10
270
13
55
122
20
228
10
40
119
30
174
14
09
121
19
190
13
25
120
20
72
13
120
190
13
30
120
25
72
13
120
228
12
20
120
00
232
15
05
120
55
168
18
09
120
31
162
17
39
120
22
118
19
20
121
30
72
19
122
118
19
20
121
30
106
9
51
123
48
186
11
00
125
05
248
12
05
124
85
248
11
40
125
00
236
15
57
120
28
278
7
00
122
00
258
17
36
121
24
78
17
28
120
48
228
11
80
119
40
178
7
50
123
53
82
9
05
125
30
26S
1.5
36
120
43
516
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Calibuyo
Calicoan
Caliling
Calima
Calimbahan
Calimugtong
Calingatan
Calinog
Calintaan
Calintaan
Calintaan
Calios
Calipahan
Calipiuan
Calittacan
Calituban
Calivo
Callaguip
Callan
Callao
Callao
Callao
Callitong
Calmanoc
Calmay
Calmay
Calo
Calo
Calobaoan
Calobcob
Calolbon
Calomboyan
Calonacon
Calongbuyan . . . .
Caloocan
Calopcan
Caloocan
Calot
Calubacan
Calubian
Caluluan
Calulut
Calumbuyan
Caiumpang
Calumpang
Caiumpang
Calumpang
Caiumpang Norte
Calumpit
Calumpit
Calumpit
Calumpoa
Calunangan
Calunasan
Calunasan
Calungan
Calungbuyan ....
Calungusan
Calupag
Calusa
Calutan
Caluya
Caluya
Camachili
Camagong
Camagong
Camagsaan
Camaguan
Cama Juan
Camalaniugan . . .
Camaley
Camalig
Camalig
Camaligan
Camanbugan . . . .
Camandag
Camandag
Camandingan. . . .
Camanga
Camangaan
Feature.
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Barrio
Township . . .
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality.
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Cavite
Samar
Occidental Negros
Mindoro
Capiz
Ilocos Sur
Batangas
Iloilo
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Mindoro
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Apayao Subprovince
Nueva Vizcaya
Bohol
Capiz . . ■
Ilocos Norte
Iloilo
Cagayan
Cagayan
Abra
Ilocos Sur
Bohol
Iloilo
Pangasinan
Batangas
Laguna
Pangasinan
Cavite
Albay
Pangasinan
Romblon
La Union
Rizal
Batangas
Pangasinan
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Rizal
Leyte
Tarlac
Pampanga
Batangas
Bulacan
Laecuna
Rizal
Rizal
Cavite
Bulacan
Batangas
Laguna
Rizal
Leyte
Bohol
Leyte
Cotabato
Ilocos Sur
Bataan
Sulu
Palawan (N)
Tayabas (S)
Antique
Antique
Bataan
Albay
Laguna
Camarines Norte
Kalinga Subprovince
Nueva Ecija
Cagayan
Pangasinan
Albay
Bulacan
Camarines Sur
Bohol
Samar
Iloilo
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur .....
134
248
220
190
130
162
102
166
252
252
Lati-
tude.
14
11
10
13
11
17
13
11
12
12
190 1 12
212 15
212
200
216
106
130
158
116
118
118
78
162
106
166
236
15
18
16
10
11
18
10
17
17
17
17
9
11
16
102 13
174
236
134
86
236
244
182
240
102
236
202
240
186
266
232
102
114
174
240
240
134
114
102
174
240
186
106
186
150
162
94
258
228
270
90
90
94
86
174
122
208
212
118
236
86
114
126
106
248
166
158
158
162
14
15
14
13
15
12
16
14
14
16
16
14
11
15
15
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
13
14
14
10
9
11
7
17
14
5
9
13
11
11
14
13
14
14
17
15
18
16
13
14
13
10
12
10
18
17
17
22
00
00
10
44
12
58
10
32
32
35
19
36
11
11
15
43
05
55
55
40
25
18
47
00
03
41
11
51
18
36
57
35
49
39
05
02
29
24
25
23
06
48
52
12
38
28
15
55
43
28
45
50
54
00
05
10
39
15
30
50
55
55
39
13
25
19
19
23
15
00
11
46
37
02
00
65
04
55
34
Longi-
tude.
120 '48
125 50
122 30
121 30
122 15
120 30
121 07
122 30
124 06
124 06
120 55
121 08
120 55
121 15
120 56
124 18
122 22
120 29
122 40
121 45
121 50
120 39
120 31
123 49
122 25
120 20
121 12
121 16
120 20
120 48
124 06
120 18
122 00
120 24
120 58
120 58
120 17
120 31
121 14
124 25
120 43
120 39
120 40
120 47
121 24
121 05
121 11
120 50
120 46
121 14
121 24
121 18
124 30
123 54
124 30
124 45
120 26
120 34
120 20
121 00
121 55
121 30
121 35
120 35
123 27
121 25
122 28
121 24
120 46
121 40
120 18
123 39
121 00
123 10
124 27
124 26
122 16
120 87
120 34
120 24
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
517
Camangahan Barrio
Camangdag Sitio. . . .
Camarag Barrio . .
Camarao Barrio . .
CAMARINES NORTE. . . Province
Camarines Norte Province
CAMARINES SUR Province
Camarines Sur I Province
Camarobalan ' Sitio. . . .
Camasusu Island. . .
Camayaan Barrio . .
Cambacay Barrio . .
Cambagui Barrio. .
Cambakis Barrio . .
Cambal Sitio. . . .
Cambalo i Point . . .
Cambalo | Barrio . .
Cambaly Barrio . .
Cambangai Point
Barrio .
Barrio .
Sitio. .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Sitio.
Cambangay
Cambaog. . .
Cambariti . .
Cambasac . .
Cambasi . . .
Cambitala. .
Camcamalog
Camias i Barrio
Camias Barrio
Camiguin Island
Camiguin Island
Camiguin Volcano, dormant
Camiguin I Island
Camiguin Island _
Camiguin Volcano, active.. .
Camiling River
Camiling Municipality
Camiling Barrio
Camindoroan Barrio
Camingingel Mountain
Camingingcl | Mountain
Camino Barrio
Camire Barrio
Camogtong Barrio
Camotes Sea
Camotes Sea
Camp 3 Road gate
Camp 4 Road gate
Camp 30, Rest house Lodging
Camp 59, Rest house Lodging
Camp 88, Rest house Lodging
Carnpagao Barrio
Campalingo Barrio
Campanario Barrio
Camp John Hay U. S. Post Army. .
Camp Kalao Constabulary Post.
Camp Keithley U. S. Army Post. .
Camp McGrath U. S Army P"st .
Campo Barrio I
Campomanea Sitio '
Camp One Sitio
Campote Rancheria
Camp Overton U. S. Army Post . .
Campoyo Point
Camp Romandier ". Barrio
Camp Stotsenburg U. S. Army Post . .
Camurong Barrio
Canabungan Island
Canaclo Sitio
Canahauan Islands
Canal (Ilongots) Rancheria
Canamun Barrio
Canamay Point
Canan Sitio ]
Canangay Barrio '
Canangcaan Barrio
Canangcaan Sitio '
Canani Sitio
Canano Sitio
Canao Sitio
Canaoay Barrio
Antique .
Cavite .
Isabela
Ilocos Sur
Camarines Norte
Philippine Islands
Camarines Sur
Philippine Islands
Camarines Sur
Sorsogon (S)
Samar
Bohol
Bohol
Bohol
Rizal
Romblon
Romblon
Benguet Subprovince. .
Cebu
Bohol
Bulaoan
Albay
Surigao
Pampanga
Nueva Ecija
Kalinga Subprovince . .
Bulacan
Pampanga
Cagayan ■••••••
Philippine Islands
Relief
Misamis •
Philippine Islands
Relief
Tarlac
Tarlac
La Union
Ilocos Sur
Abra .■ • • • ■
Lepanto Subprovince. .
Tarlac •
Ley te
Romblon •
Cebu ^
Philippine Islands .....
Benguet Subprovince . .
Benguet Subprovince. .
Benguet Subprovince . .
Benguet Subprovince. .
Benguet Subprovince. .
Bohol •
Romblon
Sorsogon (N)
City of Baguio
Davao
Lanao
B»fHn(raB«
Cagayan
Occidental Negros
Pangasinan
Nuova Vizcaya
Lanao
Oriental Negros
Sulu
Pampanga
Mindoro
Palawan (S)
Samar
Samar
Nueva Vizcaya
Camarines Sur
Oriental Negros
Isabela
Cebu
Bohol
Camarines Norte
Samar
Samar
Kalinga Subprovince.. .
La Union
90 11
134 14
170 ' 16
00
17
45
162
17
28
122
14
10
72
14
126
13
40
72
14
126
13
26
252
12
10
248
12
15
106
9
48
106
9
45
106
9
53
240
14
41
244
12
30
244
12
30
202
16
37
138
11
15
106
10
01
114
14
56
86
14
01
262
9
45
232
14
52
212
15
44
208
17
33
114
15
11
232
15
12
118
18
55
72
19
72
19
194
9
10
72
9
244 , 12
138 10
72 ! 11
30
41 I
48
45
11 I
11 I
21
10
30
30 ;
122 00
120 41
121 40
120 28
122 40
123
123 20
123
123 12
123 14
124 50
124 08
124 02
123 47
121 07
122 40
122 40
120 27
123 40
124 19
120 54
124 10
126 00
120 41
121 08
121 26
120 58
120 40
121 55
122
122
124 40
125
12 o
120 17
120 25
120 25
120 26
120 52
120 52
120 36
125 00
122 00
124 20
124
202
16
17
120
36
202
16
19
120
37
202
16
32
120
42
202
16
39
120
46
202
16
46
120
48
106
9
44
124
07
244
12
20
122
35
252
13
09
123
00
140
16
24
120
37
154
7
60
126
00
178
8
00
124
15
102
13
46
121
04
118
17
50
121
35
220
9
40
122
30
236
16
13
120
31
216
16
20
121
13
178
8
10
124
15
224
9
40
123
10
258
6
00
121
10
232
16
11
120
31
190
13
30
120
50
228
8
10
117
10
248
11
20
12r)
30
248
11
50
124
40
216
15
48
121
30
126
13
3!)
123
10
224
9
35
123
10
170
16
25
121
45
138
11
00
124
00
106
9
43
123
56
122
14
02
122
67
248
12
25
124
30
248
11
40
125
05
208
17
32
121
14
182
16
36
120
18
518
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Canapi
Canarem . . . .
Canaron. ...
Canas
Canaua
Canavid
Cancelides . .
Canda
Candaba . . . .
Candaba . . . .
Candaguit. . .
Candanay . . .
Candanglaan
Candating. . .
Candelaria. . .
Candelaria. . .
Candelaria. . .
Candelaria. . .
Candijay . . . .
Candon
Candon
Canduao . . . .
Canduyong. .
Caneo
Cangaluyan. .
Cangaranan .
Cangmaya. . .
Cangmunag. .
Caniat
Canicanian . .
Canigao . . . .
Canigao
Canilay
Canimo
Caninguan. . .
Caniogan. . . .
Canipan
Canipo
Canipo
Canjalon . . . .
Canlalay . . . .
Canlangit . . .
Canlaon
Canlaon
Canlaon
Canluban. . . .
Canluto
Canogan . . . .
Canomiang . .
Canomoy. . . .
Canoyep . . . .
Cansilan . . . .
Cansubayon .
Cantalid . . . .
Cantamis. . . .
Cantigdas . . .
Cantilan . . . .
Cantingas . . .
Canton
Canton
Cantoria . . . .
Cantulayan. .
Canubing . . .
Canutuan . . .
Canyaba . . . .
Canyaba . . . .
Caoayan . . . .
Caoayan . . . .
Caoayan . . . .
Caorasan. . . .
Cap
Capaclan. . . .
Capalangan. .
Capalonga. . .
Capaniquian.
Capantayan .
Capariaan. . .
Capariaan. . .
Caparispisan.
Capas
Feature.
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Swamp
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality. . .
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality. . .
Point
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
River
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Channel
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Volcano
Volcano
Volcano, active.
Barrio
i Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. . .
Point
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Mountain
Mountain
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. . . ,
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality. . . .
Map.
Isabela
Tarlac
Palawan (N)
Iloilo
Samar
Samar
Samar
Tayabas (S)
Pampanga T"
Pampanga
Cebu
Oriental Negros
La Union
Pampanga
Tayabas (S)
Zambales
Capiz
Ilocos Sur
Bohol
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Bohol
Romblon
Bontoc Subprovince
Pangasinan
Antique
Bohol
Oriental Negros ....
Nueva Vizcaya
Tayabas (N)
Leyte
Bohol
Samar . . .
Camarines Norte . . . .
Iloilo
Bulacan
Palawan (S)
Palawan (N)
Palawan (N)
Romblon
Laguna
Bohol
Occidental Negros. . .
Oriental Negros
Relief
Laguna
Oriental Negros
Isabela
Romblon
Sorsogon (S)
Tayabas (S)
Oriental Negros
Bohol
Bohol
Bohol
Bohol
Surigao
Romblon
Camarines Norte. . . .
Kalinga Subprovince,
La Union
Oriental Negros
Mindoro
Nueva Vizcaya
Samar
Relief
Ilocos Sur
Pangasinan
Pangasinan
Camarines Sur
Sulu
Romblon
Pampanga
Camarines Norte. . . .
Zambales
Cavite
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Norte
Tarlac
Pac-
ing
page.
170
266
228
i 166
248
248
248
270
232
232
138
224
182
232
270
274
130
162
106
162
162
i 106
244
204
236
90
106
224
216
270
186
106
248
122
166
114
228
228
228
244
174
106
220
224
72
174
224
170
244
252
270
224
106
106
106
106
262
244
122
208
182
224
190
216
248
72
162
236
236
126
258
244
232
122
274
134
162
162
158
266
Lati-
tude.
17
15
11
11
12
12
11
13
15
15
i 10
t 16
I 15
13
15
11
1 1"^
I 9
I 17
1 17
12
17
16
11
9
9
16
14
10
10
12
14
11
14
8
11
11
12
14
9
10
10
10
14
9
17
12
12
13
9
9
9
9
9
9
12
14
17
16
9
13
16
12
12
17
16
16
13
5
12
14
14
14
14
17
17
18
15
Lon^-
tude.
10
36
10
30
25
00
20
55
05
05
00
15
24
09
55
38
37
11
49
13
12
37
25
05
19
00
57
05 1
20
45
15
10 1
00
07
05
55
30
40
00
20 1
20
49
25
25
13 :
45
25
35
07
30
25
50
43
49
46
20
20 I
05 '
27 '
51
10
20
15
10
33
05
08
22
55
35
56
20
59
15
33
01
36
20
21 50
20 42
20 20
23 15
24 50
25 25
25 35
21 35
20 52
20 49
23 35
23 30
20 22
20 49
21 25
19 55
22 23
20 33
24 30
20 24
20 27
24 11
21 55
21 01
20 01
22 10
24 08
23 30
20 57
22 00
24 45
24 42
25 20
23 04
22 25
20 46
17 20
20 10
21 00
22 40
21 04
24 18
23 10
23 10
23
21 07
23 05
21 45
22 10
23 13
22 25
22 40
23 53
23 58
23 50
24 08
26 00
22 35
23 06
21 20
20 24
23 30
21 10
21 13
25 05
25
20 23
20 03
19 50
23 13
20 10
22 15
20 46
22 30
20 06
20 45
20 24
20 27
20 48
20 35
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
519
Name.
Capataan
Capaya
Capayang
Capayas
Capid
Capines
Capinitan
Capintalan . . . .
Capitan
Capitan
Capitancillo . . .
Capitangan. . . .
CAPIZ
Capiz
Capiz
Capiz
Capnoyan
Capones
Caponga
Capon Grande .
Capoocan
Capotoan
Capual
Capucao
Capul
Capul
Capuluan
Caput
Caputatan
Caputatan
Caraballo
Caraballo
Caraballo
Carabang
Carabao
Carabao
Caraga
Caraga
Caragnag
Caraisan
Caramay
Caramoan. . . .
Caramoan. . . .
Caramoran. . .
Carampao. . . .
Caramutan . . .
Caran
Caranan
Caranas
Carandaga. . . .
Carangan
Carangian. . . .
Carangian. . . .
Carao
Caratan
Carayacay. . . .
Carayman. . . .
Carcar
Cardis
Cardona
Cardona
Caribquib ....
Caridad
Caridad
Caridad
Caridad
Caridad
Carigara
Carigara
Caringo
Carifio
Carisac
Caritan
Carlatan
Carlota
Carmelo
Carmelo
Carmelo
Carmen
Carmen
Feature.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Province
Province
Capital
Capital, Capiz .
Island
Islands
Barrio
Island
Municipality. .
Mountain . . . . ,
Island
Sitio
Island
Municipality. .
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountains
Mountains.. . .
Mountains.. . .
Island
Island
Island
Bay
Municipality. .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Peninsula
Municipality. .
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. .
Barrio
Municipality. .
Barrio
Map.
Tna' Lati-
'ȣ tude.
; page.i
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Municipality.
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Port
Municipality.
Pangasinan
Pampanga
Tayabas (S)
Palawan (N)
Romblon '. . . .
Samar
Amburayan Subprovince . ,
Nueva Vizcaya I
Cagayan
Bataan
Cebu
Bataan [
Capiz I
Philippine Islands |
Capiz j
Philippine Islands |
Palawan (N) l
Zambales
Benguet Subprovince ....
Zambales
Leyte
Samar
Sulu
Misamis
Samar
Samar
Tayabas (S)
Bataan
Camarines Sur
Cavite
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Vizcaya
Relief
Camarines Sur
Cavite
Romblon
Davao
Davao I
Albay
Ilocos Sur
Palawan (N)
Camarines Sur i
Camarines Sur
Albay
Kalinga Subprovince \
Tarlac '
Palawan (N) |
Camarines Sur
Iloilo I
Palawan (N)
Misamis ;
Tarlac
Samar
Benguet Subprovince. ...
Apayao Subprovince
Samar j
Samar
Cebu
Benguet Subprovince. ...
Rizal !
Tarlac
Ilocos Norte
Cavite
Leyte
Leyte
Samar
Surigao
Leyte
Leyte
(^amarines Norte !
Tarlac !
Albay
Antique
La Union
Romblon
Antique
Cebu
Davao
Cebu
Bohol
236 16
232 15
270 13
228 I 10
244
248
198
216
118
94
138
94
130
72
12
11
17
16
17
14
11
14
11
11
130
11
72
12
228
10
274
14
202
16
274
14
186
11
248
12
258
6
194
8
248
12
248
12
270
13
94
14
126
13
134
14
212
16
216
16
72
16
126
13
134
14
244
12
154
7
154
7
86
13
162
17
228
10
126
13
126
13
86
13
208
17
266
15
228
10
126
13
166
10
228
10
194
8
266
15
248
12
202
16
200
18
248 ' 12
248 ! 12
138
202
240
266
158
134
186
186
248
262
186
186
122
266
86
90
182
244
90
138
164
138
106
10
16
14
15
18
14
10
10
11
9
11
11
14
15
13
11
16
13
10
10
7
10
9
00
09
30
30
10
05
04
10
45
40
00
42
30
35
40
55
31
55
20
10
00
10
25
25
45
38
45
11
07
10
40
16
05
20
20
37
42
10
50
46
59
19
27
30
31
55
40
10
29
30
31
14
05
05
05 I
35
29
35
01
28
50
16
10
55
25 j
20
03
39
18
00
38
00
60
45
20
36
50
Longi
tude.-
20 18
20 38
21 50
19 40
22 00
25 15
20 34
21 00
21 45
20 28
24 05
20 32
22 30
23
22 45
23
21 00
20 02
20 38
20 01
24 40
25 00
21 25
23 35
24 10
24 10
22 30
20 32
23 51
20 44
21 00
21 05
21
22 47
20 37
21 55
26 30
26 30
24 06
20 27
19 10
23 35
23 52
24 08
21 32
20 43
20 00
23 01
22 30
20 10
23 50
20 34
24 30
20 51
21 35
25 10
24 40
23 40
20 27
21 14
20 35
20 40
20 53
24 45
24 45
25 35
26 05
24 40
24 40
23 06
20 36
23 26
22 00
20 19
21 55
22 05
23 50
26 20
24 00
24 12
520
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Carmen
Carmen
Carmen
Carmen
Carmen
Carmen
Carmen
Carmen
Carmen
Carrnen
Carmen
Carmona
Carnasa
Carogo
Carolan
Carolina
Carolinas . . . .
Caronan
Carot
Carpenito . . . .
Carranglan . . .
Carranglan . . .
Carrascal . . . .
Carriedo
Carsuan
Cartagena . . . .
Carupian . . . .
Caruray
Casamata . . . .
Casanayan . . .
Casandig
Casantaan . . .
Casauman . . .
Caset
Casibu
Casicallan . . . .
Casicallan . . . .
Casiguran . . . .
Casiguran . . . .
Casiguran . . . .
Casiguran . . . .
Casiguran . . . .
Casihagen . . . .
Casilagan . . . .
Casilagan . . . .
Casili
Casiligan
Casini
Casirahan . . . .
Caslama
Casogoran . . .
Castanos
Castilla
Castillejos. . . .
Castillo
Casul
Casusan
Cataban
Catabangan . .
Catabayungan
Catablangan . .
Catabogan . . .
Catadungan . .
Catagbacan . .
Catagdaan . . .
Cataingan. . . .
Catalaban. . . .
Catalangan . . .
Catalangan. . .
Cataluan
Cataluan
Catanagan . . .
Catanauan . . .
Catandaan . . .
Catanduanes .
Catanduanes .
Catanduanes . .
Catang
Catarman ....
Feature.
Map.
F««=- Lati-
•"2 I tude.
page..
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mineral Spring.
Municipality. . .
Island
Island
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Hill
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. . .
Mountain
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Sitio
Rancheria
Rancheria
Barrio
Sound
Sound
River
Municipality. . .
Municipality. . .
Rancheria
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Mountain
Bay
Barrio
Municipality. . .
Municipality. . .
W arrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio ,
Municipality. . . ,
Island
River
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Subprovince . . . .
Island
Island
Island
Municipality. . . .
Cebu ! 138
Agusan 82
Capiz 130
Cavite 134
Nueva Ecija 212
Occidental Negros | 220
Pampanga I 232
Romblon \ 244
Surigao j 262
Davao 154
Camarines Norte j 122
Cavite | 134
Cebu ■ 138
Sorsogon (S) 252
Occidental Negros | 220
Occidental Negros 220
Camarines Sur 126
Bulacan 114
Pangasinan 236
Surigao 262
Nueva Ecija 212
Nueva Ecija ; 21 2
Surigao ; 262
Sorsogon (N) ; 252
78
220
118
228
166
130
248
182
l.';4
162
Abra
Occidental Negros
Cagayan
Palawan (S)
Iloilo
Capiz
Samar
La Union
Davao
Ilocos Sur
Nueva Vizcaya 216 [
Apayao Subprovince. .... 200
Cagayan i 118 i
Nueva Vizcaya 216 ,
Tayabas (N) j 270
Amburayan Subprovince. 198
Sorsogon (N) ' 252 ,
Tayabas (N) 270 i
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Ilocos Sur 162
La Union 182 i
Apayao Subprovince | 200
Mindoro 190
Sorsogon (N) 252 .
Palawan (N) 228
Ilocos Norte 158
Samar 248 '
Cavite 134
Sorsogon (N) 252
Zambales 274
Batangas 102
Misamis 194 i
Misamis 194 I
Palawan (N) 228 i
Camarines Sur 126 '
Isabela 170
Apayao Subprovince 200
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Samar 248
Bohol , 106
Bohol j 106
Sorsogon (S) 252
Samar j 248
Isabela ; 170
Isabela 170
Apayao Subprovince 200
Mountain Province 196
Camarines Sur 126
Tayabas (S) 270
Batangas 102
Albay 86
Albay 86
Philippine Islands 72
Bohol 106
Misamis 1 94
10
9
11
14
15
10
15
12
9
7
14
14
11
12
9
11
13
15
16
8
15
15
9
12
17
9
18
10
11
11
11
16
7
17
16
18
18
16
16
16
12
16
16
17
16
18
13
12
10
18
10
14
12
14
13
8
8
11
13
17
17
17
11
9
9
12
11
16
17
18
18
13
13
14
13
13
14
9
9
35
00
21
13
27
25
00
40
15
50
12
19
30
11
55
00
40
12
21
25
58
56
20
42
33
50
00
20
10
31
50
16
10
=0
23
12
05
05
10
43
52
16
10
28
15
10
05
41
40
08
45
09
57
56
53
35
25
00
53
25
47
39
25
51
53
00
50
55
00
27
30
49 '
35
05
45
45
58
05
Longi-
tude.
24 00
25 15
22 37
21 01
20 50
22 55
20 32
22 10
26 00
26 20
22 33
21 03
24 05
23 15
22 55
23 10
23
21
17
09
19 59
26 20
21 04
21 01
25 55
24 02
20 30
22 25
21 45
19 00
23 00
23 03
25 05
20 24
26 20
20 31
21 13
21 35
21 40
22 00
22 05
20 30
24 00
22 10
21 16
20 33
20 29
21 35
21 25
24 00
20 20
20 56
25 45
20 50
23 53
20 12
21 16
23 35
23 50
19 20
22 39
21 45
21 10
21 24
25 25
23 49
24 23
24 00
25 30
22 10
22 05
21 00
21 00
23 46
22 20
20 41
24 15
24 15
24
23 55
24 40
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
521
Catarman
Catarman
Catarman
Catayagan
Catbalogan
Catbalogan
Catburauan
Catburauan
Cateel
Cateel .
Cateel
Catengan
Caterman
Catibac
Catigbian
Catihan j
Catimo
Catiningan
Catlubong
Catmon
Catmon i
Catmon I
Catmon
Catmon
Catmondaan
Catubig I
Catubig
Catugan
Catugan i
Catundulan
Caturay
Caual I
Cauayan '
Cauayan
Cauayan
Cauayan i
Cauayan !
Cauayan
Cauayan !
Cauayan i
Cauayan i
Cauayan '
Cauayan
Cauayan j
Cauayan
Cauayan
Cauayan
Cauayan .-
Cauayanbugtung
Caubyan
Cauggan
Cauit
Cauit
Cauit
Cauitan
Caupasan
Caut
Cautit
Cavili
Cavili
Cavinitan
Cavinti
CAVITE
Cavite
Cavite
Cavite \
Cawayan
Cawayan
Cawit
Cayambanan
Cayang
Cayapa
Cayapa
Cayapo
Caybobo
Caylaway
Caypayi
Cayus
CEBU
Cebu
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Capital
Capital, Samar
Sitio
Mountain . . . . .
Bay
Municipality. . .
River
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Municipality. . .
River
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Mountain
Island
Municipality. . .
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Islands
Barrio
Island
Point
Point
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Island
Barrio
Municipality. . .
Province
Province
Capital
Capital, Cavite.
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Point
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Province
Island
Samar
Cebu
Davao
Ilocos Sur
Samar
Philippine Islands
Albay
Albay
Davao
Davao
Davao
Lepanto Subprovince . . . ,
Ilocos Sur . . ,
Misamis . . .
Bohol
Surigao . . .
Tayabas (SI
Mindoro . . .
Benguet Subprovincg. . . .
Cebu
Bulacan • . .
Leyte . . .
Leyte . . .
Lanao • . . .
Cebu
Samar . . .
Samar . . .
Bohol
Cagayan . . .
Sorsogon (N) . . .
Tarlac
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Palawan (N) .
tsabela . . .
Occidental Negros. ......
Albay . . .
Capiz . . .
Cebu
Leyte • . .
Leyte ■•■....
Misamis . . .
Pampanga . . .
Samar • • ■
Sorsogon (N) . . .
Sorsogon (S) . . .
Tayabas (S) . . .
Romblon • . .
Sorsogon (S) . . .
Pampanga . . .
Bohol
Abra . . .
Camarines Sur . . .
Rizal . .
Surigao . . .
Kalinga Subprovince. . . . .
Abra . . .
Tarlac
Abra . . .
Palawan (N) . . .
Philippine Islands .......
Albay . . .
Laguna . . .
Cavite . . .
Philippine Islands .......
Cavite . . .
Philippine Islands
Ifugao Subprovince
Nucva Viztaya
Romblon
Pangasinan . . .
Cebu
Amburayan Subprovince.
Ifugao Subprovince
Bataan
Bataan
Batangas
Rizal
Lepanto Subprovince. . . .
Cebu
Philippine Islands
248
138
154
162
248
72
86
86
154
154
154
210
162
194
106
262
270
190
202
138
114
186
186
178
138
248
248
106
12
10
8
17
11
12
13
13
7
7
7
17
17
9
9
9
13
13
16
10
14
11
11
8
10
12
12
9
118 j 18
252 12
266
202
228
170
15
16
11
16
220 i 10
86 13
130 11
138 9
186 [ 11
186 I 10
194 : 8
232 15
248 I 12
252 ' 12
252 12
270 13
244 12
252 11
232 15
106 10
78 17
126 13
240 14
262 9
208 17
78 17
266 I 15
78 ' 17
228 j 9
72 ' 9
86
174
134
72
134
72
206
216
244
236
138
198
206
94
94
102
240
210
138
72
13
14
14
14
14
14
16
15
12
16
11
16
16
14
14
14
14
17
10
10
30
25 i
00 i
08 •
45 I
01 i
04 1
50
50 '
40
04
13 i
10
51
05 ■
55 ;
05 I
43
45
49
30 ;
05
05 I
40
25
25
38
10
56
38
26
10 I
55
00
04
37
50
20
15
35
09
30
23
23
20
40
56
12
17
35
47
25
20
16
41
25
32
20
35
15
15
29
38
58
15
00
05
49
51
32
30
09
43
10
124 40
124 00
126 30
120 27
124 55
125
123 19
123 20
126 30
126 30
126 20
120 50
120 25
124 35
124 00
125 55
122 30
121 25
120 51
124 00
121
124
00
25
124 35
123 50
124 00
125 00
125 00
124 13
121 40
123 32
120 36
120 53
•120 40
121 45
122 35
123 .50
122 28
123 30
124 55
125 05
123 35
120 40
124 40
123 35
123 35
122 30
122 10
123 47
120 55
124 11
120 33
123 16
121 14
126 10
121 00
120 39
120 43
120 35
120 50
121
124
121
120 50
121
120 55
121
12
30
121 05
121 21
122 40
120 36
124 00
120 38
121 02
120 32
120 22
120 37
121 16
120 40
124
124
522
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Cebu
Cebu
Celebes
Cerna
Cervantes
Cervantes
Cervantes
Cervantes
Cetaceo
Cetaceo
Chakalan
Chaua
Chavaiyan
Chico
Chico
Chico
Chico
Chico
Chico
Chico Pampanga
Chico Pampanga
Chinapuliran
Chinela
Chomaldos
Cimarron
Cinco Picos
Clarin
Claver
Claveria
Claveria
Clavpria
Clawit {See Klawit) . . .
Cleopatra Needle
Cleopatra Needle
Clotilde
Coal Harbor
Coamen
Cobo
Cobr'ador
Cobre
Coco
Coco
Cocoro
Codon
Codoog
Cogon
Cogon
Cogon
Cogonon
Cogton
Cogton
Colapnit
Colapsin
Colaylayan
Coliong
Colipapa
College of Agriculture .
Colo
Coloconto
Colocoto Rocks
Coloncogong
Colorada
Colorada
Colorado
Colos
Colubot
Colvo
Comas
Comillas
Comillas
Comiran
Compol
Compostela
Compostela
Compostela
Comun
Concepcion
Concepcion
Concepcion
Capital
Capital, Cebu. . . .
Sea
Barrio
Capital
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
River
River
River
River
River
River
River
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Islets
Mountain
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Municipal district
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Rock
Anchorage
Island
Barrio
Island
Island
Island
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
University of Phil-
ippine Islands.
Barrio
Bay
Islets
Barrio
Point
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Municipality
Municipality
Fac-
ing
page.
Cebu 138
Philippine Islands j 72
Philippine Islands i 72
Ilocos Sur ' 162
Lepanto Subprovince. ... 210
Mountain Province 196
Occidental Negros 220
Samar , 248
Cagayan I 118
Relief | 72
Cotabato [ 150
Batanes ! 98
Batanes 1 98
Sorsogon (S) ' 252
Amburayan Subprovince. 198
Bontoe Subprovince 204
Cagayan 118
Kalinga Subprovince. .... 208
Mountain Province i 196
Nueva Ecija I 212
Tariac 266
Batanes j 98
Capiz 130
Nueva Vizcaya . j 216
Camarines Sur 126
Zambales 274
Bohol 106
Surigao i 262
118
110
252
210
228
72
72
Cagayan .
Bukidnon
Sorsogon (N)
Lepanto Subprovince.
Palawan (S)
Relief
Philippine Islands .
Albay 86
Bohol 106
Albay | 86
Romblon j 244
Sorsogon (S) : 252
Zamboanga 278
Camarines Sur 126
Palawan (N) 228
Albav ' 86
Ilocos Sur ' 162
Capiz 130
Capiz 130
Romblon 244
Bukidnon 110
Bohol I 106
Relief I 72
Camarines Sur , 126
Davao : 154
Palawan (N) 228
78
220
174
Abra .
Occidental Negros.
Laguna
Ilocos Norte 158
Batangas 102
Palawan (N) 228
Camarines Sur 126
Sorsogon (N) 252
Sorsogon (S) 252
Agusan 82
Lepanto Subprovince. . . . 210
Tariac 266
Batangas 102
Pangasinan 236
Tariac 266
Lepanto Subprovince.
Palawan (S)
Misamis ....
Cebu
Cebu
Davao
Albay
Iloilo
Romblon. . . .
Tariac
210
228
194
138
138
154
86
166
244
266
Lati-
tude, j
c
1
10
20
10
5
17
31
16
59
17
00
10
50
12
20
17
45
18
1 5
50
20
26 !
20
18
11
55
16
57
17
13
17
40
17
30
17
15
15
15
15
25
20
45
11
44
16
19
14
03
14
47
1 9
57
9
35
18
35
8
40
12
54
16
58
10
10
10
6
'
13
15
10
07
14
01
12
40
! 11
57
6
45
13
33
10
50
13
40
17
27
11
36
11
31
S 12
05
8
10
9
57
10
'
13
45
6
40
11
20 '
17
42 1
9
30
14
10 1
18
00 ;
13
42
12
30
13
43
12
33
12
33
9
20
16
52
15
47
13
47
16
09
15
25
16
57
7
50
9
10
10
25
9
45
7
40
13
08
11
15
12
55
16
20
Longi-
tude.
123 55
124
123
120 24
120 44
120 45
123 30
124 40
122 05
122
125 25
121 58
121 53
123 36
120 34
121 06
121 30
121 26
121 05
120 46
120 45
121 50
123 00
120 50
123 30
120 09
124 01
125 45
121 05
124 55
123 15
120 58
119 00
119
118
123 55
123 59
124 08
122 15
123 38
122 15
123 01
121 10
124 02
120 31
122 47
122 49
121 55
124 45
124 29
124
123 48
125 30
119 50
120 45
122 35
121 15
120 32
121 27
120 00
123 58
123 23
123 23
125 35
120 47
120 35
120 56
120 07
120 42
120 45
117 10
124 40
124 00
123 25
126 00
123 39
123 05
121 45
120 39
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
523
Name.
Feature.
Concepcion
Township
Concepcion
Township
Concepcion
Barrio
Concepcion
Barrio
Concepcion
Barrio
Barrio
Concepcion
Barrio
Concepcion
Barrio
ConceDcion
Barrio
Concepcion
Barrio
Concepcion
Barrio
Concepcion
Barrio
Concepcion
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Conconig
Barrio
Municipal district.
Concord
Concordia
Municipal district.
Concordia
Barrio
Conde
Barrio
Conde ...
Cone
Mountain
Congcong
Mountain
Conner
Township
Conner
Township
Consolacion
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Consolacion
Consolacion
Constancia
Barrio
Consuegra
Barrio
Consuelo
Barrio
Consuelo
Barrio
Consuelo
Sitio
Barrio
River
Conversion
Conwap
Copia
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Coral
Corcuera
Cordillera Central
Mountain Range . .
Cordillera Central
Mountain Range . .
Cordillera Central
Mountain Range . .
Cordon
Barrio
Cordova
Municipality
Cordova
Barrio
Corella
Municipality
Corinto
Municipal district.
Coro
Barrio
Coron ;
Island
Coron
Township
Coronado
Bay
Coronel
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Coronon
Corral Iloco
Corregidor
Corrooy
Corte
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Cortes
Municipality
Barrio
Corumi
Sitio
Cosina
Barrio
Costa Rica
Barrio
Barrio
COTABATO
Province
Province
Cotabato
Capital
Cotabato
Capital, Cotabato.
Cotcot
Sitio
Cotcuton
Barrio
Cotmo
Barrio
Cotta
Barrio
Cresta
Mountain
Cresta de Gallo
Island
Cruz
Islands
Cruz
Mountain
Cruz na Daan
Sitio
Cuapo
Sitio
Cuatro
Islands
Cuba
Barrio
Cubag
Barrio
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Mountain Province
Capiz
La Union
Leyte
Leyte
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Occidental Negros
Pampanga
Romblon
Samar
Saraar
Tayabas (S)
Tayabas (S)
Ilocos Sur
Samar
Agusan
Pangasinan
Batangas
Batangas .
Camarines Norte
Antique
Apayao Subprovince
Mountain Province
Cebu
Leyte
Surigao
Iloilo
Leyte
Cebu
Surigao
Misamis
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Vizcaya
Davao
Palawan (S)
Romblon
Lepanto Subprovince. . . .
Mountain Province;
Relief
Isabela
Cebu
Cagayan
Bohol
Agusan
Cebu
Palawan (N)
Palawan (N)
Zamboanga
Nueva Ecija
Davao
Tarlac
Cavite
Amburayan Subprovince.
Bohol
Cebu
Bohol
Surigao
Palawan (S)
Bukidnon
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Cotabato
Philippine Islands
Cotabato
Philippine Islands
Antique
Tayabas (S)
Camarines Sur
Tayabas (S)
Isabela
Romblon
Davao
Bulacan
Buiacan
Kalinga Subprovince
Leyte
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Isabela
Fac-
Lati-
Longi-
ing
tude.
tude.
page.
o
/
C
f
210
17
08
120
37
196
17
10
120
35
130
11
17
122
36
182
16
13
120
28
186
10
25
124
45
186
10
10
125
00
212
15
38
120
46
212
15
26
120
48
220
10
40
123
05
232
14
57
120
35
244
12
25
122
05
248
12
15
125
15
248
11
55
125
05
270
14
00
122
00
270
13
55
122
15
162
17
07
120
27
248
11
50
125
15
82
8
40
125
35
236
16
02
119
48
102
13
44
121
06
102
13
41
121
08
122
13
59
122
58
90
10
40
122
10
200
17
48
121
19
196
17
50
121
20
138
10
25
124
00
186
10
25
125
00
262
9
40
126
00
166
10
35
122
40
186
11
20
124
30
138
10
40
124
20
262
9
20
126
00
194
8
55
125
10
212
15
53
121
08
216
16
07
121
25
^h4
7
20
125
50
228
8
30
117
20
244
12
45
122
00
210
17
08
120
53
196
17
30
121
00
72
17
121
170
16
40
121
30
138
10
15
123
bb
lis
17
45
121
40
106
9
41
123
bb
82
8
45
125
30
138
9
45
123
30
228
11
50
120
20
228
12
00
120
10
278
8
00
122
10
212
15
34
121
06
154
6
50
125
30
266
15
41
120
38
134
14
23
120
3b
198
16
48
120
2b
106
10
07
124
09
138
10
35
124
00
106
9
43
123
53
262
9
15
126
10
228
8
50
118
00
im
8
10
124
4b
2.52
12
26
123
43
252
12
26
123
43
150
7
00
124
40
72
7
125
150
7
15
124
lb
72
7
124
90
10
50
121
bb
270
13
35
122
lb
126
13
28
123
0»
27U
13
55
121
3b
170
17
20
122
Ob
244
12
10
122
4U
1.54
7
10
125
bU
114
14
56
121
10
114
15
02
120
bt>
208
17
24
121
08
186
10
30
124
40
202
16
37
120
au
170
17
25
121
4t>
524
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Cubay Barrio
Cubay Barrio
Cubcubbuot Barrio
Cubol Barrio
Cudian Barrio
Cuenca Municipality
Cuenca Barrio
Cuernos de Negros I Mountain
Cuernos de Negros I Volcano, dormant.
Cueva Point
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Cuevas
Cugunan
Culao . . .
Culasan .
Culasi . .
Culasi . .
Culasi . .
Culasi Barrio
Culasi Barrio
Culasi Barrio ....
Culasi Point
Culasian Barrio ....
Culasian , Sitio
Culebra Island ....
Culebra Island ....
Culebra Island ....
Culiag Sitio
Culianin Barrio ....
Culiculi Barrio ....
Culili Point
Culili Barrio ....
Culion Island ....
Culion Island ....
Culion Township .
Culipat Barrio ....
Cullabeng Barrio ....
Cullalabo I Sitio
Cumanchil Mountain .
Cumu Barrio ....
Cumubao Sitio
Cunalom Barrio ....
Cunilan Island ....
Cunsad < Barrio ....
Cupang 1 Barrio ....
Cupang Barrio ....
Barrio ....
Sitio
Barrio ....
Sitio
Barrio ....
Barrio ....
Barrio ....
Barrio ....
Sitio
Barrio .
Cupang .
Curag . . .
Currimao .
Curuan . .
Cutcut . . .
Cutcut . . .
Cutcutan .
Cutud . . .
Cutug . . .
Cuyab ...
Cuyapo Municipality.
Cuyo Islands . .
Cuyo Islands . .
Cuyo Township .
Cuyo Wc't ' Pass
D.
Daan Bantayan .
Dannglungr.od . .
Daanglungsod . .
Daap
Daat
Dabburab
Dacanlao
Dacligan
Daco
Daco
Daco
Dacudac
Dadapman
Dadalaquiten . . .
Dadas
Daet
Daet
Antique
Iloilo
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Norte
Capiz
Batangas
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Oriental Negros
Relief
Sorsogon (N)
Agusan
Batangas
Ilocos Norte
Kalinga Subprovince
Antique
Camarines Norte
Capiz
Cebu
Iloilo
Leyte
Camarines Norte
Leyte
Palawan (S)
Batangas
Iloilo
Pangasinan
Camarines Norte
Bulacan
Rizal
Ilocos Norte ■ • .
Amburayan Subprovince
Palawan (N)
Philippine Islands
Palawan (N)
Tarlac
Ilocos Norte
Isabela ■ ■ . ■
Bon toe Subprovince
Isabela
Isabela • ■ . ■
Leyte ■ ■ ■ •
Sulu
Iloilo .
Batangas
La Union
Rizal • . . •
Isabela • . • ■
Ilocos Norte
Zamboanga
Pampanga
Tarlac
Bohol
Pampanga
Nueva Vizcaya
Laguna ■ . .
Nueva Ecija
PaJHivar. (N^
Philippine Islands ......
Palawan IN)
/'alavvan (N) . . . .
90
166
162
158
130
102
202
224
72
2-52
82
102
158
208
90
122
130
138
166
186
122
186
228
102
166
236
122
114
240
158
198
228
72
228
266
158
170
204
170
170
186
258
166
102
182
240
170
158
278
232
266
106
232
216
174
212
228
72
228
228
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Capital
Capital, Camari-
nes Norte.
Cebu 138
Cebu 138
Mis.imii" ' 194
Zamboanga j 278
Bohol I 106
Isabela | 170
Batangas 102
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Oriental Negros ' 224
Surig.io ! 262
Sorsogon (S) i 252
Lepanto Subprovince. .. .[ 210
I locos Norte 158
Ilocos Sur ; 162
Cotabato 150
Camarines Norte 122
Philippine Islands 72
Lati-
tude.
11
10
17
18
11
13
16
9
9
13
8
14
18
17
11
13
11
9
11
11
13
11
8
13
11
15
14
14
14
18
16
11
12
11
15
17
17
17
16
17
10
6
11
13
16
14
17
18
7
15
15
9
15
16
14
15
11
11
10
11
11
9
8
7
10
16
13
16
9
9
12
16
18
17
7
14
14
Longi-
tude.
05
35
10
00
33
54
15
15
07
00
03
04
31
25
56
37
30
05
25
59
20
50
38
20
53
12
55
33
05
49
50
50
30
58
05
15
45
20 !
30 I
05 '
00 I
51
16 1
26 i
00 I
01 I
10
08
20
36
11
30 i
23 I
47
00
!^0
10
15
ao
50
05
06
55
56
49
35
45
19
54
19
53
15
07
22 05
22 05
20 30
20 31
22 42
21 03
20 30
23 10
23
22 56
26 05
20 39
20 42
21 24
22 05
23 05
22 43
23 20
23 00
24 30
23 05
24 35
17 30
20 57
23 15
19 47
22 34
20 54
21 00
20 28
20 34
20 00
20
20 00
20 37
20 31
21 40
21 05
21 45
21 55
24 45
20 30
22 25
20 59
20 23
21 03
21 35
20 29
22 15
20 35
20 35
24 14
20 37
21 10
21 04
20 40
21 00
21
21 00
20 30
124 00
123 25
125
122
123
126
10
10
124 15
121 50
120 47
121 07
10
10
123 42
120 49
120 38
120 27
124 30
122 57
123
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
525
Name.
Feature.
Map.
'Fac-
ing
page.
Daga
Dagambaan
Dagami
Dagang
Dagp.o
Dagao
Dagatan
Dagat Rocks
Daggan
Dagman
Dagot
Daguioman
Daguit
Dagulaan
Dagumbuan
Dagumo
Dagumo
Dagundalahon . . . .
Dagupan
Dagupan
Daha
Daha
Dahakit
Dahat
Dahican
Dahican
Dahikan
Dain
Dait
Dakalan
Daklan
Daklan
Dalaga
Dalaguete
Dalalu Rest House
Dalama
Dalanaoan
Dalanganem
Dalapanap
Dalauig
Dalawa
Dalaya
Dalayap
Dalayap
Dalayauan
Daldalao
Daldalayap
Dalena
Dalhogan
Daliao
Dalig
Dalig
Dalig
Daligan
Daligan
Dalikan
Dalimag
Dalingding
Dalingoan
Dalipdip
Dalipey
Dalipey
Dalipuga
Dalirig
Dalit
Dallawas
Dallipaoen
Dallog
Dalnacan
Daluangan
Dalupaon
Dalupiri
Dalupiri
Dalupiri
Dalupirip
Dam
Damag
Damag
Barrio
Barrio
Mu.iicipality
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Islets
Rancheria
Sitio
Mountain
Municipal district
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Bay
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Municipality
Lodging
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Island
Sitio
Manila Water Sup-
ply
Barrio
Pass
Occidental Negros
Bukidnon
Leyte
Camarines Norte
Apayao Subprovince j
Bukidnon
Batangas
Albay
Nueva Vizcaya
Lepanto Subprovince. . . .;
Abra
Abra i
Camarines Norte I
Lanao '.
Bukidnon |
Cotabato
Relief
Bukidnon
Pangasinan
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Capiz
Ley te
Surigao
Camarines Sur ]
Camarines Norte
Camarines Norte
Laguna
Lepanto Subprovince. . . . '
Bohol
Kalinga Subprovince
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Laguna
Cebu
Ifugao Subprovince
Lanao
.Zambales
Palawan (N)
Bontoc Subprovince
Cagayan
Amburayan Subprovince.
Cagayan
Pampanga
Pampanga
Palawan CN)
Abra
Tariac
Isabela
Camarines Sur
Davao
Batangas
Bulacan
Rizal
Apayao Subprovince
Camarines Sur
Bontoc Subprovince
Abra
Cebu
Amburayan Subprovince .
Capiz
Amburayan Subprovince.
Lepanto Subprovince. ...
Lanao
Bukidnon
Abra
Apayao Subprovince
La Union
Ifugao Subprovince
Kalinga Subprovince
Bukidnon :
Camarines Sur ,
Cagayan
Philippine Islands I
Samar
Benguet Subprovince. ...
220
110
186
122
Lati-
tude.
11
8
11
14
00
10
05
14
200
1?
28
110
7
50
102
13
44
86
13
59
216
16
04
210
17
07
78
17
50
78
17
27
122
14
11
178
7
50
110
7
50
150
6
35
72
6
110
8
10
236
16
03
202
16
17
130
11
34
186
11
25
262
9
35
126
13
46
122
14
19
122
14
18
174
14
18
210
17
00
106
10
03
208
17
13
202
16
31
202
16
31
174
13
59
138
9
45
206
16
56
178 j 8
274 I 15
228
204
118
198
118
232
232
228
78
266
170
126
154
102
114
240
200
126
204
78
138
198
130
198
210
178
110
78
200
182
206
208
110
126
118
72
248
202
10
17
18
16
18
15
15
10
17
15
17
13
7
13
14
14
18
13
17
17
11
16
11
16
16
8
8
17
18
16
16
17
8
13
19
19
00
00
40
12
00
54
20
04
01
30
26
42
30
43
00
56
51
29
13
56
08
29
15
49
32
47
48
20
20
21
11
32
57
22
05
33
05
Rizal I 240
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Ifugao Subprovince 206
12
25
16
20 •
14
44
17
01
17
01
Longi-
tude.
123 15
124 40
124 55
122 47
121 17
125 15
121 12
123 59
121 27
120 40
120 42
120 55
122 40
123 40
125 00
124 20
124
124 45
120 20
120 30
122 18
124 15
126 00
123 29
122 37
122 37
121 30
120 43
124 06
121 13
120 38
120 50
121 15
123 30
121 23
124 05
120 16
120 10
121 25
121 45
120 31
121 45
120 53
120 52
120 00
120 50
120 20
121 50
123 39
125 30
120 42
120 55
121 14
121 04
123 18
120 55
120 36
124 00
120 40
122 27
120 35
120 43
124 15
124 56
120 34
121 03
120 22
121 22
121 24
125 05
122 57
121 16
121
124 16
120 44
121 11
121 19
121 16
526
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Damanit
Dambo
Damilisan ....
Dammang . . . .
Dammay
Dammi
Damolog
Damortis
Dampalit
Dampig
Dampil
Dampol !»....
Dampol 2°
Danac
Danaili
Dananao
Danao
Danao
Danao
Danao
Danao
Danao
Danao
Danao
Danar
Dancalan
Dancalan
Dancalan
Dancalan
Dandolit
Daneo-Saklit .
Dangauun. ...
Dangas
Dangas -
Dangdangla . . ,
Dangdangla . . ,
Dangla
Danglas
Dango
Dangui
Danicop
Danlalualan . .
Danlig
Dansalan
Dansalan
Dcio
Dao
Dao
Dao
Dao
Daoangan ....
Dapa
Dapao
Dapao
Dapauan
Dapdap
Dapdap
Dapdap
Dapdap
Dapdap
Dapdap
Dapdap
Dapdap
Dapdap
Dapdap
Dapitan
Dapitan
Dapnan
Dappig
Daquit
Daraga
Daraga
Daragutan. . . .
Daram
Daram
Darampua. . . .
Daramuangan.
Darangan ....
Darao
Darapidap. . . .
Map.
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio _. . .
Municipal district .
Barrio
Barrio
Lake
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Municipality. . .
Sitio
Rancheria
Barrio
Sitio.
Barrio
Capital
Capital, Lanao .
Municipality. . .
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Lake
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Bay
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Abra
Laguna
Iloilo
Isabela
Ilocos Sur
Sulu
Bukidnon
La Union
Rizal
Ilocos Norte
Misamis
Bulacan
Bulacan
Abra . . .
Cagayan
Bon toe Subprovince. .
Leyte
Cebu
Bohol
Bohol
Romblon
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Tayabas (S)
Ilocos Sur
Camarines Norte
Occidental Negros. . . .
Sorsogon (N)
Tayabas (S)
Palawan (S)
Bontoc Subprovince..
Zamboanga
Albay
Zambales
Abra
La Union
Apayao Subprovince..
Abra
Samar
Nueva Vizcaya
Bohol
Davao
Palawan (N)
Lanao
Philippine Islands . . . .
Antique
Capiz
Batangas
Bohol
Pampanga
Kalinga Subprovince .
Surigao
Lanao
Lanao
Romblon
Albay
Capiz
Cebu
Iloilo
Pampanga
Samar
Samar
Sorsogon (S)
Tayabas (S)
Tayabas (S)
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Davao
Isabela
Cebu
Albay
Sorsogon (S)
Isabela
Samar
Samar
Cotabato
La Union
Rizal
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Pac-
ing
page.
78
174
166
i 170
162
258
110
' 182
240
158
194
114
114
78
118
204
186
138
Lati-
tude.
220
252
270
228
204
278
86
274
78
182
200
I 78
! 248
I 216
I 106
I 154
1 228
178
72
90
130
102
106
232
208
262
178
178
244
17
14
10
16
17
5
7
16
14
18
8
14
14
17
18
17
11
10
106 10
106 9
244 12
252 I 12
252 I 11
270 I 13
162 17
122 i 14
10
12
13
8
17
7
13
14
17
16
18
17
12
16
9
6
10
8
8
10
11
14
9
15
17
9
7
7
12
86 ! 13
130 11
138
166
232
10
10
15
248 12
248 11
252
270
270
278
278
154
12
14
14
8
8
7
170 16
138 10
86
252
13
11
170 I 16
248 11
248
150
182
240
162
162
11
7
16
14
17
17
19
23
40
40
30
50
25
14
41
33
50
54
55
24
25
16
05
30
00
47
30
44
57
15
15
13
00
55
50
40
12
30
51
56
36
41
07
42
25
07
50
40
30
00
30
23
01
35
11
29
45
60
50
25
13
46
50
45
13
05
55
13
16
05
40
40
40
26
10
09
54
55
40
40
00
33
30
45
12
Longi-
tude.
120 48
121 24
122 10
121 40
120 24
120 25
124 55
120 24
120 57
120 49
124 45
120 50
120 50
120 52
121 25
121 07
124 40
124 00
124 15
124 23
122 40
123 51
123 09
122 00
120 26
122 51
122 45
123 35
122 30
117 20
121 03
122 05
124 18
120 23
120 38
X20 22
121 10
120 39
125 00
121 15
124 20
125 10
119 40
124 20
124
121 55
122 41
120 46
123 49
120 36
121 15
126 05
124 05
124 .05
122 00
124 02
122 16
124 30
122 20
120 37
125 30
124 45
123 46
122 16
121 35
123 25
123 20
126 30
121 45
123 30
123 43
123 52
122 00
124 45
124 50
124 35
120 23
121 11
120 29
120 25
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
527
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Darasa
Darasdas
Dardarat
Dardarat
Darigayos
Darigayos
Daron
Darras
Darrena
Dasaan
Dasay
Dasay
Dasmarinas
Dasol
Dasol
Dassalan
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Datacan
Dato Mantauil
Dato Unot
Datubato
Dauajon
Dauan !
Dauilican I
Dauin '
Dauis
Dauis
DAVAO
Davao
Davao
Davao
Davao
Davao
Davao
Davila
Dawo
Dayap
Dayhagan
Dayhagan
Dayni
Dayongdong
Dayquitan
Deal :
Deatobato
Deet
Deet
De la Paz
De la Paz
Dela Paz
De la Paz Plot
Delapena
Del Carmen
Delian
Del Monte
Del Remedio
Del Kosario
Delus
Deposed
Dequez
Derap
Desolation
Despujols
Despujols
Destacado
Deugunug
De villa
Diablo
Diagan
Dialao
Dibagat
Dibonag
Dibuluan
Dibuluan
Dibutarec
Dibutunan
Dicalayo
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
I Point
Barrio
Rancheria
Point
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. . .
Municipality. . .
Bay
Island
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
' Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Island
: Sitio
! Sitio
Municipality. . .
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Province
Province
Gulf
Gulf
Capital
Capital, Davao.
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Point
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Mountain
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Point
Rancheria
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Rancheria
Sitio
Batangas
Ilocos Norte
Amburayan Subprovince .
Ilocos Sur
La Union
La Union
Davao
Apayao Subprovince
Ilocos Sur
Sulu
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Cavite
Pangasinan
Pangasinan
Zamboanga
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Ifugao Subprovince
Lepanto Subprovince. . . .
Mountain Province
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Cotabato
Cotabato
Sulu
Leyte
Davao
Nueva Vizcaya
Oriental Negros
Bohol
Tayabas (S)
Davao
Philippine Islands
Davao
Philippine Islands
Davao
Philippine Islands
Davao
Ilocos Norte
Samar
Laguna
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Cavite
Romblon
Tayabas (S)
Zamboanga
Sulu
Abra
Samar
Batangas
Laguna
Laguna
Batangas
Iloilo
Camarines Norte
Palawan (N)
Mindoro
Laguna
Pampanga
Cotabato
Batanes
Batancs
Ilocos Norte
Surigao
Misamis
Romblon
Samar
Nueva Ecija
Tayabas (S)
Romblon
Sorsogon (S)
Ilocos Norte
Apayao Subprovince
Nueva Ecija
Isabela
Isabela
Isabela
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Vizcaya
Fac-
Lati-
ing
tude.
page.
o
/
102
14
04
158
18
07
198
16
.58
162
17
47
182
16
50
182
154
200
162
258
162
182
134
236
236
278
210
202
206
210
196
202
150
150
258
186
154
216
224
106
270
154
72
154
72
154
72
154
158
248
174
252
252
134
244
270
278
258
78
248
102
174
174
102
166
122
228
190
174
232
150
98
98
158
262
194
244
248
212
270
244
252
158
200
212
170
170
170
216
216
10
55
15
50
o
11
6
16 30
9 10
9 38
13 20
7
7
6
6
7
7
7
00
40
00
18 28
12 20
14 12
12 27
12 27
14 12
12 40
13 15
20
55
17 37
12 20
13 39
14 21
14 11
13 38
11 05
14 10
11 50
13 30
14 05
15 05
6 05
20 44
20 21
18 32
10 30
8 35
12 30
12 15
16 01
13 25
12 35
12 16
18 38
18 05
15 45
16 30
17 00
16 45
15 59
16 29
Longi-
tude.
121 09
120 48
120 26
120 25
120 20
120 20
16 50
7 00 125 30
18 16
17 46
5 45
17 24
16 40
14 20
16 00
15 54
6 45
17 01
16 51
16 51
16 51
16 50
16 34
7 10
121 04
120 24
120 25
120 30
120 24
120 56
119 53
119 50
121 30
120 53
120 51
120 51
120 51
120 50
120 37
124 55
125 05
120 20
124 20
126 10
122 13
123 15
123 52
121 55
126 00
126
125 50
125
125 40
126
20 125 30
120 35
124 30
121 20
123 17
123 17
120 50
122 10
121 55
122 45
120 05
120 40
124 50
121 08
121 05
121 32
121 07
120 45
122 57
120 20
120 25
121 18
120 38
124 30
121 53
121 48
120 37
125 40
124 30
122 00
124 05
121 10
122 00
122 00
123 51
120 48
121 06
121 U
121 45
122 05
122 26
121 40
122 11
528
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Dicamay
Dicapanisan . .
Diclum
Dicolor
Didicas Rocks
Didicas Rocks
Didicas Rocks
Difun
Digos
Diit
Dikabisagan . .
Dikalungan. . .
Dikania
Dikney
Dikulum
Dilabayan. . . .
Diladila
Dilan
Dilan
Dilao
Dilasac
Dilasac
Dil^vo
Dile
Dili
Diliman
Dimalansan. . .
Dimalinao. . . .
Dimasalang. . .
Dimasari
Dimiao
Dimipac
Dimiurug
Dinacpan
Dinadauauan .
Dinagat
Din?igat
Dinagat
Dinagat
Dinahican. . . .
Dinaig
Dinalungan. . .
Dinalupihan . .
Dinaran
Dinas
Dinasayan. . . .
Dinatadmo . . .
Dinawanan. . .
Dingalan
Dingle
Dingle
Dinglis
Dingras
Dinipan
Dinrika
Dintan
Dinwiddie. . . .
Diogo
Diogo
Dipalali
Dipalu
Dipanguit. . . .
Dipolog
Dipusa
Diriqui
Dirigui
Disdis
Disdis
Disulap
Disun
Dit
Dita
Dita
Dita
Dita
Dita
Ditali
Ditsan
Diuata
Diuata
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Islets
Islets
Volcano, active. . . .
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
River
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Bay
Point
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Port
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Island
Barrio
Rancheria
Sitio
Municipality
Island
Island
Sound
Barrio
Municipal district .
Sitio
Municipality
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Mountain
Bay
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island (volcano) . .
Volcano, dormant..
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Inlet
Sitio
Township
Township
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Rancheria
Municipal district .
Point
Point
Isabela 170
Tayabas (N) ' 270
Antique 90
Tariac 266
Cagayan I 118
Philippine Islands 72
Relief i 72
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Davao 154
Leyte. . ; 186
Isabela 170
Cotabato 150
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Zamboanga 278
Lanao 178
Pampanga 232
Pangasinan 236
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Batangas 102
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Nueva Vizcaya I 216
Ilocos Norte 158
Ilocos Sur 162
Ilocos Sur 162
Bulacan 114
Isabela 170
Lanao j 178
Sorsogon (S) l 252
Isabela [ 170
Bohol 106
Palawan (N) 228
Bukidnon 110
Apayao Subprovince | 200
216
262
262
72
262
Nueva Vizcaya
Surigao
Surigao
Philippine Islands
Surigao
T.ayabas (N) j 270
Cotabato I 150
216
94
228
278
210
170
Iloilo
Capiz
Bontoc Subprovince
Ilocos Norte
Nueva Vizcaya
Camarines Sur ; 126
Abra 78
Lepanto Subprovince. .. . 210
Batanes 98
Relief i 72
Nueva Vizcaya \ 216
Zamboanga ] 278
Isabela 170
Zamboanga 278
Isabela ; 170
Ilocos Norte ! 158
Ilocos Norte 158
Benguet Subprovince. . . . 202
Mountain Province 196
Isabela 170
Zamboanga | 278
Palawan (N) ; 228
Batangas ' 102
Batangas 102
Bohol 106
Laguna 174
Tayabas (S) 270
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Lanao 178
Agusan 82
Misamis 194
Nueva Vizcaya,
Bataan
Palawan (N)
Zamboanga
Lepanto Subprovince.
Isabela
Ilocos Norte 158
Tayabas (N) 270
166
130
204
158
216
Lati-
tude
o
/
16
45
15
25
10
30
15
37
19
05
19
19
16
24
6
40
11
15
17
05
6
40
15
50
16
10
7
55
8
00
1 15
01
16
05
16
40
13
59
1 16
25
16
23 1
18
26
17
34
17
02
15
01
17
20
7
55
12
11
17
05
9
36
12
20
7
45
17
45
16
05
10
00
10
10
10
10
00
14
40
' 7
10
16
06 I
14
52
12
00
1 7
35
1 16
50
16
40
18
13
15
15
11
00
11
35
17
08
18
07
16
10
13
56
17
22
16
57
20
42
21
16
12
7
45
16
35
8
35
16
55
18
28
' 18
28
16
30
16
30
16
55
8
05
11
10
13
56
13
55
10
02
14
17
14
05
15
56
8
00
9
05
9
05
122 05
121 30
121 55
120 33
122 10
122
122
121 33
125 20
125 00
122 25
124 20
121 20
121 38
122 15
124 25
120 35
120 31
121 07
120 41
122 15
122 13
120 35
120 20
120 27
120 57
122 20
124 00
123 51
122 25
124 10
119 50
124 50
121 18
121 50
125 35
125 35
126
125 50
121 45
124 10
121 55
120 28
120 20
123 20
120 44
122 20
120 55
121 25
122 40
122 21
121 01
120 42
122 07
123 29
120 35
120 43
121 57
122
122 08
123 05
121 40
123 20
122 00
120 34
120 35
120 29
120 30
122 05
123 35
121 00
120 54
121 04
124 28
121 07
122 16
121 34
124 20
125 15
125 le
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
529
Diuata
Diuata
Diuet
Diuran
Diutay
Divilacan
Div'isoria
Diviuisa
Doc Can
Dodo
Dolaoan
Dolores
Dolores
Dolores
Dolores
Dolores
Dolores
Dolores
Dolores
Dolores
Dolores
Dolores
Dolores
Domang
Dome Peak. . . .
Dome Peak. . . .
Domlos
Domorog
Domulpot ......
Domulug
Donionay
Dongdong
Dongon
Dongon
Doninob
Don Pedro . . . .
Donsol
Dool
Doong
Doong
Doos
Dorog
Dorst
Dos CuTnos. . .
Dos Cuernos. . .
Dos Cuernos. . .
Dos Hermanas.
Dos Hermanas.
Dos Picos
Doyong
Duancalao
Duao
Dubinan
Duca
Ducait
Ducligan
Duenas
Duero
Dugadog
Dugio
Dugo
Dugpa ........
Dugungan
Duhat
Duhat
Dukanunday. . .
Dulag
Dulangan
Dulangnn
Dulao
Dulhugan
Dulig
Duludin
Duliingon ....
Dumabatu.. . .
Dumagadag . . ,
Dumaguele. . .
Dumaguete. . .
171073-
-34
Mountains
Mountains
Sltio
Sitio
Island
Bay
Barrio
Point
Island
Sitio
Barrio . .
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Island
Bay
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Islands
Barrio .
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio ,
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
, Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
; Barrio . .
Sitio
Harrio
Hancheria
Barrio
I Capital
Capital, Oriental
Negros.
Sungao
Relief
Nupva Vizcaya. . ... .
Batanes
Oriental Negros ....
Isabela
Cagayan
Is.-xbela
Sulu -. ••■
Bontoc Subprovmce
Pangasinan
Abra
Samar
Tayabas (S)
Capiz
Iloilo
Laguna
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pampanga
Tarlac
Tarlac
Nueva Vizcaya
Tarlac
Zambales
Cebu
Sorsogon (S)
Benguet Subprovince
Bataan
Palawan (N)
Sulu
Mindoro • • • •
Mindoro • • .
Zamboanga
Pangasinan . . .
Sorsogon (.N)
Davao • ■ . ■
Cebu
Cebu
Ley te
Iloilo
Pampanga
Cagayan
Isabela
Relief
Romblon ■ • . .
Occidental Negros. . .
Cavite • • • •
Pangasinan . . .
Camarines Norte. ......
Ifugao Subprovince. . . . . .
Isabela ■ • . •
heyte • • • •
Nueva Vizcaya . . .
Ifugao Subprovince.. . . . .
Iloilo • • . •
Bohol • •. • ■ ■
Amburayan Subprovince .
Ifugao Subprovince. .
Cagayan • • . ■
Kalinga Subprovince.
Camarines Norte
Bulacan • . . .
Laguna
Zamboanga
Ley te
Capiz
Romblon
Ln Union
Ley to
Pangasinan
Cotabato
Bukidnon
Nueva Vizcaya
Abra
Oriental Negros
Philippine I^ilands
262
8
50
1^5
55
72 ,
9
126
216 :
16
14
122
05
98
20
26
12?,
00
224
9
40 1
123
10
170
17
25
122
15
118
17
30 !
121
45
170
16
45
122
25
258
o
50
119
55
204
17
02
121
01
236
16
19
119
58
78
17
39
120
13
248
12
00
125
30
270
14
00
121
25
130
U
17
122
37
166
10
30
122
30
174
14
06
121
20
212
15
35
120
53
232
15
12
120
33
232
15
06
120
31
232
15
02
120
41
266
15
32
120
35
266
15
22
120
34
216
16
24
121
07
266
15
20
120
11
274
15
20
120
11
138
10
25
123
40
252
11
50
123
58
202
16
33
120
38
94
14
34
120
32
228
9
30
121
20
258
5
50
121
15
190
12
45
120
50
190
12
45
120
50
278
8
30
123
10
236
15
53
120
26
2.52
12
54
123
36
154
6
40
125
30
138
11
05
123
40
138
11
05
123
40
186
10
25
124
45
166
10
50
122
20
232
15
08
120
26
118
17
30
122
05
170
17
30
122
05
72
17
122
244
13
00
121
55
220
10
45
123
00
134
14
13
120
40
236
15
57
120
23
122
14
10
122
40
206
16
51
121
13
170
If.
40
121
30
186
11
20
124
45
216
16
22
121
05
206
16
55
121
10
166
11
05
122
35
106
9
42
124
24
198
' 16
41
120
24
206
16
43
121
04
lis
18
15
121
40
208
17
32
121
23
122
14
06
122
54
114
14
47
120
58
174
14
15
121
23
278
8
05
122
35
186
10
55
1 .125
05
130
11
27
122
68
244
12
30
1 122
30
182
16
22
120
20
186
10
55
' 124
25
236
16
00
120
10
150
6
45
125
00
110
7
45
125
00
216
16
20
1 121
42
78
17
46
120
46
224
72
9
9
20
123
123
20
530
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Dumaguit
Dumaguk
Dumalag
Dumalaguing . .
Dumangas
Dumangas
Dumanjug
Dumanquilas . .
Dumarais
Dumaran
Dumaran
Dumaran
Dumarao
Dumatalto . . . .
Dumayco
Dummun
Dumog
Dungan
Dupag
Dupang
Dupax
Dupay
Duplas
Duplas
Duplas
Duquis
Duvek
Duyagan
E.
East
East Bucas . . . .
Ebro
Echague
Egana
Eguia
Egut
Elefante
Ellet
El Salvador . . .
Empelet
Encanto
Encarnada ....
Enclaro
Engano
Engano
Enganoso
Engineer Island
Enora
Enrile
Entao
Entrance
Eran
Ercnas
Erenas
Ermita
Ermita
Ermitano
Escalante
Escano
Escarceo
Escarpada ....
Espana
Esperanza
Esperanza
Esperanza
Esperanza
Esperanza
Esperanza . ...
Esperanza
Esperanza
Esperanza
Esperanza
Esperanza
Espiritu Santo .
Espiritu Santo .
Estancia
Estancia
Estancia
Feature.
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality.
Barrio
Municipality.
Point
Municipality.
Bay
Barrio
Island
Island
Township . . .
Municipality.
River
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Township . . .
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Map.
Point-
Island
Municipal district
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
'Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Point
Sitio
Cape
Cape
Mountain
Government ship-
yard.
Mountain
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
District
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Point
Point
Barrio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Cape
Cape
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Capiz
Zamboanga
Capiz
Bukidnon
Iloilo
Iloilo
Cebu
Zamboanga
Tarlac
Philippine Islands
Palawan (N)
Palawan (N)
Capiz
Nueva Vizcaya
Abra
Cagayan
Nueva Vizcaya
Tarlac
Kalinga Subprovince. . . .
Zamboanga
Nueva Vizcaya
Amburayan Subprovince
Amburayan Subprovince
Benguet Subprovince. . .
La Union
Amburayan Subprovince
Batanes
Mindoro
Davao
Surigao
Agusan
Isabela
Antique
Pangasinan
Samar
Tayabas (S)
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Misamis
Ifugao Subprovince
Tayabas (N)
Pangasinan
Occidental Negros
Cagayan
Philippine Islands
Sorsogon (N)
City of Manila
Bulacan
Cagayan
Antique
Camarines Norte
Palawan (S)
Samar
Samar
City of Manila
Ilocos Sur
Rizal
Occidental Negros
Nueva Ecija
Mindoro
Cagayan
Romhlon
Agusan
Cavite
Cebu
Cebu
Ley te
Leyte
Leyte
Misamis
Pangasinan
Sorsogon (S)
Tayabas (N)
Samar
Philippine Islands
Iloilo
Albay
Ilocos Norte
Pac-
Lati-
ing
tude.
page.
o
/
130
11
36
278
7
50
130
11
18
110
8
20
166
10
50
166
10
50
138
10
05
278
7
30
266
15
26
72
11
228
10
30
228
10
30
130
11
16
216
16
25
1 78
17
34
118
18
00
216
16
05
266
15
22 [
208
17
24
278
7
50
216
16
17
198
16
51
198
16
51
202
16
18
182
16
40
198
17
01
98
20
18
190
12
35
154
7
10
262
9
4.5
82
8
30
170
16
45
90
10
45
236
15
55
248
12
25
270
13
10
202
16
36
194
8
35
206
16
49
270
15
45
236
16
11
220
10
10 :
118
18
35
72
19
252
12
52
146
14
36
114
14
54
118
17
35
90
11
10
122
14
20
228
9
00
248
12
25
248
11
50
146
14
35
162
17
38
240
14
37
220
10
50
212
15
42
190
13
30
118
18
30
244
12
25
82
8
45
134
14
08
138
10
40
138
10
40
186
11
10
186
10
IB
186
10
00
194
9
00
236
16
11
252
11
45
270
16
15
248
12
35
72
13
166
11
30
1 86
13
22
158
18
23
Longi-
tude.
122 29
123 10
122 38
125 05
122 40
122 45
123 25
123 05
120 40
120
119 50
119 50
122 42
121 28
120 40
121 40
122 03
120 41
121 15
123 15
121 05
120 36
120 30
120 29
120 25
120 35
121 52
121 35
125 50
126 05
125 55
121 40
122 00
119 53
124 55
122 00
120 47
124 30
121 15
121 40
120 04
122 50
122 10
122.
123 14
120 58
121 18
121 40
122 00
122 35
117 40
124 20
124 55
120 59
120 21
121 02
123 35
120 41
121 00
122 15
122 30
125 3.=^
120 52
124 20
124 25
124 55
124 50
125 15
14 50
120 30
124 02
122 10
125 15
125
123 10
123 40
120 36
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
531
Name.
Estar
Estefania ....
E<ftela
Ester
Estipona
Estrella
Estrella
Eteb
F.
Fabrica
Fabrica
Fabrica
Fabrica
Factoria
Faire
Famosa
Famy
Ferrol
Fidelisan
Finugu
Flat Top
Flecha
Flecha
Flora
Flores
Floridablanca .
Floriata
Fondeado
Font
Fort McKinley
Fort Mills
FortuDb
Fraile
Frances
Fraternidad . . .
Fuego
Fuga
Fuga
Fuga
Fugu
Fugu
Fugu Norte. . .
Fugu Sur
Fula
FuUan
Fundado
Furao
Fusian
Fusina
G.
Gaang
Gaas
Gaas
Gaba
Gabaldon
Gabao
Gabao .......
Gabas
Gabauan
Gabo
Gabo
Gaboc
Gabongabon. . .
Gabut
Gacat
Gadeng (new) .
Gadeng (old) . .
Gadu
Gadungan
Gainza
Gairan
Gakang
Galarin
Galas
Galera
Galiano
Galieia
Feature.
Map.
Sitio . .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Sitio . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Island
United States
Army Post.
United States
Army Post.
Island
Island
Reef
Barrio
Point
Island
Palawan (N)
Cagayan
Leyte
Ilocos Norte
Tariac
Albay
Mindoro
Lepanto Subprovince.
Batangas
Camarines Sur
Sorsogon (N)
Occidental Negros. . .
Samar
Cagayan
Sorsogon (N)
Laguna
Romblon
Bontoc Subprovince.
Cagayan
Camarines Norte. . . .
Zamboanga
Zarabonaga
Ilocos Sur
Antique
Pampanga
Albay
Palawan (S) . .
Cagayan
Rizal
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
228
118
186
158
266
86
190
210
102
126 j
232 I
220
248
118
252
174
244
204
118
122
278
278
162
90
232
86
228
118
240
Cavite | 134
Island .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Sitio . .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Batangas
Cavite
Sulu
Agusan
Batangas ■
Cagayan
Philippine Islands . . .
Cagayan
Cagayan
Isabela
Isabela
Isabela
Cagayan
Kalinga Subprovince.
Camarines Sur
Isabela
Cagayan
Cagayan
. 102
.1 134
. 258
. 82
. 102
. 118
.! 72
. 118
.' 118
.' 170
. 170
. 170
. 118
. 208
. 126
. 170
.: 118
J 118
11 10
17 50
10 10
18 14
15 36
13 02
13 20
17 10
13 38
13 30
12 49
10 50
12 05
17 55
12 38
14 26
12 20
17 08
18 05
14 11
7 25
7 20
17 40
11 20
14 59
13 04
50
55
Longi-
tude.
9
18
14 33
119 40
121 45
125 10
120 43
120 39
123 32
121 20
120 41
121 12
123 17
124 06
123 20
125 30
121 35
123 41
121 27
121 55
120 54
121 40
122 25
123 26
123 25
120 24
122 05
120 31
123 39
119 00
121 .50
121 03
14 23 1 120 35
I
14
14
4
9
14
18
19
18
17
17
17
16
18
17
13
17
17
18
04
18
25
10
OS
50
20
45
05
20
30
15
29
40
00
55
15
120 30
120 37
119 15
125 30
120 34
121 20
121
121 40
121 30
121 55
121 45
121 45
121 45
121 22
123 07
121 50
121 40
121 40
Barrio
Barrio
Inlet
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Port
Barrio
Mountian . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Port
Sitio . ,
Barrio'
Kalinga Subprovince.
Leyte
Surigao
Albay
Nueva Ecija
Ilocos Sur
Sorsogon (N)
Leyte
Romblon
Ilocos Norte
Surigao
Bohol
Agusan
Nueva Vizcaya
Leyte
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Vizcaya
Cagayan
Lanao
Camarines Sur
Cetiu
Bohol
Pangasinan
Laguna
Mindoro
La Union
Albay
208
17
14
121
13
186
10
40
124
50
262
10
10
125
40
86
13
16
123
59
212
15
43
120
51
162
17
16
120
25
2.52
12
43
123
59
186
10
45
124
45
244
12
25
122
00
158
18
11
120
31
262
9
50
125
40
106
9
41
123
53
82
8
40
125
50
216
16
19
121
04
186
10
20
125
00
216
16
00
121
22
216
16
02
121
20
118
17
40
121
35
178
7
50
121
00
126
13
37
123
09
138
11
05
124
00
106
9
33
123
44
236
15
48
120
22
174
14
24
121
25
190
13
30
120
65
182
16
26
120
28
86
13
17
123
67
532
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Barrio
Occidental Negros
Ilocos Sur
220
162
278
154
228
102
210
248
198
170
262
240
182
204
170
216
178
248
154
194
258
228
158
212
170
130
106
220
170
170
198
114
190
270
178
2.58
274
126
252
232
174
138
252
252
118
200
106
138
114
78
190
210
138
262
262
266
166
252
130
126
130
82
248
186
262
86
248
110
224
248
224
224
252
138
110
110
252
186
244
252
138
o
JO
17
7
7
12
13
16
12
16
17
8
14
16
17
16
16
7
12
7
8
5
9
18
15
16
11
9
10
16
17
16
15
12
13
8
5
15
13
12
15
14
\k
;i
18
10
9
14
17
13
16
10
9
10
15
10
12
11
13
11
8
12
11
9
13
11
8
10
12
9
9
12
10
8
8
12
11
12
12
9
/
00
11
55
00
00
39
48
25
40
05
30
23
26
14
35
33
50
00
40
10
55
00
36
19
50
14
37
15
40
25
57
07
15
20
00
10
15
36
40
09
16
25
26
26
05
28
11
35
47
17
25
58
40
25
15
36
45
47
13
51
52
30
15
35
35
47
05
25
10
35
05
05
57
40
35
15
57
15
20
46
35
0 '
122 45
Galimuyort
Galingan
Municipality
Sitio
Mountain
Island
Barrio
Sitio
120 28
Zamboanga
Davao
Palawan (N)
Batangas
liCpanto Subprovince. . . .
Samar
Amburayan Subprovince .
Isabela
Surigao
Rizal
La Union
Bon toe Subprovince
Isabela
Nueva Vizcaya
Lanao
Samar
Davao
Misamis
Sulu
Palawan (S)
Ilocos Norte
Nueva Ecija
Isabela
Capiz
Bohol
Occidental Negros
Isabela
Isabela
Amburayan province
Bulacan
123 15
Galintan
Galoo
Gamao
126 10
119 50
120 56
120 44
Gamay
Gambang
Gamu
Gamut
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
125 20
120 32
121 50
126 15
Gamutan . .
Sitio
121 14
Gana . . .
Barrio
120 21
Ganakcrak . .
Sitio
121 23
Ganano ....
River
121 30
Ganano
River
121 31
Ganasi
Gandara
Municipal district.
Municipality
Sitio
124 05
124 50
Gandia
126 00
Gango ....
Barrio
123 50
Ganon
Sitio
121 25
Gantung
Mountain
Sitio
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
117 50
Gao-oa
120 53
Gapan
120 57
Gappal
121 50
Garcia
122 30
Garcia Hernandez
Gargato
124 18
122 50
Garit
Barrio
121 40
Garita
Barrio
121 50
Barrio
120 27
Garlancr
Barrio
120 58
Island
Municiaplity
Municipal district.
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
121 10
Gasan
Tayabas (S)
121 50
Gata
124 25
Gatanp"
Sulu
120 05
Gatds
Zambales
120 19
Gatbo
Camarines Sur
123 21
Gate
Barrio
Sorsoffon (N^
123 59
Gatiawin
Barrio
Pamoariffa
120 45
Gatid
Barrio
Laeruna
121 23
Gate
Island . . . .
Cebu
124 00
Gato .
Island
123 12
Gato
Island
123 12
Gattaran
Municipality
Sitio
Cagayan
121 40
Gatto
Apayao Subprovince
Bohol
121 18
Gaus
Island
124 34
Gawi
Barrio
Cebu
123 30
Gava Gava
Barrio
Bulacan
121 04
Gavaman
Barrio
Abra
120 41
Gayamat
Barrio
120 25
Gayan
Barrio
Lepanto Subprovince. . . .
Cebu
120 56
General
Barrio
124 25
General
Island
126 00
General Luna
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
125 35
Gerona
Tarlac
120 36
Iloilo
126 40
Gibalon
Barrio
123 52
Barrio
122 49
Gibgos
Barrio
123 46
Gibon
Barrio
River
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
122 02
Gibong
125 55
Gicbuan
124 50
Gigantangan
124 15
Gigaquit
Surigao
Albay
125 40
Gigmoto
124 23
Gigoso
Barrio
125 30
(Jihian
Barrio
Municipality
Island
Barrio
Riikidnon
125 00
Gihulngan
Oriental Negros
123 15
Gilbert
124 25
Giligoan
Oriental Negros
Oriental Negros
Sorsogon (N)
Cebu
122 55
Giligaon
Point
122 55
Gimagaan
Barrio
123 34
Gimamaa
Barrio . .
123 55
Mountain
Municipal district.
Barrio
Bukidnon
125 10
Gimbaluron
Rukidnon
124 40
Sorsogon ^N)
Leyte
Romblon
123 42
Ginabuyan
Barrio
124 25
Ginagoman
Barrio . . .
121 55
Ginangra Extorior
Barrio
Sorsogon (N)
Cebu
123 51
Ginatilan
Municipality
123 20
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
533
Name.
Feature.
Gines
Gines
Gines
Gines
Gingoog ....
Gingoog ....
Ginipaan . . .
Ginobatan . .
Ginsularan . .
Ginuyuran . .
Giporlos . . . .
Gitagom . . . .
Gitung
Giwang
Giwang
Giwanon . . . .
Giwanon . . . .
Glan
Goa
Gobgob
Gobon
Gogon
Gohang
Golo
Golo
Golod
Golongoro . . .
Gonzaga . . . .
Gonzales . . . .
Gorda
Gorda
Gorda
Gorda
Gorda
Gordon
Gosi
Goto
Goto
Gotosan ....
Gracia
Granada . . . .
Granada ....
Granada. . . .
Grande
Green Island
Grove
Grulio
Guadalupe . .
Guadalupe . .
Guadalupe . .
Guadalupe . .
Guadalupe . .
Guadalupe . .
Guadalupe . .
Guadalupe . . .
Guagua
Guagua
Gubang
Gubang
Gubat
Gubat
Gubawang . . .
Gubuc ......
Gudel. . . . . .
Gueddem . . . .
Guenned ....
Guesset
Guevara ....
Guianga
Guibul
Guidaquid . . .
Guiddam . . . .
Guigol
Guiguinto ...
Guijalo
Guiljungan . .
Guimaras ...
Guimaras ...
Guimaras ...
Guimba
Guimbal ....
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Bay
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio •
Island
Pass
Barrio
Sitio '
Municipality
Barrio
Point
Point
Point
Point
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Bay
Point
River
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio j
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Kiver
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Rancheria •.
Rancheria
Barrio
Barrio i
Municipal district.
Mountain [
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Island I
Strait j
Strait
Municipality
Municipality
Io}}o i 166
I o} o 166
J 01 o 166
Iloi'".; 166
Misamis 194
Misamis 194
CamarijL.es Norte 122
goho} 106
Bonol 106
Bukidnon no
Samar 248
Misamis 194
Bohol 106
i^oho 106
Bohol 106
Cotabato 150
Camarines Sur. 126
Kalinga Subprovince 2O8
Romblon j 244
Sorsogon (N) 252
Ifugao Subprovince 2O6
Mindoro 190
Mindoro 190
Batangas 102
Zambales 274
Cagayan ng
Pangasinan 236
Albay ge
Bohol 106
Davao 154
Romblon 244
Zamboanga 278
Tayabas l,S) 270
Cagayan ng
Romblon 244
Nueva Vizcaya 2I6
Leyte 186
Agusan g2
Cebu I i3g
Occidental Negros 220
Cebu i3g
Zambales 274
Palawan CN; 228
Camarines Norte 122
Zambales 274
Agusan g2
Cebu I3g
Cebu 138
Cebu 138
Leyte 186
Leyte ig6
Occidental Negros 220
Rizal 240
Pampanga 232
Pampanga 232
Leyte 186
Lepanto Subprovince. .. . 210
Sorsogon (N) 252
Camarines Norte 122
Zamboanga 278
Apayao Subprovince 200
Amburayaij Subprovince. 19g
Apayao Subprovince 200
Apayao Subprovince 200
La Union 187
Tarlac 266
Davao 154
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Lepanto Subprovince. . . . 210
Cagayan 118
Palawan (N) 228
Bulacan 114
Camarines Sur
Occidental Negros. . .
Iloilo
lloilo
Occidental Negros. . .
Nueva Ecija
Iloilo
1 1
Lati-
tude.
1
0
/
11
05
11
05
10
00
10
55
8
50
9
00
14
00
10
02
1 9
43
1 7
50
: 11
05
8
35
i 6
00
1 9
47
1 9
40
9
45
9
38
5
45
13
42
17
28 i
12
50
13
02
16
56 •
13
40
13
40
14
02
15
06
18
15
15
55
13
32
9
36
7
00
14 05
17 35
13 00
15 57
11 25
8 10
9 35
10 40
10 30
14 46
10 10
14 09
15 00
8 40
11 00
10 10
9 54
10 35
10 10
10 30
14 34
14 58
14 54
10 40
16 50
12 55
14 07
7 45
18 05
16 56
18 14
18 05
16 31
15 29
7 00
16 44
17 18
18 20
10 40
14 50
Longi-
tude.
122 30
122 40
122 20
122 30
125 05
125 05
123 03
124 22
124 26
125 00
125 25
124 25
121 05
124 30
123 30
123 47
123 54
125 10
123 29
121 25
122 05
124 10
121 02
120 20
120 15
120 56
120 06
122 00
120 46
123 36
124 16
126 20
12 40 122 10
8 00 122 Ic
126
13
44
220
10
00
166
10
35
166
10
40
220
10
30
212
15
39 ,
166
10
40 '
122 05
121 45
122 00
121 22
124 25
125 45
123 30
123 00
123 45
120 14
119 20
122 59
120 07
125 40
124 00
123 35
123 25
124 45
124 45
123 20
121 02
120 38
120 38
124 55
120 49
124 07
122 59
122 40
121 13
120 31
121 30
121 16
120 24
120 43
125 30
120 57
120 35
121 80
119 30
120 53
123 52
122 40
122 40
122 50
122 45
120 46
122 20
534
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Romblon
244
162
204
208
138
200
122
252
252
240
270
90
90
252
106
106
244
252
106
220
270
206
228
228
252
86
252
252
244
86
138
194
138
138
90
244
122
186
198
210
190
202
278
216
198
270
274
270
90
162
216
248
166
138
252
216
138
258
170
232
102
174
270
252
252
186
150
122
210
150
200
258
204
252
194
202
162
78
232
244
134
114
c
12
17
17
17
10
17
14
•11
11
14
13
11
10
12
10
9
12
13
9
10
13
16
11
10
11
13
12
12
12
13
10
9
11
11
10
12
14
10
17
16
12
16
6
16
16
13
15
13
11
17
16
11
10
9
11
15
11
6
16
16
13
14
13
12
12
11
5
14
16
6
17
7
17
12
8
16
17
17
14
12
14
14
10
44
08
24
40
58
10
49
49
42
55
05
45
02
14
38
40
02
46
45
40
58
10
50
57
12
30
30
40
40
30
05
20
20
40
50
25
10
02
58
15
43
25
02
46
55
47
35
05
43
25
00
25
45
59
56
10
05
40
06
46
15
65.
34
34
00
46
19
46
50
54
00
02
47
80
S9
23
80
66
26
09
60
O '
122 00
Ilocos Sur
120 27
Guinaang
Bontoc Subprovince
Kalinga Subpro\ance
Cebu
Apayao Subprovince
Camarines Norte
Sorsogon CS)
120 69
121 09
123 45
Guinabone
121 11
122 52
riiiinaiiavan
123 54
Sorsogon (S)
123 55
Barrio
Rizal
121 08
Municipality
Barrio
Tayabas (S)
122 30
Antique
122 05
Barrio
Antique
122 00
Island
Sorsogon (S)
123 33
Island
Bohol
124 17
Barrio
Bohol
124 09
Island
Romblon
122 05
Point
Sorsogon (N)
123 57
Municipality
Barrio
Bohol
124 29
Occidental Negros
Tayabas (S)
123 00
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Island
122 30
If ugao Subprovince
Palawan (N)
Palawan (N)
121 10
121 00
119 30
Sorsogon (S)
Albay
123 33
Oiii nfthatan
Municipality
Barrio
123 36
riiiinohatan
Sorsogon (N)
123 23
OiiinAhatan
Barrio
Sorsogon (S)
123 23
On i nni ti can
Barrio
Romblon
122 15
Oiiin<^aanan
Barrio
Albay
124 24
riiiin^av ■
Barrio
Cebu
124 00
Barrio
Misamis
124 45
Oiiintaran
Barrio
Cebu
123 55
rriiintaran
Island
Cebu
123 55
riiiinta<!
Barrio
Antique
122 00
fruintic^iiHfln
Barrio
Romblon
122 00
Island
Camarines Norte
Ley te
122 57
Ouintiivlan
Sitio
125 10
Barrio
Amburayan Subprovince.
Lepanto Subprovince. . . .
Mindoro
120 34
Barrio
120 52
Guiob
Barrio
121 15
rjuiopnc
Barrio
Benguet
120 50
rjiiionc^
Barrio
Zamboanga
122 00
friiiDan
Sitio
Nueva Vizcaya
121 18
Guirayan
Mountain
Barrio
Amburayan Subprovince .
Tayabas (S)
120 39
121 30
Cxiiispni'^
Barrio
Zambales
119 58
Barrio
Tayabas (S)
121 55
Cruisihan
Barrio
Antique
122 05
Guisit
Barrio
Ilocos Sur
120 25
Cruitao
Sitio
Nueva Vizcaya
121 07
Guiuan
Municipality
Island
Samar
125 45
Guiuanon
lloilo
122 35
Guiuanon
Sitio
Cebu
123 20
Guium
Sitio
Sorsogon (S)
123 44
Guiwan
Mountain
Sitio
Nueva Vizcaya
121 18
Guiwanon
Cebu
123 45
Island
Sulu
121 15
Gulac
Sitio
Isabela
121 30
Gulap
Barrio
Pampanga
120 49
Gulod
Barrio
Batangas
121 06
Gulod
Barrio
Laguna
121 10
Municipality
Sitio
Tayabas (S)
122 06
Sorsogon (N)
123 18
Sitio
Sorsogon (S)
123 18
Island
Ley te
124 20
Sitio
Cotabato
125 10
Gumaus . .
Barrio
Camarines Norte
Lepanto Subprovince. . . .
Cotabato
122 44
Barrio
120 47
Gumbon
River
124 30
Gummung
Rancheria
Harbor
Apayao Subprovince
Sulu
121 11
118 30
Gunugon
Barrio
Bontoc Subprovince
Sorsogon (N)
120 56
Guruvan
Barrio
123 59
Barrio
Misamis
124 40
Gusaran
Barrio
Benguet Subprovince ....
Ilocos Sur
120 60
Barrio
120 31
Mountain
Barrio
Abra
120 29
Gutad
Pampanga
120 29
Gutivan
Barrio
Romblon
122 40
Guyam • • •
Barrio
Cavite
120 62
Guyong
Barrio
Bulacan
120 68
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
535
Name.
H.
Habana
Habay
Habian
Hagdan
Hagdanan
Hagnaya
Hagonoy
Hagonoy
Haights Place. . . .
Halag
Halag
Halang
Halang
Halang
Halang ,
Halapitan
Halcon
Halcon
Halian
Halog
Halong
Halsey
Hamanao
Hambian
Hamilo
Hamilo
Hampton
Hamuranon
Handayan
Handig
Hanopol
Hapao
Harigue
Hasaan
Helm
Hen and Chickens
Hermana Mayor . .
Hermana Menor . .
Hermosa
Hermosa
Hermosa
Hernandez
Hernani
Hernani
Hiabangan
Hibaiyo
Hibunawan
Hibuson
High Peak
High Peak
Higosoan
Hiis
Hikdop
Hilabangan
Hilacan
Hilonghilong
Hilonghilong
Hilongos
Himacay
Himamaylan
Himarco
Himatagon
Himayangan
Himogaan
Himuao
Hinalinan
Hinalinan
Hinalinan
Hinatuan
Hinatuan
Hindang
Hingatungan
Hintatungan
Uingiwin
Hingoao
Hingutanan
Hinigaran
Hinlayagan
Hinolaso
Hinugusan
Feature.
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Peak
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio ,
Tourist hotel ....
Barrio
Barrio ,
Barrio
Barrio ,
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district
Mountain
Mountain
Island ,
Barrio
Barrio
Harbor
Sitio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio ,
Barrio ,
Barrio
Point ,
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio ,
Barrio
Harbor
Islands
Island
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
River
Island
River
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Municipality
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Map.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Muniripality.
Island
Municipality.
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Capiz
Cavite
Ifugao Subprovince
Cebu
Mindoro
Capiz
Bulacan
Rizal
Benguet Subprovince. . .
Cavite
Ifugao Subprovince
Cavite
Cavite
Laguna
Laguna
Agusan
Mindoro
Relief
Surigao
La Union
Ifugao Subprovince
Palawan (N)
Oriental Negros
Romblon
Batangas
Batangas
Samar
Camarines Sur
Bohol
Samar
Bohol
Ifugao Subprovince
Antique
Misamis
Samar
Palawan (S)
Zambales
Zambales
Bataan
Pangasinan
Pangasinan ; . . . .
Cebu
Samar
Samar
Leyte
Oriental Negros I
Leyte ;
Surigao •
Zambales
Relief '
Leyte [
Davao i
Surigao 1
Occidental Negros
Albay
Agusan
Relief i
Leyte
Pampanga
Occidental Negros i
Leyfe |
Leyte
Leyte ■
Occidental Negros
Leyte
Antique
Antique
Antique i
Surigao
Surigao |
Leyte
Leyte I
Leyte I
Tayabaa (S)
Tayabas (.8)
Bohol
Occidental Negros
Bohol
Samar i
Romblon
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
Longi-
tude.
tude.
o
/
o /
130
11
53
122 01
184
14
27
120 57
206
16
48
121 07
138
11
20
123 55
190
12
30
121 15
130
11
24
122 32
114
14
50
120 44
240
14
31
121 04
202
16
38
120 45
134
14
16
120 43
206
16
51
121 09
134
14
18
120 46
134
14
12
120 55
174
14
20
121 03
174
14
19
121 28
82
8
15
125 40
190
13
15
121 00
72
13
121
262
9
55
125 50
182
16
22
120 25
206
16
52
121 02
228
11
40
120 00
224
10
25
123 10
244
12
00
122 05
102
14
10
120 35
102
14
10
120 36
248
12
05
124 50
126
13
25
123 12
106
10
10
124 11
248
10
50
125 40
106
9
47
124 02
206
16
53
121 00
90
11
50
121 25
194
8
40
124 45
248
12
20
125 20
228
10
00
118 30
274
15
48
119 48
274
15
44
119 49
94
14
50
120 80
236
15
57
119 52
236
15
46
120 24
138
9
50
123 35
248
11
15
125 30
248
11
20
125 40
186
11
05
124 50
224
10
15
123 20
186
10
55
124 50
262
10
25
125 30
274
15
29
120 07
72
15
120
186
10
20
124 55
154
7
50
125 30
262
9
55
125 30
220
10
00
123 00
86
13
59
124 09
82
9
05
125 45
72
9
126
186
10
20
124 45
232
15
01
120 53
220
10
05
122 50
186
11
05
124 25
186
10
15
125 10
186
10
10
125 05
220
10
55
123 25
186
10
20
124 45
90
11
45
122 05
90
11
15
122 00
90
11
06
122 06
262
8
20
126 20
262
9
45 i
125 45
186
10
25
124 46
186
10
35
125 10
186
10
3.^
125 06
270
13
55
121 50
270
13
40
122 10
106
10
14
124 29
220
10
15
122 50
106
10
02
124 20
248
12
00
125 15
244
12
30
122 05
536
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Hinunangan Municipality.
Hinundayan ' Municipality.
Hipona Barrio
Hitoma Barrio
Hiuacloy Barrio
Hobong Barrio
Hokob ' Sitio
Homapon Barrio
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Homonhon .
Homonhon
Honda
Hondagua
Hook
Horadaba Rocks .
Hornos • . .
Horoan
Hospital
Hot Spring
Hot Spring .
Hot Spring .
Island.
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Bay
Islets
Point
Barrio
Gate, Baguio .
Mineral water.
Mineral water.
Mineral water.
Huag Island. .
Huagdan Barrio .
Hubangon Barrio .
Hubasan Barrio .
Hubay Barrio .
Hubo Barrio .
Hucab Barrio .
Humagikhik Barrio .
Humalan I Point . .
Hundred I Islands.
Hungduan Barrio .
Hupi Barrio .
Leyte 186
Loyte 186
Capiz ' 130
Albay 86
Camarines Sur 126
Albay 86
Cotabato 150
Albay 86
Samar 248
Samar i 248
Palawan (S) [ 228
Tayabas (S) 270
Tayabas (N) 270
Albay 86
Bataan 94
Albay 86
Benguet, Subprovince . . 202
Bataan 94
Nueva Ecija 212
Nueva Ecija | 212
Camarines Norte ■ 122
Bohol 106
194
248
186
Iba
Iba
Iba
Iba
Iba
Iba..-
Iba
Ibaan
Ibabang Bacong.
Ibajay
Ibajay
Ibanao
Ibo
Ibolo
Ibona
Ibugos
Ibulao
Ibulao
Ibung
Ibus
Icadambanauan .
Ichon
Ida
Idiacacan
Idiang
Idio
Idioc
IFUGAO
Ifugao
Igang
Igang
Igbancal
Igbaras
Igbarauan
Igbobon
Igbon
Igliuri
Igcadlum
Igcado
Igcocolo
Igdagmay
Igdalig
Iglesia
Igsoro
Iguig
liyu
Capital
Capital, Zambales
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
River
Barrio
Barrio
River
River
Island
River
River
Barrio
Island
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Subprovince ,
Subprovince ,
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio ,
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Island ,
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Point
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Misamis
Samar
Leyte
Sorsogon (Nt j 252
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Romblon 244
Camarines Norte 122
Pangasinan 236
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Sorsogon (N) 252
Zambales 274
Philippine Islands ' 72
Cavite 134
Tarlac 266
Camarines Norte j 122
Tarlac 266
Zambales 274
Batangas ' 102
Tayabas (S) 270
Capiz ! 130
Capiz t 130
Lepanto Subprovince. . . .' 210
Cebu , 138
Mindoro ' 190
Tayabas (N) ' 270
Batanes ! 98
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Mountain Province I 196
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Lanao 178
Palawan (N) 228
Leyte 186
Amburayan Subprovince . 198
Antique ! 90
Batanes ' 98
Antique 90
Camarines Norte 122
Ifugao ; 206
Mountain Province 196
Capiz 130
Leyte
Antique
Iloilo . .
Antique
Antique
Iloilo 166
Antique 90
Iloilo ' 166
Antique 90
Iloilo 166
Antique 90
Iloilo i 166
Palawan (S) ' 228
Antique 90
Cagayan , 118
Nueva Vizcaya 216
10 25
10 20
11 25
13 47
13 43
13 53
5 55
13 05
10 45
10 45
9 50
13 55
14 55
14 07
14 25
13 30
16 24
14 27
15 52
15 49
14 26
9 59
9 10
12 30
11 35
12 51
16 46
12 35
14 12
16 13
16 50
12 58
11
16
36
59
186
10
40
90
10
30
166
10
40
90
11
00
90
10
55
10 55
10 30
10 35
10 40
10 50
10 50
8 30
11 05
17 45
16 16
125 10
125 15
122 54
124 08
123 36
124 08
124 55
123 44
125 45
125 45
118 50
122 15
121 50
124 17
120 28
123 37
120 36
120 28
121 08
121 12
123 00
124 34
124 45
124 20
124 15
123 51
121 09
122 10
122 20
120 02
121 00
124 06
15 20
15
14 13
15 27
14 16
15 22
15 22
13 50
13 40
11 50
10 30
13 05
15 15
20 20
16 42
16 45
16 37
7 40
10 50
10 05
17 00
11 40
20 24
11 35
14 10 1
16 50 '
16 50
11 28
119 58
120
120 59
120 25
122 42
120 09
120 09
121 08
122 15
122 10
122 12
120 53
124 00
121 10
121 20
121 50
121 15
121 10
121 11
124 00
119 40
124 55
120 33
122 05
121 67
122 05
122 47
121
121
10
10
122 28
124 50
122
122
00
15
122 00
122 00
11 15 123 10
122 05
122 05
122 00
122 20
122 00
122 10
117 30
122 10
121 45
121 06
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
537
Name.
Feature.
Ilcik Barrio
Ikmin River
Ilabas Barrio
Ilacaon Island
Ilagan Capital
Ilagan Capital, Isabela .
Ilagan Barrio
Ilagarian Point
Ilap Sitio
Ilauran Barrio
Ilaya Barrio
Ilayang Oayin Barrio
Hi Rancheria
Ilian Barrio
Iligan Municipality. . . .
Iligan Bay
Iligan Bay
Iligan Point
Ilihan Barrio
Ilihan Barrio
Ilihan Barrio
Ilihan Mountain
Ilin Island
Ilin Point
Ilioilio Barrio
lUana Bay
Hoc Island
Ilocano Barrio
ILOCOS NORTE Province
Ilocos Norte Province
ILOCOS SUR Province
Ilocos Sur Province
Hog Municipality. . . .
Hog River
ILOILO Province
Iloilo Province
Iloilo Capital
Iloilo Capital, Iloilo. . .
Iloilo Strait
Horn Sitio
Ilungkug Sitio
Imaao • Barrio
Imacoto Sitio
Imaro Sitio
Imaruan Island
Imba Barrio
Imbatog Barrio
Immaybus Barrio
Imnajbu "..... Barrio
Imoc Barrio
Impalutau Barrio
Impasugong Municipality
Impo Barrio
Importante Barrio
Imugan Township
Imuruan Bay
Imurung Barrio
Imus Municipality
Inabaan Barrio
Inaban Barrio
Inabunga ' Municipality
Inabanga River
Inabayan Sitio
Inaclatian Barrio
Inagauan Barrio
Inagbun Sitio
Inalad Barrio
Inulad Sitio
Inaman Mountain
Inamlag Sitio
Inampulugan Island
Inandeng Sitio
Inang Barrio
Inangatan Barrio
Inang Maharang Sitio
Inapulangan Sitio
Inapuy (see Anabel) Barrio
Inararan Barrio
Inatangan Sitio
Inayauan Barrio
. Batangas 102 14 08
. Abra 78 17 24
.Antique 90 10 50
Occidental Negros 220 11 05
. Isabela 170 17 10
. Philippine Islands 72 17
Lepanto Subprovince . . . . 210 17 00
. Sorsogon (S) 252 12 07
. Ifugao Subprovince 206 16 . 43
. Romblon 24-1 12 30
. Zamboanga 278 8 35
. Tayabas (S) 270 14 10
. Apayao Subprovince. .... 200 17 50
. Palawan (N) 228 10 20
. I Lanao 178 8 15
. Lanao 178 8 20
. Misamis 194 8 25
. Cagayan 118 18 20
. Batangas 102 13 38
. Cebu 138 10 55
Romblon . . .■ 244 12 50
. Leyte 186 10 30
. i Mindoro 190 12 15
. Mindoro 190 12 10
, Paugasinan 236 16 00
, Lanao 178 7 30
Palawan (N) 228 11 20
Amburayan Subprovince . 198 16 55
Ilocos Norte 158 18 10
Philippine Islands ....... 72 18
■ Ilocos Sur 162 17 30
Philippine Islands ....... 72
Occidental Negros ....... 220
Occidental Negros. ...... 220
' Iloilo 166
I Philippine Islands ....... 72
! Iloilo 166
Philippine Islands ....... 72
Iloilo 166
Cebu ' 138
Lanao 178
Camarines Sur 126 13 33
' Albay 86 13 05
Mindoro 190 13 00
Palawan (.N) 228 11 10
Antique 90 11 55
Bukidnon 110 8 20
Ilocos Sur 162 17 44
Batanes 98 20 23
i Laguna 1^4 14 07
Bukidnon 110 8 10
Bukidnon 110 8 15
Leyte 186 11 20
Antique 90 11 15
Nueva Vizcaya 216 16 10
Palawan (N) 228 10 40
Cagayan 118 17 55
Cavite 134 14 26
La Union 182 16 16
Nueva Vizcaya 216 16 18
Bohol 106 10 02
Bohol 106 9 58
Mindoro 190 13 20
Tayabas (S) 270 13 55
Palawan (S) 228 9 30
Palawan (,S) 228 8 40
Oriental Negros 224 9 03
Leyte 186 11 35
Iloilo 166 10 65
Camarines Norte 122 14 12
Iloilo 166 10 25
Palawan (N) 228 10 30 119
Sorsogon (N) 252 13 00 123
Leyte 186 11 15 124
Albay 86 13 04 123 34
Samar 248 10 43 123 40
Boatoc Subprovince 204 17 OS 121 04
Sorsogon (N ) 252 12 42 123 52
Kalinga Subprovince 208 17 29 121 04
Occidental Negroa 220 9 55 122 23
17
10
00
9
55
11
00
11
10
40
11
10
30
. 10
40
7
55
121 03
120 47
122 00
123 10
121 55
122
120 56
123 23
121 12
122 20
123 25
121 40
121 17
119 30
124 15
124 00
124 00
122 20
121 05
124 00
122 05
125 05
121 05
121 05
119 46
123 43
119 40
120 29
120 43
121
120 30
120
122 45
122 50
122 40
123
122 35
123
122 25
123 55
124 00
123 19
123 18
121 00
120 50
121 35
124 40
120 28
122 00
121 18
125 00
123 00
124 50
122 05
120 55
119 10
121 55
120 56
120 28
121 08
124 04
124 17
121 05
122 05
118 40
117 40
123 05
124 20
122 15
122 34
122 40
20
13
2J
538
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Inayupan. . .
Indan
Indan
Indang
Indangan. . .
Indiana . . . .
Induyong. . .
Ineangan. . .
Infanta . . . .
Infanta . . . .
Ingalan . . . .
Ingud
Iniban ..'...
Inirangan . .
Initao
luitao
Initao
Inlamut. . . .
Inoman . . . .
Inopacan. . .
Intramuros .
Inugtan
Inuman . . . .
Inyauan
Iphag
Ipil
Ipil
Ipil
Ipil
Ipil
Ipil
Ipil
Iponan
Irahuan . . . .
Irao
Iraya
Iraya
Irid
Iriga
Iriga
Iriga
Irirum
Irisan
Irosin
Irurulong. . .
Irurus
Isabel
ISABELA. .
Isabela
Isabela. ...
Isabela
Isarog
Isarog
Isit
Island
Itanga ....
Itbayat . . .
Itbayat ...
Itbayat . . .
Itbud
Itban
Itig
Itim-Itim .
Itoc
Itogon ....
Ilogon ....
Itum
luisan
Ivana
Iwahig . . . ■
Feature.
Jabonga.
Jaen
Jaena
Jagna
Jaguimit . . .
Jalajala . . . .
Jalajala . . . .
Jalaobauan ,
J.
Barrio
Municipality. . . .
Point
Municipality. ...
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality j
Municipality
Island
Barrio j
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Mountain
Point
Sitio
Mountain
Municipality
District
Barrio
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Mountain
Volcano, dormant .
Mountain
Municipality
Mountain
Volcano, dormant .
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Province
Province
Municipality
Municipality
Mountain
Volcano, dormant.
Barrio
Bay
Sitio
Island
Island
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Township
Township
Barrio
Municipality
Township
Penal Colony
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Leyte
Camarines Norte
Camarines Norte
Cavite
Cotabato
Nueva Vizcaya
Abra
Nueva Vizcaya
Pangasinan
Tayabas (N)
Camarines Norte
Isabela
Oriental Negros
Pangasinan
Misamis
Misamis
Misamis
Ifugao Subprovince
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Leyte
City of Manila
Davao
Bulacan
Antique
Leyte
Bohol
Isabela
Romblon
Surigao
Tayabas (S)
Zamboanga
Bohol
Misamis
Palawan (S)
Cagayan
Batanes
Relief
Rizal
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Relief
Mindoro
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Sorsogon (N)
Nueva Ecija
Cotabato
Romblon
Isabela
Philippine Islands
Occidental Negros ...
Zamboanga
Camarines Sur
Relief
Abra
Palawan (S)
Nueva Vizcaya
Philippine Islands
Batanes
Batanes
Batanes
Rizal
Cotabato
Cotabato
Camarines Norte
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Mountain Province
Bobol
Capiz
Batanes
Palawan (S)
186 10
122 14
122 I U
134 I 14
150 1 6
216 16
78 17
216 I 16
236
270
122
170
224
236
194
194
194
206
202
186
146
154
114
90
186
106
170
244
262
270
278
106
194
228
118
98
72
240
126
126
72
190
202
252
212
150
244
170
72
220
278
15
14
14
16
9
16
8
8
8
16
16
10
14
7
14
11
11
10
16
12
9
14
7
10
8
9
19
20
20
14
13
13
13
12
16
12
15
7
13
17
17
10
6
Longi-
tude.
50
10
13
12
55
20
34
19
50
45
23
50
55
11
30
30
35
51
23
30
36
50
53
45
10
05
40
30
50 I
05 I
45 !
05
30 I
50
00
29
47
25
27
35
26 I
42 I
27 1
30 I
00 '
00 i
15
40
Municipal district . Agusan
Municipality Nueva Ecija
Barrio Capiz
Municipality Bohol
Sitio I Cebu
Municipality I Rizal
Point Rizal 240
Barrio Mindoro
126
13
39
72
14
78
17
39
228
9
00
216
16
11
72
21
98
20
45
98
20
44
98
20
22
240
14
26
150
6
50
150
6
36
122
14
18
202
16
22
196
16
20
106
9
43
130
11
31
98
20
23
228
9
40
82
9
20
212
15
20
130
11
25
106
9
39
138
10
15
240
14
21
240
14
18
1 190
12
45
124 55
122 .54
122 55
120 53
125 10
121 04
120 36
121 06
119 54
121 40
122 57
121 45
123 10
119 56
124 15
124 20
124 20
121 11
120 46
124 45
120 58
126 00
121 14
121 55
124 50
124 20
121 40
122 25
125 25
122 15
122 35
124 21
124 35
118 40
121 10
122 01
122
121 20
123 25
123 26
123
120 55
120 33
124 02
121 20
124 40
121 55
122 00
122
123 00
122 00
123 22
123
120 41
118 10
121 15
122
121 52
121 50
121 59
121 12
124 45
124 30
122 29
120 41
120 40
124 25
122 42
121 56
118 40
125 30
120 55
122 24
124 22
123 40
121 19
121 18
120 60
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
539
Jalas
Jalaur,
Jaminay,
Jamindan .
Jamoyaon .
Janabatas .
Janao
Jandig ....
Jangan. . . .
Janiuay . . .
Janosa ....
Jao
Jao
Japitan . . .
Japonan. . .
Jaro
Jaro
Jaulo
Javier
Jelicuon. . .
Jesus
Jesus
Jetafe
Jiabong . . .
Jibitnil. . . .
Jilantangan
Jilantangan
Jimalalud . .
Jimenez. . .
Jintotolo. . .
Jintotolo . .
Jintotolo . .
Jintotolo . . ,
Jipapad . . . .
Jobasan. . . .
Jobo
Jolo
Jolo ......
Jolo
Jolo
Jolo
Jomalig . . . .
Jomalig . . . .
Jones
Jones
Jonobjonob.
Jordan
Jordan
Jovellar . . . .
Jovellar . . . .
Joyo
Juban
Jubgan
Julita
Julita
Julita
Julnad
Jumbit
Junes
Juraojurao. .
Barrio
River
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Channel
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Point
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Island
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Channel
Channel
Barrio
Island
Municipal district .
Silio
Point
Island
Island
Capital
Capital, Sulu
Barrio
Island.
Pass
Municipality
Mountain
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Islands
Mountain
Island
Capiz .
Iloilo .
Iloilo .
Capiz
Surigao
Leyte
Batangas
Bohol
Sorsogon (S)
Iloilo
Rizal
Bohol
Bohol
Occidental Negros .
Samar
Iloilo
Leyte
Camarines Norte. .
Surigao
Iloilo
Albay
Camarines Norte. .
Bohol
Samar
Cebu
Cebu
Cebu
Oriental Negros . . .
Misamis
Capiz
Sorsogon (SI
Sorsogon (S)
Sorsogon (S!>
Samar
Samar
Surigao
Suhi.
Philippine Islands .
Sulu
Philippine Islands .
Mindoro .
Tayabas (N).
Tayabas (N).
Romhlon.
Pangasinan .
Occidental Negros.
Iloilo.
Ilocos Sur
Albay
Davao
Ifugao Subprovince.
Sorsogon (N)
Surigao
Capiz
Leyte
Leyte
Ifugao Subprovince.
Albay
Iloilo
Antique
130
166
166
130
262
186
102
106
252
166
240
106
106
, 220
248
166
186
122
262
166
86
122
106
248
138
138
138
224
194
130 :
252
252
252
248
248 I
262
258
72
258 I
72
190
270
270
244
236
220
166 '
162 '
86
154
206
2.V2
262
130
186
186
206
86
166
90
Lati-
Longi-
tude.
tude.
o
/
o
/
11
40
122
24
11
10
122
^0
11
05
122
35
11
25
122
30
9
55
126
00
11
25
124
50
13
46
120
55
9
46
123
50
12
01
123
16
10
55
122
30
14
21
121
13
10
10
124
22
10
10
124
21
10
45
123
30
12
15
125
25
10
45
122
35
11
10
124
45
14
21
122
27
8
30
126
05
10
55
122
35
13
07
123
56
14 21 122 31
10 09
11 45
11 10
11 10
11 10
10 00
8 20
11 48
11 48
11 51
11 51
12 15
12 25
8 40
6 00
6
6 05
6
13 25
14 40
14 40
13 00
16 07
10 50
10 40
17 53
13 01
7 00
16 43
12 51
9 40
11 23
124 09
124 55
123 55
123 50
123 50
123 10
123 50
123 05
123 05
123 08
123 08
125 15
12.3 15
126 15
10
K.
Kabacnan Rancheria
Kabadiangan Barrio
Kabadyangan Barrio
Kabahian Barrio
Kabakan Municipal district ,
Kabakan River
Kabankalan Municipality
Kabankalan Barrio
Kabasalan Municipal district .
Kabasalan Mountain
Kabasaran Sitio
Kabasi Barrio
Kabatokan Sitio
Kabatuan Mountain
Kabayan Township
Kabayan Township
Kabayan Barrio
Kabayo Sitio I
Apayao Subprovince 200
Samar 248
Cebu 138
Agusan 82
Cotabalo 150
Cotabato 150
Occidental Negros 220
Sorsogon (S) 252
Zamboanga 278
Zamboanga i 278
Cotabato ' 150
Albay 86
Davao 254
Agusan 82
Benguet Subprovince .... 202
Mountain Province 196
Benguet Subprovince .... 202
Bataan 94
11
20
11
00
16
61
13
38
10
40
; 10
1
25
17
55
12
40
10
30
8
55
, 7
10
7
10
10
00
12
21
7
50
7
50
7
30
13
14
7
20
9
30
16
37
16
40
16
39
I 14
38
121
121
121 00
121
120 30
122 20
122 15
122 05
120 37
123 30
122 35
120 28
123 36
126 30
121 01
123 59
125 25
122 20
124 35
124 55
121 07
124 23
122 05
122 00
121 11
125 05
124 00
125 35
124 50
125 00
122 50
123 21
122 45
122 50
124 20
123 31
125 30
125 40
120 50
120 50
120 50
120 28
540
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Kabidian
Kabingbing
Kabitoonan
Kaboynan
Kabaaya
Kabugan
Kabugao
Kabugao
Kabugaoau
Kabukum
Kabul
Kabulao
Kabulig
Kaburan
Kabut
Kabuyao
Kabuyao
Kadahanan
Kadaklan
Kadugmayan . . .
Kagaluan
Kaganhaw
Kaganuhan
Kagdayanaw. • .
Kagotungan . . . .
Kagsing
Kahintinusa . . . .
Kakaon
Kalabasita
Kalafug
Kalago
Kalain
Kalakab
Kalampuyangan
Kalan
Kalanganan . . . •
Kalantas • ■
Kalao
Kalao
Kalaonan
Kalapadan
Kalasungai
Kalatungan
Kalauig
Kalavera
Kalayakan
Kalbay
Kalian
Kalian
Kalian
Kaliantana
Kalibigaho
Kaliking .......
Kalilangan
Kalinawan
KALINGA
Kalinga
Kalingmono . . . .
Kalipan
Kalokot
Kalongkooan . . .
Kaluayan
.Kalubkob !.<>.. .
Kalubkob 2.° . . .
Kalubkob
Kaludlud
Kalugmanan . . .
Kalumalay
Kalumsing
Kalunuran
Kamanga
Kamansa
Kamansi
Kamantaogan . .
Kamarchan . . . .
Kamatayan . . . .
Kambahag
Kambitoon
Kamboang
Kambulo
Karabuyo
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Capital
Township
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
River
Sitio
Island
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipal district
Barrio
Township
Township
Mountain
Bay
Barrio
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Subprovince
Subprovince
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Island
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
•Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Lake
Sitio
Lake
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bohol.
Zamboanga
Cebu
Ley te
Davao
Zamboanga
Apayao Suborovince.
Mountain Province. .
Apayao Subprovince.
Cotabato
Bukidnon
Bohol
Bukidnon
Davao
Zamboanga
Bulacan
Lanao
Davao
Bontoc Subprovince .
Bukidnon
Kalinga Subprovince.
Tayabas (S)
Davao
Surigao
Abra
Cebu
Zamboanga
Bukidnon
Bohol
Apayao Subprovince.
Lanao
Lanao
Isabela
Davao
Cotabato
Cotabato
Pampanga
Bontoc Subprovince .
Mountain Province. .
Bulacan
Albay
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Cotabato
Cebu
Bulacan
Davao
Davao
Ley te
Davao
Zamboanga
Caraarines Norte . • • •
Benguet Subprovince
Bukidnon
Rizal
Kalinga
Mountain Province. . .
Cotabato
Zamboanga
Tayabas (N)
Tayabas (N)
Bukidnon
Batangas
Batangas
Cavite
Zamboanga
Bukidnon
Davao
Lepanto Subprovince.
Cavite
Cotabato
Davao
Davao
Davao
Agusan ,
Misamis
Agusan . .
Bohol
Cebu
Ifugao Subprovince. . .
Bohol
Longi-
tude.
124 29
122 05
123 35
125 00
126 10
122 15
121 11
121 10
121 04
124 45
125 00
124 33
124 55
125 40
122 50
121 08
123 50
126 20
121 11
124 45
121 12
122 00
126 10
125 50
120 36
123 20
122 05
124 40
124 17
121 20
124 40
123 50
121 45
126 10
124 40
124 15
120 31
121 22
121 25
121 20
124 22
125 05
124 50
124 45
123 40
121 05
325 30
125 40
125 05
125 40
122 40
122 41
120 41
124 50
121 12
121 20
121 20
124 05
122 25
122 10
122 10
125 10
121 25
121 26
120 57
121 25
124 55
125 30
120 34
120 51
125 00
125 50
126 10
126 00
125 50
124 45
125 50
124 09
123 25
121 09
124 16
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
541
Name.
Kamiros
Kanan
Kanan
Kananganan
Kanatan
Kanapun
Kanasujan
Kanayaon
Kandabong
Kandadam
Kandamiang
Kandoos
Kangaktol
Kanghalo
Kanghumaod
Kanhaway
Kanhaway
Kanibuang
Kanihaan
Kanipa
Kanipaan
Kanlampay
Kanmansad
KanoHng
Kanoling
Kantoyok
Kantuod
Kanumay
Kapai
Kapal<uhan
Kapakulan
Kapala
Kapalong
Kapangan
Kapangan
Kapangan
Kapangian
Kapangian
Kapantao
Kapantao
Kapantao
Kaparan
Kapasilas
Kapatagan
Kapaya
Kapayagan
Kapayawan
Kapiasan
Kapilejan
Kapiligan
Kapiligan
Kapilihan
Kapinatan
Kapipian
Kapunitan
Kapuy
Karagawan
Karaha
Karakitan
Karakun
Karigsa
Karkaran
Karungdung
Karuvuvan
Kasao
Kasay
Kasay
Kasay
Kusayan
Ka.sika
Kasilayan
Kasiii
Kasili
Katabau
Katakian Grande.
Katakupan
Katalogan
Katanglad
Katanglad
Kataringan
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
Lati-
tude
I,ongi-
tude.
page.
o
/
O '
Barrio
Barrio
Iloilo
166
78
11
17
00
40
122 45
Abra
120 40
River
Tayabaa (N)
270
14
50
121 30
Sitio
Davao
154
7
20
125 40
Barrio
Davao
154
7
30
125 .'50
Barrio
Zamboanga
278
8
00
122 20
Barrio
Cebu
138
10
10
123 40
Barrio
Bohol
106
9
38
124 19
Barrio
Bohol
106
9
44
124 32
Barrio
Ley te
186
10
40
124 50
Barrio
Cebu
138
9
25
123 20
Sitio
Davao
154
7
30
126 20
Barrio
Cebu
Cebu
138
138
10
10
00
00
123 30
Barrio
123 30
Barrio
Cebu
138
10
05
123 30
Barrio
Bohol
Samar
106
248
9
11
45
40
124 20
Barrio
125 28
Barrio
Cebu
138
10
45
123 31
Island
Surigao
262
10
10
125 50
Sitio
Davao
154
7
10
125 55
Barrio
Leyte
186
10
25
125 50
Barrio
Ley te
186
11
10
124 40
Sitio
Tayabas (S)
270
13
15
122 30
Barrio
Barrio
Bohol
106
106
9
49
5G
124 31
Bohol
124 12
Barrio
Bohol
106
9
57
124 04
Barrio
Cebu
138
10
30
123 45
Mountain
Municioal district
Rizal
240
178
14
8
39
10
121 19
Lanao
124 25
Barrio
Barrio
158
252
18
12
02
13
120 36
Sorsoffon fS^
123 29
Cotabato
150
154
202
5
7
16
45
40
35
125 15
River
Davao
125 30
Township
Benguet Subprovince ....
120 35
Township
Mountain Province
196
16
3o
120 35
Mountain
Benguet Subprovince ....
202
16
35
120 34
Barrio
Iloilo
166
11
05
122 30
Barrio
Leyte ■ . . ■
186
11
15
125 00
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Agusan
82
110
72
278
8
1
7
40
40
45
125 20
Bukidnon
125 15
Rolief
125
Zamboanga
122 30
Sitio
Municipal district.
178
178
7
8
50
00
123 55
Lanao
123 55
Sitio
Sitio
(Cotabato
150
150
6
7
35
30
124 30
Cotabato
125 15
Barrio
Zambales
274
15
17
120 00
Sitio
Point
178
244
7
12
3b
50
124 .50
Romblon
122 05
Mountain
Ifugao Subprovince
206
16
51
120 56
Mountain
Lepanto Subprovince ....
210
16
bl
120 56
Sitio
Cebu
138
10
3a
123 55
Rancheria
Apayao Subprovince
200
18
08
121 21
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Samar
248
94
252
12
14
12
io
37
59
124 40
120 35
Sorsoffon fN)
123 56
Rancheria
Apayao Subprovince
200
17
55
121 10
Sitio
Rancheria
150
200
6
17
bb
43
124 10
Apayao Subprovince
121 19
Sitio
Barrio
178
126
•1
13
bb
43
124 00
Camarines Sur
123 08
Barrio
Albay
86
13
14
123 69
Barrio
Sitio
Sulu
258
98
b
20
bO
48
121 20
Batanes
121 54
Sitio
Apayao Subprovince
Antique
Cebu
200
IH
07
121 00
Barrio
90
138
10
9
25
50
122 00
Barrio
123 35
Barrio
Tayabas (S)
270
13
lb
122 30
Sitio
Barrio
l.i4
106
b
9
00
4d
125 30
Bohol
124 34
River
Agusan
«2
8
2o
125 35
Barrio
llocos Sur
1G2
17
40
120 22
Barrio
Tayabas (S^
270
13
•io
122 00
Barrio
Island
I.'iO
270
5
14
55
50
124 50
Tayabas (N)
122 16
Sitio
Palawan (S)
22 S
8
117
Silio
I )aviio
l.i4
7
30
126 10
Mountain
Bukidnon
110
8
05
124 55
Mountain
K.'lief
72
8
00
125
Barrio
Bukidnon ...
110
8
Ob
124 50
542
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Katgipsipan . .
Katipunan . . .
Katiwing ....
Katolohan . . .
Katongkatong
Katungauan . .
Kauayan ....
Kaulungan . . .
Kausuagan . . .
Kawasan
Kawayan ....
Kawit
Kawit
Kawit
Kawit
Kawit
Kawit
Kawit
Kawit-Kawit .
Kayab
Kayam
Kayan
Kayan
Kayapa
Kaykiwit ....
Kay Mate ...
Kaypambo . . .
Kaytitinga . . .
Kebaritan ....
Kerupa
Kiagaun
Kiangan
Kjangan
Kias
Kiat
Kibalat
Kibangay ....
Kibaning ....
Kibawi
Kibulawan . . .
Kibungan ....
Kibungan ....
Kidapauan . . .
Kilbay
Kili
Kilim
Kiling
Kilingan
Kiliog
Kiluntadun . . .
Kimmala.sag . .
Kimpusa
Kinabalian . . .
Kinabiti
Kinachawa . . .
Kinagatan . . .
Kinalangan . . .
Kinalansan . . .
Kinaludan . . .
Kinapusan . . .
Kinapusan . . .
Kjinatoog ....
Kinaya
Kinayuya ....
Kinga
Kinokitan ....
Kiokong
Kipit
Kipit
Kipit
Kipot
Kisarum
Kitab
Kitakita
Kitcharao . . . .
Kitubud
Kiualan
Klawit
Klawit
Klawit
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Point
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Township
Township
Township
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Capital
Township
Trail
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Township
Township
Municipal district
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Island
Sitio
River
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Point
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Map. '
Nueva Vizcaya
Agusan
Leyte
Cebu
Palawan (S)
Bohol
Davao
Zamboanga
Agusan
Cebu
Leyte
Cavite
Albay
Cebu
Cebu
Tayabas (S)
Albay
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Tayabas (S)
Bohol
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Mountain Province
Nueva Vizcaya
Cavite
Bulacan
Bulacan
Cavite
Bukidnon
Cotabato
Bukidnon
Ifugao Subprovince
Motmtain Province
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Amburayan Subprovince.
Abra
D.avao
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Benguet Subprovince ....
Mountain Province
Cotabato
Camarines Sur
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Leyte
Leyte
Nueva Vizcaya
Bukidnon
Agusan
Abra
Amburayan Subprovince .
Agusan
Abra
Leyte
Rizal
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Agusan
Sulu
Sulu
Agusan
Bukidnon
Capiz
Ifugao Subprovince
Bohol
Bukidnon
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Zamobanga
Batangas
Lanao
Apayao Subprovince
Nueva Ecija
Agusan
Cotabato
Lanao
Ifugao Subprovince
Mountain Province
Relief
216
82
186
138
228
106
154
278
82
138
186
134
86
138
138
270
86
278
278
270
106
210
196
216
134
114
114
134
110
150
110
206
196
202
198
78
154
110
110
110
202
196
150
126
210
186
Lati-
tude.
16
9
10
9
7
9
6
6
9
10
11
14
13
11
10
13
13
7
7
13
9
16
17
16
14
14
14
14
7
7
8
16
16
16
16
17
7
7
7
8
16
16
7
13
16
10
186 I 11
216 16
110
82
78
198
82
78
186
240
126
126
82
258
258
82
110
130
206
106
110
278
278
8
8
17
16
8
17
10
14
13
13
9
7
5
9
8
11
16
9
7
8
8
278 I 8
102 13
178
200
212
82
150
7
18
16
9
7
178 I 8
206 16
196 17
72 17
02
10
20
40
50
46
20
25
10
10
40
27
07
10
45
25
08
30
30
25
37
59
00
18
10
57
51
06
50
30 I
45
47
45 I
20
53
23 !
20 i
35 I
30
15 I
42 i
40 !
00
54
49
45
05 1
00 I
20 I
40
27
59 i
15
23
00
23
57
42
00
10
15
25
35
23
49
41
45
05
05
05
46
45
30
49
SO
15
15
58
00
Longi-
tude.
121 26
125 35
125 15
123 25
117 00
124 28
125 20
122 15
125 30
123 30
124 20
120 54
123 54
123 55
124 30
121 50
123 52
122 05
122 05
122 40
124 16
120 48
120 50
120 52
120 53
121 06
120 59
120 50
124 40
124 35
124 50
121 05
121 05
120 38
120 31
120 45
125 20
121 55
125 00
124 35
120 39
120 40
125 05
122 35
120 44
124 45
125 00
121 28
124 45
125 50
120 36
120 31
125 25
120 36
125 15
121 13
122 38
123 33
125 40
118 30
120 40
125 30
124 65
122 39
121 00
124 04
125 05
122 30
122 25
122 30
121 24
124 45
121 12
121 00
125 35
124 40
124 15
120 68
121 00
121 00
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
543
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
150
202
106
210
178
270
78
138
150
216
150
162
138
154
258
278
154
154
154
248
278
178
258
110
154
94
94
1.54
278
200
178
154
206
78
78
134
202
174
278
82
150
174
174
236
118
170
86
122
162
122
194
122
270
72
202
236
138
178
278
278
174
106
162
110
220
130
220
232
198
78
110
118
212
270
78
206
78
78
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Kling
Municipal district.
Road gate
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district . '
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Rancheria
Municipal district.
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Island
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Municipal district.
Rancheria
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio j
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Cotabato
Benguet Subprovince
Bohol
Lepanto Subprovince
o
6
16
9
16
8
14
17
10
7
16
6
17
10
t
6
6
6
1
6
8
6
14
14
6
7
18
7
6
16
17
17
14
16
14
7
8
7
14
14
16
18
16
1.1
14
17
14
8
14
14
14
16
16
9
8
7
7
14
9
17
8
10
11
10
15
16
17
8
18
15
13
17
16
17
17
GO
15
50
54
10
40
45
40
20
24
05
29
25
50
25
40
20
00
20
45
40
05
25
10
20
51
51
40
45
06
50
30
52
36
27
19
12
10
50
45
15
00
14
10
35
55
23
16
46
09
10
01
00
28
02
35
05
50
45
15
52
30
55
23
25
20
08
44
40
10
10
26
55
37
49
43
38
o
124
120
124
120
123
122
120
123
124
121
125
120
124
126
120
121
126
125
125
125
122
124
120
124
125
120
120
125
123
121
123
125
121
120
120
120
120
121
123
125
124
121
121
120
121
121
123
122
120
122
123
122
122
123
120
120
123
124
121
122
121
123
120
124
122
122
123
120
120
120
125
121
120
121
120
121
120
120
45
Klondyke
32
Kogtong
32
Kolalo
46
55
Tayabas (N)
00
KoUago
Abra
44
Kolonia
Cebu
50
KolumbuGran
Cotabato
45
13
00
35
Kotkot
Cebu
Davao
Sulu
00
00
ICuadbasan?
10
Kubancran
Zamboanera
30
10
40
Kulapu
ICulasi ....
20
Samar
45
Kulasian
Zamboanpa
50
Kulasiban
Lanao
00
Kulassein
Sulu
45
Kulawingon
Bukidnon
40
20
Kulis
Bataan
28
Kulo
25
TCuliinfran ....
Davao
30
Ku m al a ran ff
Zamboanca
05
Apayao Subprovince
Lanao
10
Kunasao
55
Davao
30
Kutapic
I..
Laang
T-abaan . . .
Ifugao Subprovince
A.bra
00
44
Abra
49
Labac
Cavite
45
Labang
Lahangan
Benguet Subprovince
Laguna
Zamboanga
40
24
35
45
Labas
(Cotabato
30
Labayo
Labayug
Labbeng '. . . .
Laguna
Laguna
20
31
33
Barrio
Cagayan
15
45
Labnig
Labnig
Labnig
Labo
Barrio
Albay
Camarines Norte
Ilocos Sur
40
Barrio
49
Barrio
28
Municipality
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
River
Municipality
Camarines Norte
50
50
Labo
Camarines Norte
Tayabas (S)
Relief
48
45
Laboy
Benguet Subprovince ....
Pangasinan
Cebu
42
09
20
Lanao
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Laguna
00
Sitio
55
Labuan Sug
Tjabiiin
35
3arrio
22
Bohol
52
Labut
Sitio
lloco.^ Sur
26
T^a Cftral
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
50
La Carlota
Occidental Negros
Capiz
Occidental Negros
Pamoanffa
55
La Castellana
44
00
44
Lacong
Amburayan Subprovince. .
25
53
La Portuna
Bukidnon
00
Lafu
Cac^avan
40
Lafuonte
Lagangilang
Lagayan
Nueva Ecija
Tayabas (S)
55
25
44
If ugao Subprovince
Abra
Abra
42
06
44
544
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Map.
i„™ Jjati-
page
Longi-
tude.
Laglagan
Laglogan
Lagnas
Lagonlong ....
[.agonoy
Lagonoy
Lagpa
Laguerta
Laguimanoc . . .
Laguio
Lagulo
Lagum
LAGUNA
Laguna
Laguna de Bay
Laguna de Bay
Lagundi
Lahuy
Lais
Laiya
Lajanosa
Lajoc
Lakaran
Lakit
Lalaan
Lalab
Lalabuan
La Laguna ....
Lalangan
Lalawigan
Lalawigan
Lalawigan
La Libertad . . .
Lal-lo
La Loma
Lalud
Laiungan
Lamagan
Lamakan
Lamao
Lamao
Lamao
Lamao
Lambac
Lamb-ic
Lambakin
L<in".bayo
Lambayo
Lambes
Lambug
Lambunao ....
Lambunao ....
Lambusan ....
Lamidan
Lamigan
Lamit
Lamitan
Lamoc
Lamo
Lamon
Lamon
Lampinigan . . .
Lampon
Lamut
Lamut
Lamut
Lamut
Lanag
Lanang
Lanang
Lanang
LANAO
Lanao
Lanuo
Lanau
Lanao
Lanat
Lanc'uas
Landang
Landayan
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Gulf
Municipality.
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Province . . . .
Province . . . .
Lake
Lake
Barrio ......
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Islands
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality,
Municipality,
Cemetery . . .
Barrio
Point
Mountain . .
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio ,
River
Barrio
Barrio ,
Barrio
Mountain . .
M Duntain . . ,
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality,
Sitio
Bar)io
Sitio
Point
Islands
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Bay
Bay
Island
Port
River
River
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Province . . . .
Province . . . .
Lake
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Amburayan Subprovince. .
Lepanto Subprovince
Batangas
Misamis
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Camarines Norte
I-aguna
Tayabas (S)
Camarines Sur
Laguna
Cagayan
L.iguna
Philippne Islands
Laguna
Rizal
Rizal
Camarines Sur
Davao
Batangas
Surigao
Bohol
Davao
Zamboanga
Cavite
Capiz
Lanao
Tayabas (S)
Apayao Subprovince
Bataan
Camarines Norte
Samar
Oriental Negros
Cagayan
Rizal
Camarines Sur
Lanao
Bontoc Subprovince
Palawan (S)
Abra
Bataan
Romblon
Bataan
Laguna ■ • •
Rizal
Nueva Ecija
Apayao Suborovince
Mountain Province
Pangisinin
Ceb.i
Iloilo
Occidental Negros
Cebu
Davao '
Davao
Camarines Sur
Zamboanga . . • .-
Ifugao Subprovince
Nueva Vizcaya j
Tayabas (N)
Philippine Islands
Zamboanga
Tayabas (N)
Ifugao Subprovince. . . .
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Vizcaya
Iloilo
Pampanga
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Lanao
I'hilippine Islands
Lanao
Cebu
r.ocos Norte
Zambales
Lepanto Subprovince . .
Zamboanga
Laguna
198
16
54
210
17
15
102
1 13
47
194
, 8
50
126
13
35
126
13
44
122
14
13
174
1 14
11
270
: 13
55
126
13
50
174
14
11
118
17
40
174
; 14
10
72
1 14
174
14
20
240
14
20
240
14
32
126
13
56
1.54
6'
20
102
13
41
262
9
40
106
9
57
154
6
30
278
6
40
131
14
11
130
11
34
178
7
35 ,
270
13
50
200
18
11
94
14
47
122
13
53
248
11
35
224
10
00
118
18
10
240
14
38
126
13
43 I
178
7
40
204
17
07
228
9
10 1
78
17
26
94
14
31 1
244
12
35
94
14
31
174
14
15
240
14
21
212
15
22 1
200
18
13 :
196
18
10
236
16
16 1
138
9
50
166
11
05
220
10
30
138
11
00
154
6
00
154
6
50
126
13
58
278
6
40 '
206
16
43
216
16
20
270
14
30
72
14
278
6
40
270
14
40
206
16
41
216 ;
16
40
216 1
16
39
216
16
21
166
10
50 1
232
15
07
252
12
25
252
12
25
178
8
00
72
8
178
7
65
138
10
45
158
18
31
274
15
39 I
210
17
16
278
6
55
174
14
21
20 35
20 42
21 02
24 45
23 45
23 31
22 53
21 05
21 50
22 46
21 24
21 50
21 20
21
21 15
21 15
21 15
23 50
25 40
21 24
26 10
24 00
25 30
21 25
20 58
22 26
24 05
22 25
21 19
20 32
23 04
25 30
23 15
21 40
21 00
23 25
23 50
21 05
17 50
20 52
20 36
22 20
20 35
21 27
21 14
20 52
21 90
21 10
19 54
23 20
22 30
23 15
23 55
25 40
26 20
23 34
22 10
21 07
21 06
22 00
22
21 50
21 35
21 09
21 15
21 13
21 05
22 15
20 49
23 22
23 22
24 00
24
24 16
24 30
20 48
20 02
20 36
22 15
21 04
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
545
Name.
Laneb
Lanec
Lane Rocks . . .
Lanete
Langa
Langangan . . .
Langangan . . . .
Langasian
Langatian
Langayan
Langcan
Langiden
Langigen
Langi-langiban .
Langub
Laiigub
Lanhil
Latihil .......
Lanigay
Lanitou
Lackayan
Lankiwa
Lanna
Lanna
Lanot
Lar.tang
Lantant;
Lantao
Lantapan
Lantic
Lanumbaan . . .
Lanutan
Lanuza
Lanuza
Laoag
Laoag
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Laoag
Laoak . . . . .
Laoang . . . .
Laoang . . . ,
Laog
Lapac
Lapacan . . .
Laparan . . .
Laparan . . .
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . ,
La Paz . . . .
La Paz . . . .
Lapinig . . .
Lapinig . . .
Lapirawan .
Lapitan . . .
Lapog ....
Lapting . . .
Lapu 1." . .
Lapu 2." . .
Lapuacao .
Lapuaa . . .
Lapuy ....
Lara
Lara
Lara
Larena . . . .
Lasaan ...
Lasak ....
Lasang ...
Lasitas ...
Las Navas .
Barrio
Municipal district.
Islets
Barrio
Sitio
Township
Township
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio .
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio .
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Islands
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Municipality
Bay
Capital
Capital, Ilocos
Norte.
River
Barrio
Municipality
Island
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Municipal district
Island
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Municipality
Barrio
Rancheria
Rancheria
Rancheria
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
River
Sitio
Sitio
Nueva Vizcaya
Abra
Albay
Nueva Ecija
Camarines Norte. . . .
Apayao Subprovince.
Mountain Province. .
Agusan
Zamboanga
Ilocos Sur
Palawan (N)
Abra
Bontoc Subprovince .
Palawan (N)
Cpbu
Ceba
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Albay
Camarines Norte. . . .
Philippine Islands . . .
Laguna
Cagayan
Isabela
Camarines Norte. . . .
Bohol
Cotabato
Tayabas (N)
Bukidnon
Cavite
Agusan
Occidental Negros. . .
Surigao
Surigao
Ilocos Norte
Philippine Islands . . .
. 216 16
. 78 17
.1 86 14
. I 212 I 15
122
200
196
82
278
162
228
78
204
228
138
138
278
278
86
122
72
174
118
170
122
■ 106
150
270
110
134
82
220
262
262
158
72
Ilocos Norte
Panga.sinan
Samar
Samar
Bulacan
Sulu
Bohol
Sulu
Sulu
Abra
Leyte
Tariac
Agusan
Antique
Bohol
Bohol
Davao
Ilocos Norte
IloUo
Pampanga
Samar
Surigao
Zambales
Bohol
Samar
Zamboanga
Lanao
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Apayao Subprovince
Apayao Subprovince
Apayao Subprovince
Davao
Davao
Palawan (S)
Tariac
Sorsogon (N)
Oriental Negros
Laguna
Cotabato
Davao
Amburayan Subprovince.
Agusan
14
18
18
8
8
17
10
17
17
11
10
11
e
6
13
14
-5
14
17
17
13
9
7
14
7
14
8
10
9
9
18
18
14
47
07
31
03
34
35
15
30
17
30
35
07
00
3r,
20
45
45
20
03
18
40
20
51
44
05
45
55
18
35
45
15
20
12
120 55
120 55
124 00
121 17
122 55
121 00
121 00
125 40
123 15
120 26
119 50
120 34
121 27
119 30
123 45
123 55
122 20
122 20
123 30
122 54
113
121 03
121 40
121 50
123 03
124 13
124 00
122 30
125 05
121 03
125 45
123 05
125 06
126 05
120 35
121
158
18
12
120
35
236
16
03
120
34
248
12
35
125
00
248
12
35
125
00
114
14
55
121
02
258
5
30
120
45
106
10
03
124
07
258
0
45
119
50
258
5
55
120
00
78
17
40
120
41
186
10
55
124
55
266
15
27
120
44
82
8
20
125
45
90
11
20
122
05
106
9
49
124
08
106
9
42
123
52
154
7
20
125
40
158
18
12
120
31
166
11
05
122
45
232
15
13
120
38
248
11
25
125
00
262
9
00
126
15
274
15
01
120
04
106
10
06
124
34
248
12
20
125
20
278
7
35
123
00
178
7
40
123
55
162
17
45
120
27
162
17
45
120
27
200
17
46
121
17
200
17
42
121
14
200
18
00
121
13
154
6
10
125
40
154
7
10
125
30
228
8
50
117
50
266
15
28
120
43
252
13
02
123
06
224
9
15
123
35
174
14
06
121
27
150
6
60
124
00
154
7
20
125
40
198
16
39
120
32
82
8
35
125
55
171073-
-35
.546
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Las Nieves . .
Las Pinas. . . .
Las Salinas. .
Lasud Manoc
Lataban ....
Laiabun ....
Latag
Lati
Latian
Latian
Latian
Latian
Latorre
La Torre ....
La Trinidad . .
La Trinidad .
Lattauiin . . . .
Latuan
Latuban ....
Latuliian ....
Latukan ....
Latukan ....
Laua-an . . . . ,
Lauan
Lauigan
Lauis
Lauis
Lauis
Laun
LA UNION .
La Union. . . .
La Union. . . .
La Union. . . .
Laur
Lavezares . . .
Lawaan
Lawaan
La wan
Lawan
Lawan
Lawayan. . . .
Lawigan
Lawigan
Lawy
Laya
Laya
Laya
Laya
Lay agon ....
Layan
Laylay
Laylaya
Layog
Layugan ....
Layugan ....
Lazi
Lean
Lcbak
Lecoes
Legaspi
Legaspi
Lfcgleg
Lcglcg
Letnery
Lfiiriery
Lemery
Lemu
Lenga
Lenncng
Lenneng
Loon
Lepanan ....
LEPANTO..
Lepanto
Lepanto
Leseb
Lettac
Let lung
Leyban
LEYTE
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Municipal district.
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municip.il district.
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Capital
Township
Sitio
Island
Rancheria
Volcano
Volcano
V^olcano, dormant.
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Province
Province
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Island
Municipal district .
Riner
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
I Ranchorla . . .
! Municipality.
t Sitio
Subprovince .
Subprovince .
Barrio
Bariio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Province ....
Agusan
Rizal '.
Bohol
Ilocos Sur
Cebu
Zamboaiiga
Batangas
Sulu
Davao
Cotabato
Relief
Davao
Nueva Ecija
Nue\ a Vizcaya
Beiiguet Subprovince. . .
Mountain Province
Nueva Vizcaya
Sulu
Apayao Subprovince. ...
Cotabato ^ . . . .
Lanao
Relief
Antique
Lanao
Iloilo
Bohol
Zambales
Cebu
Bataan
La Union
Philiopine Islands
Agusan
Davao
Nueva Ecija
Samar
Davao
Samar
Samar
Samar
Ley te
Davao
Surigao
Zamboanga
Tarlac ,
Bohol
Mindoro
Amburayan Subprovince
Kalinga Subprovince. . . . ,
Iloilo
Davao
Tayabas (S) ,
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Laguna ,
Abra
Laguna
Oriental Negros
Palawan (N) ,
Cotabato
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Albay
Cebu
I/a Union.
Benguet Subprovince. . . .
Batangas
Iloilo
Occidental Negros
Cagayan
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Abra
Apayao Subprovince
Iloilo
Amburayan Subprovince.
Lopanto
Mountain Province
Ley te
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Amburayan Subprovince .
Bontoc Subprovince
Rizal
Ley te
82
240
106
162
138
278
102
258 1 _
154 ! 6
150
Lati-
tude.
72
154
212
216
202
196
216
258
200
150
178
72
90
178
166
106
274
138
94
182
72
82
154
212
248
154
248
248
248
186
154
262
278
266
106
190
198
208
166
154
270
210
174
78
174
224
228
150
202
86
138
182
202
102
166
210
78
200
166
198
210
196
186
210
198
204
240
186
8
14
9
17
10
7
14
6
6
6
6
15
16
16
16
16
5
18
7
7
8
11
8
10
10
15
11
14
16
17
9
6
15
12
7
11
11
11
10
6
8
7
15
9
12
16
17
10
6
13
17
14
17
14
9
11
6
16
13
9
16
16
13
11
220 1 10
118 1 17
16
17
17
10
16
17
17
10
16
16
17
14
11
liOngi-
tude.
45
29
37
05
25
40
08
00
10
10
10
34
31
28
30
33
05
02
40
40
10
00
30 i
04 I
36 I
20
28
35
05
40
35
30
20
50
05 ,
10
35
00
15
10
23
37
50
43
29
55
40
25
04
14
30
15
10
10
30
28
10
45
42
38
53
15
40
30
55
39
56
45
56
00
00
15
57
46
15
37
00
125 35
120 59
124 02
120 26
123 55
122 05
120 43
121 10
125 30
125 30
126
125 30
120 55
121 09
120 35
120 35
121 11
120 15
121 14
124 30
124 30
124
122 00
123 45
122 00
124 04
119 56
123 45
120 35
120 23
120
125 30
126 00
121 11
124 20
125 40
125 05
125 15
125 20
125 10
125 40
126 25
122 15
120 33
123 57
120 45
120 29
121 30
122 25
125 10
121 50
120 49
121 32
120 42
121 26
123 35
120 40
124 00
120 42
123 45
123 20
120 23
120 38
120 55
122 55
123 30
121 45
120 49
120 51
121 13
122 25
120 32
120 45
120 45
125 10
120 53
120 27
121 22
121 24
125 00
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
547
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Ley te
Ley te
Ley te
Ley te
Ley te
Lezo
Lian
Lian
Lianga
Lianga
Lianga
Liangan. . . .
Liangan. . . .
Liantayan. .
Lias
Libacao . . . .
Libacao . . . .
Libadan. . . .
Libagao . . . .
Libagon. . . .
Libak
Libang
Libang
Libang
Libas
Libas
Libas
Libas
Libay
Libertad . . .
Libortad . . .
Libertad . . ,
I>ibertad . . ,
Libertad . . .
Libertad . . ,
Libho
Libho
Libiio
Libing ....
Libis
Libjo
Libmunan .
Libnaoan. .
Libo
Libog
Libolibo. . .
Libolibo. . .
Libon
Libon
Libona. . . .
Libsong . . .
Libtong . . .
Libtong . . .
Libuan. . . .
Libuan. . . .
Libucan. . .
Libucan. . .
Libueg. . . .
Libuganon.
Libuganon.
Libungan. .
Libungan. .
Libungan. .
Libutan. . .
Licab
Lico
Lico
Licseb . . . .
Licuan . . . .
Licud
Lidaoan . . .
Lidlida . . .
Lidlidda . .
Ligao
Ligas
Ligsay . . . .
Ligtong . . .
Liguan . . .
Liguasan . .
Likoy ....
Island
Gulf
Gulf
Gulf
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
River
Bay
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
River
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Mountain
Island
Municipality
Sitio
River .
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Port
Barrio
Municipal district .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrjo
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Mountain
Municipality
Barrio
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Islands
Barrio
Barrio
River
Sitio .•••.••
Municipal district
River
Marsh
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipal district
Mountain
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Marsh
Sitio
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Philippine Islands
I.eyte
Samar
Philippine Islands
Ley te
Capiz
Batangas
Batangas
Surigao
Surigao
Lanao
Lanao
Lanao
Lanao
Bontoc Subprovince . . .
Capiz
Occidental Negros
Cotabato
Antique
Leyte
Zamboanga
Affusan
Capiz
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Capiz
Leyte
Samar
Samar
Zamboanga
Agusan
Agusan
Cebu
Leyte
Misamis
Romblon
Batangas
Bohol
Tayabas (N)
Cavite
Mindoro
Surigao
Camarines Sur
Ilocos Norte
Oriental Negros
Albay . . . .
Amburayan Subprovince .
Amburayan Subprovince .
Albay
Capiz
Bukidnon
Pangasinan
Amburayan Subprovince.
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Davao
Zamboanga
Samar
Samar
Tarlac
Davao
Davao
Cotabato
Cotabato
Cotabato
Zamboanga
Nueva Ecija
Romblon
Camarines Norte
Lepanto Subprovince
Abra
Ilocos Norte
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Ilocos Sur
Albay
Cavite
Ilocos Norte
Cavite
Albay
Cotabato
Bontoc Subprovince
72
11
1
125
186
10
50 i
125
10
248
10
50
125
30
72
11
125
186
11
20 1
124
30
130
11
40
122
19
102
14
02
120
39
102 I
14
03
120
40
262
8
35
126
15
262
8
40
126
05
178
7
40
124
00
178
8
10
124
00
178
8
10
124
05
178 .
7
55
124
25
204
17
05
121
08
130
11
30
122
18
220
10
10
122
55
150
6
50
125
05
90
12
10
121
25
186
10
20
125
05
278
6
30
121
55
82
8
35
125
35
130
11
42
122
16
210
17
03
120
41
130
11
37
122
21
186
10
55
124
35
248
11
45
125
25
248
11
45
125
30
278
8
40
123
30
82'
8
05
126
00
82
8
55
125
30
138
10
40
124
25
186
10
55
124
30
194
8
35
124
20
244
12
30
122
00
102
13
44
121
03
106
9
41
124
00
270
14
40
121
55
134
14
15
120
55
190
13
55
120
05
262
10
10
125
30
126
13
42
123
04
158
18
11
120
43
224
9
15
123
40
86
13
14
123
46
198
16
53
12r
36
198
16
64
12u-
37
86
13
18
123
26
130
11
31
122
51
110
8
20
124
45
236
16
02
120
14
198
16
58
120
27
202
16
30
120
27
154
7
20
126
30
1 278
8
05
122
35
1 248
11
55
124
40
1 248
11
35
124
40
266
15
13
120
24
154
7
40
125
30
154
7
30
125
40
150
7
10
124
20
150
7
25
124
35
I 150
1 7
10
124
25
! 278
I 8
25
. 123
20
1 212
15
32
120
46
1 244
12
25
, 122
40
i 122
14
08
122
53
I 210
17
15
120
39
78-
1 17
37
120
52
150
1 18
10
120
58
210
17
13
120
40
210
17
10
120
47
, 162
1 86
17
13
15
15
120
123
31
32
134
14
27
120
58
158
17
56
120
28
' 134
14
26
120
52
86
13
16
123
55
150
6
55
124
45
204
, 17
10
121
20
548
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Liktin
Lila
Lilian
Lilio
Lilit
Liloan
Liloan
Liloan
Liloan
lalui
Limanancang . .
Limasawa
Limasun
Limay
Limban
Limbones
Limbones
Limbonlimbon .
Limbuhan
Limit
Limocon
Limon
Limos
Limpat
Limun
Linabo
Linao
Linao
Linao
Linao
Linao
Linao
Linao
Linao
Linao
Linaon
Linapacan . . . .
Linapacan . . . .
Linawan
Linawan
Lincod
Lincod
Lindaban ....
Linek
Linga
Linf an
Linfeapan . . . . -
Lingayen . . . . .
Lingayen
Lingayen
Feature.
Lingey
Lingey
Lingig
Lingion
Lingsat
Lingsat
Lingsat
Lingsat
Linguisan . . .
Linosungan . .
Linothangan .
Lintagun . . . .
Lintic
Linugos
Linuk
Lio
Lioang
Liogliog
Liong
Lioson
Lipa
Lipata
Lipata
Lipata
Lipata
Lipata
Lipata
Lipatan
Lipay
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Cove
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Mountain
Barrio
Island
Strait
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Gulf
Capital
Capital, Panga-
sinan.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Albay
Bohol
Laguna
Laguna
Benguet Subprovince .
Cebu
Leyte
Leyte
Oriental Negros
Zamboanga
Palawan (N)
Leyte
Zamboanga
Bataan
Davao
Cavite
Cavite
Rizal
Sorsogon (S)
Cavite
Bohol
Leyte
Kalinga Subprovince.
Bontoc Subprovince .
Zamboanga
Bukidnon
Albay
Albay
Cagayan
Cebu
Leyte
Leyte
Tarlac
Cotabato
Ilocos Norte
Occidental Negros . . .
Palawan (N)
Palawan (N)
Bohol
Romblon
Bohol
Iloilo
Bukidnon
Cotabato
Laguna
Abra.
Apayao Subprovince.
Pangasinan .
Pangasinan.
Philippine Islands.
Abra.
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
Surigao
Bukidnon
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Ilocos Norte
Zamboanga
Zambales
Oriental Negros
Zamboanga
Ilocos Sur
Misarais
Lanao
Romblon
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
Leyte
Cotabato
Zambales
Batangas
Antique
Samar
Tayabas (S) ,
Samar
Surigao
Tayabas (S)
Cagayan
Zambales
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
86
106
174
174
202
138
186
186
224
278
228
186
278
94
154
134
134
240
252
134
106 I
186
208
204
278 ^
110
86 j
86
118
138 I
186
186
266
150
158
220
228
228
106
244
106
166
110
150
174
78
200
236
236
72
78
210
262
150
162
162
182
1.58
278
274
224
278
162
194
178
244
210
186
150
274
102
90
248
270
248
262
270
9
55
7
10
14
34
7
30
14
14
13
9
14
14
16
10
10
11
9
8
1
9
7
4
7
4
14
14
11
14
9
11
17
17
7
7
13
13
18
10
11
10
15
6
18
10
11
11
9
12
9
11
8
7
14
17
17
16
16
16
17
17
8
8
17
17
16
17
7
14
10
7
17
9
7
12
16
11
7
16
13
11
12
13
11
10
13
Longi-
tude.
118 , 17
274 1 16
36
36
28
08
12
25
10
00
10
10
00
55
10
34
30
14
15
27 i
53 i
14 j
41
15 '
30
15
10
55 I
15 1
12 ;
25
15
00
30
38
45
21
00
30
30
47
35
44
00
16
10
15
24 I
55 I
15 1
01
17
09
00
15
37
23
39
58
30
57
20
15
13
00
50
35
46
20
05
23
56
30
30
55
05
10
15
50
45
124 07
124 06
121 27
121 26
120 37
124 00
125 05
124 30
123 40
122 40
119 20
125 05
121 55
120 36
125 40
120 35
120 36
121 12
124 03
120 35
124 11
124 35
121 18
121 20
122 15
125 10
123 25
124 12
121 35
123 50
124 35
124 45
120 38
124 00
120 55
122 30
119 50
120 00
124 35
122 00
123 51
122 40
124 50
124 10
121 22
120 41
121 33
120 10
120 14
120
120 53
120 37
126 25
124 40
120 28
120 27
120 19
120 28
122 30
120 09
123 10
121 55
120 30
125 10
124 15
122 20
120 43
124 20
124 30
119 56
121 If
122 J5
124 15
I 12.' 45
lf5 15
'25 30
122 00
121 30
: 119 55
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
549
LJpay
Lipayran
Lipcan
Liputan
Liquicia
Litayan
Litlit 1
Llaban Ilongot
Lloren
Llorente
Loaoan
Loay
Loay
Loba Loba
Lobgob
Lobi
Lobo
Lobo
Lobo
Lobo
Lobo
Lobo
Loboc
Loboc Mobod
Locloc
Locloc
Locobtiduyog }
Locoloco
Loctob
Loculan
Logob
Loksiku
Lolomboy
Loma
Lomboy
Lomboy
Lomboy
Lomes
Lomonon
Long
Longos
Longos
Longos
Lonoy
Lonoy
Lonoy
Loo
Loob
Looc
Looc
Looc
Looc
Looc
Looc
Looc
Looc
Looc
Looc
Looc
Looc
Looc
Looc Oslob
Loon
Lope de Vega
Lopez
Loreto
Loreto
Los Arcos
Los Bafios
Los Cochinos
Los Frailes
Los Martires
Lossoc
Lotlotan
Loual
Lourdes
Lourdes
Loya
Loyola
LojTinsawang
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
River
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Point
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Bay
Bay
Bay
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Municipal ciislrict
Municipal dial rid
Municipality
Islets
Islands
Municipal district
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Ilocos Norte
Cebu
Abra
Bulacan
La Union
Zamboanga
Cavite
Nueva Vizcaya
La Union
Samar
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Bohol
Bohol .
Camarines Sur .
Bohol
Ley te
Batangas
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Ifugao Subprovince. . . . . .
Batangas
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Bohol
Misamis
Batangas
Batangas
Kalinga Subprovince. . . . .
Batangas • •
Bohol ■
Misamis
Bontoc Subprovince
Zamboanga .
Bulacan
Cavite ■ •
La Union
Tarlac •
Zambales
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Ley te
Palawan (S)
Laguna
Bulacan
' Pangasinan . . . .
I Amburayan Subprovince .
Bohol
Bohol
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Nueva Ecija
Mindoro
Romblon
Bataan
Batangas
! Bohol
Bulacan
Cebu
I Mindoro
Rizal
Misamis
Mindoro
Romblon
Sorsogon (S)
Cebu
Bohol
Samar
Tayabas (S)
Surigao
Agusan
Agusan
I.uguna
Bataan
/ambales
Agusan
La Union
Oriental Negros .
Tayabas (N) . . . .
Bukidnon
P.impanga
'"eliu
Surigao
Leyte
158
138
78
114
182
278
134
216
182
248
202
106
106
126
106
186
102
202
202
206
102
202
106
194
102
102
208
102
106 ,
194
204
278 1
114
134
182
266
274
202
186
228
174 i
114
236
198 I
106 !
106 I
202
212
190
214
94
102
106
114 ;
138 1
190
240
194
190 I
244
252 I
138
106 I
248 '
270
262 I
82
82
174 I
94 ,
274 I
82
182 I
224
270 '
110
■J32
13S
I 262
I 186
15 21
11 05
17 35
14 45
16 26
7 25
14 12
16 38
16 21
11 25
16 34
9 36
9 50
13 42
9 43
11 00
13 39
16 47
16 40
17 00
13 38
16 46
9 38
8 30
13 49
13 48
17 35
13 40
9 40
8 15
17 05
7 25
14 47
14 09
16 17
14 30
15 47
16 24
11 05
9 40
14 20
14 52
16 07
16 41
10 01
9 44
16 48
15 46
13 45
12 15
14 28
14 10
9
14
9
39
53
22
13 45
14 29
8 50
13 45
12
12
15
10
9
30
9
48
12
IB
13
55
10
20
8
10
8
40
14
n
14
24
14
45
8
30
16
34
9
15
16
15
8
30
15
01
U
05
8
20
10 45
120 44
123 40
120 37
120 56
120 24
123 00
120 56
121 26
120 26
125 35
120 40
124 01
124 07
123 00
124 02
124 50
121 13
120 41
120 41
121 19
121 17
120 41
124 02
123 45
120 55
120 55
121 09
121 25
124 14
123 .50
121 10
122 45
120 56
120 56
120 23
120 43
119 56
120 27
124 25
118 20
121 29
120 48
120 23
120 25
124 05
124 20
120 50
120 39
120 15
122 00
120 35
120 37
124 22
120 49
123 20
120 15
121 13
124 50
120 15
122 00
123 IB
123 26
123 48
124 40
122 IB
125 35
125 45
126 00
121 13
120 30
120 05
125 46
120 19
123 40
122 10
124 25
120 51
121 00
126 20
125 05
550
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Luakan
Luan
Luayan
Luba
Lubang
Lubang
Lubang
Lubang
Lubao
Lubas
Lubas
Lubayat
Lubban
Lubic
Lubigan
Lublub
Lublubla
Lubnac
Lubnac
Lubo
Lubo
Lubo
Lubon
Lubon
Lubong
Lubuac
Lubuagan . . . .
Lubuagan . . . .
Lubungan . . . .
Lubuong
Lucanin
Lucap
Lucapon
Lucban
Lucban
Lucban
Lucbuan
Lucbuban . . . .
Lucbuban . . . .
Lucena
Lucena
Lucena
Lucero
Lugadoc
Lugait
Lugbung
Lugo
Lugui
Lugus
Lugus
Luisiana
Luisita
Lukatan
Lukban
Lukban
Lukidnon . . . .
Luklukan . . . .
Lukmalalum. .
Luksuhin
Luksubin
Lullutan
Lulu
Luluno
Lumaba
Lumaguas. . . .
Lumakil
Lumao
Lumao
Lumapit
Lumarau
Lumban
Lumbang
Lumbang
Lumbang
Lumbang
Lumbangan. . .
Lumbalan. . . .
Lumbayau. . . .
Lumbayau.. . .
Lumber Camp
Lumbia
Feature.
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Island
Islands
Township
Barrio ,
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Capital
Township
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio...
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Capital
Capital, Tayabaa. ,
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Municipality ,
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Lake
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district ,
I Barrio
i Sitio
Sitio
' Barrio
Map.
Bataan
Cotabato
Cotabato
Abra
Mindoro
Philippine Islands
Mindoro
Camarines Sur
Pampanga
Albay
Camarines Norte
Tayabas (N)
Cagayan
Palawan (N)
Camarines Sur
Antique
Apayao Subprovince
Ilocos Norte
Amburayan Subprovince .
Cagayan .
Kalinga Subprovince
Rizal
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Amburayan Subprovince .
Ilocos Sur'. .
I Kalinga Subprovince. ....
Kalinga Subprovince. ....
Mountain Province. .....
Zamboanga
Ifugao Subprovince. .....
Bataan
Pangasinan
Zambales
Tayabas (S) .
Batangas
Isabela
Palawan (N)
Bcnguet Subprovince ....
Ilocos Sur
Tayabas (S)
Philippine Islands
Iloilo .
Pangasinan
Amburayan Subprovince .
Misamis
Romblon
Cebu .
Camarines Norte
Sulu
Sulu
Laguna
Tarlac
Davao .
Benguet Subprovince ....
Nueva Vizcaya ' 216
Nueva Vizcaya
Carrarines Norte
Zamboanga
Batangas
Cavite
Isabela
Cotabato
Abra
Abra
Bukidnon
Cotabato
Agusan
Lanao
Sulu
Zamboanga
Laguna
Batangas ,
Batangas ,
Romblon
Sorsogon (S)
Batangas
Lanao
Bukidnon . . ,
Zamboanga
Bataan
Bukidnon
Fac-
Lati-
ing
tude.
page.
o
/
94
14
52
150
6
05
150
6
40
78
17
22
190
13
45
72
14
:
190
13
50 '
126
13
48
232
14
56 1
86
13
46 1
122
14
10 '
270
14
30
118
18
20
228
11
00
126
13
46
90
11
05
200
17
37
158
18
13
198
17
01 1
118
17
50
208
17
15
240
14
19
210
17
02 1
198
16
59 !
162
17
22
208
17
31
208
17
21
196
17
20 i
278
8
30
206
16
57 1
94
14
28
236
16
11
274
15
42
270
14
05
102
13
58
170
17
00
228
10
50
202
16
22
162
17
08
270
13
55
72
14
166
10
50
236
16
24
198
16
39 [
194
8
20
244
12
35
138
10
50
122
14
08
258
5
40
258
6
40
174
14
11
266
15
26
154
7
00
202
16
27
216
16
36 ;
216
15
58
122
14
20
278
7
20 [
102
13
53
134
14
13
170
17
10
150
7
30 1
78
L7
19 1
78
17
28 !
110
7
45
150
6
05 1
82
8
■25 1
178
8
10 '
258
6
55
278
7
30
174
14
18
102
13
59
102
13
55 ,
244
12
25 1
252
12
20
102
13
38
178
7
60
110
7
50
278
7
60
94
14
32
110
8
25
Longi-
tude.
20 26
24 25
24 45
20 42
20 10
20
20 10
22 58
20 36
24 07
22 43
21 40
21 25
20 40
22 58
22 10
21 14
20 40
20 32
21 30
21 14
21 20
20 49
20 31
20 29
21 16
21 10
21 10
23 15
21 02
20 36
20 00
19 56
21 30
20 45
22 00
21 00
20 41
20 33
21 35
22
22 35
19 54
20 31
24 15
22 15
24 00
22 48
20 50
20 50
21 30
20 39
26 30
20 36
21 27
21 12
22 43
22 16
20 38
20 58
21 50
25 10
20 39
20 37
24 55
25 00
25 40
23 55
21 06
22 60
21 28
21 12
20 49
22 40
23 35
21 19
24 15
25 15
23 20
20 33
24 35
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
551
Lumbucan. . .
Lumiag
Lumil
Lumil
Lumintao . . .
Lumislis
Lumot
Lumuyon. ...
Lun
Lun (Big) ...
Luna
Luna
Luna
Luna
Luna
Luna
Lunas
Lunas
Lungod
Lungog
Lungon
Lungsoddaan .
Lungsoddaan .
Lungsoddaan .
Lunuk
Lupagan
Lupao
Lupao
Lupi
Lupi
Lupi
Lupo
Lurugan ....
Lusaran
Lusod
Lusod
Lusok
Lusong
Lusong
Lusong
Lusong
Lusong
Luta
Lutab
Lutang
Lutangan. . . .
Lutao
Lutiman ....
Lutlut
Lutungan . . .
Luuk
Luukdatan . .
Luya
Luya
Luyaluya. . . .
Luyang
Luyos
Luzon
Luzon
Luzon
Luzuriaga . . .
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Island
Mountain
Barrio
River
River
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Municipal district .
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Point
Municipality
Palawan (S) j 228
Davao I 154
Batangas j 102
Cavite 134
Mindoro 190
Bohol i 106
114
150
150
150
182
90
50
30
Bulacan
Cotabato
Cotabato
Cotabato
La Union
Antique
Occidental Negros [ 220
Occidental Negros 1 220
236
150
244
M.
Maababucay. .
Maagnas
Maajas
Maalasas
Maao
Maasam
Maasin
Maasin
Maasin
Maasin
Maasin
Maasin
Maasin
Maayon
Maayon
Mabagon
Mabaka
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Island
Municipality
Municipality
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Pangasinan
Cotabato
Romblon
Leyte 186
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Ilocos Sur 162
Amburayan Subprovince . 198
Bohol 106
Bohol 106
Bohol 106
Sulu ; 258
Misamis ! 194
Nueva Ecija 212
Lepanto Subprovince .... 210
Camarines Sur 126
Camarines Sur 126
Sorsogon (N) 232
Capiz 130
Bukidnon 110
Iloilo 166
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Benguet Subprovince .... 202
Tayabas (S) 270
Abra 78
Bataan 94
Ilocos Norte 158
Romblon 244
Lepanto Subprovince .... 210
Batangas 102
Benguet Subprovince .... 202
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Zamboanga 278
Bohol 106
Zamboanga 278
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Cebu 138
Sulu I 258
Sulu ' 258
Batangas 102
Amburayan Subprovince . 198
Tayabas (S) 270
Cebu 138
Batangas 102
Philippine Islands 72
Davao 154
Bataan 94
Oriental Netcros 224
Ilocos Norte 158
Camarines Sur 126
Laguna 174
Batangas 102
Occidental Negros | 220
Agusan J 82
Mindoro I 190
Iloilo I 166
Leyte I 186
Agusan 82
Bulacan 114
Mindoro 190
Tarlac 266
Capiz 130
Capiz 130
Leyte 186
Bontoc Subprovince 204
13 52
14 11
12 35
9 52
15 04
5 55
6 05
6 00
16 51
10 45
10 55
10 50
16 20
6 00
12 30
10 50
17 39
17 28
17 03
9 54
53
37
10
8 35
15 52
17 14
13 48
13 45
13 04
11 30
7 55
10 30
16 18
16 22
13 30
17 22
14 27
18 35
12 30
16 50
14 03
16 37
17 12
7 15
10 01
7 35
17 25
11 10
00
50
13 49
16 47
18 10
13 43
14 10
13 48
10 30
8 30
12 15
10 55
10 10
8 45
15 03
12 15
15 40
U 21
11 23
10 25
17 10
117 10
125 30
121 05
121 00
121 00
124 34
121 06
124 45
125 25
125 20
120 23
122 05
123 10
123 25
119 54
124 35
122 15
124 50
121 11
120 28
120 37
124 34
124 19
124 17
120 30
123 35
120 54
120 35
122 55
123 23
124 10
122 28
125 05
122 30
120 51
120 48
122 00
120 42
120 26
120 49
122 05
120 50
121 10
120 50
121 21
122 50
124 04
122 55
121 17
123 40
121 20
119 50
120 56
120 33
14
10
10
35
14
07
15
6
30
14
28
9
15
121
45
124
00
121
04
121
126
00
120
24
123
15
120
46
123
JO
121
15
121
12
123
00
125
30
121
25
122
25
124
50
125
25
120
57
121
25
120
20
122
52
122
47
124
45
121
23
552
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Mabaka
Mabaka
Mabaka ,
Mabalacat. . . ,
Mabalor
Mabantad. . . ,
Mabasa
Mabatang. . . .
Mabato
Mabatobato . .
Mabatoy
Mabatu
Mabayo
Mabec
Mabiga
Mabilang
Mabilao
Mabilbila
Mabilo
Mabini
Mabini
Mabini
Mabini
Mabini
Mabini
Mabini
Mabitac
Mabitoang . . .
Mabiton
Mabittayon. . .
Mabittayon. . .
Maboboa
Mabolinoc. . . .
Mabolo
Mabolo
Mabontot . . . .
Maboongan. . .
Mabuambuan.
Mabulo
Mabungao. . . .
Mabungtot . . .
Mabunlayo. . .
Mabusag
Mabuttal
Macaas
Maeabaclay . .
Macabari
Macabato . . . .
Macabebe ....
Macabinagan .
Macabit
Macabling. . . .
Macabsing. . . .
Macajalar ....
Macalaskas. . .
Macalauat. . . .
Macalava . . . .
Macalaya ....
Macalaya ....
Macalelon. . . .
Macalieng. . . .
Macalingao. . .
Macalino
Macalva
Macangani . . .
Macanlig
Macapagao. . .
Macapso
Maca.sipac. . . .
Macatratud . .
Macate
Macatel
Macatunao . . .
Macayawed. . .
Macayocayo. .
Macrohon ....
Mactan
Mactaon
Maculabo
Madalag
Barrio
River
River
Municipality,
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality.
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio ......
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality.
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Sitio
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
I Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality.
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Island
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Rancheria ...
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality.
Island
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Mountain Province 196
Pampanga 232
Batangas ! 102
Isabela 170
216
94
122
Nueva Vizcaya
Bataan
Camarines Norte
Camarines Sur 126
Batanes 98
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Bataan 94
Lepanto Subprovince .... 210
Pampanga 232
266
236
162
130
102
106
170
252
252
270
248
174
114
252
206
206
158
274
134
138
208
122
Tarlac
Pangasinan
Ilocos Sur
Capiz
Batangas
Bohol
Isabela
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Tayabas (S)
Samar
Laguna
Bulacan
Sorsogon (N)
Ifugao Subprovince. .
Ifugao Subprovince. .
Ilocos Norte
Zambales
Cavite
Cebu
Kalinga Subprovince,
Camarines Norte. . . .
Pampanga 232
Romblon ; 244
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Abra 78
Bukidnon 110
Ilocos Norte i 158
Cagayan I 118
Cebu ' 138
Nueva Ecija ; 212
Sorsogon (N) ' 252
La Union 182
Pampanga 232
Rizal 240
Pangasinan [ 236
Laguna ' 174
Nueva Ecija 212
Misamis 194
Palawan (S) 228
Isabela 170
Zambales 274
Sorsogon (N) 252
Surigao 262
Tayabas (S) : 270
Pangasinan 236
Bohol 106
Apayao Subprovince 200
La Union 182
Surigao 262
Mindoro 190
Bohol 106
Oriental Negros 224
Laguna 1 74
Ilocos Sur 162
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Apayao Subprovince [ 200
Laguna 174
Nueva Ecija 212
Isabela 170
Leyte 186
Cebu , 138
Samar 248
Camarines Norte 122
Capiz ; 130
17
17
17
15
13
17
16
I 14
14
13
20
16
14
16
15
15
16
17
\ 11
13
9
17
12
12
13
11
14
i 14
12
I 16
16
18
14
14
10
17
13
14
12
17
17
7
17
18
10
15
12
16
14
14
16
14
15
8
10
16
15
12
9
13
16
10
18
16
9
13
9
10
14
17
16
18
14
15
16
10
10
11
14
11
34
34
35
14
47
00
19
44
16
33
25
19
44
59
12
121 08
121 15
121 15
120 34
121 10
121 50
121 08
120 32
122 39
123 23
121 57
120 56
120 17
120 42
120 35
40 I 120 29
120 25
120 26
122 25
120 56
124 32
121 45
123 37
123 37
122 10
124 45
121 26
121 18
123 16
121 17
121 17
10
30
41
45
52
05
36
36
45
35
26
55
50
46
45 .-. ..
38 ! 120 51
58 I 120 18
27 I 120 56
20 123 55
20 i 121 11
55 ' 123 05
50 1 120 36
25 122 30
121 18
120 32
125 00
120 30
121 30
124 00
121 11
124 09
120 24
120 43
121 14
119 50
121 06
121 08
124 35
118 50
121 45
119 54
123 46
125 35
122 10
120 01
123 58
121 14
120 23
126 15
121 25
123 56
123 20
121 26
120 28
121 08
121 01
121 24
15 56
122 05
124 55
124 00
125 15
122 49
122 18
13
35
30
57
25
40
38
49
25
54
48
12
18
41
40
00
45
30
53
35
45
15
06
24
21
05
05
51
25
30
42
16
83
27
50
50
05
20
45
24
32
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
553
Name.
Madalag
Madalag
Madalan
Madallum
Madalunot
Madanao
Madangug
Madanlog
Madarang
Madaum
Madayao
Madayegdeg
Maddarulug
Maddiangat
Madlum
Madocay
Madoldolon
Madrelino
Madrid
Madridejos
Madridejos
Madua
Maducayan
Madunga
Maduya
Maestre de Campo
Maffanga
Magaad
Magabe
Magabubun
Magais
Magalan
Magallanes
Magallanes
Magallanes
Magallanes
Magallanes
Magang
Maganoy
Maganui
Magao
Magaogao
Magapta
Magarao
Magaras
Magasauangtubig .
Magasawangsapa. .
Magaso
Magaso
Magaspac
Magassi
Magat
Magat
Magat
Magat
Magauit
Magbaboy
Magcalon
Mugcaragit
Magdalena
Magialena
Magdalena
Mrtgdalfina
MagHua
Maglu.T
Magell;;n
Maggok
Maghanay
M.-ighilot
Maginung
Mtiging :
Magica
Magkasog
Maglaoi
Maglaus
Maglolobo
Maemarale
Magmet
Magnagay
Magnao
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Sitio
Mountain Peaks. . .
River
Municipal district .
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Caves
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Sitio
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Sitio
Rancheria
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
River
River
River
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio i
Barrio i
Sitio
Sitio
Bay
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio '
Municipal district .
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Iloilo 166
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Isabela 170
Lanao 17S
Batangas 102
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Bohol 106
Sorsogon (N) 2.52
Ilocos Sur 162
Davao 154
Amburayan Subprovince . 198
La Union 182
Cagayan 118
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Bulacan 1 14
Abra 78
Palawan (N) 228
Surigao 262
Surigao 262
Cebu 138
Cebu 138
Bohol 106
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Davao 154
Cavite 134
Romblon 244
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Batangas 102
Apayao Subprovince 200
Camarines Sur 126
Pampanga 232
Cavite 134
Sorsogon (N) 252
Agusan 82
Romblon 244
Samar . . ^ 248
Abra 78
Cotabato 1 50
Cotabato 150
Tarlac 266
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Apayao Subprovince 200
Camarines Sur 126
Camarines Norte 122
Mindoro 190
Bulacan 114
Leyte 186
Oriental Negros 224
Tarlac 266
Isabela 170
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Isabela 170
Mountain Province 196
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Occidental Negros 220
.Antique 90
Sorsogon (S) , 252
Lagun^ j 171
Antique ' 90
Sorsogon (N) 252
Sorsogon (S) 252
Camariaes Sur 126
Davao 154
Cebu 138
Ifugan Subprovince 206
Nueva Vizcaya ' 216
Agusan i 82
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Tyanao I 178
Camarines Norte I 122
Leyte i 186
Ilocos Norte 1 ."iS
Davao 1 54
SamjJr 248
Bularan 114
Kiilinga Subprovince 208
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Lati-
tude.
11 10
17 08
16 45
7 50
13 59
17 19
9 54
12 53
17 09
7 20
17 05
16 37
17 35
16 32
15 11
17 36
10 40
9 20
9 15
11 20
9 4r,
9 42
17 10
6 30
14 19
12 55
17 23
16 38
13 58
18 06
13 56
15 13
14 11
12 .50
9 00
12 30
11 20
17 33
20
55
7
6
15 19
17 33
18 03
13 40
13 55
13 20
14 53
10 50
9 15
15 37
17 20
16 45
16 50
16 45
16 37
16 09
10 25
10 45
12 le
14 12
10 25
12 27
12 27
15 47
6
,",0
10
no
16
48
16
00
8
16
16
19
7
55
11
03
10
15
17
59
(
50
11
05
15
07
17
21
Longi-
tude.
122 45
121 22
122 00
124 05
120 50
121 18
123 49
123 17
120 35
125 50
120 37
120 19
121 4o
121 13
121 07
121 01
119 50
126 10
125 55
123 45
123 20
124 24
121 15
125 20
121 04
121 45
121 28
121 13
120 43
121 17
122 35
120 40
120 45
123 50
125 30
122 30
125 10
120 51
124 40
124 30
120 44
121 29
121 14
123 11
123 05
121 15
120 59
124 55
123 15
120 36
121 50
121 20
121 25
121 20
121 16
121 15
123 20
121 55
123 BO
121 2C
122 00
123 32
123 32
122 47
126 00
124 00
121 02
121 18
00
03
17 35
17 26
12C
121
121 25
' 23 02
125 05
120 29
126 20
125 20
121 Co
121 17
121 15
121 17
554
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Magnesia
Magnwang
Magolo
Magolo
Magosolon
Magradongdong. .
Magsalangi
Magstlnngi
Mag'sikap
Mag^ingil ,
Magtang
Magtangtang . . .
Magting
Magubay
Maguilling
Maguldan
Magulibus
Magum
Magumbali
Magungunay . . .
Maguyepyep
Mahaba
Mahabangdahilig,
Mahalit
Mahalnas
Mahanay
Mahanay
Mahanlud
Mahinog
Mailag
Mailumaig
Maimbung
Maimbung
Maindang
Mainganay
Mainget
Mainit
Mainit
Mainit
Mainit
Mainit
Mainit
Maipalig
Mairaira
Maisan
Maitum
Maitum
Maiyapay
Majaba
Majaba
Majaba
Majacob
Majada
Majayjay
Makabagla
Makabayao ....
Makabugos
Makadar
Makalpi
Makar
Makaii
Makato
Makaturing
Makaturing
Makgum
Makinabang. . .
Makipa
Makiwalo
Maktan
Makumbol
Mala
Malabag .......
Malabago
Malaban
Malabanas
Malabang
Malablabbaga.. .
Malabobo
Malaboc
Feature.
Map.
Barrio
Barrio
Mountcin
Mountain
Mountain
.Sitio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Lake
Lake
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bamo
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Island
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Volcano
Volcano, dormant .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Albay
Ilocos Norte
Cotabato
Davao
Capiz
Albay
Camarines Norte. . .
Camarines Norte. . .
Tavabas (N)
Ilocos Sur
Antique
Bohol
Misamis
Samar ■.
Cagayan
Cotabato
Davao
Davao
Pampanga
La Union
Abra
Romblon
Batangas
Leyte
Sorsogon (N)
Bohol
Bohol
Capiz
Misamis
Bukidnon
Lanao
Sulu
Sulu
Capiz
Ilocos Sur
Cebu
Agusan
Surigao
Bontoc Subprovince
Cebu
Romblon
Surigao
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte
Bulacan
Bohol
Surigao
Agusan
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Romblon
Samar
Laguna
Laguna
Bukidnon
Lanao
Albay
Lanao
Leyte
Cotabato
Rizal
Capiz
Lanao
Relief
Davao
Bulacan
Bukidnon
Samar
Camarines Norte . . .
Davao
Cagayan
Cavite
Zambales
Laguna
Pampanga
Lanao
Abra
Pangasinan
Capiz
Fac-
ing
page.
86
158
150
154
130
86
122
122
270
162
90
106
194
248
118
150
154
154
232
182
78
244
102
186
252
106
106
130
194
110
178
258
258
130
162
138
82
262
204
138
244
262
158
158
114
106
262
82
252
252
244
248
174
Lati-
tude.
!3
1?
6
6
11
13
13
13
34
17
11
10
9
12
17
7
5
6
15
16
17
12
13
10
12
10
10
11
9
7
7
5
5
11
17
10
9
9
17
9
12
9
17
18
14
9
9
8
12
12
12
11
14
Longi-
tude.
174 14
110
178
86
178
186
150
240
130
178
72
154
114
110
248
122
154
118
134
274
174
232
178
78
236
130
8
7
13
7
11
6
14
11
7
8
7
14
8
12
14
6
18
14
15
14
15
7
17
15
11
32
01
25
30
?6
03
54
53
50
41
50
01
15
10
45
20
50
50
08
28
26
50 :
43 j
55 I
51 i
11
11
31 I
10
50
50 1
55
55
19
23 ,
30 !
25
30
10
25
55
35
59
39
42
53
00
50
26
26
65
50
11
09
25
55
14
45
15
05
34
43
40
40
56
55
30
19
50
15
09
47
21
10
35
42
43
58
O I
124 10
120 32
125 10
125 10
122 12
123 25
123 06
123 05
121 35
1?0 25
121 25
124 09
124 45
124 35
121 30
124 05
125 40
126 10
120 54
120 24
120 45
122 05
121 05
124 30
123 53
124 14
124 12
122 38
124 50
125 05
123 45
121 00
121 00
122 44
120 29
123 40
125 30
125 30
120 59
123 20
122 05
125 35
120 36
120 50
120 59
124 04
125 55
125 25
123 15
123 15
121 45
124 50
121 06
121 28
124 25
124 00
123 19
124 15
124 45
125 10
121 02
122 17
124 20
124
125 50
120 53
124 55
124 40
122 36
126 10
121 50
120 58
119 56
121 53
120 40
124 05
120 42
120 18
121 55
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
555
Name.
Feature.
Malabog
Malabon
Malabon
Malabon
Malabor
Malabrigo
Malabugas . . . .
Malabutuan . . .
Malabuyoc . . . .
Malac
Malacampo. . . .
Malacbang . . . .
Maladugao . . . .
Malaga
Malaga
Malagasanij 1" .
Malagasang 2°.
Malagit
Malagit
Malagnat
Malaguit
Malagumuk. . .
Malahi
Malaiba
Malaig
Malainen
Malajacan
Malajog
Malakaban . . . .
Malaki
Malalag
Malalan
Malama
Malamaui
Malambo
Malambo
Malambo
Malambunga . .
Malampay
Malampaya. . . .
Malanao
Malanas
Malanday
Malangaban . . .
Malangas
Malanipa
Malansad
Malanut
Malapaao
Malapackun . . .
Malapantao . . .
Malapantao . . .
Malapascua . . .
Malapat
Malapatan . . . .
Malapingan . . .
Malaquing Hog
Malasin
Malasin
Malasiqui
Malasugat . . . .
Malalag
Malate
Malauag
Malauang
Malauli
Maiavatuan . . .
Malay
M?laya
Malaya
Malayal
Malaybalay . . .
Malaybalay . . .
Malbago
Malabnay
Malbog
Malbug
Malbug
Malbug
Malbug
Malbug
Map.
Sitio
Municipality. . . .
Municiprality. . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality. . . .
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Island j
Barrio
River
Barrio i
Barrio |
Barrio
Sitio I
Barrio
Bay '
Sitio
Barrio
Island j
Mountain |
Mountain i
Mountain
Sitio I
Sitio
Sound '
Island i
River j
Barrio
Island I
Barrio I
Island
Sitio
Bay
River
Island
Mountain
Mountain
Island
Sitio
Barric
Sitio
River
Barrio
Barrio
; Municipality
Bay
I Sitio
j District
I Barrio
I Sitio
Barrio
! Island
Barrio
I Barrio
Mountain
Municipal district.
Capital
Capital, Bukidnon.
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
River
Cotabato
Cavite
Rizal
Zambales
Antique
Batangas
Oriental Negros .
Davao
Cebu
Rizal .
Tarlac .
Camarines Norte.
Cotabato.
Oriental Negros .
Samar .
Cavite .
Cavite .
Capiz.
Iloilo .
Kalinga Subprovince.
Camarines Norte
Bukidnon
Rizal
Oriental Negros
Lanao
Cavite
Bulacan
Samar
Rizal
Abra
Davao
Davao
Albay
Zamboanga
Bukidnon
Cotabato
Davao '. •
Palawan (S)
Bukidnon
Palawan (N)
Palawan (S)
Abra
Bulacan
Iloilo
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Camarines Sur
Palawan (S)
Abra
Palawan (S)
Occidental Negros. . .
Relief
Cebu
Isabela
Cotabato
Sorsogon (N)
Laguna
Isabela
Nueva Vizca}'a
Pangp.sinan
Zamboanga
Camarines Norte
City of Manila
Camarines Sur
Bataan - • ■
Pampanga
Mindoro
Capiz
Lcpanto Subprovince .
Lipanto Subprovince .
Zamboanga
Bukidnon
Philippine Islands . . . .
Cebu
Palawan (N)
Tayabas (S)
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Oriental Negros
Romblon
Sorsogon (S) ....
Fac-
ing
paee.
Lati-
tude.
150
134
240
274
90
102
224
154
138
240
266
122
150
224
248
134
134
130
166
208
122
110
240
224
178
134
114
248
240
78
154
154
86
278
110
150
154
228
110
228
228
78
114
166
278
278
126
228
78
228
220
72
138
170
150
, 252
' 174
1 170
I 216
236
278
122
146
125
I 94
' 232
190
130
. 210
i 210
' 278
110
72
I 138
I 228
' 270
I 2.52
2.S2
221
244
■>->9
5
14
14
15
11
13
9
5
9
14
15
14
7
9
12
14
14
11
11
17
14
7
14
10
7
14
14
12
14
17
6
5
13
6
7
7
7
9
7
10
9
17
14
11
7
6
13
9
17
9
9
10
11
16
5
12
13
16
16
15
7
I 14
14
1 13
14
14
13
11
16
16
7
8
8
11
12
14
12
12
9
12
12
50 '
23
40
39
15
36
20
50
40
47
39
12 I
20 I
45
15
23
22
27
05
38
17
30
18
20
40
17
45
05
20
38
40
50
08
45
40
40
40
00
35
50
30
38
43
15
40
55
37
20
40
10
55
1
20
40
55
61
55 I
50
If .
55 !
05
12
34
23
39 I
49
50
54
67
55
10 .
00
20
10 ,
00
59
03
10
15 ,
05
Longi-
tude.
25 20
20 53
20 57
19 57
22 05
21 16
22 45
25 40
23 20
21 14
20 25
22 48
24 45
23 10
24 25
20 56
20 56
22 51
22 25
21 23
22 48
24 55
21 15
23 10
24 25
20 47
20 58
24 30
21 13
20 45
25 20
25 30
23 26
21 55
25 15
25 15
25 20
17 40
25 10
19 20
18 40
20 61
20 57
23 15
23 00
22 15
23 02
18 00
20 32
17 50
22 40
23
24 05
21 30
25 15
23 12
21 20
21 45
21 06
20 25
22 15
22 35
20
59
23
17
20
30
20
40
20
20
21
64
20
41
20
42
21
65
25
05
25
23
45
20
00
22
25
23 44
23 39
23 00
22 00
23 43
556
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Malcampo ....
Malcampo ....
Maldica
Maleco
Malecon
Malekong
Malepunyo ....
Malepunyo ....
Malepunyo. . . .
Males
Malibago
Malibago
Malibago
Maiibas
Malibato
Malibay
Malibay
Maliclico
Malicut
Malideg
Malidong
Maligay
Maligayligay . . ,
Maligligay ....
Maliig
Malilico
Malilipot
Malimatoc ....
Malimono ....
Malinao
Malinao
Malinao
Malinao
Malinao
Malinao
MaKnao
Malinao
Malinao
Malinao
Malinao
Malinao
Mal^ndang ....
Malindang. . . .
Malingin
Malino
Malinta
Ma'isbug
M^lita
Malitao
Malitao
Malitbog
Malitbog
Malitbog
Malualu
Malixi
Maljo
Mallango
Maliig
Maliig
Maliig
Maliig or Tardi .
Mallorga
Malobago
Malobago
Malobago
Malobago
Malobago
Malobago
Malobagonan . .
Maloco
Maloronan ....
Maloh
Maloloa
Malolos
Maloma
Maloyon ,
Maluanluan ...
Malubul
Malubutglubut .
Maluko
Feature.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Bay
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Inlet
Mountain
Mountain
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district .
Rancberia
Barrio
Municipality
Municipal district.
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
River
River
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Capital
Capital, Bulacan . .
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
River
Island
Municipality
(N)
Leyte . . .
Palawan
Bataan .
Nueva Vizcaya
Bontoc Subprovince
Bontoc Subprovince
Batangas
Laguna
Tayabas (S)
Bulacan
Leyte
Mindoro
Tayabas (S)
Sorsogon (S)
Cotabato
Rizal
Bulacan
Amburayan Subprovince .
Sulu
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Albay
Zamboanga
Iloilo
Ilocos Norte
Mindoro
Romblon
Albay
Batangas
Surigao
Albay
Capiz
Bukidnon
Camarines Sur
Laguna
Samar
Tayabas (S)
Cotabato
Albay
Capiz
Relif^f
Surigao
Misarais
Relief
Iloilo
Pampanga
Bulacan
Occidental Negros
Oavao
Apayao Subprovince
Isabela
Leyte
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Tarlac
Surigao
Leyte
Kalinga Subprovince
Isabela
Kalinga Subprovince
Isabela
Mountain Province
Samar
Albay . .
Leyte
Sorsogon (S)
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S) .
Samar
Sorsogon (S)
Capiz
Oriental Negros
Oriental Negros
Bulacan
Philippine Islands
Zambales
Nueva Ecija
Mindoro
Cotabato . . .
Palawan (N)
Bukidnon . .
186
228
94
216
204
204
102
174
270
114
186
190
270
252
150
240
114
198
258
210
86
278
166
158
190
244
86
102
262
86
130
110
126
174
248
270
150
86
130
72
262
194
72
166
232
114
220
154
200
170
186
110
110
266
262
186
208
170
208
170
196
248
86
186
252
252
252
248
252
130
224
224
114
72
274
212
190
150
228
110
11
10
14
16
17
17
13
13
14
14
11
13
13
12
6
14
15
16
6
17
13
7
11
18
13
12
13
13
9
13
11
8
13
40
11
14
7
13
11
13
10
8
8
10
15
14
10
6
18
16
10
8
8
15
8
10
17
17
17
17
17
11
13
10
12
12
12
11
11
11
9
9
14
15
15
15
13
7
11
8
20
20
39
08
11
07
58
58
00
52
25
05
15
08
10
32
14
50
05
10
01
30
20
30
50
20
19
42
35
24
39
50
40
06
50
00
35
25
16
ir>
15
20
08
42
50
20
00
40
10
30
30
29
25
30
18
10
15
10
20
30
07
45
03
31
31
30
44
47
10
05
51
07
53
05
05
30
20
124 20
119 20
120 28
120 55
121 17
120 59
121 15
121 15
121 15
120 53
!24 50
121 25
122 00
123 53
125 00
121 00
121 04
120 30
120 25
120 41
123 27
123 15
123 00
120 55
120 10
122 00
123 44
120 55
L25 25
123 42
122 18
125 15
123 00
121 26
125 20
121 50
124 45
123 35
122 22
124
125 40
123 35
124
122 35
120 40
120 58
123 00
125 40
121 01
121 40
125 00
124 55
124 55
120 37
126 15
124 45
121 08
121 40
121 33
121 40
121 35
124 50
123 34
124 55
123 59
123 20
123 20
125 25
124 03
122 09
122 55
123 00
120 48
121
120 04
121 03
121 25
125 00
119 40
125 00
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
557
Maluno
Malunog
Malunog
Malusak
Malusay
Malusu
Maluya
Malvar
Maly
Maiuala
Maraannak
Mamanoc
Mamanuc
Mamatad
Mamat'd
Mamatitang
Mamawan
Mambahenauhan .
Mambajao
Mambalili
Marabangnan. . . .
Mambatangan . . .
Mambiranan ....
Mamboaya
Mambog
Mambog
Mambug
Mambukayan . . .
Mambukiao
Mambulao
Mambulao
Mamburao
Mamburao
Mambusao
Mambusao
Marnbutua
Mamhot
Mampanom
Mamparang
Mampinsahan . . .
Mampissin
Mamunit
Manaa
Manabanay
Manabo
Manacota
Manacsac;
Manaddiiig
Managa
Managasi
Manago
Managua
Manajao
Manamoc
Manamrag
Manamuc
Mananao
Manangat
Manangol
Mananum
Manaoag
Manapla
Manarang
Manatan
Manaul
Manay
Manayday ,
Mancajilan
Mancamagong . .
Mancanda
Mancatian
Mancayo ,
Mancruz
Mandalagan ....
Mandalagan . . . .
Mandaloque ....
Mandao
Mandaon
Mandaparon . . . .
Mandasig
Barrio
River
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
River ■
Island
Island
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Port
Municipality
Bay
Township
Municipality
River
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Municipal district
Sitio
Sitio . . •.
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality ....
Rancheria
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Isabela
Apayao Subprovince. .
Apayao Subprovince. .
Tayabas (S)
Oriental Negros
Zamboanga
Bataan
Batangas
Rizal
Bataan
Zamboanga
Sulu
Sulu
Pampanga
Laguna
Pampanga
Zamboanga
Philippine Islands . . . .
Misamis
Agusan
Nueva Ecija
Bukidnon
Iloilo
Bukidnon
Cavite
Zambales
Ilocos Sur
Kalinga Subprovince. .
Capiz
Camarines Norte
Camarines Norte
Mindoro
Mindoro
Capiz
Capiz
Agusan
Camarines Norte
Davao •
Nueva Vizcaya
Agusan
Davao
Tarlac
Benguet Subprovince .
Abra
Abra .
Apayao Subprovince.
Nueva Ecija.
Zamboanga .
Davao .
Cebu.
Abra .
Bukidnon .
Samar .
Palawan (N)
Albay .
Mindoro .
Albay .
Ilocos Sur .
Kalinga Subprovince.
Bukidnon .
Pangasinan .
Occidental Negros.
Ilocos Norte .
Kalinga Subprovince.
Laguna .
Davao ,
Abra.
Nueva Ecija
Camarines Norte. .
Camarines Sur. . . .
Pampanga
Camarines Norte. .
Camarines Norte. .
Occidental Negros.
Occidental Negros.
Ilocos Norte
Camarines Norte. .
Sorsogon (S)
Oriental Negros . . .
Pampanga
170
200
200
270
224
278
94
102
240
94
278
258
258
232
174
232
278
72
194
82
212
110
106
110
134
274
162
208
130
122
122
190
190
130
130
82
122
154
216
82
154
266
202
78
78
200
212
278
154
138
78
110
248
228
86
190
86
162
208
110
236
220
158
208
174
154
78
212
122
126
232
122
122
220
220
158
122
252
224
232
17 00
18 14
18 17
14 00
10
6
10
30
14 38
14 03
14 43
14 34
35
05
40
15 13
14 14
15 15
7 55
6
9 15
8 15
15 21
8 20
11 10
8 20
14 26
15 19
17 18
17 27
11 34
14 19
14 17
13 15
13 15
11 26
11 23
9 00
14 18
7 10
16 22
8 30
7 20
15 35
16 15
17 50
17 26
18 21
15 36
7 40
7 10
10 55
17 45
8 45
12 30
11 20
13 44
12 55
13 14
17 33
17 20
8 55
16 03
11 00
18 19
17 22
14 11
7 10
17 29
15 18
14 02
13 .50
15 O.J
14 12
14 05
10 40
10 40
18 08
13 52
12 14
10 05
15 04
121 55
121 21
121 23
122 00
123 15
121 55
120 30
121 10
121 08
120 33
121 35
121 40
120 25
120 51
121 10
120 34
122 15
119
124 45
125 55
120 57
124 50
122 35
124 35
120 58
120 01
120 27
121 21
122 34
122 40
122 42
120 35
120 35
122 35
122 27
125 35
122 36
126 30
121 30
12,5. 30
125 50
120 23
120 40
120 49
120 42
121 18
120 48
123 00
125 50
124 00
120 57
125 15
124 55
120 40
124 06
120 50
124 08
120 22
121 09
125 00
120 29
123 05
120 41
121 29
121 22
126 30
120 37
121 10
123 02
122 47
120 33
122 54
122 67
122 56
123 15
120 42
123 04
123 17
123 10
120 49
558
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Mandaue
Mandaui
Mandili
Mandong
Mandurriao
Manella
Managa
Manga
Manga
Mangagoy
Mangal
Mangalayan
Mangaldan
Mangali
Mangarin
Mangarin
Mangas
Mangasag
Mangatarem
Mangatarem
Mangatarem
Mangeli
Mangilag
Mangitayag
Mangolago
Mangrove
Mangrove
Manguiao
Manguirin
Mangumit
Manguna
Manharlahan
Manibaug
Maniboc
Manicahan
Manicani
Manicbel
Manigonigo
Maniguin
Manila
Manila
Manila
Manila
Manila
Manila Water Supply
Maning
Maningi
Maninila
Maniring
Maniti
Manito
Maniwayan
Manjuyod
Mankayan
Mankayan
Manlabong
Manlacbo
Manlagtang
Manmanoc
Manmanoc
Manmanoc
Manmanoc
Manoc
Manoe
Manocmanoc
Manog
Manpili
Manreza
Manromiras
Mansalay
Mansalay
Mansalayao
Mansua
Mantabuan
Mantalingahan
Manlalingahan
Mantalisay
Mantanas
Mantang
Mantangule
Feature.
Municipality
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
River
Island
Island. . . .4
Bay
Incorporated City
Insular Capital. . .
Insular Capital. . .
Municipal district
Reservation
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality
Island
Municipality
Township
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Island
Sitio
Islets
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Cebu
Mindoro
Pampanga
Capiz
Iloilo
Misamis
Lepanto Subprovince .
Pampanga
Cebu
Surigao
Zamboanga
Tayabas (S)
Pangasinan
Kalinga Subprovince. .
Mindoro
Mindoro
Cavite
Romblon
Pangasinan
Pangasinan
Relief
Davao
Tayabas (S)
Ilocos Norte
Tariac
Camarines Norte
Zambales
Cebu
Camarines Sur
Laguna
Iloilo
Bukidnon
Pampanga
Pangasinan
Zamboanga
Samar
Abra
Iloilo
Antique
Cavite
Manila
Rizal *.
Philippine Islands ...
Agusan
Ri'.'.al .
Palawan (N)
Camarines Norte
Albay
Samar
Rizal
Albay
Tayabas (S)
Oriental Negros
Lepanto Subprovince .
Mountain Province. . .
Sorsogon (N)
Antique
Cebu
Abra
Kalinga Subprovince..
Mountain ProNdnce . . .
Relief
Sorsogon (S)
Kalinga Subprovince..
Cebu
Mindoro
Camarines Norte
Davao
Camarines Sur
Mindoro
Mindoro
Occidental Negros. . . .
Camarines Norte
Sulu
Palawan (S)
Relief
Camarints Sur
Ilocos Sur
Samar
Palawan (S)
138
190
232
130
166
194
210
232
138
262
278
270
236
208
190
190
134
244
236
236
72
154
270
158
266
122
274
138
126
174
166
110
232
236
278
248
78
166
90
134
146
240
72
82
240
228
122
. 86
248
240
86
270
224
210
196
252
90
138
78
208
196
72
252
208
138
190
122
154
126
190
190
220
122
258
228
72
126
162
248
228
10
13
15
11
10
8
17
15
10
8
6
14
16
17
12
12
14
12
15
15
16
6
13
18
15
14
15
10
13
14
10
7
15
16
7
11
17
11
11
14
14
14
15
8
14
10
14
13
12
14
13
13
9
16
16
13
11
11
17
17
17
18
12
17
11
13
14
7
13
12
12
10
14
5
8
9
13
17
11
8
20
50
10
35
45
35
13
09
00
10
25
00
05
17
20
20
08
50
47
54
00
55
09
35
21
24
35
45
12
50
30
07
02
00
00
29
35
35
25
36
36
50
40
50
14
13
25
41
08
35
20
52
50
04
00
00
40
40
40
00
22
35
40
05
10
.S3
30
30
20
08
00
50
45
03
50
10
Longi-
tude.
123 55
120 20
120 54
122 32
122 30
123 45
120 34
120 46
123 25
126 20
122 00
121 55
120 24
121 15
121 05
121 05
120 52
122 05
120 17
120 07
120
125 40
121 25
120 42
120 44
122 41
119 54
123 45
123 17
121 03
122 30
125 05
120 34
120 13
122 15
125 40
120 51
123 10
121 40
120 45
120 59
120 59
121
125 30
121 15
121 00
122 21
123 38
125 05
121 23
123 52
122 10
123 10
120 48
120 50
124 09
122 00
124 00
121 05
121 06
121 05
121
123 34
121 29
124 00
120 15
122 59
126 30
123 00
121 25
121 25
123 05
122 59
120 15
117 40
118
123 01
120 27
125 25
117 10
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
559
Name.
Mantatao
Mantauil, Dato .
Mantayuna ....
Manticao
Mantigbi
Mantingoy
Mantiquil
Manuboc
Manuboc
Manucan
Manucan
Manucmanca . . .
Manuc-Manucan
Manunca
Manurigao
Manusuang ....
Manuyog
Manzanilla
Manzante
Maoasoas
Maon
Maonon
Mapacac
Mapait
Mapako
Mapalad
Mapalan
Mapali
Mapalina
Mapan
Mapanas
Mapandan
Mapaniqui
Mapatad
Mapatag
Mapatan
Mapia Pupa. . . .
Mapisla
Mapitpita
Mapolopolo ....
Mapula
Mapulo
Mapunga
Mapungas
Mapuyo
Maquebenga . . .
Maqueda
Maqueda
Maquiling
Maquiling
Maquiling
Matiuiling
Maquinang
Maquinang
Maracanao
Marag
Maragat
Maragayap
Maragnal
MaragundoQ ...
Marahan
Maiakabak ....
Maralison
Maramag
Marangas
Maranghi
Maranlangit . . . .
Marasat
Marasi
Marauiraui
Marauoy
Maravilla
MaraviUa
Marayag
Marsyag
Marcelino
Maresira
Margaay
Margos
Margosatubig . . .
Feature.
Map.
page.
Island
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Island
Island
Barrio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Mountain
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Point
River
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Rancherla
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancherla
Bay
Channel
Railroad Station . .
Mountain
Mountain
Volcano, dormant .
Siiio
Mountain
Island
liivtr
Rancherla
Barrio
Rancherla
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Municipal district.
Sitio
Barrio
Mountain
Sitio
Bay
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Bohol
Cotabato
Bukidnon
Misamis
Bataan
Kalinga Subprovince
Oriental Negros
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Palawan (N) .
Zamboanga
Sulu
Palawan (N) .
Samar
Davao .
Agusan
Misamis .
Antique .
Ilocos Sur .
Benguet Subprovince ....
Bulacan
Albay
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Nueva Ecija .
Albay .
Tarlac
Bataan
Bukidnon
Amburayan Subprovince .
Misamis .
Samar
Pangasinan .
Pampanga
Rizal I
Antique .1
Nueva Vizcaya |
Lanao .
Abra ■ . •
Apayao Subprovince. ....
Pangasinan . |
Romblon .'
Batangas . 1
Davao . 1
Davao .
Ley te . 1
Nueva Vizcaya
Samar ]
Camarinea Sur j
Batangas . ,
Batangas .'
Laguna I
Relief !
Zambales
Zambales
Palawan (N) .|
Apayao Subprovince ;
Apayao Subprovince I
La Union i
Apayao Subprovince i
Cavite I
Cavite
Cotabato |
Antique
Bukidnon
Palawan (S) 1
Camarines Sur !
Bukidnon
Isabela j
Palawan (S)
Isabela
Batangas
Cebu
Laguna >
Albay '.
Ley te 1
Tayabas (N)
Cotabato
Ilocos Sur
Davao
Zamboanga
106
150
110
194
94
9
7
7
8
14
208 17
224 I 9
252 \ 12
252 I 12
228
278
258
228
248
154
82
194
90
lti2
202
114
86
210
212
86
266
94
110
198
194
248
236
232
240
90
216
178
78
200
236
244
102
154
154
186
216
248
126
102
102
174
72
274
9
8
4
7
11
7
9
9
10
17
16
15
13
16
15
13
15
14
7
17
8
12
16
15
14
10
16
7
17
17
15
12
13
7
7
11
16
U
13
14
14
14
14
15
274 I 15
228 11
200
200
182
200
134
134
150
90
110 I
228
126 :
110 i
170 I
228
170
102
138
174 ,
86
186
270
150
162
154
278
18
17
16
18
14
14
7
11
7
8
13
8
16
8
16
13
10
14
13
10
14
6
17
7
7
57 ,
10
40
25
35 !
15
10 I
31
31
40
30 j
50 1
40
25
30 1
10 1
05
55
42
17
01
03 I
58 j
32
10
30
37
55
01
20
30
02
06
41
35
00
45
32 I
53 I
54 i
35
45
50
40
45 ;
12
45 i
50
09
08
08
05 ;
05
10 I
19 '
57
46
30
17
08
30
25
ir,
40
30
45
55
50
50
58
55
13
18
00
50
50
26
10
35
Longi-
tude.
123 51
124 55
124 55
124 15
120 35
121 10
123 05
123 26
123 26
121 20
123 05
119 50
118 30
125 00
126 30
125 35
124 45
122 00
120 24
120 29
121 08
123 23
120 40
121 07
123 33
120 42
120 21
125 00
120 33
123 50
125 15
120 27
120 55
121 20
122 00
121 18
123 55
120 52
121 11
120 22
122 15
121 11
126 00
125 50
124 25
121 14
125 00
124 00
121 08
121 12
121 12
121
120 12
120 11
121 00
121 11
121 04
120 20
121 03
120 44
120 51
124 40
122 00
125 00
117 40
123 07
125 00
121 35
117 20
121 50
121 10
123 55
121 24
123 27
125 10
121 35
125 15
120 28
125 30
123 10
560
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Margus
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria
Maria Clara . . . .
Maria Cristina . .
Maria Mercedes .
Mariawa
Maribago
Maribojoc
Maribojoc
Maricaban
Maricaban
Maricaban
Maricalom
Marigondon ....
Marigondon ....
Marigondon ....
Marihatag
Marikina
Marikit
Marilao
Marinab
Marinab
Marinduque ....
Marinduque ....
Marinduque ....
Maringalo
Marinig
Marintoc
Marpipi
Maripipi
Mariroc
Maritan
Mariui
Mariveles
Mariveles
Mariveles
Mariveles . . .
Mariveles . . .
Marmarsang .
Maronquillo .
Marozo
Martinez. . . .
Marungas . . .
Marungas . . .
Marungco . . .
Marunot . . . .
Masa
Masaba
Masabod. . . .
Masadsadac .
Masagana . . .
Masaguisi . . .
Masaguitsit .
Masalong . . .
Masantol . . .
Masao
Masaraga . . .
Masarauag . .
Masasa
Masaya
Masaya
Masayo
Masbaranon .
Masbate . . . .
Masbate . . . .
Masbate . . . .
Masi
Masi .
Masibay .
Masical . .
Masicong .
Masiit . . .
Masin . . .
Masinao .
Masinloc.
Masinloc .
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Subprovince
Sitio
Barrio . . '
Sitio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Port
Municipality
Quarantine Sta-
tion.
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipal district
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Municipality
Rancheria
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Mountain
;„„ Lati-
'°« tude.
page.
Cotabato 150 5
Cebu 138 11
Oriental Negros 224 9
Antique 90 11
Samar
Leyte
La Union 182
Capiz 130
Albay 86
Cebu 138
Bohol I 106
Surigao 262
Batangas 102
Batangas i 102
Rizal : 240
Occidental Negros 220
Cebu 138
Romblon i 244
Romblon ! 244
Surigao I 262
Rizal 240
Nueva Ecija 212
Bulacan 114
Sorsogon (N) 252
Sorsogon (S) 252
Tayabas (S) 270
Philippine Islands 72
Tayabas (S) 270
Nueva Ecija 212 : 15
Laguna 174 14
Sorsogon (S) 252
Leyte ; 186
Leyte 186
Albay 86
Bataan 94
Tarlac 266
Bataan ! 94
Bataan 94 i 14
Bataan 94 14
248 ! 12
186 10
16
11
13
10
9
8
13
13
14
9
10
12
12
8
14
15
14
12
12
13
13
13
12
11
11
13
14
15
14
Bataan
Relief
Amburayan Subprovince ,
Bulacan
Ilocos Sur
Antique
i Sulu
I Sulu
Bulacan
Leyte
Cebu
Cebu
Misamis
Ilocos Norte
Bulacan
Mindoro
Batangas
Camarines Norte ,
Pampanga
Agusan
Albay
Albay
Batangas
Isabela
Laguna
Antique
Sorsogon (S)
Sorsogon (S)
Philippine Islands
Sorsogon (S) ,
Apayao Subprovince
Apayao Subprovince. . . . ,
Lanao
Cagayan
La Union
Laguna
Zamboarvga
Laguna
Zambalea
Zambales
94
14
72
15
198
16
114
14
162
17
90
11
258
6
258
6
114
14
186
11
138
10
138
10
194
8
158 I 18
114 14
190
102
122
232
82
86
12
13
14
14
9
13
86 i 13
102 I 13
170 16
174 14
90 1 10
252 11
252
72
252
200
200
178
118
182
174
12
12
12
18
18
7
17
16
14
278 ! 7
174 I 14
274 15
274 15
35 ,
30
10 1
05
25 '
05 1
54 I
33
03
20
45
10
39
40
32
40
15
30 '
25
50
38
48
45
36
36
25
25
59
16
17
50
45
20
49
41
25
26
26
31 I
I
56
58
27
20
05
15
57 1
10 I
00
30
10
17
53
40
39
10 ■
54 i
00
19
14
39
30 I
09 '
35
47
12
22
25
23 [
50 :
50
34
10 '
45
30
32
33 I
Longi-
tude.
125 20
124 05
123 40
122 05
124 50
124 50
120 26
122 15
123 46
124 00
123 50
126 35
120 53
120 50
121 00
122 25
124 00
122 05
122 40
126 20
121 06
121 15
120 57
123 56
123 56
122 00
122
122 00
121 02
121 10
123 43
124 20
124 20
123 41
120 18
120 28
120 30
120 29
120 29
120 29
120
120 35
121 00
120 31
122 00
121 00
121 00
121 01
124 25
123 30
124 00
123 35
120 46
120 56
121 30
121 11
122 48
120 42
125 30
123 37
123 37
120 52
121 45
121 16
122 00
124 01
123 40
124
123 37
121 09
121 09
123 50
121 35
120- 23
121 18
123 25
121 25
119 57
120 02
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
561
Name.
Masiosioay
Masipac
Masipi
Masiquil .
Masisit
Masiu
Masla
Maslog
Maslog
Maslog
Maslog
Masonson
Maspiil
Masudar>g
Masula
Masuli
Masungit Rock . .
Masupe
Mataas na Gulod .
Mataasnakahoy . .
Mataba
Mataba
Matabang
Matabao
Matabao
Matagbac
Matagob
Matagob
Matagok
Mataha
Matahao
Matain Hulo . . . .
Matalibong
Mataling
Matalipni
Matalom
Matalvi
Matam
Matamp
Matanal
Matancan
Matandumaten . .
Matango
Matanis
Mataqui
Matara
Matarabis
Matarem
Matarinao
Matarinao
Matas
Matataja
Matayuanac
Matayum
Matayumtayum .
Mate
Matho
Mati
Mati
Mati
Matibuey
Matican
Matictic
Matimbo ,
Matimus
Matitnus
Matinao
Matindeg
Matingad
Matinobo
Matlang
Matnog
Matnog
Matnog
Matocbo
Matoco
Matogdon
Matoogtoog ....
Matubog
Matulid
Feature.
Sitio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district
Barrio
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio : . . .
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Map.
Pac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Township . . . .
Barrio
Sitio
River
Barrio
Municipality. .
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Bay
Island
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Mountain ...
Bay
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality.
Municipality.
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
: Mountain . . .
Lepanto Subprovince . .
Isabela
Isabela
Ilocos Norte
Cagayan
Lanao
Lepanto Subprovince . .
Samar
Albay
Cebu
Camarines Sur
Iloilo
Lepanto Subprovince . .
Bontoc Subprovince . . .
Bataan
Camarines Sur
Rizal
La Union
Cavite
Nueva Ecija
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Cebu
Sorsogon (S)
Bohol
Cavite
Iloilo • ■
Leyte
Leyte • •
Zamboanga
Batanes • •
Zambales
Albay • •
Lanao - •
Albay • •
Leyte
Zambales • •
Zamboanga • •
Lanao • •
Zamboanga ■'■
Tayabas (N) .
Camarines Norte . .
Camarines Norte. . . • . .
Davao • •
Camarines Norte. . . . . .
Albay • •
Palawan (N)
Batanes • •
Samar
Samar • •
Pampanga ■ •
Tayabas (S) ■
Batangas
Sorsogon (S) ■
Tarlac • •
Tayabas (S) .
Surigao ■ •
Davao • •
Bukidnon ■ ■
Cotabato • •
Lepanto Subprovince .
Isabela . - ■
Bulacan • • •
Bulacan . . •
Lanao • • ■
Lanao • • • •
Bohol
Nueva Ecija
Abra ■ • • •
Abra ■
Leyte • • •
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Samar
Lepanto Subprovince .
Batangas
Camarines Norte
Cnmarines Norte
Tarlao
Bulacan
210
17
15
120
cS
170
16
45
121
55
170
17
25
121
50
158
18
32
120
45
118
18
35
121
15
178
7
50
124
20
210
17
02
120
49
248
12
05 :
125
15
86
13
07 :
123
46
138
10
30
124
00
126
13
57
123
25
166
11
15
123
00
210
17
01
120
44
204
17
11
121
25
94
14
39
120
24
126
13
21
123
24
240
14
36
121
19
182
16
48
120
25
134
14
12
120
41
212
15
37
121
01
2.52
12
33
123
15
2.52
12
33
123
15
138
10
25
123
40
252
12
19
123
48
106
9
55
123
56
134
14
08 1
120
50
166
11
00 1
122
30
186
11
05
124
30
186
11
30
124
25
278
6
35
121
40
98
20
25
121
58
274
14
51 1
120
15
86
13
29
123
38
178
7
40 ,
124
10
86
13
24
123
40
186
10
15
124
45
274
15
29
119
54
278
8
30
123
15
178
7
45
123
55
278
6
35
122
20
270
15
05
121
50
122
14
21
123
08
122
14
13
122
52
154
5
50
125
30
122
14
18
122
32
86
13
11
123
22
228
11
10
121
10
98
20
24
121
58
248
11
15
125
35
248
11
15
125
35
232
15
11
120
37
270
13
25
122
25
102
14
02
120
44
252
11
58
124
03
266
15
31
120
43
270
14
00
121
40
262
9
10
126
10
1.54
7
00
126
10
110
8
25
124
20
150
6
50
124
00
210
17
13
120
41
170
17
05
122
20
114
14
55
121
04
114
14
49
120
50
178
7
25
124
Ob
178
7
25
124
10
106
. 9
49
124
21
212
15
47
120
41
78
17
47
120
52
78
17
19
120
39
186
10
55
124
25
252
12
36
124
05
252
12
36
124
Ob
248
11
20
125
00
210
16
57
120
40
102
13
38
121
03
122
14
07
122
49
122
14
02
! 23
O'Z
266
15
41
120
27
114
14
53
121
16
171073-
-86
562
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Namp.
Matungao
Matungog
Matungog
Matuog
Matutinao
Matutum
Matutum
Matutum
Matutuna
Mauban
Mauban
Mauban
Mauban
Maubanban . . . .
Maugat
Maugbi
Mauhao
Maul
Maulauin
Maumaun
Maungib
Mauo
Mauraro
Mauyen
Mavien
Mawes
Mayabay
Mayag
Mayamot
Mayan
Mayana
Mayantoc
Mayasang
Mayatap
Maybancal
Maybato
Maybocog
Maybunga
Maycueva
Maydolong
Maygatasan . . . .
Maygnaway . . . .
Mayha
Mayo
Mayo
Mayo
Mayon
Mayon
Mayon
Mayondon
Mayong
Mayorga
Mayoyao ......
Mayoyao
Maypajo
Maytiguid
Maytim
Mayuga
Mayuro
McArthur
McCrath, Camp
McKinley, Fort.
McKinley
McKinley
McKinley
Medano
Medellin
Medina
Medina
Medina
Melgar
Mi^ville
Melville
M ;ndez Nunez .
Menpmeng
Mengmeng
Monor
Mercedes
Mercedes
Feature.
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Volcano
Volcano
Volcano, dormant .
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
River
Sitio
Volcano
Volcano, active. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio .
Barrio
Township
Township
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
! Barrio
U. S. Army Post .
U. S. Army Post.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
j Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Cape
Cape
Municipality
Mountain
Mountain
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Bulacan
Sorsogon CN)
Sorjogon (S)
Oriental Negros
Cebu
Davao
Cotabato
Relief
Romblon
Tayabas (S) , . .
Bataan
Abra
Kalinga Subprovince. . .
Zambales
Batangas
Occidental Negros
Mindoro
Lanao
Laguna
Bohol
Tariac
Samar
Albay
Batanes
Batanes
Surigao
Antique
Lepanto Subprovince .
Nueva Ecija
Batanes
Bohol
Tariac
Batangas
Bontoc Subprovince . .
Rizal
Antique
Samar
Rizal
Camarines Sur
SaniPT
Agusan
A-lbay
Romblon
Davao
Davao
Davao
Albay
Relief
Sorsogon (N)
Laguna
Albay
Leyte
Ifugao Subprovince. ..... 206
Mountain Province. .....' 196
Rizal 240
Palawan (N) . . . i 228
Ca\-ite ' 134
Bohol I 106
Batangas 102
Cebu 138
Batangas 102
Rizal 240
Ilocos Sur 162
Oriental Negros 224
Samar 248
Misamis i 194
Cebu i 138
Capiz I 130
Cavite 134
Misamis 194
Surigao 262
Palawan (S) 228
Philippine Islards 72
Cavite : 134
Abra | 78
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Mindoro 190
Camarines Norte 122
Cebu 138
114
252
252
224
138
154
150
72
244
270
94
78
208
274
102
220
190
178
174
106
266
248
86
98
98
262
90
210
212
98
106
266
102
204
240
90
248
240
126
248
82
86
244
154
154
154
86
72
252
174
86
186
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
14
12
12
9
9
6
6
6
12
14
14
17
17
14
13
10
12
8
14
10
15
12
13
20
20
8
11
16
15
20
9
15
14
17
14
10
11
14
13
11
8
13
12
7
7
7
13
13
12
14
13
10
16
17
14
11
14
9
13
10
13
14
17
10
12
9
11
11
14
8
10
7
8
14
17
17
12
14
I 10
43
35
35
55
50
20
20
30
10
39
21
21
54
r<2
30
20
00
16
11
39
25
09
41
22
20
15
58
45
46
47
37
01
09
31
45
30
35
58
30
45
41
25
00
00
00
16
58
12
31
55
59
00 I
39 I
00
08
48
48
40
46
33
13 1
05
25 I
15 I
10
27
5.T
05
50
08 I
13 I
13 '
40
07
40
20 53
23 14
23 14
23 10
23 20
25 10
25 05
25
22 00
21 45
20 18
20 57
20 58
20 06
21 18
23 05
21 20
24 15
21 27
24 28
20 39
24 20
23 36
21 50
21 56
26 25
22 05
20 50
20 49
21 52
24 19
20 23
20 52
21 14
21 14
21 55
25 30
21 05
22 41
25 30
25 40
24 03
22 00
26 20
26 20
26 20
23 41
24
23 49
21 14
23 36
25 00
21 14
21 15
20 58
19 40
20 57
24 25
21 16
24 30
21 04
21 03
20 30
23 15
24 40
24 40
24 00
22 14
20 46
25 00
25 30
17 00
17
20 54
20 55
20 55
20 25
23 00
24 25
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
563
Name.
Mercedes . . .
Mercedes . . .
Mercedes . . .
Merida
Merui
Mesecoy . . . .
Mexico
Meycayauan .
Meyngaran . .
Miagao
Mianay
Miarayon . . .
Midsungan . .
Migit
Mikalung . . .
Milagros . . . .
Milagros . . . .
Milan
Milaor
Milaos
Minaili
Minalabac . .
Minalin
Minallo
Minalolan . . .
Minalunua . .
Minanga . . . .
Mindagat . . .
Mindanao . . .
Mindanao . . .
Mindanao . . .
Mindanao . . .
MINDORO.
Mindoro . . . .
Mindoro . . . .
Mindoro . . . .
Mindoro . . . .
Mines
Mingay
Minglanilla. .
Minis
Minis
Minlagas. . . .
Minolos
Minsoro . . . .
Mintac
Minuhang. . .
Minuit
Minuluan . . .
Minuri
Mirador . . . .
Mirador . . . .
Miranda . . . .
MISAMIS. .
Misamis . . . .
Misamis . . . .
Misericordia .
Misinsiman .
Mision
Miaion
Mitla
Mito
Miuban
Moalbual . . .
Mobo
Mocaboc . . . .
Mocpoc
Mogpog . . . ..
Mohanook . .
Moises
Moises
Mojon
Mojon
Mojon
Mojon
Molar Rock .
Moliguin ...
Molino
Molo
Molocaboc . .
Feature.
Map.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Mountain
Sitio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality
Municipal district ,
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sea
Earrio
River
Province
Island
Strait
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality
Island
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Observatory
Barrio
Province
Province
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Municipality
River
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Islet
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Davao
Samar
Zamboanga
Leyte
Cotabato
Palawan (N)
Pampanga
Bulacan
Sorsogon (S)
Iloilo
Capiz
Bukidnon
Cotabato
Davao
Bukidnon
Sorsogon (S)
Agusan
Capiz
Camarires Sur
Albay
Albay
Camarines Sur
Pampanga
Isabela
Oriental Negros
Rizal
Cagayan
Bukidnon
Philippine Islands . . .
Philippine Islands . . .
Cebu
Cotabato
Mindoro
Philippine Islands . . .
Philippine Islands . . .
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Ilocos Norte
Apayao Subprovince.
Cebu
Sulu
Zamboanga
Misamis
Cebu
Bukidnon
Sorsogon (S)
Leyte
Palawan (N")
Occidental Negros. . .
Isabela
City of Baguio
City of Baguio
Occidental Negros. . .
Misamis
Philippine Islands . . .
Misamis
Albay
Bukidnon
Cagayan
Ilocos Sur
Pampanga
Leyte
Bukidnon
Cebu
Sorsogon (S)
Bohol
Bohol
Tayabas (S)
Davao
Isabela
Relief
Batangas
Cebu
Laguna
Nueva Erija
Camarines Sur
Tayabas (S)
Cavite
Iloilo
Occidental Negros. . .
^n^" Lati-
„3 tude.
page.
Longi-
tude.
154
7
20
126 30
248
11
05
125 45
278
7
00
122 10
186
10
55
124 30
150
7
40
125 15
228
11
00
119 30
232
15
04
120 43
114
14
44
120 58
252
12
21
123 36
166
10
40
122 15
130
11
30
122 43
110
8
00
124 55
150
7
40
125 10
154
7
30
126 30
110
7
30
125 00
252
12
13
123 30
82
8
40
125 35
130
11
27
122 28
126
13
35
123 10
86
13
02
123 41
86
14
01
124 15
126
13
33
123 11
232
14
58
120 41
170
17
00
121 50
224
9
10
123 40
240
14
46
121 18
118
18
15
121 45
110
8
35
124 55
72
8
125
72
9
124
138
9
40
123 20
150
7
00
124 30
190
13
00
121 00
72
13
121
72
13
120
162
17
33
120 21
182
16
55
120 25
158
18
29
120 37
200
18
35
121 00
138
10
15
123 50
258
6
10
121 05
278
6
35
121 30
194
8
50
125 00
138
10
05
123 30
110
8
30
124 50
252
11
57
124 01
186
11
20
124 45
228
12
10
120 00
220
10
45
123 00
170
16
35
121 50
140
16
25
120 35
140
16
25
120 35
220
10
20
122 50
194
8
30
124 30
72
9
124
194
8
10
123 50
86
13
16
123 46
110
7
30
124 55
118
18
15
121 55
162
17
26
120 31
232
15
04
120 34
186
11
30
125 00
110
7
40
125 00
1.<J8
9
55
123 25
252
12
20
123 39
106
10
04
123 56
106
9
52
123 48
270
13
30
121 50
154
7
30
126 20
170
17
10
122 15
1 72
17
122
102
18
52
120 58
138
10
15
123 50
174
14
13
121 24
212
15
33
121 14
126
14
02
123 46
270
13
50
122 00
134
14
21
120 61
166
10
40
122 35
220
11
00
123 35
564
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Pass
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Sitio
River
Barrio
Island
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Molopolo
Molopolo
Molugan
Mompog
Mompog
Monbon
Moncada
Mondragon
Mongabong
Mongpong
Moning
Monja
Monkayo
Monreal
Monserrat
Monserrat
Monserrat
Monserrat I Mountain
Montabiong Barrio
Montalban ! Municipality.
Montalban 1 River
Montana ' Barrio
Montaneza j Barrio
Monte Alegre
Montero
Montevideo
Montserrat
Montufar
Moriones
Moriones
Moro
Moro
Moron
Morong
Mosimus
Mosung
Motiong
MOUNTAIN
Mountain
Mozon
Mozon
Mozzozin
Muduk
Mukas
Mulanay
Mulibcong
Mulig
Muligi
Mulita
Mulundu
Mumungan
Munai
Mungayang
Munoz
Muntingilog
Muntinglupa
Muraaya
Murcia
Murcia
Murcielagos
Murcielagos
Murcielagos
Musimut
Muskut
Muti
Mutul
Map.
N.
Naatang
Naauan . . .
Nabangig . ,
Nabanig . .
Nabas ....
Nabbuan . .
Nabua ....
Nabuangan
Nabudis . . .
Nabugtu . .
Nabugtut j Island
Nabugtut I Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Gulf
Gulf
Municipality
Municipality
Mountain
River
Barrio
Province
Province
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Municipal district.
Barrio
Island
River
Municipal district.
Municipal district.
Municipal district.
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Bay
Bay
Island
Rancheria
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality.
Barrio
Municipality.
Sitio
Island
Island
Leyte
Leyte
Misamis
Tayabas (S)
Tayabas (S)
Sorsogon (N)
Tarlac
Samar
Samar
Mindoro
Albay
Cavite
Davao
Sorsogon (N) '. .
Cebu
Surigao
Laguna
Amburayan Subprovince
Ifugao Subprovince
Rizal
Rizal
Bohol
Cebu
Cebu
Ilocos Sur
Bohol
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
Sorsogon (N)
Camarines Sur
Tarlac
Zamboanga
Philippine Islands
Bataan
Rizal
Kalinga Subprovince. ...
Mindoro
Samar
Mountain Province
Philippine Islands
Batangas
Rizal
Isabela
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Tayabas (S)
Abra
Davao
Sulu
Bukidnon
Lanao
Lanao
Lanao
Ifugao Subprovince
Nueva Ecija
Cavite
Rizal
Ilocos Sur
Occidental Negros
Tarlac
Misamis
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Apayao Subprovince
Kalinga Subprovince
Zamboanga
Cotabato
Fac-
Lati-
ing
tude.
page.
o '
186
10 05
186
10 10
194
8 30
270
13 30
270
13 35
252
12 44
266
248
248
190
86
134
154
2.52
138
262
174
198
206
240
240
106
138
138
162
106
210
252
126
266
278
72
94
240 1
208
190
248
196
72
102
240
170
278
278
270
78
154
258
110
178
178
178
206
212
134
240
162
220
266
194
278
278
200
208
278
150
Bohol 106
Misamis 194
Sorsogon (S) i 252
15 44
12 30
11 20
12 50
13 39 :
14 22
7 50
12 40
10 45
9 40
14 13
17 03
16 50
14 44
14 44
9 37
9 40
10 40
17 14
9 46
17 03
13 01
13 35
15 27
6 50
7
14 41
14 31
17 18
12 50
11 45
17 00
17
13 51
14 32
17 30
7 30
8 05
13 30
17 34
00
55
30
55
8 10
8 00
16 49
15 43
14 14
14 23
17 45
10 35
15 24
8 40 :
8 40 :
8 10 i
18 02
17 28
7
6
20
00
Lepanto Subprovince .
Capiz
Isabela
Camarines Sur
Apayao Subprovince.
Batanes
Sorsogon (SI
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
210
130
9 40
8 25
12 06
17 08
11 50
170 I 16 40
126
200
98
252
252
252
13 24
18 04
20 54
11 51
12 24
12 24
Longi-
tude.
124 55
125 10
124 35
122 10
122 05
124 01
120 34
124 45
125 05
120 55
124 21
120 31
126 00
123 39
124 30
126 05
121 26
120 38
121 10
121 09
121 15
123 56
123 20
124 20
120 29
124 13
120 38
124 12
123 27
120 28
122 50
123
120 16
121 14
121 02
121 20
125 00
121 00
121
120 59
121 09
121 45
122 50
122 45
122 25
120 58
125 30
118 25
124 55
124 25
124 15
124 05
121 06
120 5f
121 00
121 03
120 29
123 00
120 37
123 30
123 30
122 25
121 07
121 09
122 15
125 10
124 24
124 15
123 57
120 52
122 05
121 35
123 22
121 32
121 57
123 46
123 15
123 15
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
565
Name.
Nabulao
Nabulen Barit . . .
Nabunagan West.
Nabungkagan . . .
Nabunut
Nacayao
Nacolod
Nactang
Nacugang
Nadiudin
Naga
Naga
Feature.
River
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Capital
Capital, Camari-
nes Sur.
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
River
Rancheria
Barrio
Map.
Naga
Naga
Nagabon
Nagan
Nagan
Naganaga
Nagarao Island .
Nagas Barrio .
Nagas Barrio .
Nagas Point .
Nagba Barrio .
Nagbabalayan Rancheria .
Nagbaccayan Rancheria .
Nagbakalan I Barrio
Nagbalagan ' Barrio
Nagbalaye i Barrio
Nagbalioartian Barrio
Nagbiga ' Sitio
Nagbukel [ Municipality
Nagbunga Barrio
Nagcarlan ; Municipality
Naghoom Barrio
Nagiba Barrio
Nagiba Barrio
Nagiba Point
Naglabas Sitio
Naglibacan Municipal district.
Nagongoyan 1 Sitio
Nagoso I Barrio
Nagpanaoan | Sitio
Nagpandayan Barrio
Occidental Negros
Abra
Ilocos Sur
Ley te
Iloilo
Occidental Negros
Leyte
Camarines Norte
Amburayan Subprovince
Camarines Norte
Camarines Sur
Philippine Islands
Fac-
ing
page,
Lati-
tude.
Nagpapalcan Barrio
Nagpatayan Barrio
Nagpatpatan Barrio
Nagquirisan Barrio
Nagrangtayan Barrio
Nagrebcan Barrio
Nagrebcan Barrio
Nagsabaran Barrio
Nagsabaran Barrio
Nagsabaran Sitio
Nagsagupunan Sitio
Nagsaing Barrio
Nagsantaan Barrio
Nagsulay Barrio
Nagsulo Sitio
Nagtalontong Barrio
Nagtenga Barrio
Nagtupacan Barrio
Nagubat Island
Nagubugan Sitio
Na^uey Barrio
Nagui Sitio
Naguilian Municipality.
Naguilian Municipality.
Naguilian Rancheria . . .
Naguilian Rancheria . . .
Naguilian River
Naguilian Road
Naguimba Barrio
Nagumbuaya Point
Naguran Island
Nagutan Sitio
Nagyubuyuban Barrio
Nahulid Barrio
Naiba Sitio
Naibuang Sitio
Cebu
Albay
Samar
Apayao Subprovince.
Apayao Subprovince.
Zamboanga
Sorsogon (S)
Albay
Albay
Davao
Capiz
Apayao Subprovince.
Apayao Subprovince.
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte
Oriental Negros
Ilocos Sur
Bataan
Ilocos Sur
Zambales
Laguna
Camarines Sur
Batangas
Mindoro
Mindoro
Rizal
Abra
Nueva Vizcaya
Romblon
Ilocos Sur
Nueva Ecija
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte
Iloilo
Cagayan
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Cagayan
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte
Pangasinan
Ilocos Sur
Bohol.
Rizal
Batangas .
Ilocos Sur .
Abra .
Antique
Ilocos Norte
Benguet Subprovince .
Leyte
Isabela
La Union
Apayao Subprovince. .
Apayao Subprovince. .
La Union
La Union
Ilocos Sur
Albay
Sorsogon (S)
Davao
La Union
Leyte
Lepanto Subprovince .
Lepanto Subprovince .
220
78
162
186
166
220
186
122
198
122
126
72
138
86
248
200
200
278
252
86
86
154
130
200
200
158
158
224
9
17
17
11
11
10
10
14
16
14
13
14
10
13
11
18
18
7
11
13
13
6
11
18
18
18
18
9
162 ! 17
94 ! 14
162
274
174
126
102
190
190
240
78
216
244
162
212
158
158
158
166
118
162
182
118
162
158
158
236
162
106
240
102
162
78
90
158
202
186
170
182
200
200
182
182
162
86
252
154
182
186
210
210
17
14
14
13
13
13
13
14
17
16
12
17
15
18
17
18
10
18
17
16
18
17
18
18
15
17
9
14
13
17
17
12
18
16
11
17
16
18
18
16
16
17
13
12
7
16
10
16
16
40
23
32
25
35
45
25
18
57
00
37
15
29
00
10
11
30
49
26
06
40
20
02
15
06
33
15
52
27
27
58
08
49
42
20
20
18
51
15
40
06
36
90
58 ,
04
35
35
07 :
50
30
42
25
10
59
49
S6
26
40
03
35
10
27
36
15
00
32
19
07
35
30
15
33
08
30
39
20
58
54 I
Longi-
tude.
122 35
120 41
120 25
124 50
123 15
123 05
125 05
122 26
120 33
122 50
123
123
11
123 45
123 40
125 40
121 16
121 21
122 55
123 50
123 41
123 18
126 10
122 42
121 09
121 04
120 35
120 47
122 50
120 29
120 27
120 32
120 10
121 25
122 46
120 54
121 15
121 20
121 19
120 55
121 43
122 15
120 27
120 46
120 45
120 39
120 46
122 00
121 10
120 27
120 24
121 05
120 30
120 45
120 47
120 20
120 30
124 07
121 13
121 14
120 28
120 44
121 25
120 43
120 41
124 30
121 50
120 24
121 03
121 04
120 24
120 30
120 30
124 20
123 28
125 50
120 25
125 00
120 39
120 46
566
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Naic
Nailaban
Naili
Naipen
Naisud
Nakoda
Nalasin Norte
Nalasin Sur . .
Nalbo
Nalbuan
Nalidaoan. . . .
Nalsian
Nalundan . . . .
Nalundan . . . .
Nalunod
Nalusbitan . .
Nalusdan . . . .
Nalvo
Namabbalan .
Namalpalan . .
Namanday . . ,
Namarabar. . .
Namatec
Namatian . . . .
Namatingan . .
Nambalan . . .
Namboongan .
Nametha . . . .
Namilagan . . .
Naminudut . .
Namitpit . . . .
Namo
Namonitan . . ,
Nampicuan . .
Namuco
Nanagan
Nanawatan . .
Nanene ,
Nanga
Nangalao . . . .
Nangalisan . . ,
Nangalisan . . .
Nangka ,
Nangka
Nangka
Nangka
Nangka
Nangka ,
Nangka
Nangka
Nangtud
Nangtud
Nangtud . . . . ,
Nanguneg ...
Nanhaya
Nanudalan . .
Naogsol
Napalauan . . .
Napaliran. . .
Napaliran ...
Napangan. . .
Napawon. ...
Napayauan . .
Napayauan . .
Napindan ...
Napnapan . . .
Napo
Napo
Napo
Napo
Naponapon . .
Napsi
Napsong ....
Napulan ....
Napuro
Naranjos. . . .
Narirong ....
Nariz
Naro
Naro
Feature.
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Rancheria
Rancheria
Barrio
Islands
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Mountain
Municipal district .
River
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Islands
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Cavite
Sorsogon (S)
Capiz
Kalinga Subprovince
Capiz
Palawan (S)
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Abra
Amburayan Subprovince .
Pangasinan
Iloilo
Oriental Negros
Ley te
Camarines Norte
Antique
La Union
Cagayan
Ilocos Sur
Albay
Abra
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Sorsogon (S)
Amburayan Subprovince .
Tarlac
La Union
Amburayan Subprovince .
Abra
Nueva Vizcaya
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Sorsogon (N)
La Union
Nueva Ecija
Batangas
Apayao Subprovince . .
Fac-
Lati-
ing
tude.
page.
o
t
134
14
19
252
12
14
130
11
46
208
17
25
130
228
162
162
162
78
198
236
166
224
186
122
90
182
118
162
86
78
210
252
198
266
182
198
78
216
210
252
182
212
102
200
Kalinga Subprovince. . . .
Palawan (N)
Palawan (N)
Benguet Subprovince . . .
Ilocos Sur
Bukidnon
Cebu
Misamis
Occidental Negros
Oriental Negros
Rizal
Tayabas (S)
Bukidnon
Antique
Capiz
Relief
Ilocos Sur
Laguna
Apayao Subprovince. . . .
Zambales
Ifugao Subprovince
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Apayao Subprovince. . . .
Camarines Sur
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Rizal
Iloilo i 166
Cebu 138
162
270
94
212
174
202
278
248
248
90
228
252
252
Ilocos Sur
Tayabas (S)
Bataan
Nueva Ecija
Laguna ,
Benguet Subprovince .
Zamboanga
Samar ,
Samar ,
Antique ,
Palawan (S)
Sorsogon (S) ,
Sorsogon (S)
11 49
9 20
17 16
17 16
17 22
17 31
16 57
15 51
10 40
9 45
10 30
14 06
11 15
16 51
17 35
17 40
13 19
17 33
16 56
11 59
17 00
15 36
16 18
16 47
17 42
16 04
17 07
12 43
16 15
15 44
13 50
18 07
17 44
17 24
12 20
11 30
16 26
17 06
8 15
10 35
8 35
10 50
9 25
14 40
13 20
7 40
11 15
11 17
11
17 24
14. 14
18 17
14 53
16 50
8 50
8 50
18 16
13 44
12 22
12 22
14 32
10 45
10 05
17 40
13 30
14 38
15 49
14 32
16 44
7 45
12 00
12 20
11 10
8 60
12 11
11 54
Longi-
tude.
120 46
123 18
122 10
121 22
122 12
117 50
120 31
120 31
120 27
120 54
120 38
120 27
122 15
123 05
125 10
122 37
122 10
120 21
121 45
120 22
123 57
120 39
120 55
123 35
120 34
120 28
120 22
120 40
120 38
121 13
120 42
123 51
120 24
120 38
121 12
121 00
121 17
121 16
120 20
120 10
120 28
120 26
124 45
123 40
123 30
123 05
122 50
121 06
122 00
125 00
122 10
122 12
122
120 28
121 20
121 12
120 16
120 58
124 50
; 124 55
121 35
123 29
123 14
123 14
121 06
122 25
I 123 35
, 120 26
i 122 05
120 19
121 11
121 25
120 42
123 25
124 45
124 00
122 05
118 00
123 62
123 40
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
567
Name.
Feature.
Naro
Naro
Narvacan
Narvaez
Nasaog
Nasipit
Naslo
Naso
Nasonogan
Nassiping
Nasubata
Nasugbu
Nasugbu
Nasugbu ■
Nasuli
Natappian
Nataragan
Natib
Natimaoan
Natividad
Natividad
Natividad
Nato
Nato
Natonin
Natonin
Natonoan
Natulungan
Naujan
Naujan
Naulid
Naulo
Nava
Naval
Naval
Navatas
Navitas
Navitas
Navotas
Navotas
Naya
Nayapyap [
Nayom !
Nayon
Nazareno
Nazaret ,
Nazasa • . •
Negra 1
Negron
Negros I
NP:GR0S OCCIDENTAL.
NEGROS ORIENTAL . . .
Nenita
New Washington
Nibangon
Nikdad
Nilasin
Nin
Nipa
Nipa
Nipa
Nipaan
Nipaco
Niugan
Nogas
Nonan
Nonoc
Nonoc
Nonongaron
North
North ■
North Bais
North Channel
North Gigante
North Pass
North Ubian
Northwest Head
Norzagaray
Nouvilas Occidental
Novaliches
Bay
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Mountain
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district
Mountain
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Township
Township
Sitio
Sitio
Lake
Township
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Sitio
Bay
Point
Mountain
Island
Province
Province
Barrio
Municipality ....
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Lagoon
Bay
Strait
Island
Strait
Island
Point
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Pac- '
■ Lati- Longi-
r^ilS. tude. ludp.
page.
.1-
Sorsogon (S) 252
Sorsogon (.S) 252
Ilocos Sur 162
Cavite 134
Leyte i 186
Agusan 82
Iloilo 166
Antique 90
Romblon 244
Cagayan 118
Palawan (S) 228
Batangas 102
Batangas , 102
Batangas ' 102
Antique 90
Cagayan 118
Abra 78
Bataan 94
Cebu 138
Pangasinan 236
Iloilo 166
Samar 248
Camarines Sur 126
Agusan 82
Bontoc Subprovince , 204
Mountain Province 196
Nueva Vizcaya i 216
200
190
190
166
274
186
Leyte 1 186
186
248
130
270
Apayao Subprovince.
Mindoro .
Mindoro .
Iloilo
Zambales .
Leyte.
Leyte
Samar
Capiz
Tayabas (S)
Rizal 240
Mindoro , 190
Nueva Vizcaya | 216
Amburayan Subprovince . : 198
Pangasinan ' 236
Zambales ; 274
La Union 1 182
154
274
158
274
72
220
224
248
130
274
110
Davao
Zambales
Ilocos Norte
Zambales
Philippine Islands
Negros Occidental
Negroa Oriental . .
Samar
Capiz
Zambales
Bukidnon
Tarlac 266
Sorsogon (S) i 252
Iloilo 166
Sorsogon (S) 252
Antique 90
Zamboanga 278
Tarlac 266
Laguna 174
Antique 90
Abra 78
Surigao 262
Sorsogon (N) 252
Zambales 274
Batanes I 98
Sulu 258
Oriental Negros 224
Cavite 134
Iloilo 166
Batangas 102
Sulu 258
Palawan (S) 228
Bulacan 114
Samar 248
Rizal 240
12
11
17
14
10
9
10
10
13
18
8
14
14
14
10
. 17
17
14
10
16
11
12
13
I 8
i 1"^
I 17
16
18
13
13
10
15
10
11
10
11
11
13
14
13
15
16
15
15
I 16
6
14
18
15
10
10
9
12
11
14
8
15
, 12
11
' 12
; 11
; 8
I 15
I 14
I 10
I 17
I 9
, 12
15
21
4
9
14
11
13
6
10
14
11
14
14
53 I
25
09
10
00
55 ,
25 ;
00 I
00
00
04
00
05
30
40
39
43
40
03
05
10
37
40
06
05
11
27
10
20
40
42
20
35
25
30
32
40
40
20
59
50 I
49
52
21
30
49
33
06
10
40
25
39
54
25
38
13
10
07
45
20
39
16
25
30
50
56
05
03
45
40
24
40
35
10
10
65
15
43
123 51
123 40
120 28
120 49
124 50
125 20
122 35
121 55
122 05
121 35
117 10
120 38
120 39
120 37
122 00
121 40
120 59
120 25
124 00
120 48
122 25
124 30
123 32
125 35
121 18
121 20
121 16
121 19
121 20
121 20
122 15
119 54
125 10
124 25
124 45
124 50
122 54
122 20
120 57
121 15
121 20
120 41
119 54
120 00
120 22
126 10
120 05
120 38
120 22
123
123 00
123 00
124 50
122 26
120 15
124 40
120 40
123 15
123 05
123 56
121 55
123 00
120 33
121 08
121 55
120 55
125 35
123 10
120 09
121 58
119 20
123 05
120 35
123 20
121 07
120 25
118 40
121 03
125 10
121 02
568
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Novele
Noveleta
Nuestra Senora de la Paz. .
Nuestra Senora de Merced.
Nueva Apolonia
NUEVA ECIJA
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Era
Nueva Esperanza
Nueva Invencion
Nueva Sevilla
NUEVA VIZCAYA
Nueva Vizcaya
Nuevo Campo
Nuevo Sibagat
Nuevo Trabajo
Nugas
Nuin
Numancia
Nunang
Nungnungan
Nunungan
Nunuyan
Nusia j
O.
Oaig Daya
Oaoa
Oaqui
Oas
Oayongan
Obaliw
Obando
Obfal
Obo
Obo
Obo
Obod
Obong
Oboob
Obudan
Obug
Obuhan
occidental' NEGROS
Occidental Negros
Oco
Oco
Ocop
Ocoy
Odel
Odiongan
Odiongan
Odiongan
Odlot
Odol
O'Donnell
O'Donneil
Ogbong
Ogong
Ogtoc
Oguis
Olagbent
Olango
Olango
Olanin
Olas
Olbuhan
Olimbo
Olingan
Olipanan
Olive
OUa
Olongapo
Olongapo
Olono
Oloolo
Oloolo
Olutanga
Olutanga
Municipal district
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Province
Province
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Province
Province
Barrio • •
Municipal district
Municipal district
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Lake
Sitio
Barrio
Tn^'' Lati-
Agusan , 82
Cavite 134
Ilocos Norte 158
Ilocos Norte ' 158
224
112
72
158
186
166
166
216
72
262
82
82
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality .
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality.
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Province ....
Province ....
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Inland
Bay
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Port
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Oriental Negros
Nueva Ecija
Philippine Islands
Ilocos Norte
Leyte
Iloilo
Iloilo
Nueva Vizcaya . .
Philippine Islands
Surigao
Agusan
Agusan
Cebu i 138
Davao 154
Surigao , 262
Lanao 178
Bulddnon [ 110
Lanao 178
Zamboanga , 278
Surigao 262
Ilocos Sur 1 162
Pangasinan 286
La Union , 182
Albay i 86
Lepanto Subprovince . . . . j 210
Albay ■ • 86
Bulacan 114
Bontoc Subprovince 204
138
174
274
94
166
102
162
278
Zamboanga | 278
Cebu.
Laguna . . .
Zam bales .
Bataan . . .
Iloilo
Batangas .
Ilocos Sur .
Zamboanga .
8 20
14 26
18 17
18 16
10 25
15 40
16
17 56
10 20
11
11
05
00
16 15
16
9 30
8 50
8 30
40
40
55
05
40
50
45
15
Albay 86
Cebu 138
Sorsogon (S) -. 252
Amburavan Subprovince . 198
Cebu . . ■. 138
Cebu 138
Benguet Subprovince .... 202
Amburavan Subprovince . 198
Bohol. ." 106
Camariiipp Sur 126
Occidental Negros i 220
Philippine Islands 72
Albay 86
Palawan (N) 228
Abra 78
Cebu 138
Zamboanga 278
Romblon 244
Iloilo 166
Misamis 194
Cebu 138 11
Bohol 106 9
Tariac 266
Tariac 266
Albay 86
Rizal ; 240
Camarines Sur J 126
Leyte 186
Davao 154
Cebu 138
Cebu 138
Pangasinan 236
Camarines Sur 126
Bohol 106
Oriental Negros I 224
Zamboanga 278
Camarines Norte 122
17 11
I 15 46
I 16 51
13 15
j 17 16
13 15
14 43
17 09
13 43
9 50
11 59
16 53
9 45
11 10
16 32
16 42
9 58
13 59
10 30
10
13 50
11 10
17 22
11 10
6 35
12 25
11 20
8 50
00
57
15 21
15 25
13 52
14 35
13 47
10 35
6 20
14 49
14 49
10 40
13 38
17 16
Longi-
tude.
125 55
120 53
120 37
120 35
123 15
121 00
121
120 37
125 10
122 55
122 50
121 30
121
125 40
125
125
40
35
123 25
125 30
126 00
124 10
124 55
123 55
122 10
126 05
120 27
120 27
120 25
123 30
120 43
123 30
120 56
121 21
124 15
123 30
123 10
120 37
123 30
123 45
120 48
120 29
124 05
123 50
123 00
123
124 15
120 50
120 35
123 50
121 45
120 00
123 10
125
124
10
10
10
15
16
15
13
55
9
38
9
30
8
30
14
19
10
55
14
10
20
26
10
00
124 31
120 28
120 32
124 19
121 05
122 44
124 55
125 20
123 35
124 05
119 47
123 27
124 20
122 45
123 20
122 35
123 55
121 27
120 16
120 17
122 10
121 13
120 27
122 50
122 55
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
569
Olutaya
Omalo
Omapui
Ombaw
Omon
Omonai
Ondol
Ondoy
Ongos
Oong
Oof.
Oplas
Oplis
Opol
Opon
Opul Rent House
Oquendo
Ora Este
Orani
Oras
Oras
Orcog
Orence
ORIENTAL NEGROS
Oriental Negros
Orion
Orion
Orioung
Ormoc
Ormoc
Orong
Oroquieta
Ortega
Oryod
Oscariz
Osdung
Osiao
Oslob
Osmeiia
Osmeiia
Osmefia
Otabon
Oteiza
Otod
Otod
Oton
Oton -. . .
Otukan
Otundo
Owak
Oy
Oyayao
Oyon
Oyong
Oyu
Oyungan
Island
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Lodging . . . .
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Bay
Mountain . .
Barrio
Province . . . ,
Province ...
Municipality,
Hill
Sitio
Municipality
Bay
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Mountain . .
Barrio
Mountain . . ,
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio ,
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Bay
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Capiz
Camarines Sur
Sulu
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Bukidnon
Bohol
Capiz
Camarines Norte
Ifugao Subprovince. . . .
Samar
Nueva Vizcaya
Laguna
Misamis
Cebu
Ifugao Subprovince
Samar
Ilocos Sur
Bataan
Samar
Samar
Nueva Vizcaya
Ilocos Sur
Oriental Negros
Philippine Islands
Bataan
Bataan
Nueva Vizcaya
Leyte
Leyte
Occidental Negros
Misarr.is
Capiz
Bulacan
Isabela
Benguet Subprovince . . .
Sorsogon (N)
Cebu
Samar
Samar
Surigao
Leyte
Surigao
Romblon
Sorsogon (S)
Iloilo
Palawan (N)
Lepanto Subprovince ...
Nueva Vizcaya
Bohol
Bohol
Bontoc Subprovince ....
Zambales
Capiz
Kilinga Subprovince . . .
Iloilo
130
126
258
126
126
110
106
130
122
206
248
216
174
194
138
206
248
162
94
248
248
216
162
224
72
94
94
216
186
186
220
194
130
114
170
202
252
138
248
248
262
186
11
13
4
13
13
7
10
11
14
16
12
16
14
8
10
16
12
17
14
12
12
16
17
9
10
14
14
16
11
11
' 9
I 8
I 11
' 14
16
16
13
9
12
11
10
I 11
262 8
244 i 12
252 12
166
228
210
216
106
106
204
274
130
208
166
10
11
17
15
9
9
17
15
11
17
10
38
43
55
28
49
25
03
49
17
53
35
24
08
30
20
55
10
36
48
10
10
30
26
30
37
35
37
00
00
55
30 '
27
52
50
43
05
30
30
10
10
15
45
20
02
40
10
00
57
42
40
08
34
27
37
40
Paagan Barrio . . .
Paagan Barrio . . .
Paambacon Barrio ...
Paaraban Sitio
Pabaniag Barrio . . .
Pacac Barrio . . .
Pacac Barrio . . .
Pacalbo Barrio . . .
Pacang Barrio . . .
Pacawol Barrio . . .
Pacdan Sitio
Pacheco Barrio . . .
Paciencia Barrio. . . ,
Pacijan Island ...
Pack Mountain .
Pack Mountain .
Paclasan Barrio . . .
Paco Barrio . . . ,
Paco District . .
Paco Barrio . . .
Pacpaco Barrio ...
Padada ' Barrio . . . .
Amburayan Subprovince. 198
La Union 182
Oriental Negros | 224
Amburayan Subprovince . 198
Pampanga ' 232
Abra 78
Nueva Ecija 212
Nueva Vizcaya ' 216
Ilocos Sur 162
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Cavite 134
Ilocos Norte 158
Cebu 138
Benguet Subprovince .... 202
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Mindoro ' 190
Bulacan I 114
City of Manila ' 146
Samar 248
Nueva Ecija 212
Davao i 164
16 49
16 47
9 55
17 01
14 59
17 40
15 41
16 12
17 21
16 48
16 47
14 11
17 54
10 40
16 27
16 27
12 35
14 44
14 35
12 15
15 46
6 40
122 50
123 37
19 25
123 15
122 40
124 50
124 04
122 07
122 44
121 04
124 55
121 01
121 26
124 35
125 55
121 26
124 35
120 25
120 32
125 25
125 30
121 00
120 29
123 00
123
120 35
120 34
121 20
124 35
124 35
122 50
123 50
122 19
121 13
121 30
120 44
123 58
123 25
10
10
125 30
124 25
126 10
122 40
123 18
122 30
119 30
120 53
121 27
124 08
123 59
121 15
L19 56
122 39
121 23
122 10
120 27
120 21
123 10
120 35
120 28
120 43
120 44
120 54
20 30
121 02
121 03
120 46
120 31
124 20
120 53
120 53
121 30
120 55
121 00
124 55
120 36
125 20
125
570
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Padalis
Padalusan
Padan
Padang
Padayao
Paddaya
Padildil
Padpadong
Padsan
Paduk
Paduquit
Padwal
Paet
Paete
Pagadian
Pagadian
Pagala
Paga)ad
PagaloDgan
Paganao
Pagas
Pagatanan
Pagbahan
Pagbilao
Pagbilao
Pagbilao Grande .
Pagda
Pagdalagan
Pagdildilan
Pagga
Pagong
Pagsabangan . . . ,
Pagsanaan
Pagsanaan
Pagsangahan ...
Pagsangahan . . .
Pagsangan
Pagsanjan
Pagsanjan
Pagsubaan
Pagudpud
Pagudpud
Pagugu
Pagusi
Paho
Paing
Paingan
Paingan
Pait
Paitan
Paitan
Paitan
Paitan
Pajo
Pajo
Pakawan. . . .
Pakimikan . .
Palacapac . . .
Palacian . . . .
Palacian . . . .
Palacpalac . .
Palacpalac. .
Palaisan . . . .
Palale
Palali
Palali
Palali
Palali Norte .
Palampas . . .
Palanan . . . .
Palanan . . . .
Palanan . . . .
Palan^s
Palanas
Palanas ....
Palanas ....
Palanas ....
Palandug . . .
Palang
Palanginan .
Sitio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Sitio
River
Sitio
Point
Municipality
Bay
Barrio ■ •
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Barrio
Bay
Municipality
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
River
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio.
Lake
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Lake
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
River
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain range. .
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. ...
Bay
Point
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Nueva Vizcaya \
Zamboanga
Amburayan Subprovince .
Samar
Amburayan Subprovince .
Cagayan j
Abra
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte
Nueva Vizcaya [
Amburayan Subprovince .
Ilocos Sur
Davao
Laguna
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Abra
Romblon
Bukidnon
Abra
Nueva Ecija
Apayao Subprovince. . . .
Mindoro
Tayabas (S)
Tayabas (S)
Tayabas (S)
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
La Union
La Union
Bontoc Subprovince ....
Ifugao Subprovince
Davao
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur
Camarines Norte
Tayabas (S)
Samar
Laguna
Laguna
Davao
Ilocos Norte
La Union
Amburayan Subprovince
Agusan
Cebu
Ilocos Sur
Amburayan Subprovince
Amburayan Subprovince
Ilocos Norte
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Vizcaya
Pampanga
Cavite
Nueva Ecija
Bontoc Subprovince ....
Davao
Ilocos Sur
Nueva Vizcaya
Isabela
Pangasinan
Tarlac
Nueva Vizcaya
Camarines Norte
Camarines Norte
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Vizcaya
Ilocos Sur
Occidental Negros
Isabela
Isabela
Isabela
Bulacan
Cebu
Sorsogon (S)
Bulacan
Leyte
Zamboanga
Abra
Zambales
Fac-
ing
page.
216
278
198
248
198
118
78
158
158
216
198
162
154
174
278
278
78
244
110
78
212
200
190
270
270
270
210
182
182
204
206
154
158
162
122
270
248
174
174
154
158
182
198
82
138
162
198
198
158
212
212
216
232
134
212
204
154
162
216
170
236
266
216
122
122
216
216
162
220
170
170
170
114
138
252
114
186
278
78
274
Lati- i Longi-
tude.
15
7
16
11
16
18
17
17
18
16
16
17
6
14
7
7
17
12
8
17
15
18
13
13
14
13
16
16
16
17
16
7
17
17
14
13
12
14
14
7
18
16
16
9
11
17
16
17
18
15
15
16
15
14
15
17
7
17
16
16
16
15
16
14
14
16
16
17
10
17
17
17
15
9
12
15
10
8
17
15
56
30
41
20
47
20
32
57
02
03
59
48
50
22
45
50
34
35
15
40
30
11
10
55
00 ;
55
59
35
40
14
51
30
55
42
03
15
20
17
19
30
34
35
52
15
15
34
59
OQ
la
50
50
29
09
09
46
12
10
09
22
25
08
32
27
06
19
21
27
11
30
05
10
10
08
35
09
03
60
10
33
19
tude.
121 12
122 40
120 27
125 40
120 28
121 45
120 32
120 38
120 43
121 21
120 35
120 27
125 50
121 29
123 30
123 25
120 43
122 00
125 10
120 47
120 57
121 20
120 40
121 45
121 40
121 45
120 39
120 19
120 22
121 22
121 06
125 40
120 26
120 25
122 56
122 30
124 40
121 27
121 27
126 10
120 47
120 19
120 32
125 35
124 05
120 27
120 37
120 27
120 38
120 44
120 44
121 09
120 50
120 51
120 53
121 23
125 40
120 30
121 50
121 45
120 32
120 42
121 39
122 54
122 29
121 14
121 20
120 28
123 25
122 25
122 25
122 30
121 09
123 20
123 55
120 57
124 40
122 55
120 31
119 59
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
571
Name.
Palangiii
Palanit
Palao
Palao Barakat . .
Palapag
Palapag
Palapag
Palapala
Palasan
Palasipas
Palat
Palaui
Palauig
Palauig
Palauig
PALAWAN
PALAWAN
Palawan
Palawan
Palawit
Palayag
Palestina
Palestina
Palgi
Palieud
Palicpican
Palleai
Pali^uson
Palimbo
Palina
Palinang
Pal'.ni;o\vae ....
Paliparan
Palisili
Pallaw
Palma
Palmas
Palmas
Palo
Palo
Palo Alto
Palocpoc
Palompon
Palong
Paloyon
Palsuguan
Paltoc
Paluan
Paluan
Palugloko
Palui
Palumbanes . . .
Palusapis
Palutan
Paly
Pamabaran ....
Pamacpacan. . .
Pamalican
Pamatawan . . .
Pambuhan . . . .
Pambuhan ....
Pamhuhan Sur .
Paniiga
Pamilican
Pamiatan
Pamloran
Pamosaingan. .
Pampang
PAMPANGA. .
Pampanga ....
Pampanga ....
Pampanga ....
Pampanga ....
Pamploma . . . .
Pamploma . . . .
Pamploma . . . .
Pamploma . . . .
Pamploma . . . .
Pamutic
Pamutusin . . . .
Feature.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Port
Municipality. .
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Point
Municipality. .
Barrio
Province
Province
Province
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio ,
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Mudicipality.
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality .
Bar.rio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Township . . .
Bay
Mountain . . .
Sitio
Islands
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Bnrrio
Barrio
Province ....
Province ....
River
River
River
Municipality.
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Pac-
ing
page
Cavite 134
Samar * | 248
Ifugao Subprovince ; 206
Lanao ; 178
Samar 248
Samar 248
Capiz I 130
Bulacan I 114
Tayabas (N.) ! 270
Amburay an Subprovince . ; 198
232
118
274
274
86
228
228
Pampanga
Cagayan . . .
Zambales . . .
Zambales . . .
Albay
Palawan (N)
Palawan (S)
Philippine Islands ! 72
Philippine Islands i 72
134
118
126
212
244
162
134
232
194
266
202
208
102
Cavite
Cagayan
Camarines Sur
Nueva Ecija
Romblon
Ilocos Sur
Cavite
Pampanga
Misamis
Tarlac
Benguet Subprovince .
Kalinga Subprovince..
Batangas
Cavite 134
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Abra 78
Antique 90
Davao 154
Philippine Island-s I 72
Leyte • •• 186
Camarines Sur 126
Davao 1.54
Cavite 134
Leyte ' 186
Camarines Sur 126
Camarines Sur | 126
Abra ' 78
Lepanto Subprovince . . . . ; 210
Mindoro 190
Mindoro I 190
Ifugao Subprovince ; 206
Zamboanga 278
86
212
170
Albay
Nueva Ecija
Isabela
Palawan (N) 228
Nueva Ecija 212
Nueva Ecija 212
Palawan (N) 228
Zambales 274
Samar 248
Camarines Sur | 126
Samnr , 248
Batangas 102
Bohol I 106
Camarines Sur 126
Zambales 274
Surigao 262
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Pampanga 232
Philippine Islands 72
Nueva Ecija 212
Pampanga 232
Pampanga j 232
Caf.ayan i 118
Camarines Sur I 126
Orii;ntal Negros 224
Rizal 240
Bukidnon 110
Abra 1 78
Mindoro 190
Lati- '
tude.
o
/
14
16
12
20
16
44
1 "^
45
12
40
12
35
11
36
15
03
14
50
16
55
' 15
03 ,
: 18
35
15
26
15
26
13
34
11
00
9
00
10
10
14
17
17
50
13
37
15
46
12
30
17
24
14
17
15
05
9
05
15
42
16
45
17
17
13
50
14
18
17
12
17
36
11
15 ;
5
30 1
6
11
10
13
16 1
8
00
14
08
11
03
13
40
13
23
1 ^'^
53
' 17
13 ,
13
25 '
; 13
25 i
16
17 1
7
45 ,
14
02 '
15
41
16
55
10
40
15
18
15
24
11
20
14
00
12
35 j
13
63 '
11
15
13
56
! 9
30
14
01
15
48
9
40
16
22
15
00
15
15
34
' 15
13
1 14
50
18
30
13
35
9
30
14
28
8
30
17
34
13
25
Longi-
tude.
20 50
24 20
21 03
24 30
25 00
25 05
22 49
21 00
22 05
20 31
20 32
22 10
19 53
19 54
24 08
20 00
18 00
19
19
20 54
21 40
23 15
21 01
22 15
20 30
20 41
20 -SA
25 10
20 2-1
20 41
21 19
21 25
20 59
21 23
20 45
22 05
26 30
27
25 00
23 16
26 20
20 53
24 20
23 01
23 .22
20 48
20 34
20 30
20 25
20 53
23 10
24 02
20 52
22 00
19 40
20 47
20 50
20 40
20 13
24 55
23 42
25 30
20 55
23 55
23 16
19 54
25 65
20 53
20 40
21
21 05
20 48
20 41
21 20
23 04
23 05
20 58
24 55
20 34
20 25
572
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Panabongen . .
Panabutan . . .
Panabutan . . .
Panacan
Panag
Panagatan . . .
Panagon
Panagtaran . .
Panaitan
Panal
Panalipan . . . .
Panalsagon . . .
Panamalon . . .
Panamau . . . .
Panampawan .
Panampulan. .
Panan
Pananag
Panangcalan .
Panangiran . . .
Panaogan . . . ,
Panaon
Panaon
Panapaan . . . .
Panapias
Panay
Panay
Panay
Panay
Panay
Panay
Panayacan
Panaytayan ....
Panbuhan
Pance
Pancol
Pandacan
Pandacopan ....
Pandag
Pandan
Pandan
Pandan
Pandan
Pandan
Pandan
Pandan
Pandan
Pandan
Pandan
Pandan
Pandanan
Pandanan
Pandanan
Pandanon
Pandanon
Pandarochan . . .
Pandayan
Pandayan
Pan de Azucar . .
Pan de Azucar . .
Pandi
Pandipatan . . .
Pandiupon
Panducan
Pandungan
Pangahoy
Pangal
Pangalapan ....
Pangalasian ....
Panganan
Pangangan
Panganiran
Pangantukan . . .
Panganuran . . . .
Panganuran . . . .
Pangao
Pangao
Pangap
PANGASINAN.
Feature.
Sitip
EajF
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Cays
Sitio
Point
Barrio . . . '.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Peak
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Island
Gulf
River
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
District
Sitio
Sitio
Islands
Bay
Municipality ....
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Islet
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Province
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Lepanto Subprovince .... 210
Zamboanga 278
Zamboanga 278
Palawan (S) 228
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Antique 90
Tayabas (S) 270
Palawan (S) 228
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Albay 86
Cebu 138
Occidental Negros 220
Bukidnon 110
Sulu 258
Bukidnon 110
Tayabas (N) 270
Zambales 274
Cotabato 150
Romblon 244
Mindoro 190
Samar 248
Leyte 186
Tayabas (S) 270
Cavite 134
Camarines Sur 126
Philippine Islands 72
Albay 86
Philippine Islands 72
Gapiz 130
Capiz 130
Iloeos Sur 162
Capiz 130
Camarines Sur 126
Camarines Norte 122
Tariac 266
Palawan (N) 228
City of Manila ! 146
Palawan (N) | 228
150
190
86
86
90
86
94
162
182
232
252
190
228
90
270
106
220
190
210
198
118
166
114
178
154
258
158
270
170
178
228
138
106
86
110
278
278
102
102
106
236
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Cotabato
Mindoro
Albay
Albay
Antique
Albay
Bataan
Iloeos Sur
La Union
Pampanga
Sorsogon (N)
Mindoro
Palawan (S)
Antique .
Tayabas (S)
Bohol
Occidental Negros .
Mindoro .
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Amburayan Subprovince .
Cagayan .
Iloilo
Bulacan .
Lanao
Davao
Sulu
Iloeos Norte
Tayabas (,S)
Isabela
Lanao
Palawan (N)
Cebu
Bohol
Albay
Bukidnon
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Batangas
Batangas
Bohol
Pangasinan
17 05
35
35
20
17 07
11 50
13 40
9 40
16 25
13 21
10 40
10 55
8 25
5 55
8 45
15 05
15 13
5 55
12 20
12 25
12 05
10 05
13 55
14 27
13 51
11
13 58
10
11 13
11 34
17 39
11 46
13 48
13 58
15 41
10 50
14 36
10 30
6 45
12 50
14 05
14 03
11 45
13 13
14 36
17 32
16 44
15 09
12 38
12 20
8 20
11 10
13 15
10 11
10 35
12 10
16 56
16 53
19 25
11 15
14 52
7 50
7 20
6 15
18 03
14 10
16 35
8 10
10 30
10 15
9 54
13 01 i
7 45
8 00
7 25
13 50
13 55
10 00
16 00
20 48
22 05
22 10
18 30
21 17
21 20
22 30
18 40
21 00
23 41
24 00
23 30
24 20
21 15
24 50
21 50
20 02
24 50
22 35
21 15
25 15
25 10
22 00
20 58
22 51
22
24 20
22
22 25
22 48
20 23
22 13
22 45
23 05
20 38
19 20
21 00
19 50
24 45
20 45
24 09
24 10
22 05
23 32
20 35
20 22
20 21
20 36
23 36
21 25
17 10
22 10
22 40
24 05
23 10
21 10
20 51
20 36
21 55
23 10
20 58
24 10
25 50
20 40
20 45
22 10
21 40
24 30
19 40
24 00
23 50
23 20
24 50
22 20
22 05
21 09
21 08
23 57
20 20
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
573
Name.
Pangasinan . . .
Pangasinan. . .
Pangatlan . . . .
Pangawilan . .
Pangayan . . . .
Pangayauan . .
Pangdan
Pangdan
Pangdan
Pangdan
Panghayaan . .
Panghiauan . .
Pangi
Pangian
Pangil
Pangil
Pangil
Pangil
Pangil
Pangko
Panglao
Panglao
Pangol
Pangot
Pangot
Pangpang . . . .
Pangpang . . . .
Pangpang . . . .
Panguan
Panguan
Panguian ....
Panguil
Panguil
Par.gul
Pangutaran . .
Pangutaran . .
Pangutaran . .
Pafigyan
Panibungan . .
Panicuan ....
Panicuan ....
Panigayan . . .
Paniki
Paniman
Paningayan . .
Panipuan . . . .
Paniqui
Paniqui
Paniqui
Paniqui
Paniqui
Paniqui
Paniquian . . . .
Paniqui
Paniran
Panirungan . .
Panitan
Panitugan. . . .
Pankol
Panlabaron . . .
Panlatuan . . .
Panongon . . . .
Panonotan . . .
Panoolan . . . .
Panpanaoil . . .
Panquican . . .
Pansinao ....
Pansol
Pansul
Pantabangan .
Pantadon . . . .
Pantadon . . . .
Pantalan
Pantao
Pantao
Pantar
Pantauan . . . .
Pantau Ragat
Pantay
Pantay ,
Feature.
Province
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Bay
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Lsland
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Island
Point
Bay
Bay
Barrio
Island
Passage
Municipal district.
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sirio
Municipality
Island
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Municipality
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district
Sitio
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Pac-
ing
page.
Philippine Islands 72
Sulu 258
Pampanga 232
Leyte 186
Davao 154
Misamis 194
Cebu 138
Iloilo j 166
Occidental Negros | 220
Samar 248
Batangas 102
Misamis ; 194
Tayabas (S) 270
Zamboanga 278
Lanao
Laguna
Cavite
Lati-
tude.
178
174
134
Ilocos Norte i 158
Laguna 174
Davao 154
Bohol 106
Bohol , 106
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Abra 78
Abra 78
Pampanga I 232
Zamboanga '< 278
Bohol 106
Sulu 2.58
Philippine Islands 72
Cebu 138
Zamboanga
Misamis .
Cagayan .
Sulu
Sulu
Sulu
Cotabato
Nueva Ecija 212
Camarines Sur K6
Cotabato 150
Zamboanga , 278
Ifugao Subprovince , 206
Cavite 134
Antique j 90
Pampanga 232
Camarines Sur t 126
Tarlac 266
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Sorsogon (S) 1 252
Albay 86
Nueva Ecija 212
Zamboanga , 278
Romblon 244
Zamboanga 278
Surigao 262
Capiz 130
Cebu : 138
Bataan 94
Nueva Ecija i 212
Sorsogon (N) 252
Cotabato | 150
Ifugao Subprovnnce 206
Occidental Negros 220
Lepanto Subprovince .... 210
Lepanto Subprovince .... 210
Pampanga 332
174
268
212
Lugana
Sulu
Nueva Ecija
Agusan I 82
Bukidnon | 110
Bukidnon i 110
Albay ' 86
Lanao ' 178
Lanao I 178
Cotabato | 150
Lanao ' 178
Ilocos Sur 162
Rizal 240
16
6 10
15 06
10 35
7 20
8 35
10 15
11 00
10 20
11 45
13 46
9 10
13 20
7 15
8 00
14 24
14 12
18 03
14 08
Longi-
tude.
7
9
9
17
40
35
35
19
17 45
17 20
15 09
7 35
10 06
4 40
10 20
278
8
00
194
8
05
118
17
30
258
6
20
258
6
10
258
6
25
150
5
40
15 22
13 43
7
6
16
05
45
54
14 17
11 30
15 06
13 59
15 40
16 38
12 14
13 54
16 18
7 20
12 30
7 16
8 35
11 28
11 10
14 40
15 51
12 52
6 55
16 39
10 25
17 14
16 53
15 08
14 11
6 00
15 50
8 00
8 10
8 05
13 12
7 50
8 05
7 30
8 05
17 31
14 37
20
21 00
20 41
25 10
25 30
24 20
23 45
22 40
23 00
24 55
21
24
21
10
40
50
22 00
23 40
21 28
20 54
20 29
21 28
25 30
23 48
23 45
21 19
20 46
20 34
20 34
23 10
24 25
19 00
19
24 05
23 40
23 46
21 40
20 35
20 30
20 30
25 20
20 46
23 38
24 35
21 55
21 01
20 40
22 05
20 40
23 31
20 35
21
23
12
45
24 08
21 09
23 20
22 00
22 00
26 05
22 46
23 40
20 28
21 06
23 42
25 10
20 53
23 20
20 36
20 50
20 49
21 U
00
21 09
25 20
25 15
24 45
23 20
23 55
24 15
24 25
24 05
20 24
21 13
574
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Pantay Laud . Barrio
Pantijan Barrio
Pantocomi Point
Pantocunan Island
Pantubig Barrio
Pantukan I Municipal district .
Panubigan Municipal district .
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Panubulon
Panuitan . . .
Panungo . . .
Panungyan .
Panusputin .
Pao
Pao
Paoay
Paoay
Paombong . .
Pao Norte . .
Paor Pdtoc.
Pao Sur . . .
Papallasen .
Papandayan
Pappa
Papaya ....
Papaya ....
Paquil
Paquita ....
Paracale . . .
Parada ....
Paradahan .
Paranaque .
Parang ....
Parang ....
Parang ....
Parang Barrio .
Parang Barrio .
Parang Barrio .
Pfirang Sitio . .
Parang Sitio . .
Parang Sitio . .
Parang Sitio . .
Parangparang Barrio .
Paranum Barrio .
Paraoir Barrio .
Paras I Sitio . .
Parasali Sitio . .
Parasan I Barrio .
Paratong Barrio .
Paratong ! Barrio .
Island
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Mountian
Municipality
Lake
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Municipality
Municipal district.
Barrio
IIocos Sur 162
Cavite 134
Mindoro • 190
Sulu i 258
Bulacan I 114
Davao | 154
Zamboanga 278
166
118
150
134
202
236
158
158
158
114
Iloilo
Cagayan
Cotabato
Cavite
Benguet Subprovince . .
Pangasinan
IIocos Norte
IIocos Norte
IIocos Norte
Bulacan
La Union ! 182
IIocos Norte 1 158
182
236
190
202
212
212
174
122
122
114
212
240
150
258
94
122
158
258
94
94
216
278
278
118
182
162
Paratong Sitio
Pardo Barrio
Parian Barrio
Parian Barrio
Paringao I Barrio
Parioc Barrio
Parol Island
Parsulingan Barrio
Partida Barrio
Parubcan Barrio
Paruddun Norte Barrio
Paruddun Sur Barrio
Parulan Barrio
Pasacao Municipality.
Pasag River
Pasaking Sitio
Pa.saleng Bay
Pasaleng Barrio
Pasay Municipality.
Pasayohoy Sitio .
Pasbul Bulu
Pasco
Pasibe
Pasig
Pasig
Piisig
Pasig
Pa?igay Barrio
Piisil Barrio
Pasil Sitio .
Pasinay Barrio
La Union
Pangasinan
Mindoro
Benguet Subprovince .
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Laguna
Camarines Norte
Camarines Norte
Bulacan
Nueva Ecija
Rizal
Cotabato
Sulu
Bataan
Camarines Norte
IIocos Norte
Sulu
Bataan
Bataan
Nueva Vizcaya
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Cagayan
La Union
IIocos Sur
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Samar i 248
IIocos Sur I 162
La Union I 182
IIocos Sur \ 162
Cebu
Albay . . . .
La Union .
La Union .
IIocos Sur .
Sulu.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Capital
Capital, Rizal.
Sitio
River .
138
86
182
182
162
258
Tarlac | 266
Nueva Ecija 212
Camarinas Sur 126
Cagayan ' 118
Cagayan 118
Bulacan 114
Camarines Sur 126
Pampanga 232
Bontoc Subprovince 204
IIocos Norte 158
IIocos Norte 158
Rizal 240
Nuova Vizcaya 216
Pampanga 232
Benguet Subprovince .... 202
Pangasinan 236
Rizal 240
Philippine Island.s 72
Bataan 94
City of Manila 146
Samar 248
Cebu 138
Kalinga Subprovince 208
Bataan 94
17
14
13
6
14
7
7
10
19
7
14
16
16
18
18
18
14
16
17
16
16
13
16
15
15
14
14
14
14
15
14
7
5
14
14
17
5
14
14
16
7
7
18
16
17
17
11
17
16
17
9
13
16
16
17
6
15
15
13
18
18
14
13
14
17
18
18
14
16
15
16
15
14
15
14
14
11
9
17
11
Longi-
tude.
34
14
20 1
10 !
58
10 I
05
25
20
00
08
16
03
26
04
07
50
37
56
36
02
00
32
20
21
23
23
17
48
27
30
20
50
47
18
57
55
27
29
16
35
10
10
49
12
16
45
25
54
51
40
07
31 I
35
10
05
34
39
43 .
20
20
54
31
50
16
37
33
33
13
09
40
51 ,
34
54 j
36 .
40
25
24
35
120 21
120 48
120 25
120 50
120 57
125 50
122 15
122 35
121 30
124 45
120 54
120 44
120 30
120 52
120 31
120 32
120 47
120 24
120 41
120 24
119 52
121 30
120 31
120 50
121 03
121 29
123 03
122 47
120
121
121
59
06
00
124 15
120 50
120 32
122 47
120 31
120 55
120 31
120 34
122 14
122 25
122 15
121 40
120 20
120 25
121 30
124 45
120 28
120 24
120 27
123 30
123 36
120 19
120 19
120 28
121 45
120 36
120 43
123 45
121 35
121 40
120 53
123 03
120 38
121 24
120 55
120 55
121 00
122 10
120 31
120 50
120 23
121 05
121
120 26
120 59
125 00
123 20
121 14
120 24
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
575
Name.
Pasingan
Paso de Bias
Pasol
Pisolo
Pasong
Pasong Bangkal . .
Pasong Callos ....
Pasong Camachile.
Pasong Kawayan .
Passi
Pastor
Pastrana
Pasungol
Pasuquin
Paswoy
Pata
Pata
Pata
Pata
Patac
Patad
Patag
Patag
Patalac
Patalun
Patau
Pataw
Patawag
Patawag
Patay
Pateros
Patiacang
Patian
Patic
Paticui
Patigan
Patiis
Paticui
Patimbao
Patiquian
Patitinan
Patnanongan
Patnongon
Patoc
Patoctoc
Patok
Patong
Patong
Patpata
Patpata
Patria
Patrocinio
Patrocinio
Patrocinio
Pattao
Patucannay
Patugo
Patunga
Patupat
Pauadan
Pauadan
Pauak
Pauala
Paudpud
Pauwin
Pawa
Pawa
Pawili
Pawing
Payabon
Payac
Payac
Payao
Payapa
Payapayan
Payas
Payasan
Payalan
Payatas
Payau
Feature.
Map.
Sltio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Municipality
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Bay
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Island
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Kalinga Subprovince. . .
Bulacan
Cebu
Bulacan
Bohol
Bulacan
Bulacan
Cavite
Cavite
Iloilo
Bontoc Subprovince . . .
Leyte
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Norte
Kalinga Subprovince. . .
Sulu
Sulu
Cagayan
Cagayan
Ilocos Sur
Pangasinan
Camarines Sur
Sorsogon (N)
Nueva Vizcaya
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Cebu
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Batangas
Rizal
Lepanto Subprovince . .
Sulu
Kalinga Subprovince.. .
Occidental Negros
Agusan
Rizal
Sulu
Laguna
Kalinga Subprovince. .
Camarines Sur
Tayabas (N)
Antique
Bontoc Subprovince . .
Nueva Vizcaya
Abra
Camarines Sur
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Anticiue
Agusan
Bukidnon
Davao
Cagayan
Abra
Zambales
Palawan (N)
Cebu
Benguet Subprovince .
Nueva Vizcaya
Lanao
Sorsogon (N)
Zambales
Laguna
Capiz
Sorsogon (S)
Camarines Sur. .....
Leyte
Oriental Negros
Ilocos Norte
Isabela
Apayao Subprovince. .
Batangas
Misamis
Ilocos Norte .
Surigao
Camarines Sur. .
Uizal
Zamboanga
Fac-
ing I
page.
Lati-
tude.
208
114
138
114 ,
106 I
114
114
134
134
166
204
186 i
162
158
208
258
258 I
118
118
162
236
126
252
216
278
278
138
278
278
102
240
210
258
208
220
82
240
258
174
208
126
270
90
204
216
78
126
162
162
182
90
82
17
14
9
14
9
15
15
14
14
11
17
11
17
IS
17
5
5
18
17
17
16
13
12
16
7
7
11
a
8
13
14
17
5
17
10
9
14
6
14
17
13
14
10
17
16
17
13
17
17
16
11
8
110 I 8
154 8
118
78
274
228
138
202
216
17«
2.V2
274
174
130
2r.2
126
186
224
158
170
200
102
194
•J.S8
262
126
240
278
18
17
15
11
10
16
16
7
13
15
14
11
12
13
11
9
18
16
17
14
8
18
8
13
14
7
30
42
45
42
42
00
01
22
20
05
05
10
29
20
32
50
50
40
45
18
10
20
44
20
05
35
15
10
05
56
33
07
50
31
15
05
42
05
16
30
34
50
55
09
14
28
37
40
11
49
45
00
40
00
15
36
22
00
10
30
30
55
00
05
16
35
22
32
10
45
30
35
57
02
30
09
35
44
42
50
Longi-
tude.
21 21
21 00
23 30
20 57
24 15
21 01
21 00
20 54
20 53
22 40
21 20
24 55
20 26
20 37
21 17
21 10
21 00
21 10
21 30
20 31
19 47
23 19
24 04
20 56
21 55
22 45
23 40
22 35
22 40
21 11
21 04
20 45
21 05
21 21
22 55
25 40
21 09
21 05
21 25
21 10
23 32
22 10
22 00
20 59
20 56
20 42
23 06
20 28
20 26
20 25
22 00
26 00
24 50
26 00
21 50
20 39
20 03
20 50
23 30
20 53
20 53
23 50
23 33
20 13
21 33
22 50
23 34
23 17
25 00
23 10
20 43
21 40
21 06
21 10
23 40
20 34
26 05
23 24
21 07
23 05
576
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
Payawan
Barrio
Ifugao Subprovince
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Albay
206
210
86
182
182
190
138
162
202
94
216
138
154
228
258
158
72
206
267
248
118
154
278
212
78
150
262
114
138
72
72
278
150
178
224
78
158
162
212
232
236
118
212
202
102
134
158
204
182
78
162
298
182
236
228
228
106
110
240
270
178
150
174
162
162
182
240
122
130
252
78
94
130
138
252
248
262
154
154
278
o
16
17
13
16
16
13
11
17
16
14
16
10
7
9
5
18
18
16
10
12
17
7
8
15
17
6
10
14
9
10
13
7
7
7
9
17
18
17
15
15
15
17
15
16
14
14
18
17
16
17
17
16
16
16
10
10
9
8
14
14
?
14
17
17
16
14
14
11
12
17
14
11
10
12
12
9
6
1 7
1 6
41
06
55
30
30
15
15
11
36
32
23
45
30
30
50
31
48
10
10
35
00
00
21
34
35
10
46
55
30
40
40
20
36
00
08
21
01
57
50
46
27
13
13
10
09
20
34
03
52
24
19
20
10
46
50
18
10
55
05
14
47
08
.50
27
10
34
53
24
40
29
50
56
15
50
30
40
40
o '
121 11
Payeo . . .
Barrio
120 52
Payo .
124 18
La Union
120 20
La Union
120 20
Mindoro
120 35
PavDav
Barrio
Cebu
124 00
Paypayad
Barrio
Ilocos Sur
120 25
Payquec
Barrio
Benguet Subprovince ....
Bataan
120 37
Pavsawan
Sitio
Rancheria
Barrio
120 23
Payupay
Nueva Vizcaya
121 20
Paz
Cebu
124 30
Peaerkalanan
Sitio
Davao
125 40
Peaked .
Island
Palawan (S)
118 10
Pearl
Bank
Sulu
119 40
Peio Loro .
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Ilocos Norte
120 53
Peio Loro . . .
Relief
121
Pejepe . . .
Ifugo Subprovince
Surigao
121 10
Point
125 30
Pena ....
Samar
124 25
Municipality
Cagayan
121 45
Penaplata .
Davao
125 40
Penaplata
Zamboanga
122 15
Pefiaranda
Municiaplity
Municipality
Sitio
Nueva Ecija
121 00
Abra
120 39
Penas . .
Cotabato
124 30
Peninsula
Point
Surigao
125 40
Perez . .
Barrio
Bulacan
121 00
Pescador
Island
Submarine Valley.
Archipelago
Sitio
Cebu
123 20
Philippine Deep
Relief
127
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS .
Piakan
Philippine Islands
Zamboanga
122
122 05
Piapayungan
Mountain
Mountain
Cotabato
Lanao
124 35
Piapayungan
124 35
Piapi
Oriental Negros
123 20
Pias
Abra
120 40
Pias
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Point
Islet
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Ilocos Norte
120 30
Pias
120 31
Pias
121 05
Pias
120 34
Pias
120 37
Piat
121 30
Piblisan ....
Nueva Ecija ■. . . .
120 38
Pico
Benguet Subprovince ....
Batangas
Cavite
120 35
120 39
Pico de Loro
120 39
Piddig . .
Ilocos Norte
120 43
Pide
Bontoc Subprovince
La Union
120 54
Pideg . .
120 25
Pidigan
Abra
120 35
Pidpid
Ilocos Sur
120 29
Pidpid
Amburayan Subprovince .
120 36
Pidpid
120 24
Piedra
Panffasinan
119 47
Piedra Blanca
Palawan (N)
121 00
Piedras
Palawan (S)
118 50
Pigot
Bohol
123 47
Pigsalohan
Bukidnon
125 00
Pihan
Island ....
Rizal
121 15
Piis
Tayabas (S)
121 35
Pikag
Sitio
Lanao
123 55
Pikit-Pagalungan
Pila
Municipal district.
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
124 40
Laguna
121 22
Pila
120 26
Pila
Ilocos Sur
120 27
Pila
La Union
120 21
Pilapila
Barrio
Sitio
Bay
Port
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
1 Sitio
Island
Rizal
121 12
Pilauay
Camarines Norte
122 36
Pilar
122 58
Pilar
123 40
Pilar
120 37
Pilar
' 120 33
Pilar
123 00
Pilar
Cebu
124 35
Pilar
123 40
Pilar
Samar
124 30
Pilar
Suriffao
126 05
Pilar
Davao
126 10
Pilar
126 00
Pilas
1 Zamboanga
121 35
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
577
Name.
Pildira
Pili
Pili
Pili
Pili
Pilig
Pililla
Pilingan
Pilipil
Pilitan
Piluro
Pimurutan
Pina
Pifia
Pina
Pina
Pinac
Pinacuapan
Pinagbayanan
Pinagbayanan
Pinagbirayan
Pinagbuhatan
Pinaglapatan
Pinagpanaan
Pinagpatian
Pinagsabangan ....
Pinagsanghan
Pinagtacdan
PinagLambangan . . .
Pinalaccan
Pinamalay
Pinamalayan
Pinamalu
Pinambaran
Pinamihagan
Pinamopoan
Pinamucan
Pinamughaan
Pinamulu .
Pinamungajan
Pinamuntangan . . . .
Pinarpat
Pinatubo
Pinatubo
Pinatubo
Pinavisagan
Pinayagun
Pindalunan
Piiidalunan
Pindangan
Pindungan
Pineda
Pingad
Pingaping
Pinget
Pinis
Pinocauan
Pinotpandian
Pintican
Pintuyan
Pinucuian
Pinugay
Pinukpuk
PinuUpuk
Pio
Pipindan
Piris ...
Piris
Pisa
Piso
Pist.>la
Pitalo
Pitao
Pitogo
Feature.
Pitogo
Pitogo
Pitogo
Pitogo
Pitogo
Pitombayog .
Barrio
Municipality. .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality. .
Creek
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Lake
Islands
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Lake
Township . . .
Mountain ...
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Municipality.
Point
Sitio
Mountain . . .
Mountain . . .
Mountain . . .
Bay
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality.
Barrio
Sitio
Township . . .
Township . .
Barrio . .
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Birrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Map.
•"2 I tude.
page.
Longi-
tude.
Rizal
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Iloilo
Romblon
Apayao Subprovince.
Rizal I 240
Amburayan Subprovince . 198
Lepanto Subprovince. . . . 210
Isabela 170
Leyte 186
Samar 248
Sorsogon (S) 252
Capiz 130
Batangas 102
Iloilo 166
Tarlac 266
Camarines Norte 122
Batangas 102
Batangas 102
Camarines Norte 122
Rizal 240
Tayabas (N) 270
Nueva Ecija I 212
Nueva Vizcaya ; 216
Mindoro I 1%
Cavite ; 134
Camarines Norte | 122
Camarines Norte i 122
Cagayan 13 8
" 110
190
110
114
126
186
102
186
150
BatanRas .
Davai
Albay
Cebj
Tarhic
Tayabas (S)
Albay
Bohol
Iloilo
Agusan ....
Sulu
Tarlac
Bukidnon
Mindoro .....
Bukidnon . . . .
Bulacan
Camarines Sur
Leyte
Batangas
Leyte
Cotabato . . . . ,
Cebu 1 138
Tayabas (S) I 270
Nueva Vizcaya i 216
Pampanga | 232
Zambales i 274
Relief 72
Tayabas (N) 270
Bohol 106
Cotabato 1-50
Lanao 178
Pangasinan | 236
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Sorsogon (N) 2.52
Lepanto Subprovince .... 210
Abra 78
Ilocos Sur 162
Misamis 194
Leyte I 186
Tayabas (N) I 270
Benguet Subprovince . . . . ! 202
Leyte , 186
Ocridental Negros 220
Rizal 240
Kalinga Subprovince 208
.Mountain Province. 196
Pampanga 232
Rizal i 240
Tayabas (S) I 270
Tayabas (S) 270
102
154
86
138
266
270
86
106
166
82
268
266
14
16
16
17
11
12
12
11
13
10
15
14
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
13
14
14
14
17
7
13
7
15
13
11
13
10
7
10
13
16
15
15
15
15
9
7
8
15
16
12
16
17
17
8
10
15
16
9
10
14
17
17
15
14
13
13
13
7
13
10
15
13
13
10
10
9
5
15
r-6-
o '
240
14 31
126
13 33
126
13 43
166
11 10
244
12 20
200
18 16
29 I
54
57 '
15 '
15 I
10
01
22
43
40
36
30
48
45
15
34
45
33
48
15
17
05
10 i
50
35
05
35
12
47
20
41
00
35
15
15
26
08
08
00
56
25
00
52
47
56
58
43
41
25
50
10
21
55
40
•^7
37
RS
03
25
45
45
38
00
13
10
44
45
U
08
35
15
55
34
121
123
123
123
122
121
121
120
120
121
124
124
123
122
121
122
120
122
121
121
122
121
121
120
121
121
120
123
122
121
125
121
125
120
123
124
121
125
125
123
122
121
120
120
120
122
123
124
124
120
121
123
120
120
120
123
125
121
120
125
123
121
121
121
120
121
122
122
120
1J6
123
123
120
122
124
124
122
125
121
120
00
16
45
00
35
25
18
35
46
50
45
50
38
46
13
40
42
54
26
15
48
05
40
56
32
15
43
03
46
30
00
30
10
59
27
35
03
10
10
35
30
39
21
21
00
57
15
05
33
06
44
55
43
21
50
00
30
44
15
30
15
25
25
31
13
30
30
56
00
28
45
22
05
06
33
05
30
20
24
171078-
-87
578
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Pitpitan
Placer
Placer
Planas
Plaridel
Plaridel
Plastado
Poctol
Poctol
Poctoy
Poctoy
Podig
Podsoj
Poduca
Pogsagnahan . .
Pola
Pola
Polanco
Polangui
Polangui
Polantona ....
Polarican
Polillo
Polillo
Polillo
Polillo
Poliqui
Polls
Polloc
Police
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Polo
Poloan
Polong
Polot
Pomelikan ....
Pondol
Pondol
Pongko
Poniente
Ponong
Ponso
Ponson
Pontevedra. . . .
Pontevedra. . . .
Pontian
Poo
Pooc .
Pooc
Pooc
Pooc
Popoka
Poponto
Porac
Porac
Pore
Poro
Poro
Poro
Portolin
Portuguese . . . .
Posooy
Potoc
Potod
Pototan
Potrcro
Powoi
Pozorrubio . . . .
Prado
Pratas
Pratas
Prensa
Prieto Diaz . . .
Pritil
Progreso
Prospect Point.
Prospect Point.
Feature.
Barrio . . ■
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality, . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Township
Bay
Barrio
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Strait
Municipality. . . .
Bay
Pass
Harbor
Sitio
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipality. . . .
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Peak
Railroad Station
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Island
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Mountain
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Mountain
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Reef
Reef
Barrio
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Gate
Gate
Map.
Fac-
ing
page,
Bulacan
Surigao
Sorsogon (S)
Pampanga
Misamia '. .
Leyte
Tarlac
Batangas
Tayabas (S)
Romblon
Tayabas (S)
Apayao Subprovince. ...
Batanes
Amburayan Subprovince
Albay
Mindoro
Mindoro
Zamboanga
Albay
Samar
Camarines Sur
Palawan (N)
Tayabas (N)
Philippine Islands
Tayabas (N)
Tayabas (N)
Albay
Ifugao Subprovince
Cotabato
Cotabato
Bulacan
Bulacan
Pangasinan
Tayabas (S)
Misamis
Camarines Sur
Pangasinan
Abra
Sulu
Cebu
Leyte
Albay
Surigao
Camarines Sur
Albay
Cebu
Capiz •
Occidental Negros
Bukidnon
Oriental Negros
Batangas
Capiz
Laguna
Laguna
Lanao
Pangasinan
Pampanga
Zambales
Cebu
Cebu
Camarines Sur
La Union
Misamis
Pangasinan
Abra
Bataan
Camarines Norte ,
Iloilo
Rizal
Benguet Subprovince ...
Pangasinan
Pampanga
Philippine Islands ,
Relief
Bulacan
Sorsogon (N)
Bulacan
Romblon
City of Baguio
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
114
262
252
232
194
186
266
102
270
244
270
Lati-
tude.
14
9
11
15
8
10
15
13
13
12
13
200 18
98 I 20
198
86
190
190
278
86
248
126
228
270
72
270
270
86
206
150
150
114
114
286
270
194
126
236
78
258
138
186
86
262
126
86
138
130
220
224
102
130
174
174
178
236
232
274
138
138
126
182
194
236
78
94
122
166
240
202
236
232
72
72
114
252
114
244
16
14
13
13
8
13
12
13
11
14
15
14
14
13
16
7
7
14
14
16
14
8
13
15
17
7
10
10
13
9
13
13
10
11
10
110 , 8
9
13
11
14
14
7
15
15
15
10
10
13
16
9
16
17
14
14
10
14
16
16
14
21
21
14
13
14
12
140 ' 16
202 ' 16
49
40
52
02
35
35
38
49
50
25
20
15
22
50
00
10
10
30
18
25
56
00
55
50
45
05
58
20
20
43
58
12
10
35
47
59
44
05
30
25
20
35
41
18
45
29
25
15
10
59
42
18
07
45
47
05
15
40
40
39
37
55
05
21
35
10
55
40
38
07
62
47
02
61
20
23
23
Longi-
tude.
120 51
125 35
123 55
120 31
123 45
124 45
120 37
121 26
122 05
122 00
122 05
120 57
121 52
120 31
124 11
121 25
121 25
125 25
123 29
124 40
122 55
119 30
121 55
122
121 45
121 55
123 48
121 01
124 10
124 16
120 67
121 01
119 67
121 46
123 46
123 48
120 12
120 42
118 30
123 45
125 10
123 55
125 40
123 08
123 31
124 30
122 50
122 50
124 55
123 35
120 45
122 23
121 07
121 24
124 35
120 33
120 32
120 01
124 25
124 25
123 09
120 17
125 00
120 06
120 48
120 32
122 45
122 40
121 00
120 45
120 33
120 31
117
117
120 59
124 11
120 53
122 00
120 36
120 36
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
579
Prosperidad Municipal district
Prueba ! Point
Puac I Point
Pucio Point
Pucio Point
Puctol Point
Pudao Barrio
Pudoc Barrio
Pudoc Norte Barrio
Puef ta Rivas Barrio
Puerto Bello | Barrio
Puerto Galera I Barrio
Puerto Princesa Capital, Palawan.
Puerto Princesa Capital, Palawan.
Puerto Princesa Barrio
Pugad Babuy Barrio
Pugawan Barrio
Pugo I Township
Pugo Township
Pugo Rancheria
Pugo Barrio
Pugos Barrio
River .
Barrio . . . .
Barrio ...
Island ...
Bay
Barrio. . . ,
Barrio . . .
Sitio
Mountain .
Sitio
Puguan .
Puguil . .
Puhagan .
Pujada . .
Pujada . .
Pula
Pula
Pula
Pulagon .
Pulahan .
Pulandaga Point
Pulandaga Sitio
Pulanduta Barrio
Pulanduta ; Point
Pulangduta Barrio
Pulangi River
Pulangi River
Pulao Sitio
Pulgason Sitio
Puliasapas Sitio
Pulilan Municipality.
Pulipo Island
Puljudan Sitio
Pule ' Barrio
Pulo • ■ ■ Barrio ..'....
Pulo Sitio
Pulog Mountain . . .
Pulog ! Mountain .
Pulog.
Pulog.
Pulog.
Pulongbuhangin Barrio
Pulong Mabilog Mountain . . .
Pulong Sampaloc Barrio
Pulong (Santa Cruz) Barrio
Pulongubat Barrio
Pulpog Sitio
Pultoc Mountain . . .
Pulupandan Municipality.
Punas Point
Punay Barrio
Puncan Barrio
Pungugupanunga Mountain . . .
Pungugupanunga Mountain . . .
Punpunan Barrio
Punsu Sitio
Punta Barrio
Punta Barrio
Punta Barrio
Punta Barrio
Punta Barrio
Punta Sitio
Punta Cruz Barrio
Punta Maria Barrio
Puquis Mountain . . .
Puquis Sitio
Pura Municipality.
Purag Rancheria . . .
Mountain .
Mountain.
Mountain .
Agusan I 82 8 33
Tayabas (N) ; 270 15 00
Apayao Subprovince 200 18 36
Antique 90 11 4-5
Capiz 130 11 46
Camarines Norte 122 14 15
Abra 78 17 38 |
Amburayan Subprovince . 198 16 56
Ilocos Sur 162 17 36
Bataan 94 14 42
Cebu 138 10 40
Mindoro 190 13 30
Philippine Islands 72 10
Palawan (S) : 228 9 40
Surigao 1 262 10 05
Bulacan I 114 14 41
Ilocos Norte 158 1 17 56
Benguet Subprovince .... 202 16 19
.' Mountain Province 196 I 16 20
. 1 Nueva Vizcaya 216 16 08
. j Ifugao Subprovince 206 16 54
. I Ilocos Sur j 252 ', 17 50
. Bukidnon 1 110 | 8 35
. ! Amburayan Subprovince . ; 198 ; 16 48
. I Oriental Negros 224 9 15
. Davao 154 6 50
. Davao 154 i 6 50
. Ifugao Subprovince 206 17 00
. Mindoro 190 13 05
. I Bontoc Subprovince 204 17 05
. : Apayao Subprovince 200 17 41 '
. I Capiz 130 11 32
. ' Camarines Norte 122 14 19
. Camarines Norte 122 14 19
. i Sorsogon (S) 2.52 11 55
. I Sorsogon (S) 252 11 54
. I Sorsogon (N) 252 12 52
. 1 Bukidnon 110 8 05 ,
. I Cotabato i 150 7 20
. Ifugao Subprovince 206 16 46
. Cebu 138 10 30
. Pampanga 232 15 10
. Bulacan 114 ' 14 54
. Zambales 274 15 40 j
. Ifugao Subprovince 206 16 40
. Laguna 174 14 15
. Nueva Ecija 212 ,15 15
. Bulacan 114 14 46
. Benguet Subprovince .... 202 16 36 i
. Ifugao Subprovince 206 16 36
. Mountain Province 196 16 35
. Nueva Vizcaya 216 16 36 i
. Relief i 72 17
. Bulacan 114 14 52
. Nueva Ecija 212 15 55
. Bulacan ! 114 14 58
. Laguna j 174 14 16
. Bulacan ' 114 14 52
. Ifugao Subprovince i 206 16 41
. Abra 78 17 34 :
. Occidental Negros 220 [10 30 i
. i Batangas 102 I 13 36
. Cebu 138 10 15
. Nueva Ecija 212 15 65
. Nueva Vizcaya 216 i 15 55
. Relief 72 , 16
. Leyte 186 10 40
. Camarines Norte 122 14 16
. Laguna 174 14 11
. Leyte 186 I 10 40
. Rizal I 240 14 18
. Tayabas (S) . : I 270 13 50
. Tayabas (S) 270 13 30
. Camarines Norte | 122 13 53
.1 Bohol i 106 9 44
. Samar 248 11 40
. Bontoc Subprovince 204 17 04
. I Bontoc Subprovince 204 17 03
. I Tarlac 266 15 37
. I Apayao Subprovince. .... 200 17 60 i
125 55
121 35
120 59
121 50
121 51
122 22
120 42
120 25
120 22
120 34
124 30
120 55
119
L18 40
■> 30
121 00
120 31
120 28
120 30
121 32
121 04
120 27
124 50
120 30
123 10
126 20
126 10
121 05
121 25
121 14
121 07
122 21
122 48
L22 46
123 09
123 10
123 57
> 15
> 00
121 17
123 55
120 30
120 51
.19 55
121 08
121 08
120 56
120 57
120 54
120 54
120 55
120 54
121
121 00
121 09
121 04
121 05
120 54
121 03
120 56
122 50
121 18
123 35
120 69
121 30
121
124 50
122 38
121 07
124 45
121 18
122 00
122 40
123 05
123 48
125 30
121 05
121 .n
120 39
121 16
580
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Puro
Purro
Fury
Pusgo
Puslak
PvKpus
Putagon
Putat
Putian
Putiao
Putingbato . . . . .
Putingbuhangin .
Putingbuhangin .
Puting Kahoy . .
Putol
Puttao
Puypuy
P. Zamora
Quadrant
Quebrada
Quebrado
Quesada
Quesin
Quetegan
Quezon
Quezon
Quiapo
Quiasan
Quibadia
Quibal
Quibitquibit . . ,
Quidem
Quidolog
Quilaman ....
Quilib
Quiling
Quimalagon . . .
Quiminatin . . .
Quimloong . . . .
Quimmarayan .
Quimpal
Quinabigan . . .
Quinalabaza . .
Quinalasag . . .
Quinali
Quinali
Quinamanuca.
Quinapagyan .
Quinapundan .
Quinasacatan .
Quinasupan . . .
Quinaua
Quinawanan . .
Quingua
Quiniguitan . . .
Quiniluban . . .
Quintana ....
Quinyuctut. . .
Quiot
(Juisao
Quitago
Quitang
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page
Barrio . . .
Mountain .
Barrio .
Albay
Rizal
Tayabas (S)
Port Tayabas (S)
Sitio Bataan
Barrio Ilocos Sur .
Mountain
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Railroad station. .
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
District
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Island
Sitio
Barrio
R.
Rabon
Radio Station .
Ragang . .
Ragang .
Ragang . .
Ragay . . .
Ragay . . .
Ragay . . .
Ragay . . .
Rahamon .
Ramirez . .
Ramos. . .
Rancho . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Island
Island
Bay
Sitio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Municipality.
Barrio
Islands
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Sitio
Abra.
Cebu
Lanao
Sorsogon (N) . . .
Sorsogon (S) . . .
Batangas
Bataan
Cavite
Laguna
Ilocos Norte . . . .
Laguna
Oriental Negros .
Barrio
U. S. Navy Wire-
less.
Volcano
Volcano
Volcano, active. . . .
Gulf
Gulf
Gulf
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Bataan
Ilocos Norte
Zambales
Pangasinan
Cotabato
Pangasinan
Nueva Ecija
Tayabas (S)
City of Manila
Iloilo
Bulacan
Isabela
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Sorsogon (N)
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Tayabas (S)
Ilocos Norte
Nueva Ecija
Palawan (N)
Abra
Ilocos Sur
Abra
Mindoro
Isabela
Camarines Sur
Albay :
Lepanto Subprovince ...
Camarines Norte
Camarines Norte
Samar
Tayabas (N)
Iloilo
Bataan
Palawan (N)
Bulacan
Misamis
Palawan (N)
Cavite
Amburayan Subprovince
Leyte
Rizal
Rizal
Bataan
La Union .
Cavite . . .
Cotabato
Lanao
Relief
Camarines Sur. . . .
Tayabas (S)
Philippine Islands .
Camarines Sur. . . .
Lanao
Cavite
Palawan (S)
Ilocoa Sur
86
240
270
270
94
162
78
138
178
252
252
102
94
134
174
158
174
224
94
158
274
236
150
236
212
270
146
166
114
170
162
182
252
210
270
158
212
228
78
162
78
190
170
126
86
210
122
122
248
270
166
84
228
114
194
228
134
198
186
240
240
94
182
134
150
178
72
126
270
72
126
178
134
228
162
Lati-
tude.
13 08
14 42
13 55
13 30
14 52
17 35
17 41
10 50
7 50
13 01
11 46
13 47
14 35
14 13
14 11
18 05
14 10
10 05
Longi-
tude.
123 45
121 14
121 20
122 40
120 30
120 24
121 07
123 50
124 30
123 43
124 01
121 25
120 35
i 121 02
I 121 04
120 45
121 16
123 15
14 55
18 29
15 02
15 52
7 10
15 50
15 33
14
00
14
36
11
25
14
43
17
20
17
51
16
42
13
03
17
13
14
10
18
05
15
50
10
40
17
30
17
39
17
34
13
00
16
30
13
57
13
20 1
17
06 !
14
12
14
04
11
05
15
05
11
20
14
28
11
20
14
53
9
00
11
30
1 14
18
17
02
10
55
14
26
14
36
14
33
16
13
14
29
7
40
7
40
8
13
45
13
40
13
13
49
8
00
14
11
8
10
17
30
120 22
120 48
120 21
120 26
124 05
120 17
120 49
122 10
120 59
123 05
120 56
121 45
120 30
120 22
124 11
120 41
121 35
120 33
120 48
120 50
120 43
120 26
120 45
121 30
121 45
123 38
123 25
120 46
122 57
123 04
125 30
121 30
123 00
120 23
119 20
120 52
124 45
120 50
120 52
120 33
124 25
121 20
121 16
120 36
120 26
120 54
124 30
124 30
124
122 37
122 40
123
122 45
123 50
120 62
117 00
120 26
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
581
Name.
Rapu-Rapu
Rapu-Rapu
Rapu-Rapu
Raputdaput
Rasa
Raton
Rauis
Rauis
Rawis
Rawis
Rawis
Rawis
Rayli
Razor Bark
Real
Real
Recodo
Refaro
Refugio
Refugio
Reina Mercedes
Reina Mercedes
Reina Regente
Reina Regente
Remedios
Remedios
Remedios
Rena
Repaac
Resa
Reservation
Reservation
Rest house
Rest house
Rest house
Rest house
Rest house
Rest house, Awa
Rest house, Dalalu
Rest house, Ducligan . . . .
Rest house, Opul
Rest house, Payawan . . . .
Rest house. Camp 30 ... .
Rest house, Camp .59 ... .
Rest house. Camp 88 ... .
Rest house, Mt. Stp.
Tomas ." .
Restinga
Resureccion
Resureccion
Ribsuan
Rimus
Rio Chico
Ripang
Ripsuan
Rissing
Rivera
RIZAL
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Feature.
Map.
Municipality
Island
Strait
Sitio
Island
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Municipal district .
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district .
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Manila Water Sup-
ply.
Water Supply
Lodging
Lodging
Lodging
Lodging
Lodging
Lodging
Lodging
Lodging
Lodging
Lodging
Lodging
Lodging
Lodging
Albay'.
Albay
Albay
Samar
Palawan (S)
Zambales
Sorsogon (N)
Albay
Albay
Albay
Ilocos Sur
Leyte
Batanes
Oriental Negros . . .
Laguna
Tayabas (N)
Zamboanga
Ilocos Sur
Camarines Sur. . . .
Occidental Negros.
Isabela
Isabela
Cotabato
La Union
Samar
Agusan
Tayabas (S)
Pangasinan
Ilocos Sur
Cotabato
Fac-
ing
page,
86
86
86
248
228
274
252
86
86
86
162
186
98
224
174
270
278
162
126
220
170
170
150
182
248
82
270
236
162
150
Rizal 240
Zamboanga 278
Benguet Subprovince .... 202
Bontoc Subprovince ' 204
Bontoc Subprovince j 204
Bontoc Subprovince i 204
Ifugao Subprovince I 206
Lodging
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Ban io
Province ....
Province . . . .
Municipality .
Municipality.
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Ifugao Subprovince.
Ifugao Subprovince.
Ifugao Subprovince.
Ifugao Subprovince.
Ifugao Subprovince.
Benguet Subprovince .
Benguet Subprovince .
Benguet Subprovince .
Benguet Subprovince .
Cavite
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
La Union
La Union
Nueva Ecija
Apayao Subprovincp. .
Benguet Subprovince .
La Union
Capiz
Rizal
Philippine Islands ....
Cagayan
Laguna
Nueva Ecija
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Leyte '
Leyte . . .^.
Leyte
Leyte
Nueva Ecija
Occidental Negros. .
Pampanga
Romblon
Samar
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon {H)
Surigao
Surigao
Surigao
206
206
206
206
206
202
202
202
202
134
252
252
182
182
212
200
202
182
130
240
72
118
174
212
162
162
182
186
186
186
186
212
220
232
244
248
252
252
262
262
262
Lati-
tude.
o
/
13
11
13
12
13
15
12
25
9
10
15
49
12
54
13
04
13
19
13
11
17
34
11
00
20
43
10
10
14
12
14
40
7
00
17
46
13
29
10
30
17
00 :
17
00 1
7
00
16
53
11
45
8
40
14
15
16
10
17
49
6
50
14
40
7
05
16
38
1 17
16
17
03
17
03 '
16
40
16
48
16
56
16
55
16
55
16
41
16
32
16
39
16
46
16
20
14
17
12
28
' 12
28
16
31
16
53
15
22
17
48
16
31
16
51
U
25
14
40
15
17
50
14
07 :
15
43
17
33
17
27
16
22
11
25
11
00
10
55
10
05
16
45 1
10
45
14
59
12
20
12
30
12
53
12
87 i
10
25
10
00
9
60 1
Longi-
tude.
124 08
124 09
124 06
124 25
118 30
119 52
123 37
123 30
123 23
123 45
120 26
125
121
123
00
50
10
121 09
121 35
122 00
120 26
123 03
123 25
121 .50
121 45
124 30
120 26
125 25
125 35
121 40
119 45
120 28
124 00
121 15
122 05
120 46
121 09
121 06
121 11
121 06
120 59
121 23
121 10
121 26
121 12
120 42
120 46
120 48
120 34
120 39
123 46
123 46
120 26
120 24
121 04
121 19
120 27
120 26
122 17
121 10
121
121 20
121 24
121 06
120 27
120 31
120 25
124 55
124 25
125 00
124 65
120 55
123 35
120 34
122 00
124 35
124 08
123 43
125 35
126 00
125 25
582
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal
Rizal Park . .
Rock Dome .
Roma
Rombang . . .
ROMBLON ,
Romblon. . . .
Romblon. . . .
Romblon. . . .
Romblon . . . .
Ronda
Ronda
Roosevelt . . .
Roosevelt . . .
Roosevelt . . .
Roro
Rosa
Rosales
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Rosariohan . .
Ross
Rouan
Round
Feature.
Barrio *. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Province
Province
Island
Capital
Capital, Romblon.
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Municipal district .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Cape
Sitio
Island
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
270
146
Surigao ; 262
Tarlac I 266
Tayabas (S) | 270
Tayabas (S) 270
Tayabas (S) . .
City of Manila
Sorsogon (N) 2.52
Iloilo I 166
Antique ' 90
Romblon 1 244
72
244
244
Saae
Saavedra . . . .
Saavedra . . . .
Saba
Sabang
Sabang
Sabang
Sabang
Sabang ,
Sabang
Sabang ,
Sabang ,
Sabang ,
Sabang
Sabangan ...
Sabangan ...
Sabanilla . . . .
Sabidug
Sabit
Sablan
Sablayan . . . .
Sablayan . . . .
Sablig
Sabnangan . .
Sabtang
Sabtang
Sabuanan . . . ,
Sabud
Sabung ,
Sacrafamilia . ,
Sacramento . .
Sacripante . . .
Sadanga ....
Sadanga ....
Sadanga . . . . ,
Saddle Peaks .
Saddle Peaks .
Saddle Peaks .
Sadsadan . . . .
Sagada
Sagada
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Township
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Township
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Township
Township
Barrio
Mountain (vol.). . .
Mountain (vol.) . .
Volcano, dormant .
Barrio
Township
Township
Phihppine Islands
Romblon
Romblon
Philippine Islands
Cebu
Ilocos Sur
Leyte
Sorsogon (N) ....
Sorsogon (S) ! 252
Sorsogon (N) ' 252
Camarines Sur 126
Pangasinan
Batangas . .
Cavite ....
La Union . .
Agusan . . .
Bukidnon .
Capiz
Laguna 174
Pangasinan 236
Rizal 240
270
106
228
178
228
8
15
14
13
13
14
13
10
10
12
13
12
12
72 i 13
138
162
186
252
236
102
134
182
82
110
130
Tayabas (S) .
Bohol
Palawan (N)
Lanao
Palawan (N)
Bohol
Cebu
Davao
Bataan ■
Camarines Sur ,
Cavite
Cebu
Ilocos Sur
Leyte
Tayabas (S)
Antique
Batangas
Capiz
Tayabas (N)
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
Mountain Province
Pampanga
Batanes
Nueva Ecija
Benguet Subprovince . . .
Mindoro
Romblon
Pangasinan
Abra
Batanes
Batanes
Ilocos Sur
Davao
Zamboanga
Albay
Camarines Sur
Leyte
Bontoc Subprovince . . . .
Mountain Province
Bontoc Subprovince . . . .
Cotabato
Davao
Relief
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
Bontoc Subprovince . . . .
Mountain Province
106
138
154
94
126
134
138
162
186
270
90
102
130
270
210
196
232
10
17
11
12
12
13
13
15
13
14
16
8
8
11
14
16
14
14
9
11
8
10
30
45
10
50
35
37
02 ;
40
50 .
30
I
35 ;
35
00 ;
06
15 ;
35
35
00
42 .
54 •
51
25
14
25
50
35
00
06
35
05
47
00
05
50
Longi-
tude.
126 10
120 34
121 55
122 25
122 35
120 59
123 54
122 10
122 00
122 20
122
122 15
122 15
122
123 25
120 27
124 45
123 41
123 41
123 59
123 40
120 38
121 12
120 51
120 29
126 00
124 50
122 17
121 18
120 35
121 05
121 50
124 07
119 10
123 50
120 40
10
10
5
14
13
14
10
17
11
14
11
14
11
14
17
17
15
98 I 20
212 I 15
202 i 16
190 I 12
244 ' 12
236 I 16
78 ' 17
98 20
98
162 I
154
278 '
86
126
186
204
196
204
150
154
72
210
204
196
20
17
8
6
13
13
10
17
17
17
5
5
6
16
17
17
13
00
20
52
43 I
21
30
49
05
05
55
04
60
40
00
00 i
04
19
50
30
50
30
16
19
20
21
09
00
35
35
38
30
09
10 ;
10 I
40
40
66 !
05 ;
05
124 21
123 25
125 30
120 31
123 35
120 56
124 00
120 29
124 25
122 05
121 30
120 43
121 53
121 55
120 56
120 55
120 42
121 54
120 40
120 29
120 45
122 20
119 69
120 42
121 53
121 63
120 26
125 40
122 10
124 10
122 51
124 50
121 02
121 05
121 02
125 20
125 20
125
120 52
120 64
120 65
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
583
Name.
Sagang
Sagap
Sagasa
Sagasay
Sagat
Sagay
Sagay
Sagayaden
Sagayan
Sagayaran
Sagayon
Sagbungon
Sagiaran
Sagkahan
Sagnay
Sagpat
Sagrada Familia .
Sagsag
Sagsagacat
Saguin
Saguing
Sagunto
Sail Rock
Saimsim
Saimsim
Saint Paul
Sakasakan
Sakpil
Sakul
Sakup
Sala
Salaan
Salaban
Salacot
Salacsac
Salagabanog. . . .
Salagabanog. . . .
Salamanca
Salamanca
Salangsang
Salapasap
Salapi
Salapungan . . . .
Salasa
Salasa
Salauan
Salaw
Salawagan
Salay
Salay
Salcedo
Salcedo
Salde
Salegseg
Salgan
Salian
Salilit
Salimpono
Salinas
Salinas
Salinas
Salincub
Salincub
Saling
Saliok
Salitran
Sallacong
Sallapadan ....
Salmag
Salnec
Salog
Salog
Salomague ....
Salomaguc ....
Salomagui ....
Salomagui ....
Salomagui ....
Salomagui ....
Salpad
Saltan
Feature.
Map.
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Point
Municipal district .
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district .
Islet
Barrio
Sitio
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio ■
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Peak
Peak
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
I Barrio
1 Barrio
I Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
; Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
: Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Point
Island
I Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Abra
Abra
Sorsogon (N)
Bohol
Ilocos Sur
Misamis
Occidental Negros
Ilocos Sur
Bukidnon
Zamboanga
Davao
Camarines Norte
Lanao
Ley te
Camarines Sur
Benguet Subprovince .
Camarines Sur
Kalinga Subprovince. .
Abra
Pampanga
Batangas
Agusan
Albay
Batangas
Laguna
Palawan (S)
Bontoc Subprovince . .
Kalinga Subprovince .
Zamboanga
Lanao
Batangas
Mindoro
Cavite
Bulacan
Nueva Vizcaya
Cotabato
Lanao •
Occidental Negros
Occidental Negros
Abra •
Ilocos Sur
Kalinga Subprovince..
Pampanga
Pangasinan
Zambales
Lanao
Batangas •
Bukidnon •
Isabela ■
Misamis •
Samar •
Tariac •
Antique .•••■•
Kalinga Subprovince..
Capiz
Bataan
Rizal •
Misamis
Cavite
Nueva Vizcaya
Tayabas (S)
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Bohol
Bontoc Subprovince .
Cavite
Ilocos Sur
Abra
Nueva Ecija
Abra
Bohol
I Camarines Sur
t Tayabas (S)
I Tayabas (S)
'■ Ilocos Sur
1 Ilocos Sur
Pangasinan
Tariac
Iloco" Norte
Kalinga Subprovince.
Fac-
Lati-
ing
tude.
page.
o »
78
17 48
78
17 38
252
12 56
106
10 12
162
17 03
194
99.0
9 05
in ?.?,
162
110
278
1.54
122
178
186
126
202
126
208
78
232
102
82
86
102
174
228
204
208
278
178
102
190
134
114
216
150
178
220
220
78
162
208
232
236
274
178
102
110
170
194
248
266
90
208
130
94
240
194
134
216
270
162
182
106
[ 204
134
17
8
7
7
14
8
11
13
16
13
17
17
15
13
8
14
13
14
10
17
17
6
7
14
13
14
15
16
7
7
10
10
17
17
17
15
15
15
7
13
7
16
8
11
15
11
17
11
14
14
8
14
16
13
17
16
9
17
14
162 I 17
78 1 17
212 ; 15
78
106
126
270
270
162
162 . 17
i 236 15
266 I 15
158 18
I 208 17
17
10
18
IS
18
17
47
00
35
40
17
00
15
37
41
24
36
28 i
05
44
15
00 I
54 I
11 :
20
09
38
55
45
06 i
00
08
12 !
J? i
35 I
35
45
30 1
20 '
49 '
33 I
08 '
57 ,
27
35 I
51
45 '
45 I
50 !
10 '
51
30
30 I
21 I
43 I
40 ,
20
26
22
55 I
17 1
44
47 I
10 ;
21
35
28
26
29
09
44
25
20
48
47
55
40
15
Longi-
tude.
120 45
120 33
123 52
124 25
120 27
124 45
123 25
120 27
124 50
123 30
125 50
122 23
124 15
124 45
123 31
120 40
123 30
121 22
120 39
120 37
120 55
125 45
124 03
120 58
121 22
118 50
121 02
121 22
122 15
123 50
121 07
120 50
120 56
120 57
120 52
124 40
124 40
123 30
123 00
120 47
120 26
121 09
120 56
120 13
119 67
124 05
121 21
125 10
121 45
124 45
125 40
120 36
122 05
121 13
122 47
120 31
121 20
123 50
120 66
121 01
121 35
120 28
120 23
123 57
121 19
120 56
120 30
120 60
121 11
120 42
124 12
123 25
\'.
10
122 10
120 23
120 26
120 14
120 34
120 39
121 20
584
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
"Saltan
Salu
Saluag
Salug
Salug
Salug
Salugan
Saluping
Salvacion ....
Salvador! . . .
Salvacion . . . .
Salvacion . . . .
Salvacion . . . .
Salvacion . . . .
Salvacion . . . .
Salvacion ....
Salvacion ....
Salvacion ....
Salvador
Samal
Samal
Samal
Samalague . . .
Samales!
SAMAR
Samar
Samar
Samar
Samat
Sambat
Sambat
Samboan ....
Sambulaua . . .
Sambulawan . .
Sambuluan . . .
Samoki
Sampad
Sampaloc ....
Sampaloc ....
Sampaloc ....
Sampaloc ....
Sampaloc ....
Sampaloc ....
Sampiro
Sampiro
Sampot
Samputan. . . .
Samuki
Samur
San Agapito . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Agustin . .
San Alfonso . .
San Alfonso . .
San Anastacio .
San .•Vndres . . .
San Andres . . .
Feature.
Map.
River
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
River
Barrio
Island
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Municipality
Municipal district
Barrio
Islands Group. . . .
Province
Island
Sea
Sea
Mountain
Sitio
Sitio
Municipality
Harbor
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
District
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Cape
Cape
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain Province
Pampanga
Sulu
Ley te
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Albay
Zamboanga
Agusan
Albay
Albay
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Iloilo
Nueva Ecija
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon( N)
Surigao
Zambales
Davao
Bataan
Davao.
Antique
Sulu
Samar
Philippine Islands
Leyte
Samar
Bataan
Batangas
Tayabas (S)
Cebu
Zamboanga
Leyte
Cotabato
Bontoc Subprovince
Rizal
Tayabas (S")
City of Manila
Camarines Sur
Cavite
Rizal
Zambales
Batangas
Batangas
Tarlac
Leyte
Bontoc Subproxince
Camarines Norte
Batangas
Davao
Philippine Islands
Batangas
Batangas
Bulacan
Capiz
Cavite
Ilocos Sur
Laguna
Laguna
Leyte
Mindoro
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pampanga
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Tarlac
Tarlac
Zambales
Davao
Davao
Amburayan Subprovince.
Ilocos Sur
Laguna
Fac-
ing
page.
196
232
258
186
278
278
86
278
82
86
86
126
126
166
212
252
252
262
274
154
94
154
90
258
248
72
186
248
94
102
270
138
278
186
150
204
240
270
146
126
134
240
274
102
102
266
186
204
122
102
154
• 72
102
102
114
130
134
162
174
174
186
190
212
212
212
232
232
232
232
232
252
252
266
266
274
154
154
198
162
174
Lati-
tude.
17
15
4
10
8
8
13
6
8
13
13
13
13
10
15
13
12
8
15
7
14
7
11
6
12
12
11
: 11
I 14
14
I 14
9
7
11
6
17
14
14
14
13
14
14
14
13
13
15
11
17
I 13
i 6
14
I 13
15
11
] 14
; 17
14
14
10
13
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
12
12
15
15
15
7
6
16
17
14
Longi-
tude.
30
01
35
45
10
00
12
20
00
14
13
49
23
25
51
00
39
40
31
00
46
00
00
00
00
40
45
36
05
00
30
35
10
55
05
27
10
36
35
18
33
44
55 i
47 I
40 I
25 I
11
29
32
20
04
34
09
20
19
13
05
04
45
15
59
48
40
14
14
10
03
03
27
27
50
23
23
50
30
53
10
03
121 15
120 32
119 30
125 00
122 45
123 30
123 40
122 00
126 05
123 49
123 22
122 54
123 24
122 30
120 55
124 04
124 02
126 10
119 55
125 40
120 32
125 40
122 05
121 45
125 00
125
124 40
124 30
120 30
121 08
121 30
123 20
123 20
124 30
124 40
120 59
121 13
121 35
121 00
123 08
120 57
121 22
120 10
120 42
121 23
120 35
124 55
121 16
122 50
121 06
126 10
126
121 12
121 03
120 57
122 36
120 57
120 27
121 12
121 15
124 45
121 20
121 04
121 01
120 42
120 40
120 41
120 47
120 36
120 40
123 19
123 19
120 36
120 37
119 56
126 20
126 10
120 29
120 30
121 13
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
585
Name.
San Andres
San Andres
San Andres
San Andres
San Anton
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio ,
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio.-. . . .
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Antonio
San Aurelio
San Bartolome . . . .
San Bartolome . . . .
San Bartolome . . . .
San Benito
San Benito
San Benito
San Bernandino . . .
San Bernandino . . .
San Bernandino . . .
San Bernandino . . .
San Bernandino . . .
San Bernardo ....
San Bruno
San Buenaventura .
San Carlos
San Carlos
San Carlos
San Carlos
San Carlos
San Carlos
San Cflestino
San-f Memente ....
San C^rispin
San Oistobal
San Cristobal
San Cristobal
San Cristobal
San Cristobal
San Diego
San Diego
San Diego
San Dionisio
San Dionisio
San Eduardo
San Emilio
San Emilio
San Enrique
Feature.
Map.
Tarlac
Tayabas (S) .
Rizal
Tayabas (S) .
Nueva Ecija.
Palawan (S) .
Nueva Ecija.
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Bay
Municipality. . .
Municipality J Samar
Municipality Zambales
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio .........
Barrio
Barrio
Strait
Strait
Strait
Strait
Islands
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. . .
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Barrio Iloilo
Sitio ('aj;ayan
Barrio Samar ■
Township Li-panto Subprovince . .
Township Mountain Province. . . .
Municipality Occidental Negros
Abra
Albay
Albay
Antique
Bulacan
Camarines Sur
Capiz
Davao
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur
Isabela
Laguna
Laguna
Laguna
Laguna
Laguna
Laguna
La Union
Ley te
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Vizcaya
Oriental Negros
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pampanga
Samar
Samar
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (N) •• . .
Tarlac
Tayabas (S)
Pangasinan
Laguna
Sorsogon (N)
Tariac
I^aguna
La Union
Surigao
Philippine Islands
Samar
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Sorsogon (N)
Leyte
Pangasinan
Samar
Occidental Negros
Pangasinan
Batangas
La Union
Nueva Ecija
Tarlac
Batangas
Tarlac
Laguna
Ilocos Norte
Laguna
Laguna
Tayabas (S)
Amburayan Subprovince
Laguna
Rizal
Batangas
^n^l Lati-
•"« tude.
page.
I Longi-
tude.
266
270
240
270
212
228
212
248
274
78
86
86
90
114
126
130
1.54
158
162
170
174
174
174
174
174
174
182
196
212
216
224
232
232
232
248
248
252
252
252
266
270
236
174
2.52
15
13
14
13
15
8
15
12
14
17
13
13
11
14
13
11
7
18
17
17
14
14
14
14
14
14
16
11
15
16
9
15
15
14
12
11
12
12
12
15
13
15
14
12
266 I 15
174
182
262
72
248
2.'->2
252
252
186
236
248
220
236
102
182
212
266
102
266
174
158
174
174
270
198
174
240
102
166
118
248
210
196
220
14
16
10
13
12
12
12
12
9
16
11
10
15
13
16
16
15
13
15
14
18
14
14
14
16
14
14
14
11
19
11
17
17
10
35
20
38
35
21
40
18
25
57
38
21 ;
21
25
53 I
23 I
19
40
15
25 I
05
21
19
13
12
11
00
24
00
41
20
10
04
02
58
05 ■
15
55
53 {
42 i
18
25
54 '
02
41
17
04
25
00
35
31
31
45
55
06
30
30
56 '
50 I
27
33
25
55
43
05
10
02
04
05
53 i
11
24
02
15
30
30
14
15
25
20 39
22 40
21 21
21 50
20 55
17 40
20 51
24 15
20 05
20 35
23 40
23 50
22 05
20 46
23 25
22 50
26 30
20 35
20 28
21 55
21 30
21 05
21 21
21 18
21 15
21 19
20 24
24 40
20 51
21 07
23 30
20 43
20 38
20 35
24 50
25 00
24 02
23 38
24 07
20 40
22 00
20 41
21 17
24 07
20 40
21 16
20 21
26 00
24
24 10
24 08
24 08
24 17
25
05
19
48
25
30
23
25
20
21
21
15
20
20
20
53
20
34
21
14
20
21
21
17
20
40
21
22
21
26
21
25
20
28
21
29
21 20
20 37
23 05
21 55
25 05
20 37
20 35
22 50
586
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Capital
Capital, La Union .
Capital
Capital, Pampanga
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
San Enrique Sitio
San Esteban Municipality.
San Esteban I Barrio
San Esteban ' Sitio .
San Eugenio
San Eustacio
San Fabian
San Felipe
San Felipe
San Felipe
San Felipe
San Felipe
San Felipe
San Felipe Neri
San Fermin
San Fermin
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Fernando '.
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Fernando
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco del Monte.
San Gabriel
Map.
Fac-
ing
' page,
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
San Gabriel
San Gabriel . .
San Gabriel . .
San Gabriel . .
San Gregorio .
San Gregorio .
San Gregorio .
San Gregorio .
San Guillermo
San Guillermo
San Ignacio
San Ignacio Barrio . . .
ban Ildefonso Peninsula
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Township
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district.
San Ildefonso.
San Ildefonso.
San Ildefonso.
San Ildefonso.
San Ildefonso.
San Isidro .
San Isidro .
San Isidro .
San Isidro .
San Isidro .
San Isidro .
San Isidro .
San Isidro .
San Isidro .
Cape
Cape
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Camarines Norte
Ilocos Sur
Ley te
Pampanga
Pangasinan
Nueva Ecija
Pangasinan
Zambales
Batangas
Batangas
La Union
Pampanga
Tarlac
Rizal
Davao
La Union
La Union
Philippine Islands
Pampanga
Philippine Islands
Camarines Sur
Cebu
Romblon
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Antique
Nueva Ecija
Occidental Negros
Surigao
Tayabas (S)
La Union
Cebu
Amburayan Subprovince.
Antique
Antique
Batangas
Batangas
Bohol
Leyte
Leyte
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Vizcaya
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pampanga
Sorsogon (N)
Tarlac
Tarlac
Leyte
Rizal
Amburayan Subprovince .
Mountain Province
Camarines Sur
Laguna
Pampanga
Abra
Antique
Laguna
La Union
Abra
Rizal
Agusan
Leyte
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Vizcaya
Philippine Islands
Bulacan
Ilocos Sur
Pampanga
Leyte
Nueva Ecija
Agusan
Albay '
Albay
Batangas
Bulacan
Bulacan
Camarines Norte
122
162
186
232
236
212
236
274
102
102
182
232
266
240
154
182
182
72
232
72
126
138
244
252
252
90
212
220
262
270
182
138
198
90
90
102
102
106
186
186
212
212
212
216
232
232
232
252
266
266
186
240
198
196
126
174
232
78
90
174
182
78
240
82
186
216
216
72
114
162
232
186
212
82
86
86
102
114
114
122
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
14
17
10
14
16
15
16
15
13
13
16
15
15
14
7
16
16
17
15
15
13
10
12
12
12
10
15
10
9
13
16
10
16
11
10
14
13
10
11
10
15
15
15
16
15
14
11
20
55
51
03
30
08
04
53
53
24
02
49
35
10
28
37
02
33
10
20
29
29
45
16
40
50
55
38
40
50
20
30
02
54
10
15
05
52
28
21
16
12
58
i 14
57
12
44
15
43
15
19
10
55
14
38
16
40
16
40
1 13
33
14
03
14
65
17
89
11
20
14
02
16
27
IT
27
14
30
8
00
11
00
16
06
16
01
16
15
05
17
38
15
15
11
25
15
19
8
05
13
13
13
03
13
46
14
52
14
60
14
15
122 35
120 27
124 55
120 39
120 47
120 49
120 24
120 04
121 02
121 12
120 24
120 43
120 36
121 02
126 2o
120 23
120 19
120
120 42
121
123 OS
123 40
122 35
123 46
123 46
121 65
120 52
123 05
126 00
122 10
120 17
124 20
120 27
122 00
122 00
121 12
121 15
124 18
124 60
125 10
120 62
120 50
120 50
121 04
120 39
120 33
120 40
123 54
120 36
120 38
124 50
121 01
120 24
120 25
123 06
121 19
120 43
120 38
122 06
121 16
120 22
120 46
121 13
126 10
124 66
122 05
122 01
122
120 57
120 24
120 41
124 20
120 56
126 10
123 45
123 37
121 14
120 44
120 47
122 41
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
587
San Is:
San Is
San Isi
San Is:
San Is
San Isi
San Is:
San Is:
San Is
San Is
San Is:
San Is
San Is:
San Is
San I?
San Is
San Is:
San Is
San Is:
San Is
San Isi
San Is
San Isi
San Is
San Is:
San Is:
San Is
San Is
San Jacinto .
San Jacinto .
San Jacinto .
San Joaquin .
San Joaquin .
San Joaquin .
San Joaquin .
San Joaquin .
San Joaquin .
San Joaquin .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . ,
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . .
San Jose . . . ,
San Jose . . . ,
San Jose ...
San Jo«e ...
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose ...
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
San Jose . . .
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro
dro Malapit .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Municipality.
Municipality.
Municipality.
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipali,ty.
Municipality.
Municipality.
Township . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Camarines Norte ' 122
Camarines Sur ' 126
Camarines Sur I 126
Camarines Sur ' 126
Cavite ■ 134
Cebu 138
Isabela 170
Leyte 186
Leyte 186
Occidental Negros 220
Pampanga 232
Pampanga | 232
Pampanga , 232
Pangasinan ! 236
Rizal I 240
Sorsogon (N) 252
Sorsogon (N) 2.52
Sorsogon (N) I 252
Sorsogon (S) I 252
Surigao 1 262
Surigao I 262
Tariac 1 266
Tariac 266
Tayabas (S) 270
Tayabas (S) ! 270
Pampanga 232
Pangasinan 236
Nueva Ecija 212
Pangasinan 236
Sorsogon (N) | 252
Sorsogon (S) 252
Iloilo 166
Cavite ! 134
Laguna 174
Leyte 186
Pampanga 232
Samar 248
Iloilo 166
Batangas ; 102
Camarines Sur | 126
Nueva Ecija 1 212
Mindoro I 190
Albay I 86
Albay 86
Albay 86
Amburayan Subprovince . I 198
Bataan ■ 94
Bataan 94
Batangas 102
Bohol 106
Bulacan 114
Bulacan 114
Bulacan 114
Camarines Norte 122
Camarines Norte 122
Camarines Sur ' 126
Cavite ; 134
Cavite , 134
Cavite 134
Davao 154
IlocosSur 162
Iloilo 166
Isabela 170
Laguna , 174
Laguna 154
La Union ; 182
La Union 182
Leyte 186
Leyte 186
Leyte 186
Mindoro I 190
Mindoro 190
Nueva Ecija 212
Occidental Negros 220
Oriental Negros 224
Pampanga 232
Pampanga 232
Pampanga 232
Pampanga 232
Pampanga ■ 232
14
10
122
53
13
41
123
01
13
28 '
123
21
13
23
123
31
14
24
120
53
10
35
124
20
17
30
121
45
11
20
124
30
10
15
125
00
10
35
123
30
15
14
120
38
15
01
120
37
15
01
120
49
16
06
120
45
14
45
121
09
12
58
123
36
12
47
124
07
12
28
123
16
12
28
123
16
9
55
126
05
8
50
126
10
15
30
120
35
15
17
120
41
13
50
121
25
13
30
122
25
14
55
120
31
16
00
120
07
15
18
120
55
16
05
120
26
12
34
123
44
12
34
123
44
10
35
122
10
14
18
120
52
14
02
121
20
11
10
125
00
15
13
120
33
12
10
124
25
11
05
122
50
13
53
121
06
13
42
123
31
15
48
121
00
12
20
121
06
13
35
124
08
13
18
123
45
13
15
123
22
16
51
120
28
14
53
120
27
14
26
120
34
13
45
121
10
10
09
124
18
15
10
120
68
14
57
120
54
14
49
120
59
14
17
122
36
14
10
122
57
13
35
123
16
14
27
120
52
14
23
120
35
14
18
120
43
7
20
126
30
17
05
120
30
11
10
122
65
16
50
121
46
14
13
121
31
14
05
121
21
16
26
120
23
16
19
120
22
11
15
125
00
11
00
125
06
10
10
125
00
13
15
121
20
13
05
120
45
15
28
120
57
10
35
123
00
10
00
123
15
15
12
120
38
15
08
120
37
15
02
120
42
14
69
120
30
14
59
120
37
588
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
232
232
236
240
252
252
252
262
262
262
266
270
78
284
90
72
114
182
224
78
78
110
114
118
126
130
134
134
138
170
170
174
182
186
212
220
232
232
236
248
248
252
252
252
262
274
78
94
266
166
212
240
266
186
248
248
212
266
238
212
252
274
174
102
232
82
202
110
154
170
190
216
248
248
270
236
266
158
212
274
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
San Jose
Barrio
Pampanga
o
14
14
15
14
12
12
12
10
9
8
15
15
17
11
10
11
14
16
9
17
17
8
14
18
13
11
14
14
10
17
17
14
16
10
15
10
15
15
16
12
11
13
12
12
8
15
17
14
15
11
15
14
15
11
11
11
15
15
15
15
13
15
14
13
15
8
16
8
7
16
13
16
12
11
15
16
15
18
15
14
t
59
56
59
44
58
33
33
10
45
05
34
50
27
40
45
48
40
10
41
24
45
52
30
39
23
23
18
50
25
15
20
25
05
48
25
07
02
05
35
20
04
49
40
25
17
26
47
20
00
30
36
38
20
20
45
15
43
55
22
01
29
05
51
03
35
16
30
30
40
15
39
00
55
45
04
48
17
36
59
o /
120 47
San Jose
Barrio
120 42
San Jose
Barrio
Panffasinan
120 31
San Jose
Barrio
Rizal
121 08
San Jose
Barrio
123 35
San Jose
Barrio
Barrio
124 04
San Jose
Sorsogon (S)
124 04
San Jose
Barrio
125 35
San Jose
Barrio
125 40
San Jose
Barrio
Barrio
126 20
San Jose
Tarlac
120 34
San Jose
Tavabas (N)
121 30
San Jose
Sitio
120 42
San Jose
Sitio
124 45
San Jose de Buenavista . . .
Capital
Antique
121 55
San Jose de Buenavista . . .
San Jose del Monte
Capital, Antique . .
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
' Philippine Islands
Bul^an
122
121 03
San Juan
120 20
San Juan
123 30
San Juan
120 44
San Juan
Barrio
120 37
San Juan
124 55
San Juan
Barrio
Bulacan
120 45
San Juan
121 20
San Juan
123 05
San Juan
Barrio
Capiz
122 24
San Juan
Barrio
Cavite
120 52
San Juan
Barrio
Cavitp
120 44
San Juan
Barrio
Cebu
124 35
San Juan
Barrio
T*^abpla
121 45
San Juan
Barrio
Isabela ....
121 55
San Juan
Barrio
T.acriina
121 29
San Juan
Bario
T.n TTnirtn
120 23
San Juan
Barrio
125 00
San Juan
Barrio , . .
Niipva Rciia
121 14
San Juan
Barrio . .
Occidental Negros
Pamnantya
122 50
San Juan
Barrio
120 42
San Juan
Barrio
120 40
San Juan
Barrio
Barrio
119 50
San Juan
124 25
San Juan
Barrio
Barrio
125 00
San Juan
124 00
San Juan
Barrio
Barrio
124 02
San Juan
123 54
San Juan
Barrio
Siiricao
126 20
San Juan
Barrio
120 04
San Juan
Sitio
Abra
120 42
San Juan
Sitio
"Rataan
120 30
San Juan
Sitio
Tarlac
120 37
San Juan
Point
Iloilo
122 50
San Juan Bautista
Barrio
120 53
San Juan del Monte
Municipality
Barrio
Strait
121 02
San Juan de Milla
Tarlac
120 31
San Juanico
125 00
San Juanico
Strait
Municipality
Barrio . ....
125 00
San Julian
125 30
San Julian
"Njiipva Rciia
120 51
San Julian
Tarlac
120 35
San Leon
Barrio . .
120 43
San Leonardo
Municipality
Barrio
120 58
San Lorenzo
124 00
San Lorenzo
Barrio
119 57
San Lucas
Barrio
121 19
San Luis
Municipality
Municipality
Municipal disirict.
120 55
San Luis
120 47
San Luis
125 40
San Luis
Benguet Subprovince ....
120 29
San Luis
Barrio
125 00
San Luis
Barrio
126 30
San Luis
Barrio
121 25
San Luis
Barrio
120 40
San Luis
Barrio
Nueva Vizcaya
121 23
San Luis
Barrio
124 45
San Luis
Barrio
125 25
San Luis
Barrio
Tjivaha'5 fNI
121 30
San Manuel
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
120 40
San Manuel
Tarlac
120 36
San Manuel
120 34
San Manuel
Barrio
120 51
San Marcelino
Municipality
Zambales
120 09
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
589
Name.
San Marcos
San Marcos ,
San Mariano ,
San Mariano
San Martin
San Martin
San Mateo
San Mateo
San Mateo
San Mateo • ,
San Mateo
San Matias
San Mauricio
San Miguel
Feature.
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel, ...'...,
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel
San Miguel de Puro .
San Narciso
San Narciso
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Nicolas
San Pablo
San Pablo
San Pablo
San Pablo
San Pablo
San Pablo
San Pablo
San Pablo
San Pablo
San Pablo
San Pablo
San Pablo
Barrio
Barrio
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipal district.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Bay
Port
Island
Islands
Islands
Island
Municipality.
Municipality.
Municipality.
District
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality.
Municipality.
Municipality.
Municipality.
District
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality.
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bulacan
Laguna
Isabela
Batangas
Capiz
Misamis
Rizal
Agusan
Ilocos Norte
Pampanga
Samar
Pampanga
Samar
Camarines Norte
Camarines Sur
Sorsogon (N)
Albay
Palawan (S) *. .
Philippine Islands
Sorsogon (N)
Bulacan
Iloilo
Ley te ■•
City of Manila ' . . .
Albay
Albay
Amburayan Subprovince .
Batangas
Bulacan
Capiz
Iloilo
Laguna
Laguna
Leyte
Palawan (N)
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pampanga
Samar
Samar
Surigao
Tarlac
Tariac
Tayabas (S)
Zambales
Nueva Vizcaya
Samar
Ilocos Sur
Tayabas (S)
Zambales
Ilocos Norte
Pangasinan
City of Manila
Batangas
Camarines Sur
Capiz
Cavite
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Laguna
La Union
Nueva Ecija
Palawan (N)
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pampanga
Palawan (N)
Isabela
Laguna
Agusan
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Laguna
Leyte
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Occidental Negros
Pampanga
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
Longi-
tude.
tude.
0
/
o
/
114
14
54
120
47
174
14
07
121
18
170
17
00
122
00
102
13
15
121
03
130
11
19
122
34
194
8
35
124
45
240
14
42
121
07
82
8
50
125
35
158
18
03
120
36
232
15
13
120
48
248
11
40
125
?,5
232
15
01
120
4?
248
11
35
125
05
122
13
55
123
10
126
13
53
123
10
252
12
40
123
35
86
13
23
123
48
228
7
40
118
30
72
8
119
2.52
12
43
123
36
114
15
09
120
59
166
10
45
122
25
186
11
15
124
50
146
14
36
121
00
86
13
38
124
18
86
13
23
123
48
198
16
56
120
27
102
13
42
121
07
114
14
55
120
45
130
11
13
122
32
166
11
05
122
50
174
14
03
121
15
174
14
02
121
18
186
9
55
125
05
228
11
30
119
50
232
15
14
120
40
232
15
10
120
42
232
15
00
120
47
248
12
20
125
05
248
•11
25
125
35
262
8
55
126
00
266
15
26
120
36
266
15
21
120
40
270
14
10
121
40
274
14
57
120
03
216
16
20
121
05
248
11
35
125
20
162
17
31
120
23
270
13
35
122
35
274
15
01
120
05
158
18
11
120
35
236
16
05
120
46
146
14
36
120
58
102
13
56
120
57
126
13
26
123
25
130
11
19
122
31
134
14
26
120
59
162
17
20
120
27
162
17
11
120
26
174
14
04
121
17
182
16
19
120
20
212
15
18
120
56
228
12
00
120
10
232
15
13
120
40
232
15
07
120
47
232
14
68
120
30
232
14
66
120
35
228
11
30
119
50
170
17
30
121
50
174
14
04
121
19
82
9
25
125
30
162
17
25
120
31
162
17
20
120
27
174
14
11
121
31
186
11
00
124
56
212
16
39
121
09
212
15
29
120
52
212
15
22
120
55
220
10
55
123
10
232
15
02
120
44
590
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name,
^^L tude.
page.
Longi-
tude.
San Pablo
San Pablo
San Pascual . .
San Pascual . .
San Pascual . .
San Pascual . .
San Patricio .
San Pedrino . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Pedro . . .
San Policarpo
San Policarpo,
San Quintin .
San Quintin .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
Sari Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Rafael . .
San Ramon . .
San Ramon . .
San Ramon . .
San Ramon . .
San Ramon . .
San Ramon . .
San Remigio .
San Remigio .
San Ricardo .
San Ricardo .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
San Roque . .
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Bay
Bay
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Municipality.
Bay
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Penal Colony
Municipality.
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Pampanga
Pampanga
Sorsogon (N) i
Benguet Subprovince ....
Bohol
Zambales
Pampanga !
Batangas [
Leyte ,u
Samar ■ i
Laguna
Antique
Batangas
Bulacan
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
Leyte
Leyte
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pangasinan
Sorsogon (N)
Ilocos Norte
Samar
Samar
Abra
Pangasinan
Zamboanga
Bulacan -. • • .
Amburayan Subprovince
Antique
Camarines Norte
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Ilocos Norte
Iloilo
Laguna
Rizal
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Tarlac
Tayabas (S)
Iloilo.
Sorsogon (N)
Abra ,. • •
Albay
Samar
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (N)
Zamboanga
Antique
Cebu
Leyte
Nueva Ecija
Agusan
Albay
Antique
Batangas
Bulacan
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Cavite
Cavite
Cebu
Davao
Ilocos Sur
Laguna
Laguna
Laguna
Laguna
Leyte
Leyte i
Leyte
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pampanga
232
232
252
15
14
13
202 16
106 9
274 15
232 I 15
102 13
186 11
248 11
174 14
90 ' 10
102 14
114 I 14
158 I 18
162
162
186
186
232
232
236
252
158
248
248
78
236
278
114
198
90
122
126
17
17
11
11
15
15
15
13
17
12
12
17
15
6
14
16
10
14
13
126 1 13
1.58
166
174
240
252
252
266
270
166
252
78
86
248
252
252
278
90
138
186
212
82
86
90
126
126
126
134
134
138
154
162
174
174
174
174
186
186
186
212
212
232
232
232
18
11
14
14
12
12
15
13
10
12
17
13
12
12
12
7
10
11
9
15
9
13
11
102 : 13
114 1 15
13
13
13
14
14
10
8
17
14
14
14
14
11
10
10
15
15
15
15
14
01
55
08
22
58
01
06
51
10
10
22
50
05
56
22
24
04
00
00
07
01
58
05
59
10
05
33
59
40
58
55
55
15
48
40
18
10
10
44
40
21
28
55
40
58
25
17
15
59
40
00
50
05
55
35
25
37
45
52
01
48 !
44
33
29
18
85
00
17
10
07
04
03
00
40
00
54
25
12
01
54
120 45
120 31
122 59
120 29
124 25
120 05
120 44
120 43
125 05
125 05
121 04
121 55
121 11
120 55
120 38
120 27
120 30
124 25
124 50
120 40
120 47
120 48
123 58
120 43
125 30
124 35
120 31
120 49
121 55
120 58
120 28
122 10
122 42
122 54
123 30
120 38
122 50
121 31
121 09
124 07
123 47
120 36
122 00
122 10
123 30
120 42
123 32
125 20
123 58
123 56
121 55
122 05
123 55
125 15
120 58
125 35
124 19
122 00
121 12
120 56
123 20
123 30
123 17
120 54
120 47
123 45
126 20
120 25
121 30
121 28
121 18
121 16
125 05
125 10
125 00
120 53
120 57
120 37
120 51
120 32
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
591
Name.
San Roque ....
San Roque ....
San Roque ....
San Roque ....
San Roque ....
San Roque ....
San Roque ....
San Roque ....
San Roque ....
San Roque ....
San Rooue ....
San Salvador . .
San Sebastian . .
San Sebastian . .
San Sebastian . .
San Sebastian . .
San Sebastian . .
San Simon ....
San Teodoro . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente ...
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente ...
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente. . .
San Vicente. . .
San Vicente ...
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente . . .
San Vicente ...
San Victor ....
Sanasal
Sancbes Mira. .
Sandakan
Sandalan
Sandig
Sandugan
Sandy
Sangaan
Sanga Sanga . . .
Sangat
Sangbai
Sangirin
Sangitan
Sangley
Sankanan
Santa
Santa Ana . . . . .
Santa Ana ....
Santa Ana ....
Santa Ana. . . . ,
Santa Ana ....
Santa Ana . . . . ,
Santa Ana ....
Santa Ana ....
Santa Ana ....
Santa Ana
Santa Anasta.sia
Santa Barbara .
Santa Barbara .
Santa Barbara .
Sinta Barbara .
Santa Barbara .
Santa Barbara .
Santa Barbara .
Santa Barbara .
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Port
Municipality
Municipality. ....
Municipal istrict
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio. . . . .'
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Municipality
British Port
Sitio
Mountain
Point
Point
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Islands
Barrio.
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
District
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality ....
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio . .
Barrio
Barrio
Pangasinan 236
Rizal 240
Samar I 248
Sorsogon (N) ! 2.52
Sorsogon (N) I 252
Tayabas (S) 270
Tayabas (S) 270
Camarines Sur
Ley te
Pampanga
Pampanga
Laguna
Camarines Sur
Ilocos Sur
Pampanga
Samar
Lati-
tude.
126
186
232
232
174
126
162
232
248
Sorsogon (N) | 252
Pampanga ! 232
Mindoro j 190
Cagayan | 118
Camarines Norte 1 122
Ilocos Sur [ 162
Agusan | 82
Albay 86
Bulacan ] 14
Camarines Sur j 126
Ilocos Sur 162
Ilocos Sur 162
Laguna ' 174
Leyte 186
Mindoro 190
Misamis 194
Nueva Ecija 212
Pampanga 232
Pampanga | 232
Pampanga 232
Pampanga 232
Pangasinan | 236
Pangasinan . j 236
Pangasinan 236
Samar | 248
Sorsogon (N) 252
Sorsogon (N) 252
Tarlac , 266
Davao 154
Benguet Subprovince . . . . | 202
Cagayan j 118
Philippine Islands 72
Rizal 240
Abra , 78
Oriental Negros , 224
Nueva Vizcaya ; 216
Agusan i 82
Sulu 253
Cebu 1 138
Zamboanga 278
Tayabas (S) . . . j 270
Nueva Ecija | 212
Cavite , 134
Bukidoon , 110
Ilocos Sur 162
Pampanga 232
City of Manila , 146
Antique 90
Bulacan , 114
Ilocos Norte 158
Iloilo 166
Lnguna 174
Laguna 174
La Union 182
Misamis , 194
Batangas ; 102
Iloilo I 166
Pangasinan i 236
Bulacan 114
La Union 182
Nueva Ecija 212
Nueva Ecija 212
Pampanga > 232
Zambales | 274
16
14
11
13
12
14
13
13
10
15
15
14
13
17
15
11
12
15
13
18
14
I 8
I 13
14
14
17
I 17
14
I 10
13
i 8
i 15
I Is
15
15
14
16
16
16
12
13
12
I 7
16
18
6
14
17
9
16
9
5
10
6
14
15
i 14
8
I 17
15
14
11
14
18
10
14
14
16
8
14
10
' 16
I 14
16
15
15
14
16
06
38
25
00
44
15
55
21
10 ;
16
09 I
13
44 :
38
03
45
38
00
25
30
06
36
55
16
48 I
00 ,
16
12
02
10
25
30
13
10 I
05 '
00 !
57
06
04
02
20
00
59
47
40
27
35
39 '
47
20 j
11 I
05 I
05
10
50 I
10 I
30 '■
30
15
29
06
35
45
48
04
30
22
01
22
35
08
50
00
57
19
43
23
65
20
Longi-
tude.
20 41
21 06
25 35
24 01
24 05
21 40
22 20
23 19
25 10
20 39
20 43
21 29
23 36
20 21
20
48
25
05
24
04
20
47
21 00
22 10
22 52
20 22
25 30
23 26
21 01
23 20
20 32
20 32
21 21
25 00
21 10
23 50
20 50
20 48
20 42
20 34
20 46
19 50
20 42
20 40
25 05
23 38
23 49
20 36
26 30
20 49
21 15
18
21 29
21 06
23 35
22 06
25 35
19 40
23 45
21 30
21 55
20 59
20 55
24 60
20 26
20 46
21 00
22 10
20 53
20 47
22 30
21 30
21 20
20 21
24 60
21 08
22 30
20 24
20 63
20 20
21 00
20 35
20 00
20 48
592
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Santa Catalina . .
Santa Catalina . .
Santa Catalina . .
Santa Catalina . .
Santa Cecilia . . .
Santa Clara ....
Santa Clara ....
Santa Clara ....
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz
Santa Elena . . . .
Santa Elena . . . .
Santa Elena . . . .
Santa Elena . . . .
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Santa Felicitas .
Santa Filomena .
Santa Filomena .
Santa Filomena .
Santa Filomena .
Santa Ignacia . .
Sanat Ines
Santa Ines
Santa Ines
Santa Ines
Santa Ines
Santa Ines
Santa Ines
Santa Ines
Santa Isabel . . . .
Santa Isabel . . .
Santa Josefa . . .
Santa Justina . .
Santa Lucia . . . .
Santa Lucia . . . .
Santa Lucia . . . ,
Santa Lucia . . . .
Santa Lucia . . . .
Santa Lucia . . . ,
Feature.
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Capital
Capital, Laguna. . .
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Municipality
Township
District
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Island
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Rancheria
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Ilocos Sur
Laguna
Pampanga
Tayabas (S)
La Union
Batangas
Bulacan
Nueva Ecija
Laguna
Philippine Islands ...
Davao
Ilocos Sur
Tayabas (S)
Zambales
Nueva Vizcaya
City of Manila
Albay
Bohol
Camarines Norte ....
Cebu
Davao
Ilocos Sur
Laguna
Leyte
Leyte
Leyte
Leyte
Mindoro
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Oriental Negros
Pampanga
Pangasinan
Samar
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Surigao
Tarlac
Leyte
Tayabas (.S)
Zamboanga
Zambales
Bulacan
Camarines Norte. . . .
Rizal
Samar
Cebu
Antique
Bukidnon
Davao
Leyte
Romblon
Zambales
Agusan
Nueva Vizcaya
Cagayan
Apayao Subprovince.
Cebu
Laguna
Davao
Tarlac
Agusan
Bukidnon
Bulacan
Misamis
Pampanga
Rizal
Tarlac
Batanes
Isabela
Bulacan
Agusan
Camarines Sur
Ilocos Sur
Btilacan
Bulacan
Bulacan
Cebu
I<a Union
162
174
232
270
182
102
114
212
174
72
154
162
270
274
216
146
86
106
122
138
154
162
174
18G
186
186
186
190
212
212
224
232
236
248
252
252
252
262
266
286
270
278
274
114
122
240
248
138
90
110
154
186
234
274
82
216
118
200
138
174
154
266
82
110
114
194
232
240
266
98
170
114
82
126
162
114
114
114
138
182
Lati-
tude.
17
14
15
13
16
13
14
15
14
14
6
17
13
15
16
14
13
9
14
10
7
17
14
11
11
10
10
13
15
15
9
15
15
11
12
12
12
8
15
10
13
6
15
14
14
14
11
11
11
8
7
10
12
15
8
16
17
18
9
14
7
15
8
8
14
9
15
14
15
20
17
14
8
13
17
15
14
14
10
16
35
08
04
50
23
46
50
35
17
50
05
30
46
19
37
20
51
14
00 ■
10
53
01
25
20
25
15
05
37
27
35
13
57
55
59
54
09
50
20
10
30
50
■ 44
49
15
39
20
10
45
20 i
20 :
15
10
01
40
09
55
32
45
05
50
37
35
30
47
00
15
44
42
20
10
51
00
23
07
14
56
54
40
24
Longi-
tude.
120 22
121 20
120 48
121 25
120 24
121 03
120 57
120 48
121 25
121
125 30
120 27
122 00
119 54
120 58
120 59
123 43
124 06
122 41
123 25
126 30
120 28
121 21
124 45
124 30
124 55
125 00
120 45
120 49
120 49
123 05
120 40
120 43
124 50
123 30
124 02
123 52
126 20
120 41
125 10
122 05
122 05
119 52
120 44
122 40
121 06
125 00
123 .50
122 05
124 45
126 30
124 45
122 00
120 13
125 40
120 57
121 35
121 05
123 20
121 17
126 20
120 26
125 40
124 50
120 50
124 55
120 35
121 20
120 37
121 52
121 50
120 50
126 00
123 29
120 27
121 03
121 02
120 44
123 45
120 20
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
593
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality.
Municipality.
Port
Municipality.
Municipality.
Municipality.
Municipality.
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio ......
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Santa Lucia
Santa Lucia
Santa Lucia
Santa Magdalena
Santa Margarita
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Mesa
Santa Monica
Santa Monica
Santa Monica
Santa Monica
Santa Monica
Santa Monica
Santa Monica
Santa Paz
Santa Rita
Santa Rita
Santa Rita
Santa Rita i Barrio
Santa Rita , Barrio
Santa Rita Barrio
Santa Rita Barrio
Santa Rita Barrio
Santa Rita ; Barrio
Santa Rita Mountain . . . .
Santa Rosa I Municipality. .
Santa Rosa Municipality. .
Santa Rosa Barrio
Santa Rosa Barrio
Santa Rosa Barrio
Santa Rosa Barrio
Santa Rosa Barrio
Santa Rosa Barrio
Santa Rosa Barrio
Santa Rosa Barrio
Santa Rosa Barrio
Santa Rosa Barrio
Santa Rosa Barrio ......
Santa Rosa Mountain . . .
Santa Teresa Barrio
Santa Teresa Barrio
Santa Teresa I Barrio ......
Santander : Municipality.
Santander I Barrio
Santiago j Island
Santiago I Cape
Santiago ! Municipality.
Santiago i Municipality.
Santiago i Barrio
Santiago i Barrio
Santiago j Barrio
Santiago i Barrio
Santiago ! Barrio
Santiago , Barrio
Santiago .
Santiago .
Santiago .
Santiago .
Santiago .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Barrio .
Santiago Barrio .
Santiago Barrio .
Santiago Barrio .
Santiago Sitio . .
Santisima Trinidad ] Barrio.
Santisima Trinidad Barrio.
Santo Angel Barrio .
Santo Cristo Barrio.
Tayabas (S)
Tarlac
Pampanga
Sorsogon (N)
Samar
Zamboanga
Bulacan
Ilocos Sur
Isabela
Laguna
Pangasinan
Batangas
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Vizcaya . . . .
Pampanga
Pampanga
Pampanga
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
City of Manila . . . .
Bulacan
Ilocos Sur
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Pampanga
Tarlac
Palawan (N)
Leyte
Pampanga
Samar
Bulacan
Bulacan
La Union
La Union
La Union
Pampanga
Pampanga
Bataan
Laguna
Nueva Ecija
Abra
Bataan
Camarines Norte. .
Camarines Sur . . . .
Ilocos Norte
Laguna
Leyte
Leyte
Nueva Vizcaya . . .
\ Occidental Negros.
, Tarlac
I Bataan
Iloilo
Mindoro
Pampanga
Cebu
Capiz
I Pangasinan
Batangas
Ilocos Sur
Isabela
Agusan
Batangas
Batangas
Cagayan
Cagayan ■
Cavite
Cebu
Davao
Laguna
La Union
La Union
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Pampanga
Surigao
Bulacan
Mindoro
Laguna
Bulacan
270
266
232
2.52
248
278
114
162
170
174
236
102
212
216
232
232
232
278
278
146
114
162
212
232
232
266
228
186
232
248
114
114
182
182
182
232
232
94
174
212
72
94
122
126
158
174
186
186
216
220
266
94
166
1 190
: 232
i 138
; 130
I 236
102
162
170
82
102
102
118
118
134
138
154
174
182
182
212
232
232
262
114
190
174
114
14
05
121
25
15
22
120
29
15
08 1
120
48
12
39 1
124
06
12
05
124
40
7
45
122
05
14
49
120
58
17
22
120
29
17
30
121
45
14
28 ,
121
25
15
59 1
120
42
13
47
120
58
15
31
120
48
16
17
121
05
15
15
120
40
15
14
120
35
14
55
120
34
6
55
122
05
7
45 '
122
05
14
36 1
121
01
14
51
120
44
17
41
120
25
15
30
120
48
15
02
120
47
14
59
120
45
15
49 ;
120
34
11
10
119
30
10
05
125
05
15
00
120
37
11
30
124
55
15
08
120
58
14
52
120
52
16
45
120
22
16
23
120
21
16
21
120
22
15
02
120
47
14
54
120
43
14
50
120
22
14
19
121
07
15
25
120
56
17
31
120
41
14
41
120
33
14
16
122
43
13
44
123
15
18
07
120
38
14
03
121
15
11
20
124
20
11
05
124
25
16
21
120
59
10
35
123
05
15
22
120
37
14
45
120
23
10
35
122
35
12
15
121
05
14
53
120
34
9
25
123
20
11
47
121
52
16
24
119
56
13
46
120
40
17
18
120
27
16
40
121
35
9
15
! 125
35
14
08
121
08
13
51
120
39
18
35
121
10
17
45
121
45
14
21
120
54
10
35
124
20
7
20
126
30
14
01
121
17
16
29
120
20
16
26
120
20
15
29
120
50
15
06
120
46
14
54
' 120
31
10
20
125
35
14
63
120
50
12
15
121
00
t 14
06
121
22
, 14
48
121
06
171073-
-38
594
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Santo Cristo . . .
Santo Cristo . . .
Santo Domingo .
Santo Domingo .
Santo Domingo .
Santo Domingo .
Santo Domingo .
Santo Domingo .
Santo Domingo .
Santo Domingo .
Santo Domingo .
Santo Domingo .
Santo Nino . . . .
Santo Nino . . . .
Santo Nino . . . .
Santo Nirio . . . .
Santo Nirio . . . .
Santo Nino . . . .
Santo Niiio . . . .
Santo Nirio . . . .
Santo Nirio . . . .
Santo Nirio . . . .
Santo Nirio . . . .
Santo Nirio . . . .
Santo Nirio . . . .
Santo Nino ... .
Santo Nino . . . .
Santo Nirio . . . .
Santo Nino . . . .
Santo Nino . . . .
Santo Rosario . .
Santo Rosario . .
Santo Rosario . .
Santo Rosario . .
Santo Rosario . .
Santo Rosario . .
Santo Rosario . .
Santo Tomas . . .
Santo Tomas . . .
Santo Tomas . . .
Santo Tomas . . .
Santo Tomas . . ,
Santo Tomas . . ,
Santo Tomas . . ,
Santo Tomas . . ,
Santo Tomas . .
Santo Tomas. .-,
Santo Tomas . . ,
Santo Tomas . . ,
Santo Tomas . .
Santo Toribio .
Santol
Feature.
Map.
Santol
Santol
Santol
Santol
Santol
Santol
Santol
Santolan
Santor
Santor
Santor
Santor
Saoairg
Sapac
Sapaka
Sapakan ....
Sapa Libutad.
Sapang
Sapang
Sapang
Sapang Balen .
Sapang Palay .
Sapang Vaca .
Sapao
Sapao
Sapao
Sapday
Sapi
Sapian
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality. . . .
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Island
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality I
Municipality i
Municipality I
Municipal district . ;
Barrio •
Barrio
Earrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Township
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Bairio
River
Sitio
Point
Municipality. . . .
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Ilocos Sur
Nueva Ecija
Bataan
Ilocos Norte
Laguna
Laguna
La Union
Pampanga
Pampanga
Ifugao Subprovince
Samar
Samar
Albay
Batangas
Batangas
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Cebu
Ilocos Norte
Laguna
Leyte
Mindoro
Nueva Ecija
Sorsogon (N)
Surigao
Tariac
Tayabas (S)
Zambalcs
Bulacan
Bulacan ^- .
La Union
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Pampanga
Tariac
Batangas
La Union
Pangasinan
Agusan
Ilocos Norte
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Zambales
Abra
Iloilo
Benguet Subprovince . . .
Mountain Province
Relief
Batangas
Amburayan Subprovince
Mountain Province
Amburayan Subprovince
Batangas
Bulacan
Cavite
Pampanga
Pampanga
Rizal
Batangas
Isabela
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Ilocos Sxir
Batangas
Cotabato
Cotabato
Pampanga
Isabela
Tariac
Nueva Ecija
Pampanga
Bulacan
Nueva Ecija
Samar
Surigao
Ifugao Subprovince
Abra
Zamboanga
Capiz
Fac.
Lati-
ing
page.
tude.
o
/
212
15
18
212
15
16
162
17
38
212
15
35
94
14
38
158
18
22
174
14
14
174
14
12
182
16
52
232
15
07
232
15
05
206
16
45
248
11
55
248
11
55
86
13
36
102
13
51
102
13
41
126
13
28
126
13
24
138
10
40
158
18
00
174
14
03
186
11
25
190
12
15
212
15
49
252
13
06
262
8
45
266
15
33
270
13
50
274
15
38
114
14
51
114
14
49
182
16
23
212
15
39
232
15
15
232
15
07
266
15
20
102
14
06
182
16
17
236
15
53
82
8
10
158
18
19
212
15
45
232
15
00
274
15
25
78
17
27
166
10
40
202
16
20
196
16
20
72
16
102
13
58
198
16
47
196
16
45
198
16
45
102
14
09
114
14
51
134
14
22
232
15
10
232
15
12
240
14
37
102
14
06
170
17
00
212
15
37
212
15
33
162
17
44
102
13
57
150
6
25
150
6
55
232
15
09
170
16
40
266
15
42
212
15
32
232
15
15
114
14
51 ;
212
15
38
248
11
00 :
262
10
00 1
206
16
57
78
17
40
278
7
16
130
11
30
Longi-
tude.
20 51
20 56
20 25
20 53
20 35
20 36
21 03
21 33
20 23
20 36
20 46
21 07
24 30
24 30
24 14
21 08
21 07
23 14
23 25
23 45
20 42
21 21
24 30
21 00
20 58
23 56
26 15
20 35
22 20
19 57
20 47
20 43
20 20
20 52
20 38
20 44
20 34
21 03
20 29
20 35
25 40
20 36
20 57
20 43
19 54
20 41
22 05
20 34
20 35
21
21 09
20 27
20 25
20 29
21 05
20 56
20 52
20 34
20 47
21 05
21 07
21 40
21 10
21 14
20 26
21 12
24 40
24 35
20 38
21 30
20 31
20 58
20 36
21 03
21 01
25 45
26 00
21 02
20 39
22 50
22 36
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
595
Name.
Sapid
Sapinit
Sapit
Saplayan
Sapnit
Sapocoy
Sapotia
Sappaac
Sapu
Saquet
Sara
Sarangani
Sarangani
Sarangani
Sarangani
Sarangani
Saravia
Sariaya
Sarmingan
Sarnap
Sarrat
Sasay
Sasecan
Saub
Saub
Saug
Saug
Sawang
Sawang
Sawang
Sawanga
Sawigan
Saw Tooth
Saw Tooth
Sayangan
Sayao
Saysain
Saysain
Saytan
Scarborough
Scarborough
Sebaste
Sebaste
Sebu
Secubun
Seguinon
Seit
Semaruga
Sembrano
Semeneblen
Semeneblen
Semirara
Semirara
Semirara
Semirara
Semut
Sengngat
Separation Point .
Sepoc
Seranaya
Seselanguen
Sevilla
Sevilla
Sexmoan
Sia
Siacle
Sialat
Siam 8undoc . . . .
Sianib
Siapar
Siargao
Siargao
Siari
Siaai
Siasl
Siasi
Siaton
Siaton
Siaton
Siayan
Feature.
Map.
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Municipality
Bay
Islands
Islands
Island
Volcano, Active . . .
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Mountain
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Municipal district.
River
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Reef
Reef
Barrio
Barrio
Lake
Ifiland
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Island
Islands
Islands
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Mountain
Point
Pont.
Mountain
Sitio
Island
Island
Island
Sitio
Island
Municipal district
Barrio
Municipality
Point
River
I Island
Abra
Bukidnon
Benguet Subprovince ....
Cotabato
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Kalinga Subprovince
Misamis
Abra
Cotabato
Abra
Iloilo
Cotabato
Davao
Philippine Islands
Davao
Relief
Occidental Negros
Tayabas (S)
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte
Amburayan Subprovince .
Kalinga Subprovince
Cotabato
Leyte
Davao
Davao
Batangas
Romblon
Zamboanga
Sorsogon (N)
Zamboanga
Tarlac
Zambales
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Tayabas (S)
Bataan
Bataan • • ■ ■
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Philippine Islands
ReUef
Antique
Iloilo
Cotabato
Sulu
Leyte
Sulu
Lanao
Rizal
Abra
Ilocos Norte
Antique
Antique
Philippine Islands
Antique
Zamboanga .
Amburayan Subprovince
Palawan (S)
Batangas
Cotabato
Pangasinan
Bohol
Ilocos Sur
Paropanga
Rizal
Palawan (S')
Albay
BuUcan
Zamlioanga
Pangasinan
Surigao
Philippine Islands
Zamboanga
Sulu
Sulu
Sulu
Oriental Negros
Oriental Negros
Oriental Negros
Batanes
in?" L**^" ' Longi-
page. ^^^- I ^<i«-
78
110
202
150
210
208
194
78
150
78
166
150
154
72
154
72
220
270
162
158
158
198
208
150
186
154
154
102
244
278
252
278
266
274
202
270
94
94
202
72
72
90
166
150
258
186
258
178
240
78
158
90
90
72
90
278
198
228
102
150
236
106
162
232
240
228
86
114
278
236
262
72
278
258
258
258
224
224
224
98
17 26
8 50
16 15
7 20
16 52
17 23
9 00
17 31
5 50
17 46
11 15
5
5
5
5
5
10 55
14 00
17 28
18 05
18 10
16 38
17 30
50
20
30
6
10
7
7
00
05
30
50
13 38
12 35
8 40
13 04
8 05
15 27
15 27
16 31
13 30
14 34
14 34
16 14
15
15
11 35
10 30
6 15
5 05
10 55
00
45
14 23
17 55
17 53
12 05
12 00
12
12 05
6 40
16 53
9 10
13 41
7 10
16 06
9 44
17 00
i 14 56
14 50
8 40
13 40
14
8
50
20
16 22
9
65
10
8
20
6
.SO
5
30
5
30
9
05
9
05
9
05
20
53
120 49
125 10
120 39
124 45
120 45
121 00
125 10
120 38
125 15
120 37
123 00
125 10
125 20
125
125 30
125
123 00
121 30
120 32
120 34
120 39
120 30
121 09
124 35
125 15
125 50
125 40
121 14
122 15
123 30
124 08
122 30
120 10
120 10
120 35
121 55
120 23
120 25
120 30
118
118
122 05
122 40
124 45
120 20
124 40
121 15
123 45
121 22
120 44
120 44
121 25
121 30
121
121 25
122 15
120 28
118 10
120 60
124 30
120 00
124 02
120 27
120 37
121 12
117 20
124 01
, 121 16
' 123 30
: 119 57
126 00
126
123 00
120 50
120 40
120 60
123 05
123 00
123 06
121 56
596
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Sibagat
Sibago ,
Sibaguan
Sibalom
Sibalom
Sibaltan ,
Sibamtang . . . .
Sibanoc
Sibata
Sibato
Sibay
Sibay
Sibay
Sibaywan
Sibolon
Sibonga
Sibsibu
Sibucao
Sibugon
Sibuguey
Sibukin
Sibuko
Sibuko
Sibuko
Sibul
Sibulan
Sibulan
Sibul Sprins
Sibutad
Sibutu
Siburu
Sibutu
Sibuyan
Sibuyan
Sibuyan
Sibuyan
Sicaba
Sicalao
Sicapoo
Sicapoo
Sicapoo
Sicapoo
Sicayab
Sicmil
Sicmil
Sico
Sico l.n
Sicogon
Sicogon
Sideg
Sidsiran
Sierra Bullones .
Sierra de Culasi.
Sierra Madre . . .
Sierra Madre . . .
Sierra Madre . . .
Sierra Madre . . .
Siete Pecados. . ,
Siflu
Siffu
SifTu
Sigaboy
Sigaboy
Sigaras
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page,
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Municipality.
River
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Island
Lati-
tude.
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Point
Bay
Municipal district.
Point
Sitio
Port
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Passage
Island
Island
Sea
Sea
Island
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Bay
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Bay
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Mountains
Mountain range...
Mountain range...
Mountain range...
Mountain range. . .
Islands
River
River
River
Island
Municipal district.
Barrio
Township
Sigay
Sigay Township
Sigay j Barrio
Sigayan ; Bay
Sigayan Sitio
Sigboye I Island
Siggug I Sitio
Sigil : River
Sigil j Sitio
Sigma I Municipality-
194
278
102
278
278
278
114
278
224
114
278
258
258
72
244
72
244
244
220
200
200
158
196
72
278
86
86
122
102
278
166
78
114
106
122
118
170
216
72
166
204
170
8
6
11
10
10
11
8
6
12
11
11
13
13
12
138 10
210 I 17
220 ' 10
Sigo
Sigota . .
Siha
Siit. . . .
Sikatuna
Sila
Barrio .
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Point
Agusan I 82
Zamboanga | 278
Capiz j 130
Antique | 90
Antique 90
Palawan (N) 228
Bukidnon I 110
Surigao ' 262 ! 10
Davao 154
Antique | 90
Antique 90
Antique i 90
Romblon 244
Mindoro i 190
Antique 90
Cebu
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Occidental Negros
Misamis
Zamboanga
Batangas
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Bulacan
Zamboanga
Oriental Negros
Bulacan
Zamboanga
Sulu
Sulu
Philippine Islands
Romblon
Philippine Islands
Romblon
Romblon
Occidental Negros
Apayao Subprovince
Apayao Subprovince
Ilocos Norte
Mountain Province
Relief
Zamboanga
Albay
Albay
Camarines Norte
Batangas
Zamboanga
Iloilo
Abra
Bulacan
Bohol
Camarines Norte
Cagayan
Isabela
Nueva Vizcaya
Relief
Iloilo
Bontoc Subprovince
Isabela
Mountain Province
Davao
Davao
Laguna
Amburayan Subprovince.
Mountain Province
Amburayan Subprovince. 198 17
Lanao 178 7
Lanao 178
Sulu 258
Isabela 170
Cotabato 150
Cotabato 150
Capiz ' 130
Samar
Palawan (S)
Samar
Oriental Negros 224
Bohol 106
Samar 248 12
8
7
13
7
7
7
14
7
9
15
8
4
4
5
12
13
12
12
11
18
18
18
18
18
8
13
13
14
13
7
11
17
15
9
13
18
17
16
17
10
17
17
196 ' 17
154 I 6
154
174
198
196
6
14
17
17
7
5
17
5
5
11
248 , 12
228 ! 9
248 i 11
9
9
50
45
34
45
50
20
55
00
10
00
50
50
00
15
05
00
18
45
35
20
43
20
20
20
56
25
20
10
35
45
45
50
25
25
00
02
01
01
00
40
50
50 i
10
50
40
25
34 I
09
51
56 '
00
00
15
45
06
10
05
40
40
14
03
05
05
45
45
25
30
55
56
25
15
50
35
05
41
25
Longi-
tude.
25 40
22 25
22 43
22 00
22 05
19 30
24 55
25 30
25 40
21 35
21 30
21 30
22 05
20 45
21 35
23 35
20 35
23 00
23 45
22 35
21 27
22 00
22 05
22 00
21 05
22 55
23 20
21 03
23 30
19 40
19 30
20
22 30
23
22 35
22 35
23 15
21 28
20 56.
20 56
21 00
21
23 20
24 25
24 24
22 36
21 23
22 05
23 15
20 32
21 05
24 20
23 01
22 00
22 16
21 65
22
22 40
21 25
21 40
21 30
26 00
26 00
21 26
20 34
20 36
20 36
23 45
23 45
20 25
21 60
25 00
25 05
22 39
24 30
18 40
25 25
23 10
23 69
25 20
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
597
Name.
Feature.
Silab Barrio
Silago Barrio
Silai Barrio
Silang Municipality
Silanga Barrio
Silanga Barrio
Silangan I Sitio
Silanganan ! Mountain
Silangkan Municipal district.
Silangkan Barrio
Silanguin Port
Silanguin Island
Silao Barrio
Silao Mountain
Siiao ! Mountain
Silaqui Island
Silat Island
Silay Municipality
Silay Barrio
Silay Mountain
Silay Mountain
Sileng Matanda Barrio
Silhagon Barrio
Sili Settlement
Sili Sitio
Silid I Mountain
Silik Municipal district .
Silinan Sitio
Map.
Siling.
Silino.
Silion .
Silion .
Silom .
Sitio . .
Island .
Island .
Barrio ,
Barrio .
Silonay Island .
Silonay Barrio .
Silong Bay . .
Silong Barrio .
Silongin Barrio .
Siloo Barrio .
Siloo River .
Siluay River .
Simagup Sitio . .
Barrio .
Island .
Barrio .
Island .
Barrio .
Simala.
Simaluc. .
Simamla . .
Simara . . .
Simayung ,
Simbahan ■ Sitio
Simiguig Barrio
Simisa Island
Simonor Island
Simpetan Sitio
Simuai Barrio
Simuai River
Simud Rancheria
Simulao River
Simunal Municipal district.
Sinacbat [ Barrio
Sinadca Sitio
Sinadipan Sitio
Sinahoag Sitio
Sinait Municipality
Sinako Mountain
Sinako Mountain
Sinai Sitio
Sinala Barrio
Sinalagas Mountain
Sinalhan Barrio
Sinaliw Barrio
Sinalugan Barrio
Sinalugan River
Sinanbalan River
Sinantan Barrio
Sinapauan Barrio
Sinasajan Barrio
Sinauilan Sitio
Sinawangan Sitio
Sindangan Bay
Sindangan Point
Sindangan Municipal district.
Oriental Negros
Leyte
Bukidnon
Cavite
Palawan (N)
Samar
Sulu
Bataan
Sulu
Sulu
Zambales
Zambales ,
Nueva Vizcaya
Bulacan ,
Relief
Pangaainan ,
Mindoro
Occidental Negros
Zamboanga
Occidental Negros
Relief
Bulacan
Samar
Isabela
Camarines Sur
Bulacan
Cotabato
Kalinga Subprovince
Cotabato
Zamboanga
Cebu
Cebu
Romblon
Mindoro
Mindoro
Mindoro
Cagayan
Tayabas (S)
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
('otabato
Palawan (S)
Cebu
Sulu
Albay
Romblon
Cagayan
Sulu
Cagayan
Sulu "
Sulu
Cotabato
Cotabato
Cotabato
Apayao Subprovince
Agusan
Sulu
Amburayan Subprovince ,
Lcpanto Subprovince . . . .
Nueva V'izcaya
Bukidnon
Uocos Sur
Cotabato
Davao
Nueva Vizcaya
Batangas
Bukidnon
Laguna
Cavite
Isabela
Isabela
Mindoro
Samar
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Ecija
Davao
Isabela
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Fac-
ing
page.
221
186
110
134
228
248
258
94
258
258
274
274
216
114,
72
236
190
220
278
220
72
114
248
170
Lati-
tude.
9
10
8
14
11
11
5
14
5
6
14
14
16
15
15
16
12
10
7
10
11
14
12
17
Longi-
tude.
126 13
114 ; 15
150 7
208 I 17
150 6
278
138
138
244
190
190
190
118
260
110
110
150
228
138
258 <
86
244 ,
118
258
118
258
258
150 I
150 I
150
200
82
258
8
11
11
12
13
13
12
18
13
8
8
6
8
10
5
13
12
18
6
18
5
4
6
7
7
18
8
4
198 ^6
210 A16
216 16
110 7
162 I 17
150
154
216
102
110
174
134
170
170
190
248
216
212
154
170
278
278
278
7
7
16
13
8
14
14
16
16
13
12
16
15
6
16
8
8
8
25
30
00
14
00
50
10
41
55
00
46
46
13
06 i
26 '
15
50
40
45
55 i
25
00
55 ,
07
05
22
45
50
15
15
30
25
25
10
30
20
30
25
15
40
00
25
36
50
25
15 I
25
55
55
55
20
20 ,
07
05
50
50
51
18
35
52
30
30
00
48
35
20
08
50
40
20
05
11
21
50
30
10
10
10
23 10
25 10
25 15
20 58
19 30
24 50
20 20
20 21
20 40
20 55
20 05
20 06
20 55
21 10
21
19 55
21 15
23 00
22 50
23 15
23
20 59
25 15
21 40
22 37
21 06
24 35
21 27
24 50
23 25
23 46
23 45
22 35
21 15
21 15
21 05
21 25
22 30
25 00
24 55
25 05
17 20
23 35
20 15
24 10
22 05
21 25
20 35
21 20
21 35
19 50
24 50
24 15
24 20
21 22
26 00
19 45
20 40
20 44
21 42
25 05
20 27
25 15
25 15
21 16
20 58
25 00
21 07
20 50
21 60
21 65
20 40
24 40
21 00
21 01
25 20
21 45
22 66
22 40
23 00
598
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Sindol
Singakalsa . . . .
Singay
Singlan
Singsing
Sinian
Sinicquing . . . .
Sinigpit
Sinilian
Siniloan
Sinipit
Sinippil
Sinisian
Sinogbujan . . . ,
Sinonoc
Sinulung
Sinundungan . .
Sinundungan . .
Sinunug
Sioasio
Sioron
Sipaco
Sipalay
Sipalay
Sipanag
Sipang
Sipaway
Sipitan
Sipitan
Sipoad
Sipocot
Siquijor
Siquijor
Siquijor
Siramag
Sirauan
Sirib
Sir J. Brooke . .
Siruco
Siruma
Sirura ........
Siruwai
Sisim
Sisiman
Sisiran
Sison
Sison
Sitanki
Sitanki
Siukun
Siuton
S. M. Tanglad.
Soate
Soboc
Sobredillo
Socorro
Sogod
Sogod
Sogod
Sogod
Soguicay
Sohoton
Solana
Solana
Solano
Soldab
Soledad
Soledad
Soledad
Solitario
Solo
Soloc
Solotsolot
Solsona
Solvec
Sombrero
Sombrero
Sondara
Soribao .
Feature.
Sitio
Mountain
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Rancheria
River
River
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Mountain
Mountain
Island
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Municipality
Island
Island
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Municipality
Island
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Municipal district,
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Cave
Municipality
Barrio
Township
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio .'.
Rock
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Cove
Island
Rocks
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Fac-
ing
page,
SORSOGON (N) I Province .
Zambales
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Zamboanga
Amburayan Subprovince .
Cebu
Misamis
Cagayan
Tariac
Tariac
Laguna
Nueva Ecija
Isabela
Batangas
Iloilo
Misamis
Apayao Subprovince
Apayao Subprovince
Mountain Province
Zamboanga
Pangasinan
Albay
Camarines Sur
Occidental Negros
Occidental Negros
Capiz
Antique
Occidental Negros
Bontoc Subprovince
Lepanto Subpro\'ince ....
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Camarines Sur
Oriental Negros
Philippine Islands
Oriental Negros
Camarines Sur
Davao
Davao
Palawan (S)
Iloilo
Camarines Sur'
Sulu
Zamboanga
Ilocos Sur
Bataan
Camarines Sur
Pangasinan
Surigao
Sulu
Sulu
Zamboanga
Sorsogon (N)
Samar
Tayabas
Albay
La Union
Surigao
Ley te
Leyte
Romblon
Romblon
Mindoro
Samar
Cagayan
Bukidnon
Nueva Vizcaya
Bukidnon
Laguna
Nueva Ecija
Occidental Negros ....
Palawan (N)
Batangas
Batangas
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur
Sorsogon (N)
Antique
Samar
Samar
Sorsogon (N)
274
202
278
198
138
194
118
266
266
174
212
170
102
166
194
200
200
196
278
236
86
126
220
220
130
90
220
204
210
210
126
224
72
224
126
154
154
228
166
126
258
278
162
94
126
236
262
258
258
278
252
248
270
86
182
262
186
186
244
244
190
248
118
110
216
110
174
212
220
228
102
102
162
158
162
252
90
248
248
252
Lati-
tude.
15 05
16 40
6 40
17 02
10 30
8 35
17 50
15 39
15 42
14 25
15 13
17 20
13 55
10 30
8 20
18 11
17 59
18 00
6 55
16 03
13 48
13 53
9 45
9 45
11 20
11 20
10 30
17 10
17 10
17 16
13 46
9 10
9
9 15
13 21
7 00
7 10
Longi-
tude.
120 03
120 47
122 20
120 34
123 45
123 40
121 20
120 31
120 27
121 27
120 52
121 50
120 51
122 00
123 50
121 17
121 27
121 25
122 20
120 02
124 24
123 33
122 25
122 30
122 11
122 10
123 25
120 53
120 53
120 40
122 59
123 35
124
123 30
123 13
125 30
125 20
8
50
117
50
11
15
123
00
14
00
123
15
5
35
120
45
7
35
122
10
17
48
120
30
14
26
120
31
13
55
123
40
16
10
120
29
9
40
125
30
4
4
7
40
35
40
12 48
11 15 I
15 20 I
13 52 i
16 26
9 35
10 20 ;
10 25
119 25
119 15
122 10
123 53
125 35
121 25
124 23
120 22
126 00
125 00
125 00
12
40
122
10
12
25
122
40
12
20
121
25
11
25
125
10
17
40
121
40
8
45
124
50
16
31
121
11
8
20
125
10
14
02
121
19
15
25
120
58
10
10
122
55
11
20
120
20
13
45
120
54
13
37
121
16
17
45
1?0
26
18
06
120
46
17
26
120
26
13 09
10 40
12 00
11 35
122 50
121 30
124 40
125 30
12 60 . 124 00
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
599
Name.
SORSOGON (S) ...
Sorsogon
Sorsogon
Sorsogon
South
South
South
South Bais
South Channel
South Ubian
South Ubian
Spring
Spring, Mineral
Stripe
Sua
Sua
Sua
Suaco
Suaga
Sual
Suay
Suba
Suba
Suba
Suba
Subic
Subic
Subic
Subterranean River .
Subusub
Sucao
Sucat
Suclaran
Sucoc
Sudipen
Sudipen
Sugag
Sugal
Sugan
Sugbay
Sugcong
Sugi
Sugod
Sugpon
Sugpon
Sugud
Sugud -.
Suizo
Sujac
Sujac
Sula
Sula
Sulade
Sulangan
Sulat
Suluuan
Sulay
Sulibao
Sulipa
Sulipan
Sulop
Sulpa
Sulphur Spring, Hot.
Sulpok
Sulu
SULU
Sulu
Suluan
Suluan ■
Sulvec
Sumarab
Sumacbao
Sutnadel
Sumadel
Sumader
Suraag
Sumag
Sumag
Sumagui
Sumarangay
Feature.
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Province
Province
Capital
Capital, Sorsogon . !
Islet I
Lagoon <
Point '
Bay '
Strait
Islsnd ',
Municipal district.
Carmen Mineral., .i
Mineral water ■
Peak
Sitio I
Sitio
Mountain |
Barrio j
River !
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio |
Barrio ;
Bay.....
Municipabty
Barrio
River
Barrio
Mountain I
Bariio I
Barrio
Barrio j
Township |
Township ,
Sitio ,
Sitio
Sitio I
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio ^
Barrio
Township
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio I
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Municipality
Point
Barrio
River
Barrio
Barrio *
Sitio
Barrio
Mineral Spring. .
Barrio
Sea
Province
Province
Island
Island
Barrio ,
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio '
Barrio
Mountain !
Sitio
Mountain
Sorsogon (N)
Philippine Islands
Sorsogon (N)
Philippine Islands
Palawan (N)
Sulu
Iloilo
Oriental Negros
Cavite
Sulu
Sulu
Camarines Norte
Camarines Norte
Palawan (S)
Albay
Samar
Ley te
Pangasinan
Bukidnon
Pangasinan
Occidental Negros
Cebu
Laguna
Ley te
Samar • . .
Zambales
Zambales
Batangas
Palawan (S)
Abra
Kalinga Subprovince.
Rizal
Iloilo
Uocos Sur
Amburayan Subprovince .
Mountain Province. ....
Nueva Vizcaya
Davao • • . .
Zamboanga
Zamboanga . .
Pangasinan
Leyte
Sorsogon (N) ■. ■ ■ •
Amburayan Subprovince .
Mountain Province. .....
Lanao • • . ■
Leyte • • . .
Tarlac
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Albay
Tarlac
Sulu
Samar
Samar
Misamis
Abra
Agusan
Tarlac
Pampanga
Davao
Camarines Sur
Itugao Subprovince
Batangas
Philippine Islands
Sulu
Philippine Islands i
Samar ;
Philippine Islands j
Ilocos Sur i
Nueva Ecija I
Bulacan I
Kalinga Subprovince
Lepantu Subprovince . . . . :
IlocoM Norte
Occidental Negros
Tayabas (S)
Bulacan j
Mindoro
Lanao I
252
72
252
72
228
258
166
224
134
258
258
122
122
228
86
248
186
236
110
236
220
138
174
186
248
274
274
102
228
78
208
240
166
162
198
196
216
154
278
278
236
186
252
198
196
178
186
266
252
252
86
266
258
248
248
194
78
82
266
232
154
126
2U6
102
72
258
72
248
72
162
212
114
208
210
158
220
270
114
190
178
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
12
13
12
13
8
4
10
I 9
: 14
I ^
^*
I 14
I 10
13
11
I 11
I 15
: 8
' 16
: 10
I 14
I 10
12
I 14
i 14
' 13
10
17
17
14
10
17
16
16
16
5
8
7
16
U
13
16
16
7
11
15
12
12
13
15
5
10
11
8
17
8
15
14
6
13
16
14
8
6
6
10
U
17
16
16
17
17
18
10
13
15
12
8
12
58
50 I
30
25
35 ,
20
10 !
15 !
12 ;
07 I
10
48
35
40 ;
45
00 ,
04
05
30
10
25 '
15
49 '
53
57
10
27 I
27 ,
27 '
35 ,
24
54
55
05
40
00
25
08
15
00
51
50
66
15
28
33
33
14
27
50
56
60
35
33
20
36
66 ,
40
57 I
45
08
00
46
27
28
14
18
03
02
35
45
03
06
06
23 40
24
24 00
24
19 50
19 25
22 30
23 05
20 38
20 30
20 36
22 33
22 33
19 00
24 15
24 50
24 25
20 18
25 10
20 05
22 50
23 20
21 27
25 00
24 50
20 14
20 14
20 56
19 00
20 46
21 05
21 03
22 46
20 32
20 29
20 30
21 21
25 30
23 35
23 20
20 34
24 40
24 05
20 31
20 30
24 10
24 40
20 36
24 00
21 00
23 52
20 28
20 45
25 60
25 80
24 25
20 38
25 56
20 32
20 46
25 20
23 17
20 58
21 04
20
21 00
21
25 56
26
20 27
20 56
21 11
21 07
20 50
20 36
22 66
22 06
21 18
21 30
24 20
600
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Sumaray
Sumban
Sumbao
Sumilang
Sumilau
Sumilon
Sumilon
Sumlug
Sumlug
Sumnanga . . . .
Sumucab
Sungai
Sungay
Sungay
Sungay
Sungi
Supang
Supe
Supo
Supu
Surigao
SURIGAO
Surigao
Surigao
Surigao
Surog
Surong
Surup
Suso
Susong Dalaga
Susongdalaga .
Susongdalaga .
Susundalaga . .
Susungdalaga .
Suyac
Suyac
Suyo
Suyo
Suyo
Suyo
Suyo
Suyo
Suyoc
Suyoc
Syniop
T.
Taal
Taal
Taal
Taal
Taancan
Taba
Tabaao
Tabaco
Tabaco
Tabalong . . .
Tabangao ....
Tabango . ...
Tabas
Tabawan . . . . ,
Tabayoc
Tabayoc
Tabayong ....
Tabernaculo . .
Tabgon
Tabigian
Tabigui
Tabio
Tabio
Tabiog
Tablac
Tablangan . . .
Tablante
Tablas
Tablas
Table
Tabo
Taboboan ....
Tabogoc
Feature.
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Municipal district.
Island
Island
River
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Point
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Strait
Province
Province
Capital
Capital, Surigao. . .
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain :
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Island
Sitio
Township
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
River
Sitio
Mountain
Lake
Volcano
Volcano, active. . . .
Municipality
Point
Bay
Barrio
Bay
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Mountain
Mountain
River
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Railroad Station . .
Island
Strait
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Antique
Cotabato
Palawan (S)
Taybaas (S)
Bukidnon
Cebu
Surigao
Davao
Davao
Batanes
Laguna
Bukidnon
Batangas
Gavite
Laguna
Samar
I^epanto Subprovince ....
Cotabato
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Cotabato
Philippine Islands
Surigao
Philippine Islands
Surigao
Philippine Islands
Samar
Ilocos Norte
Davao
Ilocos Sur
Bulacan
Bataan
Zambalcs
Rizal
Rizal
Occidental Negros
Kalinga Subprovince . . . .
Amburayan Subprovince .
Mountain Province
Amburayan Subprovince .
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Norte
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Cotabato
Fac-
ing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Batangas 102
Batangas 102
Relief 72
Batangas 102
Leyte 186
Zamboanga 278
Benguet Subprovince .... 202
Albay 86
Albay 86
Bohol 106
Batangas 102
Leyte 186
Camarines Norte 122
Sulu 258
Benguet Subprovince .... 202
Ifiigao Subprovince 106
Nueva Vizcaya 216
90
150
228
270
110
138
262
154
154
98
174
110
102
134
174
248
210
150
210
150
72
262
72
262
72
248
158
154
162
114
94
274
240
240
220
208
198
196
198
202
162
158
210
210
150
Bulacan
Camarines Sur
Albay
Bohol
Lepanto Subprovince . . .
Benguet Subprovince . . .
Abra
Abra
Apayao Subprovince. . . .
Pampanga
Romblon
Romblon
Palawan (S)
Benguet Subprovince . . .
Romblon
Albay ! 86
10 55
5 45
9 10
13 45
8 15
9 25
55
00
50
00
45
20 19
14 13
8 30
14 09
14 09
14 09
10 55
17 01
5 55
17 15
6 10
10
9
9
9
10
11 00
18 21
6 20
17 22
14 55
14 53
14 53
14 20
14 38
10 55
17 28
16 59
17 00
16 58
16 36
17 05
18 32
16 50
16 49
6 30
13 59
14 01
14
13 53
10 00
7 35
16 38
13 20
13 22
9 37
13 43
11 20
14 15
5 10
16 41
16 41
16 58
Longi-
tude.
114
15
00
126
13
50
86
13
19
106
10
09
210
16
51
202
16
31
78
17
33
78
17
33
200
18
10
232
15
07
244
12
25
244
12
30
228
10
00
202
16
17
244
12
20
14 03
122 01
125 10
118 10
122 15
125 00
123 25
125 25
126 10
126 00
121 52
121 34
124 25
121 01
121 01
121 01
125 50
120 54
125 05
120 41
124 30
126
126 00
126
125 30
125
125 50
120 39
126 10
120 27
121 08
120 21
120 21
121 14
121 19
123 25
121 19
120 32
120 30
120 33
120 29
120 27
120 41
120 45
120 48
124 05
121 01
121 00
121
120 55
125 00
122 45
120 38
123 46
123 44
123 49
121 04
124 20
122 51
120 35
120 53
120 53
121 30
121 10
123 48
123 38
124 22
120 48
120 41
120 44
120 37
121 08
120 37
122 05
121 45
118 40
120 45
122 00
124 14
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
601
Name.
Feature.
Tabogon . . . .
Tabok
Tabok
Tabok
Tabon
Tabon
Tabon
Tabones . . . .
Tabontabon .
Tabora
Tabtabagan .
Tabu
Tabuan
Tabuan
Tabucan . . . .
Tabuelan . . .
Tabuk
Tabuk
Tabun
Tabun
Tabunan . . . .
Tabling
Tabungau . . .
Tabunoc . . . .
Tabunok . . . .
Tabuo
Tabuong . . . .
Taburub . . . .
Tacad
Tacas
Tacasan ....
Tacbo
Tacbolubu . .
Taccuen ....
Tacligan . . . .
Tacloban. . . .
Tacloban. . . .
Taclobo
Tactac
Tadao
Tadian
Taft
Taf t
Taft
Taga
Tagabakid . .
Tagabiran. . .
Tagalinog . . .
Tagalotok . . .
Taganaan . . .
Taganak . . . .
Taganito . . . .
Tagao
Tagaporo . . .
Tagapula . . .
Tagas
Taga.slian . . .
Tagatto
Tagauayan . .
Tagaytay . . .
Tagbabas . . .
Tagbac
Tagbac
Tagbaquin . .
Tagbayog . . .
Tagljilaran . .
Tagbilaran . .
Tagbiriri ....
Tagbocboc . .
Tagburos . . .
Tagbuyawan .
Tagcauayan .
Tagdon
Tagig
Tagiti
Tagiti
Taglawigan. .
Taglibi
Tagnukan . . .
Tago
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
ToMmship . . .
Township . . .
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Map.
ine' ^^^- Longi-
page. *"de. tude.
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Capital
Capital, Leyte ....
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Island
Island
Island
Barrio
Municipal district .
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Islands
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Capital
Capital, Bohol ....
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Bay
Barrio
Barrio [
Barrio ,
Barrio
Municipality
Cebu
Bulacan
La Union
Sorsogon (N)
Nueva Ecija
Oriental Negros
Rizal
Zambales
I^eyte
Cavite
Ilocos Norte
Kalinga Subprovince. . . .
Bohol
Oriental Negros
Iloilo
Cebu
Kalinga Subprovince.. . .
Mountain Province
Pampanga
Pampanga
Leyte
Capiz
Cotabato
Cebu
Cebu
Misamis
Nueva Vizcaya
Apayao Subprovince. . . .
Camarines Norte
Iloilo
Pampanga
Amburayan Subprovince
Palawan (S)
Apayao Subprovince. ...
Mindoro
Leyte
Philippine Islands
Romblon
Nueva Vizcaya
Ilocos Norte
Lepanto Subprovince ...
Samar
Ilocos Sur
Romblon
Kalinga Subprovince
Davao
Samar ,
Palawan (S) ,
Davao ,
Surigao
Philippine Islands
Surigao
Sulu
Pangasinan
Samar
Camarines Sur
Samar
Davao
Palawan (N)
Leyte
Sulu
Mindoro
Albay
Tayabas (S)
Palawan (S)
Bohol
Philippine Islands
Palawan (S)
Misamis
Palawan (S)
Surigao
Tayabas (S)
Sorsogon (N)
Rizal
Zamboanga
Zamboanga . .
Leyte
Sulu
Cebu
Surigao
10
14
16
12
15
10
14
14
11
14
158 i 18
208 17
138
114
182
252
212
224
240
274
186
134
106
9
224
9
166
10
138
10
208
17
196
17
232
15
232
15
186
11
130
11
150
6
138
10
138
10
194
8
216
16
200
18
122
14
166
10
232
14
198
16
228
8
200
18
190
13
186
11
72
11
244
12
216
16
158
18
210
17
248
11
162
17
244
12
208
17
154
7
248
12
228
8
154
6
262
9
72
6
262
9
258
5
236
16
248
12
126
13
248
11
164
7
228
11
186
10
258
6
190
13
86
13
270
14
55
57 I
42 '
50
16
20
19
49
00
14 I
00
37 I
40
30
50
50
24
25
09
08
40
56
55
15
45
15
16
01
05 i
45 I
56 I
57
40
30
25
15
20
09
23
00
55
15
05
35
00
15
50
20
40
30
15
24
05
39
30 ,
10
00
20
45 I
50
46 ;
00
124 00
120 59
120 20
123 59
120 55
123 20
121 14
120 03
125 00
120 47
120 41
121 21
124 17
122 50
122 40
123 50
121 25
121 25
120 37
120 33
124 20
121 57
124 35
123 50
124 00
123 50
121 02
121 13
123 00
122 35
120 43
120 39
117 40
121 15
121 05
125 00
125
122 35
120 59
120 42
120 49
125 25
120 32
122 00
121 22
126 20
125 00
118 20
125 40
125 35
118
125 50
120 35
119 57
124 10
123 33
125 25
125 30
121 10
124 50
120 10
120 05
124 18
121 55
228
9
20
118
00
106
9
39
123
52
72
10
124
228
9
20
118
30
194
9
00
124
55
228
9
60
118
60
262
9
35
125
25
270
14
00
122
35
252
12
51
124
08
240
14
32
121
04
278
7
20
122
20
278
7
20
122
15
186
11
30
124
15
258
6
05
121
06
138
10
55
124
00
262
9
00
126
15
602
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Tago
Tago
Tagolo
Tagoloan. . .
Tagoloan. . .
Tagpen ....
Tagubanhan
Tagubud . . .
Tagudin . . .
Tagudin. . .
Tagudtud . .
Tagudtud . .
Taguilos . . .
Taguin ....
Taguimtim .
Tagum ....
Tagum ....
Tagumbao . .
Tagun
Taisan
Taja
Takabun . . .
Takela
Takian
Takkon ....
Takub
Talaba
Talaban. . . .
Talaban. . . .
Talacag ....
Talacagon. .
Talacsan . . .
Talag
Talaga
Talaga
Talaga
Talahib
Talahib
Talahiban . .
Tulaib
Talaibon . . .
Talaid
Talalang . . .
Talamasig. .
Talampac . .
Talang
Talao
Talao
Talaotao . . .
Talave
Talavera . . .
Talavera . . .
Talayan. . . .
Talayan . . .
Talaytay. . .
Talba
Talboc
Taleb
Talgao
Talibon
Talibong . . .
Talibong . . .
Talibubu. . .
Talictic
Talicud . . . .
Talifugu . . .
Talik
Talim
Talim
Talim
Talimunduc
Talin
Talin
Talinas . . . .
Talinga . . . .
Talingan . . .
Talingon . . .
Talingting. .
Talintalin . .
Talipau . . . .
Featuare.
River
Mountain
Point
Municipality
River
Sitio
Island
Mountain
Capital
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Island
Rancheria
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Lake
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipal district
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Rancheria
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Bay
Point
Island
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipal district
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Surigao
Bukidnon
Zamboanga
Misamis
Bukidnon
Amburayan Subprovince .
Iloilo
Davao
Ambijrayan Subprovince .
Mountain Province
Antique
Benguet Subprovince ....
Romblon
Tayabas (S)
Antique
Davao
Tayabas (S)
Tarlac
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Sulu
Nueva Vizcaya
Zamboanga
Benguet Subprovince ....
Bontoc Subprovince
Davao
Cavite
Bohol
Occidental Negros
Bukidnon
Agusan
Bulacan
Zamboanga
Batangas
Batangas
Zamboanga
Batangas
Batangas
Batangas
Benguet Subprovince ....
Batangas
Zamboanga
Kalinga Subprovince
Cotabato
Abra
Pampanga
Lanao
Lanao
Mindoro
Occidental Negros
Nueva Ecija
Surigao
Cotabato
Cotabato
Abra
Pampanga
Ifugao Subprovince.'. ....
Ilocos Sur
Kalinga Subprovince
Bohol
Iloilo
Ley te
Apayao Subprovince
Ifugao Subprovince
Davao | 154
Apayao Subprovince 200
Cotabato 150
Rizal ! 240
Rizal ; 240
Rizal ! 240
Pampanga | 232
Batangas t 102
Batangas I 102
Mindoro 190
Zamboanga I 278
Bataan I 94
Leyte 186
Oriental Negros i 224
Albay 86
Sulu I 258
262
110
278
194
110
198
166
154
198
196
90
202
244
270
90
154
270
266
126
126
258
216
278
202
204
154
134
106
220
110
82
114
278
102
102
278
102
102
102
202
102
278
208
150
78
232
178
178
190
220
212
262
150
150
78
232
206
162
208
106
166
186
200
206
Lati-
tude.
8
8
8
8
8
16
11
7
16
16
11
16
12
13
10
7
13
15
13
13
5
15
6
16
17
6
14
10
10
8
8
14
8
14
13
7
13
13
13
16
13
7
11
6
17
15
8
8
13
10
15
9
6
6
17
14
16
17
17
10
10
11
18
16
7
17
6
14
14
14
15
13
13
13
8
14
10
9
13
5
55
25
45
30
25
57
10
20
56
55
05
38
25
30 '
20
30
36
55
47
50
51
35
28
02
50
28
14
05
15
30
58
25
06
44
30
39
38
48 1
30
51
30
30
35
49
03
00
00
40
30
35
45
55
55
33
59
57
35
20
09
50
30
11
47
00
50
30
21
18
17
13
59
59
40
10
50
50
15
10
56
Longi-
tude.
126 05
125 00
123 20
124 45
124 50
120 36
123 10
126 10
120 27
120 25
122 05
120 27
122 40
122 10
121 55
125 40
122 05
120 33
123 47
123 01
119 40
121 32
121 cO
120 37
120 55
125 30
120 58
124 23
122 50
124 35
125 40
120 59
123 35
121 06
120 56
122 20
120 54
121 08
121 23
120 37
121 09
122 45
121 06
124 05
120 53
120 54
124 05
124 10
120 25
123 25
120 55
125 40
124 25
124 15
120 32
120 40
121 11
120 27
121 18
124 20
122 35
124 35
121 07
121 18
125 40
121 12
124 50
121 13
121 14
121 14
120 41
120 37
120 36
120 20
123 00
120 24
124 30
123 40
123 19
121 05
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
603
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisay
Talisayan
Tallaoen
Tallungan
Talo
Taloc
Talogtog
Talohognon
Taloktok
Talomo
Talon
Talon
Talong
Taloong
Talop
Taloto
Talotog
Taloy
Taltal
Talub
Talubin
Talubin
Taluc
Taluksangay
Talumpoc
Talumpong
Talumpong
Tama
Tamantaka
Tambac
Tambagaan
Tambagoko
Tambang
Tambaron
Tambilagao
Tambis
Tambisan
Tambo
Tambo
Tambo
Tambobong
Tambog
Tambugnon
Tambul Sagumba
Tamcang
Tamdagan
Tamlang
Tamnaw
Tamorong
Tamorong
Tamoyawas
Tampacan
Tamparan
Tampayan
Tampogo
Tamsi
Tamuk
Tamurong
Tanabilan
Tanag
Tanagan
Tanagan
Tanao
Tat
Municipality,
Municipality,
Municipality,
Municipality,
Barrio
Tanao Pass
Tanap
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
River
Point
Municipality. . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Township
Township
Island
Municipal district .
Barrio
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Barrio '
Barrio
Island
River
Port
Island
Barrio
Barrio ]
Barrio :
Barrio '
Sitio I
Sitio '
Barrio
Point
Barrio '
Sitio
Sitio i
Sitio I
Barrio '
Sitio
River I
Sitio I
Sitio
Sitio
Municipal district .
Sitio
Barrio
Rancheria
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio i
Barrio
Islands
Sitio
Strait
Barrio
Batangas
Camarines Norte
Occidental Negros
Cebu
Albay
Albay
Albay
Batangas
Bohol
Iloilo
Romblon
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Bataan
Sorsogon (S)
Misamis
La Union
Cagayan
Lanao
Occidental Negros
La Union
Camarines Sur
Kalinga Subprovince
Davao
Batangas
Cavite
Cebu
Tayabas (N)
Ifugao Subprovince
Bohol
Occidental Negros
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Zambales
Lanao
Bontoc Subprovince
Mountain Province
Sulu
Zamboanga
Batangas , . . . .
Cotabato
Relief
Bataan
Cotabato
Romblon
Sulu
Agusan
Camarines Sur
Mindoro
Occidental Negros
Ley te
Oriental Negros
Camarines Sur
Camarines Norte
Tayabas (S)
Pangasinan
Surigao
Albay
Sulu
Amburayan Subprovince .
Ilocos Norte
Occidental Negros
Tayabas (S) .,
Amburayan Subprovince .
Amliurayan Subprovince.
Surigao
Sulu
Lanao
Romblon ._ . . . .
Amburayan Subprovince .
Nueva Vizcaya
Zamboanga
Ilocos Sur
Ley te
Romblon
Albay
Romblon
Camarines Norte
Ifugao Subprovince
Camarines Norte
Ilocos Norte
102
122
220
138
86
86
86
102
106
166
244
252
252
94
252
194
182
118
178
220
182
126
208
154
102
134
138
270
206
106
220
202
274
178
204
196
258
278
102
150
72
94
154
244
258
82
126
190
220
186
224
126
122
270
236
262
86
258
198
158
220
270
198
198
262
258
178
244
198
216
278
162
186
244
86
244
122
206
122
158
14 06
14 08
10 45
10 15
13 35
13 31
13 09
13 55
9 46
10 55
12 40
12 29
12 29
14 36
12 08
9 00
16 50
18 20
7 45
10 35
16 41
13 38
17 21
7 00
14 02
14 09
10 45
14 50
16 56
9 40
10 35
16 20
15 35
7 50
17 03
17 05
5 45
7 00
13 43
6 05
6
14 50
7 10
12 30
5 20
8 55
13 67
12 15
10 25
10 25
9 10
13 27
14 04
13 60
15 56
8 05
13 64
6 05
17 05
18 20
10 50
13 25
16 50
16 50
9 25
4
7
56
55
12 30
16 59
16 17
6 30
17 13
U 05
12
55
13
19
12
30
1 14
25
16
53
• 14
24
18
30
121 01
122 55
123 00
123 50
124 19
124 11
123 25
120 38
124 35
122 45
122 05
123 41
123 41
120 28
123 13
124 55
120 23
121 40
123 50
122 55
120 20
123 30
121 15
125 30
120 43
120 56
124 20
121 50
121 06
123 51
122 55
120 30
119 56
124 20
121 00
121 00
121 00
122 10
121 09
124 50
125
120 28
124 15
122 15
120 20
125 46
123 26
121 25
123 20
124 50
123 25
123 29
123 02
122 15
119 47
126 25
124 22
121 50
120 37
120 44
123 25
122 40
120 34
120 34
126 00
119 50
124 20
122 30
120 27
121 41
121 .'■'0
120 25
124 25
122 05
123 51
122 00
122 40
121 12
122 40
120 41
604
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Tanauan
Tanauan
Tanauan
Tanawan
Tanawan
Tanav.an
Tanay
Tandag
Taiidag
Tandayag
Tandey
Tandog
Tandu
Tandu
Tandubas
Tandubas
Tandubaud
Tandul
Tangadan
Tangalan
Tanganan
Tangao
Tangaoan
Tangaoan
Tangaro
Tangbo
Tanghas
Tangilig
Tangkulan
Tanglag
Tanglagan
Tanglay
Tangnan
Tangob
Tangob
Tangoon
Tangub ■
Tanguingui
Tanguingui
Tanjay
Tankey
T->.nkulang
Tanoban ■
Tanodan
Tanodan
Tafion
Tanon
Tafion
Tanqup
Tantauayan
Tantawan
Tanulon
Tanza
Tanza
Taoang
Tapa
Tapaan
Tapaan
Tapal
Tapanayan
Tapao
Tapas
Tapi
Tapi
Tapiantana j Island
Tapilon [ Barrio
Tapiun ' Sitio
Feature.
Map.
Municipality
Municipality
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio j
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
River
Barrio I
Barrio ]
Island :
Municipal district . ;
Barrio \
Island
Municipal district .
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio j
Barrio !
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio. . . . . .
Barrio
Rancberia . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Mountain . . .
Sitio
Island
Island
Municipality.
Caves
Mountain . . .
Point
River
River
Strait
Strait
Strait
Barrio
Mountain . . .
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Island
Passage
Barrio
Sitio
P.arric
Municipality.
Mountain . . .
Mountain . . .
Tapiutan
Taplao
Tappa .
Tappo .
Tappo .
Tapsao
Tapu . .
Tapuac
Tapul .
Tapul .
Tapul .
Tapul Sitio
Tapulaw ' Barrio
Tapundo ' Point .
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Island Group ....
Island
Municipal district
Batangas
Leyte
Rizal
Bulacan
Cebu
T.,aguna
Rizal
Surigao
Surigao
Oriental Negros
Bohol
Iloilo
Sulu
Sulu
Sulu
Sulu
Zamboanga
Isabela
Amburayan Subprovince .
Capiz
Davao
Nueva Vizcaya
Ilocos Norte
Uncos Sur
Misamis
Cebu
Leyte
Kalinga Subprovince
Bukidnon
Kalinga Subprovince. . . .
Apayao Subprovince
Pampanga
Bohol .
Misamis
Kalinga Subprovince
Bukidnon
Occidental Negros
Cebu
Sorsogon (N>
Oriental Negros
Bulacan
Bukidnon
Camarines Norte
Bontoc Subprovince
Kalinga Subprovince. . . .
Cebu
Oriental Negros
Philippine Islands
Cebu
Occidental Negros
Zamboanga
Bontoc Subprovince
Cavite
Rizal
Davao
Kalinga Subprovince
Sulu
Sulu
Bohol
Zawiboanga
Ilocos Norte
Capiz
Bukidnon
Lanao
Zamboanga
Cebu
Kalinga Subprovince
Palawan (N)
Nueva Vizcaya
Isabela
Bontoc Subprovince
Kalinga Subprovince
Oriental Negros
Apayao Subprovince . . . .
Zambales
Sulu
Sulu
Sulu
Palawan (S)
Bataan
Davno
Fac-
Lati-
ing
tude.
page.
o
/
102
14
05
186
11
05
240
14
37
114
14
57
138
9
25 1
174
14
11
240
14
30 1
262
9
05
262
9
00
224
9
25
106
9
39
166
10
25
258
6
00
258
6
00
258
0
10
258
5
05
278
7
45
170
16
55
198
17
04
130
11
47
154
7
20
216
16
29
158
18
11
162
17
20
194
9
05 1
138
9
30 1
186
11
05 '
208
17
17
110
8
20
208
17
23
200
18
22
232
15
10
106
9
37
194
8
05
208
17
15
I 110
7
45
, 220
10
40
138
11
30
252
13
11
224
9
30
114
15
04
110
7
50
122
14
17
204
17
07
208
17
15
138
10
30
224
10
00
72
10
138
10
15
220
9
55
278
7
30
204
17
07
134
14
24
240
14
41
154
7
10
208
17
40
268
5
25
1 258
5
25
106
10
04
1 278
7
35
158
17
54
130
11
13
110
8
00
178
8
00
278
6
20
138
11
15
208
17
35
228
11
10
216
16
19
170
16
50
204
17
07
208
17
33
224
9
30
200
18
12
274
15
33
258
5
35
258
5
45
258
5
40
228
10
00
94
14
49
' 154
5
20
Longi-
tude.
121 09
125 00
121 14
120 55
123 20
121 27
121 17
126 10
126 05
123 15
123 55
122 30
121 25
121 20
120 20
120 15
122 45
121 35
120 37
122 16
125 50
121 .^0
120 41
120 29
124 40
123 20
125 05
121 09
124 50
121 13
120 59
120 40
123 47
125 45
121 15
124 50
122 55
123 45
122 56
123 10
121 05
125 10
122 51
121 11
121 13
123 30
123 20
123
123 50
122 35
122 50
120 55
120 51
120 5G
125 40
121 22
120 45
120 40
L24 30
122 10
120 28
122 32
124 35
124 35
121 53
124 00
121 12
119 20
120 57
122 05
121 20
121 21
122 40
121 12
119 57
120 50
120 55
120 55
118 50
120 31
125 30
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
605
Name.
Feature.
Map.
Taquico
Tara
Tarad'ingan
Taraka
Tarangnan
Tardi
Tardi or Mallig . . . .
Taretic
Tarigtig
Tariwara
TARLAC
Tarlac
Tarlac
Tarlac
Tarlac
Tarococ
Tarom
Tarragona
Tarragona
Tartaro
Taslan
Tatalan
Taual
Tauala
Tauayan
Taug
Tauit
Tauit
Tauit
Taupun
Tawang
Tawini
Tawiran
Tawitawi
Tawitawi
TAYABAS (N) . . . .
TAYABAS (S)
Tayabas
Tayabas
Tayabas
Tayabas
Tayac Norte
Tayasan
Taysan
Taysan
Taytay
Taytay
Taytay
Taytay
Taytay
Taytay
Tayud
Tayug
Tayug
Tayum
Tayuman
Tayuman
Tay wanak
Teachers Camp ...
Teinga
Tejero
Tejero
Telabanca
Telabastagan
Telbang
Telegraf o
Templanza
Tempio
Teomabal
Teresa
Ternate
Tetas de Cataingan
Tetas de Santa . . . .
Tetay
Tetepan
Tetuan
Thurston Rock ...
Tiagan
Tiaong
Tibaao
Tibag
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Municipal district .
Municipality
River
River
River
Point
Barrio
Province
Province
Canital
Capital, Tarlac
Barrio
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Township
Township
River
Sitio
Barrio
Rancheria
Barrio
Island
Island
Province
Province
Province
Bay
Bay
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Vacation quarters.
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Municipality
Municipality
Twin Peaks
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Islet
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Tayabas (S)
Palawan (N)
Palawan (N)
Lanao
Samar
Kalinga Subprovince.
Mountain Province. .
Isabela
Nueva Vizcaya
Albay
Tariac
Philippine Islands . . .
Tariac
Philippine Islands . . .
Laguna
Zambales
Camarines Norte. . . .
Ley te
Davao
Bulacan
Capiz
Sulu
Ifugao Subprovince. .
Bohol
Nueva Vizcaya
Bohol
Apayao Subprovince.
Mountain Province. .
Apayao Subprovince.
Lanao
Kalinga Subprovince.
Apayao Siibprovince.
Cotabato
Sulu
Philipoine Islands . . .
Tayabas (N)
Tayabas (S)
Philippine Islands . . .
Batangas
Tayabas (S)
Tayabas (S>
Ilocos Sur
Oriental Negros
Batangas
Albay
Rizal
Palawan (N)
Cebu
Laguna
Laguna
Ley te
Cebu
Pangasinan
Nueva Vizcaya
Abra
Batangas
Rizal
Cavite
City of Baguio
Zamboanga
Cavite
Leyte
Tarlac
Pampanga
Pangasinan ■
Leyte
Leyte
Sorsogon (N)
Sulu
Rizal
Cavite
Sorsogon (S)
Ilocos Sur
Cagayan
Bontoc Subprovince
Zamboanga
Camarines Norte.
Lepanto Subprovinrr
Tayabas (S)
Occidental Negros. . .
Mindoro
TnS' Lati-
page..
270
228
228
178
248
208
196
170
216
86
266
72
266
72
174
274
122
186
154
114
130
238
206
106
216
106
200
196
200
178
208
200
150
258
72
270
270
72
102
270
270
162
224
102
86
240
228
138
174
174
186
138
236
216
78
102
240
134
140
278
134
186
266
232
286
186
186
252
258
240
134
252
162
IIH
204
278
122
210
270
220
190
7
10
5
10
5
15
00
13
45
14
13
45
I 14
' 12
10
7
11
17
17
16
16
14
15
15
15
15
14
15
13
10
7
15
11
I 16
I 16
1 9
; 18
' 18
I 7
1 17
17
7
5
5
15
13
14
13
13
14
17
9
13
13
14
10
9
14
14
10
10
16
16
17
13
14
14
16
6
14
10
15
IB
16
11
10
13
6
14
14
12
17
17
17
6
14
17
14
10
13
10 '
20
20
55
55
15
20
50
20
03 :
30 '
29 '
11
10
57
50
00
10
14
15
55
34
07
36
06
05
00
35
36
49
45
00
37
55
4S
07
34
50
50
07
07
40
25
02
08
37
39
31
10
25
55
24
20
17
07
10
00
15
09
20
33
17
03
31
55
05
55
32
14
00
55
30
Longi-
tude.
21 40
20 20
19 30
24 20
24 45
21 33
21 35
22 00
22 16
24 12
20 30
20
20 35
20
21 12
20 13
23 05
25 00
26 30
21 02
22 40
21 50
21 01
23 46
21 22
24 04
21 20
21 20
21 18
24 40
21
21
23
21
13
15
24 20
20 00
20
21 30
22 10
22
21 30
21 40
21 35
20 27
10
11
23 44
21 08
19 30
23 25
21 25
21 30
25 05
24 00
20 45
20 58
20 39
21 13
21 10
20 51
20 36
21 35
20 52
24 45
20 37
20 37
20 03
25 05
24
55
22
52
?,0
50
21
12
20
43
23
55
20
28
21
50
20
65
?.2
Ob
22
47
20
37
21
23
20
25
20 45
606
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Tibagan . . . .
Tibang
Tibangran . .
Tibiao
Tibo
Tibuan
Tibunee . . . .
Ticalan ....
Ticao
Ticao
Ticao
TicUn
TicUn
Ticmo
Ticungan . . .
Tidman . . . .
Ticmpo ....
Tigala
Tigao
Tigaon
Tigbaloay . .
Tigbao
Tigbao
Tigbao
Tigbao
Tigbaon . . . .
Tigbaruku . .
Tigbauan . . .
Tigbi
Tigbi
Tiglaiiigan . .
Tiguihan . . .
Tiguisan . . .
Tiguran . . . .
Tiguran ....
Tiis
Tikalaan . . .
Tikalaan . . .
Tiko
Tiktabun . . .
Tiktik
Tilago
Tilambo
Tilic
Tiinago ....
Timalan . . .
Timamana . ,
Timbao . . . .
Timbungan .
Timpagon . .
Tina
Tinaan ....
Tinabag . . .
Tinabooc . . .
Tinabusan . .
Tinaca
Tinaga ....
Tinago ....
Tinago ....
Tinago ....
Tinajeros . .
Tinajeros . . ,
Tinajeros . .
Tinalmud . .
Tinambac . .
Tinambacan
Tinambulan
Tinamnan .
Tinampaan.
Tinamparan
Tinangdan .
Tinanon . . .
Tinanon . . .
Tinaogan . .
Tinapian . . .
Tinapian . . .
Tinapian . . .
Tinapuay . .
Tinawan . . .
Tinayunan .
Feature.
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Island
Pass
Island
Island
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Municipal district
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
River
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Islands
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio -
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
River
River
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Point
Island
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Bulacan
Albay
Ilocos Norte
Antique
Pampanga •
Cotabato
Amburayan Subprovince .
Batangas
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Abra
Bulacan
Surigao
Abra
Davao
Surigao
Camarines Sur
Cotabato
Cebu
Occidental Negros
Sorsogon (S)
Surigao
Zamboanga
Zamboanga
Iloilo
Bulacan
Camarines Norte
Occidental Negros
Mindoro
Mindoro
Antique
Relief
Bataan
Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Bontoc Subprovince
Zamboanga
Bataan
Mindoro
Batangas
Mindoro
Bukidnon
Cavite
Surigao
Laguna
Zamboanga
Bukidnon
Capiz
Cebu
Palawan (S)
Antique
Antique
Davao
Camarines Norte
Albay
Leyte
Leyte
Bataan
Pampanga
Rizal
.Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur
Samar
Cotabato
Tayabas (S)
Occidental Negros
Bukidnon
Lepanto Subprovince . . . ,
Cotabato
Relief
Oriental Negros
Albay
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Capiz
Zamboanga
Oriental Negros ,
•
Fac-
Lati-
Longi-
tude.
tude.
page.
o
/
o
1
114
14
57
120
57
86
13
42
124
05
158
17
51
120
34
90
11
15
122
00
232
15
12
120
31
150
7
15
124
30
198
16
53
120
32
102
13
48
121
26
252
12
32
123
42
252
12
32
123
42
252
12
40
123
46
252
12
35
124
07
252
12
35
124
07
78
17
30
120
59
114
14
59
121
10
262
8
20
126
20
78
17
19
120
45
154
7
00
125
40
262
9
10
126
10
126
13
38
123
30
150
7
00
125
00
138
9
50
123
26
220
10
40
123
30
252
12
10
123
35
262
9
40
125
25
278
7
20
122
25
278
7
35
123
10
166
10
40
122
20
114
14
52
121
02
122
14
15
122
42
220
10
55
123
20
190
13
10
121
25
190
12
50
121
30
90
10
55
122
15
72
11
122
94
14
36
120
25
110
8
05
124
40
110
8
00
124
40
204
17
10
121
18
278
6
55
122
10
94
14
26
120
30
190
13
10
120
50
102
13
48
121
14
190
13
50
120
10
110
7
55
124
55
134
14
21
120
47
262
9
35
125
35
174
14
17
121
03
278
6
20
122
06
110
8
20
124
30
130
11
14
122
52
138
10
10
123
45
228
10
00
119
00
90
12
00
121
26
90
11
25
122
05
154
5
30
125
20
122
14
28
122
56
86
13
52
124
23
186
11
25
124
20
186
11
05
124
25
94
14
41
120
32
232
15
00
120
40
240
14
41
120
58
126
13
36
122
53
126
13
49
123
20
248
12
05
124
30
160
6
40
124
45
270
14
05
121
35
220
10
55
123
20
110
8
26
124
25
210
17
04
120
51
150
7
26
125
15
72
7
125
224
9
45
123
10
86
13
06
123
61
252
12
29
123
28
252
12
29
123
28
130
11
33
122
18
278
6
20
121
55
224
10
05
' 123
15
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
607
Name.
Feature.
Tinayunga . .
Tinayunga . .
Tinayunga . .
Tindog
Tineg
Tineg
Tineg
Tinga
Tingali
Tingib
Tingib
Tinglayan . . .
Tinglayan . . .
Tingloy ....
Tinib
Tinigban . . . .
Tiniguiban . .
Tinimbuan . .
Tinitian ....
Tinoc
Tinocoan . . .
Tinorian . . . .
Tinorian . . . .
Tinorognan .
Tinoto
Tintiman . . .
Tinuibo ....
Tipacan ....
Tipao
Tipas
Tipas
Tipolo
Tiptip
Tiquem
Tiquey
Tiquitic
Tiring
Tition
Tiwi
Tobgon
Tobigon . . . .
Toboso
Toboy
Tocdog
Top.oc
Toctocan . . .
Toding
Togong
Togos
Tola
Tolag
Tolagan . . . .
Tolatolaan . .
Tolay
Toledo
Tolitul
Tolong
Tolong
Tolong Viejo
Tolonpisa . . .
Tolosa
Tolosa
Tomalaytay .
Tomandoc . .
Tombac . . . .
Tomingad . .
Tomonton . .
Tondo
Tondol
Tonga
Tonkil
Tonkil
Tono
Tone
Toocan ....
Tood
Toog
Tcong
Tons
Toplao
Torrijos
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Municipal district.
River
River
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Township
Township
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
River
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Island
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio . . .
Barrio . . .
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Bay
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Bay
Barrio
Point
District
Barrio
Point
Island
Municipal district
Barrio
Sitio
Bairio
Islands
Barrio
Sitio
Cove
Barrio
Municipality
Map.
Fac-
ing
page.
Antique 90
Capiz 130
Relief 72
Cebu 138
Abra 78
Abra 78
Abra 78
Batangas 102
Davao 154
Antique 90
Leyte 186
Bontoc Subprovince 204
Mountain Province 196
Batangas 102
Tayabas (N) 270
Capiz 130
Palawan (N) 228
Romblon 244
Palawan (N) 228
Ifugao Subprovince 206
Iloilo 166
Tloilo 166
Iloilo 166
Camarines Sur 126
Cotabato i 1.50
Bohol , 106
Bohol I 106
Batangas ' 102
Rizal I 240
Batangas 102
Rizal I 240
Bohol 106
Bohol 106
Abra | 78
Benguet Subprovince . . . . | 202
Abra i 78
Iloilo 166
Zambales 274
Albay ■ • • • 86
Albay ] 86
Romblon | 244
Occidental Negros | 220
Pangasinan j 236
Bohol I 106
Pangasinan 236
Capiz 130
~ ■ ■ 202
244
252
248
204
154
166
244
Lati-
tude.
Benguet Subprovince .
Romblon
Sorsogon (N)
Samar
Bontoc Subprovince . .
Davao
Iloilo
Romblon
Cebu ; 138
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Oriental Negros 224
Oriental Negros 224
Oriental Negros 224
Zamboanga j 278
Leyte 186
Cebu , 1S8
Sorsogon (N) 252
Camarines Norte 122
Pangasinan 236
Romblon 244
Occidental Negros \ 220
City of Manila i 146
Pangasinan | 236
Oriental Negros i 224
Sulu 1 258
Sulu 253
Iloilo 1 166
Antique i 90
Zamboanga 278
Bohol 106
Bohol 106
Nueva Vizcaya 216
Sorsogon (3) 252
I.epanto Subprovince . .. .' 210
TayabES (S> 270
11
11
12
11
17
17
17
13
7
11
11
17
17
13
16
11
11
12
10
16
11
10
10
13
5
9
10
13
14
13
14
10
9
17
16
17
10
15
13
13
12
10
16
9
15
11
16
12
12
11
17
6
11
12
10
16
9
9
9
6
11
9
12
14
16
12
10
14
16
9
6
6
11
n
8
10
9
16
12
16
13
50
50
Longi-
tude.
22 00
22 00
22
10
46
124
120
00
57
49
120
48
47
120
54
48
121
05
30
126
10
45
122
00
05
124
50
15
121
08
15
121
10
40
120
52
15
122
05
26
122
47
20
119
30
20
122
40
00
119
10
42
120
54
00
122
40
55
122
45
55
122
45
35
123
29
50
125
05
58
124
34
07
124
39
55
121
12
25
121
13
50
121
25
32
121
05
02
124
30
42
123
53
23
120
47
33
120
50
24
120
35
50
122
30
27
119
56
27
123
41
12
123
25
20
121
55
45
123
30
02
120
39
36
124
03
50
120
25
29
122
08
25
120
38
55
122
05
41
123
59
55
125
15
04
121
12
40
125
20
05
122
40
25
122
00
25
123
40
17
120
57
20
122
50
20
122
6U
20
122
60
15
122
00
05
125
05
40
123
20
53
123
48
06
123
02
15
119
67
30
122
00
55
122
66
37
120
58
19
120
00
15
123
26
00
121
00
00
121
36
00
122
20
20
122
05
30
123
20
15
124
39
44
124
06
06
121
2»
15
123
14
47
120
45
20
100
05
608
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Tortosa
Toyangan ....
Toytoy
Tran
Tranca
Trento
Tres Truces . .
Tres Reyes . . .
Tres Reyes . . .
Triana
Triboa
Trinidad
Trinidad
Truro
Tuao
Tuao
Tuawan
Tuba
Tuba
Tuba
Tuba
Tubabao
Tubaday
Tubajon
Tubalan
Tubalan Head
Tubalina
Tubalina
Tubalubae . . .
Tubao
Tubaran .....
Tubay
Tubay
Tubavon
Tubbataha . . .
Tubbataha . . .
Tubectubang .
Tubigagmanoc
Tubigan
Tubigaii
Tubigan
Tubigay
Tubigon
Tubili
Tubili
Tublao
Tubiay
Tublav
Tubli!
Tubo
Tubo
Tubo
Tubod
Tubodmontp . .
Tubog
Tubong
Tubotubo ....
Tubud
Tubud
Tubunan
Tubungan. . . .
Tuburan
Tuburan
Tuburan
Tuburan
Tuburan
Tuburan
Tuburan
Tubutub
Tucac
Tuc-al
Tucapanga . . .
Tucdaw
Tuddinijan . . .
Tudela
Tudela
Tudela
Tudela
Tuduk
Tue
Tue
Feature.
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district
Irrigation Dam. . .
Islands
Islands
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Barrio
Bank
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Township
Townshio
Sitio
Mountain
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Pass
Island
Municipality
Municipal district
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Reef
Reef
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Township
Township
Barrio
Municipal district
Barrio
River
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Bnrrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district
Municipality
Barrio
Sitio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Map.
Occidental Negros
Bcnguet Subprovince . . . .
Camarines Sur
Cotabato
Laguna
Agusan
Cavite
Palawan (N)
Tayabas (S)
Leyte
Bataan
Occidental Negros
Samar
Relief
Cagayan
Nueva Vizcaya
Surigao
Benguet Subpro\ince . . . .
Mountain Province
Camarines Norte
Camarines Norte
Samar ._ . . . .
Amburayan Subprovince .
Surigao
Davao
Davao
Lepanto Subpro\-ince . . . .
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Sulu
La Union
Lanao
Agusan
Davao
Davao
Palawan (N)
Philippine Islands
Tarlac
Cebu
Mindoro
Camarines Sur
Sulu
Ilocos Sur
Bohol
Mindoro
Mindoro
Ifugao Subprovince
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Mountain Province
Albay
Abra
Amburayan Subprovince .
Nueva Vizcaya
Bohol
Bohol
Albay
Bataan
Zambales
Cebu
Cebu
Zamboanga
Apayao Subprovince
Cebu
Albay
Bukidnon
Capiz
Iloilo
Leyte
Occidental Negros ;
Amburayan Subprovince .
Ifugao Subprovince
Nueva Vizcaya
Cotabato
Leyte
La Union
Agusan
Cebu
Misamis
Surigao
Cotabato
Abra
Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
Fac-
Lati-
ing
tude.
page.
o
/
220
10
55
202
16
34
126
13
52
150
6
45
174
14
08
82
8
00
134
14
20
228
11
30
270
13
15
186
9
55
94
14
47
220
10
20
248
12
05
72
16
118
17
45
216
16
34
262
8
05
202
16
24 .
196
16
25 ■
122
14
09
122
14
05
248
11
00
198
16
47
262
10
20
154
6
30
154
6
30
210
17
10
210
17
11
258
5
55
182
16
21
178
7
45
82
9
10
154
5
20
154
5
50
228
8
50
72
9
266
15
46
138
10
40
190
13
25
126
13
29
258
6
25
162
17
50
106
9
57 1
190
13
20 1
190
13
15
206
16
39
! 202
16
31
196
16
30
86
13
56
78
17
18
198
16
55
216
16
20
106
9
39
106
9
42
86
13
17
94
14
30
274
15
45
138
10
00
138
9
50
1 278
6
35
1 200
18
04
1 138
10
45
86
13
15
110
8
25
130
11
22
166
11
00
186
U
10
220
10
55
198
16
50
206
16
40
216
16
34
150
5
35
186
11
40
182
16
35
82
8
05
138
10
40
194
8
15
262
8
10
150
5
55
78
17
27
210
16
58
Long^i-
tude.
123 05'
120 45
123 43
124 00
121 16
126 00
120 .50
120 10
121 50
125 05
120 16
122 55
124 30
117
121 25
121 15
126 25
120 32
120 30
122 33
122 31
125 40
120 31
125 35
125 30
125 30
120 39
120 39
120 25
120 25
121 15
125 30
125 20
125 30
119 50
120
120 34
123 45
120 30
123 27
120 50
120 30
123 58
120 30
120 30
121 06
120 37
120 35
124 09
120 45
120 35
121 35
124 24
124 21
123 SI
120 36
119 56
123 35
123 20
122 15
121 33
123 50
123 33
124 30
122 53
122 30
124 25
12:^ 00
120 32
121 00
121 11
125 20
124 30
120 25
126 05
124 30
123 50
126 10
125 25
120 55
120 49
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
609
Name.
Tuel.
Tugabi
Tugal
Tugapangan .
Tugapangan .
Tugas
Tugas
Tugas
Tugas
Tugas
Tugas
Tugaya
Tugbu
Tug'oungan.
TugdaD ....
Tugis
Tugnug
Tiigpan
Tugubun . . .
Tuguegarao .
Tuguegarao .
Tugui
Tuguilan . . . .
Tuguis
I'uguis
Tukanabago .
Tukukan. . .
Tukuk;in
Tukuran . . . .
Tula
Tulaid
Tulang
Tulaong . . . .
Tulariouin . .
Tulgeo
TuHyahaii. . .
Tulnalutan . .
Tulo
Tulung
Tuluran . . . .
TumagboP . .
Tumalaytay .
Tumalim. . . .
Tumalpuc . . ,
Tumalum . . .
Tumalum . .
Tumanao . . .
Tumarbong .
Tumarog. . .
Tumau ....
1 umauini . .
Tumbal
Tumbau ...
Tumindao. .
Tumitus ...
Turroc
Tuna
Tuna
Tunga
Tunga
Tungal
Tungawan . .
Tungel
Tunglugun .
Tungtayan .
Tungungan.
Tunhak
Tunkod
Tuntunan . .
Tupa
Tupac
Tupak
Tupas
Tupns
Tuplac
Tup?an . . . .
Tuquib ....
Turag
Turatoc. . . .
Turo
Turod
Feature.
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Point
Point
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Point
Barrio
Point
Capital
Capital, Cagayan.
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipal district
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Sitio
Island
Barrio
Island
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Municipal district
Island
Barrio
Rancherla
Bay.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Bay
Sitio
Barrio .
Mountain
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Bcnguet Subprovince . . . .
Amburayan Subprovince .
Cotabato
(^■otabato
Lanao .
Albay
Bohnl
Bohol
Leyte
Misann.is .
Surigao
Lanao
Sorsogon (S) .
Romblon ,
Romblon
Cotabato ,
Sampr
Tayabas (N)
Davao
Cagayan
Philippine Islands
Pampanga
Mindoro
Iloilo
Occidental Negros
Cotabato
Bortoc Subprovince ....
Itugao Subprovince
Zamboanga
Saiiar •
Ifugan Subprovince. ....
Bohol
Mindoro
Palawan (N)
Bontoc Subprovince ....
Rizal
Zamboanga
Lpguna
Apayao Subprovince. . . .
Palawan (N)
Iloilo
Sorsogon (S)
Batangas • ■ .
Abra
Romblon
Romblon
Davao
Palawan (N)
Samar
Zamboanga
Isabela
Abra •
Cotabato
Sulu ■
Zamboanga ........
Apuyao Subp^o^^^ce. . .
Cotabato
Rizal
Cebu
Leyte
Cotabato
Zamboanga
Ilocos Norte
Zamboanga
Amburayan Subprovmce
Lepanto Subprovince. .
Laguna
Lagunu .... ...
Bohol.
P<in;;a8ipan
Kalinr.a Subprovince.. . .
Kalinga Subprovince.. . .
Iloilo
Isabeta
Ifugao Subprovince
Misamit
Abra
Samar
.\pay.To Subprovince. . . .
Bulacan
Ilocos Sur
202
198
1.50
150
17S
86
106
106
186
194
262
178
252
244
244
1.50
248
270
154
118
72
232
190
166
220
05
120 35
120 31
124 50
124 10
121 10
123 -14
124 37
124 30
124 50
123 35
126 00
124 10
123 38
122 05
122 05
124 40
125 40
121 55
126 30
121 45
122
120 43
120 35
122 55
122 55
124 50
121 01
120 53
123 35
125 00
121 11
124 12
120 45
119 10
121 06
121 00
122 20
121 OS
121 28
119 20
122 10
123 13
120 44
120 55
122 05
122 05
125 30
119 30
125 20
122 10
121 .50
120 43
124 25
119 25
122 25
121 24
124 05
121 14
123 25
124 45
124 45
122 25
120 46
122 20
120 38
120 44
121 28
121 24
124 02
119 46
12!
121
123
26
18
10
121 40
121 05
124 45
120 37
124 55
121 15
120 66
120 26
171073-
-89
610
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Tusk
Tutun
Tutunod
Tuy
Tuyan
Tuyan
Tuvangan
Tuyo
Tuyom
U.
Uac
Uac
Uacon
Uaguaguen
Uala
Uao
\jatu
Uban
Ubang
Ubay
Ubbog
Ubbug
Ubbug
Ubihan
Ubuhan
Ubuol
Ucab
Udino
Ududiaw
Ugac
Ugpong
Ugu
Uguis
Uines
Uja
UJot
Ulalikan
Ulango
Uli
Ulip
Ulugan
Ululingen
Ulut
TJlu-Ugaga
Uma
Umabay
Umingan
Umirey
Umirey
Umpucan
Umubi
XJnapan
Ungab
IJngalu
Ungay
Ungol
Ungot
TJnidos
Unidos
Union
Union
Union
Union
Unisan
Unisan
Unot, Date
Unzad
Uog
Upao
Upeg
Upi
Upian
Upuplas
Urayong
Urbiztondo
Urbiztoiido
Urdaneta
Urdaneta
Ursula
Ururulong {See Irurulong)
Feature.
Peak Mindoro
Map.
Mountain .
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Sitio
Rancheria . . .
Barrio
Sitio
Nueva Vizcaya .
Lanao
Batangas
Cebu
Cotabato .
^IV\ Lati-
•"8 I tude.
page.
Apayao Subprovince.
Bataan
Occidental Negros. . .
Mountain
Mountain
Sitio
Sitio
Islands
Sitio
Municipal district .
Sitio
Barrio
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
River
Point
Barrio
Barrio
River
Bay
Barrio
River
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
River
Sitio
Barrio
Sitio
Sitio
Barrio
Rancheria
Point
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Island
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Island
Sorsogon (S)
Relief
Zambales
Ifugao Subprovince
Tayabas (N)
Lanao
Lanao
Lanao
Camarines Norte
Bohol
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Bulacan
Bohol
Ifugao Subprovince
Abra
La Union
Abra
Cagayan
Bohol
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Ilocos Norte
Davao
Ifugao Subprovince
Agusan
Tayabas (N)
Batangas
Pangasinan
Abra
Palawan (S)
Abra
Samar
Cotabato
Kalinga Subprovince
Sorsogon (S)
Pangasinan
Tayabas (N)
Tayabas (N)
Bulacan
Nueva Vizcaya
Davao
Nueva Ecija
Apayao Subprovince
Albay
Ifugao Subprovince
Tarlac
Capiz
Surigao
Camarines Sur
Cebu
Leyte
Surigao
Tayabas (S)
Iloilo
Cotabato
Pangasinan
Bohol
Capiz
Bulacan
Isabela
Davao
Amburayan Subprovince .
La Union
Pangasinan
La Union
Pangasinan
Cavite
Palawan (S)
IPO
216
178
102
138
150
200
94
220
o '
12 45
16 29
8 05
14 01
10 15
5 55
18 07
14 42
10 00
Longi-
tude.
12
12
15
16
14
7
7
7
14
10
17
17
16
14
9
16
17
16
17
17
9
16
17
7
16
8
15
252
72
274
206
270
178
178
178
122
106
162
162
182
114
106
206
78
182
78
118
106
202
158
154
206
82
270
102 ! 14
236 15
78
228
71
248
150
208
252
236
270
270
114
216
154
212
200
86
206
266
130
262
126
138
186
262
270
166
150
236
106
130
114
170
154
198
182
236
182
236
134
228
17
10
17
12
7
17
12
15
15
15
15
16
7
15
18
13
16
15
11
9
13
10
10
9
13
10
7
15
9
11
15
17
7
16
16
15
16
15
14
8
121
121
00
21
12
41
53
55
40
55
40
20
03
53
16
47
45
41
45
26
14
28
45
38
19
54
10
55
40
05
08
58
15
10
27
00
35
21
16
56
06
15
04
01
10
48
19
11
41
28
55
00
51
40
40
45
50
20
10 ,
56
59 t
40 !
02 [
05 '
20
52
28 I
50 ;
40 !
59 I
11 I
20 I
123 55
120 44
123 45
125 20
121 06
120 32
122 30
123 39
124
119 56
121 06
122 15
124 45
124 10
124 00
122 29
124 28
120 30
120 28
120 21
120 56
123 51
121 02
120 41
120 30
120 52
121 4 5
124 00
120 48
120 35
125 20
121 03
125 25
121 30
121 06
119 49
120 46
118 40
120 38
125 25
125 15
121 06
123 44
120 50
121 26
121 25
121 01
121 19
125 20
120 38
121 18
124 13
121 06
120 38
122 00
126 10
123 19
124 20
124 56
126 10
122 00
122 36
125 05
120 32
124 04
122 09
120 59
121 50
125 20
120 30
120 20
120 20
120 20
120 34
120 45
117 30
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
611
Urzadan . . . .
Urzadan ....
Usada
U.SO
Usok
Uson
Uson
Utabi
Utud
Uj-ugan
Uyan
\
Valdefuente .
Valderrama . ,
Valencia ....
Valencia ....
Valencia . . . .
Valencia . . . .
Valencia ....
Valencia . . . .
Valencia ....
Valladolid . . .
Valle
Vallehermoso
Va!verde. . . .
Vanrell
Varadero . . . .
Vega Grande
Verde
Verde
Verde Island .
Verde Island ,
Verdu
Vereker
Veronica . . . .
Veruela
Vica
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria
Victoria ....
Victoria
Victorias . . . .
Viga
Viga
Viga
Viga
Viga
Viga
Viga
Vigan
Vigan
Vigia
Vigia
Vigo
Vigo
Vigviga
Vila
Villa
Villa
Villaba
Villaflor
Villaflores . . .
Villahermcsa
Villajesus . . .
Villalimpia , .
Villalon
Villanueva. .
Villanueva . .
Villar
Villar
Villarcayo . . .
Villareal . . . .
Villasis
Villa viciosa . .
Villavieja . . .
Villegas
Villegas
Vintar
Barrio Amburayan Subprovince .
Barrio Lepanto Subprovince . . . .
I Island Sulu
[ Barrio Amburayan Subprovince .
t Island Tayabas (N)
Barrio Ley te
Barrio Sorsogon (S)
Barrio Sorsogon (N)
Barrio Batangas
Township ' Batanes
Sitio Lanao
Barrio
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Municipality
Sitio
Municipality
Sitio
Barrio
Bay
Barrio
Island
Mountain
Passage
Passage
Municipal district.
Bank
Barrio
Municipal district.
Barrio
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Peaks
Peaks
Municipality
Municipality
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
River
Capital
Capital, Ilocos Sur
Point
Mountain
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Municipality.
Municipality.
Sitio
Barrio
Barrio
Municipality.
Nueva Ecija
Antique
Bohol
Bukidnon
Cebu
Iloilo
Ley te
Tayabas (S)
Cotabato
Occidental Negros
Nueva Ecija
Oriental Negros
Iloilo
Ilocos Sur
Mindoro
Nueva Ecija
Batangas
Pangasinan
Batangas
Mindoro
Agusan
ReUef
Ilocos Norte
Agusan
Abra
Tarlac • • ■
Cebu
La Union
Palawan (S)
Relief
Occidental Negros
Albay
Batangas
Bohol
Isabela
Leyte
Kalinga Subprovince. .
Kalinga Subprovince .
Ilocos Sur
Philippine Islands
Bataan
Sorsogon (S)
Mindoro
Samar
Amburayan Subprovince .
Lepanto Subprovince ....
Nueva Ecija ]
Tayabas (S) I
Leyte
Misamis
Capiz
Leyte
Tayabas (S)
Bohol
Leyte
Misamis
Pangasinan
.\ntinue
Zambales
Bohol
Samar
Pangasinan
Abra I
Abra '
Oriental Negros |
Pangasinan j
Ilocos Norte
198
210
2.58
198
270
186
2.52
2.52
102
G8
178
16
17
6
16
14
11
12
12
14
20
7
212
90
106
110
138
166
186
270
150
220
212
224
166
162
190
212
102
236
102
190
82
72
1.58
82
78
266
138
182
228
72
220
86
102
106
170
186
208
208
162
72
94
2,52
190
248
198
210
212
270
186
194
130
186
270
106
186
194
236
90
274
106
248
236
78
78
224
236
158
15
11
9
7
10
10
11
14
6
10
15
10
10
17
13
15
13
16
13
13
8
21
18
8
17
15
11
16
9
9
10
13
13
9
16
11
17
17
17
18
14
11
13
12
16
17
15
14
11
8
11
11
14
9
1 11
; 8
15
lis
'.?
15
17
I 1'
I 10
I 18
59
08
05
59
55
30 i
13
39
07 [
22 !
55 I
31
00
37
50
10
40
05
05
10
30
39
20
30
25
30
39
33
03
35
35
45
05
05
32
35
00
52
SO
55
52
54 ;
48 '
50
50 '
20
20
35
I
27 I
67 I
50
30
49
00
36
05
15 i
80
20
30
05
37
30
35
47
50
11
51
35
54 I
26 '
21 I
10 I
08 I
14 !
120 32
120 40
120 35
120 33
122 10
124 35
123 4T
123 55
120 38
121 58
124 05
120 58
122 10
124 13
125 05
123 35
122 45
124 3S
121 40
124 15
122 60
120 57
123 20
122 05
120 31
121 00
121 08
121 05
120 04
120 50
120 50
125 40
116
120 36
125 55
120 31
120 41
123 65
120 23
118 20
118
123 05
124 17
120 39
123 55
121 45
124 20
121 21
121 20
120 23
120
120 25
123 44
120 10
125 05
120 28
120 53
121 12
121 50
124 25
123 45
122 49
124 20
122 00
124 00
124 20
124 45
120 S3
122 00
120 15
124 09
124 55
120 35
120 38
120 36
123 10
120 34
120 30
612
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
Name.
Violanta
Municipal district.
Sitio
Vira
Virac
Municipality
Point
Virac
Viriato
Barrio ....
Visal
Barrio ....
Visayan
Sea
Visayan
Sea
Visayan
Sea
Vista Alegre
Sitio
Vitali
Sitio
Vito
Barrio
Vitong
Barrio
Vive
Barrio
Volcano
Island
Volcano
Islet
Volcano
Mountain
Wacnihan
Barrio
Rancheria
Wagad
Barrio
Sitio
Wagud
Barrio
Wala
Mountain
Wala
Mountain
Municipal district.
Barrio
Wangal
Wangonhan
Barrio
Washington
Barrio
Washington
Barrio
Washington
Barrio
Waaig
Barrio
Wawa
River
Wawa
Barrio
Wawa
Barrio
Barrio . .
Wawa
Barrio
Barrio
Wawa
Sitio
Wawang Carullo . .
Sitio
Wawang Maputat
Sitio
Mountain
West Nalaut
Island
Whale Rock
Islet
Wright
Municipality
Islets
Wyllie Rocks . .
Yabang ....
Mountain
Yabuan ...
Sitio
Yacgen
Mountain
Yaco
Point
Y'Ami
Island
Y'Ami
Island
Yao ....
Island
Barrio
Yasip
Sitio
Yati
Barrio
Yaui
Barrio
Yawa
Sitio
Yeban ...
Barrio
Yog ;..:::
Point
Yunot
Barrio
Z.
Barrio
ZAMBALES
Province
Province
ZAMBOANGA
Province
Zamboanga
Province
Zaniboanga
Capital
Zamboanga
Capital, Zamboan-
Zaraboanguita
ga.
Municipality
Zanja Mavor
Barrio
Zapang
Barrio
Zapat
Barrio
Island
Zapato Menor
Island
Feature.
Map.
Agusan
Isabela
Albay
Albay
Samar
Pampanga
Philippine Islands .
Cebu
Sorsogon (S)
Occidental Negros.
Zamboanga
Occidental Negros.
Ilocos Sur
Cebu
Batangas
Cagayan
Cagayan
Ifugao Subprovince
Apayao Subprovince
Abra
Camarines Sur
Kalinga Subprovince . . . .
Apayao Subprovince
Mountain Province
Agusan
Benguet Subprovince . . . .
Bohol
Samar
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Mindoro
Agusan
Bataan
Batangas
Cavite
Lagnina
Mindoro
Rizal
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Ecija
Apayao Subprovince
Palawan (N)
Surigao
Samar
Cagayan
Rizal
Benguet Subprovince . .
Samar
Davao
Batanes
Philippine Islands
Cebu
Ley te
Lepanto Subprovince . ,
Cebu
Tayabas (S)
Samar
Isabela
Albay
Laguna
Leyte
Zambales
Philippine Islands .
Zamboanga
Philippine Islands .
Zamboanga
Philippine Islands .
206
200
78
126
208
200
196
82
202
106
248
252
252
190
82
94
102
134
174
190
240
212
212
200
228
262
248
118
240
202
248
154
98
72
138
186
210
138
270
248
170
86
174
186
274
72
278
72
278
72
Oriental Negros 224
Cavite I 134
Cavite 134
Ilocos Sur 162
Capiz 130
Capiz I 130
Lati-
tude.
o
I
8
15
17
10
13
35
13
31
12
15
15
03
11
11
30
11
48
10
40
7
20
10
65
17
11
10
00
14
01
19
05
18
50
16
51
18
04
17
45
13
36
17
37
17
50
17
50
8
15
16
29
9
46
12
25
12
32
12
32
12
35
9
00
14
41
14
05
14
25
14
20
13
30
14
44
15
24
15
21
17
53
12
00
9
30
11
45
19
30
14
39
16
16
11
45
7
00
21
05
21
11
00
11
05
17
13
10
25
13
55
12
05
17
00
14
06
14
21
11
10
15
20
15
8
00
8
6
55
7
9
05
14
22
14
17
17
50
11
45
11
43
Longi-
tude.
125 46
121 36
124 14
124 13
124 20
120 65
124
123 30
123 30
123 00
122 15
123 30
120 32
123 26
121 00
122 10
121 60
121 16
121 15
121 06
122 62
121 20
121 05
121 06
125 40
120 34
124 22
124 40
123 44
123 44
121 30
125 45
120 34
120 38
120 51
121 27
120 45
121 11
121 05
121 12
121 09
119 50
126 05
125 00
121 40
121 13
120 37
125 20
126 30
121 59
122
123 35
124 55
120 39
124 00
121 56
125 00
121 65
124 12
121 80
124 45
120 00
120
123 00
123
122 05
122
123 10
120 51
120 43
120 29
123 02
122 69
LIST OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES.
613
Name.
Zapote ....
Zapote. . . .
Zaragoza . .
Zaragoza . .
Zaragoza . .
Zaragoza . .
Zaragoza . .
Zaragoza . .
Zaragoza . .
Zaragoza . .
Zaragoza . .
Zarraga . . .
Zau
Zig-Zag . . .
Zig-Zag . . .
Zimigui . . .
Zimigui . . .
Zimigui . . .
Zitangnga .
Ziuanan . .
Zumarraga
Feature.
Barrio
River
Municipality.
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Barrio
Sitio
Barrio
Island
Gate
Gate
Rancheria . . .
River
River
Barrio
River
Map.
Fac-I
ing
page.
Municipality Samar
Laguna 174
Rizal 240
Nueva Ecija j 212
Antique 90
Cebu 138
Davao 154
La Union 182
Leyte 186
Pangasinan 236
Surigao 262
Romblon 244
Iloilo 166
Sulu i 258
City of Baguio , 140
Benguet Subprovince . . . . i 202
Apayao Subprovince 200
Apayao Subprovince 200
Mountain Province 196
118
200
248
Cagayan .
Apayao Subprovince.
Lati- Longi-
tude, tude.
14 18
14 26
15
27
11
00
10
10 ,
7
10
16
43
10
20
16
16
9
55
12
15
10
50
5
50
16
22
16
22
18
25
! 18
1 1 o
21
18 20
18 20
18 26
11 40
121 04
120 59
120 47
122 00
123 35
126 30
120 22
124 45
119 52
125 35
122 00
122 35
119 45
120 36
120 36
121 19
121 17
121 15
121 30
121 13
124 50
LIST OF MINERAL RESOURCES, BY PROVINCES AND
LOCALITIES.
Mineral resources
and province.
Facing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
1
Mineral resources
and province.
Facing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
ASBESTOS.
158
186
86
86
86
86
86
86
90
202
110
114
114
126
130
130
138
138
138
138
138
154
190
190
194
220
220
248
252
252
252
262
262
262
270
270
274
274
278
278
102
202
no
210
210
210
210
210
190
228
236
252
262
270
274
274
166
o
18
11
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
16
8
15
14
13
11
11
10
10
10
10
9
7
12
12
8
10
10
11
12
12
12
9
8
8
14
14
15
14
7
7
13
16
8
16
16
16
16
16
13
9
15
12
9
13
15
14
11
29
25
39
37
18
17
16
15
00
36
30
05
49
43
53
31
35
30
25
10
50
00
45
25
30
40
35
40
58
10
05
30
30
15
50
05
42
55
40
40
41
50
25
52
51
60
48
47
30
30
58
U
30
20
31
59
00
o
120
124
124
124
123
123
124
124
121
120
124
121
121
123
121
122
123
123
123
123
123
126
121
121
124
123
123
125
124
123
123
125
126
126
121
122
120
120
122
123
121
120
124
120
120
120
120
120
120
118
120
123
125
122
120
120
122
37
20
05
15
53
55
01
02
20
35
20
09
05
48
56
20
45
55
50
40
25
20
20
20
25
20
20
15
07
51
56
55
10
15
55
05
01
05
50
00
17
51
35
47
50
48
44
48
35
30
03
39
50
00
04
13
30
GOLD.
82
82
82
82
82
82
202
202
202
202
202
202
110
110
110
114
114
114
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
138
166
166
210
210
190
190
190
194
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
216
216
236
236
236
244
252
252
252
252
262
262
262
262
262
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
o
9
9
8
8
8
8
16
16
16
16
16
16
8
8
8
15
15
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
10
11
11
16
16
13
12
12
8
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
15
12
12
12
12
11
10
9
9
9
8
15
16
15
14
14
14
13
13
13
f
10
05
55
45
35
30
37
24
31
31
31
29
25
25
16
15
11
54
19
18
18
17
14
13
11
09
07
06
01
01
20
10
10
49
48
20
55
40
25"
33
28
26
25
22
17
14
13
00
10
01
54
25
30
30
17
58
20
45
40
30
35
25
15
10
50
10
00
55
55
50
O '
125 40
Do
125 40
ASPHALT.
Do
125 45
Do
125 40
JjgytC
Do.::
125 65
Do
125 50
COAL.
Benguet Subprovince
Do
120 49
120 40
Do
120 39
Do
Do
120 41
Do
Do
120 42
Do
Do!:
120 44
Do
124 25
Do
Do
124 40
Do
124 35
Benguet Subprovince
121 07
Do
121 04
Do
121 04
Do
Camarines Norte. . . .
Do
122 41
122 43
Do
122 46
Do
Do
122 27
Cebu
Do
122 50
Do
1 Do
122 36
Do
Do
122 53
Do
Do
122 30
Do
Do
122 51
Do
122 35
Do
122 47
Do
Do
122 54
IVIisamis
Cebu
123 45
Occidental Negros. . .
Do
Iloilo
122 35
Do
122 45
Lepanto Subpro'/ince
Do
Mindoro
Do
120 47
Sorsoi^on (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Do
120 48
121 00
120 50
Surigao
Do
Do
121 30
Misamis
124 45
Do
Nueva Ecija
Do
121 18
Tayabas (N)
Tayabas (S)
Zambales
121 07
Do
Do
Do
121 00
121 18
Do
121 03
Zamboanga
Do
Do
121 08
Do
120 59
COPPER.
Nueva Vizcaya
Do
121 58
121 36
Pangasinan
120 32
Batangas
Benguet Subprovince
i Do
Do
I Romblon
Sorsogon (N)
Sorsogon (S)
Do
Do
Surigao
120 33
120 31
122 35
Lepanto Subprovince
Do
Do
Do
Do
123 24
123 24
123 38
123 48
125 35
Mindoro
Palawan (S)
Pangasinan
Soraogon (S)
Surigao
Tayabas (S)
Do
Do
Do
125 80
125 25
125 40
Do
126 00
Tayabas (N)
Do
121 25
]21 20
Do
121 20
Do
Do
121 25
GAS
Tayabas (S)
Do
122 00
122 45
Do
122 20
Iloilo
Do
122 10
Do
122 25
614
LIST OF MINERAL RESOURCES.
615
Mineral resources
and province.
GOLD— Contd.
Tayabas (S)— Contd.'
Do
Do
Zamboanga
IRON.
Bulacan
Do
Do
Do
Camarines Norte. .
Do
La Union
Pangasinan
Rizal
Surigao
LEAD.
Tayabas (S)
MANGANESE.
Ilocos Norte
Pangasinan
Sorsogon (S)
Sulu
Facing
Lati-
page.
tude.
1
o
/
270
13
25 1
270
13
15 !
278
7
00
t
114
15
j
12
114
15
02
114
14
58
114
14
57
122
14
19 '
122
14
16
182
16
19
236
16
05
240
14
35
262
9
25
270
13
20
158
18
29
236
16
01
252
12
18
258
5
15
Longi-
tude.
122
122
122
121
121
121
121
122
122
120
120
121
125
05
00
05
09
07
07
10
39
47
27
34
12
50
121
50
120
37
120
03
123
24
120
10
Mineral resources
and province.
Facing
page.
Lati-
tude.
Longi-
tude.
OIL.
Cebu . . .
138
178
190
190
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
86
102
150
154
194
252
270
274
o
10
7
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
7
7
9
13
13
15
/
25
45
45
25
35
35
30
25
25
25
20
20
15
15
02
00
00
00
10
02
25
05
o '
123 45
Lanao . ...
124 15
Mindoro
121 20
Do
121 10
Tayabas (S)
Do
122 25
122 30
Do
122 30
Do
122 40
Do
122 35
Do
Do
122 35
122 35
Do
122 40
Do
Do
SULPHUR.
Albay
122 35
122 40
123 51
Batangas
121 00
Cotabato
125 15
Davao
125 10
Misamis
124 40
Sorsogon (N)
ZINC.
Tayabas (S)
Zambales
123 53
121 50
120 11
INDEX.
617
INDEX.
A.
Abra, province, situation, boundaries, topo-
graphy, rivers, rainfall, winds, agricultural
and forest products, minerals, and popu-
lation of, 75 ; Tingguianes in, commerce and
transportation of, cattle raising in, number
of municipalities and barrios of, name,
population and location of the capital of,
76 ; anciently a part of Ilocos, mis-
sionary work in, effects of the Silang Rebe-
llion in, 76 ; organization of, in the 19th
century, 76, 77 ; effects of the Revolution
in, establishment of civil government in,
present organization of, 77 ; approximate
area, area of farms, cultivated lands, produc-
tion in 1918, population, number of schools,
mortality, and number of household industry
and manufacturing establishments of, 77 ;
remarkable typhoons in, 463.
Agcaoili, Francisco, comments on the report
written by, on food value, 33, 37.
Agents, Census special, appointment of, 6 ;
duties of, 7 ; instruction to, 13.
Aguinaldo, Emilio, General of the Revolution,
133 ; President of the Philippine Republic,
133 ; capture of, 168.
Agusan, province, situation, boundaries, val-
leys, mountains, climate and weather, agri-
cultural products, lakes, swamps, minerals,
industries, and name and location of the
capital of, 79 ; tivers, number of munic-
ipalities and barrios of, 80 ; origin of, early
explorations of, missionary work in, Moro
raids of, SO, 81 ; ancient territory of, past
and present organization of, 81 ; approxi-
mate area, area of farms, cultivated lands,
production in 1918, population, number of
schools, mortality, number of household in-
dustry and manufacturing establishments of,
81 ; destructive floods in, January, 1916,
391 ; average annual and seasonal rainfall
at, 355-357.
Albay, province, situation, bays, gulfs, porta,
mountains, rivers, lakes, climale and tem-
perature, mineral springs, and agricultural
and forest products of, 83 ; minerals, popu-
lation, industries, and cummei'ce of, name,
population and location of the capital of,
number of municipalities and barrios of,
84 ; early expeditions to, ancient towns of,
population of, in the ISth and 19th cen-
turies, territory of, in the 19th century, ef-
fects of the Revolution in, establishment of
j\Jbay, province — Continued.
civil government in, 85; approximate area,
area of farms, cultivated lands, production in
1918, population, number of schools, mortal-
ity, and number of household industry
and manufacturing establishments of, 85 ;
monthly distribution of rainfall in, 348, 352 ;
remarkable typhoons in, 462 ; average annual
and seasonal rainfall at. 355-357.
Albert, Dr. Alejandro, appointment of, aa
Assistant Census Director, 2 ; district as-
signment, 6 ; trip to southern islands by,
14 ; comments on statistical tables on schools
by. 33.
Algue, Rev. Father Jose, S. J., reports a^
pamphlets on the climate of the Philippines
by, 295.
.Aniburayan, subprovince, situation, topo-
graphy, rivers, climate, resources, and prod-
ucts of, 197 ; industries and people of,
198 ,- population, municipalities, township
and barrios of, 198.
Ambos Camarines, monthly distribution of
rainfall in, 348-352 ; remarkable typhoons in,
462 ; average annual and seasonal rainfall
for, 355-357.
Antipolo, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 349.
Antique, province, territory embraced by.
mountains, climate, topography, ports and
coastwise trade, surrounding islands, min-
erals and mineral springs, and agricul-
tural products of, 87 ; forest products,
industries, number of municipalities and
barrios, and name, population and location
of the capital of, 87, bB ; early bornean
settlers of, Spanish expeditions to, Moro
raids of, early organization of, population
and organization of, in the luth century, Sb ;
effects of the Revolutipn in, establishment
of civil government in, 89 ; approximate
area, area of farms, cultivated lands,
production in 1918, population, number of
schools, mortality, and number of household
industry and manufacturing establishments
of, 89 ; average annual and seasonal rain-
fall for, 355-357 ; frequency of typhoons in,
■162.
Aparri, meteorological station, frequency or
monthly and annual percentajre of winds
at, 431 ; lowest barometric minima in,
during typhoons, 448-451 ; monthly distribu-
tion of rainfall at, 351.
619
620
INDEX.
Apayao, subprovince, topography, mountains,
rivers, principal agricultural products,
forests, and minerals of, hunting and fish-
ing in, number of townships, settlements
and rancherias of, 199 ; approximate area,
population, number of schools of, 200.
Apo Volcano, description of, 147, 151 ; mineral
deposit of, 151.
Atimonan, meteorological station, monthly
distribution of rainfall at, 350.
Atlas of the Philippines, 34 ; preface to the,
67-71.
Atmospheric pressure of secondary import-
ance as climatic factor, 293 ; minima of,
in remarkable typhoons of the Philippines,
448-451.
B.
Babuyanes, islands, frequency of remarkable
typhoons in, 462.
Bacolod, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 850.
Baguios. (See Typhoons.)
Baguio, city of, situation, elevation, roads,
scenery, population, famous places of in-
terest in, and number of inhabitants and
location of, 139 ; first expedition to, early
organization of, 139 ; progress of, in the
19th century, establishment of civil govern-
ment in, Burnham plan for, incorporation of,
Baguio of today, 140; approximate area,
population, number of schools of, 140 ;
temperature observations of, 335, 337 ; frost
observed in, 337-341 ; monthly and annual
rainfall at, 362-364 ; not the wettest place
on earth, 362 ; heaviest annual and monthly
rainfall at, 362 ; winds in, 430.
Baler, meteorological station, barometric min-
ima at, 448-450 : monthly distribution of
rainfall at, 351.
Banahao, mountain, 172 ; temperature observa-
tions at, 333 ; monthly and annual rainfall
at, 365.
Basco, meteoroloKical station, barometric min-
ima at, 448-451 ; monthly distribution of
rainfall at, 351.
Basilan, island, description of, 410 ; monthly
distribution of rainfall at, 352.
Bataan, province, territory comprised by,
mountains, minerals, rivers, and agricul-
tural products of, 91 ; industries, forest
products, inhabitants, number of munic-
ipalities and barrios, and name, popula-
tion and location of the capital of, 92 ;
early territory and towns of, missionary
work in, 92 ; battles against the Dutch,
92, 93 ; population of, in the 18th and 19th
centuries, effects of the Revolution in, estab-
lishment of civil government in, 93 ; approx-
imate area, area of farms, cultivated
lands, production in 1918, population, num-
ber of schools, mortality, and number of
household industry and manufacturing
establishments of, 93 ; small percentage of
remarkable typhoons in, 463 ; average an-
nual and seasonal rainfall for, 365-357.
Batag, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at. 350.
Batanes, province, situation, description, and
geological formation of the islands of,
95 ; topography, climate, inhabitants, and
principal products of, cattle raising in,
industries, unhealthfulness, name, and popu-
lation of the capital of, and number of
townships and barrios of, 96 ; early popula-
tion of, establishment of Spanish authority
in, 96 ; missionary work in, 96, 97 ;
Governor Basco, expeditions sent by ; organ-
ization of, at the end of the Spanish rule ;
establishment of civil government in, 97 ;
approximate area, area of farms, cultivated
lands, production in 1918, population, num-
ber of schools, mortality, and number of
household industry and manufacturing
establishments of, 98 ; frequency of remark-
able typhoons in, 462 ; monthly distribution
of rainfall in, 352 ; average annual and
seasonal rainfall for, 355-357.
Batangas, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 350.
Batangas, province, situation, bays, harbors
and ports of, Lobo submarine garden, Bom-
bon Lake, mountains, and climate of, 99 ;
agricultural and forest products, domestic
animals, fish industry, rivers, mineral
springs, caves and grottos, underground
river, inhabitants, industries, number of
municipalities and barrios of, and name,
population and location of the capital of,
99 ; early settlements and native founders
of, 100 ; Spanish explorations, early terri-
tory, and Moro raids of, 101 ; British inva-
sion of, coffee, source of prosperity of, in the
19th century, 101 ; effects of the Revolution
in, 101, 102 ; establishment of civil govern-
ment in, 102 ; approximate area, area of
farms, cultivated lands, production in 1918,
population, number of schools, mortality,
and number of household industry and man-
ufacturing establishments of, 102 ; small per-
centage of remarkable typhoons in, 463 ;
average annual and seasonal rainfall for,
355-357.
Bayombong, town, monthly distribution of
rainfall at, 351.
Benguet, subprovince, geographical division,
mountains, rivers, lakes, chief agricultural
products, domestic animals, hot springs, coal
deposits of, and gold mining in, 201 ; weav-
ing industry of, barter, the form of local
commerce in, inhabitants, number of town-
ships and barrios of, and name, population
and location of the capital of, 202 ; approxi-
mate area, area of farms, cultivated lands,
production in 1918, population, number of
schools, mortality, and number of household
industry and manufacturing establishments,
202 ; frequency of typhoons in, 462 ; average
annual and seasonal rainfall for, 355-357.
I Beyer, Dr. H. O., comments on the article
I written by, on non-Christian tribes, 41-44.
INDEX.
621
Biac-na-bato, pact of, 113.
Bohol, province, islands included in, coast pe-
culiarities of, mountains, rivers, cataracts
and waterfalls of, cattle raising in, and
agricultural products of, 108 ; forest prod-
ucts, mineral and mineral springs of, edible
birds' nests, industries, number of munic-
ipalities and barrios of, and name, popula-
tion and location of the capital of, 108, 104 ;
early explorations and organization of, re-
volts in 1622 and 1744 in, 104 ; organization
of, in the 19th century, revolt in 1828 in,
effects of the Revolution in, and organization
of civil government in, 105 ; approximate
area, area of farms, cultivated lands, produc-
tion in 1918, population, number of schools,
mortality, and number of household industry
and manufacturing establishments of, 105 ;
average annual and seasonal rainfall in,
355-357 ; small percentage of remarkable ty-
phoons in, 463.
Bontoc, subprovince, description of, moun-
tains, geographical division, rivers, mineral
resources and springs, and important crops
of, 203 ; carabaos and wild animals, prin-
cipal industries, size and location of towns,
number of townships and barrios of, and
name, population and location of the capital
of, 203, 204 ; approximate area, area of
farms, cultivated lands, production in 1918,
population, number of schools, mortality,
of, 204 ; average annual and seasonal rainfall
for, 355-357 ; frequency of typhoons in, 462.
Borongan, port of, 245 ; meteorological station,
monthly distribution of rainfall at, 350 ; bar-
ometric minima in typhoons at, 448, 450.
Brown, Mr. W. H., temperature and rainfall
observations on Mount Banahao by, 333, 365.
Buencamino, Sr. Felipe, appointment of, as
Assistant Census .Director, 2 ; Census dis-
trict assigned to, 6 ; Census work done by,
33.
Bukidnon, province, situation, boundaries,
mountains, rivers, grazing and farming
areas, agricultural products, transportation,
and inhabitants of, 107 ; land possibilities,
number of municipalities, municipal districts
and barrios, and name, population and loca-
tion of the capital of, 108 ; early settlers of,
Visayan immigrants, early towns of, organ-
ization of, in the 19th century, effects of the
Revolution in, and effects of and changes in
the organization of civil government of, 108 ;
approximate area, area of farms, cultivated
lands, production in 1918, population, num-
ber of schools, monthly distribution of rain-
fall for, 852 ; great floods in, January, 1916,
391.
Bulacan, province, meaning of the name, sit-
uation, boundaries, topography, mountains,
minerals, mineral springs, agricultural and
forest products, and rivers of. 111; indus-
tries, and trade and commerce of. 111, 112;
number of municipalities and barrios, and
Bulacan, province — Continued.
name, population and location of the capital
of, 112; creation of, early towns of, revolt
in 1643 in, effects of British occupation in,
and prosperity of, in the 19th century, 112;
weaving industry of, territorial extension of,
in the 19th century, effects of the Revolu-
tion in, Biac-na-bato and Malolos, historical
places of, and establishment of civil govern-
ment in, 113 ; approximate area, area of
farms, cultivated lands, production in 1918.
population, number of schools, mortality,
and number of household industry and man-
ufacturing establishments of, 113 ; small
percentage of remarkable typhoons in, 463.
Bulusan, Volcano, description of, 249.
Butuan, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 350.
Cagayan, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 361.
Cagayan, province, situation, boundaries, topo-
graphy, mountains, and rivers of, location
of the tobacco producing region of, minerals,
trade, rivers, salted and dried fisli industry,
and inhabitants of, 115 ; Palani Island, prin-
cipal agricultural products, number of mu-
nicipalities and barrios, and name, popula-
tion and location of the capital of, 116 ; early
explorations of, effects of early revolts and
of tobacco monopoly in, early territory, and
organization of, in the 19th century, effects
of the Revolution in, establishments of civil
government in, and present organization of,
116, 117 ; approximate area, area of farms,
cultivated lands, production in 1918, popula-
tion, number of schools, mortality, and num-
ber of household industry and manufactur-
ing establishments of, 117; average annual
and seasonal rainfall for, 355-357 ; greatest
frequency of remarkable typhoons in, 463 ;
great floods in, 389.
Calapan, harbor of, mine in, 187 ; population
of, 188 ; meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 351.
Calbayog, harbor of, 245 ; meteorological
station, monthly distribution of rainfall at,
351.
Camarines Norte, province, situation, coast
peculiarities, mountains, climate, principal
agricultural products, mineral resources, and
inhabiUnts of, 119 ; early and present or-
ganization of, 119, 120; early exploration
and population of, pre-Spanish settlements.
Tagalog immigrants, and organization of.
in the' 19th century, 120 ; establishment of
civil government, towns now belonging to,
and capital of. 120 ; approximate area, area
of farms, cultivated lands, production in
1918, population, number of schools, mor-
tality, and number of household and manu-
facturing establishments of, 121.
622
INDEX.
Camarines Sur, province, territory embraced
by, climate, mountains, rivers and lakes of,
123 ; Caramoan Peninsula, description of,
123, 124 ; exports, transportation, inhabit-
ants, number of municipalities and barrios
of, and name, population and location of
the capital of, 124 ; early explorations and
towns of, 124 ; early revolts, ancient terri-
tory and towns comprised by it, organiza-
tion of, in the 19th century, effects of the
Revolution in, establishment of civil govern-
ment in, towns given, under an Act of
March, 1919, 125 ; approximate area, popula-
tion of. 126.
Capiz, town of, 127; meteorological station,
monthly distribution of rainfall at, 351.
Capiz, province, meaning of the name, bound-
aries, coast peculiarities, mountains, rivers,
and climate of, Aklan Valley, Ilaya Plain,
principal agricultural products, and nipa
swamps of, 127 ; forest products, minerals,
mineral springs, and waterfalls of, Dumalag
Cave, weaving industry, commerce and
transportation, number of municipalities
and barrios, and name, population and loca-
tion of the capital of, 128 ; legend about the
name of, pre-Spanish organization of, Span-
ish settlement in, 128, 129 ; early centers of
population of, organization of, in 1716 and
at the end of Spanish rule, effects of the
Revolution in, establishment of civil govern-
ment in, 129 ; approximate area, area of
farms, cultivated lands, production in 1918,
number of schools, mortality, and number of
household industry and manufacturing estab-
lishments of, 129 ; average annual and sea-
sonal rainfall for, 355-357 ; small percentage
of typhoons in, 463.
Caraga, town, cyclonic wave in, October, 1904,
449 ; monthly distribution of rainfall at,
350.
Catanduanes, island, description of, 83, 84 ;
average annual and seasonal rainfall for,
355-357 ; frequency or percentage of remark-
able typhoons in, 462.
Cavite, town of, 131 ; meteorological station,
monthly distribution of rainfall at, 350.
Cavite, province, situation, harbor, dockyards,
mountains, climate, and important agricul-
tural products of, 131 ; rivers, 131, 132 ; in-
habitants, industries, number of municipal-
ities and barrios of, and name, population
and location of the capital of, 132 ; early
centers of population of, organization of in
1614 and 1754, Dutch attack of, in 1647,
132 ; foundation of Ternate, 132 ; religious
haciendas and agrarian disputes in, military
mutiny in 1872 ; execution of Burgos, G6mez
and Zamora, revolutionary activities in, and
establishment of civil government in, 132,
133 ; approximate area, area of farms, cul-
tivated lands, production in 1918, population,
number of schools, mortality, and number of
household industry and manufacturing es-
Cavite, province — Continued.
tablishments of, 133 ; average annual and
seasonal rainfall for, 356-357 ; frequency of
typhoons in, 462.
Cebu, town of, 135 ; meteorological station,
monthly distribution of rainfall at, 351.
Cebu, province, boundaries, mountains, cli-
mate, principal agricultural products, min-
erals, domestic animals, and weaving
industry, number of municipalities and
barrios of, and name, population and loca-
tion of the capital of, 135 ; town of Cebu,
pre-Spanish existence of, early trade with
the Chinese, discovery of the island, Ma-
gellan deeds, first Spanish settlement in,
Portuguese attacks upon, Moro raids of,
population of, in the 19th century, opening
of, to foreign trade, 135, 136; effects of the
Revolution in, 137 ; approximate area, area
of farms, cultivated lands, production in
1918, population, number of schools, mortal-
ity, and number of household industry and
manufacturing establishment of, 137 ; aver-
age annual and seasonal rainfall for, 356-
357 ; frequency of typhoons in, 462.
Census of 1918, authority for and scope of,
1 ; proclamation of the Governor-General,
fixing the Census Day, 2-5 ; plan for the
taking of, 5 ; assembly of inspectors of, in
Manila, 10 ; organization of the Office of,
27 ; official inspection of, by high Gov-
ernment officials, 29 ; permanency of, 32 ;
scientific contributions to, 83 ; results of,
regarding population, agriculture, education,
mortality, social statistics, manufactures,
and household industries, 39 ; visefulness and
necessity of data of, for constructive
measures, 62.
Chinese, uprising of the, 143, 172.
Cities. (See Baguio and Manila.)
Climate, elements of, 293 ; four types of,
in the Philippines, 348, 352 ; map of, for
the Philippines, 348, 352, 358 ; reports of,
for the Philippines, 294, 295.
Cloudiness, mean monthly and annual for
several stations of the Philippines, 422.
Coronas, Rev. Father Jose, S. J., report on
climate and weather of the Philippines,
291-474 ; extracts from several pamphlets on
Philippine floods and typhoons, 385-391 ; ex-
tracts from a pamphlet on an extraordinary
drought in the Philippines, 1919-1912, 395-
397.
Corregidor, meteorological station, monthly
distribution of rainfall at, 349.
Cotabato, meteorological station, monthly
distribution of rainfall at, 351.
Cotabato, province, meaning of this term,
territory occupied by, bays, harbors, loca-
tion of principal towns, rivers, mountains,
important forest products, and climate of,
147 ; soil fertility and productiveness of,
swamps, lakes, minerals, inhabitants, com-
merce, industries, number of municipalities
and barrios, and name, population and
INDEX.
623
Cotabato, province — Continued.
location of the capital of, 148 ; original
name of, and its meaning, introduction of
Mohammedanism in, Spanish explorations
of, 148 ; conquest of Mindanao, expeditions
to, in the 19th century, organization of, at
the end of the Spanish rule, 149 ; evacuation
of, by the Spaniards, 148, 149 ; present or-
ganization of, 150 ; approximate area, area
of farms, cultivated lands, production in
1918, population, number of schools, mortal-
ity, and number of household industry and
manufacturing establishments of, 150 ; aver-
age annual and seasonal rainfall for, 355-357.
Cuyo. meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 350.
Cyclones. (See Typhoons.)
China Sea, typhoons formed in, 458, 465 ; fre-
quency of typhoons of, affecting the weath-
er in the Philippines, 466.
Christmas Day, weather at Manila on, 471,
474.
D.
Dagupan, meteorological station, monthly
distribution of rainfall at, H49.
Dapitan, description of, 410; monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at the meteorological
station of, 351.
Davao, gulf, cyclonic wave in, October,
1904, 449.
Davao, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 351.
Davao, province, territory of, coasts, bays,
mountains, rivers, climate, agricultural
lands, important agricultural products, and
minerals of, 151 ; people, industries, number
of municipalities and barrios of, and name,
population and location of the capital of,
152 ; Oranguyen expedition to, early Span-
ish explorations Of, organization of, in the
19th century, 152, 153 ; changes in the or-
ganization of, establishment of the Moro
Province, present organization of, 153 ; ap-
proximate area, area of farms, cultivated
lands, production in 1918, population, num-
ber of schools, mortality, and household
industry and manufacturing establishments
of, 163 ; average annual and seasonal rain-
fall for, 355-357.
Directors of the Census, appointment of, 2:
assignment and supervision by, 6, 7 ; divi-
sion of work among the, 33.
Drought, most important periods of, in the
Philippines. 10n-l'.)12 and 1911-l'.il5. 391-
403.
Dumaguete, meteorological station, monthly
di.'^tribution of rainfall at, 351.
Dutch, invasions by the, 92, 93, 132, 165.
E.
English, occupation of Manila by the, 148, j
14 1 : effects of. 112, 113.
Enumeration, districts, organization of, 7 ; in-
structions for, to enumerators and special
agents, 13 ; appointment of, 8 ; difficulties
encountered in the, in urban districts, and ;
of non-Christian Filipinos, 16, 17. |
F.
Floods, in Manila and surrounding provinces,
384-388 ; in central and northern Luzon, 389,
390 ; in Mindanao, January, 1916, 390, 391.
Frost, observed in Baguio, 335-337.
Geographic names, list of, 475-615.
Guerrero, Dr. Leon Ma., appointment of, as
Assistant Census Director, 2 ; Census
district assigned to, 6 ; Census work as-
signed to, 33 ; comments on the article
written by, on medicinal plants, 37, 38.
Gubat, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 350.
H.
Harrison, Francis Burton, Governor-General,
appointment of first Census Committee by,
1 ; proclamation by, fixing the Census Day,
2-5 ; speech delivered by, before the Census
Inspectors' Assembly, 11, 12,
Holidays, official, weather experienced at Ma-
nila on, 468-474.
Humidity, relative, high in the Philippines,
405 ; annual and monthly average of, in
Archipelago, 406 : of the Philippines com-
pared with that certain places in the United
States, 606 ; extreme values of, for Manila,
415.
I.
Iba, town of, 271 : meteorological station,
monthly distribution of rainfall at. 349.
Ifugao, subprovince, description, mountains,
winds and rains, minerals and terraces of,
205 ; effects of deforestation in, agricxil-
tural products of, 205 : salt springs and
salt rock deposits of, wild animals of,
dialects spoken in ; Ifugaos, a very in-
dustrious people, number of townshijjs and
barrios, 205, 206 : approximate area, popu-
lation, number of schools, 206.
Ilocos Norte and Sur, provinces, average an-
nual and seasonal rainfall for, 355-367 ; fre-
quency of typhoons in, 462.
Ilocos Norte, province, territory occupied by,
mountains, ports, climate, lakes, and min-
erals of, cattle raising in, 155 ; agricul-
tural products, fish industr>-, weaving
industry, inhabitants, emigration, number
of municipalities, townships, rancherias
and barrios, and name, population and
location of the capital of, 156, 156; pre-
Spanish organization of, creation of, early
Chinese trade with, Spanish exploration of,
156, 157 ; revolts in, during the Spanish ad-
ministration, economic progress of. in the
19th century ; effects of the Revolution in,
establishment of civil government in, 167 ;
approximate area, area of farms, cultivated
lands, production in 1918, population, num-
ber of schools, mortality, and number of
household industry and manufacturing estab-
lishments of, 157, 168.
Ilocos Sur, province, mountains, agricultural
products, ports, rivers, lakes, and quarries
624
INDEX.
Hocos Sur, province — Continued.
of, 15t) ; industries of, 159, 160 ; inhabitants,
number of municipalities and barrios of,
name, population, and location of the cap-
ital of, 160 ; division of, the Hocos region,
creation of, early explorations of and ex-
peditions to, ancient towns of, 160 ; early
disorders and revolts in, 160, 161 ; econonfiic
development of, in the 19th century, effects
of the Hevolution in, establishment of civil
government in, 161 ; approximate area, area
of farms, cultivated lands, production in
1918, population, number of schools, mor-
tality, number of household industry and
manufacturing establishments of, 161.
Iloilo, meteorological station, monthly distri-
bution of rainfall at, 350 ; monthly and
annual percentage of winds at, 427.
Iloilo, province, portion of Panay Island
occupied by, surrounding islands, area,
distance from Manila, location, Iloilo Port,
important market towns, mountains,
climate, agricultural products and minerals
of, 163 ; rivers, inhabitants, weaving in-
dustry of, number of municipalities and
barrios of, name, population and location of
the capital of, 163, 164. Pre-Spanish organ-
ization of, Spanish settlement of, early
towns of, Moro and Dutch raids in, changes
of territory in the 18th century, prosperity
and increase of population in the 19th cen-
tury of, 164, 165 ; evacuation by the Span-
iards in. Revolutionary government in, civil
government in, establishment of, 165 ; ap-
proximate area, area of farms, cultivated
lands, production in 1918, population, num-
ber of schools, mortality, and number of
household industry and manufacturing es-
tablishments of, 165 ; average annual and
seasonal rainfall for, 355-357 ; frequency of
typhoons in, 462.
Indications of prosperity and social progress,
55.
Inspectors, census, appointment of, 6, 7 ; con-
vention of, 10 ; report on enumeration of,
17-25.
Introduction to Census report. (See Census,
and Villamor. )
Isabela, province, situation, mountains, rivers,
climate, agricultural products, forests and
grasslands, inhabitants of Sierra Madre in,
167 ; number of municipalities and barrios
of, name, population and location of the
capital of, 168 ; creation of, early centers
of population of, early uprisings of. Rev-
olutionary government in, Palanan, the
town in which Agruinaldo was captured, civil
government in, establishments of, 168 ;
approximate area, area of farms, culti-
vated lands, production in 1918, popula-
tion, number of schools, mortality, and num-
ber of household industry and manufactur-
ing establishments of, 168. 169 ; average
annual and seasonal rainfall for, 355-357 ;
Isarog, volcano, description of, 123 ; frequency
of typhoons in, 462.
Islands, principal, in Philippine Archipelago,
279 ; names and areas of, 280-283.
Iwahig, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 351.
J.
Jolo, meteorological station, monthly distri-
bution of rainfall at, 351 ; typhoon felt
in, October, 1904, 449.
July 4, weather on, at Manila, 469, 472.
K.
Kalinga, subprovince, principal agricultural
products, rivers and climate of, 207 ; house-
hold industries of, 207, 208 ; exports, inhab-
itants, name, population, and location of
the capital of, number of townships and
barrios of, 208 ; approximate area, area of
farms, cultivated lands, population, number
of schools, of, 208.
li.
Laguna, province, situation, mountains, cli-
mate, concentration of industries of, La-
guna de Bay Lake, 171 ; scenery of, 172,
171 ; mineral springs, inhabitants, name,
population and location of the capital of,
number of municipalities and barrios of,
172 ; early expedition and population of,
disturbances during the British occupa-
tion of, 172 ; Cofradia Revolt in 1840, 172,
173 ; agrarian dispute in Calamba, terri-
torial changes of, in the 19th century, effects
of the Revolution in, organization of civil
government of, 173 ; approximate area, area
of farms, cultivated lands, production of,
in 1918, population, number of schools,
mortality, and number of household in-
dustry and manufacturing establishments
of, 173 ; average annual and seasonal
rainfall for, 355-357 ; frequency of typhoons
in, 462.
Lanao, province, situation, topography, moun-
tains, rivers. Lake Lanao, climate, agri-
cultural products and industries of, 175 ;
inhabitants, name, population and location
of the capital of, number of municipal
districts and barrios of, 176 ; establish-
ment of Spanish authority in, campaigns
during the administration of General Wey-
ler in, organization under the Spanish and
American rules in, 176 ; approximate area,
area of farms, cultivated lands, production
of, in 1918, population, number of schools,
mortality, and number of household industry
and manufacturing establishments of, 177 ;
monthly distribution of rainfall at, 352 ;
great floods in, January, 1916, 391.
Laoag, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 349.
La Union, province, situation, mountains,
rivers, lakes, climate, agricultural prod-
ucts and industries of, ports and roads in,
179 ; inhabitants, name, population and
INDEX.
625
La Union, province — Continued.
location of the capital of, number of munic-
ipalities and barrios of, 180 ; creation of,
territory with which it was made up,
exploration of, early towns of. Malong Re-
bellion in, population of, in the 19th century,
and cause of its increase, effec'is of the Rev-
'^'lution in, 180 ; establishment of civil gov-
ernment in, 181 ; approximate area, area of
farms, cultivated lands, production of, in
1918, population, number of schools, mor-
tality, and number of household industry
and manufacturing establishments of, 181 ;
average annual and seasonal rainfall for,
355-357 ; frequency of typhoons in, 462.
Legaspi, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 350 ; monthly and
annual percentages of winds at, 428.
Lepanto, subprovince, description, mountains,
climate, crater, lakes, rice terraces, prin-
cipal agricultural products of, minerals of,
209 ; household industries of, 209, 210 :
. cattle raising in, roads, inhabitants, name,
population and locktion of the capital of,
number of townships and barrios of, 210 :
approximate area, area of farms, cultivated
lands, production of, in 1918, population,
number of schools, mortality, and number
of household industry and manufac-
turing establishments of, 210; frequency
of typhoons in, 462.
Leyte, province, islands embraced by, situa-
tion, arrea, bays, ports, mountains, climate,
rainfall, winds, agricultural products of,
forests in, 183 ; domestic animals, minerals,
immigrants, industries of, inhabitants,
number of municipalities and barrios of,
name, population and location of the capi-
tal of, 184 ; first mass celebrated in the
Philippines in, Magellan's discovery of, early
names of, ancient- organization in, reli-
gious revolt of, in 1622, 184 ; Bancao Revolt
in, 184, 185 ; separation of, from Samar,
organization of, in the 19th century, opening
to foreign trade of. Revolutionary Govern-
ment in, organization of civil government
in, 185 ; approximate area, area of farms,
cultivated lands, production of, in 1918,
population, number of schools, mortality,
and number of household industries and
manufacturing establishments of. 185 ;
average annual and seasonal rainfall for,
355-357 ; frequency of typhoons in, 462.
Lueena, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 351.
Luzon, island, extreme temperatures of, 306,
807 ; floods in the central and northern part
of, 389, 390 ; greatest frequency of typhoona
in the northern part of, 463.
M.
Maasin, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 361.
Magellan, Ferdinand, discovery of the Philip-
pines by. (See Samar, Buhol, and Cebu.)
171078 40
Manila, city of, situation, division, districts,
important streets, residence districts, trans-
portation system, water, sewer, and electric
light systems, and population of, and
foreigners in, 140 ; climate of, 141, 142 ;
places of recreation and amusement, places
of interest, buildings and monuments, and
harbor and port of, 142 ; Pasig River,
esteros of, Manila as a distributing center,
142 ; origin of the name of, pre-Spanish
organization of, 142 ; first visit of, by the
Spaniards, early troubles in, foundation of,
by Legaspi, Chinese uprisings in, British oc-
cupation of, 143, 144 ; opening of, to foreign
commerce, organization of, in 1880, Manila,
the birthplace of the Katipunan, American
occupation of, 144 ; organization of, under
American rule, 144, 145 ; approximate area,
area of farms, cultivated lands, production
in 1918, population, number of schools,
mortality, and number of household in-
dustry and manufacturing establishments
of, 145 ; meteorological stations operated
by the Weather Bureau of, 293-294 ; extreme
temperatures at, 324 ; monthly distribu-
tion of rainfall at, 350; remaikrble floods
in, 384-388 ; winds in, 429 ; small percentage
of typhoons in, 463 ; weather at, on official
holidays, 468-474.
Malolos, capital of, 112; population of, 112:
independence proclaimed in, 113; seat of the
Philippine Congress, 113.
Marinduque, subprovince, monthly distribu-
tion of rainfall in, 352; frequency of
typhoons in, 362.
Marinduque, subprovince of. {See T ay abas, i
Mariveles, harbor and quarry, 91 ; legend of,
92.
Alabbate, subprovince, 249; history of, 250;
(lata for, 251 : average annual and seasonal
rainfall for, 365-357 ; frequency of typhoona
in, 462.
Masbate, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 351.
Mayon, volcano, description of, 83.
Medina, Rafael, comments on the report sub-
mitted by, on Philippine forests. 38.
.Mindanao, island, remarkable floods in, Jan-
uary, 1916, 391 ; considerably free from
typhoons, 463.
Mindoro, province, origin of its name, moun-
tains, rains and winds, climate, harbors,
surrounding islands, submarine irarden,
rivers. Lake Naujan, agriculturul products
of, minerals and mineral Hi)rinKS of, guano
deposits in, 187 ; inhabitants, industries of,
name, population and location of the capi-
tal of, number of townships and barrios
of, 187 ; early Chinese trade in, first visit
of, by the Spaniards in, early organization
of, Moro raids in 188 : expeditions against
the Moros in, population of, in the 19th cen-
tury : Revolutionary government in, organ-
ization of, in 1902 ; present organization of.
189 ; approximate area, area of farms, cut-
626
INDEX.
Mindoro, province — Continued.
tivated lands, production of, in 1918, popu-
lation, number of schools, mortality ; and
number of household industries and man-
ufacturing establishments of, 189 ; average
annual and seasonal rainfall for, 355-357 ;
frequency of typhoons in, 462.
Mineral resources, list of, 614-615.
Misamis, province, geographical division, bays,
important towns, mountains, climate, rain-
fall and winds, chief crops, minerals, in-
habitants, industries of, name, population
and location of capital of, number of mu-
nicipalities and barrios of, 191 ; missionary
work in, 191, 192 ; Mohammedan influence
in, original inhabitants, early organization
of, population and organization of, in the
19th century, Revolutionary government in,
192 ; establishment of civil government in,
present organization of, 193 ; approximate
area, area of farms, cultivated lands, pro-
duction of, in 1918, population, number of
schools, mortality, and number of household
industry and manufacturing establishments
of, 193 ; average annual and seasonal rain-
fall for, 355-357 ; great floods in, January,
1916, 391.
Moros, raids by. 80, 81. 101, 188, 246. 260,
268-9 ; establishment of Moro province, 153.
Mountain Province, territory comprised by,
subprovinces, exploration of, Spanish ex-
peditions in, organization of, at the end
of Spanish rule. 195, effects of the Revolu-
'tion, Tila Pass Battle, organization of the
subprovinces under American rule of, pre-
sent organization of, 196 ; temperature,
332-337.
N.
Naga, meteorological station, monthly distri-
bution of rainfall at, 351.
New Years' Day. weather on. in Manila, 469.
472.
Nueva Ecija, province, situation and bound-
aries, inhabitants, agricultural production
of, minerals of. rivers, chief commercial
towns of, Munoz Agricultural School in,
number of municipalities and barrios of,
name, population and location of capital
of, 211 ; creation of, early territory of.
211 ; population and territorial changes of,
in the 19th century ; effects of the Revolu-
tion, organization of civil government in,
former and present capital of, 212 ; approx-
imate area, area of farms, cultivated lands,
production of, in 1918, population, number
of schools, mortality, and number of house-
hold industries and manufacturing establish-
ments of, 212 ; average annual and seasonal
rainfall for, 355-357 ; frequency of typhoons
in, 462.
Nueva Vizcaya, province, situation and
boundaries, number of the different inhabit-
ants, agricultural products, valleys, rivers,
climate, salt springs, number of municipal-
ities and barrios of, name, population and
Nueva Vizcaya, province — Continued.
location of capital of, 213 ; creation of,
213; early territory and population of,
213. 214 ; pre-Spanish organization of,
missionary work in, expeditions in, estab-
lishment of civil government in, organ-
ization under the American rule, 214 ;
approximate area, area of farms, cultiva'ed
lands, production of, in 1918, population,
number of schools, mortality, and number
of household industries and manufacturing
establishments of, 215 ; average annual and
seasonal rainfall for, 355-357 ; frequency of
typhoons in, 462.
O.
Observatory of Manila, its work and publi-
cations on climate, 293-295.
Occidental Negros, province, situation, area,
harbors, mountains, climate, agricultural
products of, population, industries of, 217 ;
number of municipalities and barrios of,
name, population and location of capital
of, 218 ; creation of, #arly exploration and
population of, ancient organization of,
development of, in the 19th century, 218 ;
sugar-cane cultivation in. Revolutionary
Government in, establishment of civil gov-
ernment in, 219 ; approximate area, area
of farms, cultivated lands, production of,
in 1918. population, number of schools,
mortality, and number of household in-
dustry and manufacturing estabUshments
of. 219 ; average annual and seasonal rain-
fall for, 355-357 ; frequency of typhoons in,
462.
Occupation Day, weather on, at Manila, 470,
473.
Olongapo, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at. 349.
Oriental Negros, province, territory embraced
by. area, bays, climate, agricultural pro-
ducts of, lakes, volcanoes, mountains, in-
dustries of, name, population and location
of capital of, 221 ; important towns of,
221, 222 ; number of municipalities and
barrios of, 222 ; creation of, former name,
early population and organization of, Moro
raids in, organization, population and eco-
nomic prosperity of, in the 19th century,
sugar production of, division of the island,
effects of the Revolution, establishment of
civil government in, 223 ; approximate area,
area of farms, cultivated lands, production
of, in 1918, population, number of schools,
mortality, and number of household indus-
tries and manufacturing establishments of,
223 ; statistical data for Siquijor, 224 ; aver-
age annual and seasonal rainfall for, 355-
357 ; small percentage of remarkable ty-
phoons in, 463.
Ormoc, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 351.
Osmeiia, Sergio, Speaker of the House of
Representatives, speech delivered by, on hi«
visit to the Census Office, 31, 82.
INDEX.
627
p.
Pacific typhoons, origin of. 458-459 ; their in-
fluence on the weather of the Philippines,
465.
Palawan, province, situation, area, surround-
ing islets, bays and harbors, climate,
lenountains, forest and agricultural pro-
ducts of, minerals, fishing in, 225 ; name,
population and location of capital of, 225,
226 ; important towns of, commercial and
geographical position of, inhabitants, num-
ber of townships, settlements and barrios
of, 266 ; Mohammedan influence in, estab-
lishment of Spanish authority in, cession
of land by Borneo Sultanate, 226 ; changes
of organization of, in the 19th century,
226, 227 ; Balabac, a place of special in-
terest in, establishment of civil govern-
ment in, present territory and name, 227 ;
approximate area, area of farms, cultivated
lands, production of, in 1918, population,
, number of schools, mortality, and number
of household industries and manufacturing
establishments of, 227 ; average annual and
seasonal rainfall for, 355-357 ; frequency of
typhoons in, 462.
Pampanga, province, topography, main in-
dustries of, forest and agricultural products
of, commerce and transportation in, Ma-
cabebe traders of, number of municipalities
and barrios of, name, population and loca-
tion of capital of, 229 ; early exploration
and settlements in, conquest by the Span-
iards, rebellions in, 230 : creation of, effects
of the Revolution, establishment of civil
government in, 231 ; approximate area, area
of farms, cultivated lands, production of, in
1918; population, number of schools, mor-
tality, and number of household industries
and manufacturing establishments of, 231 ;
average annual and seasonal rainfall for,
356-357 ; small percentage of remarkable
typhoons in, 463.
Panay, island, monthly distribution of rain-
fall in, 348, 362.
Pangasinan, province, geographical division,
topography, mountains, rivers, harbors,
minerals and mineral springs of, 233 ; rice
cultivation in, 233, 234 ; industries of, name,
population and location of capital of, num-
ber of municipalities and barrios of, 234 ;
pre-Spanish organization in, trade with the
Chinese and Japanese, 234 ; exploration of,
234, 235 ; missionary work in, creation of,
Limahong landing, revolts in 1660 and 1765,
economic prosperity of. in the 19th cen-
tury, 235 ; effects of the Revolution, esta-
blishment of civil government in, towns now
included in, 236 ; approximate area, area of
farms, cultivated lands, production of, in
1918 ; population, number of schools, mor-
tality, and number of household industries
and manufacturing establishmenta of, 286;
Pangasinan, province — Continued.
average annual and seasonal rainfall for,
355-357 ; small percentage of remarkable
typhoons in, 463.
Paracale, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 350.
Philippine Islands, climate and weather of,
291-474 ; climatological and weather service
of, 293-294 ; distribution of rainfall over,
342-354 ; typhoons in, 447-466.
Polillo, island of. (See Tayabas.)
Ports, list of, in the Philippines, 284-288.
Portuguese, attacks by, 135, 136.
Q.
Quezon, Manuel L., President of the Phil-
ippine Senate, speech delivered by, before
the assembly of Census Inspectors, 11 ;
speech delivered by, on his visit to the
Census Oflice. 30, 31.
R.
Rainfall, four types of monthly distribution
of, in the Philippines, 342-362 ; cyclonic, 342 ;
winter, 342-343 ; annual, in Archipelago,
352-354 ; map of, for the Philippines, 342-
353 ; greatest annual average for Baguio,
362 ; annual and seasonal by provinces and
subprovinces, 354 ; of the Philippines com-
pared with that of other cities in the
world, 354 ; monthly and annual variability
of, in Manila, 365; monthly, annual and
daily extremes of, in many Philippine
stations, 367-380 ; greatest in a single hour
at Manila, 381.
Revolts against Spain, — by Silang, 76, Con-
fradia, 172, 264 ; by Malong, 180, 255 ; by
DuKohoy, 105; by Sumoroy, 246. (See Phil-
ippine Revolution, 113, 133, 144, etc.)
Rizal Day, weather on, at Manila, 471-474.
RizaJ, Dr. Jose, monument of, 14:: ; native
town of, 173 ; Filipino hero, 238 ; exiled to
Dapitan, 276.
Rizal, province, situation and boundaries;
area, mountayis, name, population and loca-
tion of capital of, Pasig stiver, climate,
agricultural and forest products of, minerals,
waterfalls, Montalban River, 237 ; chief
industry of, number of municipalities and
barrios of, 238 ; creation of, ancient towni
of, Spanish exploration in, Chinese uprising
in, effects of British occupation, Morong
military district of, 238 : effects of the
Revolution, establishment of civil govern-
ment in, 239 : approximate area, area of
farms, cultivated lands, production of. in
1918, population, number of schools, mortal-
ity, and number of household industries and
manufacturing establishments of, 239 ;
small percentage of typhoons in. 463.
Rogers. Samuel L.. Director of the United
States Census, comments by, on the report
submitted by the Director of the Philippine
Census. 32.
628
INDEX.
Romblon, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 351.
Romblon, province, islands and islets which it
is composed of, area, name, population and
location of capital of, ports and bays,
mountains, climate, agricviltural products of,
minerals of, 241 ; inhabitants, industries of,
241, 242 ; Mangyans and Negritos in, num-
ber of municipalities and barrios of, 242 ;
early explorations of, missionary work in,
early population of, Moro raids in, organ-
ization of, in the 19th century, 242 ; Rev-
olutionary government of, establishment of
civil government in, effects of emigration,
243 ; approximate area, area of farms,
cultivated lands, production of, in 1918,
population, number of schools, mortality,
and number of household industries and man-
ufacturing establishments of, 243 ; average
annual and seasonal rainfall for, 355-357 ;
frequency of typhoons, in 462.
s.
Saderra Maso, Rev. Father Miguel, S. J.,
pamphlets on rainfall of the Philippines
by, 295 ; remarks on the winter rainfall of
the Philippines by, 342-343.
Samar, province, situation, area, mountains,
ports, name, population, and location of
capital of, rivers, caves, climate, agricultural
products of, 245 ; forests, inhabitants, indus-
' tries of, number of municipalities, barrios
and rancherias of, 246 ; the first inland dis-
covered by Magellan, early organization of,
rebellion in 1649, Moro raids in, 246 ; effects
of the Revolution, establishment of civil
government in, 247 ; approximate area, area
of farms, cultivated lands, production of, in
1918, population, number of schools, mortal-
ity, and number of household industries and
manufacturing establishments of, 247 ; aver-
age annual and seasonal rainfall at, 355-357 ;
great frequency of typhoons in, 464.
San Fernando, La Union, ^ meteorological
station, mon^jily distribu\ion of rainfall
at. 349.
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, meteorological sta-
tion, monthly distribution of rainfall at,
350.
San Jose de Buenavista, meteorological sta-
tion, monthly distribution of rainfall at,
349.
San Jose, Mindoro, meteorological station,
monthly distribution of rainfall at, 349.
Santa Cruz, Laguna, meteorological station,
monthly distribution of rainfall at, 350.
Santos, Epifanio de los, appointment of, as
member of the first Census Committee, 1 ;
appointment of, as Assistant Census Direc-
tor, 2 ; Census district assigned to, 6 ;
Census work done by, 33.
Silang, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 349.
Siquijor, sub-province of. (See Oriental Ne-
gros, 221-224.)
Sorsogon, province, situation, area, surround-
ing islands and islets, Sorsogon Gulf, name,
population and location of capital of, im-
portant towns, mountains, forests, min-
erals, climate, agricultural products of,
scenery, inhabitants, industries of, numbifr
of municipalities and barrios of, 249 ;
creation of, explorations of, Sumoray up-
rising, hemp-stripping machine in, Spanish
galleons, organization of, in 19th century,
250 ; Revolutionary government of, estab-
lishment of civil government in, annexation
of Masbate at, 251 ; approximate area,
area of farms, cultivated lands, production
of, in 1918, population, number of schools,
mortality, and number of household in-
dustries and manufacturing establishments
of, 251 ; statistical data for Masbate, 251,
252 ; average annual and seasonal rainfall
for, 355-357 ; frequency of typhoons in, 462.
Sulu, province, islands included in, geological
formation, earthquakes, topography, climate
of, 253 ; agricultural products of, 253, 254 ;
important industries of, trade, inhabitants,
number of municipalities, municipal dis-
tricts and barrios of, 254 ; early foreign
trade in, 254 ; introduction of Mohammedan-
ism in, 254, 255 ; state of warfare against
Spain and Spanish expeditions in, 255 ;
reign of Sultan Alimudin of, 255, 256 ;
occupation of Sulu by the Spaniards, civil
war in, evacuation by Spain of, organiza-
tion of the Moro Province in, establishment
of civil government in, 256 ; approximate
area, area of farms, cultivated lands, pro-
duction of, in 1918, population, number of
schools, mortality, and number of house-
hold industries and manufacturing establish-
ments of, 256, 257 ; average annual and
seasonal rainfall for, 355-357.
Surigao, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 350 ; monthly and
annual percentage of winds at, 425.
Surigao, province, location, territory embraced
by, mountains, area, climate, rivers, agricul-
tural products of, typhoons and earthquake
in, minerals, trade and transportation in,
259 ; inhabitants, immigrants, number of
municipalities and barrios of, name, popu-
lation and location of capital of, 260 ;
early territory and name, explorations of,
missionary work in, Moro raids in, 260 ;
organization of, in the 19th century, estab-
lishment of civil government in, present
organization of, 261 ; approximate area, area
of farms, cultivated lands, production of, in
1918, population, number of schools, mor-
tality, and number of household industries
and manufacturing establishments of, 261 ;
average annual and seasonal rainfall for,
355-357 ; small percentage of remarkable
typhoons in, 463.
INDEX.
629
T.
Taal Volcano, description of, 99.
Tacloban, meteorological station, monthly
distribution of rainfall at, 360 ; lowest
barometric minima in typhoons in, 449, 350.
Tagbilaran, meteorological station, monthly
('istribution of rainfall at, 351.
Tarlac, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 351.
Tarlac, province, situation and boundaries,
area, name, population and location of
capital of, important commercial towns of,
rivers, lakes, geographical division, forest
products, medicinal springs, agriculture and
agricultural products of, inhabitants, in-
dustries of, number of municipalities and
barrios of, 263 ; creation of, uprising in
1762, immigrants, organization of, in 19th
century, 264 ; effects of Revolution, 264,
265 ; establishment of civil government,
265 ; approximate area, area of farms,
cultivated lands, production of, in 1918,
population, number of schools, mortality,
and number of household industries and
manufacturing establishments of, 265 ; aver-
age annual and seasonal rainfall for, 356-
357 ; frequency of typhoons in, 4G2.
Tayabas, province, location, area, islands com-
prised, bays, streams, mountains, agricul-
tural and forest products of, minerals, in-
dustries of, important towns, inhabitants,
267; Marinduque: situation, climate, ex-
ports, leading products of, chief markets,
harbors, 268 ; Polillo : situation, topo-
graphy, population, minerals, location of
the town of, number of municipalities and
barrios of, 268 ; Spanish explorations of, '
early organization of, Cofradia revolt, 268 ;
Moro raids in, 268, 269 ; effects of Revolu-
tion, establishment of civil government in,
present organization of, 269 ; approximate
area, area of farms, cultivated lands, pro-
duction of, in 1918, population, number of
schools, mortality, and number of household
industry and manufacturing establishments
of, 269 ; statistical data for Marinduque,
269 ; average annual and seasonal rainfall
for, 356-367 ; frequency of typhoons in, 462.
Temperature, map of, for the Philippines,
306 ; monthly and annual average of, in ■
Archipelago, 296-300; monthly and annual |
variability of, in Manila, 300 ; of the Phil- |
ippines Compared with that of other cities
in the world, 302 ; extremes of, for many
Philippine stations, 306-323 ; summary of
observations of, for Baguio, 343.
Thunderstorm rains, 343.
Tuguegarao, meteorological station, monthly '
distribution of rainfall at, 351 ; enormous
amount of rainfall in eleven days at, 38".>.
Typhoons, importance of, in climatology of the
Philippines, 445 ; monthly and yearly dis-
tribution of, 459 ; distribution of, by prov- |
Typhoon — Continued,
inces and subprovinces, 459-466 ; barometric
minima in, 448-451 ; rate of progress of, 448-
451 ; tracks of, across the Archipelago,
1903-1918, 452-459; greatest frequency of.
in Cagayan Province, 463 ; influence of, in
Manila, 457-458 ; distance of, from Manila,
457 ; origin of, 758-759 ; monthly percentage
of, in the Philippines, 459-464.
u.
United States, temperature, rainfall and rel-
ative humidity compared with those of the
Philippines, 302, 354, 606.
V.
Vigan, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 349.
Villamor, Ignacio, Director of the Census,
introduction to Volume I by, 1-63.
Virac, meteorological station, monthly dis-
tribution of rainfall at, 350.
Visayan Islands, extremes of temperature in,
3C6-307; floods in, 390.
w.
Weather Bureau, climatological stations main-
tained by, 293-294 ; its work and publications
on climate, 392-395 ; report on climate and
weather of the Philippines by Chief of Me-
teorological Division, 291-474.
Weather, service in the Philippines, 293, 294 ;
on offlcial holidays at Manila, 468-474 ; daily
map of the Far East, 294.
Winds, importance of, as a climate factor,
423 ; frequency and velocity of, in several
stations of Archipelago, 423-438 ; maximum
hourly velocities of, in Manila, 438, 439.
Z.
Zambales, province, area, location and bound-
aries, islands included, harbors, rivers, name,
population and location of capital of,
mountains, climate, agricultural products
of, minerals of, 27 ; inhabitants, number
of municipalities and barrios of. 272 ; ex-
ploration of, early organization of, Dutch
raids in, revolts in, population of, in 19th
century, 272; effects of Revolution. 271. 273.
405 ; establishment of civil government in,
present territory of, 273 ; approximate area,
area of farms, cultivated lands, production
of. in 1918, population, number of schools,
mortality, and number of household in-
dustry and mnnufacluring ostablishmcnts
of, 273 ; average annual and seasonal rain-
fall for, 366-357 ; frequency of typhoons in,
462.
Zambnang'i. meteorological station, monthly
distribution cf rainfall at. 351 ; monthly
and annual percentage of winds at, 424 ;
cyclonic wave in, October, 1904, 449.
630
INDEX.
Zamboanga, province, situation, area, islands
comprised, bays, name, population and loca-
tion of capital of, ports, mountains, forest
products of, climate, agricultural products
of, minerals of, 275 ; inhabitants, Basilan
Island, number of municipalities and bar-
rios of, 276 ; Dapitan, armed encounters
between Spaniards and Moros in, Zam-
boanga Fort, 276 ; organization of, in the
19th century, 276, 277 ; effects of the Revolu-
Zamboanga, province — Continued.
tion, organization of the Moro Province in,
present organization of, 277 ; approximate
area, area of farms, cultivated lands, pro-
duction of, in 1918, population, number of
schools, mortality, and number of household
industry and manufacturing establishments
of, 277 ; average annual and seasonal rain-
faU for, 355-357.
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