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PUBLIC LIBRARY

FORT WAYNE & ALLEN CO., INO,

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 01714 6561

C 977.2 rS2r:r-
[Cottman, Geo^"ge 3. 18*57-

1941 .
I C e n t e D rj i a 1 h i s t o r y a n d

h B. r ' d i:) c) (3 !■•: o -^ T ii ^ :i i b i"\ a

Centennial
History and Handbook

of Indiana

The Story of the State from Its Beginning to the Close of the Civil War,
and a General Survey of Progress to the Present Time

By GEORGE S. COTTMAN

Founder Indiana Magazine of History

A Survey of the State by Counties

Embracing Specific and Local Information with Numerous Illustrations

By MAX R. HYMAN

Editor Hyman's Handbook of Indianapolis, Etc.

INDIANAPOLIS
MAX R. HYMAN, PUBLISHER
NINETEEN FIFTEEN

Allen County Public Library

900 Webster Street

PC Box 2270

Fort Wayne, IN 46801-2270

By MAX R. HYMAN, Indianapolis

THE HOLLENBECK PRESS
INDIANAPOLIS

PREFACE

This work, first of all, aims to supply a popular
need. The rescuing of history from documentary
sources, the seeking of new facts and the discus-
sion of debatable questions is a field to which the
writer has here given but secondary attention,
the plan of the work being purposely difi:erent.
This plan has been to put into easily available
form and in the compass of one volume a wide
range of facts, past and present, that wdll con-
vey an intelligent and tolerably complete idea of
the story of Indiana and the thread of its devel-
opment on which the facts are strung.

These facts have been accumulating in pub-
. lished historical material until they are quite suf-
ficient to tell the story in all its essentials, but
they are in a scattered form, practically inac-
cessible except to the student who can search
them out from the shelves of the larger libraries.
But few existing works aim to cover the history
of the State. Of these some are fragmentary,
some present but skeleton outlines too meager to
impart much information, and none satisfies the
repeated demand for a comprehensive reference
work. If this volume falls short of such ideal,
it can at least be claimed that it is an advance in
that direction.

The prime thing in the history of this or any
other commonw^ealth or society, is not a mass of
detached facts, however picturesque they may
be in the recital. The chief thing of interest is
the organic growth and the facts in perspective
as revealing that growth. Any stage or condition
is but the "balance of preceding forces," and the
culminating interest of it all is in the Present,
which we sadly need to understand better. With
this idea in view the undersigned, in his author-
ship of the historical portion of the book, has
endeavored so to group his data as to convey a
sense of the chronology and development of
cause and efifect. Those developments since the
Civil War period have not been traced historic-
ally, as he would wish, but the general survey,
dealing with the results of the historic processes
is. it may be held, the vital thing.

It mav be added, in this connection, that in

150i;>5

filling out his various chapters, the author has
drawn freely upon such other writers as have
standing, especially those who have made especial
studies of the theme in hand. He has taken
their reasonable accuracy for granted, and, in
most instances, accepted them as reliable. The
aim has been to give credit in every case proj^
erly calling for it.

The county sketches, compiled by Mr. llyman,
with whom this work originated, constitute an
important part of this work, and the more so.
because there is a great dearth of comparative in-
formation giving the relative standing of the
various sections of the State. This treatment of
the county units will thus subserve something
broader than mere local history.

Not the least interesting feature of this work
is the numerous maps and illustrations. These
not only depict conditions as they existed at the
dawn of the State's histor}-. but will help the
reader to a better understanding of present-day
developments; revealing to many for the first
time, more fully tlian has heretofore l)een done
in any other work, much that is historic and
picturesque within the borders of Indiana.

Among the authorities drawn upon by Mr.
Hyman in the preparation of the "Survey of
the State by Counties," and to whom especial
credit is due for valuable assistance are Jacob
Piatt Dunn : Ernest \\ Shockley. Ph. D. ; De-
marchus Brown, State Librarian ; Edward Bar-
rett, State Geologist ; John I. Plofi^mann. As-
sistant State Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion ; Amos W. Butler, Secretary State Board of
Charities and Correction : luigene C. Shireman.
Commissioner of Fisheries; Elijah .\. Glatlden.
Secretary State Board of Forestry: Charles
Downing. Secretary State Board of Agriculture;
Gilbert Hendren. State Examiner; Edward A.
TVrkins, President Industrial Hoard of Indiana.
and William 1^. Tuite. Deputy State Statistician.

To John FI. Ilolliday. Rowland lAans. Guil-
ford A. Deitch. Henry Sievenson. Hon. \\'illiain
D. Bynuin. Hon. Charles L. Hein-\-. Dr. Sam-
uel E. l-'arp and Merica 1". Hoagland of Indian-

apolis, and to Mrs. M. C. (iarber of Madison,
Phil McXagny of Columbia City, Ulysses S.
Lesh of Huntington, Oscar F. Rakestraw, Editor
Angola Republican; Howard Roosa, Editor Ev-
ansville Courier, and Lyman D. Heavenridge,
Editor 07^'en County Journal, he is indebted for
valuable contributions and suggestions.

Interesting and valuable photographs were sup-
plied by Addison H. Nordyke, Dr. ^ I orris Al-
brecht, Bert Weedon and l^Vank M. Hohen-
berger of Indianapolis, and William M. Her-
schell, of 'J'hr ludianapolis N ci^'s and Orra Hop-
per, School Superintendent of Washington
county, also contributed a valuable collection of
photographs of historical points of interest.

The book is from the Hollenbeck Press, and
with few exce])tions all of the engravings were

made by the Stafford Engraving Company of
Indianapolis, from original photographs, many
of which were taken by the W. H. Bass Photo
Company.

The work, as a whole, has been made possible
only through the generous support given to Mr.
Hyman in this vmdertaking by the people of the
State, whose autographs are herein published,
and to whom he herewith gives public acknowl-
edgment.

This edition is now submitted to the public
with the hope that it will be found to be useful
as well as interesting, and that its support will
necessitate many editions.

George S. Cottman.

Indianapolis, Ind.,
December, 1915.

Corrections and suggestions are invited
for future editions. Address all commu-
nications to Max R. H^"^IAN, Publisher.

CONTENTS

PART I

A History of Indiana by Topics, Ciironologicallv Arranged, fkom
THE Beginning to the Close of the Ciyil War.

CHAPTER VAGK

I Preliminary — The French Occupancy of the \\ aljash

Valley 9

II Acquisition of Our Territory — Story of Clark's Conf|uc<t 17

III The Northwest Territory — Civil Beginnings .... .v-^

IV Indiana Territory — Beginnings 41

V The Danger Period — Indian History 57

VI The New State <j9

VII The State's Development to 1836 83

VIII The Story of New Harmony 93

IX Internal Improvement Movements Preliminary to Law

of 1836 99

X An Experiment in Paternalism 10^^

XI Other Developments Prior to 1840 10/

XII 1840 to 1850 — Conditions and Development During Dec-

ade ^1'

XIII Period from 1850 to 1860 119

XIV The Civil War Period l'^'"'

PART II

A General Survey of Indiana as Developed
Since the Civil War.

XV Conditions Since 1870— General Survey of Period . . . 153

XVI Natural Resources ^^^

18?

... 187

XVII Manufactures . . . .
XVIII Agricultural Advancement

PART III

A General Survey of Indiana by Counties witk Bk.kf Historical
Sketches Alphabetically Arkangfd.

Population of Incorporated Cities and Towns in Indiana. 1910 . . 4^4

Addenda ',

-, , T 1 . . • 461

General Index

PART l\'

Who^s Who in Indiana— Brief Biographical Sketches of
Prominent Men and \\*omen.

PART I

A History of Indiana by Topics, Chronologically Arranged,

From the Beginning to the Close of

the Civil War.

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY— THE FRENCH OCCUPANCY OF
THE WABASH VALLEY

Fundamental Factors : Soil, Climate, Stock
and National Policy. — A study of the influences
that have given direction, shape and character to
the history of Indiana carries the inquirer Ixick
not only to the beginnings of American history
in the Mississippi valley, but to more remote
causes. For example, what is the explanation of
the phenomenal swiftness (as history goes) with
which this valley, one great primeval wilderness
but little more than a hundred years ago, has
progressed to the high tide of twentieth century
civilization ? Obviously, soil, climate, configura-
tion and natural features of the country, stock
and national policy are all factors which, col-
lectively, have wrought results that for expedite-
ness and inherent energy hardly find an analogy
in the history of the world. A comparison with
other continental portions of the globe presents
some interesting contrasts. The most striking,
perhaps, as presenting differences imposed by
the physical basis, is Africa. That vast conti-
nent, with its more than ten million square miles,
lying contiguous to the older centers of civiliza-
tion and itself the seat of the most ancient ones,
has, until recent times, remained the "dark con-
tinent," and the invasions of the dominant
nations have to the present day resulted onl\- in
a polyglot group of colonies that are practical!}-

negligible in an estimate of the world's growth.
Insufficient water supply and vast wastes, tropic
heat, fell diseases and ineradicable pests have
been effective deterrents to the successful reign
of the Caucasian.

If we consider Sovith America, with its zones
of climate ranging all the way from the tropics
of Brazil to the Antarctic sterility of southern
Argentine, and its fertile soils, capable of sup-
porting a teeming nniltitude. we lind it. beneath
the rule of a Latin race, a congeries of minor
nations that seem forever on the border of an-
archy. Briefly, the history of South America
and that of the United States since the settlement
of the two continents largely illustrates the dif-
ference in stock.

Australia, with an area almost e(|ual to that of
the United States, is little more than one vast
l)arren waste, with a fringe of isolated civilization
strung along part of its coasts.

Of Asia, we are told by an antlmrity. "owing
to its great extent from east to west the central
parts, deprivetl of moistnre. are almost every-
where deserts, and a belt around the western,
southern and eastern shores comprises nearly all
that contributes to the sup])ort of man."

This same writer ( Lharles Maclaren) pointing
ont the snperior nalnr.il advantages of the Anier-

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

icas as a seat of civilization, maintains that "the
new continent, though less than half the size of
ihe old. contains at least an equal quantity of
useful soil and much more than an equal amount
of productive power" ; and he adds that "Amer-
ica is indebted for this advantage to its compara-
tively small breadth, which brings nearly all its
interior within reach of the fertilizing exhalations
of the ocean." This means that the rain supply,
which is evaporated from the ocean, reaches
these interior parts ; the rain supply, in turn,
means a system of well-supplied streams, and
they mean, in the first instance, irrigation and
vegetation, and in the second, natural routes
of travel and transportation that are a great de-
termining factor in the distribution of settlers in
a new country. Apropos to this, if we study a
hvdrographic chart of the Mississippi valley
showing the numerous streams that ramify far
and wide from the great "father of waters" and
its larger affluents, and if our imagination adds
to these the innumerable creeks that reach out,
traversing almost every square mile of the coun-
trv. what nature has done for the land in this
particular becomes apparent.

Closely correlated with the abundant water
supply in this favored region is a soil tmsur-
passed in productiveness and a climate which is
at once ada])ted to a wide range of vegetation
and to the stimulation of human energy — a very
potent factor in the development of civilization.
For variety of productions useful to man perhaps
no spot on earth excels the Mississippi valley,
and this value is enhanced by the adaptability of
the soil to vegetation that is not indigenous, many
of our products today being of exotic origin.
This fertility and a(la])tability of the soil, says
Livingston Farrand in his "Basis of American
History," "must be regarded as among the chief
contributing causes to the stupendous growth of
the American nation."

I he stock that jjcoplcd oiu' section has. of
course, ])vrn ;in immcasuraljle factor in the
extraordinary dc\ (.lupnicnt of the country. What
self-governnu'nl is in the hands of an untrained
Latin race is dcnidnslrated by South American
bistorw Tlic Anglo-S.axon tide that poured into
our middlr west atkr llu' revolutionary war was
not only tlic olTsiJving of the most staid and
subst.inti.al r.ice on earth, ])Ut it bad back of it
nearly tw(; centuries of training in self-govern-

ment. It was a race hardy, independent and
capable, jealously guarding its institutions and
the best that it had inherited politically. Above
all, its individuals were ardent lovers of their
land and permanent home-makers. Add to this
a national policy, evolved through the same peo-
ple, that fostered the settlement and development
of the public domain along wise lines that had
been thought out by some of the most patriotic
and most able statesmen of the age, and we have
in rough outline the fundamental factors of that
particular phase of civilization in which our State
shares. To ap})reciate well the character and
meaning of our local history we should consider
these antecedent causes explaining the larger his-
tory of which we are a part. A long and interest-
ing chapter on these preliminaries might well be
written, but the aim here is to touch upon them
in a cttrsory way only, as an introduction to our
nearer theme.

THE FRENCH PERIOD

Relation of the French to Our History. — The

French occupancy of the Mississippi valley, last-
ing nearly a century, or from the time of the
explorations of La Salle and Joliet till the French
and Indian war, is for the most part, as a tale
that is told, with little permanent sequence. This
is true of the early invasion of the Wabash
valley, and while French life there, from the
establishment of the first posts in the first half
of the eighteenth century till the American in-
vasion early in the nineteenth, affords a pic-
turesque and romantic preliminary chapter to our
history, it can scarcely be called an integral part
of it, and its influence in modifying our develop-
ment is scarcely appreciable. The story of
Indiana as a State is a story of .vmericanized
Anglo-Saxon stock pure and simple. The iso-
lated, straggling French life, little ethnological
fragments, as it were, left stranded here far from
their kind, was not strong enough to tincture the
incoming population with that wonderful French
race i)ersistence that is notable in Canada, and in
short time they were incontinently sw^allowed up.
It can be said, however, that the previous
iM-ench settlement at Vincennes determined the
starting ]Kiint of the American occupancy, and
the beginning i)lace of Indiana politics. The
treaty of Greenville, in 1795. secured from the

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Indians, along with certain strategic points on the
Wabash river and a large tract at the falls of the
Ohio, for George Rogers Clark and his soldiers,
the lands adjacent to "the post of St. V'incennes,"
to which the Indian title had already been extin-
guished. This reservation, which was rather
indefinite as to boundaries, in turn determined
the first of the scries of Indian jjurchases that
ultimately comprised the whole State. By a
treaty consummated in 1803 William Henry Har-
rison secured an extension of the 1795 reserva-
tion, with defined boundaries, that reached some
fifty miles westward from V'incennes. This tract
was the first part of the new territory to be sur-
veyed by the rectangular system adopted by the
United States government,* and was the first to
be thrown open for general settlement. This, and
the existence of \'incennes as the one towai in
the territory that was to be the future Indiana,
logically determined the location of the territorial
seat of government and the first center of Ameri-
can ])opulation.

( )ne great preliminary service that the French
did for their successors was in the first explora-
tions of the country, hirst the professed ex-
plorers and then the coureurs de bois. em-
])loyed l)y the fur traders, traversed otu" streams.
])enetrating to the remoter ])arts of the virgin
wilderness, and the maps left us by the old
French cartographers are not only curious as
revealing the growth of the geogra])hical knowl-
edge of our region, but are particularly inform-
ative as to the location of Indian tribes in those
days.f

French Beginnings. — The exact dates of the
tirst iM-ench explorations of the Mississippi vallev
are so variable, as given by various historians,
that it is hardly worth while to give any as really
authentic. /Xccording to the researches of Mr.
J. I'. Dunn, who may be acce])ted as careful and
thoroughgoing, La Salle, the first white man in
this region, ])rol)al)]y "traced the entire lower
boundary of Indiana in 1669-70," by way of the
( )hio river, and ])assed through the northwest
> oriKT of tlic State in 1671 or 1672. From this
time until 1(')79 (still drawing upon Mr. Dunn)
there was no recorded exploration of Indiana,
though it is argued that in that interval more or
less tnr trading w.is carrit-d on in this region.

* Sec .section on Rectangular Survey System,
i" See "Early J-"rcncIi Maps," p. \5.

The portage between the St. Joseph and Kan-
kakee rivers, where South Bend stands, was first
used Ijy him in 1679, while in 1682-3 "he was all
through Indiana and Illinois." Who was the first
to traverse the Maumee-Wabash route by way
of the site of Fort Wayne is not recorded, but it
was probably used by the fur traders at a very
early date, as the W^abash threaded a rich and
extensive fur country, besides being one of the
most direct highways to the Mississippi. The
first post planted in this valley was Ouiatanon.
which was a fort as well as a trading post. There
has been controversy as to the exact location of
Ouiatanon, but according to Professor Oscar J.
Craig, formerly of Purdue University, who has
written a monograph on the subject, it is now
pretty well established that it stood on "the west
side of the Wabash river and four miles below
the present city of Lafayette." The date of its
establishment is given as 1719 or 1720. Its pur-
pose was to "coiniteract the influence of the
English and to keep ascendency over the In-
dians." The logic of the location was that at
this point on the river "the lighter barks and
canoes that were used in the carrying trade be-
tween Canada and the southwest . . . were
changed for larger ones, to be used on the deeper
waters of the lower Wabash and the Ohio" — the
same cause, practically, that operated in the lo-
cating of Lafayette more than a century later.
The post took its name from the Ouiatanon In-
dians, who were located in that vicinity. Ouiata-
noi was garrisoned by the French until 1760,
when it passed into the hands of the English, but
there is no mention of any military force there
twenty-nine years later, when George Rogers
Clark invaded the northwest territory. Accord-
ing to Craig, its later history was enveloped in
mystery. In a way it had been a "settlement" as
well as a post, and a few French families seem to
hive lingered there until Scott's campaign against
the Wabash Indians, in 1791, after which they
betook themselves to other settlements.

'I'he portage between the Maumee and Wabash
ri\ers. where Fort Wayne stands, was an impor-
tant point commercially and a strategic one from
the military view. Before the advent of the
whites it was the site of one of the principal
Aliann towns, called Kekionoi'a, and, according
to Dillon, the l''rench established a trading post
there ]irobably as early as 1719, which would

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDEOOK OF INDIANA

make it contemporary with Ouiatanon in its be-
ginning. Subsequently they erected there Fort
Miamis, which was surrendered to the EngHsh
in 1760. This, in turn, was succeeded by Fort
Wayne, built by General Anthony Wayne's
troops in 1794, and the name of which was trans-
mitted to the present city.

Vincennes, the largest and most permanent of
the three French settlements on the Wabash, was
also long involved in obscurity as to its origin,
but it is now established by documents unearthed
in Paris by Consul General Gowdy, that the date
was 1731. It began as a military and trading post
and went by various names before it evolved into
"Vincennes," in honor of Sieur de Vincennes, its
accredited founder. The life of this isolated
Gallic community in the far western wilderness
for three-quarters of a century, particularly after
the severance, by the war of 1754-63, of all ties
with the country whence it sprung, makes a pic-
turesque and romantic chapter in our historv
which is not without its pathos. For years it left
its traces up and down the Wabash valley, and
these are inseparable from the memory of the
vanished red race, with which it assimilated.

An old document published by. the Indiana His-
torical Society as "The First Census of Indiana,"
gives the names of the heads of families residing
at the three French settlements in 1769. By this
there were sixty-six families at Vincennes, twelve
at Ouiatanon and nine at Fort Miami.

French Life at Vincennes. — The old French
life at Vincennes is described at some length by
J. P. Dunn in his "Indiana." Like the American
pioneer life it was rude to primitiveness, in many
respects, but with many distinctive features. The
log house or cabin, instead of being laid hori-
zontally with notch and saddle like the familiar
American type, was often built by setting the
logs upright in a trench, like pickets.

Sometimes grooved posts were set a distance
apart with horizontal slabs to fill in the interven-
ing spaces, the ends fitting in the grooves.
Thatching or strips of bark were often used for
roofs. There were a few stone houses with
piazzas. Of the rude furniture usually found the
conspicuous article was the high corded bedstead
with its big feather bed and gay patch-work quilt,
while occasionally in the better families a display
would be made of a little treasured silverware or

some ancient hcirluuni that had come hjng ago
from the motherlaiul. Jliey were fond of fiowers
and these usually could be found in prolusion in
their gardens, fenced in by sharpened pickets set
close together in the ground. Every man, prac-
tically, was his own artisan, and as there was no
great skill and perhaps less love of labor the
home-made articles were few and crude. The
women, we are told, had neither spinning wheels
nor looms, and the clothing, half Indian and pic-
turesque, was a mixture of leather and the
fabrics brought in by the traders — leggins, moc-
casins, the capote or cloak, a fancy sash beaded
by the Indians and a gaudy handkerchief for the
head being in the sartorial inventory. Their agri-
cuhure was primitive and the natural fertilitv of
the land was relied upon to obviate the necessitv
for skilful husbandry. Their cumbersome, awk-
ward plows had a wooden mold-board and,
drawn by oxen l)y means of a rope of twisted
rawhide attached to a horn-yoke, instead of a
neck-yoke, could turn only a shallow furrow.
About the only other farm implement was a
clumsy iron hoe, and their one vehicle was a light
two-wheeled cart without iron work of any kind
about it, known as a calache.

Socially, they were a gay. i)leasure-loving peo-
ple and perpetuated Gallic customs that look pic-
turesc[ue in the perspective. Marriage was the
great event and was preceded by the publishing of
bans and by the betrothal contract witnessed by
relatives and friends, while the ceremony was
celebrated by feasting and dancing that some-
times lasted for several days. There was the
charivari and even a so-called Mardi Gras pre-
ceding Lent, whicli consisted of dancing an<i
feasting and a trial of skill at the cooking of flap-
jacks. C^n New Year's day it was the custom
for the men to go tin- rounds making calls in
which it was their privilege to kiss the hostesses.
."-Sometimes the voung men masked on New
Vear's eve and went from house t<t liouse ^^ingiiig
a carol, and a feature of this custom at one time
was to take with them a cart and receive gifts of
clothing and ])rovisions. which were afterward
given to the i)Oor. One of the luxuries we hear
of, which sounds oddly out of place in the Wa-
bash wilderness, is that of billi.irds. Hamilton,
in 1778, wrote that he intendeil to destroy all the
billiard tables.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Music of the French. — "'Father Benedict Jo-
seph Flaget, the 1-Yench priest who came to Vin-
cennes in 1792 and taught the first school in
Indiana, appears also to have been the first music
teacher. In I'.ishop Alerding's chapters on 'Tra-
dition and History of the Diocese of Vincennes,'
he .says of Father Flaget: 'He also formed a
chiss of singing and those of the children who
ha<l the best voices were exercised in singing
French canticles. Tliey sang the canticles not
only in the school and in the church, but also
while laboring in the fields.' These canticles
were hymns taken from the Vulgate Bible and
sung in the services of the churches. They in-
cluded the Benedictus, the Benedicite, the Mag-
nificat and the Nunc Dimittis. . . .

"In the collection of the Charles Lasselle MSS.,
now in the State library, is a copy of a French
song, entitled "La Guigniolet." sung on New
Year's eve. The leader sang one or two lines,
then stopped, and the same was repeated by the
company. Before retiring a last song was sung."
— Mivica Hoaglaiid.

The Early Fur Trade. — W hat may be called
the first industry of the Mississippi valley, the
fur trade, was one of such importance commer-
cially as to be a chief cause of the friction be-
tween France and England in America prior to
the French and Indian war. Interest in territory
for its own sake seems to have been remote and
secondary, compared with the immediate interest
in a traffic which contributed to national revenue
and built up large private fortunes. This applies
to no locality more than to Indiana, where one
vast forest teemed with fur-bearing animals. The
agents of the fur trade were the real explorers,
and the recorded discoveries of the avowed ex-
plorers were, doubtless, meager beside, the un-
recorded ones of the men who traversed the
streams wherever there was a chance of Indian
trade. At one time during the French regime the
annual trade at the post of Ouiatanon alone is
said to have been £8,000, and in the year 1786
the records of the custom house at Quebec
showed an exportation amounting to £275,977.*
One of the early acts of William Henr}' Harrison
as governor of Indiana Territory (in 1801-2)
was to grant trading licenses, the local ])rivilegcs
of each trader being delmcd. and a list of fortv

of these within the present limits of the State
has been preserved.* A subsequent list extends
the trade, as to time, to 1857, before which period
it had ceased to be "Indian trade." The per-
sistence with which wild animals continued to
exist in face of this ruthless war of extermina-
tion is illustrated by the fact that in the middle
of the last century, at least a hundred and fifty
years after the wholesale killing was inaugurated,
the Ewing brothers, whose trading houses were
at Fort Wayne and Logansport, are said to have
amassed about two million dollars at the business.

The men employed as carriers by the early
French traders were the famous coureurs des
bois, a class of half-wild woodsmen which stands
out picturesquely in history. The business, as
conducted through the carriers of a little later
period, is thus described by Dillon :

"The furs and peltries which were obtained
from the Indians were generally transported to
Detroit. The skins were dried, compressed and
secured in packs. Each pack weighed about one
hundred pounds. A pirogue, or boat, that was
sufficiently large to carry forty packs required
the labor of four men to manage it on its voyage.
In favorable stages of the Wabash river such a
vessel, under the management of skilful boatmen,
was propelled fifteen or twenty miles a day
against the current. After ascending the river
Wabash and the Little river to the portage near
Fort Wayne, the traders carried their packs over
the portage to the head of the ]\Iaumee, where
they were again placed in pirogues, or in keel-
boats, to be transported to Detroit. At this
place the furs and skins were exchanged for
blankets, guns, knives, powder, bullets, intoxicat-
ing liquors, etc., with which the traders returned
to their several posts." Elsewhere the same
authority tells us that the articles carried by the
French traders were, chiefly, "coarse blue and
red cloths, fine scarlet, guns, powder, balls,
knives, hatchets, traps, kettles, hoes, blankets,
coarse cottons, ribbons, beads, vermilion, to-
bacco, spirituous liquors, etc." How profitable
the trade was may be gathered from the state-
ment that the value placed on l)ullets was four
dollars per hundred and powder was priced at
one dollar per pint by American traders.

•■ C. B. Lasselle, in Induma Quarterly JNtagazine of History,
vol. ii. Xo. 1.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Names of the Wabash River. — The name
Wabash is a rehc of the Miami language, which
has undergone various transformations. In a
map giving the Indian names of our streams, pre-
pared by Daniel Hough, and published in the
Indiana Geological Report for 1882, the name is
given as Wah-bah-shik-ka. On the later French
maps it is usually given as Ouabache, with some
earlier variants. This was the French attempt
to spell the Indian pronunciation, the ou being
equivalent to our w. When this, in turn, became
Anglicized, it still was an attempt at the Indian
form. At one time the French named the river
St. Jerome, and it so appears on a few maps, but
the change was short-lived. W^abi or Wapi, ac-
cording to Dunn, is an Algonquin stem signifying
white, and Gabriel Godfroy, a recent Miami, who
retained the lore of his race, affirmed that the
Wah-bah-shik-ka derived its name from the for-
mation of white stone over which it ran in one
part of its course.

White river also retains in part the Indian
nomenclature, the original name being, as a
French map gives it, Ouapikaminou, Ouapi sig-
nifying white.

Early French Maps. — Among the valued pos-
sessions of the State library are two large atlases,
in which are mounted a chronological series of
old maps of the Americas — Spanish, French,
English and American, which, covering a period
of more than two hundred years, reveal interest-
ingly the growth of geographical knowledge of
the western hemisphere. Those by French char-
tographers, of or including the Mississippi valley,
running from 1616 to the latter part of the eight-
eenth century, are of special interest as connected
with the French explorations and occupancy.
The earliest of these, one by P. Bertius, 1616.
gives the coasts of the continent in distorted out-
line, and a very crude knowledge of the great
lakes is revealed, but all the interior is, of course,
one vast unexplored blank. Four by Guillaume
Delisle, dated 1703, 1720, 1722 and 1733 (the
latter date doubtful), show the slowly changing
ideas during that span. In 1703 the Ohio, with-
out its branches, is given as "Ouabache autrement
appellee Ohio ou Belle Riviere." It rises in west-
ern Pennsylvania in what appears to be a good-
sized lake, called "L. Ouiasont," and. in its upper
course, flows parallel with Lake Erie through
what we would now describe as northern Ohio.

I he lllinoi,-, and Kankakee river> i not named)
have their rise in two small lakes in northern In-
diana. This and subsequent maps seem to indi-
cate some knowledge of the lakes of Kosciusko
county and the belief that the Kankakee was tbeir
outlet. By 1720 a very fair knowledge of all the
great lakes, as to relative size, locations and
shapes, and also of the Mississippi, Ohio and
Illinois rivers, is revealed. In 1722 the Wabash
is first given, though ver\- incorrectly, it flowing
almost parallel with the ( )hio. west by south.
The Ohio is so named in its ujjper course, but
farther down is given as "Ouabache." In 1733
the Wabash (unnamed) is quite different, being
too far to the west and flowing irom the north
instead of northeast.

Another chartographer, of 1726, gives the Mau-
mee and its branches imperfectly, but not the
Wabash. One of 1742 gives the "Hohio,"
"Oubach" and Maumee (the latter unnamed).
The former still rises in its lake among the moun-
tains of western Pennsylvania : the Wabash runs
almost parallel, rising in a small lake in Ohio.
As yet there is no indication that the map-
makers knew of the portage between the Maumee
and the Wabash. Branches are shown flowing
into the W^abash from the north and west, but
not from the south and east. A mountain-like
elevation is shown in what appears to be about
the center of Indiana. In 1746 the Wabash, given
with greater accuracy, is first called the "R. de S.
Jerome," and "F. des Miamis." at the Maumee.
evidently indicates the old French fort of that
name. The Kankakee is here given as "Ilua-
kiki." In 1755 \\'hite river is first shown, with
both its branches. 'M. Seutteri's map of 1720
(see page 11) is chiefly notable as the best
one, showing the boundary lines between the
English colonies and New France and the one
separating the two great French provinces. Can-
ada and Louisiana. This latter line, running
eastward from the ^lississippi to the Maryland
l)order, cut through Indiana. < >ne rather won-
ders why the French should c<:intiiuie to make
maps of the region after its surrender to the
British, but there are at lea-t three or four after
that event. J. Leopold Imbert. 1777. first
shows Fort Ouiatanon. which is marked "Fort
Francois." and a note at "F. .ies Miamis" states
that it was built by the French in 1750. ("Batit
par Ies Francais en 1750." i .\s this post appears

CEXTKNXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

on the maj) of 1746, Imbert's date probably refers
to the rebuilding of the fort after its destruction
by fire. Jt is curious that none of the maps be-
fore that of 1771, by Bonne, indicate the exist-
ence of Vincennes. Even as late as 1806 we find
it absent from that of E. Mentelle, though on this
map are both "Weauteneau" and "Fort Miami"
— the latter an anachronism, for before that time
Fort Wayne had succeeded to Fort Miami.

Two curiosities among these maps are an Eng-
lish revision of d'Anville's French map, of abotit
the time of the French and Indian war, and a
German jjroduction of 1821. The first has elab-
orate notes, in which it is claimed that the Eng-
lish were entitled to the country by early discov-
ery, they having "thoroughly explored" to and
beyond the INlississippi as early as 1654-64. In
the German map the great lakes and the states of
the northwest territory are strangely distorted.
Lake Michigan touches Indiana east of its longi-
tudinal center, and there are mountain ranges
across northern Indiana and throughout Ohio.

Geologic Cause in French History. — An in-
teresting geological story, apropos here, which
illustrates how remote natural causes may some-
times enter into hvnnan history, is given by Mr.
Charles R. Dryer, in the Sixteenth Geological
Report of Indiana (1888). The French in their
intercourse with the Mississippi valley, as even
the casual reader of history is supposed to know,
passed into the interior valley from the basin of
the great lakes by the rivers of the two systems,
making the connections over various short port-
ages at water-sheds where the navigable waters

of opposite-flowing streams almost met. There
were six or seven of these trade routes, and one
of the most direct, with a comparatively short
and easy portage, was from Lake Erie up the
Maumee to the point where Fort Wayne stands,
thence about nine miles by level land to the Aboit,
or Little Wabash, thence down the A\'abash. An
examination of the map reveals a peculiar nat-
ural feature at this portage. The St. Joseph and
St. Mary's rivers, flowing, respectively, from the
northeast and southeast, unite at the point far-
thest west, then, as the Maumee, double curiously
on their previous courses and flow back to Lake
Erie. The three, presenting a sagittate or arrow-
head form, reach into the fork formed by the
branches of the Wabash, thus bringing the waters
of the two systems almost together at navigable
points. This odd situation, Mr. Dryer explains
in terms of glacial deposit, the explanation be-
ing that vast lobes of ice in the glacial period
crowding each other from north and east heaped
up their ridges of morainic matter in such fash-
ion as to determine the subsequent river valleys.
In view of this theory it is not fanciful to say
that the blind forces of nature, long before the
advent of man, predetermined very definitely the
little chapter of French history in the Wabash
valley, and whatever relics of it may have sur-
vived in our later history. More than that, it
determined at a later day a very important trade
route (the Wabash and Erie canal, which fol-
lowed the Maumee and Wabash valleys) that
played no little part in peopling and developing
the Wal)ash valley.

CHAPTER II

ACQUISITIOX OF OUR TERRITORY— STORV OF
CLARK'S CONQUEST

From the close of the French and Indian war
until 1779 the country northwest of the Ohio
river was under British rule, the occupancy by
that nation consisting of small military forces
planted at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia and two
or three other points along the Mississippi river.
The invasion of this region and its conquest by
George Rogers Clark makes one of the heroic
and romantic chapters of American history. But
for such a leader in the right place at the right
time there is little doubt that the vast territory
in question, now comprising the five great States
of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wiscon-
sin, would not have been ceded at the treaty of
Paris, following the revolutionary war. England
wished to retain it as a "buffer" territory to sep-
arate her Canada possessions from those of the
United States. In deciding the question it was
a case where "possession was nine points of the
law," and we had possession.

The Situation. — When the American colonies
were fighting desperately for independence and a
national future, Kentucky, a province of Vir-
ginia, was the extreme western frontier. Be-
tween it and Canada, where the English were
firmly entrenched, stretched the territory in
question, a harboring place for savage allies of
the enemy who repeatedly threatened and terror-
ized the Kentucky settlements.

The Need of a Leader ; George Rogers Clark.
— The federal congress was not ignorant of or
indift'erent to this state of aft'airs in the far west,
and it probably would, eventually, have moved
in the matter when less distracted by other
troubles, though how fatal too long delay might
have been is a matter for guessing. However, it
is a quite safe historical assumption that the
embryo nation was fortunate in having on the
endangered territory a man of initiative, states-
manship, military ability and tremendous resolu-
tion. This person was George Rogers Clark, a
Virginian by birth, but a Kentuckian by adoption,
who, by his strength of character, had become a
leader in the new settlements, and who knew the

conditions much more intimately than did the
government in the east. The elements that come
into relief when we examine his famous cam-
paign and its successful outcome are this un-
erring, fundamental comprehension of conditions

Reproduction of Porirait of ( iciicral ('iO(ir.i.;o Kniicrs
Clark. (ProiHTty of X'iiiccnnes Uiiiver>ity. )

and men. a grim will that no obstacle Cduld daunt
and a sagacity that gave greatness to his leader-
ship ; and for this combination of (|ualilies five
great commonwealths of subscciuent days owe
him ])erpetual gratitude.

Clark's Idea and First Steps. — The idea that
took possession of Clark was the invasion and
approi)riation of the great halt -possessed land
north of the ( )hio. Mis purpose was defensive
as well as acciuisitive, for the reasons above given
— the continual danger of Indian forays; l)Ut the
difiicultv of securing ade(|uate sup])orl from the
authorities made the proiuisition a hard one, and

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the first step was to create faith in his plans and
get the support. Like most men who elaljorate
schemes of maL,niitU(le he did not wear his heart
on his sleeve. After the inception of his idea he
digested it well, but shared it with few, one good
reason for this lieing that llic undertaking he con-
templated must, for its success, fall as a surprise
on the enemy. As revealing at once the slow in-
cubation of his scheme and his thoroughness in
preparing the way, as early as the summer of
1777 he sent two spies into the northern territory
for the purpose of gathering more explicit infor-
mation concerning the British in relation to the
Indians. His plans finally thought out, his next
move was to bring them before the powers that
could give the necessary authority and backing,
and to this end he went to Virginia, where he
conferred with such men as Patrick Henry, then
governor of Virginia ; Thomas Jefiferson, George
Mason and George Wythe. The boldness of
Clark's scheme captivated while it challenged
doubts. The hazard and chances of disaster were
great, but the possible benefits to the country in
the future, aside from the present question of
annoyance and danger to the Kentucky country,
after careful consideration, outweighed the risk,
and in the end the Council of Virginia advised
the appropriation of i 1.200 for the purpose of an
"expedition against Kaskaskia," to be undertaken
"with as little delay and as much secrecy as pos-
sible." This advice was acted upon by Governor
Henry, and Clark was authorized to raise a force
of three hundred and fifty men for the campaign.
Authority From Virginia; Letters of In-
struction.— At this point the adventure takes on
a truly dramatic character. With a view to the
secrecy necessary to the ho])efulness of the enter-
prise, a set of instructions which was made pub-
lic, the aim of which was "to divert attention
frdui the real object," commanded Colonel Clark
to enlist seven com])anics of men to act as militia ;
the further language of the instructions convey-
ing the idea that the pur])()se was for the pro-
tection of Kentucky. Under cover of this bogus
pul)lication Clark received from ("lOvcrnor Henry
a priwilc letter of instructions wliieli read as
follows :

Virj^iiiia, Set.

in Couiuil, W'nislmiK, Jaiiy 2(1, 1778.
Lieut. Colonel (ieor).;e RoKcrs Clark:

You are to i)rocec(l with all convenient .speed to raise
seven companies <if soldiers to consist of fifty men each,

olificered in the usual manner and armed most properly
for the enterprise, and with this force attack the Brit-
ish post at Kaskask}'.

It is conjectured that there are many pieces of can-
non and military stores to considerable amount [?1 at
that place, the taking and preservation of which would
be a valuable acquisition to the State. If you are so
fortunate, therefore, as to succeed in j'our expectation
you will take every possible measure to secure the ar-
tillery and stores and whatever may advantage the
State.

For the transportation of the troops, provisions, etc.,
down the Ohio you are to apply to the commanding
officer at Fort Pitt for boats, etc. During the whole
transaction you are to take especial care to keep the
true destination of your force a secret. Its success de-
pends upon this. Orders are therefore given to Captain
Smith to secure the two men from Kaskasky. Similar
conduct will be proper in similar cases. It is earnestly
desired that you show humanity to such British sub-
jects and other persons as fall in your hands. If the
white inhabitants at that post and the neighborhood will
give undoubted evidence of their attachment to this
State (for it is certain they live within its limits) by
taking the test provided by law and by every other way
and means in their power, let them be treated as fellow
citizens and their persons and property duly secured.
Assistance and protection against all enemies whatever
shall be afforded them and the commonwealth of Vir-
ginia is pledged to accomplish it. But if these people
will not accede to these reasonable demands they must
feel the miseries of war under the direction of that hu-
manity that has hitherto distinguished Americans, and
which it is expected you will ever consider as the rule
of your conduct, and from which you are in no instance
to depart.

The corps you are to command are to receive the pay
and allowance of militia, and to act under the laws and
regulations of this State now in force. The inhabitants
of this post will be informed by you that in case they
accede to the offer of becoming citizens of this com-
monwealth a proper garrison will be maintained among
them and every attention bestowed to render their com-
merce beneficial, the fairest prospects being opened to
the dominions of both France and Spain.

It is in contemplation to establish a post near the
mouth of Ohio. Cannon will be wanted to fortify it.
Part of those at Kaskasky will be easily brought thither
or otherwise secured as circumstances will make nec-
essary.

You are to apply to General Hand for powder and
lead necessary for this expedition. If he can't supply
it the person who has that which Captain Ljmn brought
from Orleans can. Lead was sent to Hampshire by my
orders, and that may be delivered you. Wishing you
success, I am. Sir, Your h'ble serv.

P. Henry.

One who wishes to enter intimately into the
romantic story of Clark's campaign should care-
fully read this letter, as it fixes clearly and
authoritatively the policy and program of the
campaign — a program that was carried out with
little deviation, although Governor Henry in pri-
vate conversation with Clark implied that his
written instructions might be construed with a
certain latitude and discretion.

Recruiting a Military Force; Difificulties. —
Thus empowered and provided with money for
the expenses of the expedition Clark, with char-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

acteristic energy, proceeded to the execution of
his plans. His first base of operations was a
western settlement on the Monongahela river
some distance above Pittsburg, known as Red
Stone or Red Stone Old Fort. His officers were
appointed and commissioned to raise recruits in
western Pennsylvania, Virginia, Carolina and the
Kentucky country, and in this preliminary busi-
ness the first serious difiiculty developed. It
must be remembered that the real reason for this
recruiting was not divulged. Secrecy, be it re-
peated, was essential to success, and the instruc-
tions made public by Governor Henry conveyed
the impression that the force to be raised was for
the protection of Kentucky. The proposition to
draw ofi^ from other parts of the frontier "for
the defense of a few detached inhabitants who
had better be removed" met with an opposition
that threatened to nip the whole scheme in the
bud and that probably would have stopped short
a less determined leader. As Clark himself ex-
pressed it : "Many leading men in the frontiers
combined and did everything that lay
in their power to stop the men that had enlisted,
and set the whole frontier in an uproar, even
condescended to harbor and protect those that
deserted. I found my case desperate — the longer
I remained the worse it was."* Out of the men
that Captains Joseph Bowman and Leonard
Helm had succeeded in recruiting "two-thirds of
them was stopped," we are told, those that were
left numbering about one hundred and fifty.
Clark, however, was not to be thwarted, and
equipping himself with boats and supplies at
Pittsburg he put down river with his little force,
accompanied by several adventurous families
from the Pennsylvania country, borrowing hope
from the information sent him that one of his
recruiting officers, Major William Smith, would
join him at the falls of the Ohio with nearly two
hundred men, from the Holston river country,
in what is now eastern Tennessee. But he was
doomed to bitter disappointment — a part of one
company was all that ever appeared of Major
Smith's two hundred men.

Military Base at Falls of the Ohio. — At the
falls of the Ohio. Clark established his second
base of operations on a long, narrow island after-
ward known as "Corn Island," that then lay

above the falls where the I'ennsylvania railroad
bridge now spans the river.* The falls, as be-
ing the dividing place between the upper and
lower river, was deemed the logical point for a
permanent defensive post. Clark's reason for
settling on the island, at least temporarily, was
twofold — better protection from hostile bands
of Indians and the more effective guarding
against desertion, which danger would proljaljly
follow the announcement of the commander's
real plans. 'I^he sagacity of the latter surmise
was not at fault in this, as the sequel showed.

The settlement on Corn Island consisted of a
sufficient numljer of rude caliins built from the
timber growing on the island, and it took on the
character of a real "settlement" by virtue of the
families that had thus far accompanied the exi)e-

Clark's Memoir.

Early Indiana Types. — From Dillon's History
of Iiidiaim.

dition, which were now ai)portioned ground for
gardens, and an interesting passage in "Clark's
Memoir" is to the effect that when word was
carried back to the people on the Monongahela
"great numbers moved down," and that this was
"one of the principal causes of the rapid progress
of the settlement of Kentucky."

Clark lingered at Corn Island the better ])art
of June, 1778, still hoping to swell his little force,
but with disheartening results. According to
William H. English, who is the leading au-

* The name, which was atlopted after Clark's occupaiuy, seems
to have been borrowed from a tradition that the lirst corn in
that region was raised there. The island is described as a nar-
row tract about four-fifths of a mile long by five hundred yards
at its greatest breadth. If it now existed the Pennsylvania rail-
road bridge from Jcflfersonvillc to Louisville would pass directly
over it. A heavy timber growth originally protected it from the
ravages of the river, but with the removal of this protection, it
gradually disappeared until washed away entirely. Colonel R. T.
Durrett, of Louisville, did what he could to get that city to pro-
tect the historic spot, but without avail.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ihority on all relating to this campaign, "it is
probably a fair conclusion that Clark brought
with him to the falls about one hundred and fifty
men ; that thirty-five or forty were added to his
forces while at the falls ; that he left not exceed-
ing ten guards on Corn Island and took with him
on the Kaskaskia campaign about one hundred
and seventy-five men. It is possible that the
officers should be added to the number, but it is
the author's belief that the effective force with
him in the campaign against Kaskaskia did not at
anv time exceed two hundred, which was cer-
tainly less than half the numl)er he at one time
expected."*

Further Difficulties ; Clark's Determination.
— Clark's own words reveal at once the situation
and the character of the man. "I was sensible,"
he says, "of the impression it would have on
many, to be taken near a thousand (miles) from
the body of their country to attack a people five
times their number, and merciless tribes of In-
dians, then allies and determined enemies to us.
1 knew that my case was desperate, but the more
1 reflected on my weakness the more I was
pleased with the enterprise."

To quote Mr. English again: "He had en-
countered unexpected obstacles and disappoint-
ments from the time his recruiting commenced.
He had estimated that the complete success of
his enterjM'ise required a force of five hundred
men. . . . and here he was with less than
two hundred. ... It was a turning point,
not (jnly in his life, Init, i)Ossibly, in the destiny
of his country, for if the expedition had broken
u]) then who knows what would have been the
future of the vast territory northwest of the
( )hio river, or where would have been the present
boundaries of the United States? . . . He
realized tliat inaction was now his greatest dan-
ger, and that an immediate movement against the
eneniy was the best and only way to hold his
forces and win success."

Clark Divulges His Real Object; Attempts
at Desertion. — It was not until the eve of the day
set for (le])artnre that Clark divulged to his men
his real ol)ic-i-(. I le says :

".\tter my making known my instructions
almost every gentleman espoused the enterprise
and i)lainly saw the utility of it, and su])iiosed

* "Cniuiucst (if llic Niirllnvfst."

they saw the salvation of Kentucky almost in
their reach ; but some repined that we were not
strong enough to put it beyond all doubt. The
soldiery in general debated on the subject, but
determined to follow their officers. Some were
alarmed at the thought of being taken at so great
a distance into the enemy's country, that if they
should have success in the first instance they
might be attacked in their posts without a possi-
bility of getting succor or making their retreat.
Some dissatisfaction was discovered in
Captain Dillard's company, consequently the
boats were well secured and sentinels placed
where it [was] thought there was a possibility
of their wading from the island. Aly design was
to take those from the island down on our way
who would not attempt to desert, but got out-
generaled by their lieutenant, whom I had previ-
ously conceived a very tolerable opinion of.
They had, by swimming in the day, discovered
that the channel opposite their camp might be
waded, and a little before day himself and the
greater part of the company slipped down the
bank and got to the opposite shore before they
were discovered by the sentinels. Vexed at the
idea of their escape in the manner they did, as one
of my principal motives for taking post on the
island was to prevent desertion, and intending to
set out the next day I was undetermined for [a]
few minutes what to do. as it might take a party
several days to overtake [them], and, having no
distrust of those who remained, the example was
not immediately dangerous, but might prove so
hereafter ; and recollecting that there was a num-
ber of horses [belonging] to gentlemen from
Harrodsburg, I ordered a strong party to purstie
them, and for the foot and horse to relieve each
other regularly, and so put to death every man
in their ])ower who would not surrender. They
overhauled them in about twenty miles. The de-
serters, discovering them at a distance, scattered
in the woods ; only seven or eight w^ere taken.
The rest made their way to the different posts ;
many who were not woodsmen almost perished.
The ])oor lieutenant and the few who remainetl
with him, after sufi'ering almost all that could be
felt from hunger and fatigue, arrived at Har-
rodstown. Having heard of his conduct [they]
would not, for some time, sufi'er him to come into
their houses nor give him anything to eat. On

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the return of the party the soldiers burnt and
hung his effigy."*

THE ILLINOIS CAMPAIGN

The Outlook. — The hrst objective of Clark's
general campaign was Kaskaskia and two or
three minor posts on the Mississippi river within
the present State of Illinois. The departure of
the little army of less than two hundred men
from Corn Island on June 24, 1778. [properly
marks the beginning of a military adventure that
for reckless courage, heroic performance, good
luck and great results hardly hnds a parallel.
The force the leader had counted on as necessary
to success was hardly more than half filled out,
and the difficulties to be met were an unknown
quantity, though enough was known to make the
invasion with the force at hand seem, by every
probability, a foolhardy adventure. Kaskaskia,
Cahokia and Vincennes were, or were supposed
to be, well fortified points, ecjuipped with troops
and cannon ; that these English troops would be
re-enforced by the Erench inhabitants of those
settlements was more than likely, and a yet more
formidable factor to reckon with was the Indians,
who were numerous about the French towns and
almost certain to be hostile to the Americans.
Collectively, English, French and Indians were
numerous enough to swallow up the little band
of audacious invaders. Clark's own words, in
his "Memoir," show that he believed Vincennes
alone to have contained "near four hundred
militia, with an Indian town adjoining and great
numbers continually in the neighborhood." Add
to all, as an influence on the morale of the sol-
diers, they were bound for wilderness regions
"near a thousand miles from the body of their
country," where in case of reverses, their chances
for getting back were exceedingly slender. It
was, indeed, as one historian expresses it, "a
dangerous and doubtful mission."

A Spectacular Start. — The appreciation of the
dangers was doubtless quickened by the very first
experience of the men as they left Corn Island
in their boats — that of shooting the falls of the
Ohio, which was a feat by no means free from
risk ; and as if all things conspired to breed awe,
an almost total eclipse of the sun cast its weird

* Memoir. The editorial brackets are in English's work.

gloom over the visible world while the hazardous
trip was made down the boiling ra])ids; which, as
Clark says, "caused various conjectures among
the superstitious."

Whatever the eft'ect on the superstitious, how-
ever. It nowise deterred the expedition, which
from the moment of starting proceeded with a
vigor and celerity that was well symbolized by
that preliminary rush down the rai)i(ls, the jour-
ney down the river being i)ushed day and night
by relays of oarsmen. Fearful of the strength of
Vincennes and mingling caution with his courage,
Clark resolved to first attack the settlements on
the Mississi])pi river, the reason being that he
might, in case of reverse, escape into Spanish ter-
ritory across the river ; or. if successful, he might,
as he ex])ressed it. "pave our way to the ])0sses-
sion of F^ost St. Vincent." The first objective
point was Kaskaskia. on the Mississi])pi. in what
is now Randol])h county, Illinois, and in order
to avoid detection in the approach, the plan was
to debark before reaching the Mississippi and
march across country northwestward, a distance
of one hundred and twentv miles.

A Wilderness March and the First Success.
— This plan was carried out. I'our days and
nights of rowing brought them to a point on the
Ohio below the mouth of the Tennessee river,
known as Fort Massac, a former French strong-
hold that had been aljandoned. This i)lace had
formerlv been connected with Kaskaskia by an
old I-'rench military road that was now mostly
obliterated, and this was to l)e Clark's land route,
though it seems to have been little better than
no road. Fortunately, at their debarking jilace
they fell in with a ])arty of hunters, ami one of
these was utilized as a guide over the obscure
trace. As there were no ]iack horses, the men
had to carrv such impedimenta as was necessary
to their maintenance on the way, and thus handi-
cap])ed, suft'ering sometimes from thirst and liun-
ger. thev marched for six days over a rough
wilderness country. ( >n the evening of the
b^jurth of July they api)roached their goal, after
ten coiisecnli\e davs of strenuous labor and har<l-
shi])s. having been without food the latter ]iart
of llie march. They entered the jilace l)y night.
undiscovered, found access to the garrison, which
"was so fortified that it might have successfully
fought a thousand men," and without the firing
of a gun c;i])tured town, fort ami soldiers. The

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

surprise of the garrison was as sudden and com-
])lele as that of Ticonderoga hy Ethan Allen, and
the Ijoldness with which Clark took control of the
streets of the town cowed the French inhabitants
utterly. Among the latter the belief had been
fostered that Americans were little better than
savages. Nothing short of savage treatment and
ex])ulsion from their homes was anticipated, and
the next day a delegation of citizens, headed by
the priest, waited humbly upon Clark with the
pathetic request that they be allowed to take
leave of each other; that families be not sep-
arated, and that the women and children be per-
mitted to keep their clothes and a small quantity
of provisions. The conqueror diplomatically let
this fear work for a while, then deftly won them
over and strengthened his position by the assur-
ance that they might have all the rights and lib-
erties of American citizens, further imparting to
them the news that the king of France had joined
with the Americans in this war with England.
As a result of this, Clark tells us, "The scene
was changed from an almost mortal dejection to
that of joy in the extreme — the bells ringing, the
church crowded, returning thanks ; in short,
every appearance of extravagant joy that could
till a place with almost confusion."

Further Operations on the Mississippi. —
This was an auspicious beginning for the con-
quest of the northwest, but it was only a begin-
ning. Further up the Mississippi were three
other French settlements — Prairie du Roche, St.
riiilips and Cahokia — that had to be reckoned
with, and Clark, with characteristic vigor, at
once despatched one of his officers. Major Jo-
seph Bowman, with thirty men mounted on
horses that belonged to the French, to surprise
those points. Their capture was facilitated by
a number of the Kaskaskians who had friends
and relatives at the places named, and who ac-
comi)anied Bowman, much elated with their
newly-ac([uired importance as American citizens.
The success of this expedition was complete.
Tlu'i\- was no resistance. Possession was taken
(»t ihc- fort which had been established at Ca-
hokia, the ])rincip;d town, and before J^owman's
return nearly three hundred additional French-
men had taken the oath of fidelity to the United
States.*

* Bowman's letter to George Drinker.

Father Gibault and Vincennes. — These oper-
ations, which may be regarded as constituting
the first chapter of Clark's campaign, put him in
possession of the Illinois country ; but Vincennes
and the Wabash country were of equal impor-
tance. From the French priest. Father Gibault,
he learned that the British commandant there.
Governor Abbott, had gone with his force on
some business to Detroit, and this informant,
who was won over completely to the American
cause, suggested that with his influence Vin-
cennes might be secured without even the trouble
of an expedition against it, his proposition being
that he go thither as an emissary. The plan
pleased Clark, and ten days after the taking of
Kaskaskia, Gibault, a Doctor La font and their
retinue departed for the Wabash post. Arriving
there, a day or two spent in explaining matters
sufficed, and the inhabitants repaired in a body
to the church, there to take the oath of allegiance
and assume the status of American citizens. To
further win their confidence, an officer was
elected from their own number, and the fort was
garrisoned with the citizen soldiery, under the
American flag. The report of this success to
Clark he speaks of in his "Memoir" as "joyful
news," for he adds, "without the possession of
this post all our views would have been blasted."
Subsequently, he sent one of his officers. Captain
Leonard Helm, to take command of the fort, and
Captain Bowman was put in charge at Cahokia.
An Interval of Diplomacy. — The seven
months intervening between the capture of Kas-
kaskia and the final march against Vincennes
seem quiet and uneventful by comparison with
the more brilliant performances of the cam-
paign, but during that time Clark was demon-
strating in another way his eminent capacity for
the work in hand. The region north of the Ohio
had to be held as well as captured, and the estab-
lishing of anncable relations with the French and
Indian inhabitants were quite as essential as
spectacular victories when it came to permanent
possession. The policy observed toward the
h'rcnch has already been indicated briefl}'. It
was, in the lirst instance, the cultivation of a
wholesome fear, by which Clark gained and held
the ascendency, and, in the second, an exercise
of justice and friendliness that (juite won the
simple-minded Gallic woodsmen, who had no
great reason to love English rule. A more diffi-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

cult task was to establish an influence with the
Indians, who were not only many in number, but
separated into tribes and distributed over a vast
territory, and who, in large part, had already
come under English influence. It was here that
Clark revealed a sagacity of method that would
hardly have been possible to one with a less inti-
mate knowledge of Indian character. In his
"Memoir" he devotes considerable space to these
Indian transactions, affording interesting
glimpses of this sort of diplomacy and of the
characters of both Clark and the savages. The
thing that made it possible was the bold inroad,
the vigor and the decisive successes of the "Big
Knives," as the Americans were called. The
French and Indians were closely in touch, and
the news of the operations at the French settle-
ments not only speedily traveled far and wide
through the wilderness, but was made duly im-
pressive by the French traders, who in this re-
spect became valuable allies to the conquerors.
As a consequence, the various tribes, ignorant of
the invader's real force and apprehensive of his
power, took the first step toward conciliation,
and, as we are told, "came in great numbers to
Cahokia in order to make treaties of peace
with us."*

Clark's Mastery of the Indians. — Putting the
garrison at Kaskaskia in charge of a Captain
Williams, Clark devoted his time to these treaties,
which, he says, "were probably conducted in a way
different from any other known in America at that
time." The custom had been to conciliate the
savages with a great display of presents, thus as-
suming a suing attitude that was often construed
as fear. Aside from the fact that he had no
presents to give, that was not Clark's policy. He
met them with the lordly demeanor of a con-
queror, and while he observed the elaborate cere-
monies so dear to the savage heart, he kept his
ascendency at every turn of the diplomatic game.
His blunt directness and his fairness had their
effect, and his perfect fearlessness — a trait that
is respected above all others by the Indian — made
him master of the situation. An instance may
be cited to illustrate this. Cahokia was full of
Indians from at least a dozen dift'erent tribes,
and Clark privately confesses that he was "un-
der some apprehension among such a number of
devils," but if so the "devils" never knew it.

Soon after his arrival one of the bands laid plans
to murder his guards and carry him oft" bodily,
and the attempt, or its first motion, rather, was
actually made in the dead of night, but was frus-
trated by his vigilance. The town was stirred up
and some of the conspirators caught. Clark, as-
suming an air of indift'erence, simply said that,
as they had disturbed the peace of the place, the
townsmen could do witli them as thev saw fit.

Clark's Memoir.

Monunient Alarkiiig tlic Site ul Furt Sack\ill*j, Lot.alt>i
at \'incennes. Captured by Col. George Rogers
Clark. Feliruary 25. 1779.

but privately he directed tliat the chiefs of the
band l)e arrested and ]iul in irons: which was
done bv the b^reiich iiihabiiaiils. thus prov-
ing their new allegiance. 'Ihus manacled, these
chiefs were brought \o the council day after
dav. l)Ut not permitted to speak. l"in;illy, their
irons were taken otT and Clark condescended to
sav to them that, though their conduct deserved
death, vet he regarded them as "only old women,
too mean to 1)0 killed bv the "P.ig Knives'." He

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

told them that so long as they remained they
should he treated as squaws, and when they were
ready to go home, provisions would be given
them, as women did not know how to hunt ; with
which he turned from them with contemptuous
indifference. This drastic humiliation was, per-
haps, the most scathing punishment that could
be visited u])on an Indian brave, and the agitated
chiefs tried to ai)proach him with a speech and
a ])ipe of peace, but he declined to hear them,
t)rokc the pipe and told them that "the 'Big
Knife' never treated with women, and for them
to sit down . . . and not be afraid."

The next move astonished even Clark. After
a "most lamentable speech." two young braves
of the band were oft'ered to be put to death as
an atonement for the guilt of all. Of this in-
cident Clark quaintly says : "It would have sur-
prised you to have seen how submissively those
two young men ])resented themselves for death,
advancing into the middle of the floor, sitting
down by each other and covering their heads
with their blankets to receive the tomahawk.
. . . This stroke prejudiced me in their favor,
and for a few moments I was so agitated that I
don't doubt but that I should, without reflection,
have killed the first man that would have oft'ered
to have hurt them."*

The u])shot of this was quite on a par with
the poetical justice usually observed in fiction.
Clark ordered the two heroic young warriors
to rise, greeted them as men, and then and there
conferred on both of them the degree of chief,
])resented them as such to the French and some
-Spanish gentlemen who were present, and had
the garrison salute them.

Following the attempt to kidnap Clark, and
while the effect u])on the other Indians was yet
uncertain, he simulated the utmost indifference
to danger, remaining in his lodgings away from
the fort, a])]iarently without guard, though
really with fifty armed men concealed in the
building, and even assembling a numl:)er of the
citizens tor a dance the night following the dis-
tur])ance.f 'l"he result of it all was a vast in-
crease ot prestige, and his reputation as a great
chief s])read far and wide.

Dni-ing these litaties at Cahokic'i, which con-
tinued through tlir month of Se])tember, 1778.

• Letter to Mnson.

t Clark's letter to Mason.

an "amazing number of savages," as Clark ex-
presses it, attended, some of them coming a dis-
tance of five hundred miles, and in his letter to
Mason, as many as ten tribes are specified be-
sides others included in a general reference.

Captain Helm at Vincennes. — ^Meanwhile,
Captain Helm at Vincennes ably seconded the
work of Clark by successful treaties with the
Indians of the Wabash, chief among these being
the Piankeshaws, whose village was adjacent to
Vincennes, and whose chief. Tobacco's Son, a
man of considerable standing in the country,
proved to be a stanch friend to the Americans un-
til his death.

OPERATIONS AGAINST VINCENNES

Work Accomplished ; Governor Hamilton on
the Scene. — These and other diplomatic pro-
ceedings and a few minor events occupied the
autumn of 1778 and served to very much lessen
the influence of Governor Hamilton, of Detroit,
among the Indians. Otherwise it may well be
doubted whether Clark, with all his capacity and
resourcefulness, could have held the possessions
he had gained. But now other troubles were
brewing. Word had traveled to Governor Ham-
ilton, of Detroit, of the occupancy of the Wabash
and Illinois country ; unknown to Clark, he had
organized a military force for the recapture of
the lost territory, and now. swooping down by
way of the Wabash on the feeble garrison at
Vincennes, he had again planted the British flag
there. This was about the middle of December.

An Alarm; Clark's Uncertainty. — The first
knowledge Clark had of it was in January
when the alarming report followed him to one
of the French villages that the British were
marching on Kaskaskia. The oncoming army
proved to be a scouting party from Mncennes
that, on discovery, turned promptly back, but
it confirmed a suspicion in Clark's mind
aroused by the fact that for some time he had
received no word from Captain Helm. It in-
vested the situation with a new danger. How
strong a force Hamilton might have he did not
know, and it was more than probable that a
march against Kaskaskia would be next in or-
der. His own ])osition was disheartening. News
of his success had been sent to the seat of gov-
ernmciU in X'irginia and he had expected rein-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

forcements, but not even a word in return had
he received. The term of enhstment of his men
having expired, and his instructions being silent
on this and other contingencies that arose he had
tided over these difficuhies by, as he says, "usurp-
ing all the authority necessary to carrv my
points." But his military force had been de-
pleted until there were but little more than a
hundred of the American soldiers, and how far
the French militia could be depended on when it
came to a real test was problematical.

settlemtnts of Kentucky and the whole western
frontier was contemplated.

A Critical Situation.— All that Clark had
done bafle fair to !)(_■ undone, with worse to fol-
low. To a weaker man it might have looked
like a lost cause, but Clark's resolution and
prompt action in the matter is one of the proofs
of his essential greatness as a military leader.
His chances of reinforcement from \irginia
were slight as against the chance of Hamilton's
army being atigmented by Indians to an over-

V- '"^-/fi:, i.;::^0

H.")

#^" -:, .^v, '^ r^l^ ^4-> ^

l/c,

^^^:

^■"'•*-

/ 3^

/ /- / ..:^i ,r ,/^^

> » * < 2"-

Hutchins' Map of the Original "bidiana." 1778. This map precedes the organization of Indiana Territory hy
twenty-two years. It covers a considerable part of what is now West Virginia. (See page 41. for details.)

A Friend From Vincennes — Francis Vigo. —

In the midst of this uncertainty as to Hamilton
and his intentions there hailed fresh from \'in-
cennes Francis Vigo, a friendly Spaniard, with
full news of the situation there to the effect
that Hamilton had an army of six hundred men.
consisting of British regulars, Canadian French
and Indians ; that his emissaries were diligently
at work among the Indians, both north and south
of the Ohio ; that an attack would be made on
Kaskaskia in the spring (the intervening coun-
try being considered now too difficitlt of pas-
sage), and that a further caiupaign against the

w helming force, and to forestall I lamilton and
sur])rise him in his stronghold as (|uickly as pos-
sible was the couj) that presented itselt as the
most ho])eful step toward retaining the country.
He regarded it as a desperate cause, btU, as lie
wrote to ( lovernor 1 lenry. "who knows wliat for-
tune will do for us?" The hardships of a march
at this season, which put it out of the <iuestion
with Hamilton did not daunt Clark and his hardy
backwoodsiuen.

Clark's Swift Action. — Swift on the heels of
this determination ])rei)arations were made for
llie expedition. Clark's own men were with him

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

heartily and the French ralhed enthusiastically
to his support and on the fifth of February, just
one week after the arrival of Vigo with his in-
formation, one hundred and seventy men left
Kaskaskia to march, as Clark describes it,
"eighty leagues through a drowned country in the
depths of winter," and without even tents to
protect them from the winter weather. As an
auxiliary to the campaign a Mississippi bateau,
or large boat, was laden with army supplies,
manned with forty-six men and sent by way of
the Mississippi, Ohio and Wabash to a point be-
low X'incennes, to connect with the land force
when it should reach there.

A Heroic Venture. — This remarkable expe-
dition of one hundred and seventy men equipped
with small arms only, against a force at least
five hundred strong, garrisoned and equipped
with cannon — this and the culminating assault
and ])rilliant victory that forever dethroned the
British power in the northwest made a fitting
climax to one of the most romantic chapters of
American history. The document known as Bow-
man's Journal, a daily diary kept by Captain Jo-
seph Bowman, and Clark's Memoir have pre-
served for us a circumstantial and graphic ac-
count of the whole enterprise. The march of
"eighty leagues"* occupied eighteen days. The
bottomless mud of southern Illinois might, of
itself, been well considered as impassable by
Flamilton, but in addition at least thirteen of
those days, as recorded by Bowman, were spent
in struggling through water in the form of rain,
of rivers to be forded, or of vast shallow lakes
of "drowned" country where the men waded for
miles, sometimes hip deep. In one or two in-
stances the water is described as breast deep, and
one night the ice formed to the thickness of half
an inch, or more. To find spots dry enough for
cam])ing places was almost impossible; as said,
the troops had no tents to shelter them from the
rain, a;i(l their i-lotliing must have been saturated,
virtually, during the whole expedition. Clark
describes their exi)eriences as "incredible hard-
ships far surpassing ;niylhiiig lli;it any of us had
ever ex])ericnce(l" — which was certainly saying
a great deal, 'i'hat men could have stood such
fatigue ;in(l e\]i(isure shows a liardihood that is

* The ilistaiicc actually covered by Clark is estimated by tlie
late Henry Cauthorne, a local authority of Viiicennes, as having
been from 160 to 170 miles.

almost unbelievable in a more effeminate gen-
eration.

Psychics of the Campaign. — Clark's sagacity
in keeping his soldiers keyed up psychically, is
very interesting. "My object now w^as," he
says, "to keep the men in spirits. I suffered
them to shoot game on all occasions and feast
on it like Indian wardancers, each company by
turns, inviting the others to their feasts . . .
myself and principal officers putting on the
w'oodsmen, shouting now and then, and running
as much through the mud and water as any of
them. Thus insensibly, without a murmur, were
those men led on ..." A little later, after
fording and swimming five miles of water near
the confluence of the "two Little Wabashes," he
says : "By evening we found ourselves en-
camped on a pretty height in high spirits, each
party laughing at the other in consequence of
something that had happened in the course of
this ferrying business, as they called it. A little
antic drummer aff'orded them great diversion by
floating on his drum, etc. All this was greatly
encouraging and they really began to think them-
selves superior to other men, and that neither
the rivers nor the seasons could stop their prog-
ress. Their whole conversation now was con-
cerning what they would do when they got about
the enemy. They now began to view the main
Wabash as a creek and made no doubt but such
men as they were could find a way across it.
They wound themselves up to such a pitch that
they soon took St. Vincent, divided the spoil,
and before bedtime were far advanced on their
way to Detroit."

The Investment of Vincennes ; an Audacious
"Bluff." — The final task of making their way
through the submerged lands of the Wabash,
the cumulative eft"ect of the hardships made
worse by famine, w'as almost too much for even
these men of iron, but no leader of a well-condi-
tioned, overpowering army toward his certain
prey could have been more cavalier than Clark
was toward the fortified enemy that, for aught
he knew, outnumbered him three to one. He
did not even have the support of the boat with
its forty-six men, and the little armament of ar-
tillery that had been sent around by river
for the boat had failed to make connection. And
now, with his less than two hundred, tired, half-
starved riflemen, he boldly invested the post, and

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Historical and Chronological Map of Territor\- of the United States Xorthwest of the
Ohio River. — From Dillon's History of Indiana.

1. Falls of St. Mary.

2. Head of Green Bay.

3. Michilimacinac. 24.

4. Detroit — permanent settlement founded 25.

^ 1701. 26.

5. Kaskaskia. 27.

6. Vincennes. 28.

7. Fort Harrison, built in 1811. 29.

8. Chicago. 30.

9. Ouiatenon village, destroyed by Gen. 31.

Scott in 1791. 32.

10. Ponce Passu, or Ponceau Pichou — now 33.

called Wild Cat Creek. 34.

11. Tippecanoe Battle Ground. 35.

12. Eel River Indian village, destroyed by 36.

Wilkinson, 1791. 37.

13. Mississinewa villages, destroyed in 1812. 38.

14. Little Turtle's Town. ' 39.

15. La Balme's party defeated, 1780.

16. Fort Wayne, built in October, 1794. 40.

17. Defeat of Indians by Wayne, in 1794. 41.

18. Fort Defiance, built bv Wayne in 1794. 42.

19. Mouth of St. Joseph of Lake Michigan 43.

—Fort built by La Salle in 1679. 44.

20. Lake Peoria — Fort Crevecoeur built by 4 5.

La Salle, 1680. 46.

21. St. Louis, founded in 1763. 47.

22. Pittsburgh — site of Fort Du Ouesne, 48.

built in 1754.

23. Fort Mcintosh, built in 1777 and 1778. 49.

TABLE OF REFEREN'CE 50.

51.
F'ort Harmar, built in 1785.

Massacre of Moravian Indians, 1782. 52.
Battle of Kanawha, 1774.

F'ort Washington, built in 1790. 53.

Defeat of Col. Loughrey's party, 1781. 54.

Pigeon Roost Massacre, in 1812. 55.
Falls of the River Ohio.

Site of Frankfort, Kentucky. 56.

Lexington, Kentucky. _ 57.
Limestone, now Maysville, Kentucky.

I'ort Gore, erected by Dunmore, 1774. 58.

Fort Laurens, built in 1778. 59.

Fort Massac. 60.

Old Shawnee Town. 61.

Fort Hamilton, built in 17';'1. 62.

Fort St. Clair, built in the winter of 63.

1791-2. 64.

Fort Jefferson, built in 1791. 65.
Fort Cireenville, built in 1793.

Fort Recovery, built in 1793. 66.

Falls of St. Anthony. 67.

River Thames. 68.

River Raisin. 6*'.

1-ort Meigs, built in 1813. 70.

l-'ort Steplienson, built in 1812. 71.

('apt. John Campl)ell attacked by Sac "2.

and Fo.K Indians.

Battle of Bad A.\e, 1832. 73.

Battle of Blue Licks, Kentucky. 1782.

.Site of Boonesborough, Kentucky — fort
built in 1775.

Site of Danville, Kentucky — established
by Virginia Legislature, 1787.

Wheeling, \'irgini3, founded in 1770.

^Lassacre at Baker's Bottom, in 1774.

Principal village of Delawares, on White
River, 1810.

Mouth of Embarrass River.

Mission of St. Joseph, visited by Charle-
voix, in 1721.

I'orks of River Wabash.

Site of Columbus, Capital of Ohio.

Site of Indian.ipolis, Capital of Indiana.

.'^ite of Springlicid, Capital of Illinois.

Site of Lansing, Capital of Michigan.

Site of Madison, Capital of Wisconsin.

Site of St. Paul, Capital of Minnesota.

Rockfort, or I'ort St. Louis, commenced
by La Salle.

Site of I'lirt Chartres.

Presq'Isle.

Le B.xuf.

\'enango.

Brownsville, <>r Redstone old Fort.

Site of C ahokia.

Stockade fort, at mouth of Wabash.
1750.

Site of L.iggstnwn.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

by prisoner sent a missive to the French residents
IjidcHng them clioose sides, those who sided with
the king being further ordered to repair at once
to the fort and join the "hair-buyer general"*
(Hamilton), while those friendly to the Ameri-
can cause were refjuested to keep out of the
streets. Subsef|uently when the chief of the ad-
jacent I'iankcshaw village. Tobacco's Son. of-
fered the assistance of himself and a hundred
warriors, it was declined. Vet this was in the
face of what Clark himself called a "truly criti-
cal situation, with no possibility of retreating in
case of defeat."

In a word, it was a magnificent example of
what, in modern parlance, is called "bluff," the
aim being to create an exaggerated idea of his
force. To strengthen this, as he approached the
town he took advantage of the topography of
the country, revealing glimpses of his men at
certain i)oints and marching and countermarch-
ing in such a manner as to create the illusion of
a good-sized army. Time was purposely con-
sumed this way until dark, when the tactics were
changed, a circuit made, and the town directly
approached from another side.

A Lively Surprise Party; "Fine Sport for
the Sons of Liberty." — The almost humorous
part of all this was that while the demonstration
was going on and the town itself was agog with
excitement, the garrison gave no sign, much to
Clark's mystification. In truth, none of the
French having conveyed the news to Hamilton,
he and his soldiers, in blissful ignorance of it,
were placidly entertaining themselves in various
ways. Secure in what was virtually an island
stronghold, moated by leagues of flooded low-
lands, the idea of an attack like this was as re-
mote from their minds as a visitation of arch-
angels from the skies. An unwonted stir among
the townsmen was noticed, but little attention
paid to it, and even when the attack on the fort
was actually begun they thought the shooting
was by some of the drunken Indians. Clark says
their first intimation as to the real situation was
when one of their men was shot through a ])ort-
hole, wln'le an ai)ocry])hal story, worth ])reserv-
ing as such, is to the effect that Ca])tain 1 1 elm, the

* Tlii.s name was applied to Hamilton because of the charge
and belief that he offered rewards to the Indians for the scalps
of Americans.

American officer, now captive, and some of the
British officers were engaged in a friendly game
of cards, while a whisky toddy was brewing on
the hearth, when a rifle ball striking the chimney
to]) knocked dirt into the drink. Helm instantly
guessed at the meaning of the firing and affirmed
that Ceneral Clark had come and was going to
take the fort.

This first firing occurred after dark and con-
tinued throughout the night of February 23.
The excitement of the occasion keyed up the
assailants to heroic performance and made the
assault, as Captain Bowman expressed it. "fine
sport for the sons of liberty." They had had
time to dispose themselves about the fort as
they saw fit, and, protected by houses, fences and
embankments, where the artillery could not be
trained on them, they ruthlessly picked off' the
artillerymen through the embrasures till few
dared stand to their guns. The next morning
Clark sent to Hamilton a demand to surrender,
couched in the rather arrogant ^language of a
certain conqueror ; to which Hamilton retorted
that he and his garrison were "not disposed to
be awed into any action unworthy of British sub-
jects." Meanwhile, the Americans had eaten
breakfast, the first full meal they had enjoyed
for six days, and now w-ere in fine fettle for
some more fighting, which was at once granted
them. After another hot fusillade a flag of
truce came from Hamilton with a letter propos-
ing an armistice, which Clark refused, acceding
to nothing short of the surrender of the garrison
as "prisoners at discretion."

Some more fighting and then Hamilton, with
one-sixth of his dependable men put out of the
conflict, began to seriously consider that, among
other things, he was six hundred miles from suc-
cor and that honorable terms might be the part
of prudence. The result of this was a confer-
ence between the two commanders in which
Clark, with characteristic high-handedness, had
everything his own way.

A Beginning Point in Indiana History. —
That day Hamilton signed the articles of capitula-
tion and the next, February 25, 1779, at ten
o'clock in the morning. Governor Hamilton and
his men marched out of the fort between the lines
of American troo])s. in formal token of surren-
der. Colonel Clark and two of his ca])tains with

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF IXDIAXA

their companions marched in, hoisted the Ameri-
can flag and took formal possession, and with
that act the soil of Indiana became a permanent
American possession. In other words, that cli-
max to a dramatic and heroic chapter may be
considered as the starting point of Indiana his-
tory, for from that planting of American stock
to the development of the State is a succession
of steps, one growing out of the other. Hence,
considering all the preceding matter as prelim-
inary, we take up the history j^roper at this
point.*

The First American Occupancy; the Passing
of the French. — The hoisting of the American
flag over Fort Sackvillef by George Rogers
Clark was the beginning of the end of a phase
of life on Indiana soil that is now only a dim
and romantic memory. The fate of the poor
French who had settled in the Wabash valley
was, from the viewpoint of race extinction, some-
thing of a tragedy. Good and loyal sons of their
motherland, they had come to this far wilderness
when it was a province of France with no thought
of its ever being other. Then the uriexpected
fortunes of war left them stranded here, thou-
sands of miles from their native home, an isolated
handful, aliens, subject to the rule of the nation
that they hated most — the rule of England. For
sixteen years they were under the jurisdiction of
their foreign masters, and then, with the bold
and sudden advent of Clark and his little army of
Americans, they rallied with true (iallic enthusi-
asm to his support, as we have seen, and were
an instrument of importance to his success. So
far as their gain was concerned, however, it
must be said that they only jumped from the
frying-pan into the fire, the unhappiness of their
situation, indeed, being the more accentuated
because the incoming Americans dominated
the community as the English had not.
taking possession as they did in a more permanent
way. The invaders came to stay, not only as sol-
diers but as settlers.

* Up to the time of the organization of the Northwest Terri-
tory the government was so chaotic and the incoming population
so sparse and obscure that there is little record of it. The first
American occupancy that comes within the purview of history
centered about Vincennes and in Clark's grant, which was sur-
veyed and settled as early as 1783, or soon thereafter. For some
years this latter was the largest American center west of Ohio.

t The fort at Vincennes was called Fort Sackville when held
by the English.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER

Sketch of George Rogers Clark.— 'I '.(.rn in
-Mbemarle county, Xirginia, .Xovember 19. 1752:
died near Louisville, Ky., b\'bruary 13, 1818. lie
was a land surveyor, and commanded a comp;iny
ni Dunmore's war against the Indians in 1774.
He went to Kentucky in 1775 and look command
of the armed settlers there, lie cajiturcd Kas-
kaskia and other towns in 1778. which, willi tla-
surrounding region, were organized into Illinois
county, under the jurisdiction of X'irginia. C om-
missioned a colonel, he successfully labored for
the pacification of the ln<li;in tribes. Learning
that Governor llamilton, of Detroit, had caj)-
tured \'incenncs. Clark led an exjjedition against
him (February. 1779) and recajitnred it ( I'eb-
ruary 25). He also intercepted a convo\- of
goods worth ten thousand dfjllars. and afterward
built Fort Jefi:'erson on the west side of tlie Mis-
sissippi. The Indians from north of the ( )hio.
with some British, raided Keiituck\- in June,
1780. when Clark led a force against the Shaw-
noese on the Cirand .Miami, and defeated them
with heavy loss at Pickaway. Me served in X'ir-
ginia during its invasion by Arnold and Corn-
wallis, and in 1782 he led one thousand mounted
riflemen from the mouth of the Licking and in-
vaded the Scioto valley. l)urning five villages and
laying waste their plantations. The savages were
so awed that no formidable war party ever after-
ward appeared in Kentucky. C lark made an un-
successful expedition against the Indians on the
XX abash, with one thousand men, in 1786. I lis
great service to his comitry in making the fron-
tiers a safe dwelling place was overlooked by liis
countrymen, and he died in jioverty and obscur-
ity."— Lossiiig's "Cyclof'cdia of C S. Ilistdry."

The Documentary Sources of Clark's Cam-
paign.— "Clark's Memoir" and the "Letter t"
Mason" are, perhai)S, the chiet documents for a
history of the concjuest of the Xorthwest, though
"Bowman's Journal" is much drawn upon and
various diaries and orfici.il letters are tributary.
.X full collection of these, edited by James .Xlton
fames, of Xorthwestern L'niversity. constitute
X'oluine X'lII of the Collections of the Illinois
State 1 listorical Library. There are too man\-
of them to be considered here, but a few words
concerning the three important papers above men-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

tioned may be of interest. Clark's "Letter" and
"]\Iemoir" are both long and circumstantial first-
hand accounts of his experiences in the western
country. The former was written to George
Mason, of Virginia, in the latter part of 1779,
after the writer had returned to the falls of the
Ohio. Its special value, as compared with the
"IMemoir," is that the events were then freshly in
mind, whereas the last-named narrative was
penned ten or twelve years afterward and is
supposed to have been drawn largely from mem-
ory. The first account, being privately addressed
as a letter, was lost to the world and was not
brought to light for years, even Clark being un-
able to locate it when engaged with the "Memoir."
Eventually it was unearthed and first published
in 1869. The original is in possession of Judge
James Pirtle, of Louisville (as stated by Mr.
James in 1912).

The "Memoir," or most of it, seems to have
been written in 1790, and was done at the solicita-
tion of Thomas Jefiferson and James Madison,
who saw the importance of securing, before it
was too late, a first-hand account of great events
by the chief actor in them. At that time Clark
was soured against his fellow countrymen and
seems, from his correspondence, to have been a
little loath to accept the task, but once in it his in-
terest carried him through an interesting and
valuable piece of autobiography. The original
MS. is in the possession of the Wisconsin His-
torical Society.

Bowman's Journal was a daily diary of the
Vincennes campaign from its organization at
Kaskaskia and continuing to the 20th of March,
nearly one month after the reduction of Fort
Sackvillc.

I'hese documents are printed in full in W. H.
E>nglish's "Conquest of the Northwest," the full-
est study we have of the life of George Rogers
Clark. The volume by James Alton Clark, above
referred to, is the fullest collection of all papers
relating to Clark.

Clark's Ill-Fortune. — While George Rogers
Clark, by his lieroic performances, won for him-
self a cons]iicu()Us ])lace on the pages of our
western history, he fell short of his ardent de-
sires. Adversities followed his successes, the
ingratitude that is ])roverl)ial as to republics, was
his meed, and in tlu' I'nd he died ;in impoverished

and embittered man. A part of his scheme of
conquest was the capture of Detroit as well as of
Kaskaskia and Vincennes, and his ambition even
aimed at the stronghold in Canada. Indeed, had
he received adequate support the map of the
United States might have been other than what
it is today. But the support was not forthcoming
and no expedition ever reached Detroit. His
position was a peculiar one. He was not in the
employ and under the authority of the United
States, as the Continental soldiers of the Revolu-
tion were, but in the employ of Virginia, and
that State financed his campaign. But Virginia's
resources were badly taxed by afifairs nearer
home, and perhaps she was not to blame for fail-
ing to provide men, money and supplies for the
remote frontier. Then with the surrender of
Cornwallis, in 1781. actual war with England
ceased. There was still plenty of work to do
among the Indians of the Northwest, and Clark
was the logical one to do it, but Virginia, on the
plea of economy, dismissed him from her serv-
ice, and at a time when, as Mr. English aftirms,
"he w^as in dire distress for even the common
decencies and necessaries of life." In 1783 he
made a journey through the wilderness to Rich-
mond, Va., "in a condition of poverty," to re-
quest of the then governor, Benjamin Harrison,
a small advance of money on account, as he was
"exceedingly distressed for the want of neces-
sary clothing, etc.," and added that the State,
he believed, would be found considerably in his
debt. Whether he received any relief then is
not recorded by our authority, btit twenty years
after, when he was paralyzed and helpless, he
was granted a pension of four hundred dollars
a year, and twenty years after he was in his
grave the State acknowledged her debt by award-
ing thirty thousand dollars to his heirs.*

In 1786 the hostilities of the Indians to the
north again imperiled the Kentucky settlements.
Ere this Virginia had ceded the northwest to
the United States, but the nation was so slow to
take the situation in hand that Kentucky herself
raised a defensive army, put Clark in command
and sent an expedition against the tribes of the
\\''abash. It was but the beginning of new mis-
fortunes for Clark. Throtigh insubordination
of the men the invasion came to naught. Then

* English, pp. 784-5.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the leader, after due conference with his officers,
estabhshed a garrison at Vincennes, the inhab-
itants having become hostile to the Americans.
The garrison had to be provisioned, and to meet
what he considered a military emergency, he for-
cibly possessed himself of the goods of Vin-
cennes merchants, chiefly one Laurent Bazadon,
a Spaniard. The government refused to stand
good for the debt imposed upon it and censured
Clark for his act. Subsequently Bazadon brought
suit against Clark personally for $20,000, and an
interesting statement of that suit commanding
the sherifl: to attack sundry pieces of land in
Clark's Grant may be found in the Indiana
Quarterly Magazine of History for March, 1908.
While it is stated on the document that this case
was dismissed it is elsewhere said that he per-
sonally suffered loss for debts which his coun-
try should have paid. At any rate it is the opin-
ion of history that both Virginia and the nation
poorly requited him for the services that added to
the country one of the most valuable sections of
our vast domain. He felt this bitterly, and there
exists a story to the effect that when Virginia
sent him a sword as a testimony of appreciation
of his services he broke it in anger.

Clark was never married and in his latter
years, almost to the time of his death, he lived
alone in his log house at Clarksville, beside the
falls. Among his misfortunes were paralysis
and a burn wdiich necessitated the amputation
of one leg. He died in 1818, at the home of his
sister, Mrs. Lucy Croghan, near Louisville. Ky.

Clark's Grant. — When C'ark was authorized
by Virginia to raise soldiers for the Illinois cam-
paign a letter to him written jointly by Thomas
Jefferson, George Mason and George Wyeth in-
timated that "we have no doubt that some fur-
ther rewards in lands in the country will be given
to the volunteers who shall engage in this service
in addition to the usual pay, if they are so for-
tunate as to succeed." They further intimated
what they thought this land gift ought to be, as
to amount, and added : "For this we think you
may safely confide in the justice and generosity of
the Virginia assembly."

This was not authoritative enough to be held
out as an incentive to the soldiers and so prob-
ably cut little or no figure in the results, but Vir-
ginia did not forget the semi-promise. In 1781,
nearly two years after the taking of Vincennes,

the general assembl_\- adopted a resolution pro-
viding "that a (|uantity of land not exceeding
one hundred and fifty thousand acres be allowed
and granted to the . . . officers and soldiers
... to be laid off in one tract ... in such
place on the northwest side of the Ohio as the
majority of the officers shall choose, and to be
afterward dixided among the said officers and
soldiers in due proportion according to the laws

Alap of bKlian Land Cessions. The mimlicrs from 1 to
53 indicate order of purchase of tracts witliin the
original Indiana Territory. There were not tifty-
three purchases witliin the present boundaries of
Indiana. (See page 43.)

of \'irginia." In 1783 another act was passed
for locating and surveying the amount of land
above sjiecified, and a l)()ard ot cnmniissioners
was appointed to lake the business in hand. One
thousand acres was to be laid out for a town site
and the other one hundred forty-nine thousand
to be surveved for the individual clainiaiUs. The
tract chosen was at ami above the falls of the
Ohio and now lies mostly in Clark county. Ind..

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

though lapping over into Floyd and Scott coun-
ties. It was first called the "Illinois Grant," the
conquered territory being known as the "Illinois
country." but later took the name of "Clark's
Grant." The ])rincipal surveyor was William
Clark, the cousin of Cieorge Rogers Clark. The
thousand acres for the town site was located at
the falls, between the present Jeftersonville and
New Albany, and was called Clarksville. The
rest was apportioned among a total of 300 men,
ranging in amount from 108 acres for each pri-
vate to 8,049 acres to General Clark. There has
been some criticism of this division, the feeling
being that privates should have received 600
acres each, that being the amount suggested in
the letter of Jefferson, Mason and Wyeth, above
spoken of. Of the men who received lands in
this tract by no means all settled there, but many
sold tlicir portions, preferring the cash benefit.

The surveys of Clark's Grant, taking the Ohio
river for a base, do not correspond to the rect-
angular system as it exists over the State gen-
erally and thus the original donation can be read-
ily located on any map that shows the congres-
sional townships.

For exhaustive information on this subject see
English's "Conquest of the Northwest."

Father Gibault and Francis Vigo. — Two
names that are imperisha])ly connected with
Clark's concjuest and which as imi)erishably stand
as reminders of public ingratitude, are those of
Father Pierre Gibault and Francis Vigo, the for-
mer a Catholic priest in spiritual charge of the
French residents of the Illinois country, and the
latter a S])anish merchant. With the arrival of
Clark at Kaskaskia (iiljault heartily espoused his
cause, and it was largely through his influence
that the I-'rench generally rallied to the support
of the invader, lie it was who suggested that
the easiest way to win Vincennes, as the English
commandant and his garrison were temporarily
away, would ])c by a peaceful conquest of the
French there, and his proposition was that he
go and, by virtue of his power among them, ac-
complish that end. This ])rogram was carried
out with fullest success, and after he had paved
the way C;q)tain Helm was sent to take charge
of lM)rl Sackville, which he held until the luig-
lish governor, Hamilton, reca])tured the place.
The penalty for (iibault's zeal was excommuni-
cation by his bishops, besides pecuniary loss for

which he was never reimbursed. In his old age
he sent a memorial to General St. Clair, Gov-
ernor of the Northwest Territory, in which he
stated that he had risked his life and sacrificed
his little property to aid the Americans; that his
loss had amounted to at least fifteen hundred
dollars, and that he was now dependent. All
that he asked was a beggarly pittance of five
acres out of the millions he had worked to se-
cure, where he might have an orchard and a home
in which to spend his few remaining years. He
never received the five acres and eventually he
betook himself into Spanish territory beyond the
Mississippi, where he died in 1804.* f

Francis Vigo, a merchant of St. Louis, then a
Spanish possession, who carried on an extensive
trade in the Illinois country, espoused the Ameri-
can cause, as did Gibault, when Clark invaded the
territory, although he did so at considerable risk,
being a citizen of a neutral nation. He it was
that brought to Clark, at Kaskaskia, the news
that General Hamilton had recaptured Vincennes
from Captain Helm, and the result of the infor-
mation he had gained was Clark's swiftly exe-
cuted winter campaign which forestalled Ham-
ilton's plans for the spring, and won Vincennes
permanently. Vigo did most important service
by the rendering of financial aid. In the midst
of his operations Clark became seriously handi-
capped for want of funds to provision his little
army and to renew enlistments, the expiring of
which threatened to disband his force. No help
could be had from \"irginia. In this emergency
his only recourse was private aid, and exercising
the discretion given him by his letter of instruc-
tions he issued drafts on the State. Accepting
these drafts as security, Vigo furnished money
and supplies to the amount of $12,000 or more.
Being wealthy at that time and Virginia being
embarrassed with her debts, he did not push his
claims for years. When his needs began to press
him the \'irginia agent was unable to meet his
drafts and he sold some of them at a discount of
eighty per cent. He still held one for over
$8,000, and twenty-one years after its date of
issue this was i)ut in the hands of two collectors.
Through some seemingly criminal negligence, not
explained in history, the draft was lost and with
it all chance of recovering the money until it was
found again amid the dust in the attic of the

Dunn's "Indiana," p. 151.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

capitol at Richmond. The debt was now fifty-five
years old. Meanwhile Vigo, stricken in years,
had long suffered poverty. Three years later
he died, unrelieved. Thirty-nine years more of
dawdling and red tape passed and finally, ninety-
seven years after the original transaction, the
money that made possible the capture of Vin-
cennes plus accumulated interest was paid to the
heirs of the man who had been more generous
than prudent. The expenses of his funeral, even,
were not paid until forty years after his death.*

Soon after Clark's conquest Vigo became an
American citizen and came for permanent resi-
dence to Vincennes, where he was honored and
prominent for many years. His sense of grati-
tude was livelier than that of the nation he had
served, for in appreciation of the fact that Vigo
county w^as named for him, he provided in his
will that, if his claim on the government were
allowed. $500 should be given to the county for
a court-hovise bell. He died in Vincennes in 1836
and is buried there.

The Lasselle Documents. — Among the pos-
sessions of the State Library is a large collection
of letters and other papers, some of them orig-
inals, some copies, that relate to \'incennes dur-
ing the early American occupancy. These docu-
ments were gathered up by the late Charles B.
Lasselle, of Logansport, who for many years
was an industrious collector of everything per-
taining to French life in the Wabash valley. Mr.
Lasselle was himself a member of an old French
family that had been intimately identified with
the valley since Revolutionary times. In his
later years he occupied a room in the court-house
at Logansport which was fairly filled with a mis-
cellaneous mass of documents, relics and news-
papers. Among the relics were the mahogany
liquor chest which was one of Governor Ham-
ilton's private possessions when he was captured
by Clark ; a Revolutionary drum that had been
found in old Fort Wayne, and the original parch-
ment document that was delivered to the Mianfi
Indians at the treaty of St. Mary's, in 1819. This
parchment bears the marks of the various chiefs
that represented their tribe, and the signatures of
Jonathan Jennings, Benjamin Parke and Lewis
Cass, commissioners, and William and John
Conner, interpreters. It was delivered to the
Miami head chief, Richardville. and finally came

English, p. 188.

into the Lasselle family through marriage rela-
tions. It is now in the possession of the State
Library.

The other documents referred to as in the li-
brary are now ])eing classified and arranged for
conveinent reference.

The First Civil Organization. — In October
of 1778 \'irginia was electrified by the news thai
Clark had actually accomplished the conquest
of Kaskaskia and the other Mississipi)i posts,
and one of the first acts of the Virginia Assem-
bly, thereafter, was to organize the newly-ac-
(|uired country as the "County of Illinois." r)n
December 12, Col. John Tcjdd. of Kciituckv, a
friend of Clark's, was appointed county lieuten-
ant, or local governor, and he arrived at Kas-
kaskia in May, 1779, to assume charge of civil
affairs. This was the first American government
north of the Ohio river, and the first election of
officers was held by Todd soon after his arrival.
In Vincennes about a dozen civil and nearly that
many militia officers were elected, all of them
Frenchmen. The law then established was lo
be temporary and agreeable to those "which the
})resent settlers are now accustomed to," and the
instructions from the Virginia governor to Todd
were "to use every eft'ort to win ihe friendshi])
of the French," and to conciliate the Indians as
far as possible; which shows that Patrick Henry.
at least, contemplated a just and friendly rela-
tion toward the new citizens of the State.

Todd did not remain in Illinois very long but
tlie government went on undisturbed until the
judges of the \'incennes court proceeded to gen-
erouslv apportion among themselves tracts of
land from an old Indian grant, when the L'nited
States interposetl an objection.

Meanwhile \'irginia. in 1784. had relin(|uished
her claim to the whole Illinois country in tavor
of the United States, and with that act the way
was cleared for the new ]-)olitical policy which.
a little later, had its Inrth in the famous ordi-
nance ot 1787.

The Wabash Land Company. — The W al)ash
Land C onipanv. which negotiated wh.it was ])er-
haps the first land deal in Indiana, dates b.ack
to 1775. Then, as now. real estate speculators
were a thrift\ class and their op])ortunities were
great. In tlie vear mentioned Louis \ ivial. the
agent of the company mentioned, negotiated with
the Piankeshaw lndi;ins at X'incennes for two

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

tracts of land bordering on the Wabash river,
that, besides a large tract out of eastern Illinois,
comprised perhaps one-half of Indiana. The
first, extending along the Wabash above Vin-
cennes for one hundred twenty miles, reached
from the river westward for ninety and eastward
for one hundred twenty miles. The other, ex-
tending from the mouth of White river to the
junction of the Wabash and the Ohio, reached
the same distance west and east as the first one.
This eastward stretch carried it almost across
the present state. This vast possession amount-
ing, all told, to about thirty-seven million, four
hundred and ninety-seven thousand six hundred
acres, was actually transferred, being "signed by
the grantees, attested by a number of the in-
habitants of Post Vincennes, and subsequently
registered in the office of a notary public at Kas-
kaskia." The contract between the parties,
printed in full in Dillon's Indiana (pp. 104-9)
is too long to reproduce here, though the pur-
chasing price may be given. The items specified
are: "Five shillings in money, four hundred
blankets, twenty-two pieces of stroud, two hun-
dred and fifty shirts, twelve gross of star garter-
ing, one hundred and twenty pieces of ribbon.

twenty-four pounds of vermilion, eighteen pairs
of velvet laced housings, one piece of malton,
fifty-two fusils, thirty-five dozen large buckhorn-
handle knives, forty dozen couteau knives, five
hundred pounds of brass kettles, ten thousand
gun flints, six hundred pounds of gunpowder,
two thousand pounds of lead, four hundred
pounds of tobacco, forty bushels of salt, three
thousand pounds of flour, three horses ; also the
following quantities of silverware, viz. : eleven
very large armbands, forty wristbands, six whole-
moons, six halfmoons, nine earwheels, forty-six
large crosses, twenty-nine hairpipes, sixty pairs
of earbobs, twenty dozen small crosses, twenty
dozen nose-crosses, and one hundred and ten
dozen brooches."

All these commodities, amounting in value to
but a very few thousand dollars, even when fig-
ured at traders' prices, doubtless seemed to the
simple Indians a bewildering display of wealth.

As a matter of fact, they got the best of the
bargain, for Clark's conquest of the country
threw it all into other hands ; the claim of the
Wabash Land Company was, of course, not con-
firmed, and later the land Avas again purchased
of the original claimants by the United States.

CHAPTER III

THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY— CIVIL
BEGINNIXGS

I50i;ia

Political Antecedents.— Strictly speaking the certainly took rank as niarkin.<< a new (k-].ariure

beginnings of our civil history antedate by many in the affairs of men.

years the history of Northwest Territory, and a The Written Constitution.— Tlu- formal

very brief consideration of our political ante- written political constitution is peculiarly an

cedents may not be amiss as an introduction to American institution,* and is corresiKjnd'ingly

the form of government we live under in the dear to the American heart. It is the funda-

present State of Indiana. mental law of the land, the ultimate authority,

It is, of course, understood and need merely which the legislative power must resi)ect, and its

be mentioned, that we are the lineal heirs of provisions are set forth in explicit language. In

those forces in English history that have made its supreme character it was the offspring of the

for the liberties and enlargement of man. old charter, only, as Fiske says, "instead of a

"Magna Charta," or the Great Charter, wrung document expressed in terms of a roval grant

from King John by the barons in 1215, is cus- it was a document expressed in terms of a jiop-

tomarily regarded as the logical starting point ular edict." The "Fundamental Orders of Con-

for a study of those liberties and their develop- necticut," of 1639, is cited as the tirst written con-

ments. When, four hundred years later, the stitution known to historv. Similar instruments

stream of English history divided, sending forth were adopted in America before the formation

its minor current in the new world, those who of the federal union, and the full l^jwer of the

founded the colonies brought Avith them ideas process was the work of the Federal Convention

of individual rights and of forms of government when, in 1787, it framed the Constitution of the

that all Englishmen had contended for since the United States, which instrument William F.

concessions of King John, and that all English- Gladstone has designated as "the most wonderful

men shared alike. Then came a differentiation work ever struck off' at a given time by the l)rain

in the development, due to the introduction of and purpose of man."

new conditions. The isolated life of the colonies, A New Question; The Public Domain. — The

remote from the home government, fostered lo- Constitution of the L'nited .states nowise took

cal government ; local government fostered self- the place of the instruments under which the

sufficiency, independence and the spirit of democ- various States were governed. It was a general

racy, and a century and a half of development constitution strictly for the control of federal

along this line could hardly fail of distinctive functions. But now an entirely new (juestion

results. had to be dealt with — that of federal jurisdic-

In brief, the elements that emerge as we exam- tion over lands belonging to no State. Within

ine the unfolding of the American ideal are, the five years after the close of the Revolution tour

idea of inherent rights, common to all men, the States, New York. X'irginia, Massachusetts and

right to realize these through self-government, Connecticut, had ceded to the national govern-

and the right to safeguard them at every point. ment lands that they had claime<l. lying west of

How far these ideas had progressed by 1776 is the Alleghany ranges. These claims, as referral

revealed by the immortal Declaration of Inde- to in history, were somewhat obscure and over-

pendence, which startled the world with the bold lai)])ing : but at any rate the cessions placed under

and radical proposition that "all men are created the control of the l'nited States a tract of virgin

equal; that they are endowed by their Creator territory, and ibis comprised the country north-

with certain inalienable rights ; that among these west of the Ohio river thai ( ieorgc Rogers Clark

are Hfe, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." had won in the name of \'ir-inia. ft was the be-

\\'hen, in addition to this, the age-honored alle- -7^^ ^^ interesting tre..,n,ent of .his subject, sec Fisk's •'Civil

giance to kings was cast aside, the instrument Government," chap. vii.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ginning of the "public domain," and one duty of
the new government was to take care of it.

Thus it was that while the Federal Conven-
tion in Philadelphia was making the nation's
constitution. Congress, in New York, was elab-
orating a policy of government for this domain.

The Ordinance of 1787.— This policy, as em-
bodied in a document, was the famous ordinance
for the government of the territory of the United
States northwest of the Ohio river, passed by
Congress on July 13. 1787, and commonly known
as the "Ordinance of 1787." It may be called
a special federal constitution for the organization
and government of the territory belonging to the
United States preliminary to the creation of
States with their own constitutions. It is con-
spicuous among the instruments of the country
as shaping the character of government in the
territory it was framed for. Daniel Webster
said of it: "I doubt whether one single law of
anv law given, ancient or modern, has produced
effects of more distinct, marked and lasting char-
acter than the Ordinance of 1787." Its bill of
rights has led some to speak of it, with a little
grandiloquence, perhaps, as the Magna Charta of
the west. Its most famous proviso was one for-
l)i(lding the existence of slavery in the territory
at a time when that institution was forbidden no-
where else. The Ordinance was the culmination
of previous attempts to cope with a j)roblem that
was even then recognized as a growing danger,
and as it constitutes our immediate political foun-
dation we here examine it in its parts.*

The Ordinance contemplates the ultimate di-
vision of the territory into not less than three
nor mcjrc than live States, certain boundaries of
these l)eing delinitely set. It established grades
of government, based on population, for these
divisions: "live thousand free male inhabitants,
of full age," entitling to the "second grade" of
territorial govenmient, and sixtv thousand en-
titling lo statehood "on an ecpial footing with
the original States in all res])ects whatever." The
territorial government, in tlie first grade, is to
be in ihe hands ot a governor and three judges,
whose lirst duly is to "a(lo])t and ])ublish in the
district sui'li laws of the original States, criminal
and ci\il, as m;iy br neccssar\- and best suited
to the circumstances of the district." The gov-

* Sec Dvimrs "Iti(li,-m:i" for ;m (.■lalxnatc discussion of this
insltuiiu-iit.

ernor shall be the commander-in-chief of the
militia and shall have the appointing of most of
the officers, both military and civil.

On entering the second grade the inhabitants
of a territory shall be entitled to elect repre-
sentatives from their counties or townships for
their own general assembly, and this "general
assembly or legislature shall consist of the gov-
ernor, legislative council and a house of repre-
sentatives," the legislative council to consist of
five members, to continue in office five years, and
to be appointed and commissioned by Congress
out of ten that have been nominated by the gov-
ernor and the representatives. The body thus
formed is to have the authority to make laws "not
repugnant to the principles and articles in this
Ordinance," all bills passed to be "referred to the
governor for his assent." The Legislature has
the authority to elect a delegate to Congress, and
this delegate will have the right to join in the
Congressional debates, but can not vote. The bill
of rights feature takes the form of "articles of
compact between the original States and the peo-
ple and the States in the said territory," to for-
ever remain vmalterable, unless by common con-
sent. These articles are, that no person demean-
ing himself in a peaceable and orderly manner,
shall ever be molested on account of his mode of
worship or religious sentiment : that all shall
be entitled to the benefits of the writ of
habeas corpus, to a trial by jury, to judicial
proceedings according to the course of the com-
mon law, and to proportionate representation in
the Legislature. All persons shall be bailable,
unless for capital offense ; all fines shall be mod-
erate, and no cruel or unusual punishments shall
be inflicted ; no man shall be deprived of his lib-
erty or property but by the judgment of his
peers or the law of the land. i

It may seem somewhat curious that before
taking up these fundamentals, in fact, in the
very first ])rovision, the Ordinance deals with the
question of the equitable distribution of in-
testate estates, thus checking at the start any
system of ])rimogeniture. The last article in
the document is the one that is cited oftenest in
history — namel}-, the slavery clause, which af-
firms that "there shall be neither slavery nor
involnntarv servitude in the said territory, other-
wise than in the punishment of crimes whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted." This

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

was regarded as the provision of all others that
was to give a distinctive character to the civiliza-
tion of the northwest, for it meant free territory
as opposed to the institution of slavery, which
was already coming to be regarded as a national
curse. The promise it held out undoubtedly
played its part in the character of the population
that from the beginning gravitated to this region.

From these salient features of the Ordinance
it will be seen that its Congressional framers
aimed not only at a constitution of the territories,
as such, but as a federal instrument, as well,
that should impose certain limitations on future
State constitutions. Thus while the State con-
stitution is, in a sense, the "fundamental law of
the land," it must, after all, recognize a higher,
ultimate authority.

Virginia's Cession to United States; Forma-
tion of Northwest Territory. — The last two
sections have outrun the present one chronolog-
ically in the attempt to follow the lineal develop-
ment of our fundamental instruments. Prior to
the question of public domain and the Ordinance
of 1787 came the cession by Virginia of her
northwestern possessions to the United States,
along with other territorial relinquishments by
other States. As said on a previous page, the
first civil organization was attempted by the Vir-
ginia Assembly, which established courts among
the French and temporarily installed John Todd
as governor of Kaskaskia. This organization
was no doubt cruder than it would have been
had the future ownership been more certain. As
early as 1781 Virginia thought favorably of the
proposition to cede her newly-acquired domain,
and in 1784 the cession was made and the whole
territory passed over to a new jurisdiction. For
the three years following there seems to have
been little that could be called civil government,
but with the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787
steps were taken to organize the country in ac-
cordance with the provisions of" that instrument.
The region then took the name of "The Territory
of the United States Northwest of the River
Ohio," but this, in popular usage, became simply
"The Northwest Territory."* General Arthur St.

Clair, an officer of the kcvolution, was elected
governor loy Congress, and he, on July 27, 1788,
issued a proclamation organizing Washington
county, which comprised the eastern half of the
present State of Ohio. Prior to that a land com-
pany had purchased of Congress a tract on the
Ohio, taken thither the first colony, and founded
the town of Marietta. 'J'his settlement and the
one county above named marketl the real starting
point of civil governincnl in the Northwest Ter-
ritory. Tt was two years l)ef(jrc any other countv
was formed. With the election of the governor,
the three judges re(|uire(l Ijy the Ordinance had
likewise been chosen and with the conveninii

* Tlic Northwest Territory comprised the present States of
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and a part of Min-
nesota. It was the first public domain of the United States and
the first use made of the lands was in the discharge of the na-
tion's debts to Revolutionary soldiers. For matter at length on
this subject, see Burnet's "Notes on the Northwest Territory"
and chapter on same in Dunn's "Indiana."

Map of the Territory of Lidiana, May 7. ISCXJ. h in-
cludes all of the Northwest Territory west of a line
drawn from the tnouth of the Kentucky river to Fort
Recovery, thence ckie north to the northern houndary
of the United States. — From map draziit b\ E. /'.
Shocklcy.

the officers at Marietta they ]irocee(led to their
work of compiling a bod\- of laws, the result be-
ing a small volume, iirinted in 1795. known as
the "Maxwell Code."

With the history of the Northwest Territory
\)\-\ov to tb.e formation of Indiana Territorx-. in
1800, however, it is not our purpose to deal bc-
\ond noting in a general way the westward
movement that presently extended to our terri-
tory. \\'ith the opening of the new country tlie
infiux began, and "it is estimated that within a
year following the organization of the territory
full twenty thousand men. women and children

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

passed down the Ohio river to become settlers
upon its banks."* Most of this earHer immigra-
tion, presumaljly, did not go Ijeyond Washington
coimtv. The progress westward was retarded
In- the hostihties of the Indians, whose ill-feehng
at the encroachments upon their lands was kept
alive by British influences from the north, Eng-
land's desire being that this region should still
remain a wild territory between the frontiers of
the two nations. According to Judge Burnet,
"the woods were literally swarming with In-
dians, scattered in every direction, and, in addi-
tion to other difficulties, those who ventured into
the wilderness, from duty or choice, were in con-
stant danger of meeting some of those parties and
suffering the consequences. "f Nevertheless, or-
ganization proceeded and by 1796 there were four
counties — Washington, Hamilton, St. Clair and
Knox, with seats of justice, in the order named,
at Marietta, Cincinnati, Kaskaskia and Vin-
cennes.

Character of First Immigrants. — Judge
Jacob Burnet, in his "Notes on the Northwest
Territory," tells us that "the early adventurers
to the Northwest Territory were generally men
who had spent the prime of their lives in the War
of Independence. Many of them had exhausted
their fortunes in maintaining the desperate strug-
gle, and retired to the wilderness to conceal their
poverty and avoid companions mortifying to their
pride while struggling to maintain their families
and improve their condition. Some of them were
young men, descended from Revolutionary pa-
triots, who had fallen in the contest or become
too feeble to endure the fatigue of settling a
wilderness. C)thers were adventurous spirits to
whom any change might be for the l)etter, and
who, anticipating a successful result, united in
the enter] )rise. .Such a colony as this left New
I'jigland in 17(S7 for the ])urpose of occupying
the grant made to Sargent, Cutler & Co., on the
Muskingum river."];

l-'dsewhere, si)eaking of the social status at
Cincinnati and the garrison there. Fort Wash-
ington, during the latter ])art of the eighteenth
century, he says: "idleness, drinking and
gambling ])revailed in the army," owing to the
fact ll)al tln'v liad "been several vears in the

• Lossing.

t Biirnff'.s "Notes on the Ncirtluvcst Territory.

t Burnet's "Notes," p. 42.

wilderness, cut off from all society but their
own, and no amusements but such as their own
ingenuity could invent. Libraries were not to
be found ; men of literary minds or polished
manners were rarely met with, and they had
long been deprived of the advantage of modest,
accomplished female society. Thus situated
. . . the bottle, the dice box and the card table
were among the expedients resorted to. Such
were the habits of the army wdien they began
to associate with the inhabitants of Cincinnati
and of the western settlements generally."*

SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER

Proposed Division of Northwest Territory. —

I'rior to the framing of the Ordinance of 1787
a committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was a
member, elaborated a plan for the government
of the western lands, and this plan as originally
presented proposed the division of the north-
western country into ten States w hich were to be
christened with sounding names reflecting the
stilted taste for the classics that prevailed at that
day. We cjuote from J. P. Dunn ("Indiana,"
p. 180) :

"The region west of Lake Michigan and north
of parallel 45 was to be a State under the name
of Sylvania. The lower peninsula of Michigan
north of parallel 43 w^as to form Cheronesus.
That part of Wisconsin between parallels 43 and
45 was to be Michigan. Below this there were
to be two States to every two degrees of latitude,
divided by a meridian line drawm through the
rapids of the Ohio, except that all the territory
east of a meridian line drawn throtigh the mouth
of the Great Kanawha was to be one State named
Washington. Betw'een parallels 41 and 43 the
eastern State was Saratoga and the western Illi-
noia. Between parallel 39 and the Ohio, the
eastern State was Pelisipia and the western Poly-
potamia. Indiana, therefore, would have been
divided tip among these six States last named."

French and American Differences. — In tem-
])erament, customs, hal)its and general charac-
ter the two elements had little in common. The
French are pictured as indolent, shiftless and
easy-going, given to vivacity, noise and merry-
making, their very manner of apportioning their
lands being an index to their social nature, for

* Ibid., p. 36.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the long, narrow tracts they farmed were so
shaped as to bring their houses near together.
The Americans, on the other hand, were business-
hke and thrifty, with an eye to seizing advan-
tages, and when the two classes came into indus-
trial competition the incompetent Frenchman
gradually went to the wall and much of his land
that had formerly yielded him some sort of a
living went to his competitor at prices little more
than nominal. Before this turn of affairs, how-
ever, they had serious cause of complaint, as is

flour and corn taken forciljly, and various other
wrongs perjjetrated.*

These summary procccflings might have been
accounted for, in ]);irt, by the exigencies of war.
for the capture of V'incennes was by no means
the end of military operations in the Northwest,
but they also indicate that the rude frontiers-
man who performed the rough work of conquest
that has been described, was not given to gentle-
ness, nor, perhaps, to strict justice. In short, the
less robust exiles were not fitted to cope with him

The Niagara Falls of Washington county are about 30 feet high. The water falls uvcr three or four k^ilges or
benches of rocks as shown in the picture, which was taken when the temperature was si.xteen degrees below
zero, in the early morning. The stream is fed by a spring quite a distance from the falls. The water runs
down a knob about 150 feet high. It is 150 feet up the knob to the falls. The rock, which is shale and lime-
stone, is ragged and rough, making it difficult to ascend. The falls are si.x miles northwest of Salem.
— Orra Hopper.

shown by a letter, signed by sixteen of the lead-
ing citizens of Vincennes and addressed to the
governor of Virginia in 1781. This letter affirms
"horrible treatment" from the X'irginia troojis.
particularly after Colonel Clark left the town,
the charge being that they were obliged to ac-
cept for their goods and food supplies depreci-
ated continental money at coin value ; that their
cattle and hogs were killed in the fields, their

and with those who followed him as permanent
citizens, and thus the story of French life on
Indiana soil has in it something of tragedy.

Francis Busseron's Commission as Justice. —
A curious relic among the doctunents ot the Las-
selle collection is an early form of commission
for the ottice of justice of the jieace. l-'rancis
"Bussero," to whom the commission was issued,

• George Rogers Clark Papers, p. 430.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

properly spelled Busseron or Bosseron, was one
of the most prominent French citizens of Vin-
cennes at the time of the conquest and for some
years after. He was a major in the militia and
his name is to the present day perpetuated in
Knox county by a creek and a village.

The commission, issued by the "Honourable
Winthrop Sargent, Esquire," who is "vested with
all the powers of the governor and commander-
in-chief of the Territory of the United States
Northwest of the River Ohio," and bearing the
seal of the territory, is curious by reason of a
legal wording that seems little short of barbarous
maltreatment of language, and it is interesting as
showing the functions imposed upon the magis-
trate. He seems, indeed, to have been a justice,
a prosecuting attorney and a grand jury all rolled
into one. The commission follows :

"To all unto zvhom these Presents shall come. Greet-
ing :

"Know ye that we have assigned and constituted, and
do by these Presents constitute and appoint Francis
Bussero. Esquire, to be one of the justices to keep the
Peace of the Quorum in our county of Knox, and to
keep and cause to be kept, the Laws and Ordinances
made for the Good of the Peace, and for the Conserva-
tion of the same, and for the Quiet, Rule and Govern-
ment of our Citizens and Subjects in the said county
in all and every the Articles thereof according to the
Force, Form and Effect of the same, and to chastise
and punish all Persons offending against the Form of
those Laws and Ordinances, or any of them, in the
county aforesaid, as according to the Form of those
Laws Ordinances shall be fit to be done; and to cause
to come before him, the said Francis Bussero, Esquire,
all those that shall break the Peace, or attempt anything
against the same, or that shall threaten any of the Citi-

zens or Subjects in their Persons, or in burning their
Houses, to find sufficient security for the Peace, and
for the good Behaviour toward the Citizens and Sub-
jects of this Government; and if they shall refuse to
find such security, then to cause them to be kept safe
in Prison until they shall find the same; and to do and
perform in the county aforesaid, all and whatsoever,
according to our Laws and Ordinances, or anj- of them,
a Justice of the Peace & Quorum may and ought to do
and perform ; And with other Justices of the Peace
(according to the Tenor of the Commission to them
granted) to enquire by the oaths of good and lawful
men of the said county by whom the Truth may be bet-
ter known, of all and all Manner of Thefts, Trespasses,
Riots, Routs and unlawful Assemblies whatsoever, and
all and singular other Misdeeds and Offenses of which
by Law Justices of the Peace in their General Sessions
may and ought to enquire, by whomsoever or howsoever
done or perpetrated, or which shall hereafter happen,
howsoever to be done or attempted in the county afore-
said, contrary to the Form of the Laws and Ordinances
aforesaid, made for the common good of our Citizens
and Subjects; And with other Justices of the Peace
(according to the Tenor of the Commission to them
granted as aforesaid) to hear and determine all and
singular the said Thefts, Trespasses, Riots, Routs, un-
lawful Assemblies, and all and singular other Premises,
and to do therein as to Justice appertaineth, according
to the Laws, Statutes and Ordinances aforesaid.

"IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, we have caused our
Public Seal to be hereunto affixed : Witness Winthrop
Sargent Esqr. vested with all the Powers of Our Gov-
ernor and Commander-in-chief.

Dated at Post Vincennes the third day of July,
Anno Domini One Thousand, Seven Hundred and
Ninety, and in the fourteenth year of the Inde-
pendence of the United States of America.

"W. SARGENT,

"Secretary.

"Before me, Winthrope Sargent, appeared Francis
Bussero, Esqre. and took the oath prescribed to all offi-
cers by an Act of the United States, and also the Oath
of Office as directed by the Laws of this Territory.

"In testimonv whereof I have hereunto set mv hand
this fifth day of July, 1790.

"W. SARGENT."

CHAPTER IV

INDIANA TERRITORY— BECxINXINGS

The Origin of "Indiana." — Who gave the
name "Indiana" to the western part of the North-
west Territory when it was set off as a new terri-
tory in 1800, is not now known, hut it was evi-
dently borrowed from a preceding "Indiana"
that may be found on maps dating back into the
eighteenth century. The map best showing the
exact boundaries of this forgotten tract is one by
Thomas Hutchins. pubhshed in 1778.* Roughly
described it occupies the approximate triangle
formed by the Little Kanawha and the Ohio
rivers and the western ranges of the Alleghanv
mountains. In other words, it covers all of six
and parts of five other counties now within the
State of West Virginia, and it contains about
five thousand square miles, or an area ecjtial to
the State of Connecticut.

The little chapter of forgotten history con-
nected with this original Indiana is interesting
and runs as follows : After the French and In-
dian war, when the territory in question had
passed into the possession of Great Britain, a
trading company was organized at Philadelphia
to establish an extensive fur trade with the In-
dians of the Ohio valley. A large consignment
of goods sent by this company down the river
was forcibly appropriated by some predatory
bands of savages despite the nominal peace then
existing between the white and the red men. The
powerful Iroquois confederation known as the
"Six Nations," which claimed jurisdiction over
the marauders, was appealed to for redress ; it
admitted the justice of the claim, and, as its
wealth consisted chiefly of land, it gave the com-
pany, by way of indemnity, the Virginia land in
question. The value of the goods had been
placed at something like a half-million dollars.
The vast tract thus acquired was called "Indiana"
by its new owners. The name may be interpreted
"the land of the Indians," and in it may be de-
tected the classical bias that is traceable in Loui-
siana, Virginia, Carolina, Pennsylvania, Georgia,
and many other geographical names.

This was in 1768. Either then or later the
owners took the name of "the Indiana Land Com-

pany," under which title it figures in the (. on-
gressional Journals for several years, beginning
in 1779, with a memorial from the companv pray-
ing for relief. Tlie occasion of this memorial
was the refusal of X'irginia to recognize the com-
pany's title to the land. 'I'Ik- case dragged
along in Congress as such things do; linally that
body decided that it could do nothing in the mat-
ter, and in the end X'irginia swallowed it all,
leaving the Indiana Land Company to drop out
of history and Indiana as a region to ]xiss from
the maps. By 1798, "Indiana" had cea.sed to
exist.

For map see p. 25.

icrriturial llall, \ inccniics, lISi'.x. tin- Jlnildnii; m Wliicii
the First Territorial Lej^islaturc Met.

Two years later, when the "'i'erritory North-
west of the Ohio" was divided, a name h.'.d to
be found for the western jiart of the region. The
name of the now defmict Indiana across the
river seemed to l)e e(|ually applical)le to this
country, and so in some way, now lost to his-
torv, the application was niaile. In the sub-
divisions that followed, our .^tate was the first
to take on permanent l)Oundaries, and it retained
the name. This time it stuck, and so the red men
ha\e the nioiuuneiit thai the old land company
contemplated.

In western Pennsylvania there is a county
liearing the name "Indiana." which is probalily
a reminiscence of the old \'irginia tract. This
county was erected in 1802.

An interesting and little-known monograph on

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

this subject is "The Naming of Indiana," by Prof.
Cyrus W. Hodgin, of Earlham college, published
by the Wayne County Historical Society some
years ago.

The "Gore." — What was once facetiously
known as the "Gore" in Indiana Territory was
a long tract in the shape of a wedge or gore ofif
the east side of tlie Territory, widening south-
ward and comprising most of the Whitewater
valley. This, along with land about Vincennes
and a few small tracts, represents the first terri-
tory in Indiana to come into the possession of
the United States by treaty with the Indians, and
dates back to 1795. By Wayne's treaty of that
year, part of the Indian boundary line extended
from Fort Recovery (in Ohio) to a point on the
Ohio river, opposite the mouth of the Kentucky.
When Indiana Territory was created, that line
was part of its eastern boundary, but when Ohio
was admitted as a State in 1802, the line was
shifted eastward to the mouth of the Miami
river— a boundary that had really been fixed by
the Ordinance of 1787. Thus the triangle in
question antedated, as a frontier, the early pur-
chases along the Ohio river, though the lands
were not put on sale prior to 1802. Ohio has
laid claim to this strip of territory, as Michigan
has to a ten-mile strip that was added to Indiana
on the north, but no serious attention has ever
been paid to these claims.

Creating of Indiana Territory. — By 1800 the
population of the Northwest Territory had in-
creased and spread over a territory so vast, in
centers so widely separated that the administra-
tion of government and operation of the courts
became very difficult in many instances, and cor-
respondingly inefi^ective. A reduction of the area
and administration at shorter range became
desirable, and hence, in the year named, the most
thicl-;l\- ]iopulatcd section in the eastern part was
set ofi" from the remainder. This eastern por-
tion, bounded by the treaty line established by
C/cneral Wayne's treaty with the Indians of the
northwest at Greenville, in 1795, com])rised the
present State of Ohio and the eastern part of
Michigan. Until the creation of the State of
Ohio, in 1802, this still retained the name of the
"Northwest Territory." The western portion,
comprising all the rest of the original territory,
and extending westward to the Mississippi river

and northward to Canada, was reorganized un-
der the name of "Indiana Territory." There were
at first three counties — St. Clair, Randolph and
Knox, the latter covering all of the present State
of Indiana, and the population was given at 6,550
by a census of 1800.*

Organization of Government. — The form ot
government as determined by the Ordinance of
1787, first established a governor and three
judges whose duty it was to compile from exist-
ing statutes a code of laws for the territory. The
large powers of the governor, and the entire con-
trol by the federal government were the distinct-
ive features of what was termed the first terri-
torial grade. On attaining to a population of
5,000 free male adults the territory was eligible
to a second grade, in which a governor and legis-
lative councils, appointed by Congress, and a
house of representatives, elected by the people,
sticceeded to the governor and judges. Laws
created by this legislative body took the place of
the borrowed code. The territory was entitled to
a delegate in Congress, with the right of debate
but not of vote. This form of government was
imposed until the territory should have 60,000
free inhabitants, which population entitled it to
statehood with its own constitution and machin-
ery for government.

Beginning of Government. — The govern-
ment of Indiana Territory began July 4, 1800, as
recorded in the opening entry of the territorial
journal, f

The seat of government was Vincennes. The
governor was William Henry Harrison, and his
three coworkers, the judges, were William
Clarke, Henry Vanderburgh and John Griffin.
John Gibson was secretary of the territory and
acting-governor on various occasions. Harrison
himself did not arrive at A'incennes until January
of 1801 and prior to that Gibson appointed a
number of minor officials and attended to the
necessary administrative matters.

One of Harrison's first acts was to convene his
judges and proceed to adopt and publish laws for
the territory, the result being a code of seven

* This poi)ulation is said to have been distributed as follows:
At Clark's CIrant, 929; in and near Vincennes, 2,497; in the Kas-
kaskia region, 1,103; Cahokia and other Mississippi river settle-
ments, 1,255. Also there were remote trading settlements at
Miohillimacinac, Prairie dii Chien, Green Bay and other points.

t Executive Journal of Indiana Territory, 1800-1816. — Ind.
Hist. Soc. publications, vol. iii.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

laws and three resolutions. These, chiefly, dealt
with the levying of taxes, the practise of attor-
neys and of courts, the establishment of courts,
the compensation of officers and the establish-
ment of ferries.*

The first session of the general court was be-
gun by the territorial judges at Vincennes, on
March 3, 1801, and the first grand jury was em-
paneled with nineteen members.

First Public Questions. — "Between the vears
1800 and 1810 the principal subjects which at-
tracted the attention of the people of the Indiana
Territory were land speculations, the adjustment
of land titles, the question of negro slavery, the
purchase of Indian lands by treaties, the organi-
zation of territorial Legislatures, the extension
of the right of suffrage, the division of the Indi-
ana territory, the movements of Aaron Burr, and
the hostile views and proceedings of the Shawnee
chief, Tecumseh, and his brother, the Prophet. "f

The Slavery Question. — In spite of the pro-
vision in the Ordinance of 1787 that there should
be "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude" in
the Northwest Territory, otherwise than for
the punishment of crimes, there was from the
first a pronounced attempt to make it legal in In-
diana. The entering wedge for this attempt was
the fact that negro slavery had existed among the
French. This continued to exist and its elimina-
tion was but laxly followed up. It is estimated
that in 1800 there were one hundred seventy-five
slaves in the territory, twenty-eight of which
were at Vincennes. In some instances the "in-
voluntary servitude" clause was avoided by the
slaves agreeing by indentures or contracts to
remain with their masters for a certain number
of years.

With the incoming American population were
many southerners who were favorable to slavery,
and Governor Harrison himself decidedly leaned
that way. In December of 1802, pursuant to a
proclamation issued by the governor, an election
was held in the various counties to choose dele-
gates for a convention at Vincennes on the twen-
tieth of that month, the purpose of which was
to consider the slavery proviso in the ordinance.
This was a movement of the slavery element, and
the result of the convention was a memorial to
Congress petitioning that the proviso be sus-

I)ended. The argument made was, in i>art, that
such suspension "would be highly advantageous
to the territory" ; that it would "meet the appro-
bation of at least nine-tenths of the good citizens
of the territory"; that "the abstract question of
liberty and slavery" was not involved, and that
the slaves themselves would be benefited as those
possessed in small numbers by farmers "were
better fed and better clothed than when they
were crowded together in quarters by hundreds"
(Dillon). The committee to which this memorial
was referred disapjjroved of the suspension and
Congress took no action. That, however, by no
means ended the matter and the attempts to sad-
dle slavery upon the territfjry continued through-
out the territorial i)eriod. .Meanwhile the anti-
slavery element was not indifi'ercnt or idle and
the political history of those years is in no small
degree one of party alignment on that question.
Generally speaking, the Harrison party of Knox
county which stood for slavery was oj^posed bv
Clark county and the Quaker element of the
Whitewater, with whom Jonathan Jennings be-
came a conspicuous leader, and whom, in 1816.
they made the first governor of the State. Bv
1816 the anti-slavery element had so gained in
strength as to elect a large majority of the dele-
gates to the constitutional convention of that
year, and by virtue of this the State constitution
fixed firmly the status of Lidiana as one of the
free commonwealths. This was the beginning of
the end, but the tenacity of this nefarious cancer
on the body politic is well illustrated by the fact
that as late as 1840 a few slaves were reported
in Indiana in open violation of the constitutional
law.*

Indian Treaties and Land Purchases. — Ar-
ticle iii of the ( )rdinance of 1787 defines the ]iol
ic\- of the United States toward the Indians, one
clause being that "their lands :\m\ projierty shall
never be taken from them without their consent."
This means that while the United States nomi-
nally took possession of the country beyond tiie
( )hio ri\er it considered the land as still in the
possession of the original owners. Hence ( lov-
ernor Harrison was ])ut in authority over a coun-
trv which, except for a few small tracts the In-
dians had previously jxirted with, did not belong

* Dillon, p. 409.
t Ibid.

* The sub-title to J. P. Dunn's "Indi.in.i" is "A Redemption
From Slavery," and the book is primarily an exhaustive study
of this particular question, which the author holds to be an im-
portant formative factor in our history.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

to the whites at all. One of his first duties was
the acquiring of land for the prospective com-
monwealth to grow upon and his accomplishment
to this end was one of his conspicuous services.
The ownership was complicated, a number of
tribes having overlapping claims to various parts
of the territory desired and treaties negotiated
with ihcse tribes by Harrison extended over a
period of six years, or from 1803 to 1809. The
fruit of this w^as five separate purchases within
the present Indiana that comprised the whole
southern portion of the State and lapped over into
Illinois. Besides these there were other large
tracts not within the present limits of our State.
Subsequent purchases by other agents brought
the number of tracts up to more than fifty before
the entire State was secured, and the last one was
made in 1840. These lands were paid for, chiefly,
by such commodities as the Indians needed or
fancied and by annual payments of money, and
were trivial as compared with the value of the
territory.*

Land Surveys; Rectangular System. — The
first step, preparatory to settlement, was the sur-
vey of the public lands as they were secured by
the government. The system adopted was one
that was elaborated for the public domain of the
nation and dates back to 1785. It is known as
the "rectangular system" and consists of series of
east-and-west and north-and-south lines inter-
secting each other so as to cover the face of the
country with sciuares of an equal size called con-
gressional townships. These rectangles, six miles
square, are subdivided into thirty-six square
miles of "sections." The measurements are made
from base and meridian lines, each township be-
ing numljcrcd in its relations to these two lines.
As numl)ercd north or south from the base line
they are described as a given number of town-
shi])s. I^ast or west from the meridian they oc-
cupy a certain range. The sections are numbered
from 1 to .^6, l)eginning in the northeast corner
of each townshi]), running westward to 6, then
eastward on the second tier to 12, and so on. Any-
tliing less than a section is described as a fraction
of a s])ecified section and its exact location given
within the section. l-Jy this admirable sv.stem any
tract in the .Stale can be easily and accurately lo-
cated and its boundaries delined, thus avoiding

* l-'(ir in.i|i sri- \t. ^\. A full list of tlu- i)urcliasos may l)i' fmind
in .Smith's "Histcjiy nf Iiuliana."

the confusion and troubles that have arisen in
some of the States, notably Kentucky, by reason
of overlapping claims.

The Indiana base line, which was run in 1804,
crosses the southern counties about the latitude
of Vincennes. Our meridian runs a few miles
west of the longitudinal center of the State, ex-
tending from the Ohio river to the Michigan line.
The location of these two principal lines was de-
termined by the fact that the first tract to be sur-
veyed by the general system west of Ohio was
one adjacent to Vincennes, extending eastward
to the point where the intersection of the lines
was established. The surveys of the various"
tracts shortly followed the purchases. Vincennes
and its immediate surroundings and Clark's Grant
show irregular surveys owing to the work being
done before the introduction here of the govern-
ment system.

The government surveyors not only established
their measurements, but, incidentally, gathered
much valuable information abovit the natural fea-
tures an(,l resources of the country which was
carefully recorded in their field notes.

'Tn the land office at the statehouse in Indian-
apolis may still be seen the drawings, together
with the 'field notes' made by these early survey-
ors of our State. They are in excellent condition,
and not only show the surveys as they were
made, but also the location of lands purchased
from the Indians from time to time, the locations
of the roads and canals through the State, and
many other interesting things connected with the
history and development of our State."*

Land Sales and Land Offices. — As the lands
were surveyed and put on sale land districts were
established, each with its land office where pur-
chasers entered their claims and secured the same
by paying down one-fourth of the government
price, which at one time was $2 per acre, and at
another $1.50. The balance was paid in anmial
instalments and subject to forfeiture if the pay-
ments fell delinquent. In time there was consid-
erable trouble with delayed payments, and some
legislation for relief.

The first land office in Indiana was established
at Vincennes, March 26. 1804. with John Badol-
let as register and Nathan Ewing as receiver.

* Mrs. Conklin's "^'oiing People's History of Indiana" lias a
very itiforniativf chapter on the early surveys and land sales.
See also map of government surveys in Indiana, by Prof. John
Collett, in geological report for 1882.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

The second office was opened at Jeffersonville in
1807. Subsequent ones, as the acquired lands ex-
tended northward, were at Brookville, Indian-
apolis, Craw fords ville, Winamac and Fort
Wayne.

Divisions of Indiana Territory. — Originally
Indiana Territory extended westward to the Mis-
sissippi and northward to the Canadian bound-
ary. In 1805 a division was made by a line run-
ning eastward from the southern extremity of

Ohio extended north to Canada till the forma-
tion of the State of Ohio in 1802. when the coun-
try cut off by Ohio's northern boundary was
added to Indiana. The western boundary of Ohio
as established at that time shifted the line that
had previously formed the eastern boundary of
Indiana, thus forming the "Gore."*

First Party Divisions. — The first partv divi-
sions in Indiana were not along the line of na-
tional (juestions. but on local issues that aroused

Old Alill on Big Raccoon Creek near AnTiies1)urg, in Parke County. The tradition is llial William Henry
Harrison encamped here with his troops on his wav to tlie Battle of Tippecanoe, in 1811.— C'<'»r/,'jy >>f
A. H. Nordvke.

Lake Michigan and north of this line the Terri- considerable feeling and gave rise to factions as

tory of Michigan was created. Again, by a con- well as parties. Consi)icuous among these issues

gressional act of February 3, 1809, all that coun- were the ([uestion of i)ermitting slavery and the

try lying w^est of the Wabash river and of a line division of the territory, the latter being more or

drawn due north from Yincennes to the Cana- less linked with the first. Knox county developed

dian line was constituted a separate territory and a dominating pro-slavery group with ll.irnson

called Illinois. This gave to Indiana its present as its recognized head, and this was reintorced

limits except that subseqttently the Michigan line I'v the pro-slavery element in the Illinois cuntry.

was shifted ten miles north of the sotUhern ex- ^'^"k countv and the eastern s,de ot the tcrn-
tremity of the lake.

The eastern part of the Michigan peninstila
was not at first a part of Indiana Territory, as
the line separating the latter from what is now

tory was largeh' anli-sla\ er\ , with lonathan Jen-
nings as its most consjiictious champion. '1 his di-
vision existed until the formation ot the State

* See section •"The (".ore." [>. ^2.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Constitution fixed the status of the question in
favor of anti-slavery. In 1805 one hundred and
five anti-slavery residents of the Whitewater re-
gion signed a memorial to Congress petitioning
that their section be annexed to Ohio, the reason
directly given being that while they were in easy
communication with that State they were sep-
arated from the Indiana seat of government by
a wilderness that for many years would likely be
unoccupied by any other than Indians. As these
petitioners were, mainly, anti-slavery Quakers
and entirely out of harmony with the party in
power at Vincennes it is likely that the unex-
pressed reasons were the strongest.

Again, in the same year, another petition asked
that a latitudinal division of the territory be made
and that the lands already purchased from the
Indians, extending from the Miami to the Missis-
sippi be made into a state. This would give Vin-
cennes the central and logical position for the
permanent capital, and was all to its advantage,
and it was opposed by the Illinois residents who
objected vigorously to the Vincennes domination.
One source of dissension was the question of en-
tering the second grade of government, the ar-
gument against which was additional expenses
and increased taxes without commensurate bene-
fits ; the Harrison party came to be regarded with
odium as "aristocrats," and, in short, the terri-
tory with its internal animosities and factions
was anything but a harmonious social unit.*

Extension of Suffrage. — For the first terri-
torial grade the ordinance of 1787 conferred no
rights of suffrage on the citizen. The governor
and judges were installed by the federal govern-
ment and the laws and courts, and all appoint-
ments, both civil and military, were in their
hands. The appointive power and general au-
thority of the governor could be autocratic.

With the second grade, wherein a house of rep-
resentatives was elected while the legislative
council was appointed from Washington, the vot-
ing was "restricted to those inhabitants who, in
addition to other qualifications, owned, severally,
at least fifty acres of land" (Dillon, ]). 540).
While the large powers of the governor were not
abused by 1 larrison there was more or less chaf-
ing under the reslriclioii imposed upon the citi-
zen. A law of 1S()7 modified the (lualifications of

electors by a liberal construction of the ordi-
nance, and Congress in 1808 modified them still
more by extending the franchise to the owner of
a town lot of the value of $100. Still Congress
was petitioned, not only to further modity the
qualifications but to make the legislative council
and the territorial delegate to the federal body
elective. The election of the delegate was granted
in 1809, and in 1811 the right of voting was given
to every free white male person who had attained
the age of tw^enty-one, who had been a resident
of the territory for one year, and w^ho had paid
a county territorial tax. In 1814 the law was
made to read "every free white male person hav-
ing a freehold in the territory and being a resi-
dent in the same," the time of residence being
eliminated. This year, also. Congress authorized
the Legislature to lay ofT the territory into five
districts of two counties each and extended to the
voters the privilege of electing the members of
the legislative council. The next stej) was the
complete self-government granted by the act en-
abling the territory to become a separate State ■
with its own constitution.*

First Original Laws. — The first laws in op-
eration in Indiana Territory were a code com-
piled by the governor and judges from the stat-
utes of other States. In 1807 the Legislature
wdiich was established with the second grade of
government (in 1805) passed the first laws orig-
inal with the territory ; and these, together with
the borrowed code as revised by John Rice Jones
and John Johnson and amended by the Legisla-
ture, were published the same year. "These old
statutes relate principally to the organization of
superior and inferior courts of justice : to the ap-
pointments and duties of territorial and county
offices ; to prisons and prison bounds ; to real es-

* I'or a IciiKtliy study of the |inli(
territorial (Jays, st-c Dunirs "Iniiiana.'

iiiclitidiis ihiring the

* Edward E. Moore, in his book, "A Century of Indiana,"
points out that the territorial government really contained very
little that was democratic. As he says: "The governor, the sec-
retary, the judges and one branch of the Legislature we:e r.p-
pointed by the president and congress, and the minor officers,
including the magistrates and civil officers in the counties and
townships, were appointive by the governor. The people had the
bare privilege of electing the members of the lower house of the
Legislature under the second grade of government. Even '.hen
they were hedged about with residence, race and property qual-
ifications until tin- I'laucliise was enjoyed by a small percentage
of the population only. .Such property qualifications were also
required of the officers to lie appointed or elected as to insure
their selection from the wealthier and more favored classes. The
governor was made a part of the Legislature and at the same
time had the power of absolute veto over its acts. He also had
authority to convene, jirorogue or dissolve the asseml)ly when he
saw fit.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

tate, interest on money, marriages, divorces, li-
censes, ferries, grist mills, elections, punishment
of crimes and misdemeanors, militia, roads and
highways, estrays, trespassing animals, enclosure
and cultivation of common fields, relief of the
poor, taverns, improving the breed of horses,
taxes and revenues, negroes and mulattoes under
indenture as servants, fees of officers, sale of in-
toxicating liquors, relief of persons imprisoned
for debt, killing wolves, prohibiting the sale of
arms and ammunition to Indians and certain
other persons, the standard of weights and meas-
ures, vagrants, authorizing aliens to purchase and
hold real estate in the territory, the incorporation
of a university, the Vincennes library, the bor-
ough of Vincennes, the town of Jeffersonville,
the Wabash Baptist Church, etc.

"By the provisions of the territorial code
of 1807 the crimes of treason, murder, arson and
horse-stealing were each punishable by death.
The crime of manslaughter was punishable ac-
cording to the common law. The crimes of bur-
glary and robbery were each punishable by whip-
ping, fine and, in some cases, by imprisonment
not exceeding forty years. Riotous persons were
punishable by fine and imprisonment. The crime
of larceny was punishable by fine or whipping
and, in certain cases, by being bound to labor for
a term not exceeding seven years. Forgery was
punishable by fine, disfranchisement and stand-
ing in the pillory. Assault and battery as a crime,
was punishable by fine not exceeding $100. Hog-
stealing was punishable by fine and whipping.
Gambling, profane swearing and Sabbath-break-
ing were each punishable by fine. Bigamy was
punishable by fine, whipping and disfranchise-
ment" (Dillon). Debtors were not only impris-
oned, but when liberated could be sued by the
sheriff for maintenance, thus incurring, perforce,
more debt. Paupers could be "farmed out" for
their maintenance to the lowest bidders at "pub-
lic vendue or outcry." For altering brands on do-
mestic animals one, for the second ofi:'ense, might
be branded on the hand with a letter "T" (for
thief), burned in with a red-hot iron, while for
manslaughter he might be similarly branded with
"M. S." Disobedient children or servants could
be sent to jail or a house of correction till they
should "humble themselves to the said parent's
or master's satisfaction." For mayhem one could
"be sold to service by the court . . . for any

time not exceeding Uvq years." As an ofi'set to
the fierceness of these laws it should be said that
they seemed to be more or less dead letter relics
of an earlier day, for we hear little of the worst
of the penalties being inflicted. \'ery few, if any,
were hung for horse-stealing, yet horse-stealing
was practised ; and as to mayhem, in a rude fight-
ing age, when gouging and biting was the ap-
proved method, it was one of the commonest of
crimes, and it is doubtful if any one ever spent
five years in virtual slavery for so poi)u]ar a
sport. Another illustration of the crudenos of
the laws was the legislation against Saljbath
breaking, profane swearing, fisticuft's. cock fight-
ing, horse racing, and various kinds of gambling,
all of which misdemeanors were practised w itli

--Hfcr*^\

First Buildings un Imliana Univt-rsitv Laiiiiiii>.

very little interference. Tlie most incongruous
of all was the direct forbidding of lotteries by a
statute that was a])proved and signed the same
day as another law authorizing a lottery tor the
benefit of X'incennes l'ni\-ersity.*

Difficulties cf Early Judiciary. — ( >ne <-f the
problems of the territorial period was that of a
satisfactory judiciary system, the source ol trou-
ble being an im])erfect atljustment l)elween the
federal and the legislative ])Owers. A memorial
by the Legislature laid before Congress as late as
1814 thus sets forth the difficulty:

"By a law of Congress one of the judges ap-
pointed 1)\- virttie of the ordinance for the gov-
ernnieiU of this territory, is authorized to hold a
court. Thus one of the f federal 1 judges, Iieing
com])etent to hold a couit. m.iy decide a ])rinci-
ple or a point of law at o-.:e term, if the other two

* See laws of 1S07.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

judges are present, they may decide the same
principle or point of law different. Thus the de-
cisions of the superior court, organized, we pre-
sume, by the general government finally to settle
in uniformity the principles of law and fact
which may be brought before them by suitor, may
be, and frequently are, in a state of fluctuation ;
hence the rights of persons and property become
insecure. There is another evil growing out of
the system of one judge being competent to hold
the superior court, or that court which forms the
last resort of the suitor in any government, and
particularly in the territory ; for appeals are
taken from all the courts of inferior jurisdiction
in the territory to the court organized by the
ordinance, which inferior courts are never con-
stituted of less than two judges. Thus the suitor
in the territory is frequently driven to the neces-
sity of appealing from the judgment of two men
to that of one. Rut this dilemma only constitutes
part of the solecism for the next superior court,
as the other two judges may overturn the prin-
ciples of the decision of their brother judge at the
preceding term. Hence the want of uniformity
in the decisions of the court of the last resort.
Anger and warmth in the suitors and a confusion
in our system of jurisprudence is the result."

Prior to this memorial the Legislature had at-
tempted to correct the defects, but they lay be-
yond its ])ower. In response to the appeal a con-
gressional act of February 24, 1815, provided
that there shotild serve at least two judges of the
superior court.

First Banks. — In 1814 the territorial legis-
lature chartered the two first banking institutions
in the territory — "The Farmers' and Mechanics'
liank of Indiana," at Madison, by an act of Sep-
tember 6. and "The Bank of Vincennes," on Sej)-
tember 10. 1^he ])roperty of the former was lim-
ited to $750,000 and that of the latter to $500,-
000. r.olh charters were granted till 1835. On
Jaiuiary 1, 1817, the X'incennes institution was
adopted as the State Bank of Indiana and it was
authorized to increase its capital by a million dol-
lars, to be divided into ten thousand shares of
$100. It was also em])owered to adopt the Ivirm-
ers' and Mechanics' Hank as one of its branches,
ik'tore 1821 othei" l)rauches were established at
]')rookville, C'orydcjn and \evay. The State Uank
became so dishonest that in 1822 the Legislature
proceeded against it and de])ri\ed it of its fran-

chises after proving sundry crimes including em-
bezzlement.* ^

Industrial Beginnings. — The remoteness
from the markets of the world and poor trans-
portation facilities discouraged manufacturing
industries throughout the territorial period;
hence agriculture was the almost universal indus-
try. A census of 1810 shows that in a population
of 24,520, there were 33 grist mills, 14 saw mills,
3 horse mills, 18 tanneries, 28 distilleries, 3 pow-
der mills, 1,256 looms and 1,350 spinning wheels.
The value of the products, as estimated, were :
"Woollen, cotton, hempen and flaxen cloths and
mixtures, $159,052; cotton and wool spun in
mills, $150; nails (20,000 pounds), $4,000;
leather, tanned, $9,300; products of distilleries
(35,950 gallons), $16,230; gunpowder (3,600
pounds), $1,800; wine from grapes (96 barrels),
$6,000; maple sugar, 50,000 pounds manufac-
tured, value not stated" (Dillon). Even this
modest showing must be examined if we would
form a true estimate of the manufacturing indus-
tries as detached from the ordinary industry of
the people at large. By far the largest item given,
that of fabrics for clothing, was almost entirely
the products of the home loom and spinning
wheel, the mill products being valued at $150
only. More or less of the leather was home-
tanned ; many of the nails, doubtless, were the
output of the village smithy, and the maple sugar
was, perhaps, wholly a home article. It may be
pointed out that the item of liquor seems quite
disproportionate to the population and the other
industrial products. In fact, the first separate in-
dustries to spring up in the beginning of our sys-
tem were the grist-mill, the saw-mill and the dis-
tillery.

Agriculture was in a primitive stage. The fa-
cilities were crude, the crops raised, few, and the
rude farms were won slowly from the wilderness
only by vast labor, but farming was the hope of
the country, and as early as 1809 we find in exist-
ence the "\'incennes Society for the Encourage-
ment of Agriculture and the Useful Arts," with
(iovernor Harrison as its presiding officer. One
writer states that this society was the forerunner
of the State Board of x\griculture, and that
within a few months after its organization it dis-

* For history of liaiiking see Esarey's "History of Indiana,"
"The State Bank of Indiana," by W. F. Harding in Journal of
Political Economy, Dec. 1895, and chapter in Smith's Hist. Ind.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

tributed $400 in premiums. In the columns of
the only newspaper, The Western Sun, we also
find occasional communications urging interest
in this direction. In one of these hemp is sug-
gested as a crop so desirable that associations
ought to be formed to promote its production.
Its value is given as $110 per ton and its yield
as a ton to two or three acres. The raising of
sheep is also urged by this paper.

Educational Beginnings. — Despite the eu-

isted from a very early date, though records con-
cerning them are meager and somewhat conflict-
ing. The very first one of any kind, so far as
these vague records indicate, seems to have been
an Indian school located at a Delaware village on
White river where it crosses the line between
Marion and Johnson counties, the solitary testi
mony to it being a casual allusion found in John
Tipton's journal of his trip as a commissioner to
locate a site for the State capital, in 1820. This

The First Buildings of : 1. Wabash College. 2. Earlham College. 3. Hanover. 185v)-4. 4. Xortliv, estcrn
University, now Butler College. .S. Franklin College. 6. Notre Dame.

couraging policy of the United States govern-
ment from the beginning and donation of school
lands, the difficulties incident to the pioneer con-
dition of the country prevented the development
of any system of popular education during the
territorial period, though Governor Harrison and
other friends of education kept in sight the
American policy, as voiced in the Ordinance ot
1787, that "religion, morality and knowledge be-
ing necessary to good government and the happi-
ness of mankind, schools and the means of edu-
cation shall forever be encouraged."

An uncertain number of private schools ex-

passage, speaking of the spot above mentioned
says : "I am told there was once an Indian village
here. Win. Landers, who lives one mile back
from the river, told me that an Lnlian said the
French once lived here and that the Indian went
to school to a Frenchman in this i)lace but lliey
left it about the time of Hardin's campaign which
[was] about i^ years ago."* Hardin's cam]>aign
was in 1789. a little later than the time indicated
1)}- Tipton.

The first white schools are generally thought
to have l)een among the l-"rench, and conducted

• Ind. Guar. Mag. Hist., vol. i. p. \i.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

by Catholic priests. The earhest claims made
for these was one taught at Vincennes by Father
Flaget, in 1792, and another by Father Rivet, in
1796. It is possible, however, that the first
American schools dated back quite that far, as
llie earliest American settlements at Vincennes
■ and at Clark's Grant antedated those years. Ac-
cording to Judge D. D. Banta, who has delved
industriously in this subject, there is evidence of
a school in Dearborn county prior to 1802, and
there is a claim for one in Clark's Grant, one
and a half miles south of Charlestown, in 1803.*
It may be added that as Clark's Grant, three
years before that, had 929 residents, twenty or
thirty families having come as early as 1784, it
is not at all likely that this school of 1803 was
the first. Of course, these rude first schools
multi})lied as the population increased, though,
as implied above, there is now no way of ascer-
taining their number.

The most notable educational step during the
territorial period was the establishment of Vin-
cennes University in 1807. This was an ambitious
institution founded as the incorporating law
grandiloquently states, "for the instruction of
youth in the Latin, Greek, French and English
languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, an-
cient and modern history, moral philosophy,
logic, rhetoric, and the law of nature and na-
tions." Its faculty was to be "a president and not
exceeding four professors" qualified to teach the
proposed academic branches, and the trustees
were authorized to establish a "library of books
and experimental apparatus," and to elect "when
the progressed state of education demanded,"
professors of divinity, law and physics. They
were further authorized to establish, when funds
j)ermitte(l, "an institution for the education of
female's," and a grammar school "to be connected
with and dependent upon the said university for
the pur])Osc of teaching the rudiments of the lan-
guages." Still furlher, the trustees were enjoined
to use their utmost endeavors to induce Indians
to send their children, to be maintained, clothed
and educated at the ex])ense of the institution.
A rather scandalous feature of the incorporating
act, from thr viewpoint of to-day, was the pro-
vision that, tor tln' lil)i-arv ;ui(l a])paratus, "there

" H.iiit.i, "Iv.irly .Scliodls (if ]ii(li;iii;i ;" scries in Iiul. Ouartcrly
\f.iK. Hist., viil. ii.

shall be raised a sum not exceeding $20,000 by a
lottery," to be managed by "five discreet per-
sons." This serves, perhaps, to emphasize a cer-
tain departure we have made from the moral
standards of those times, yet, curiously enough,
in the laws of the same year, we find lotteries
legislated against along with other forms of gam-
bling.*

The source of maintenance for this institution
was a township of land, comprising 23,040 acres,
that had been donated by the general government
for a seat of learning. Despite the optimism and
the impressive announcement of its founders the
"University" began, in 1810, as a grammar
school only and continued to exist precariously.
In 1823 it virtually ceased to exist, but fifteen
vears later was reorganized. During the terri-
torial period there were neither resources nor
patronage to make it succeed as an institution of
higher learning.

Religious Beginnings. — The first form of the
Christian religion to gain a footing in Indiana
was the Catholic faith, which was introduced
among the Indians very early in the French
regime and perpetuated among the French inhab-
itants. St. Xavier's church was planted in Vin-
cennes before Clark's conquest and remains there
to the present day. In the early times it was, as
described by Henry Cauthorne. the historian of
V'incennes, a rude structure made of timbers set
on end, picket fashion, without windows and
with a dirt floor.

Protestanism was introduced among the set-
tlers of Clark's Grant as early as 1798 when a
Baptist church was founded in the neighborhood
of Charlestown. As this denomination was the
very pioneer in the Protestant field, so, for some
years, did it gain in strength. By 1809 it was or-
ganized into two associations, covering, respect-
ively, the Wabash and the Whitewater districts.
Methodism appeared in 1804, also near Charles-
town. according to the Rev. F. C. Holliday, with
the proselyting of Peter Cartwright and Benja-
min Lakin, although the Rev. George K. Hester
gives 1803 as the date of the first organization.
This sect spread rapidly and during the terri-
torial period circuits were organized pretty well
over the settled jiortions of the country. Tlic
Presbyterians founded the "Church of Indiana"

Statutes of 1807, p. 199.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIAN.V

in 1806, "the service being held in the barn of
Colonel Small, about two miles east of Vin-
Cannes."*

The Quakers, or Friends, built their first meet-
ing house on the site of Richmond in 1807
(Young's Wayne County) and soon planted oth-
ers throughout the upper Whitewater region.
Two other sects, both peculiar in character, ap-
peared in Indiana during the period we are cov-
ering. These were the "Shakers" and the "Rap-
pites." The first of these settled at "Shaker-
town" on Busseron creek, a few miles north of

be added, however, ihal the degree of their
growth when introduced interjtrets to a degree
the psychology and the status of the people. This
is more conspicuously true. ])erhaps. of Quaker-
ism, Methodism and 1 'resl)yterianism. The atti-
tude ol the Friends, then as now; was quite dis-
tinctive (m certain fundamentals of life — on the
simplicity of life, on the sovereigntv an<l dignity
of the individual, on justice between man and
man. and on the doctrine of nonmilitancv. Meth-
odism made its a])])eal to the emotional naturt-.
and among those who felt rather than rea>oned

Founding of Notre Dame. On November 16, 1842, at the beginning of winter, seven of tlie Brotllcr^ >ct out
with their Superior (Father Sorin) for the St. Joseph. For many days they struggled on over ice and snow
through the interminable forest, some on horseback and some with the o.x team, wliicli hauled their modest
store of supplies ... at length, on November 26, they liad the happiness of standing on the ice-bound
shore of St. Mary's Lake and looking out upon the scene of tlieir new labors. — JikL/c 'riiihUliy li. II oi>.\ird .
in History of Notre Daiiic.

Vincennes some time prior to the Tippecanoe
campaign, as John Tipton in his journal of the
march mentions the place. The "Rappites," so
named from their leader, George Rapp. were a
German colony who held to communism and
celibacy. They were the founders of the present
New Harmony in Posey county, where they
dwelt from 1815 to 1825.

A mere mention of these religious elements
and the dates of their introduction is all that
comes within the scope of this section. It may

* Edson's "Early Indiana Presbyterianisni," p. 41.

in religious matters it swe])t the lield like a con-
flagration. Presbyterianism. while it showed no
lack of zeal, stood for intellectualism. It stood
for learning and, a little later, was the first
agency to fottnd a school (Hanover (.ollege)
which aimed to produce an edticated clergy. Its
expounders were among the first educators in tlie
new territor\- and the\-. more than any other class
brought private libraries into the country. The
Baptist church, though at first in the lead, de-
clined in influence, ]HMli;ip< bec.uise ot schisms
arising from the doctrinal ditterences that seem

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

to have been particularly bitter in that church.
Of the several denominations mentioned, Meth-
odism, as measured by its growth, made the
greatest appeal.

Cultural Beginnings; First Newspapers. —
Culture seems a rather strained term for such
refinements as we can trace in the territorial pe-
riod. In view of the fact that many of the resi-
dents of V'incennes were persons of education
familiar with the culture of the larger centers
whence they had emigrated, it is possible that
there was an elegant side to society in the little
isolated capital, and this was also probably true
of Jef¥ersonville, Charlestown, Salem, Corydon,
Madison, Brookville and other towns, though
very little actual record of it is to be found. In
a note by Mr. Webster (Webster's Harrison, p.
296) on "Intellectual Life at Vincennes," he
points out that "a large number of able lawyers
made the Vincennes bar unusually strong." He
also speaks of a medical society, organized in
1807, which continued with vigor until long after
Statehood ; of the Vincennes Historical and
Antiquarian Society, dating from 1808, and of
the Vincennes Library, founded the same year,
which contained at the start from 3,000 to 4,000
volumes. As early as 1806 a dramatic organiza-
tion, "The Thespian Society," made its appear-
ance and throughout the territorial years contrib-
uted to the gaiety of Vincennes life.

The newspaper, even of those days, might be
considered a cultural agent to a limited degree as
it not only disseminated light in the form of news
and of political opinion, but afforded a certain
outlet for local literary aspirants besides borrow-
ing more or less from the larger literary field for
the education of its readers. The first apostle of
ideas in this direction was Elihu Stout who, as
early as 1804, brought to Vincennes from Ken-
tucky a printing outfit and launched The Indiana
Gazette. Not a co])y of this paper is now in ex-
istence so far as is known, as Stout's office was
destroyed by fire, but, phenix-like it sprang into
new life, this time as TJie Western Sun, under
which name, after various changes of title, it ex-
ists to the ])resent day. Prior to and including
1816 five or six other ])apers are of record, these
being The JVestern Eagle, of Madison, in 1813;
The Corydon Gazette, 1814; The Plaindealer and
Gazette, Brookville, about 1815; Tlie Republican

Banner, afterward the Indiana Republican, Mad-
ison, 1815, and The Indiana Register, Vevay,
1816. Copies of any of these are very rare or
entirely lost, but fortunately files of The West-
ern Sun from 1807 have been preserved and are
now among the prized possessions of the State
Library. Touching many matters of territorial
times they are the chief source of information
and are valued accordingly by research students.
Like all pioneer papers they are provokingly si-
lent on local alifairs of a social and intimate na-
ture, but in a literary way we find home talent
fostered, particularly in the poet's corner which
is maintained under the happy title of "The Poet-
ical Asylum."

Political Beginnings. — One thing that these
files particularly reflect is the active interest of
the people in political afifairs. both local and na-
tional. A sense of citizenship harking back to
the spirit of '76 and the principles of the found-
ers of the government seems to have permeated
the rank and file as it does not to-day. Another
conspicuous quality that throws light on the tem-
per and status of the time, was the truculent ani-
mosity between those who differed in political
opinions. Fierceness, contempt and personal
abuse, out of all keeping with the provocation,
and served up according to the talents of the bel-
ligerent, is a common exhibit in the weekly
columns. The straightforward, simple honesty
and common sense attributed to the pioneers
must be taken with a grain of allowance, espe-
cially in matters political. From the glimpses we
get, log-rolling and demagogy were quite as pro-
nounced, in proportion to the forces at work, as
at the present day, and the successful politician
was he who could truckle to the prejudices of the
people. The local contests over such questions as
slavery in the territory and the division of the
territory, were rife with bitterness and acrimony ;
the "people" and the "aristocrats," as they came
to be classed, were arrayed against each other,
with little regard to justice, one toward the other,
and bellicose humanity was continually in evi-
dence. In short, the vices of popular government,
as we have them to-day, are not an aftergrowth
engrafted ujion the jiatriotic purity of earlier
times, but had their birth along with popular gov-
ernment.

First County Divisions and Towns. — During

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the territorial period the one large county of
Knox, originally as large as the present State,
was divided and re-divided until thirteen coun-
ties covered the various land purchases that the
United States had secured prior to 1816. By
the re-dividing process, these counties as origi-
nally formed, had but little correspondence with
the subsequent divisions that continued to bear
the names given. The formations in chronologi-
cal order were :

Clark county, detached from Knox by act of
February 3, 1801.

Switzerland, out of Dearborn and Jefferson,
September 7, 1814.*

The chief towns that had sprung uj) and the
dates of their founding were:

V'inccnncs, 1732 (long a disputed question, ])ut
this date now accepted); Jeft'ersonvillc, 1802;
Lawrenceburg, 1802; Brookville, 1807; Corvdon,
1808; Charlestown, 1808; Salisbury, 1810; .M:i.li-
son, 1812; New Albany. 1813; Vevay, 1813;
Salem, 1814; Centcrvillc, 1814; Rising Sun,
1814; Brownstown, 1815: Richmond, 1816 (Bas-
kin (Is: b^orstcr Atlas. 1876). X'allonia. Springville,

Notre Dame, Second College Building, 1844-65.

Dearborn, out of Clark, March 7, 1803.

Harrison, out of Knox and Clark, October 11,
1808.

Jefferson, out of Clark and Dearborn, Novem-
ber 23, 1810.

Franklin, out of Dearborn and Clark, Novem-
ber 27, 1810.

Wayne, out of Dearborn and Clark, November
27, 1810.

Warrick, out of Knox, Marcli 9, 1813.

Gibson, out of Knox, March 9, 1813.

Washington, out of Harrison and Clark, De-
cember 21, 1813.

Posey, out of Warrick, September 7, 1814.

Perry, out of Gibson and Warrick. September
7, 1814.

Clarksville and other small i)laces. some of ihcni
long since extinct, also belong to this pcrioil.

TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS AND
LEADERS

Of those who were ]irominent in territorial af-
fairs, some became idenlilied with the earlier his-
tory of the State and should be noted chiefly in
that connection. Others were identified solely
with the questions that arose prior to statehood,
particularly the acute issue of tlie legalizing of
slavery. Of the first grou]) may l)e mentioned
Tonathan Jennings. William Hendricks. James
Noble. Waller Taylor, r.eiijamin Parke. Isaac

* Ind. Hist. Soc. Col., V. iii. pp. Ti-4.

CENTEX X I AL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

lUackfonl and Dennis Pennington. Of the sec-
ond group man}' more might be named. The
major portion of them are unknown to the pres-
ent generation, but they played their parts in the
earh' formative period and were factors in our
history.

William Henry Harrison. — By far the most
conspicuous figure from 1800 to 1812 was Will-
iam Henry Harrison, the first Territorial gov-
ernor, and afterward President of the United
States. Several duties and responsibilities that
were peculiar to the first years of the future
State devolved upon Harrison. During the first
grade of government he shared with three judges
the task of choosing and compiling a code of laws
for the Territory. He was invested with auto-
cratic ijowers that made him a target for the jeal-
ous and suspicious critics ; and, though history
accjuits him of any unfair exercise of those pow-
ers, he did not escape his harvest of enemies.
One of his great services was a series of treaties,
whereby he secured from the Indians land
amounting to about one-third of the Territory.
His knowledge of Indian character and his capa-
bility as a military leader were of incalculable
value during the danger period of Indian hostili-
ties, and his victory over the tribes at the battle
of Tippecanoe was of vast importance and estab-
lished a fame that brought him into national
prominence. In 1812, his ofificial connection with
Indiana ceased, he taking the field as brigadier-
general in the second war with England. Harri-
son county, Indiana, is named in his honor.

John Gibson. — Secretary of Indiana Terri-
tory from 1800 and acting governor from Sep-
lenil)er. 1812. to May, 1813, was a soldier who
did good service both during and before the Rev-
olutionary war, on the western frontier. He was
a brother-in-law of Logan, the Mingo chief, and
the inter] )reter who received and transmitted to
Lord Dunmorc, in 1774, the famous speech of
Logan's, which is a classic in literature Gibson's
governorshij) fell at the most trying period — the
war period of 1812, when the Indian dangers to
our trontier were at their height, and liis ])ronipt
and \ig( irons measures stamped him as a man of
aliilit\ . I le left the State in 1816. Gibson county
is named foi" him.

Thomas Posey. — Governor from 1813 to 1816,
had a military rei)utation scarcely second to that

of Harrison, being a distinguished Revolutionary
soldier. President Madison appointed him gov-
ernor of Indiana Territory and for three years
he served in that capacity, though part of the
time his health was so precarious that he was
obliged to live at Jefifersonville for the sake of
medical attendance, while the seat of government
was at Corydon. This somewhat impeded public
business and aroused some criticism, but, never-
theless, at the close of his term, the Legislature
highly commended his administration. "Many
evils," afifirmed that body, in its communication,
"have been remedied, and we particularly admire
the calm, dispassionate, impartial conduct which
has produced the salutary efifects of quieting the
violence of party spirit, harmonizing the interests
as well as the feelings of the dififerent parties of
the Territory. Under your auspices, we have be-
come one people."

Posey went from Indiana to Illinois, where he
died in 1818. Posey county bears his name.

Other individuals, whose specific services arc
mostly lost in oblivion, should be briefly men-
tioned. Jesse B. Thomas, speaker of the first
Territorial Legislature, was a Marylander, who
came to Lawrenceburg in 1803 and was a lawyer
there. He became a professional politician and is
ranked in history as one of the kind that are not
overburdened with scruples. John Rice Jones, a
Welshman, member of the first Legislative Coun-
cil and first attorney" general, was an early citizen
of Vincennes. He is credited with being a lawyer
of imusual ability, a man of fine education, a
brilliant speaker and a "perfect master of satire
and invective," which latter talent he was not
slow to exercise in the political mud-slinging of
the day. Others prominent in politics were :
Thomas Randolph, third attorney general, a
member of the celebrated Randolph family of
Virginia ; John Johnson, a Virginian, of Vin-
cennes ; Samuel Gwathmey, a Virginian, who
held several Territorial offices ; General Wash-
ington Johnston, a Virginian, and also repeatedly
an officeholder ; James, John and Charles Beggs.
three brothers, Virginians, and residents of
Clark's Grant ; Luke Decker, a \' irginian, farmer
and slaveholder; and James Dill, an Irishman,
and a party leader of Dearborn county. Not
least in this roll would be the name of Elihu
Stout, who, as owner and editor of the only

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

:)?

newspaper that flourished during most of the
Territorial period, wielded a political influence
that was, perhaps, second to none.*

This list, by no means, pretends to include all
those who were active in public matters and who
could be regarded as contributing to formative
influences. A political interest that was lively to
the point of activity, indeed, was characteristic of
the period, though of the names that crop out in
connection with public functions, the great ma-
jority are unattended with any biographical data.

back was enclosed with a jjicket fence of locust
timbers firmly planted in the ground. The square
m front of the mansion, in laying out Harrison's
addition, was reserved for a park. The brick used
in the construction of the mansion were manu-
factured by Samuel Thompson, who received for
this work four hundred acres of land about three
miles above the city on the Terre Haute road."

This "mansion," the famous one still standing,
is said by Cauthonie to liave been l)uilt in 1<S(>4.
According to Hubbard Smith. an(jlher local his-

PASTOllAI- ELEGY ^s.

Sweet woodbines will rise round his feet,
And willows their sorrowing wave;
Young hyacinths freshen nnd hloom,
While hawthorns encircle his f;rave.
Each morn when the sun gilds the east,
(The green grass bespanc^d with dew,")
lie 'II cast his brieht beams oi; the west,
To charm the sad Caroline's view.

3. O Corydon 1 hear the sad cries
or Caroline, plaintive and %low;
O spirit! look down from thesUies,
.\iid pity thy mourner below.
'Tis Caroline's voice in the grove,
Which Philomel hears on the plain.
Then striving the mourner to soothe,
Wjth sympathy joins in her strain.

4. Ye shepherds so blithesome and young, 5. And when the still niiiht hn« irnfuri'J

Retire from your sports on the green,
Since Corydou's i!eaf to my song,
The wolves tear the lambs on the t>lain ;
Each swain round the forest will ?tray.
And sorrowing hang '^own his head,
His pipe then in symphony play
Some dirge to sweet Corydou's shade.

Her robes o'er the handt-t aronnrl.
Gray twilight retires from Oie worl.j,
A ntf darkness er.cumbers the fcroumJ.
I'll leave my own gloomy abode,
To Corydon's urn will I fl,^,"»^"
There kncelinir will b!en the iuit God
Who (Iwc.'li in bright mOLifioDi '-n high.

6 Sirce CoryHon hears me no more, In gloom let the woodlands appear,
FU hie me through mondow and lawn, Thsra cull the bright flow'rets

Ye oceans be still of your roar, f<et Autumn extend around the year;
of May, Then rise on the wings of the morn, And waft my young ipint awaf ,

Selection from "Missouri Harmon}'," from which Corydon Is Said to Have Derived It> Xanu-.

Many of these names are mentioned in the Exec-
utive Journal of Indiana Territory. f

SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER

"Grouseland." — This name was given by Har-
rison to his "plantation," near Vincennes, long
since within the city limits. It is thus described
by Henry Cauthorne, in his history of Vin-
cennes :

"The grounds around the Harrison mansion,
extending to the river, were artistically laid out
and filled with the choicest fruits and flowers.
. . . It remained in good preservation as late
as 1855. The river front and for some distance

* Of Jonathan Jennings, our first State governor, there will
be found a fuller sketch hereafter,
■i" Hist. .Soc. Col., vol. iii.

torian, it was contracted for in 1805 ami com-
pleted in 1806.

Corydon Named from Song. — ■"When Will-
iam Henry Harrison was governor of the Terri-
tory, he traveled from \'incennes on horseback
to and from Harrison county, where he owned
large tracts of land. On these trips he often vis-
ited the home of Edward Smith, who is said to
have left the P^ritish army during the Revoki-
tionar\- war and made his wa\- to Indiana, where
he married and lived with his family in a log
cabin in Harrison coiiiUy. ( 'n ibe occasion ot
General Harrison's visits, after the evening meal
was tinished, the members of the family and
their guest would gather around the open c;ibin
door and sing the general's favorite songs. ( )n
one of these visits, as ( iener.il I l.irrison was

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

making his departure, tradition says he remarked :
"In a few days I expect to lay out a town near
here and would like to have you suggest a suita-
ble name for it.' Whereupon Miss Jennie Smith
asked : 'Why not name it Cory don, from the
piece you like so much ?' Her suggestion pleased
the governor, and thus the town is said to have
derived its name. Mr. Smith's cabin stood near
the present Fair Grounds Spring at Corydon." —
Merica Hoagland.

Indiana Libraries and Lottery. — "From a
paper prepared by Doctor Horace Ellis when
president of Vincennes University, we learn
something of the first circulating library organ-
ized in Indiana. In historic old Vincennes, at the
beginning of the nineteenth century, a notable as-
semblage of men gathered with purpose scarcely
less exalted than that which animated the found-
ers of Harvard University. The central figure
of the group was General William Henry Harri-
son, whose face, bronzed by his Indian cam-
paigns, was now aglow with this new patriotism-
of-peace plan to disseminate good literature
among the dwellers in this new Indiana country.
Others, notable for their participation in the
making of Indiana, were present at the meeting
held at William Hay's home, July 20, 1806, when
a number of citizens of Vincennes and vicinity
met to promote the formation of a circulating li-
brary. A stock company was organized, called
'The Vincennes Library Company.' Shares of
stock were issued. On August 23, 1806, at this
original 'book shower,' W. Buntin presented a
number of books, the first probably offered for
circulating library purposes in Indiana. The first
librarian was Peter Jones, who was also auditor
of the territory and keeper of a tavern. The
meetings of the shareholders were held at 'Jones'
Inn.'

"In 1815, the Vincennes Library Company,
emulating the Vincennes University, arranged a
lottery, when books and clocks were offered as
l)rizes. The progress of this affords interesting
reading, as human nature is the same whether
concerned with aff;iirs in early Vincennes or

present-day Indianapolis. When Vincennes Uni-
versity was incorporated on November 29, 1806,
the Territorial Legislature vested authority in
the trustees of the university by means of which
they might raise funds not to exceed $20,000.
The trustees claimed this as a vested right as late
as 1883, when the United States Supreme Court
rendered a decision that there could be no vested
right in a lottery. Citizens of Indiana prior to
this decision, bought tickets and took chances as
freely as did others in the famous Louisiana lot-
tery."— Merica Hoagland.

Louisiana and Indiana. — When the vast tract
known as the "Louisiana Purchase," secured
from France in 1803, came to be organized it
was divided into two districts and the northern
part called the "District of Louisiana," a large
part of it lying immediately west of the Illinois
country, was attached to Indiana for purposes
of government, though not made a part of our
territory. Our governor and judges established
several laws for the District of Louisiana that
were separate and apart from the laws for Indi-
ana. This arrangement was not practicable and
on March 4, 1805, Louisiana became a separate
territory.

Letters of Decius. — Like all public men Gov-
ernor Harrison was subject to the virulence of
his enemies, and much of the criticism leveled at
him is, by the light of history, vicious and unwar-
ranted beyond excuse. A series of attacks on
him, which is referred to so often that it is some-
what famous, is known as "The Letters of De-
cius." Decius was Isaac Darneille, who in 1805
published his "Letters" in "The Farmer's Li-
brary," of Louisville, and afterward issued them
in a pamphlet. These communications were not
only criticisms of Harrison's public acts and poli-
cies, which, of course, might have been quite
warranted, but they reek with a personal spite
which was the fashion among critics at that day.
To such extremes did "Decius" go that even-
tually the editor of the publishing paper, J. \^ail,
printed an apologetic explanation discrediting the
author and giving his name.

CHAPTER V

THE DANGER PERIOD— IXDIAX HISTORY

Indian Relations. — From the first invasion
of the whites to the close of the war of 1812, in
which the power of the red man in this region
was finally and effectually broken, constituted
what may be called the danger period of Indiana
history. During those years the frontier settlers
were never free from the risk of savage warfare,
and from time to time the smoldering hostility
broke forth fiercely. The causes of this were, in
the first instance, the Indians' resentment at the
never-ending encroachment of the white race,
and, in the second, the unscrupulous conduct of
very many of the whites in their relations with
the red men. The policy of the government to-
ward the Indians, in theory, at least, was pro-
tecting and conciliatory, but its salutary inten-
tions were continually overriden by an element
that had small regard for an Indian's rights. Gov-
ernor Harrison, who manifested a real interest in
the welfare of the aborigines, has testified to the
abuses they suffered. "Their people," he affirmed,
"have been killed, their lands settled on, their
game wantonly destroyed and their young men
made drunk and cheated of the peltries which
formerly procured them necessary articles of
clothing, arms and ammunition to hunt with.
The frontiersman," he said, "thought the killing
of an Indian meritorious," and he cited instances
of Indian murders that went unpunished. While
they bear this, as he said, with patience, and at
that time showed no disposition for war, he
feared their ready alliance with any enemy the
United States might have.* The disposition of
adventurous whites to ignore boundary lines and
to intrude upon the Indian lands could never be
prevented by the government, though it pro-
claimed that such parties intruded at their own
risk and, in case of Indian vengeance, were be-
yond the pale of governmental protection.

Distribution and Territorial Claims of the
Indians. — When Indiana Territory was cre-
ated the aboriginal population was estimated at
one hundred thousand (Webster), though we
find no statement as to the actual number within

the limits of the present State. The tribes in
these latter limits consisted mainly of the Miami
Confederacy, the Potawatomis and the Dcla-
wares. At the Greenville treaty of 1795, the
Miamis, through Little Turtle, their spokesman,
claimed to have held from "time immemorial"
a large territory that included all of Indiana.
Such other tribes as occupied any part of that
region seem to have done so by invitation or
sufiferance of the Miamis. What was known as
the "Miami federation," as represented here,
consisted of the Twightwees, or Miamis proj^er.
the Ouiatanons or Weas, the Eel Rivers and the
Piankeshaws. Their towns were mostly along
the Wabash, from the site of Fort Wayne to
Vincennes, each of the various sub-tribes having
its own locality. The Potawatomis occujiied that
part of the State lying north and northwest of
the I\Iiami country, as far eastward as the head
waters of the Tippecanoe and Eel rivers, and the
Delawares had the White river valley, their most
eastern town standing where Muncie now is.
Other tribes, notably Kickapoos, Shawnees, Win-
nebagos and Wyandotte or Hurons had towns in
the IMiami country. The south ])art of tlie terri-
tory east of the Wabash is said to liave been com-
mon hunting ground. \\'e hear of aboriginal vil-
lages here and there tlirousj;hout that region. l)Ut
whether these were in any sense permaneiU or
other than the shifting villages of hunting i>ar-
ties is not established.

The vagueness of the Indian claims and their
loose validity is illustrated by the fact that the
Potawatomis and Delawares, though said to have
been occupying ]\lianii territory, yet figured in
the treaties for land sales and shared in the
money and goods that were paid.* ( >ne thing

* Harrison's letter to secretary of war in 1801.

* In the .American state papers (Public Lands, vol. iii. p.
373) is a petition to congress under date of February 24. 1820,
from the "Muhheaknunk or Stockbriilge nations of Indians,"
otherwise the Mohicans, in which the petitioners claim that ante-
cedent to the Revolutionary War the Miamis had granted to
them and to the Delawares ami Munsccs a tract of land situated
on the waters of White river (in Indiana) equal to 100 miles
square. These Mohicans, under the second article of the Fort
Wayne treaty of September 30, 180<), claimed to be the "lawful
proprietors of an equal and nn.Hvided share of the Delaware
territory and asked for a shar, ■ ' 'i'. o.vcrnment p.aymcnts
made therefor."

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

that contributed to this vagueness was the shift-
ing westward of the Ohio Indians by Wayne's
treaty of 1795, leaving those tril^es without any
clearly defined lands of their own. General
Wayne was asked to apportion the territory re-
maining to the Indians l)y "fixing the bounds of
every nation's rights," but dechned the delicate
task.* Naturally, then, all the resident tribes
came to regard themselves as having a right in
the lands they occupied, and when these lands
came to be sold made their claims accordingly.

Conditions In First Decade. — During the
first decade of Indiana Territory, the United
States government was nominally at peace with
the Indians north of the Ohio. That is, there
were no campaigns and not much armed demon-
stration, and the series of land treaties during
that period bespoke friendly relations. This
seeming friendliness, however, is belied by the
straggling chronicles we have of attacks and re-
prisals between the frontiersmen and marauding
war parties of savages. A repeated source of
aggravation was the land question and the fact
that the chiefs who signed away the various
tracts, one after the other, did not represent the
sentiment of all the Indians who conceived that
they had rights in the land. This, as will be re-
lated elsewhere, was the ]:)rime cause of the trou-
ble that culminated in the battle of Tippecanoe.
There was also, doubtless, the deep-seated feel-
ing that the government, with all its professions
of fairness, was exercising the merciless power
of a dominant race. As a matter of fact in the
policy of the government it was a foregone con-
clusion that the white man was to possess the
land — the boundaries of future States were es-
tablished before any of it had been purchased;
and when the time came he bought prett\- much
on his own terms. What kind of terms these
were may be seen from a letter of Harrison's to
Jefi'erson which stated that the ])urchase of 1805
amounted to about one cent per acre, but that he
"hoped to get the next cession enough cheaper
to bring down the average." In connection with
this purchase he also said that a knowledge of the
value of land was fast g.aining ground among the
Indians. + in brief there existed in connection
with the land purchases ;in undercurrent of dis-

satisfaction that played its part in making the
early years a "danger period ;" and the further
fact that hunters, invading the Indian lands in
search of pelts, had almost exterminated the
larger game, kept the young men of the tribes
on the verge of warfare. William M. Cock-
rum, in his "Pioneer History of Indiana," has
rescued from this obscure period some accounts
of Indian adventures that savor of the annals of
Kentucky's "dark and bloody ground."

Ranger Service of 1807. — Mr. Cockrum, in
the work above mentioned, also published certain
valuable papers of a Captain William Hargrove
which revealed that in 1807 the troubles were so
acute that a ranger service was organized to
patrol the frontier. This body was formed into
three divisions, one taking the country from the
Wabash eastward to the neighborhood of the
French Lick springs ; another from that point to
the falls of the Ohio, and the third from the
falls to Lawrenceburg. The commander of one
of these divisions was Captain Hargrove, and
the papers mentioned, being letters of instruction
to him from John Gibson, secretary of the ter-
ritory, throw considerable light on that particular
period and its dangers.*

Tecumtha and the Prophet. — A factor in our
Indian troubles that became historic was the in-
fluence of the Shawnee chief, Tecumtha (often
w'ritten Tecumsehf) and his brother, known as
the "Prophet," and the part that influence played
in precipitating important issues. These two re-
markable Indians first appeared in Indiana his-
tory in 1805, among the Dela wares on White
river, where the Prophet fomented a witchcraft
craze which resulted in the murder of several
victims accused by him, and which had somewhat
the complexion of a crusade of vengeance against
those who were friendly to the whites and who
had sanctioned the sales of land. In 1808 the
two appeared among the Potawatomis and es-
tal)lished themselves at the mouth of Tippe-
canoe river a few miles above the site of Lafay-
ette. Here they drew about them Indians of
various tribes and the place became known as
the Prophet's Town. The Prophet was a re-
ligious teacher whose propaganda was a strange
mingling ot ethics, wisdom and gross supersti-

* iJunii's "'I'riU' liuli,-m ^
t .Sec Webster's "Willi.ni
Indiana Territory;" an e>
Hist. .Sue. pnhlii-alioiis.

nrni> I
.■client 11

.\ilniinisli-atinn of
in vol. iv, Ind.

• Cockrnin's "I'ioneer History of Indi
t The form "Tecnintha" seems to be
dian authorities.

I." pp. 202-29.
ipted by the be

^t In-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA 59

THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE

tion. He claimed to be a divine spokesman and
to have supernatural vision, and this seems to
have been the great source of his power among
his followers. This power he exercised in the
furtherance of the plans conceived by his brother,
Tecumtha.

Tecumtha was one of the most notable Indians
of history, being an aboriginal orator, patriot and
statesman. Foreseeing the ultimate destruction
of his race, the effort of his life was to stop the
advancing host of the white invaders, and to this
end he planned and worked to federate the red
tribes and thus create a power that could hope
to stem the oncoming tide. The heterogeneous
gathering at the Prophet's Town was but a nu-
cleus of the federation that was hoped for. He
took a bold and consistent stand against the
selling of lands to the United States government,
maintaining that many of the Indians concerned
did not agree to these sales, and that they were
not valid without the consent of all the tribes.
The claim of the Shawnees was based on the
fact that when, by the treaty of 1795, the whites
took Ohio and the Ohio Indians were all pushed
back into the Miami territory in Indiana, they
too became part owners of that territory (Dunn).
When, in 1809, a new treaty cut off about three
million acres more from the Indians' holdings
and carried the boundary line far up the Wabash,
Tecumtha's opposition became threatening. In
1810 he visited Vincennes with his retinue for a
council with Governor Harrison, and expressed
his views with such plainness that a clash was
narrowly averted. His final assurance at this
memorable conference was that if the whites
crossed the old boundary line with their sur-
veyors there would be bad consequences.

After this Tecumtha went on a tour among the
tribes of the south to spread his doctrine of In-
dian federation and during his absence the de-
cisive battle of Tippecanoe was fought, ending
his dreams of a successful resistance. \\'hen the
war of 1812 broke out he joined the British and
was killed in the battle of the Thames.

After the battle of Tippecanoe the Prophet,
who had precipitated that battle and urged his
followers on, assuring them that the bullets of
the enemy could not harm them, fell into disre-
pute among his people, and after living in "a
sort of disgrace" among various bands, died be-
yond the Mississippi in 1834.

I he battle of Tijjpecanoe, the most important
clash of arms that ever occurred on Indiana soil,
if we except the storming of Vincennes by George
Rogers Clark, was directly brought about by the
land troubles spoken of above. As said, these
became more acute after the purchase of a large
tract in 1809, largely by reason of the protests
of Tecumtha and the influence of the Proi)het.
Besides the danger of incursions ])v irrcsjKjusi-

Tlie Plan of the Battlefield of Tippecanoe and Route of
Harrison's Army.— Courtesy of State I.ihnirian D. C.

Brazen.

ble hostile bands, serious hostility was evi<lently
brewing among the tribes, with the Prophet's
Town as source and center, though the fomentcrs
of it avowed peaceful iiUentions. Governor Har-
rison repeatedly sent messengers not only to the
Tippecanoe town but to other villages of the
various tribes to promote amity and to warn
them against the danger of hostility to the L'niled
States, but the situation was not mended and
the predatory raids on the frontier conliinie<i
until, on July 31, 1811, the citizens of Knox
countv. at a public meeting, declared that there
could be no safetv until the Prophet's conibina-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

tion was broken up by prompt and decisive
measures, and such measures were recommended
to the governor and the president. Harrison and
those who knew Indian character best shared the
belief that a vigorous threat, backed by an actual
show of power to enforce it, was the only de-
pendable remedy, and the outcome of the situa-
tion was the mobilizing of a little army of about
nine hundred men consisting of United States
troops and Indiana militia with about sixty volun-
teers . from Kentucky (Dillon). The purpose
of this force w^as not to actually attack the In-
dians, unless circumstances made it necessary,
but to establish a military post within the terri-
tory that was the immediate source of trouble,
thence to proceed to the Prophet's Town by way
of a demonstration and awe the troublesome
tribesmen there into compliance with demands
that had been made upon them.

The expedition left Vincennes September 26,
1811, and on October 3 reached a favorable spot
for the proposed post, on the high ground above
the site of Terre Haute. Here the force re-
mained until the last of the month, building the
fort, which was named in honor of the governor,
then resumed the march, arriving at Tippecanoe
on November 6. Indian messengers met the
whites for a parley and, after Harrison's assur-
ances that the first intention was- not an attack
but a conference, he was directed by them to a
camping place on high ground, where wood and
water were procurable. Here the army en-
camped, expecting the conference on the mor-
row, but Harrison's familiarity with Indian
methods forbade reliance on Indian honor, and,
prudently, the men slept on their arms, prepared
to meet any contingency at a moment^s notice.
The precaution was fortunate, for before day-
light the following morning an attack was made
by a large Ijody of Indians so sudden and fierce
that the assailants were fairly in the camp before
many of the soldiers could get out of their tents.
The conflict lasted from about a quarter past four
tdl daylight and only ])reparedness and desperate
fighting saved the army from rout and massacre.
When, after the foiled and beaten Indians were
driven from the field, the whites took stock of
their losses they found that thirty-seven of their
number were slain and a hundred and fifty-one
of them wounded. How many Indians were en-
gaged is not accurately known, but they have

been estimated at from six hundred to eight hun-
dred. Their loss was also unknown but ex-
ceeded that of the whites, as thirty-eight were
found dead and others were carried off. The
defeated savages abandoned their town and the
victors burned it to the ground.

A trial by arms at this time was contrary to
the plans of Tecumtha, who was then in the
south. The Prophet was responsible for it. His
power over his followers was such that he made
them believe the enemy's bullets could not harm
them, and during the fight he stood aloof urging
them on by singing his mysterious incantations
in a voice so stentorian that from it he took his
name of La-lu-e-tsee-ka, or the "Loud Voice"
(Dunn). With his defeat his influence was de-
stroyed and he became a sort of outcast.

Harrison's army was composed of nine com-
panies of regulars, six companies of Indiana mi-
litia (infantry), five companies of riflemen, two
companies of dragoons and a company of scouts
and spies. About one- fourth of the force were
mounted (Dunn).

Importance of Tippecanoe. — W^hi'e the bat-
tle of Tippecanoe did not put an end to Indian
hostilities it was, nevertheless, a fight of such
importance as to merit the term "decisive."
Probably it decided to no small degree the fu-
ture of Indiana, for whereas it efifectually
checked the political plans of Tecumtha and de-
stroyed the dangerous influence of the Prophet,
Indian victory would doubtless have accelerated
these, and what the frontier would have suffered
with its protecting army defeated is beyond
guessing, especially when we consider the fast-
following war with England.

The impress it left on the minds of the peo-
ple was strong and abiding. No less than half-
a-dozen counties in the State were afterward
named for heroes of Tippecanoe. It made for
Tiovernor Harrison a military reputation which
opened the way to conspicuous service in the war
of 1812 and which as late as 1840 carried him
to the presidential chair of the United States
after the most enthusiastic political campaign
the country has ever had. The spot where the
conflict occurred is to-day the one battlefield
which Indiana owns and fittinglv preserves as
a memorial of those who fought and fell there.
The ground was jiresented to the State in 1835
by General John Tipton, who was a participant

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

THE WAR OF 1812

in the battle. An obscure account that has never
found its way into the histories is to the effect
that on the 21st of November, 1830, the bones
of those killed on the field nineteen years before
were collected and interred "by a large concourse
of people with due gravity and respect," the re-
mains being put in one large coffin on the hd of Americans of the territory wrung from her
vvhich, formed of brass nails, was the inscription, (ieorgc Rogers Clark, and it is an csialjlis'
"Rest, Warriors, Rest." General Harrison, who charge in our histories tliat. even (hiring tlie

One factor in our ln<han troubles frum the
ginning was the encouragement offered the <
ages by the British in Canada. I-jigland
never reconciled herself to the occui)ancv bv

be-
av-
ia<l
the
by
led
I)e-

Views Near the State SokKers' Home. Latavette. No. 1— Tippecanoe Battleground. 1 lie .spot .>;ho\vn I'^Te i-
where the battle raged fiercest on November 7, 1811. No. 2— Prophet's Rock, near the 1 ippecanoc Battle-
ground, from which point it is said a prophet directed the Indian warriors and witnessed their deteat.
No. 3— Old bark wigwam at "Tecumseh Trail." No. 4— Old log cabin on '■lecunKch 1 rail.

was to have been the leading figure on this occa- riod of i)eace between the iiaiions. the Indians of
sion, was kept away by illness and General John the northwest received their arms and aiiimum-
Tipton took his place. tion from our old-time toe and were >ecrell>

Apropos to this interment, it is further stated backed up in their hostilities. W ben ilie brew-
that after Harrison's troops had buried their dead ing troubles between America and I-Jighuul cul-
and withdrawn from the field after the battle,
the Indians returned, dug up the bodies and
scalped them, leaving them unburied.*

*Ind. Journal, Nov. 3, 1830; Ind. Democrat, Sept. 23, 1S30;
Niles' Register, Nov. 27, 1830.

minated in a declaration of war in June. 1S12,
the latter nation found ready allies among the
red ])eople notwithstanding the fact that as late
as May of that year, at ;i gran<l council on the
Mississinewa, the majority oi the tribes there

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

professed a desire for peace with the United
States. That summer there was httle hostile
demonstration, but during that time Enghsh suc-
cesses emboldened the tribes and in early Sep-
tcmljer there occurred in two places widely sep-
arated one of the fiercest assaults and the worst
massacre in the history of the State.

Attack on Fort Harrison. — The assault
mentioned was that on Fort Harrison on the
fourth of September, 1812. This post, built by
Harrison in his Tippecanoe campaign the year
before, guarded the frontier farthest north and
the river approach to \'incennes, some sixty
miles below. At this time it was commanded by
Captain Zachary Taylor (afterward president of
the United States) and garrisoned by a small
force so enfeebled by fever and ague that, by
Taylor's account, there were not more than ten
or fifteen able-bodied men. On the 4th the com-
mandant had warning of the proximity of In-
dians and so, fortunately, was on his guard. Nev-
ertheless one of about 600 warriors that quietly
surrounded the fort that night, managed, under
the cover of darkness, to drag himself to the
walls of one of the buildings with a bundle
of combustibles on his shoulders and the first
intimation the sentinels had of an attack was
when the walls were ablaze. The barracks
caught fire and not only the women and children,
of whom there were nine, but the men themselves
were thrown into panic and despair. Taylor's
])resence of mind saved the situation. He saw
that by throwing ofif the roof of the barracks
building and saturating the walls with water the
flames could be combated with promise of suc-
cess, and when he ordered the men to this task
they fell to with a will, led by a Doctor Clark,
the post surgeon, though a galling fire was di-
rected u])on them by the skulking savages from
the woods. At this hazardous work one man was
killed and two wounded, but the blaze was sub-
dued and a barricade of pickets ])ut up across
the gap in the stockade caused l)y the fire. Mean-
while the rest of the garrison, by the glare of
the flames, were pouring their fire into such of
the Indians as dared venture into the open, and
thus managed to hold them oft' until daylight.
\\hen the besiegers wilbdrew, driving with them
(juanlities of live stock/''

Des])ite the seemingly o\er\\helniing force of

the assailants Taylor lost only three men, besides
two or three wounded. At the beginning of the
attack two men got over the stockade for the
purpose of escaping but one was killed and die.
other one, wounded, returned to the gate and
begged to be let in. He was obliged to lie there
hidden until morning. The Indians who made
the attack were supposed to have been Pota-
watomis, Kickapoos, Winnebagos and Miamis.

When word of the assault traveled to Vin-
cennes troops were sent and the place reinforced,
but the Indians never returned.

Pigeon Roost Massacre. — Almost simulta-
neous with the Fort Harrison attack occvu"red
the most diabolical event in our Indian history —
the "Pigeon Roost" massacre. What was known
as the Pigeon Roost Settlement consisted of sev-
eral families that made a little community in
what is now Scott county. This settlement,
founded in 1809, was separated from any other
by several miles, and was confined to about a
square mile of territory (Dillon, p. 492). On
the third of September, 1812, this settlement was
attacked by a band of about a dozen marauders,
said to have been Shawnees, who, scouring the
locality and going from cabin to cabin, mur-
dered within a space of an hotir, twenty-two per-
sons, sixteen of them being children and five of
them women. Prior to this general killing, two
men, Jeremiah Payne and Isaac Coffman. were
shot in the woods. Most of the cabin homes were
burned down. The victims, besides Payne and
Coffman, were Mrs. Jeremiah Payne and her
eight children, Mrs. Richard Collings and seven
children, Henry Collings and his wife, Mrs. John
Morris, her only child, and her mother-in-law.*

A spirited fight at the house of William Col-
lings, in which three Indians were killed, prob-
ably prevented a greater slaughter, as the check
to the savages enabled the rest of the settlement
to escape to blockhouses that stood within a few
miles. Some of these escapes were attended with
risks and horrors equal to any to be foiuid in
the Indian annals of Kentucky. The wife of
John Biggs, fortunately for her, had gone into
the woods to look for their cow, having with her
their three children, one a babe in arms. On her
way home she discovered the savages about the
em]itv cabin and took flight toward one of the

* Taylor's official rcfiort.

* Dillon, p. 492. Dunn's account
varies slightly from this.

'True Indian Stories"

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

blockhouses, but the ludians, Ijeheving the miss-
ing family was in the vicinity, began searching
the adjacent forest. At one time they passed so
near Mrs. Biggs that their footsteps were audi-
ble. At this critical moment the baby began to
cry and to check it she was obliged to press her
shawl over its mouth. When the searchers had
passed she made the dreadful discovery that the
infant had been smothered to death. With the
dead child in her arms and the two living ones
clinging to her she spent the night in the wilder-
ness, arriving at the blockhouse about daybreak.
A Dr. John Richie took his sick wife on his
back, and together they spent the night in the
woods, as did Mrs. Beal and her two children,
who hid in a sinkhole until after dark, then made
their way to one of the protecting strongholds
which they reached at two o'clock next morning.

The news of the massacre was carried to
Charlestown, Clark county, and by two o'clock in
the afternoon of September 4 a body of two
hundred armed men reached the scene of the
tragedy, where only one house remained stand-
ing, and in and about the ruins of the charred
cabins lay the mutilated remains of women and
children. The trail of the savages was taken up
and followed till dark, but they never were
overtaken, and to the present day it is a matter
of considerable doubt as to what Indians were
guilty of the atrocity.

Two children were carried away as prisoners

Fort Harrison, Near Terre Haute. Frected in ISU.
— From an old t'iVw.*

from this raid. One, a little girl three years of
age, named Ginsey McCoy, was a niece of the
Indian missionary, the Rev. Isaac McCoy. Years

* See "Blockhouses," p. 64.

after Mr. McCoy himself found her west of the
Mississippi river as the wife of an Indian chief
and the mother of several children. She re-
turned to Indiana for a visit to her relatives but
soon went l)ack to her Indian home. The other
ca].tive, a boy named Teter iluttman. was sold
to some other Indians and carried to ("anada.

McKnight Fort. This is one of fifteen forts tliat were
built in W'asliington county as protection against the
Indians in 1812. The McKniglit Fort was converted
into a dwelling by William McKnight, who lived
in it until his death. It was occupied by his son and
grandson later and was used as a residence until the
spring of 1898. It was torn down in 1911.— C'cKr/.-jy
of Orra Hopper.

His whereabouts and i(lentit\ were discoverefj
after much pains and trouble, and he was re-
turned to Indiana in 1824; Imt he. too. was
wedded to the Indian life and returned lo it.*

The spot where the victims of the massacre
were buried was for manv \ears marked by an
immense sassafras tree. In 190,-? an appropria-
tion of $2,000 for a nionuinetit was made by the
Legislature, and a shaft of Bedford limestone,
fort^'-fotir feet in height, was dedicated < October
1, 1904, "nuiteh- calling to meninry the most
fearful Indian tragedy that was e\er known to
ihe soil of Indian;!."

Frontier Defense. — The ciMidiiinns in indi-
;nia Ijefore the declaration of war on June L^
1S12, were such as to call forlh from ( lovernor
llarrison a niilil;irv circul;ir which gi\'es us ;i
glimj:)se of the times and of the steps t.iken to
meet its dangers. It is dated U)lh .\pril. 1812.
and tinder the heading of "Cieneral ( )rders lor
the Militia" the circul.ir reails:

••.As the late murders ui)on the frontiers of this and
tlie neighboring Territories leave us little to hoi)c of
our being able to avoid a war with the neighboring
tribes of Indians, the commander-in-chief directs that
the colonels and other conunandants of corp.s should

* Dunn's "True Indian .St.irii-.<."

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

take immediate measures to put their commands in the
best possible state for active service. Tlie field officers
who command battalions will visit and critically inspect
the several companies which compose them and make a
report in detail of their situation, particularly noting
the deficiencies in arms, ammunition and accoutrements,
and sucli measures as the laws authorize must be im-
mediately taken to remedy those deficiencies. The
commander-in-chief informs the officers that the most
prompt obedience and the most unremitting attention
to their duty will he required of them — the situation of
the country calls for exertion on the part of the militia,
and the officers must set the example to their men. If
there are amongst them any who have accepted appoint-
ments for the mere motive of gratifying their vanity
by the possession of a commission to which a title is
annexed, without having the ability or the inclination
to encounter arduous service, in justice to their country
and to their own fame they should now retire and not
stand in the way of those who are more able or more
willing to encounter the fatigue and dangers incidental
to actual service in the Indian war. From the specimen
which the commander-in-chief has had of their conduct
in the field he has every reason to be proud of them,
nor does he believe that there are better militia officers
to be found anywhere than those of Indiana, but in a
crisis like the present they should be' all good.

"The field officers are to see that proper places are
appointed for the rendezvous of the companies upon an
alarm or the appearance of danger, and will give orders
relatively to the mode of their proceeding in such exi-
gencies as the situation of the companies respectively
call for. When mischief is done by the Indians in any
of the settlements, they must be pursued, and the officer
nearest to the spot, if the number of men under his
command is not inferior to the supposed number of the
enemy, is to commence it as soon as he can collect his
men. If his force should be too small he is to send for
aid to the next officer to him, and in the meantime to
take a position capable of being defended, or watch the
motions of the enemy, as circumstances require. The
pursuit must be conducted with vigor, and the officer
commanding will be held responsible for making every
exertion in his power to overtake the enem}'. Upon his
return, whether successful or not, a particular account
of his proceedings must be transmitted to the com-
mander-in-chief and a copy of it to the colonel of the
regiment.

"The commander-in-chief recommends it to the citi-
zens on the frontiers of Knox county, from the Wabash
eastwardly across the two branches of the White river,
those on tlie northwest of the Wabash and those in the
Driftwood settlement in Harrison, to erect blocked
houses or picketed forts. It will depend upon the dis-
position of the Delawares whether measures of this
kind will be necessary or not upon the frontiers of
Clark, Jefferson, Dearl)orn, Franklin or Wayne. Means
will be taken to ascertain this as soon as possible and
the result communicated. The Indians who profess to
be friendly' have been warned to keep clear of the set-
tlements, and the commander-in-chief is far from wish-
ing that tlie citizens should run any risk liy admitting
any Indians to come amongst them whose designs are
in the least cciuivocal." He recommends, however, to
those settlements which the Delawares have frequented
as much forI)earances as possible toward that tribe, l)e-
cause they have ever performed with punctuality and
good faith their engagements witli the United States,
and as yet there is not the least reason to doubt their
fidelity. It is also certain that if they should be forced
to join the other tribes in war, from their intimate
knowledge of tlie settlements upon the frontiers they
would lir I'nabled to do more mischief than anv other
tribu.

"1j\' tlie conimander-in-chief.

"A Hurst, Aide-de-camp."

Blockhouses. — As the war came on and the
dangers became more threatening, a great many
of the settlers forsook their farms and betook
themselves to more protected territory. Others
remained, however, and Dillon tells us that "in
the course of the spring and summer of the year
1812 blockhouses or picketed forts were erected
throughout the Indiana Territory." The follow-
ing year more were built by the military authori-
ties. Of many of these no specific record re-
mains but in various local chronicles a number
are mentioned and the localities of some of them
given. The very outpost of them all, if we ex-
cept Fort Wayne, which was entirely isolated
from the frontier, was Fort Harrison. In Sul-
livan county there was one about midway be-
tween New Lebanon and Carlisle, and one near
the Wabash river some distance above Meroni.
In Knox county, we are told, forts were erected
in every neighborhood, and five are specified in
Widner township. In Daviess county ten are
mentioned, and in Jackson three, one of them at
Vallonia. In the north part of Union were two
and in Wayne three or four, one of these being
about four miles west of Richmond and another
a mile north of Washington. We also find tradi-
tion of several in Jefiferson county.
■ An anecdote or two will show that amid these
preparations for grim war the American sense
of humor was not wanting. One of the stockades
in Knox county was known as "Fort Petticoat."
because, the men being absent in the army, its
defense depended chiefly upon the women. In
Jackson county when one of the forts was build-
ing four or five practical jokers, pretending to be
Indians, tried to scare a green "Dutchman" in
the woods but he showed fight in such deadly
earnest that the jokers ignominiously fled.

The Rev. W. C. Smith, a settler of the \Miite-
water region, father of the historian W. H.
Smith, describes in an interesting book of rem-
iniscences ("Indiana Miscellany") the old log
forts. The stockade consisted of "two rows of
split timber, twelve to fourteen feet long, planted
in the ground two-and-a-half or three feet deep.
The timbers of the second row were so placed
as to cover the cracks of the first. Small cabins
were erected inside of the stockades for the ac-
commodation of the faiuilies. Usually one
l)lockhouse was built in each fort. The block-
houses were two stories high, the upper story

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

projecting over the lower, say two feet, with
portholes in the floor of the projection so that
the men could see to shoot the Indians if they
succeeded in getting to the walls of the block-
house." Sometimes two of these blockhouses
were built at opposite corners of the stockade in
such a manner that the projecting story of each
commanded two of the outer walls. Many of
the blockhouses, built for temporary refuge in
emergencies, had no stockade but were simply
two-story buildings with portholes and the second
story overhanging. Many of the residence
cabins, also, were provided with portholes and
built strongly for defense.

Rangers of 1813, — In 1813 Acting-Governor
John Gibson called into service several com-
panies of mounted rangers each consisting of
about one hundred men. These were in the em-
ploy of the United States. The accoutrement
consisted of a rifle, knife and tomahawk and each
man carried with him his own supply of pro-
visions (Dillon). The office of these rangers
was, seemingly, the same as that of the frontier
patrol of 1807, described in another place.

INDIAN CAMPAIGNS

Attack on Ft. Wayne. — After the attack on
Fort Harrison and the Pigeon Roost Massacre
there were several oft'ensive campaigns directed
against the hostile tribes of northern Indiana. Be-
fore the two events mentioned about five hundred
warriors surrounded Fort Wayne, which was
garrisoned with something less than a hundred
men, under a Captain Rhea. The Indians ar-
ranged for a conference inside the fort, their
object being treachery, but they were frustrated.
Then they laid siege to the place and, aided by
some ingenious British, made a "blufl:" of having
artillery by constructing two wooden cannon, re-
inforced by hoopiron, which promptly burst when
fired. ]\Ieanwhile General Harrison, who had
relinquished his civil duties for military service.
was advancing northward with an army of more
than a thousand men (Dunn), and this force
reached Fort Wayne on September 12, raising
the siege. Detachments of these troops scoured
the surrounding country, and destroyed several
deserted Indian villages besides quantities of food
supplies growing in the cultivated places.

Hopkins' Expedition. — Early in November

General Samuel Hopkins, after a previous at-
tempt at a campaign in Illinois which resulted in
mutiny and a premature return, started up the
Wabash with three regiments of Kentucky mili-
tia and one company each of regulars, rangers
and scouts, the objective being the old "Prophet's
Town" at the mouth of the Tippecanoe and va-
rious villages in that locality. The town named,
which was destroyed after the battle of Tippe-
canoe, had been rebuilt and now consisted of
about forty huts. This and two other towns of
the Kickapoos and Winnebagos, were destroyed,
along with what corn was found, leaving the
Indians, at the beginning of winter, without
shelter or provisions. This expedition continued
its operations throughout November, and the
chief loss sufi^ered was that of sixteen men killed
in an ambuscade.

Mississinewa Expedition. — The most notable
expedition of this period as estimated by results
w'as that of Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell with
about six hundred mounted men against the Mi-
ami villages on the Mississinewa river. This
campaign was conducted, virtually, in the heart
of winter, the troops moving from Dayton, Ohio,
on December 14, 1812. After three days of hard
riding one of the villages was surprised, eight
warriors killed, forty-two prisoners taken and
the place burned. Following this three other
villages were destroyed. Campbell then debated
the advisability of returning without further of-
fensive operations, owing to the hardships to
which the men were subjected, the weather being
severe, and at four o'clock on the morning of
the 18th had convened liis officers for a con-
ference, when they were suddenly and furiously
attacked by a body of Indians. The fight that
followed, by Campbell's ofticial report, was well-
nigh as fierce and stubbornly contested as was
that at Tijipecanoe. After an hour's engagement
the assailants drew ofi'. leaving lifleen of their
dead on the ground and, probably, carrying others
oft" with them. Of the whiles, eight were killed
and forty-two wounded. The exact number of
the attacking Indians was never known, though
Campbell in his official report estimates them at
"not less than three hundred." 'I'his engage-
ment, known as the T.attle of The Mississinewa.
occurred within the bounds of the present Grant
county, on the hank of the Mississinewa river,
about a mile from the village of Jalapa. The

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

field is privately owned and is unmarked by any
memorial.

Bartholomew's White River Expedition. —
During the earlier part of the war the Delaware
Indians on White river professed to be friendly
to the United States, and were so regarded, but
in the numerous forays made against the settlers
in 1813 there was evidence that this tribe at
least harbored hostile bands. In March of 1813
J(jlin Tiptcjn, then in command of militia that was
guarding the frontier of Harrison and Clark
counties, pursued a party of marauders that had
killed one man and wounded three others near
Vallonia, Jackson county. At an island on the
Driftwood river he overhauled the band and after
a "smart skirmish" killed one and routed the
rest. In April he pursued another party that
had killed two men and stolen some horses and
recovered the horses and "other plunder." Tip-
ton was convinced that these miscreants made
directly for the Delaware towns. He expressed
the opinion that "while the government is sup-
porting one part of that tribe the other part is
murdering our citizens," and added that "those
rascals, of whatever tribe they may be harboring
about those towns, should be routed.*

In June of that year a force of about one hun-
dred and thirty-seven mounted men under Col.
Joseph Bartholomew rode to the Delaware towns
to discover and surprise, if possible, hostile In-
dians who, it was believed, operated from there.
By Bartholomew's report these towms all seem
to have been deserted and three of them had been
already burned, though why or by whom is not
recorded. Considerable corn was found and some-
thing like eight lumdred or one thousand bushels
destroyed.!

Russell's Expedition. — Following hard upon
Bartholomew's raid a much larger force under
Col. William Russell circled the Indian country
with an expedition covering upward of five hun-
dred miles. Russell started from Vallonia, as did
Bartholomew the month before, with five hun-
dred seventy-three men (Dillon), and his route
took in the Delaware towns on White river,
the Mississinewa towns, and all those on the Wa-
bash below the Mississinewa, bringing up at
Fort Harrison, on the northwestern frontier. No
encounters are spoken of in Colonel Russell's

* Tipton's report to Governor Gibson.

t Bartholomew's report to Governor Posey.

report of this long march. It was a campaign of
destruction based on the theory (or knowledge)
that the surest way to prevent depredations on
the borders was to break up the nesting places
of those who committed the depredations.

End of Indian Hostilities. — Colonel Russell's
expedition was the last one against the Indians.
These drastic visitations of vengeance reduced
the victims of them to destitution and starvation,
and when a series of American successes, cul-
minating in the defeat of the British and Indians
in the battle of the Thames, still further dis-
couraged them, they were ready to sue for peace
on pretty much any terms. In January of 1814
something like a thousand starving Miamis as-
sembled at Fort Wayne for food and ammuni-
tion for hunting, from the government ; these
were soon followed by the Potawatomies, and the
United States was in a position to dictate terms,
so far, at least, as the Indiana tribes were con-
cerned. For a year after, indeed, the border was
not entirely safe from depredations from de-
tached, irresponsible bands, but these were not
serious and threatening enough to stem the re-
turning tide of settlers who began to fill up the
new country.

Intemperance Among the Indians. — Gover-
nor Harrison repeatedly deplored the disastrous
eftects of intoxicating liquor among the Indians
and its continual introduction by unscrupulous
traders. In a letter to the Secretary of War. un-
der date of July 15, 1801, he states that "the In-
dian chiefs complained of the enormous quantity
of whisky introduced by the traders," there be-
ing, according to report, upward of six thousand
gallons brought annually among the Indians of
the Wabash, who numbered perhaps six hundred
warriors. The result w^as that the Piankeshaws,
Weas and Eel river tribes had almost exter-
minated their chiefs by murder. Little Beaver,
a Wea, was killed by his own son, and another
chief. Little Fox, was slain by his own people in
the streets of Vincennes. The drunken savages
so terrorized the citizens of Vincennes that Har-
rison solicited a garrison at Fort Knox for pro-
tection. In the letter the Governor says: "1
can at once tell by looking at an Indian whom 1
chance to meet whether he belongs to a neigh-
boring or a more distant tribe. The latter is
generally well-clothed, healthy and vigorous ; the
former half-naked, filthv and enfeebled with in-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

toxication, and many of them without arms ex-
cept a knife which they carry for the most vil-
lainous purposes." The chiefs earnestly desired
the prevention of the evil. Some of these wished
the introduction among their people of agricul-
tural implements and domestic animals.

In his message to the first general assembly
(1805) the governor said : "The interests of your
constituents, the interests of the miserable In-
dians, and your own feelings will sufficiently urge
you to take it into your most serious considera-
tion and provide the remedy which is to save
thousands of our fellow creatures. You are
witnesses to the abuses ; you have seen our towns
crowded with furious and drunken savages ; our
streets flowing with their blood ; their arms and
clothing bartered for the liquor that destroys
them, and their miserable women and children
enduring all the extremities of cold and hunger.
So destructive has the progress of intemperance
been among them that whole villages have been
swept away. A miserable remnant is all that re-
mains to mark the names and situations of nianv

Map of Indiana at Time of Admission in 1816.
—By E. V. Shock ley.

numerous and warlike tribes. In the energetic
language of one of their orators, it is a dreadful
conflagration which spreads misery and desola-

tion throughout the counlry and threatens the
annihilation of the whole race."

At one time a law existed forljidding the sale
of li(|uor to savages, but no law and no appeal

Ulk.P

INDIANA

JOHN MtU4M IN *»

The First Puhlished Map uf Indiana State, 1S17. The
same territorj' is occupied as at tlie time of the ad-
mission, but by this date seven more countie* were
created by subdivision.

was sufficient to counteract the cupidity of those
who floin"ished 1)V the traffic.

The Passing of Governor Harrison. — I'or
twelve years Governor Flarrison sustained a most
intimate relation to the aft'airs of Indiana Terri-
tory, he being by far the most conspicuous figure
of that period of our history. By virtue of his
nfilitar\- experience and ability he K)gically be-
came a leader in the western country when the
outbreak of war threatened the frontier. In
August, 1812, he was asked by Keninckx to take
chief command of all the troojis raised there, and
this, in view of the military talent and ;unbilion
existing in Kentucky. Harrison regarded as tlie
most flattering appointment he lia<l ever re-
ceived.'*'

.-\uto1)iographical letter.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

A little later he was made a brigadier-general
in the United States army and on September 17,
1812, he was appointed to the command of the
whole army of the northwest with large discre-
tion as to his military plans and movements. This
ended his civil relation to Indiana, Secretary
John Gibson succeeding him as acting-gover-
nor until the appointment of Governor Posey in
February of 1813. The part he subsequently
played in the war, culminating in the brilliant
victory at the Thames which secured safety to
the northwest, belongs to the larger history of
the country. He retired from military service in
1814 and became a citizen of Ohio.

Militarism. — In this chapter it has been
shown that during the first twelve or thirteen
years of the territory's existence the element of
danger and violence from without was a factor
in the territorial life. This danger, arising from
tlie hostility of the Indians, and which culmi-
nated in the war of 1812, was a deterrent to set-
tlement and growth, especially in the war period,
when many who were already on the ground
temporarily forsook their homes. This situation,
following the militarism of the revolutionary
times, kept alive the question of a militia system
for self-defense. This was Governor Harri-
son's most famous hobby. In his advocacy of
schools for popular education, he pleaded that
military branches, to be connected with such
schools, be not forgotten. His theory was that
even the masters in the lower schools should be
obliged to qualify themselves to give instructions
in military evolutions, while the Vincennes Uni-
versity should have a professor of tactics, "in
which all the sciences connected with the art of
war may be taught" (Dillon). He also recom-
mended, at another time, that camps of discipline
be established "for instructing those who are al-
ready capable of bearing arms ;" that there should
be ])n)fcssors of tactics in all seminaries, and
that "even the amusements of the children should
resemble the Gymnasia of the Greeks, that they
may grow up in llie ])ractise of those exercises
which will enable them to bear with the duties of
the camp and the lalxirs of the field."*

* Harrison's letter to Governor .Scott, of Kentncky.

The first statutes passed in the territory (1807)
include an elaborate militia law covering thirty-
eight pages. By its provisions, every able-bodied
white male citizen (with certain exemptions), be-
tween the ages of eighteen to forty-five years,
was compelled to be of the militia and to provide
himself with "a good musket, a sufficient bayonet
and belt, or a fusee, two spare flints, a knap-sack
and a pouch, with a box therein, to contain not
less than twenty-four cartridges ... or a
good rifle, knapsack, pouch and powder-horn,
with twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle,
and a quarter of a pound of powder." A dragoon
was to furnish his own horse, saddle and bridle,
and holster with pistol. Officers were to have a
sword or hanger and "espontoons," and to wear
"some cheap uniforms at musters." The militia
equipment was exempt from seizure in cases of
debt. Company musters were to be held every
two months ; battalion musters once a year, and
regimental musters once a year. For failure to
attend these musters, officers were subject to a
fine of two to twenty dollars and privates to one
that might range from one to six dollars, though
these could be remitted for good cause shown.
The fines were to be applied to the purchase of
drums, fifes and colors and to the pay of offi-
cers. The military training was to be by "the
rules and instructions" of Baron Steuben, the
famous drill-master of Revolutionary days. The
exempts from this militia service were the judges
and clerk of the Supreme Court, the attorney-
general, ministers of the gospel, keepers of jails
and "such other persons as are exempt by the law
of the United States." By the incorporation act,
establishing Vincennes University, the faculty
and students of that institution were exempted.

Notwithstanding Governor Harrison's views
as to the importance of military training, and the
aim at efficiency implied by the long law cited
and others that were passed, the people did not
run to military zeal. During the war with Eng-
land, indeed, the spur of necessity developed the
military spirit, but prior to that crisis, the status
of the militia fell far below the governor's ap-
proval, and after the period of actual danger
passed the whole system dwindled in eft'ectiveness
until it became a laughing-stock.

CHAPTER VI

THE NEW STATE

I General Conditions in 1815. — When, on the
1 14th of December, 1815, the Territorial Legisla-
ture laid before Congress a memorial praying
- that the way be opened for its admission into the
' Union of States, it had a population of 63,897,
I distributed over thirteen counties. There were
I arguments for and against statehood, the ques-
tion of an increased tax upon the citizens being
[an offset to the advantages of independent self-
I government, and the memorial was not a direct
request for admission but for a convention of
delegates from the several counties, to be elected
:by order of Congress, such convention to deter-
; mine "whether it will be expedient or inexpedient
to go into a State government," and be em-
i powered to form "a Constitution and frame of
government" if deemed expedient.

The Enabling Act. — The result of this re-
quest was an act of Congress, known as the "En-
abling Act." As no existing history of Indiana
includes, to our knowledge, the text of this im-
portant and formative instrument, we here pre-
sent it in full :

[ "An act to enable the people of the Indiana Territory
ito form a Constitution and State government, and for
the admission of such State into the Union on equal
footing with the original States. (Approved April 19,
.1816.)

"Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House
[of Representatives of the United States of American
• Congress assembled, That the inhabitants of the Terri-
itory of Indiana be, and they are hereby authorized, to
i form for themselves a Constitution and State govern-
ment, and to assume such name as they shall deem
' proper ; and the said State when formed shall be ad-
mitted into the Union upon the same footing with the
.original States, in all respects whatsoever.
; "Sec. 2. And be it further enacted. That the said
j State shall consist of all the territory included within
the following boundaries, to-wit : Bounded on the east
by the meridian line which forms the western boundary
jof the State of Ohio; on the south, by the river Ohio,
from the mouth of the Great Miami river to the mouth
of the river Wabash ; on the west, by a line drawn along
the middle of the Wabash, from its mouth to a point
: where a due north line drawn from the town of Vin-
cennes would last touch the northwestern shore of the
said river; and from thence, by a due north line, until
the same shall intersect an east and west line drawn
through a point ten miles north of the southern extreme
of Lake Michigan; on the north, by the said east and
west line, until the same shall intersect the first men-
tioned meridian line, which forms the western boundary
of the State of Ohio; provided, that the convention
hereinafter provided for, when formed, shall ratify the
boundaries aforesaid ; otherwise, they shall be and re-
iHiain as now prescribed by the ordinance for the govern-

' 69

ment of the territory northwest of the river Ohio- pro-
vided also, that the said States shall have concurrent
jurisdiction on the river Wabash, with the Statu to be
tormed west thereof, so far as the said river sliall form
a common boundary to both.

;'Sec. 3 And be it further enacted, That all male
citizens of the United States, who shall have arrived
at the age of twenty-one years, and resided within the
said territory at least one year previous to the dav of
election, and shall have paid a county or territorial tax •
and all persons having in otiicr respects the legal quali-
hcations to vote for representatives in the General As-
sembly of the said Territorv, be. and they are hereby
authorized to choose representatives to form a conven-
tion, who shall be apportioned amongst the several
counties within the said Territorv, according to the ap-
portionment made by the Legislature thereof, at their
last session, to-wit: From the countv of Wayne four
representatives; from the countv of Franklin, five rep-
resentatives; from the county of Dearborn, three rep-
resentatives; from the countv of Switzerland, one
representative; from the countv of Jefferson, three rep-
resentatives ; from the county of Clark, five representa-
tives ; from the county of Harrison, five representatives ;
from the county of Washington, five representatives;
from the county of Knox, five representatives; from
the county of Gibson, four representatives; from the
county of Posey, one representative; from the countv
of Warrick, one representative, and from the county
of Perry, one representative. And the election for
the representatives aforesaid shall be holden on the
second Monday of May, one thousand eight hundred
and sixteen, throughout the several counties in tiie said
Territory, and shall be conducted in the same manner
and under the same penalties, as prescribed by the laws
of said Territory, regulating elections therem for the
members of the House of Representatives.

"Sec. 4. And be it further enacted. That tlie mem-
bers of the convention, thus duly elected, be. and they
are hereby authorized to meet at the seat of the govern-
ment of the said Territory, on the second Monday of
June next; which convention, when met, shall first de-
termine, by a majority of the whole numlier elected,
whether it be or be not expedient at that time to form
a Constitution and State government for the peojile
within the said Territory; and if it be deemed more
expedient, the said convention shall provide by ordi-
nance for electing representatives to form a Constitu-
tion or frame of government, which said representatives
shall be chosen in such manner, and in such proportion,
and shall meet at such time and jilace, as shall be pre-
scribed l)y the said ordinance ; and shall then form, for
the people of said Territory, a Constitution and State
government : Provided, That the same, wlieiu-ver
formed, shall I)e re])ublican and not repu.miaut to tlmsc
articles of the ordinance of the thirteenth of July, one
thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, which are
declared to be irrevocable between the original States
and the people of the States of the territory northwest
(if the river Ohio; excei)ting so much of said articles
as relates to the boundaries of the States therein to be
formed.

"Sec. 5. .Ind be it further cihulcd. Tiiat until the
next general census sliall he taken, the said State shall
be entitled to one Representative in the House of Rep-
resentatives of the United States.

"Sec. 6. And be it further enacted. That the follow-
ing propositions be, and the same are hereby offered to

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the convention of the said Territory of Indiana, when
formed, for their free acceptance or rejection, which,
if accepted by the convention, shall be obligatory upon
the United States :

"First. That the section numbered sixteen, in every
township, and when such section has been sold, granted,
or disposed of, other lands, equivalent thereto, and most
contiguous to the same, shall be granted to the inhabi-
tants of such township for the use of schools.

"Second. That all salt springs within the said Ter-
ritory, and the land reserved for the use of the same,
together with such other lands as may, by the President
of the United States, he deemed necessary and proper
for working the said salt springs, not exceeding in the
whole tiie quantity contained in thirty-six entire sec-
tions, shall be granted to tiie said State, for the use of
the people of the said State, the same to be used under
such terms, conditions and regulations as the Legisla-
ture of the State shall direct: Provided, The said
Legislature shall never sell or lease the same, for a
longer period than ten years at any one time.

"Third. That five per cent, of the net proceeds of
the lands lying within the said Territory, and which
shall be sold by Congress from and after the first day
of December next, after deducting all expenses incident
to the same, shall be reserved for making public roads
and canals, of which three-fifths shall be applied to
those objects within the said State, under the direction
of the Legislature thereof, and two-fifths to the making
of a road or roads leading to the said State under the
direction of Congress.

"Fourth. That one entire township, which shall be
designated by the President of the United States, in
addition to the one heretofore reserved for that pur-
pose, shall be reserved for the use of a seminary of
learning and vested in the Legislature of the said State,
to be appropriated solely to the use of such seminary by
the said Legislature.

"Fifth. That four sections of land be, and the same
are hereby granted to the said State, for the purpose of
fixing their seat of government thereon, which four sec-
tions shall, under the direction of the Legislature of said
State, be located at any time in such township and
range as the Legislature aforesaid may select, on such
lands as may hereafter be acquired by the United States
from the Indian tribes within said Territory : Pro-
vided, That such location shall he made prior to the
public sale of the lands of the United States, surround-
ing such location : And, provided always, That the five
foregoing propositions herein offered are on the condi-
tions, that the convention of the said State shall provide
by an ordinance irrevocable, without the consent of the
United States, that every and each tract of land sold by
the United States, from and after the first day of De-
cember next, shall be and remain exempt from any tax,
laid by order or under any authority of the State,
whether for State, county or township, or any other
purpose whatever, for the term of five years from and
after the day of sale."

Analysis. — A comparison between the En-
abling Act and the Ordinance of 1787 is not with-
out interest, as both instruments establish certain
relations between the State and the Nation. The
( )r(iinance determines for all time the general
form r)f government, the civil rights of citizens
and ;in echicalional iiohoN', and il defines certain
boundaries for States that may be carved out of
the Northwest Territory. The b'n.abling Act
lixes the Ixiundaries of the proposed ."^tate, mod-

ifying in two instances the delinition as set forth
in the Ordinance. The latter made the west
boundary the Wabash river from the Ohio to
Vincennes and a straight north and south line
beginning at Vincennes. As by this the mean-
ders of the river northward from Vincennes were
west of the line, a long, irregular tract, broadest
in Sullivan and Vigo counties was thrown into
Illinois. The modification was that this line, in-
stead of extending to Vincennes, begins at the
river at a point in Vigo county where it finally
leaves the line, thus making the stream the bound-
ary from that point to the Ohio.

On the north the Ordinance had designated the
southern extremity of Lake Michigan as the lat-
itude for the dividing east and west line should
a State to the north be erected. The later act
fixed this dividing line ten miles farther north.
The reason for this, doubtless, was for the pur-
pose of giving this State the opportunity of lake
ports.

The good will of the ordinance, which stipu-
lated that "schools and the means of education
shall forever be encouraged," was substantially
and generously backed by the act which donated
outright one-thirty-sixth of all the land in the
Territory for the general use of schools, besides
one entire township for a seminary of higher
learning. It also donated all the salt springs with
certain adjacent lands, and four sections for a
site for the capital. Finally, it donated five per
cent, of the proceeds from the sale of all lands,
to be applied to the building of roads and canals.
On the whole, it looks like a pretty liberal dower,
and the chief return exacted was that the lands
sold by the government should be tax-free for
five years.

Ordinance of Acceptance. — The convention
authorized by this act decided that the contem-
plated statehood was "expedient," and under date
of June 29, 1816, it submitted to Congress the
following ordinance of acceptance :

"Be it ordained by the Representatives of the people
of the Territory of Indiana, in convention met at Cory-
don, on Monday, the tenth day of June, in the year of
our Lord eighteen liundred and sixteoi. That we do, for
ourselves and our posterity, agree, determine, declare
and ordain that we will, and do hereby, accept the prop-
ositions of the Congress of the United States, as made
and contained in their act of the nineteenth day of
April, eighteen hundred and sixteen, entitled. 'An act to
enable tlie people of the Indiana Territory to form_ a
State government and Constitution, and for the admis-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

sion of such state into the Union, on an equal footing
with the original States.'

"And we do, further, for ourselves and our posterity,
hereby ratify, confirm and establish the boundaries of
the said State of Indiana, as fixed, prescribed, laid down
and established in the Act of Congress aforesaid; and
we do also, further, for ourselves and our posterity,
hereby agree, determine, declare and ordain, that each
and every tract of land sold by the United States, lying
within the said State, and which shall l^e sold from and
after the first day of December next, shall be and re-
main exempt from any tax laid by order, or under any
authority of the said State of Indiana, or by or under
the authority of the general assembly thereof, whether
for State, county or township, or any other purpose
whatsoever, for the term of five years from and after
the day of sale of any such tract of land; and we do,
moreover, for ourselves and our posterity, hereby de-
clare and ordain that this ordinance, and every part
thereof, shall forever be and remain irrevocable and in-
violate, without the consent of the United States, in
Congress assembled, first had and obtained for the
alteration thereof, or any part thereof.

"Jonathan Jennings.
President of the Convention.

"Attest :

"William Hendricks, Secretarv.

"June 29, 1816."

The State was formally admitted to the Union
December 11, 1816, though the State government
actually began with the qualifying of the State
officers on November 7.

Federal Acts Relating to Indiana. — The Fed-
eral acts relating to the territory now including
Indiana, up to the Enabling Act, which concerns
Indiana alone, were, the Ordinance. of 1787; two
supplementary acts respecting the governmeni,
passed in 1789 and 1792; an act to divide the
territory in 1800, and another for further divi-
sion in 1809; and, finally, the Enabling Act. The
Ordinance of 1787 was the great formative in-
strument of the whole territory, out of which five
States were made. The acts of 1789 and 1792
are of minor historical importance. The acts of
division have a historical bearing of interest to
one who wishes to trace the preliminary stages
through which we have passed. The Enabling
Act is distinctive as revealing the attitude and
policy of the nation toward statehood. Th<T full
text of these and of Virginia's acts relative to
the cession of the territory to the United States
may be found in the "Legislative and State Man-
ual for 1899-1900." For some reason, pi-obably
oversight, the legislative memorial asking for the
Enabling Act is not included in this volume, but
it may be found in large part in Dillon, p. 554.
These references are given because more acces-
sible than the Federal and State documents.

THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

Members of the Convention. — ihe spectacle
in history of a grou[) of men entrusted to create
an instrument that is to give shape and direction
throughout the future to a sovereign State, is
an interesting one. F'or the purpose of framing
a constitution (if deemed desirable) Indiana
elected forty-three delegates from the thirteen
counties that were stretched across the southern
part of the State from Knox to W'.iyne. These
delegates represented a mixed ])opulation of
about 64,000, hailing from a numljer of State>
east and south. Like the jjoimlaiion, the dele-

Seal of the State. (See page 193.)

gates were also of mixed character. At least a
few of them were men of education and notable
ability; of the major ])art of them we know but
little todav, and some, we know, were vniedu-
cated, but men of sturdy intelligence and good
sense. The most trustworthy characterization of
them that we have is by John 1'.. l^illon. who,
when be wrote, was more than a half ceniurv
nearer to that generation. He says:

"The con\enlion that formed tlie lirst consti-
tution of the State of Indiana was composed,
mainlv, of clear-minded, unpretending men ot
common sense, whose i)atriotisin was un(|uestion-
able and who.-^e morals were fair. Their faniil-
iaritv with the theories of the Declaration of

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

American Independence, their territorial experi- returns in 1815). This brought Corydon, the
ence under the provisions of the Ordinance of capital, near the center of population, but a little
1787, and their knowledge of the principles of to the west, there being, not counting Harrison

the Constitution of the United States were suf^-
cient, when combined, to lighten materially their
labors in the great work of forming a constitu-
tion for a new State."'''

A list of these men and the representation of
the various counties may iiere be given :

Wayne county, four members — Jeremiah Cox,
Patrick 1 laird. Joseph Holman and Hugh Cull.

Franklin county, five members — William H.
Eads. James Brownlee, Enoch McCarty. Robert
Hanna, jr., and James Noble.

Dearborn county, three members — James Dill,
Solomon Manwaring and Ezra Ferris.

Switzerland county, one member — W' illiani
Cotton.

Jefferson county, three members — David H.
Maxwell, Samuel Smock and Nathaniel Hunt.

Clark county, five members — Jonathan Jen-
nings, James Scott, Thomas Carr, John K. Gar-
ham and James Lemon.

Harrison county, five members — Dennis Pen-
nington, Davis Floyd, Daniel C. Lane, John
Boone and Patrick Shields.

Washington county, five members — John De-
Pauw, Samuel Milroy, Robert Mclntire, William
Lowe and William Graham.

Knox county, five members — John Johnson,
John Badollet, William Polke, Benjamin Parke
and John Benefiel.

Gibson county, four members — David Robb,
James Smith, Alexander Devin and Frederick
Rapp.

Warrick county, one member — Daniel Grass.

Perry county, one member — Charles Polke.

Posey county, one member — Dann Lynn.f

Jonathan Jennings, delegate from Clark
county, was chosen president of the convention,
and William Hendricks, of Jefferson county, not
a dele-gate, was made secretary.

Distribution of Population. — lliis representa-
tion indicates tin- distribution of ])0]^ulation in
the State. In round figures this was as follows :
Knox, 8.068; TM-rniklin. 7.v370: Washington,
7,.'^17; Clark, 7.150; Harrison, 6,975; Wayne,
6.407; Gibson. 5,.^.¥); Dearborn, 4,424; Jefferson.
4,270; Switzerland, 1,8,^2; Perry, 1.720; Gibson.
1.619; Warrick. 1.415; total' 6.^.895 (offfcial

* Dillon, p. 5.S9. t Ih., p. 556.

county itself, 25,469 to the westward and 31,451
eastward.

Elements of the Constitution. — The elements
that were to enter into the constitution are in-
dicated by the various questions that were re- •
ferred to a dozen or more special committees,
these questions being relative to

1. A bill of rights.

2. The distribution of the powers of govern-
ment.

3. The legislative department of the govern-
ment.

4. The executive department.

5. The judicial department.

6. Impeachments.

7. General provisions.

8. Revision of Constitution.

9. Change of government from territorial to
State, preservation of laws already existing,
court questions, etc.

10. Education. *

11. Militia. I

12. Elective franchise and elections. P
To this list of committees appointed by Pres-
ident Jennings at the beginning of the convention,
was added, later, one on prisons and another on
general revisions. ■

Glancing over the completed constitution, cer-
tain features may be noticed. The bill of rights
is but a re-statement of principles that are the
sacred inheritance of all Americans and which
appear in numerous instruments. The "rights"
as they are set forth in the Ordinance of 1787
here reappeared in an amplified form. Liberty
of conscience and freedom from all religious
domination ; the right of trial by jury ; the rights
of the individual to security of person and prop-
erty against "unreasonable searches and seiz-
in-es" ; freedom of the press and free communi-
cation of thoughts and opinions ; the right to full
and fair hearing in the coinis ; the right to "as-
semble together in a peaceable manner" and to
be heard of the governing powers when griev-
ances exist are the chief guards against encroach-
ments on the free status of the citizen.

The separation of the government into three
distinct departments, the legislative, the execu-
tive and the judicial ; the division of the legisla-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

tive authority into two branches, a Senate and
a House of Representatives ; a Governor, with
a wide range of powers, a Lieutenant-Governor,
and a Secretary, Treasurer and Auditor of State
as the chief executive officers ; the division of the
judiciary into Supreme, Circuit and inferior
courts — in brief the general framework of gov-
ernment— was in conformity with an estabhshed
system.

A provision that became a dead letter in the
days of this constitution, although it was also
inserted in the one of 1851, was compulsory mi-
litia service by all free, able-bodied white citizens
between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years,
barring certain exempts.

The franchise, which in the territorial period
had been restricted to freeholders, was extended
to "every white male citizen of the United States,
of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who
has resided in the State one year."

In the educational provision it was enjoined
upon the General Assembly "to provide by law
for the improvement of such lands as are or
hereafter may be granted by the United States
to this State for the use of schools, and to apply
any funds which may be raised from such lands
or from any other quarter to the accomplishment
of the grand object for which they are or may
be intended." Also, "the General Assembly shall,
from time to time, pass such laws as shall be cal-
culated to encourage intellectual, scientifical and
agricultural improvement by allowing rewards
and immunities for the promotion and improve-
ment of arts, sciences, commerce, manufactures
and natural history, and to countenance and en-
courage the principles of humanity, honesty, in-
dustry and morality." That the framers of the
instrument were progressive and far-sighted in
this direction is especially shown by this section :
"It shall be the duty of the General Assembly,
as soon as circumstances will permit, to provide
by law for a general system of education, as-
cending in regular gradation from township
schools to a state university, wherein tuition shall
be gratis and equally open to all." Provision was
also made for public county libraries, the funds
for the same to be derived from the sales of town
lots in county seats, not less than ten per cent,
to be reserved from such sales.

A notable departure from certain drastic crim-
inal laws that had previously existed was a pro-

vision for a penal code "founded on the princi-
ples of reformation and not of vindictive justice."
and another step in the direction of humaneness
was the provision for poor farms as asylums
where the unfortunate might "find employment
and every reasonable comfort, and lose by their
usefulness the degrading sense of dependence."
The question of slavery was set finally at rest by
the declaration that "there shall be neither slav-
ery nor involuntary servitude in this State, other-
wise than for the punishment of crimes, whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted." Fi-
nally, the possible inadequacy of this constitution
to the future needs of the State was clearly rec-
ognized and it provided that every twelfth year
thereafter the question of a new constitutional
convention should be submitted to the people.

All in all, the constitution of 1816 was an ad-
mirable starting point for a State that was
headed in the direction of civil and humanitarian
progress and much credit is due to the intelli-
gence and enlightenment of the men who laid
this foundation, particularly in the moral provi-
sions.

BEGINNING OF STATE GOVERNMENT

First Election; The Machinery Set in Mo-
tion.— On the first Monday .in August. 1816,
the time being set by the constitution, a general
election was held and Jonathan Jennings, per-
haps the most conspicuous man in the State at
that time, was chosen governor over Thomas
Posey, his only competitor. Jennings load been
the territorial delegate to Congress and Posev
was the last territorial governor. Christopher
Harrison was made lieutenant-governor and
William Hendricks was elected congressman.
Harrison was one of the picturc'Sf|uc characters
of our history who, prior to his advent into po-
litical life, had dwelt in hermit solitude in his
cabin on the hills of the Ohio, near where Han-
over stands. William Hendricks, afterward gov-
ernor, is regarded as one of the ablest men of
early Indiana.

The Legislature, consisting of ten senators and
twenty-nine representatives, convened on No-
vember 4. 1816. with John Paul, of Madison,
presiding over the Senate and Isaac Blackford,
of \'incennes, as Speaker of the House. The
governor's message was general in character and
a reflection of the principles set forth in the con-

CI'XTl-XXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

stitution, revealing no particular initiative. I he
Legislature elected James Noble and Waller Tay-
lor United States Senators; Robert New, Sec-
retary of State; William H. Lilley, Auditor, and
Daniel C. Lane. Treasurer, and with this person-
nel the ship of State was launched.

Conditions and Needs as Shown by Jennings'
Messages. — Jennings, during his tenure as
Governor, delivered six messages to the Legisla-
ture. .\ review of these as an index to the con-
dition and needs of the State shows that the
questions up])erniost were : Revenue and finances,
internal improvement, education and the State
militia.

Of the first item he says in his message of
December 7, 1819: "The system under which the
revenue is assessed and collected requires a thor-
ough change to insure an impartial collection, as
well as prompt payment into the treasury," and
adds: "The embarrassed situation of our circu-
lating medium has produced effects distressing
to the community, especially to the farming in-
terest and those who are in debt to the United
States for the purchase of lands" ; the particular
explanation of this being that national bank pa-
])er only was received at par by the government,
whereas the circvdating medium that came to
hand was a depreciated paper ctu'rency. and this,
when paid for lands, was at a loss of from 5
to 10 per cent. The explanation given of pre-
vailing hard times was that the war with England
had thrown upon the cotmtry "a greater quantity
of circulating medium than we have been acctis-
tomed to witness," with the result that there had
followed much speculation and debt, while the
susi)ension ol s])ecie payment had given rise to
speculation in l)ank paper, which had been "prac-
ticed upon the unwary and unadvised to an enor-
mous extent." In his message of 1820 he speaks
ot the difficulty in collecting taxes and states
thai the average annual revenue from taxation
since 1816 had been $1.^,000, whereas the ex-
penditures had averaged $17,000, and it had ])een
necessary to meet the deficit ])y making loans,
while for the yi'ar ])ast $5,000 remained unpaid.
In 1821 the Legislature was convened a month
earlier than the set time on account of fmancial
troubles, the bank of X'incennes, from which the
money h;id been borrowed, making a demand for
the p:iyment of ,$20.(KK) of the public debt, to-
gt-ther with inlere>t due on llir wliok' de])l for

that vear. This institution had, in 1817, been
made the State bank, from which the State was
to secure its loans, but its mismanagement was
such that the Legislature of this year (1821-2)
authorized legal proceedings to cancel its charter.

In the matter of internal improvements, the
first necessity was for more roads, but as early
as 1817 the Governor urged the importance of
a canal at the falls of the Ohio, and the next
vear he indulged the "flattering hope of a speedy
commencement" of that enterprise, the Ohio
Canal Company having been incorporated. For
revenue he advocated the selling of a township
of land known as "French Lick," which had been
"reserved and vested in the State for the use of
a saline," but which had proved of no value for
salt. In this message we find the first germ of
the idea for an internal improvement system. It
was in the power of the Legislature, he argued,
"to lay the foundation of a system of internal
improvement co-extensive with the State." The 3
per cent, fund if judiciously saved and invested
might, he maintained, come to yield $30,000 an-
nually for the making of roads and canals, and
he stiggested "substantial leading roads" from
the permanent capital that was to be established
to "important points on the limits of the State."

In the message of 1819 we find the first sug-
gestion for the institution that afterward became
Indiana University. The constitution stipulated
that it should be the duty of the General Assem-
bly to apply the funds from all school lands to
school purposes, and the plan contemplated a
system of ascending from township schools to
a state tiniversity. In accordance with this, the
governor expressed the view that "the seminary
township, situated in Monroe county, would af-
ford a site combining the advantages of fertility
of soil with a healthy climate, as well as a posi-
tion sufficiently central to the various sections of
the State." The enabling act of 1816 had given
a township for a State seminary. When the Con-
stitutional Convention was in session a committee
was ai)])ointed to select the township and the
one in the ])resent Monroe county was chosen.
Fhe law establishing the seminary was passed
January 20, 1820.

Contemporary Legislation. — Rexiewing the
legislation that followed these several messages,
we find, virtually, the same questions directly
dealt with. ( )ne of the first laws of interest sets

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

/:>

the schedule of official salaries for that day. The
governor was allowed $1,000 per year, to be paid
quarterly; the judges of the supreme court and
the presidents of the circuit courts received $700
each: members of the General Assembly were
given $2 per day for each and every day's attend-
ance, and $2 for each twenty-five miles traveled
by "the most usual road," the same being allowed
the president of the Senate and the speaker of
the House. The secretary of the Senate was to
have $4 per day, and the clerks of the House
$3.75. Doorkeepers' pay was $2, and the mem-
bers of the Constitutional Convention, important
as their services would seem to be, were allowed
no more than the doorkeepers plus $2 for each
twenty-five miles traveled.

In the matter of internal improvements, there
was legislation on the Ohio Falls canal, the "Ohio
Canal Company" being incorporated the first leg-
islative session. An act of January 22, 1820, em-
bodied an elaborate scheme for permanent roads,
which are specified as follows : Madison to Ver-
non ; Lawrenceburg to Brookville, thence to Con-
nersville, Waterloo, Centerville and Winchester ;
from the Ohio line to Brookville, thence to seat
of government (the permanent capital, presum-
ably, though not yet located) ; Lawrenceburg to
Napoleon, thence to seat of government ; New
Albany to Salem ; McDonald's Ferry to Browns-
town ; Bethlehem to Brownstown ; Rising Sun to
Versailles ; Brownstown to Bloomington, Madi-
son to Brownstown ; Rockport to Vincennes ;
Corydon to Salem ; New Albany to Corydon.
thence to Mount Sterling and Princeton ; Madi-
son to Versailles ; Vevay to Versailles ; Evans-
ville to Princeton, thence to White river ; Poke
Patch through Boonville and Springfield to Har-
mony ; the Ohio line to Richmond, Salisbury and
Centerville to west boundary of Wayne county ;
Charlestown to Corydon ; Brookville to Versailles
and \"ernon ; New Albany to Charlestown, thence
to seat of justice of Scott county and to Vernon ;
New Albany through Palestine to Bloomington ;
New Albany to Fredericksburg, Paoli and Hin-
dostan ; the Ohio line to Fairfield and Conners-
ville, thence to seat of government : New Lon-
don to seat of Scott county.

Education was not forgotten, though the con-
ditions were unfavorable to the development of
anything like a system, one great obstacle being
a lack of funds to build schoolhouses and pay

teachers. As said above, the State Seminary was
established in 1820. The same year the Madison
Academy was incorporated, and provisions made
for sundry county libraries. During the first
four years several laws, indeed, were passed for
the incorporation of academies, seminaries and
library associations. As early as 1816 steps were
taken to judiciously administer the school sec-
tions, these being section 16 of each township.
Superintendents were appointed to lease these

Map of Indiana in 1820, showing first county organiza-
tion of the purchase of 1818.

lands and each lessee was required to increase
their value by setting out, each year, twenty-five
apple and twenty-five peach trees, until one hun-
dred of each had been planted. In 1821 a com-
mittee was appointed to draft a l)ill for a general
system of education, being instructed to guard
particularly against "any distinction between the
rich and the poor." This bill did not appear in
the statutes until 1824.

The system of land assessment and taxation
at first adopted was essentially dift'erent from
that adopted later. The assessment was so much
per acre, and the adjustment to values was made
by dividing the lands into fi r.st. second and third

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

classes. The rate of assessment was very low,
running, in different years, from 80 cents to $1.50
per hundred acres on first-class land, and from
40 to 62)-4 cents on the poorer classes.

The legislation in a moral direction aimed at
various evils. There was a law against dueling,
and one against gambling, directed against cer-
tain games and gaming appliances, even forbade
the bringing of playing cards into the State as
merchandise under penalty of $3 fine and for-
feiture of the cards. A drastic law against may-
hem was aimed at the brutal fighting so much in
vogue with the rougher element. Some of the
criminal laws retain the severity of the territorial
statutes. For rape or commerce with a girl un-
der ten years of age, the penalty was death. For
sodomy the maximum penalty was $500, impris-
onment for five years and one hundred stripes on
the bare back, besides which the culprit was ren-
dered "infamous and incapable of giving evi-
dence." Barratry incurred a fine not exceeding
$500 and imprisonment not exceeding three
months, a "barrator" being defined as one who
"frequently excites and stirs up suits and quar-
rels, between citizens of this State, at law or oth-
erwise." An act for establishing a State prison
at Jeffersonville, with an appropriation of $3,000
for a building, was passed January 9, 1821, and
a poor law of the second session (1817-18) pro-
vided for overseers of the poor, and for the
"farming out of the poor" at public vendue or
outcry! The brutal feature of this is somewhat
relieved when we reflect that in the absence of
poorhouses the only other thing was to place pau-
pers, at public expense, with those who would
assume their charge. They were handed over to
the lowest bidders, who were entitled to the la-
bor of the able-bodied, but jirovisions were made
against ill-treatment, and in case of suit the poor
were to be defended gratis.

A law of the second session (Special Acts,
1817-18) alsi) established medical districts and
a board of medical censors to be a])pointed "for
the ])in-])()se of examining and licensing physi-
cians to ])ractise in the State;" and in 1819 the
".State Medical Society of Indiana" was author-
ized, with "])()wer to settle finally all difiVrences
l)etween llie distrirt medical societies and also
between individuals and the respective societies,
in cases of appeal, and to assign to each district
society their ge()gra])hical limits."

An act to authorize the choosing of a site for
the permanent capital was enacted in 1820. One
of January 9, 1821, authorized the survey, in con-
nection with Illinois, of the line between the two
States.

A census of 1820 showed that the population of
the State had increased within four years from
about 64,000 to 147,178, and the inhabitants of
the new State "began to open new farms, to
found new settlements, to plant new orchards, to
erect schoolhouses and churches, to build hamlets
and towns, and to engage, with some degree of
ardor, in the various peaceful pursuits of civ-
ilized life. A sense of security pervaded the
minds of the people. The hostile Indian tribes,
having been overpowered, humbled and impov-
erished, no longer excited the fears of the pioneer
settlers, who dwelt in safety in their plain log
cabin homes, and cultivated their small fields
without the protection of armed sentinels. The
numerous temporary forts and blockhouses,
which were no longer required as places of ref-
uge for the pioneers, were either converted into
dwelling houses or suffered to fall into ruins"
(Dillon).

The New Purchase. — Perhaps the most im-
portant event that occurred during the Jennings
administration was the acquisition of territory
that virtually doubled the area for settlement.
This was the tract since known as the "New- Pur-
chase," though formerly the Harrison purchase
of 1809 was called by that name. It was secured
by several treaties with different tribes held at
St. Mary's, Ohio, in October, 1818, with Jona-
than Jennings, Lewis Cass and Benjamin Parke
as the purchasing commissioners. The Miamis,
Dela wares and Potawatomies were the chief
tribes treated with and the lands they relinquished
comprised the central and choicest portion of the
.State, extending from the old frontier to a line
north and northwest of the fertile Wabash val-
ley.* The land thus gained has been estimated
as about eight million acres, out of which has
since l)een carved more than a score of coun-
ties. The amount paid for it was, to the Miamis,
as chief owners, a perpetual amiuity of $15,000.
the building of a grist and sawmill, the support-
ing of a blacksmith and a gunsmith, the provid-
ing of such implements of agriculture "as the
proper agent may think necessary," and one hun-

See map of Indian land cessions, p. 31.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

dred sixty bushels of salt annually. Out of the
tract twenty-one grants, amounting in all to forty-
nine sections, were granted in fee simple to as
many Indians, and there were six reservations,
the largest, afterward known as the "Miami re-
serve," containing approximately one thousand
square miles. To the Delawares, who laid claim
to the White river valley, was allowed other ter-
ritory west of the Mississippi river, the "value of
their improvements," one hundred twenty horses,
enough pirogues to transport the tribe, together
with provisions for their journey, and $4,000
perpetual annuity. To the Potawatomies, for
a tract of about sixteen hundred square miles
northeast of the Wabash and the relinquishment
of all the claims they might have to the rest of
the total purchase, was given a perpetual annuity
of $2,500. It may be of interest to note that these
annuities in the aggregate equaled 3 per cent, in-
terest on about $717,000. All the other items,
liberally estimated, would bring the total cost well
within the $800,000 mark, or about 10 cents per
acre. As the government subsequently sold the
land for $1.25 per acre it can be seen that, con-
sidered as a transaction in real estate, it was by
no means bad.*

The statement is made by various local histori-
ans that the Delaware Indians reserved the right
to continue in possession of the country until
1820 or 1821. The authority for this we are un-
able to trace, there being no such provision in
any of the treaties above mentioned. As a mat-
ter of fact, the first surveys were made in 1819.
As early as January, 1820, the new territory was
organized, parts of it along the southern and
eastern edge being attached to the counties of
Jennings, Jackson, Franklin, Fayette, Wayne and
Randolph, all the rest being formed into two large
new counties, Delaware and Wabash. The older
counties above named were given "concurrent
jurisdiction" in civil cases in Delaware county,
and Vigo, Owen and Monroe were given like
jurisdiction over W^abash county. An interest-

* One of the rare documents in the State library is the parch-
ment copy of the treaty made with the Miamis. This was the
duplicate instrument that was given to Chief Richardville for the
tribe. In course of time it came into the hands of Mr. Charles
B. Lasselle, of Logansport, who was a zealous collector of relics
relating to the history of the Wabash valley. Attached to the
parchment are the signatures of thirteen representatives of the
United States besides the three commissioners, and sixteen Mi-
ami chiefs (by mark). Among the former are Joseph Barron,
William Conner and Antoine Bondie, as interpreters. The treaty
bears the date of October 6, 1818.

ing item among the laws of 1820-21 is the ap-
pointment of John Vawter to take the census of
"all the white male inhabitants above twenty-one
years of age within said counties of Wabash and
Delaware, and return a list of the same to the
ofifice of Secretary of State, on or before the sec-
ond Monday in November next."

Search through the legislative documents fails
to disclose any further reference to this first

Map of Indiana in 1824, When the Capital Was Moved
to Indianapohs. — By E. V . Shocklcx.

census of the New Purchase, which was prob-
ably ordered in anticipation of the influx of immi-
gration that would follow the locating of the
capital.

The Squatter Population. — The Xcw Pur-
chase was organized and provision made for
"civil cases" (as noted above) a year and a half
before the first land sales were made. Whether
or not this had any reference to the unauthorized
"squatter" occupancy of ihe territory, such occu-
pancy existed, just as it had existed throughout
the southern part of the State before the various
land purchases by the government. The lirst
permanent white settler in central Indiana of
whom we have record was William Conner, who
in 1802 established a trading post on White river.

CKXTRXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

about four miles l)clo\v llie present site of No-
blesville. In 1819 a little colony, led by John
Finch, settled on a small prairie beside the river,
nearly opposite the Noblesville site. This spot,
afterward known as the "Horseshoe Prairie,"
from a curve of the river at that point, was, in
August of the year nientiDiied, taken ])OSsession
of by seven or eight families, an advance party
having the jjrevious spring put in crops and built
houses.* Another group was located at the
"BlufYs" of White river, wdiere the village of
Waverly now stands, abotit eighteen or twenty
miles below Indianajjolis. Jacob Whetzel, a
brother of Louis Whetzel, the famous Indian
fighter of X'irginia. located here in March, 1819,
having, the }ear before, employed his son Cyrus
and four other axmen in cutting out a rude road-
way between the Bluffs and Franklin county,
which was afterward known as the "Whetzel
Trace." ( )ther families joined the Whetzels, and
before the opening of the lands there seems to
have been quite a settlement at that point. f Also,
about fifteen families, most of wdiom are said
to have come from the Whitewater valley, settled
in the vicinity of the mouth of Fall creek, where
several Indian trails converged, and where, ac-
cording to J. H. B. Nowland, a sandbar deposited
by the waters of the creek formed a much-used
fording ])lace in the river. The extent of the
squatter occupancy beyond these settlements is
probably greater than is generally supjjosed from
the records that exist. John Tipton, one of the
commissioners to locate the capital, speaks of
people up and down the river, giving the impres-
sion that there were scattered residents. Judge
Banta giws tlic names of men who located within
the present ])ounds of Shelby, Bartholomew and
Johnson counties before the lands were jnit on
the market, some of them as eaidv as 1818; and
if Ibis were true of the localities I'.anta knew of
it was doubtless true- over a wider area.

Locating the Capital. — I'.y an act of Januarv
11. 1820, the ( ienei-al Assen)l)]y api)ointed a com-
mission ol trn mm fi-oni as man\' dilTeix'nl conn-
tii's to seU'ct tlu' four sections of land th;it had
])vvu don.itcd i]i tlu- c'li.-ibling act for a permanent
*"'''l'''''l "I 'be Statt'. The commissioners were:
(leorge lluiil, ol" \\';ivne counl\-; John Conner,

* I'lir tust acioiiiit <if this .scllUim-iU see "Runinisciuccs of
JiuIrc l"incli," in Ind. M;ig. Hist., December, 1911.

•t n. I). H.,„i:,'s ■■Uistniic.Ll Sketih „f Jolins,..) Counlv." p. 9.

of Fayette ; Stephen Ludlow, of Dearborn ; John
Gilliland, of Switzerland ; Joseph Bartholomew,
of Clark; John Tipton, of Harrison; Jesse B.
Durham, of Jackson; Frederick Rapp, of Posey;
William Prince, of Gibson, and Thomas Emmer-
son, of Knox. They were to meet on a specified
day at the house of William Conner (the trad-
ing post on White river) and, after due oath, to
"proceed to view, select and locate among the
lands of the United States which are unsold a
site which in their opinion shall be most eligible
and advantageous for the permanent seat of gov-
ernment of Indiana, embracing four sections, or
as many fractional sections as will amount to
four sections." Provision was made for a clerk
"who shall keep a fair record of their proceed-
ings herein, which shall be signed by each and
every of them, and attested by their clerk, a
copy of which they shall file in the of^ce of
Secretary of State." If this "record of proceed-
ings" was ever kept and filed as ordered it has
gone the w^ay of other vahiable documents, due,
perhaps, to the criminal carelessness, or at least
culpable stupidity, which led an irate citizen,
ninety years ago, to denounce certain otificials
who had cleared the old Corydon state house of
"useless papers," as "no more fit for their busi-
ness than hogs for a parlor." At any rate, the
only record we have of the work of the commis-
sion, aside from the bare report of restdts. is
the private journal of John Tipton, the member
from Harrison county. This document, which
may be found in full in the Indiana Magazine of
History, vol. i, pp. 9 and 74, is here given in brief.
The writer states that on Wednesday, the 17th
of May, 1820, he set out from Corydon in com-
j^any with Governor Jennings to meet with the
other commissioners in the New Ptirchase. They
had with them a black servant boy, a tent and
"plenty of baken and coffy." At Vallonia they
picked tip two other members of the commission.
Colonel Durham and General Bartholomew, and
also two unofficial persons wdio were "going out
to look at the country." On ]\Ionday. the 22d,
after five days' traveling, they reached William
Conner's, the prescribed meeting ])lace, which is
described as a ])rairie of about two htindred fifty
acres of the White river bottom, with a number
of Indian huts near the house. By noon of the
next day all the commissioners except William
Prince, of Gibson county, were present, and they

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

proceeded with their work. The probabihties are
that they viewed Conner's prairie as a possible
site, and also the Finch settlement, three miles
above. The Journal does not say so, but Fabius
M. Finch, in the "Reminiscences" cited above,
states that they visited his father's place. From

Old Constitutional Elm Tree at Corydon, still standing.
Under this tree it is said the first constitution of
Indiana was adopted, on June 29, 1816.

Conner's they followed the river down to the set-
tlement at the mouth of Fall creek, and after
viewing that place, passed on down to the Whet-
zel settlement. The commissioners and the visit-
ing members of the party, of whom there were
several besides Governor Jennings, seem to have
prospected to and fro between these points in
separate groups, but finally they all met again on
Saturday, the 27th, at the cabin of John McCor-
mick, which stood below Fall creek on the high
ground just above where Washington street meets
the river, and agreed upon the Fall creek location.
As the government survey was not completed,
i however, the tract could not be specifically de-
j scribed. Judge William B. Laughlin, the sur-
! veyor, was sent for to finish his work, and after
: a delay of eleven days the commissioners fin-
i ished theirs.

j The statement that has been made and re-
peated that only five commissioners voted on the
question of location and that two of those voted
for the "Bluffs," and the oft-repeated newspaper
i story that the commissioners visited and consid-
jered the site of Strawtown, above Noblesville,
has not the slightest documentary support. The
reasons for the selection that was made are given,
in a brief and general way, in the commissioners'

report to the Legislature on June 7. 1820, which
reads :

"The undersigned have endeavored to connect
with an eligible site the advantages of a navi-
gable stream and fertility of soil, while they have
not been unmindful of the geographical situation
of the various portions of the State ; to its politi-
cal center as regards both the present and future
population, as well as the present and future in-
terest of the citizens."* This is signed by all the
commissioners except William Prince.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER

Sketch of Governor Jennings. — As Indiana's
first executive. Governor Jonathan Jennings de-
serves, perhaps, a consideration that we can not
give to his successors in the gubernatorial office.
Jennings came from Pennsylvania to Indiana
Territory in 1806, settling first at Jeft'ersonville,

Old State Mouse at Corydon. +

then at \'incennes, where he was adniitled lo the
bar and began the practise of law in 1807. The
"practise," however, seems \n have been little

• House Jour., 1820-21, p. 25.

•;- This structvire, erected in 1811-12. ns luarly as can be de-
tcrniined, was built by Dennis Pennington for the Harrison
county courthouse. It was never owned liy the State, but was
rented for legislative use. For documentary research into this
question by Miss Ethel Cleland see Ind. Mag. Hist., vol. ix.

CKXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

more than nominal, as he drifted into clerical
work in connection with the territorial Legis-
lature, and this employment turned him in the
direction of politics. His first appearance in the
political field w^as as a candidate for the office of
territorial delegate to Congress in 1809. The
issue on which the campaign was waged was
that of admitting slavery into the territory, and
Jennings, as the anti-slavery candidate, was
elected after a bitter contest. During the rest of
the territorial period he remained in Congress,
as he was returned in 1811 and 1813, and this
fact, doubtless, contributed greatly to the anti-
slavery movement which in 1816 succeeded in
bringing in the State free. It was Jennings who
laid before Congress the memorial asking for an
act to enable the Territory to become a State,
and with the passing of that act and the subse-
quent Constitutional Convention, he w^as chosen
president of that body, being also a delegate from
Clark county. In the subsequent campaign for
State officers he ran for governor against Thomas
Posey, the territorial governor, and won by a
large majority.

Of his peculiar task as the first governor one
of his biographers (Woollen) says: "The mak-
ing and putting into motion of the machinery of
a new State requires ability of a high order. Rev-
enue is to be created, laws for the protection of
life and property to be drawn and passed, and
divers other things to be done that the founda-
tions of the government may be properly laid.
The governor proved himself equal to the task."
It must be said that this latter laudation is not
too strongly put. Jennings was one of the com-
missioners who, at the treaty of St. Marys, Ohio,
secured fr(jni the Indians the large tract of terri-
tory, covering the central part of the State, after-
ward known as the "New Purchase," and in
1820 he personally accomi)anied the commission-
ers who had been appointed to select a site for
the permanent capital. In 1822 he was elected a
rei)resentalive to Congress and resigned the gov-
ernorship to acce])t that oftice, the remainder of
his term being filled out by Ratliff Boon. He re-
mained in Congress eight years, then, being de-
feated in the race for another term, retired to
I'l'ivatc' hie. I lis ,,nc other public service was
as a coniniissioiuT, in IS.^2, to treat with the In-
dians tor lands in noiihern Indiana and southern
Michigan. IK- died July 26. 18.U. at his home

about three miles west of Charlestown, and lies
buried in the Charlestown cemetery, where, for
many years, his grave lay neglected and un-
marked, though it now has a fitting granite mon-
ument.

In an appreciation of Jennings written by John
H. B. Nowland, who knew him personally, he is
described as a man of great personal magnetism,
free-handed, generous of nature and kind of
heart, with much simplicity of character. During
his service in Congress, Mr. Nowland says, "No
letter w^as ever addressed to him on the most
trivial, as well as important matter, that was not
promptly answered and his business attended to ;"
and the biographer further adds that the honest
discharge of every official duty entrusted to him
won for him wide esteem.

Throughout his political career, Jennings had
his bitter enemies, who were unescapable then as
now, but many of the fulminations against him
are at this day their own condemnation. For
example. Waller Taylor, a pro-slavery opponent
of territorial days, tried to provoke him to a quar-
rel and a duel for no particular reasons except
political ones, and disgustedly dubbed him a cow-
ard because he persisted in being amiable and
friendly. In 1816, Elihu Stout, editor of The
Western Sun, and a coterie of Harrison sup-
porters, raged because he was back of a (to them)
nefarious scheme to introduce a rival news-
paper. The Centinel, in Vincennes. The humor
of this did not seem to strike them.

According to Mr. Nowland, Governor Jen-
nings' salary of $1,000 per year was paid in treas-
ury notes w^orth about $600, and his expenditures
more than doubling this depreciated salary, left
him involved in debts which he never got free
from.*

The Jennings-Harrison Incident. — During
the administration of Governor Jennings occurred
an incident that is unique, at least in the history
of this State. In 1818 President Monroe ap-
l)ointed Jennings one of three commissioners to
negotiate a treaty with the Indians for a new
tract of territory. This placed Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor Christopher Harrison in the position of
acting governor. The constitution contained the
provision that "no member of Congress, or per-

* For fuller sketches of Jennings, see W^oollen's "Biographical
and Historical Sketches," Nowland's "Prominent Citizens" and
Dunn's "Indiana."

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AX!) HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

son holding any office under the United States,
or this State, shall exercise the office of governor
or lieutenant-governor." As Harrison rather in-
geniously construed this, Jennings, by accepting
a commission from the United States, had abdi-
cated his office as governor and the lieutenant-
I governor had become governor instead. Wool-
\ len ("Biographical and Historical Sketches")
: thus describes the situation :

"Governor Jennings refused to accept this in-
terpretation of the law and demanded possession
of the executive office. The lieutenant-governor

committee which may be appointed on the part
of the House of Representatives to wait on the
lieutenant-governor, and late acting governor,
and inform him that the two houses of the Gen-
eral Assembly have met, formed a (juorum, and
are now ready to receive any communications
which he may please to make relative to the exec-
utive department of government, and request a
similar committee be appointed on the part of
the House of Representatives, and that on the
part of the Senate Messrs. Boon and De Pauw
were appointed that committee.' "

Indianapolis, "The Capital in the \\ oods," in 1820. — From an ideal painting by Alois E. Sinks.

left the room he had been occupying, and, taking
with him the State seal, opened an office else-
where. The State officers were in a quandary
what to do. Two men were claiming to be gov-
ernor, and they did not know which to recognize.
Such was the condition of afifairs when the Leg-
islature of 1818 convened. On the 10th of De-
cember of that year Ratliff Boon, then a senator
from the county of Warrick, appeared upon the
floor of the House and said :

" 'Mr. Speaker, I am directed by the Senate to
inform this House that the Senate has appointed
a committee on their part to act with a similar
6

The requested committee was formed in the
House, and the joint committee waited on Harri-
son, but was told that he had no communication to
make unless it was to be received as coming from
the governor. Then came a committee to investi-
gate the troubles in the executive department, and
this committee reported as their opinion "that His
Excellency, Gov. Jonathan Jennings, did, in the
months of September and October last, accept an
appointment under the government of the United
States, by virtue of which he. together with oth-
ers, did repair to St. Marys, and then and there
did negotiate and conchidc a treaty with various

CENTENNIAL HISTr)RY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

tribes of Indians in behalf of the United States;
and that he did sign said treaty as the agent or
officer of the United States, and he did thereto
subscribe his name with others." The next step
in the solemn red-tape process was Governor Jen-
nings' notification as to the investigation, and a
request that he appear before the committee in
his own defense ; but he declined to do so in per-
son, appointing, instead, Charles Dewey to rep-
resent him as counsel. The upshot of it all was
that after the committee had taken the testimony
of various persons to prove that Jennings had
acted as a United States commissioner (which,
of course, evervbody knew beforehand), and

after this was duly reported to the Legislature,
that body passed a resolution that it was '"inexpe-
dient to further prosecute the inquiry into the
existing difficulties in the executive department
of the government of the State," thereby recog-
nizing Jennings as the rightful governor. This
resolution, however, was carried by only two
votes and our first administration came just that
near to a sudden and rather ignominious ending.
Lieutenant-Governor Harrison resigned his of-
fice in a pique, and in the next gubernatorial cam-
paign ran for the governorship against Jennings,
but received less than a fifth of the total vote
cast.

(jreasy Creek, Brown County. — rholocjraph by fnvik M. 1 1 oliciibcrgcr.

CHAPTER VII

THE STATE'S DEVELOPMENT TO 18:30

i Explanation of This Period. — Any division
' of the State's history into distinct periods is apt
: to be more or less arbitrary. Some division, how-
ever, facilitates grouping of the elements to be
dealt with, and helps to an understanding of the
social development and the chronological order.
The period between the admission to the Union
and the year 1836 may for these purposes be con-
sidered as a distinct chapter in the development,
because the growth of activities up to that date
are a continuous and normal unfolding, and be-
cause the internal improvement law of 1836 in-
augurated a new departure and introduced an-
other very distinctive chapter.

General Character of Period. — The period
comprised the administrations of Governors
Jonathan Jennings (1816-1822)*, William Hen-
dricks (1822-1825), James B. Ray (1825-1831),
and part of that of Noah Noble, who served
from 1831 to 1837. This span of our history,
offering little that is spectacular or conspicuous,
has not particularly invited the researches of the
historian, and hence it is rather an obscure pe-
riod and the source material is limited. Finances,
a taxing system, internal improvements, educa-
tion and local politics were the questions that
engaged public attention, and the dealing with
these were noticeably in the experimental stage.

The various messages of the governors and the
contemporary legislation afford us glimpses of
conditions and of questions that were uppermost.
As late as 1825 there was complaint of serious
financial depression. Governors Hendricks and
Ray agree in attributing the condition to the re-
cent war with England. The extensive consump-
tion of European goods and the want of a market
for surplus produce, says Hendricks, "has put
the balance of trade largely against the western
country and produced general and individual dis-
tress."

Ray On Hard Times. — Governor Ray, at
the close of 1825, gives a graphic explanation of
the trying times the young State had been pass-

* Jennings went to Congress before the expiration of his term,
which was filled out by Ratliff Boon.

ing through. "In consequence of the war," he
affirms, "large disbursements of public money
were made by the general government in every
part of the country; a general rage for specula-
tion was excited ; numerous banks with fictitious
capital were established; immense issues of pa-
per were made and the circulating medium of the
country was increased fourfold in the course of
two or three years. A natural consequence of
this great increase of what was then deemed
equivalent to money was that a fictitious vakie
was placed upon labor and every species of prop-
erty. . . . Money, as it was then called, was
easily acquired, and the people too generally and
too easily indulged in visionary dreams of wealth
and splendor. Then the extraordinary flow of
money from our treasury was discontinued; our
army was reduced ; the newly created banks be-
gan to fail ; specie disappeared ; the fictitious cir-
culating medium of the country became trash in
the bands of the people ; wages and every species
of property suffered an unprecedented depres-
sion in their value, and the industry of the coun-
try suff"ered a shock from which, in many places,
it has not yet recovered." In addition, he says
that the lack of markets for surplus produce
"operates as a dead weight upon the industry and
enterprise of the State."

The State's Revenue; Taxing System. —
.Mong with this general depression went the dif-
ficulties of raising the State's revenues. The
country was poor, taxables few, and the taxing
system crude. Hendricks speaks of the methods
of collecting the taxes as "attended with uncer-
tainty and delay" and practically every message
refers to the difficulties in this line. The manner
of collecting was for the sheriff' or his deputy to
advertise, giving ten days' notice of the time
when he would be present at the place of elec-
tion in each township for the purpose of receiv-
ing the taxes. If the taxpayer failed to attend at
the time set and pay, then he was to discharge his
debt at the house of the sheriff or deputy on or
before the 1st of September of that year, under
penalty of having his property levied on. The

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

indications arc that very many failed to meet the
collector, either at the advertised place or at his
house, for Ray, in his first message, alludes to
accumulated delinquencies amounting to $12,CXX),
out of which, it was thought, the treasurer might
realize $3,000. In 1825 the law was modified by
the provision that the collector call at "the most
usual and best known place of residence" of the
citizen, but too much was not expected of this,
evidently, for of the $40,000 income that was due
that year it was calculated that there would be a
shrinkage from delinquency and commissions, of
$8,000. The poll tax of 50 cents per head was
so unpopular that Ray advised its reduction "be-
cause a poll tax seems to be most odious to the
people, being often viewed in no better light than
as a remaining badge of British vassalage."

Tax Schedule. — The tax and revenue prob-
lem was the subject of repeated legislation. The
law as it stood in 1824 appraised first-class land
at $1.50 per hundred acres; second-class at $1,
and third-class at 75 cents ; lands to be rated ac-
cording to quality, local advantages and contigu-
ity to towns and navigable rivers, etc. Each $100
in bank stock was assessed 25 cents, and there
was a poll tax of 50 cents on each male over
twenty-one years of age who was sane and not
a pauper. This was the State tax. For county
revenue every horse, ass or mule over three years
old was assessed not to exceed 37^/^ cents; a
stallion was rated at the price at which he served ;
work oxen, not over 18^ cents ; two-wheeled
pleasure carriages, $1 ; four-wheeled carriage,
$1.50; brass clock, $1; gold watch, $1; silver
watch, 25 cents ; license for retailing spirituous
li(|uors, not less than $5, nor more than $25 ;
license to vend foreign merchandise, not less than
$10 nor more than $50; ferry privileges, not less
than $2 nor more than $20 ; each original suit or
complaint commenced and prosecuted in the cir-
cuit cuurts, 50 cents.

Increase of Revenue from Lands. — Lands
sold by the United States were exempt from tax-
ation for five years after purchase, and one grow-
ing source of income was the increase of taxable
acreage as the five-year limit expired. .Accord-
ing tu kay's estiniaU- in 1825, the following year
would see 500,000 acres added to the State's tax-
ables. and elsewhere we find it estimated that the
ainuial average increase of taxable l.md .imounied
to 4(K).{KK) acres. I'.y the treasurer's report of

1822 and 1830, respectively, the State's annual
income increased in the eight years from $41,-
085.29 to $65,344.48.

Banking. — During most of the third decade
Indiana had no system of banks, though the early
twenties saw the close of an interesting chapter
of banking history. During the territorial period
money affairs were chaotic; private "wildcat"
banks prevailed, along with the dangers incident
to those irresponsible institutions. In 1814 the
Legislature took steps toward helping the situa-
tion by chartering the Bank of Vincennes and
the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, of Madison.
In 1817 the Legislature made the Bank of Vin-
cennes a State institution, in which the State was
a stockholder, and which was to have fourteen
branches in as many districts. The capital stock
was increased from $500,000 to $1,500,000. This
extensive scheme was quite out of proportion to
the wealth and circulating requirements of the
State, and only three branches organized. The
Vincennes bank, under the State's wing, had
its vicissitudes, was fraudulently managed, and
finally, in 1822, went out in a blaze of disrepute
that stirred up the State. The Madison bank,
which was to have been included in the State's
branch scheme, but declined the alliance, made
a reputable record for itself, but it also had its
difficulties and ceased business some time after
the collapse of the Vincennes bank. From then
until the inauguration of a new banking era in
1834 the circulation of the State was supplied
chiefly by the Bank of the LTnited States.

State Bank of 1834. — The Legislature, by an
act that was signed January 28, 1834, created the
State Bank of Indiana. It was chartered for
twenty-live years with a capital stock of $1,600,-
000, of which the State took one-half, assuming
supervisory powers and retaining the right to
select some of the more important olTicers. The
institution was, in reality, a system consisting of
ten branches, to be afterward added to and lo-
cated at different points in the State. These
branches were more or less independent, but sub-
ject to a certain supervisory control by a central
board consisting of a president and four members
chosen by the Legislature, besides one member
chosen by each of the branches. This board and
the branches were re([uired to make an ainuial
report to the Legislature, which retained full
l^owers of investigation at an\- time. The orig-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

iiial branches were located at Indianapolis, Law-
renceburg, Richmond, Madison, New Albany,
Evansville, Vincennes, Bedford, Terre Haute and
Lafayette. In 1835 another branch was estab-
lished at Fort Wayne, and in 1838 two more at
South Bend and Michigan City, respectively. On
January 1, 1835, the loans were $520,843.75 ; cir-
culation, $456,065; deposits, $127,236.30; specie,
$751,083.29, and capital paid in $800,000. In
1836 the capital stock was increased to $2,500,000,
and this was divided equally among the various
branches. For two or three years this institution
prospered; then with the panic of 1837 and in
the financial distress brought on the State by the
sorry collapse of the internal improvement
scheme, it suffered with things generally. Recov-
ering from this period of adversity it prospered
again from about the middle forties to the expira-
tion of its charter in 1859.*

Population. — The population of the State
grew from about 63,000 in 1816 to 147,178 in
1820 and 341,582 in 1830. The tide of immigra-
tion swelled particularly throughout the latter
half of the twenties, and in 1829 Ray wrote :
"For months past we have daily seen from twenty
to fifty wagons, containing families, moving
through this single metropolis (Indianapolis),
most of whom have fixed their abodes in the
White river country and in that bordering upon
the Wabash." By the census tables of 1830,
showing the distribution of population through-
out the sixty-three counties then existing, Wayne
was far in advance of all the others with 23,344
inhabitants. Dearborn followed with 14,573,
and Washington, Jefiferson, Clark, Harrison and
Franklin came in the order named, this being the
total number of those running over 10,000. Knox,
once the most populous, Avas now but 6,557. By
this, certain of the older southern and eastern
counties still held the ascendency and as yet had
not suffered by the pressure northward in search
[of new lands. Of the central counties located in
the newer part of the State, Rush led with 9,918,
'followed by Putnam, Fountain, Parke, Mont-
Igomery, Marion and Tippecanoe, all running
over 7,000. These majorities indicate the direc-
^tions in which the currents of immigration set
I'strongest. They bore no relation to priority of
'settlement and the attracting causes are a matter

for speculation. In the case of Rush county, the
most populous, it was doubtless the lay and qual-
ity of the land, and perhaps its contiguity to the
older settlements of the Whitewater. The capi-
tal of the State, of course, drew many to Marion
county. Tippecanoe and Fountain were undoubt-
edly beholden to the Wabash river, but why Put-
nam, Parke and Montgomery should have so far
outstripped some other counties that seemed to
have equal advantages, is a matter of inquiry for
the curious student.

: * For studies on banking see Esarey's Hist. Ind., Smith's
'Hist. Ind. and Harding's "State Bank of Ind." in Journal of
Political Economy, December, 1895.

Map of Indiana, 1S27.

Politics. — During the first years of the State
partisan interests and partisan virulence were not
in evidence in Indiana as they were a little later.
The standard of self-government did not. how-
ever, seem to be particularly elevated bv that fact.
The scrambling for public office went on just the
same, without regard to fitness or honesty of can-
didates, and the acrimony of oi)i)Osing individuals
or their little supporting cliques were only e(|ualed
bv the unctuous truckling to voters. \n the be-
ginning as now public service was sometimes en-
trusted to incompetency and rascality, proving,
]ierhaps, that this shortcoming is inseparable

Ci:XTEXXIAT. HISTORY AXL) HAXDBOOK OF IXDLANA

from our political system. More than once Ray
complained of failures from many counties to
make ])roiJer election returns, and ever and anon
in the House and Senate Journals we iind reports
of proceedings against minor public ofticials for
maladministration of their office.

Beginning of Party Politics. — For more than
a dozen years after the admission of the State
political issues in Indiana were local and the for-
tunes of an aspirant to public life devolved upon
his personal standing rather than on allegiance to
a party. The presidential campaign of 1828,
with its intense partisanship, introduced a new
political era. This was not felt here at once but
Governor Ray's last message, delivered on his
retirement in 1831, is notable for its protest
against party ascendency and party discipline as
assailing "the vitals of the first principles of the
republic." A country's happiness and honor, he
affirmed, was "about to be periled upon the self-
ish basis of alternate triumphs and defeats."
Noah Noble, a Whig, was the first Indiana gov-
ernor elected along national party lines, but a
local issue, that of internal improvement, was
a prominent factor in his ascendency. The three
successive governors from 1831 to 1843^ — Noah
Noble, David Wallace and Samuel Bigger, were
Whigs.

Industries and Trade. — Industry throughout
this period was confined almost entirely to agri-
culture and home products of manufacture, such
as fabrics for clothing. Occasionally some mill
or factory with a sounding name was incorpo-
rated unfler the law, but as yet they cut little
figure in the activities of the commonwealth.
Trade developed quite as rapidly as could be ex-
pected considering the serious handicap conse-
quent upon the wretched transportation facilities.
There was much surplus produce in the shape
of horses, cattle, swine, flour, sugar and whisky,
for export, and as early as 1828, before the days
of the Wabash canal, it was affirmed that ten
counties along the Wabash valley, from Knox
to Tippecanoe, had been receiving annually from
the east 385 Ions of dry goods, while from Terre
1 faute alone went 2.80() barrels of whisky and
7.000 barrels of pork.* The most of the export
trade went southward by way of the Mississippi
river, and tlu- Idealities most favored were those
that had ca>ii^t outlet l)y streani> that could be

* R:iy's incss.iKi-, l.S_'S.

navigated. The Ohio and Wabash permitted of
egress at all times of the year, but most of the
watercourses that threaded the interior afforded
outlet at high water only, and advantage was
taken of the freshet season to send down fiat-
boats laden with the produce of the country.
These rude craft required comparatively little
skill to build and the Indiana forests supplied
an abundance of timber for their construction.
They were from forty to a hundred feet in
length and from fifteen to twenty feet wide and
had great carrying capacity, one estimate being
500 dressed hogs for a sixty-foot boat.

The Ohio and lower Wabash had the advan-
tage of steamboat transportation at an early day,
but what is claimed as the first vessel of this
kind on White river did not come until 1829 or
the early part of 1830, when the "Traveler," cap-
tained by William Sanders, carried a load of salt
as far as Spencer.* For many parts of the State
the flatboat traffic continued until the advent of
the railroads.

EDUCATION

Constitutional Provision. — The ninth article
of the constitution had taken this stand on behalf
of the education of the State's future citizens :

"Knowledge and learning generally diffused
through a community being essential to the pres-'
ervation of a free government, and spreading
the opportunities and advantages of education 1
through the various parts of the country being'
highly conducive to this end, it shall be the duty
of the General Assembly to provide by law for
the improvement of such lands as are, or here-
after may be granted by the United States to this
State for the use of schools, and to apply any|
funds which may be raised from such lands, or
from any other quarter, to the accomplishment!
of the grand object for which they are or mayl
be intended ; but no lands granted for the use I
of schools or seminaries of learning shall be sold,
by the authority of the State prior to the year
eighteen hundred and twenty; and the moneys'
which may be raised out of the sale of any such
lands, or otherwise obtained for the purpose
aforesaid, shall be and remain a fund for the
exclusive purposes of promoting the interest of
literature and the sciences, and for the support
of seminaries and ])u1)lic schools. It shall be

Ind. Quar. Mag. Hist., June, 1906.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as
circumstances will permit, to provide by law for
a general system of education, ascending in a
regular gradation from township schools to a
State university wherein tuition shall be gratis
and equally open to all. And for the promotion
of such salutary end, the money which shall be
paid as an equivalent by persons exempt from
military duty, except in times of war, shall be
exclusively, and in equal proportion, applied to
the support of county seminaries ; and all fines
assessed for any breach of the penal laws shall
be applied to said seminaries in the counties
wherein they shall be assessed."

This was an admirable foundation on which
to rear the educational structure, but as a matter
of fact it was a good while before the citizenry
could work to the program with any degree of
efficiency, and during this period the actual edu-
cational status was very crude.

County Seminaries, — What is known as the
"County Seminary Law of 1818" marks the first
step toward a system. This, conformably to the
constitutional provision, established a seminary
in each county, the public funds for which were
to be derived as specified. How inadequate this
fund was is shown by the fact that in 1825 Dear-
born, one of the most populous counties, raised
but $700. while only seven had in excess of $200
and eight had less than $50 each.* These pit-
tances, in many instances, were eked out by pri-
vate aid from public-spirited citizens, and as a
matter of fact some of the seminaries became
not only educational but social centers of con-
siderable importance at that day. As schools
they were, in some places, mixed and ungraded,
I with pupils ranging, as Professor Boone says,
, from "four to thirty years of age," though where
, the township schools existed they were confined
I to the higher grades. A table of these seminaries
j and their location given by Boone shows eighteen
to have been established up to 1830.

School Law of 1824; Distinctive Character.
— In 1824 an act was passed to establish a general
system of township schools, and this law was no-
table as compared with the legislation existing
elsewhere at that day. In most States the idea
prevailed that public schools were to be for those
who could not otherwise afl'ord them, whereas

the Indiana law was thoroughly democratic and
framed "to guard against any distinctions . . .
between the rich and the poor." By this law
any three residents of a congressional township
could call a meeting of the other residents to take
steps in school organization by the election of
three school trustees for the township. After
taking the prescribed steps the inhabitants should
"be a body corporate politic" in whom the six-
teenth section of school land should be vested.
The trustees as the agents of this corporation
were to divide the township into districts and
appoint for them sub-trustees who, by calling
meetings in their respective districts, were to as-
certain the public sentiment as to the establish-
ment of jniblic schools. Those districts that fa-

* Boone's "Education in Indiana," the most conipreliensive
study we have on this subject.

Typical Log Schoolhouse Erected in Indiana
Under the Law of 1824.

vored such establishment were called upon to
build a schoolhouse, so much free labor being
exacted of each free-holder. The length of term
and questions of expenditure were also submitted
to the voters. The moneys accruing to the town-
ship from the school lands were to be equitably
divided among the various districts. The town-
ship trustees were to examine the teachers and
grant licenses. That the actual operations of the
system thus established was, in the earlier tiays
at least, very crude, is indicated by the fact that
efficient teachers were scarce, and that their con-
tracts for teaching specified "what part of their
wages should be in produce, when and where de-
livered, what i)art should be paid in money, and
in what instalments, and whether the teacher
should be boarded among his employers"
(Boone ).

Public Schools Not "Free."— While thr

( l-VTI-WIAI

-Ti )RV AXU MAXDI'.OOK OF INDIANA

school ueiv .i.-i-ii.iu-.i .1- iHiMu-. llK-y wtrc
W)[ free, llif relunis from the schonl land.-, |>arlly
throiij,'h luismanafienieiit. heiii.ij eiuirel\ inade-
(|uate. and patrons nsnally lia<l to ])ay lor luiiion.
as in any private school. 'I'he school term was
nMialU thriT moMllis. Iloone states thai the law
uas "Moomed to failure f(.r lack of funds to main-
tain the svsteni." It remained in lorce until
183.^, hut as a matter of fact a lar«(e proportion
of the townships in the organized counties made
no attempt to estahlish schools.

Private Schools. — Thai public sentiment and
suiiport ill mailers educational moved too slowly
for the more advanced element is indicated by
the establishment of suiidr) i>rivate seminaries
anil academies, (,f which iweiily-lwo i:)rior to 1836
are on record. Tliis class of schools is cited by
Professor Iloone as ha\in^ rendered an invalu-
able service to education throughout the State.*

College Beginnings. — Three permanent in-
stitutions of learning date back to the period we
are considering— the State Seminary, afterward
Indiana L'niversity : Hanover Academy, after-
ward Hanover College, and the school that be-
came \\'al)ash ("ollcge.

State School. — The first of these, as the name
implied, was fostered by the .State and was part
of the !^tate system. ( )piMied in 1825 as the
"Stale .Seminary" it became "Indiana College" in
1828 and "Indiana University" in 1838. though
the yi-ar aflei- the conferring of this latter dig-
nit \ the I acuity consisted of only three members
ancl the students wcrt' but sixt\-four.

Hanover College. — This institution was the
hrst ot the jirixate deiiominalional schools, and
its earlier hislory is one of llu' most ins])iring
cb.ipU-is in oiif cultur.il struggles. I'ounded 1)\-
the I'l esbyleriaiis lor llu- cardinal jiurpost.' of ])ro-

* Tin- lisl iif iIrsc Iwciily-two .scliocils, tlicif loc.ntion .iiul dates
of o|iciiinK iirt ;is fulknvs: I'oryilon Si'iiiinaiy, 1816; Vinccnnes
A.a.lciny, IKIT; .Martin's Aca.li-my (Livonia), 1819; New Albany
S.lio.,1. ISj.l; M.innal Labor .School (loialion not givc-n), 1824;
N<w Harmony Siininary. 1826; Camliriilno Academy (Lawrence-
l>urK). 1HJ(,; llccrli Crovc Seminary (Liberty), 1827; Hanover
Ara.lcmy, 1H27; Kcl River Seminary ( LoK'ansport). 1829; Eugene
Ac.i.lrmy, 182"'; Female Seminary (( irecneastle), 1830; Teach-
ri*' Seminary (( rawfordsvillc), 18.10: West I'nion School (Mon-
rovia). 18.12; nine River Aea-lemy (Salem). 1832; Christian Col-
\<Kc (New Albany), 1833; Western Dnion Seminary (locality
not Kiven). 1833; l"eniale Seminary (Salem). 1835; Carlisle
Srhool (Sullivan eon„iy>. I83,S; Olive Branch .School (Lafay-
rttc). 183.^, - (U.M.ne.) My I8.S1 these private schools had in-
rrr.i,ed lo .Mveiity tw,, in l,.',il nuniber. lho\ii;li l.<f,,re that some
had K"nr out of rxislenee. The li.st romi-iled by Mr. Roone is
not eomi.lele. ns hi.s text intimates. I'or relerenee to William
MaelnieS part in ednealion at New Harmony see "The Story of
New ll.irmonv."

duciiig an educated ministry it began as "Han-
over Academv" in 1827 and was chartered as a
college in 1833. As early as 1829 it w^as adopted
as a svnodical school by the Presbyterian Synod
of Indiana, and a theological department was
established. Its struggle for existence w^as
heroic, and as a means to its ends it attempted a
manual lal)or experiment, whereby moneyless
students could ]jay their way by work Cooper,
cabinet, carpenter and printing shops were in-
stalled, bricks were made and wood was chopped.
By 1835 this venture had proved a failure, partly
by reason of a difficult market for the products.
Nevertheless it had draw-n students from as
many as eight or nine States and its attendance
during this manual-school period was the largest
in its history, being two hundred forty in 1833.
Soon after, through various misfortunes, it de-
clined almost to the point of perishing, but recov-
ered by the determined efforts of its promoters
and took an honored place among the State's edu-
cational institutions. The Scotch-Irish stock that
stood back of this school was notable for
strength of character and sturdy moral fiber and
formed an important element in our early popu-
lation.

Wabash College. — As has been said in a pre-
vious section the Presbyterians of Indiana stood
])re-eminently for education, and as the Hanover
school was established for the promoting of an
educated clergy so was the original of Wabash
College founded for the training of teachers.
This school, under the name of "The Wabash
Manual Labor College and Teachers' Seminary,"
was opened at Wabash on the 3d of December,
1833, with an attendance of twelve pupils and
with Prof. Caleb Mills at its head. Like Han-
over this embryo college languished for want of
su])])ort and struggled under debt, to which was
added the misfortune of a fire in 1838 that all but
wiped it out. During this decade it can be re-
garded as a heroic beginning only (W. H.
SmitlO.

Lyceums. — As ;in educational factor mention
should l)c made of a law of 1831 whereby twenty
or more citizens of any county could incorporate
lyceums "for mulual improvement in the arts
and sciences."

Libraries. — The constitution contained a
]>rovisioii that whenever a new county should be
creaud at least ten per cent, should be reserved

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDL\NA

out of the proceeds from the sale of town lots in
the seat of justice and api)lied to the establish-
ment of a library for the county. As early as
1816 and again in 1818 laws were passed to carry
this provision into effect, and thus throughout
the legislation of the twenties we find repeated
measures for the founding of these libraries. To
just what extent they were used and what part
they played in the education of the people, there
is perhaps, no way of learning now. An auxili-
ary to this system was another system, pri-
vately promoted, of Sunday school libraries,
which undoubtedly had much influence, especially
with the younger generation. In 1827 it was esti-
mated that there was in the State a Sunday school
membership of two thousand children, and while
this was but a small percentage of even the juve-
nile population, it made an excellent seed bed,
and one writer on the subject affirms that to these
libraries "may safely be ascribed much of the in-
telligence and much of the virtue of the people
of later generations."*

State Library. — The State Library was es-
tablished by an act of February 11, 1825. The
first official word touching such a library is to
be found in the Journal of the first constitutional
convention, where, under date of June 28, 1816,
it is "Resolved, That it be recommended to the
General Assembly of the State of Indiana, to ap-
propriate the money voluntarily given by the
citizens of Harrison county to the State, to the
purchase of books for a library for the use of
the Legislature and other officers of government ;
and that the said General Assembly will, from
time to time, make such other appropriations
for the increase of said library as they may deem
necessary." After a lapse of nine years the pro-
posed library materialized, largely through the
efforts of Judge Benjamin Parke, to whom is
given the credit of being one of our earliest and
most ardent promoters of all matters pertaining
to education. Its original purpose, as specified
in the Journal, was to serve the various officers
of the State, and it included what afterward be-
came the Supreme Court Library. The humble-
ness of its beginning is indicated by the fact that
for sixteen years it did not even have a separate
librarian, but was in the hands of the Secretary of
State, who received the munificent sum of $15
per year extra for taking care of it, and the an-

* J. p. Dunn, "The Libraries of Indiana."

nual ajjpropriation up to 1831 was but $30.
For a good many years the State Library was
something of a joke, and the librarianship one
of the minor political ]:ilimis, but its scope grad-
ually broadened until it has become a large and
valuable reference library for the use of all citi-
zens.

RELIGION

General Character. — During the earlier pe-
riod of the State's history it was, in its religious
phase, largely a missionary field. According to
a study of this subject by Prof. C. B. Coleman*
"it is scarcely too much to say that Indiana Prot-
estant churches were not a natural development
produced by the settlers who came here, so much

First State House in Indianapolis, Built in 1832.
(See page 109.)

as they were a planting made by ministers and
missionaries from the older sections of the
country." These ministers and missionaries,
in large part, represented prior to 1830 the
Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian denomi-
nations. The Baptists, though at first the
leaders, did not keep pace with the other
two, and those sects are pre-eminently conspicu-
ous in our early religious history. Broadly speak-
ing they represented two types of religionists —
one the intellectual and educated class, the other,
the masses who were swayed largely by their
feelings.

Presbyterianism. — Of the Presbyterians it
has been said that they "build schoolhouse and
church side by side ;" and that "of Indiana it is
almost literally true that there were no schools
until the Presbvterian minister arrived." These

* Some Religious Developments in Indiana: Ind. Mag. Hist.,
vol. V, No. 2.

9()

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AiSU ilAXDBuOK OF INDIANA

ministers were among the i'lrst school teachers
and among the first to bring private libraries into
the territory. The denomination was the hrst
l.y several years to establish a higher school for
the edncation of a clergy native to the west, who
conld better meet the reqniremcnts of pioneer
life. This was the Hanover school, sketched on
a ftrevious i)age. To illustrate the zeal and devo-
tion of the ministry Mr. Coleman cites, as typical,
the Rev. John M. Dickey, whose average salary
for sixteen years was $80, and who eked out
a living for his family by farming, teaching sing-
ing classes, doing clerical work, surveying land,
teaching school and mending shoes, wdiile his wife
managed the household, spun and made all the
woolen and linen garments of the family, ex-
tended to numberless visitors the hospitality due
from a ])reacher's wife, and reared a large family
of children. This sketch is btit a sample of many
that may l)e found in the Presbyterian annals.
The Salem Presbytery, the first in Indiana, was
formed in 1823 and the first synod in 1826.

Methodism. — The church that made the
deepest impress on the pioneer population was the
-Methodist with its zealotis proselyting and its
I)laying upon the emotions with a drastic the-
ology and a fervent ajipeal that ofttimes swept
through communities as a sort of emotional con-
tagion. The open-air cam]) meeting, given over
to religious demonstrations and attended by large
numbers drawn thither by the excitement, made
Methodi>ni "catching. '" and the extraordinary
zeal of the clerg\ , rude men of the rank and file,
for the most ])art. who carried the gospel to the
peojile lar and near in the face of hardship and
l>rivation, won a membership to the sect that
^oon outranked all others in jioint of numbers.
.\'o more interesting biographies can be found
tli.in tbo-e that have been preserved of many of
the itinerant preachers or circuit riders, and no
n;irr;ili\cs afford more iiuiniale glimpses of the
lives f)f the people.

Catholicism. — The Catholic church is by far
ilie oldest religious institution in the State, as it
dates b,u-k to the days of the b'rench occupancy,
for manv u'.irs the history of the \'incennes
ciiurch s^■^•lns to In- virlu.illy the history of the
church within (bis territory, but the Catholic di-
rectory ol \M7 designates about thirty stations
in v.irious p.nts of the Slate that were visited
morr cr less regularix by priests. I he diocese

of \'incennes, comprising Indiana and about
one-third of Illinois, was created in 1834, wdth
the Rev. Simon G. W. Brute as its first bishop.

Christian or Disciples' Church. — This sect in
Indiana may be said to have had its beginning
about 1819. It was a breaking away from the
superabundance of "man-made" creeds and doc-
trinal points that were cumbering the Protestant
faith, and the reaction in favor of a simpler form
of belief, based. on "the Bible as the living creed,"
was crystallized by the influence of a few men,
into a movement that in time became one of the
strongest churches in the State.

Religious and Moral Societies. — The reli-
gious element in this period did not confine it-
self to church organization, but promoted vari-
ous societies in the name of religion and morals.
The Indiana Sabbath School Union, a branch of
the American Sabbath School Union, was formed
at Charlestown, Clark county, in 1826. Bible
societies, auxiliary to the American Bible Socie-
ties, were formed in different parts of the State,
and were instrumental in distributing thousands
of Bibles either free or at cost price. The or-
ganized crusade against intemperance began with
the formation in 1830 of the Indiana Temper-
ance Society. Another movement that may be
classed as moral, though it had its economic and
social side, was that of removing the free negroes
from America and colonizing them in Liberia,
Africa. The Indiana Colonization Society,
formed at Indianapolis in 1829, was a branch of
a national organization. It continued in active
existence for years, with many of the leading
men of the State back of it, and in 1846 it
launched a monthly publication, "The Coloniza-
tionist," knowdedge of which is so meager that
no Indianapolis historian makes mention of it.

The Press. — Prior to 1820 ten or a dozen
new^spapers had sprung up in Indiana, most of
them after the admission of the State. In a gazet-
teer of 1833 we find what is perhaps the first pub-
lished list of papers, which shows twenty-nine
to be in existence at that time. As some are
known of before that date that are not included
in the list it is probable that an uncertain luunber
were short-lived. That the newspaper at that
day and tor a good while after commanded a
precarious living is evidenced by the papers them-
selves as they occasionally voiced their discour-
agements and diffictilties. To "owe the printer"

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

i:XTJ:XXIAL JilS'l'OK^' AXU JIAXJJJUJOK OF INDIANA

\\.-i> ;i common derclictioi) that seemed lo Ijother
iiiibody's cfjiiscience. and the editor, in man}-
eases, was glad to get his pay in commodities of
anv kind from corn to eordwood. The local news
that was jmblished was very meager, the con-
tents of the columns revealing that popular inter-
est ran largely to national politics and foreign
news, with an infusion of Slate matters that grew
as internal affairs develojied.

An occasional rare book or jjamphlet bears the
date of the twenties and the imprint of some In-
. liana press. The Rappites, at Harmonic, did
-nme printing, and their successors, the com-
niunit\ of Robert ( )wen. had a well-equipped out-
tit. Jn 1825 they launched a periodical, the "New
Harmony Gazette," which was quite distinct in
character from any other publication in the State,
i>eing devoted to social propaganda and the philo-
-n|)hical discussion of moral principles.*

Medicine. — l\'])ruary 12, 1825, a law was
passed to "incorporate medical societies for the
purpose of regulating the practice of physics and
surgery in the State." By it authority was given
to doctors of the various counties to meet at the
>eat of government and organize into a corporate
body, to be known as "The Medical Society of
the State of Indiana." The circuit court circuits
were to com])rise so many me(lical districts, "to
be known as first, second or third medical dis-
tricts, according to the name of the circuit."
W ithin these areas district societies were to be
lornicd. 1 he ."^tate societ\- was to be cojnposed
of delegates from tlie district societies, and cen-
sors from the districts weix' lo examine all can-
• liilales for license and grant (lip](jmas. Persons
ot bail moral cliaractei' could not be licensed.

Militia. — I'.y the adjutant-general's report
for 1828 we fnid tlial the aggregate number of
officers and men in the State nn'litia is estimated
at 4().(KX). but the real status of this establishment
i>^ indicate<l by the fact that onlv 16,657 had re-

ported for muster, which was 12,184 less than
in 1826. The complaint of trouble in getting re-
ports is also indicative of the waning interest.

Benevolence; Paupers and Negroes. — Gov-
ernor kay was, in many instances, in advance of
his times. One of his efforts was for reform in
the treatment of paupers. In his messages of
1825 he said : "It is the poor and needy that can
justly claim more of our deliberations than the
affluent. . . . These unhappy objects of pub-
lic charity are sold like merchandise or cattle in
a public market to persons w^ho are generally i
induced to become their purchasers from motives
of gain and avarice. ... To me this practice
seems degrading to our character as a Christian
people." His suggestion was that the State be I
divided into districts of counties or larger areas. \
and that in each of these districts an asylum be
established. A committee report on public
asylums* does not, however, coincide with the
governor's opinion. This report reads : "Com-
paratively speaking we can scarcely be said to
have any paupers. The proportion is less than
one to one thousand of our population." The
existing system, it thought, was wisely adapted
to the situation of the country, and therefore it
believed that the establishment of asylums was
not then expedient.

It is interesting to note that as earlv as 1829
Ray deplores the excessive influx of negroes into
Indiana. These, he said, added an uneducated
and "immoralized" element, most of whom were
paupers on society. As a remedy for this he ad-
vocated the colonization scheme which for a num-
ber of years many regarded as the solution of
the negro problem. As illustrating a peculiar
twist of his moral perceptions he advocated the
exportation of whisky because the wealth of the
country would be increased and l)ecause "the
moral condition of our society would be greatly
improved and ameliorated."!

\«r article (in "K.nly Niwsp.ipirs (.f Iinliaii.i'
M;iK. Ili)tl.. vol. ii. No. 3.

Inil. Guar.

* House Journal, lOtli session, p. 135.
■;• Ray's message, 1829.

CHAPTER VIII

THE STORY OF NEW HARMONY

The Rappites. — Two notaljle intrusions into
Indiana's early history were the successive social
settlements of George Rapp and Robert Owen at
New Harmony (first called Harmonic) , in Posey
county. As early as 1815 the "Rappites," or
"Harmonists," a German religious sect imder the
leadership of George Rapp, located on the Wa-
bash, having purchased there a holding of nearly
thirtv thousand acres. This they owned in com-
mon, and there was not even a separation into
families, as one of their doctrines was that of
strict celibacy. They were intensely religious,
docile to their leader, inoffensive, industrious and
thrifty with many skilled workmen among them.
The little town of Harmonic that they built up
had many brick buildings, some of them the larg-
est and most imposing to be found in the State
at that time. They established a cocoonery and
silk factory, a woolen mill, oil mill, saw mill,
brick yard, brewery and distillery, and the wil-
derness in which they settled was, within the
years of their occupancy, converted into well-
tilled, productive farms, with orchards and vine-
yards. The yield of their fertile acres and their
various industries begat a trade of no mean pro-
portions which extended down the Mississippi
to New Orleans, while two or three prosperous
stores were maintained at Vincennes and else-
where. As a result they acquired a wealth and
la comfort of living far in advance of the pioneer
I conditions of their American neighbors, from
I whom they were altogether removed in spirit and
in sympathies.

The unfriendly attitude of the native Ameri-
jcans toward these strange people is given as one
iof the reasons why, in the course of time, they
desired to leave the Wabash region. At any rate
, after ten years spent here they did desire to leave,
land to that end offered for sale all their estate
'with its improvements, including the village of
Harmonic with its dwellings, factories and indus-
(trial machmery all ready for use!

Robert Owen, Philanthropist, Buys Rappite
Estate. — By one of those happy coincidences
{which sometimes occur in the course of events,

there dwelt at Lanark, Scotland, an altogether
unusual man with aspirations and dreams into
which the opportunity oft'ered b\- the Rappites
fitted as if by a prearranged plan. This man,
Robert Owen, was a large and successful manu-
facturer whose desire to benefit humanity
amounted to a passion. His efforts to ameliorate
the hard conditions of the ignorant, over-
worked and underpaid laboring class of Great
Britain, and the greed and stupidity against
which he contended make one of the touching
chapters in the history of philanthropy. As a
philanthropist of lofty ideals he had estabhshed
for himself a reputation that extended over Eu-
rope, but the hindrances to his plans were, none
the less, insurmountable. When an agent of the
Rappite society came to him with a proposition
to purchase their great estate with all its improve-
ments on the far-away Wabash it opened up a
new vista that glowed with promise. There, in
a new country where all things were yet to be
formed, he could work out the grand idea of a
social reform that should prove new^ truths to the
world.. The opportunity was too fascinating to
be resisted, and the outcome was that Owen, for
something like $150,000, secured a tract of land
considerably larger than an entire congressional
township, on which labor in excess of that value,
doubtless, had already been expended, to say
nothing of a village of substantial buildings ca-
pable of comfortably housing perhaps a thousand
]ieople and of the industrial equipments.

Owen's Scheme. — His first work after the
purchase was to arouse interest in America by
promulgating his plans, and to that end he came
to this country and delivered several public ad-
dresses, the first two being in the national capital
before large audiences in which were many of
the most distinguished people of the country.
These addresses which, after their oral delivery,
were published, advertised broadcast the scheme
of a new social experiment about to be tried, in
which all who were in sympathy were invited to
share as members. The arguments of the
founder were alluring and plausible, and when

(•i:.\tj:x.\ial jiistoryaxd handbook of ixdiaxa

the- tiinc caiiK: to actually form the coinnninily it
was fouiiil that tiu-ix' was no lack of material.

Rappites Succeeded by the Owen Community.
— Hk- J<ai>i.itL> Kft Harmonic in 1824,, going lo
I'cnnsvlvania. where they established for them-
selves a new community home which ihey called
l-:conomy. Early in 1825 Owen and his followers
took ])Ossession of the Wabash village, which
was rc-nanied Xew Harmony. Even before
( )wen himself arrived on the ground the place
was lilk-(l with peo|)le of many kinds. Some were
philanthropists, entitled to all respect; some were
cranks full of hobbies and eccentricities wdio
iu\er were born to work together with anybody
to any end. When Owen arrived he set forth
his views once more to this mixed assemblage ;
the ■•Preliminary Society of New Harmony" was
formed and a constitution establishing a social
starting point was adopted.

Owen's Ideals. — The society was called "Pre-
liminary" l)ecause it was regarded as but the first
stej) toward a more ideal organization to which
I)eople were to be educated. The constitution
adopted announced that the object of the society
was to secure for its members "the greatest
amount of hai)i)iness," and to "transmit it to
their children to the latest posterity." All mem-
bers of it were to be of the same rank, wath no
artiticial ine()ualities, and all were to be "willing
lo render their best services for the good of the
society, according to their age, experience and
capacity." The official name of the society w-as
to be "The New Harmony Community of P^qual-
ity." and its social program was long and elalj-
orale. covering, or aiming to cover, the manv and
\ari;ible relations that must exist in any society.
< >ne feature of the general plan, which was de-
sciibid in the ( )wen address above referred to,
w.is a series of ideal villages, as the community
grew, e;ich of which was to consist of solid rows
ot dwellings or a])artments something like a mod-
ern tenement, but arranged around a hollow
-'•luare one thousand feet long. The village was
111 b;i\e, besides these living ap;u"tmenls, a pri-
mary .and hii,di school, ])ulilic dining hall and
kitchen, common nursery for the children, and
rooms lor roiniiiui)ily ]iuri)oses. such .as lectiu'es,
d;mces. concerts, etc.

i'his "model vill;i.L;e." as it w:is designated.
aloiii[ with (iiher plans ;md ideas, never got be-
MHid ilie ide.il st;i!L,'e. .and it mav be added here

that in the character of the jjeople attracted by
the experiment, and in their diversity of views
when brought to the test of a definite social
scheme, was the fatal obstacle to any kind of
success.

The Scientific and Educational Circle; Will-
iam Maclure. — The most notable acquisition of
the Owen colony was the addition of a group of
men who took high rank among the scientists
and educators of the day. Conspicuous among
these as a leader was William ]\Iaclure. of Phila-
delphia, a man of wealth and both scientist and
educator. As the former he came to be known
as "The Father of American Geology," by vir-
tue of his pioneer labor in that field, and he was
a principal founder and for many years presi-
dent of the Philadelphia Academy of X'atural
Sciences. As a promoter of education he intro-
duced into America the Pestalozzian system and
his ardor in educational matters was second only
to his interest in science. Like Robert r)wen he
was by nature, and sincerely, a philanthropist,
and their essential kinship drew the two men
together. In some directions Maclure did not
share Owen's social theories, but the famous ex-
periment was one to interest him, especially as
it opened up possibilities for the fulfilment of his
cherished ideas ; and hence, when Owen solicited
his co-operation he readily affiliated by putting
in to the scheme, as a copartner, about the same
amount as the other had applied to the original
purchase.

Maclure's Dream. — The dream that took pos-
session of Maclure was the establishment of a
great school wdiicli should be the center of learn-
ing in the west of the future and of a system of
"free, equal and universal schools for feeding, ,
clothing and instructing all the children of the j
State." Several years before he had brought to j
this country, from Switzerland, Joseph X^'eef, a
disciple of Pestalozzi. who opened at Philadel-
]->h'v,\ the first Pestalozzian school in the United
.States. Neef and this school he now plucked up
bodily, as it w^erc. to transfer them to the Wa-
bash.

Maclure's Co-Workers. — Along with Neef
Maclure's prestige and influence enlisted a group
of brilliant and able men, some of them of na-
tional reputation, who were to contribute their
talents to the proposed school of higher educa-
tion. Notable among these were Thomas Say,

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Charles A. Lesueur, Gerard Troost and John
Chappelsmith.

Say, a pioneer in zoology as Maclure was in
geology, was perhaps the greatest American zo-
ologist of his day; Lesueur was a naturalist of
high repute and an artist ; Troost was a geologist,
at a later date State geologist of Tennessee. Chap-
pelsmith, of lesser fame, was an artist and en-
graver. Say and Neef are both buried at New
Harmony, and the former, during his life there,
was the author of important works on natural

their scientific and intellectual accomplishments,
added to the fame of New Harmony through a
period of many years, and made it a center of
interest to scientists, philosophers and travelers
abroad. Conspicuous among them were the four
sons of Robert Owen, Robert Dale, William, Da-
vid Dale and Richard Dale, all of whom had been
highly educated in the schools of Europe. Rob-
ert Dale Owen, the best known of these brothers in
the history of Indiana, was widely in touch with
the affairs of the State and did notable service

Harmonic, 1816.

'history. That men of this stamp should have left
the great centers and buried themselves in the
remote wilderness is an evidence of the lofty
'hopes inspired by the social experiment.

The Boatload of Knovi^ledge. — A literatesque
•feature of this scientific exodus from the east
[was that a good-sized party of men and women,
with their equipment, traveled from Pittsburg to
New Harmony in a keelboat, and to this day the
outfit is humorously spoken of as "The Boatload
5f Khowledge."

Other Characters; the Ov^^en Family. — Aside
jfrom the Maclure group there was a list of men
md women, too long to be dealt with here, who by

as a statesman both at home and as a representa-
tive at Washington. As a pioneer in the move-
ment for the extended rights of women that class
owe him a debt of gratitude, which they acknowl-
edged a few years since by placing a bronze bust
on the grounds of the State Capitol. As a mem-
ber of the constitutional convention of 1850 he
was, perhaps, the ablest contributor to that instru-
ment, and left his strong impress upon it. In
the cause of science he, more than any other man,
brought about the establishment of the Smith-
sonian Institute at Washington.

William Owen is less known than his trio of
distinguished brothers, but he figured, until his

ci:x'n:xMAi- history axd handbook of Indiana

(Icalh in 1S42, as an al.I.-. v.-r^atilc and helpful
citizen of New Harmon\

David Dale Owen, of iIk lust rank as a scien-
tist, was in 1S37 appointed United Slates geolo-
}(ist. and during his services as such the govern-
ment geological survey was eslahhshed at New
llarnionv, which gave the place additional impor-
tance, lie was the lirst State geologist of Indi-
ana, having previously occupied the same office
for Kentucky and Arkansas. He died while ge-
ologist <>i this Stale and was succeeded to the
office hy his brother Richard, who throughout a
long life was identiticfl with scientific and educa-
tional development in this State, ll may he added
lurr ihat I".. T. C ox. another product of New
1 larmonv. was our State geologist for twelve
years, and perhaps a half-dozen other men of this
group were identihed with geological surveys
in other States. Among the able men in other
lines may be mentioned Josiah Warren, inventor
and social philosopher whose ideas for the solu-
tion of certain social problems have not yet been
exploded, nor has the interest in them ceased.
L'onstantine Raffinesque. one of the celebrated
early naturalists, was a frequent visitor to New
1 larmony. and among other visitors attracted
thither by the famous resident coterie were John
James Audubon, Sir Charles Lyell and Prince
Maximilian, of Prussia, who with a corps of
scientists, was touring the United States.
Frances Wright, one of the most intellectual
women of her day, and conspicuous as an advo-
cate of the rights of women, was intimately iden-
tified with the Ov,-ens colony.

Failures of New Harmony. — The nionu-
nu'iii.il anil general failure of the New Harmony
experiment and the various causes of it make a
tascinating study in social i)rinciples. When com-
pared wilh till' community success of the Rap-
pites a i)erfect contrast is afTorded. The latter
were bound together by a common religious belief
and '-ub^erxieiil to a coninion leader. There was
no questioning, no dissenl and no intellectual un-
rc-st. 'I he Owen colony, mi llu' contrary, was in
no sense a unit, milcss i| ]n- in tlie general dis-
s.-itisf.Ktinii with the established order of things.
Hec.-iuse Ihey did not agree with the established
order ami bad ii.. resting pl.ace tlie\ segregated
in hopes of fin. Hug mie. but only to find, instead,
that llu-y agreed no better .iniong themselves.

General Dissension. — Before the end of the
second year disintegration was well under way.
Almost in the beginning there set in what might
be called subsegregations — birds of a feather
flocking together until instead of one society
there were several distinct communities. As some
wit happily intimated, ''New Harmony" became
a misnomer — it was, more properly, New Dis-
cord. One of the serious discords arose between
the two heads of the experiment, Owen and
Maclure. The latter, who was to have had en-
tire control of the school scheme, was one of the
first to secede from the original colony, and
Owen set up a system of his own, and so in lieu
of the proposed great school there were several
minor ones, with more or less hostility between
them. One of these under the auspices of Mac-
lure, was an industrial school, the second one to
be established in the United States.

Maclure and Robert Owen Leave; Estimate
of the Two Men. — Maclure spent, all told, only
about two years at New Harmony, though his
interest in the place continued till his death.
Robert Owen did not stay there much longer,
and by 1827 the social experiment was an ac-
knowledged failure.

In their moral zeal and in their philosophies
these two leaders were much alike. Both com-
bined with worldly wisdom and great ability
ideas so at variance with common observation as
to seem puerile. Owen's fundamental mistake
was in assuming that environment and instruction
wholly made the man, and that human beings
could be molded like putty to a theory. The in-
dividualistic element did not seem to enter into
his calculations. It was even a part of his plan
that children should be separated from their par-
ents and be virtually owned by the community.
Maclure's educational theory, along with many
ideas that are to-day regarded as the best, advo-
cated an extreme utilitarianism. What we call
cultural ac(|uirements, including literature and
art, had no place in his scheme. "A plain, simple
narrative of facts got bv evidence of the senses"
was the only literature needful he held, and the
thing to be most guarded against was the "exag-
gerated delusions of the imagination." The play
of children was to be directed to useful ends,
and "nothing but positive knowledge ought to be
taught to children." Utility was "the only scale

CEXTENXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

by whicli tlic value of everything is to be meas-
ured." As these ideas were also shared by Owen
it seems very likely that they would have met
serious obstacles to success even had the leaders
proceeded in perfect harmony with each other.

The Successes of New Harmony. — George
];. Lockwood, in his very thorough study of this
whole subject, speaks in happy paradox of "the
failure of George Rapp's success" and "the suc-
cess of Robert Owen's failure," and among the
successes of the Owen regime he particularly
si)ecifies the educational influences that emanated
from there. The ideas of Pestalozzi, introduced
by Maclure and Joseph Neef, made their impress
in time on the educational history of the State.
It was a nursing place for "first things," the first

Home of (jeorgc Rapp, Harmonic, 1824.

infant school and kindergarten in the country,
the first distinctively trade school, the first real
public-school system and the first school to offer
e<iual advantages to boys and girls, all being ac-
credited to the New Harmony experiment.

Robert Owen's Successors. — Nor was this
all by any means. When Robert Owen, discour-
aged, retired from the field he left able men
established i)ermanently on the ground, and
tliKugh the "social exjjeriment," as such, ceased
to b(.-, their activities did not cease. It became
later, as ])revi()usly said, a scientific center of
wide re])Utation and intlucnce. and the town took
on a character that is to the present day quite
distinctive and superior, while through some of
its citizens, particularly Robert Dale Owen, its
most dislingui-hed piiblie man, and a direct prod-

uct of the original New Harmony idea, it exerted
no small influence in the affairs of the State.

Status of Women at New Harmony. — One
development that should not be overlooked is
that of the status of women. Owen stood for
equality of the sexes at a day when such an idea
had little lodgment in the public mind, and the
arduous devotion to the emancipation of her sex
by Frances Wright, one of the remarkable women
of her times, did much to create an enlarged
sphere for her sisters. These ideas found prac-
tical issue when Robert Dale Owen, as legislator
and member of the second constitutional con-
vention stood as a champion for rights of women,
securing for them a recognition for which they
have not been ungrateful in later days. ;

The Maclure Libraries. — As before said,!
though William Maclure's scheme for a great
school at New Harmony failed and he was only ,
a temporary resident of. that place, his educa-(
tional interest did not cease, and his will created
a fund for the establishment, under certain condi- 1
tions, of libraries over the State for the benefit of
"the working classes who labor with their hands j
and earn their living in the sweat of their brows." '
It should be added that Maclure's desire to help ;
this class amounted to a passion, and his ani- 1
mosity to the class "who live by the ignorance ]
of the millions," was inveterate. The library be-
quest met with legal hindrances and it was not
vmtil 1855, fifteen years after the donor's death, j
that the fund was applied. By it $500 was to be I
given to any club or society of laborers in the
United States who would establish a reading and
lecture room with a library of at least one hun-
dred volumes. The result of this benefaction
was 144 libraries in Indiana, distributed through
eighty-nine counties. J- P- Dunn, in his mono-
graph, "The Libraries of Indiana," does not at-
tribute a very wide influence to the libraries, for
various reasons, but they were, to say the least,
a notable contribution to the culture of the State
and an interesting forerunner of the extensive
Carnegie system of the present day.*

* The fullest and best account of the New Harmony experi-
ment is the elaborate study by George B. Lockwood, "The New
Harmony Movement."

CHAPTER IX

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT MOVEMENTS PRELIMINARY

TO LAW OF 1836

PRELIMINARY HISTORY

Early Conditions. — The famous internal im-
provement plan of 1836 by which Indiana inau-
gurated a huge paternalistic scheme for supply-
ing an elaborate system of roads and canals can
not be presented intelligently unless we also con-
sider the movement antecedent to that culmina-
tion. The absurdity of the undertaking borrows
palliation from the desperate necessities that ex-
isted and is in a measure explained by them.

From the beginning, and in proportion as the
settlements pushed northward from the Ohio
river, the problem of getting in and out increased
in seriousness, and by the time the central por-
tion of the State was taken up as far north as
the upper Wabash the problem became a Inost
pressing one. The new capital was eighty-five
miles from the nearest market outlet and many
points were considerably farther, with one vast
forest intervening. The natural outlets, the
streams, were, with few exceptions, unreliable,
and at best served only certain communities, and
intercommunication generally was practically im-
possible until a system of highways was made
through the wilderness.

Early Roads. — Thus it was that in the twen-
ties the question of internal improvements as a
live issue was largely confined to roads, and the
road legislation during that period is so frequent
and so complicated in its overlappings as to be
confusing. Every new locality, as it was opened
up to settlement, had to be accommodated in vari-
ous directions and the road making was not con-
fined to local initiative, but an elaborate system
of State highways was projected and added to
and altered, one year after another.* The
scheme generally, in its results, seems to have
demonstrated the general inefficiency that usu-
ally, or perhaps always, accompanies paternal-

* It should be stated that the funds for these roads was not a
direct tax upon the people, as under the internal improvement
law of 1836. They were largely derived from the "3 per cent,
fund," which was donated by the federal government out of the
sale of public lands.

istic attempts. Ray, in his first message, speak-
ing of the roads authorized in 1821-2, with an
appropriation of $100,000, says :

"It is well worthy of inquiry whether the large
expenditures that have already been made have
answered the expectations of the public ; whether
large sums have not been paid to numerous com-
missioners for services that could as well have
been rendered by one-third of the number em-
ployed and at little more than one-third of the
expense ; whether a number of the roads opened
under the provision of the law are not entirely
useless to the public and even suffered to become
altogether impassable by a second growth and
neglect to keep them in repair."

In a report of 1826 we find thirty-eight State
roads listed and $78,319.53 was apportioned to
them from the three per cent, fund, which was
one of the very important sources of road rev-
enue.* Other sources of maintenance were, a
road tax levied upon real estate and compulsory
road labor on the part of male adults under fifty
years of age.

Road Conditions. — The general result of
this expenditure and labor was crude in the ex-
treme. The so-called "improvement" was little
more than the opening of wagon ways through
the wilderness and they were hardly more prac-
ticable than the drift-choked streams. Of their
atrocious character much has been said and yet
the subject, seemingly, has never been done jus-
tice. From the hills of the southern counties to
the prairies beyond the Wabash the State was,
for the most part, a level plain covered with a
forest that shut out the sun from the rank mold,
and this, like a sponge, held the accumulated
waters. Vast areas were nothing but swamps,
which the streams never fully drained. f Most

• See report of B. T. Blythe, agent of 3 per cent, fund, House
Journal, 11th session, p. 21.

t Mr. William Butler, a pioneer of southern Indiana, has told
the present writer of a trip he made to Indianapolis in the thir-
ties. He stopped over night with a settler in Johnson county,
and, inquiring as to the country east of them, was told that there
was no other residence in that direction for thirty miles. "And

1<)(I

Ci:XTENXIAL HISTORY AXD flANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ol the year a journey o\er the roatls vva^ sinipl)'
a slow, laborious wallowing ilirougli mud; the
bogs were passable only by the use of "cordu-
roy." autl this corduroy of poles laid side by side
for miles not infre(|uenlly had to be weighted
down with dirt to prevent floating ott when the
swamji waters rose. In a book called "The New
I'urcha-e." which purports to dej)icl life in cen-
tral Indiana in the early twenties, the wagon trip
to llloiimington is described in the author's pe-
culiar, half-intelligible style. He speaks of the
country as ••buttermilk land," "mashland," "rooty
and snaggy land." with mudholes and quicksands
and c(>i-duro}s, "wox^en single and double twill,"
,ind there are fords "•with and without bottom."
In tlie early spring, he says, the streams were
brimful, "creeks turneil to rivers, rivers to
lakes, and lakes to bigger ones, and traveling by
land becomes traveling by mud and water." As
one proceeded he must tack to right and left, not
to hnd the road, but to get out of it and find
places where the mud w-as "thick enough to bear."
'J"he way w^as a "most ill-looking, dark-colored
morass, enlivened by streams of purer mud (the
r(iads t crossing at right angles," and these
streams were "thick-set with stumps cut just low
enough for wagons to straddle." Innumerable
siul)S of saplings, sharpened like spears by being
shorn off obliquely, waited to impale the unlucky
traveler who might be pitched out upon them,
and the prol)ability of such accident was consid-
erable as the lumbering wagon plunged over a
succosion of ruts and roots, describing an "ex-
hilarating seesaw with the most astonishing alter-
nation of plunge, creak and splash." Ever and
anon the brimming streams had to be crossed,
sometimes by unsafe fording and sometimes by
rude urries. In the latter case the ferrykeeper
was apt l(j be off at work somewhere in his clear-
ing, and the traveler had to •'halloo the ferry"
till he iduld make himself heard.

Mow Nciious iIk- road (pieslion was as affect-
int^ public wellaie is evidenced bv our legisla-
tion. I'k.iu 1S2() there was scarcely a session but
road laws were enacted, adding to or modifying
the system, ;ind. in many instances rei)ealing stat-
utes ihal -M-rni to h.ive Ikhmi expc-rinient.d and ill-
advised.

«li.il's Ml,.,,-, iIku- ,i,\,i will l.i." llif iiifoniianl a.lcled, liis rea-
-oii l.iiii« ili.,| till- Mil>iii<:rKt<l lau.l was incclaiiiiablc. It may
lp«- iiMiarkiil, iiiii.lcntally, that llic swamp in (luistion lias long
■ IK" Ixri. K.uv.K.il into lini- farms.

The National and Michigan Roads. — In the

road history of Indiana these two thoroughfares
stand distinct from the system of State roads,
though the one last named was constructed by
the State. The National road, as the name im-
plies, was the work of the Federal government,
designed as a great highway to connect the west
with the east. It began at Cumberland, Md.
(from which fact it at first bore the name of the
•'Cumberland road"), and was to reach St. Louis
after traversing parts of Pennsylvania and West
Virginia and the central portions of Ohio, Indi-
ana and Illinois. As originally planned it would
have passed south of Indianapolis and near Co-
lumbus, in Bartholomew county, but through the
efforts of Oliver H. Smith, when a congressman,
the route was changed. The first Federal legis-
lation regarding this road dates back to 1806 and
its extension toward and into the western coun-
try was a matter of lively interest for many years.
It reached the Indiana line in 1827, the first work
in this State being in Wayne cotinty that year.
In 1831 there was an appropriation of $75,000
for work that included the bridge over White
river at Indianapolis. Throughout the tliirties,
as before, its completion and improvement was
an ever-recurring theme for the newspapers, but
the improvement in the west was comparatively
inferior, the expenditure on it here being but
about $3,000 per mile as against $6,000 on the
eastern end. The money for this road was de-
rived from the sale of lands in the public do-
main, two per cent, being reserved for internal
improvements under the direction of Congress.*
The Michigan road, from Madison on the Ohio
river to the mouth of Trail creek on Lake Michi-
gan, was a work of the thirties. It traversed the
central portion of the State from south to north
as the National road did from east to west, the
two forming a pair of trunk lines that gave en-
trance to the different sections of the State. The
southern terminus was determined, as the south-
ern terminus of the first railroad was a little later,
by the political influence then existing at Madi-
son. The northern terminus was determined by
the chance of a good lake harbor at the mouth
i)t Trail creek, and this also determined the loca-
tion of Michigan C"ilv. It ran from Madison •'al-

* For long paper on National road, and additional matter re-
lating to tlie road in Indiana, see Ind. Quar. Mag. Hist., vol.
iii. "The Old Pike," by T. B. Searight, is the fullest work on
the road as a whole.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

101

most due north through Jefferson and Ripley
counties to Greensburg in Decatur. Thence, by
a direct line, it led across Shelby county to the
capital. The important sections of the road were
those from Indianapolis across Hamilton, Boone,
Clinton and Carroll counties to Logansport, and
from that place due north again across Cass,
Fulton and Marshall to South Bend, and thence
west to Michigan City. During eight months of
the year it was an open, passable highway, but
during the winter it was an endless stream of

makers, was, of course, largely farcical. The
value of the lands about balanced the cost of the
road, which, up to 1840, was something like
$242,000.

CANALS

Ohio Falls Canal. — The first canal agitation
in Indiana was for a waterway around the falls
of the Ohio river, which were a serious impedi-
ment to navigation. This concerned Kentucky
and Ohio quite as much a^^ Indiana, and one of

Old National Road Bridge Over White River, Indianapolis.— 5^t'/c7i by Alois E. Sinks.

black mud and almost useless. Its importance
may be estimated from the fact that one-half of
the pioneers of the northwest quarter of Indiana
reached their homes over it" (Esarey). The
funds for this work were derived from lands that
were given by the Potawatomie Indians through
what is known as the Mississinewa treaty, made
in October, 1826. These donated lands con-
sisted of one section for each mile of the pro-
posed highway, granted to the State "as an evi-
dence of the attachment which the Potawatomie
tribe feel toward the American people, and par-
ticularly to the soil of Indiana" — which fine sen-
timent, evolved and framed by the white treaty-

the propositions in the twenties was a joint work
by Ohio and Indiana, but nothing came of it.

As early as 1805 a company was formed in this
State, composed largely of Clark county citizens,
and $120,000 subscribed for the canal in question
(Esarev). Soon after the admission of the State
the Legislature chartered "The Ohio Canal Com-
]>anv," which aimed to raise a capital of $1,000.-
000, but failed to do so. A reorganized company
with a new charter was authorized in 1818 to
raise money by lottery, the State itself to be a
stockholder, and the following year work w;is
begun. Like much of the subse(iuent canal work,
however, the capital and labor expended were

102

:XTi:XXl.\l. [IISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

a sheer loss. Support, was inadcijuate and prog-
ress slow. In 1825 Kentucky look u]) the work
on it^ side. The cut could be made much cheaper
there. The Kentucky enterprise had the back-
ing of the Federal government, and the Indiana
effort, that had persisted stubbornly for twenty
years or more, received its death-blow. That
Louisville became a metropolis and Jefferson ville
and New Albany sank into desuetude was no
doubt largely determined by the canal as a com-
mercial factor. The Indiana scheme seems to
have died hard, for as late as 1836 there was a
flicker of revival when a company obtained an-
other charter for the renew'al of work on our
side. This, however, never got farther than the
first movement.

Whitewater Canals; East and West Forks,
— The Whitewater canal that traversed the val-
ley of the West Fork as far north as Hagers-
town, Wayne county, connecting it with the Ohio
river at Lawrenceburg and Cincinnati, was part
of the State internal improvement scheme of
1836, but as early as 1822 the question of a
canal through that important region was agi-
tated. It need be only mentioned here. For
"Completion of the Whitewater Canal" see chap-
ter xii.

The work up the east fork, known in its day
as the Richmond and Brookville canal, was never
fmished, but it was begun and from 1834 to the
close of that decade it was a lively hope, consid-
erable energy and money being spent on it.

The Wabash and Erie Canal. — The qtiestion
of a canal to connect the waters of the Wabash
and Maumee rivers, which ultimately became the
famous Wabash and Erie, began to be agitated
in the early twenties. This, Governor Hen-
dricks urged, would open an inland navigation
from New York to New Orleans (via the Erie
canal of New York) and would be the great
ai^ent in enhancing the value of vast cjuantities

of public lands. Indiana alone was too poor to
attempt the work, and after repeated appeals for
Federal aid and much debating of the subject.
Congress, in 1827, made liberal grants of land
along the proposed route amounting to three
thousand two hundred acres for each lineal mile.
Construction was begun in 1832 and in 1836 the
work was merged in the State's plans for gen-
eral improvement.*

Other canal propositions that never got beyond
talk, claimed public attention during these earlier
years, and by the early thirties the agitation of
railroads became pronounced. In a word, the
fermentation that resulted in the famous internal I
improvement law was for ten years or more gath-
ering form and becoming a part of public thought.
It became a factor in politics and the men rode
into popular favor who mounted the hobby of
State improvements by the paternalistic plan.i
Governor Ray was an example of this. His ad-
vocacy of the growing sentiment made his politi-
cal fortune, and an excerpt from his message of!
1826, couched in his characteristic swelling style,!
indicates that he made the most of it. "The
whole country," he says, "as if by one impulse,
is moved by the master spirit that is abroad.
. . . On the construction of roads and canals
we must rely as the safest and most certain State
policy, to relieve our situation, place us among!
the first in the Union, and change the cry of hard
times into an open acknowledgment of content-,
edness." In 1829 we find him arguing for a gen-l
eral system of State improvements, including a
railway, canals and turnpikes — a scheme not un-:
like the one that the State adopted in 1836. In
view of all this it is perhaps safe to say that the
great paternalistic experiment, however ill-ad-
vised it may seem in the light of history, was,
inevitable, being but a logical sequence.

* For "W^abash and Erie Canal and Commercial Development"
see chap. xii.

CHAPTER X

AN EXPERIMENT IN PATERNALISM

The Problem. — At this point the question
of progress as determined by the internal im-
provement movement becomes secondary to an
interesting and profitable study of influences and
conditions that made for retrogression, and
which resulted in the most disastrous financial
set-back in the State's history.

To understand the great paternalistic experi-
ment that distinguished the fourth decade of In-
diana's history we must consider it as a part of
a much wider movement. The conditions in the
interior of America with its vast distances and
its isolated inland centers made the problem of
transportation particularly acute and particularly
difificult because of the enormous cost and the in-
adequate wealth of a thinly scattered population.

Federal Aid. — Nothing short of State aid,
it seemed, could help the people to the facili-
ties they needed. Federal aid (as in the building
of the National road) was early invoked, but all
that could be hoped for from that source was
trivial as compared with the relief demanded by
the various sections of many States. The most
substantial help afiforded by the general govern-
ment was the gift of three per cent, out of the
sales of public lands. This yielded in Indiana,
altogether, $575,547.75, which was applied to the
opening of numerous "State" roads. By the mid-
dle thirties these roads pretty well covered the
State, but were the rudest of thoroughfares, and
owing to the nature of most of the country, were
virtually untravelable in the bad seasons.

The Seeming Solution. — The only solution of
the transportation question was in expensive im-
proved turnpikes or yet more extensive canals
or railroads ; the construction of such works by
private enterprise at that day was out of the
question, and thus the tide turned to the notion
of the one agency big enough to accomplish the
desired results — the State. This idea prevailed
and bore fruit in a number of states, Indiana be-
ing but one of these to project and attempt a
system of public works for the purpose of trans-
portation. The sentiment in Indiana for such
a scheme was a growth of several years, as has
already been shown. It had its opponents, who

saw the dangers ahead, but the advocates in-
creased till they took possession of the day. The
politicians who championed the idea were the
ones who rode into power ; arguments grew by
what they fed upon, and these plentifully bol-
stered up by figures convinced the people that
roads and canals, at whatever cost, were a colos-
sal money-making proposition. The increase of
commerce and the tolls from canals would not
only pay for the canals but return a surplus that
would relieve the citizen from tax-paying.

Difficulties of Fixing on a System. — The
detriment to final legislation was the difficulty
of elaborating a system that would benefit every-
body. Of course no taxpayer wanted to con-
tribute to improvements that would give his
neighbors all the benefit and leave him still in
the woods, and a system that could touch every
county in the State was manifestly impossible.
Also, there was a division of opinions as to the
values and practicability of difYerent kinds of
improvements — turnpikes, canals and railroads.

The Internal Improvement Bill. — These dif-
ferences kept the Legislature jockeying for two
or three sessions, but finally, in January of 1836,
the internal improvement bill, famous in our an-
nals, was passed, to the great joy of the people,
who made bonfires and jubilated wildly in honor
of the event. The bill provided for eight differ-
ent works, including turnpikes, canals, railroads,
and the improvement of the lower Wabash, the
scheme as it originally stood, together with the
separate appropriations, being :

1. A canal down the valley of the Whitewater
from the National road to the Ohio, and a canal
or railroad to connect the upper Whitewater
with the Central canal at some point in Madison
or Delaware county, if possible. Appropriation.
$1,400,000.

2. A canal, to be known as the "Central,"
from some point on the upper Wabash to Indian-
apolis via ]\Iuncie, and down White river to the
forks ; thence to Evansville. Appropriation.
$3,500,000.

3. An extension of the \\'abash and Erie
canal from Tippecanoe river to Terre Haute.

103

104

CENTENNIAL IJLsTOKV AND ELANDBOOK OF INDIANA

thence 1)V Eel river to the Central, or to the mouth
of Dlack creek at the Central, in Knox county.
Aj)])roi>riati<in. Si ..'i(X).0(i;».

4. A railn.ad from .Madison, via Columbus
anil ln<lianai)oli>. In Lafayette. .\].i)roi)riation,
^1,300,01)0.

5. A niacadaniizeil turnpike 1 roni New Al-
hanv. by way of Greenville, hredericksburg,
I'aoli. Mt. Pleasant and Washington to Vin-
cennes. Appropriation. $1,150,000.

(). A m.-icadaniized road or railroad from Jef-
fcrxinville to Crawfortlsville, by way of New Al-
bany, Salem, Ijeilford. Illoomington and Green-
castle. Ap])roprialion. $1,300,000.

7. The im]:)rovement of the Wabash river
from X'incenncs to its mouth. \])])ropriation,
$50,000.

8. A sur^•ev of a canal or railroad from the
Wabash and E.ric canal at or near Fort Wayne
to the lake at Michigan City, by way of Goshen,
South Bend and Laporte.

'IMiese various works, all of which the State
]»ledgcd itself to build as expeditiously as pos-
sible, totaled about one thousand two hundred
miles and the total estimated cost was $20,000,-
IHM) (W. II. Smith). $10,000,000 of which was
borrowed at once for twenty-five years at six
per cent., with the works themselves and all
grounds, rents, tolls and profits given as security.

First Effect of the Bill; Speculation. — One of
the first effects of the ])assage of this bill was a
universal boom. In the conditions that were to
follow everybody hjresaw a chance to get rich
(|nick. 'fo quote one writer, "a period of wild
■-]n.-cul,'ition ensued. Those who owned farms
bought others, and those who owned none went
into debt and purch;ised them." ( )1(1 towns be-
g;ui to swi'U ;md to advertise lots for sale at in-
tl.ited prices, and new towns began to sjjring u|)
on p;ipcr. 'fhis craze soon got its setback, but
it la^tnl loni; enough In ruin man\- ;l jjlmiger and
to be lollowed by a w.Mke of hardshi]) ;md dis-
tress.

St^te Control and How It Worked. — fhe

writer who has se;irched most fullv into the de-
t.iiK of Ihi- subject ( Log.an L,s;irey ) makes some
interesting statements as to the workings of the
Sl.-ite's great enti'rprise. A "l'.o;ird of luternrd
Improvements." the nuMiibiTs of which. si'])a-
r.itelv. were put in charge of the \ai-ious works to
be pl;uH-d under contr.icl. met in I ndi.an.apolis.

March 7. 1836, and, says Mr. Esarey, "the scram-
ble for the lion's share of the money began as
soon as the first meeting was called to order.
I^ach commissioner seemed to be interested alone
in getting his work completed as soon as pos-
sible." Then came jealousy and chicanery after
the contracts were let, between the sections to
be benefited. Some of the works did not pro-
gress as rapidly as others, and none of them fast
enough to suit the citizen who was eager for re-
turns. Labor was scarce, and the contractors
were pitted against each other, one trying to lure
away another's workmen. Some of the improve-
ments that were not definitely settled on by the
law still remained unsettled. W''hen the State
l)orrowed money, it is stated, it made no provi-
sion for interest, as, according to the "System
orators," the tolls were to take care of all that,
so when interest fell due it was paid out of bor-
rowed money instead of taxes, as the people had
been assured there would be no increase in tax-
ation.

One corollary is that interest on $10,000,000
at six per cent, amounts up appallingly. More-
over the $10,000,000 were only part of the sum
to be borrowed, according to the original esti-
mates of total cost, and in 1838 another estimate
l)y the head engineer ran the sum up to $23,-
000,000.

The Collapse. — I^y the end of 1837 there was
plenty of reason for grumbling and distrust, and
the administration at that time was whistling
optimistically to keep up its courage, but by an-
other year even the governor ( \\\allace'). who
had been elected because of his advocacy of the
internal improvement movement, began to ex-
])ress misgivings. The Legislatures tinkered in
a helj)less way with the situation, making experi-
mental changes here and there. Then in 1839
cau)e the collapse and all work was stopped after
an expenditure of vast sums, for much of which
llu're was never the least return, to the State,
while contractors were bankrui:»ted and thou-
sands of laborers thrown out of employment
without ])ay for work they had done. The fin-
ished work to show for the millions of dollars
expendi'd were ;i i)art of the \\'hitewater canal
in oper.atiou : an indefinite amotuit of work on
the Wabash and ICrie (the funds for this canal
b-'ing also derived from the sales of government
lam's lh;it had been granted for it ) ; about twentv-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

105

] eight miles of the Madison railroad and a neg-
ligible amount of turnpike improvement — the to-
tal of the completed work, according to Dillon,
i being two hundred eighty-one miles and the cost
(for same $8,164,528.21. The returns from the
Itwenty-eight miles of railroad, the partially tin-
' ished Whitewater canal and the Wabash and Erie
barely took care of the upkeep, and all the State
got for the $1,820,026 it had put into the Central
and crosscut canals was a few miles of completed
ditch between Indianapolis and Broad Ripple

far to find the fundamental reasons for this mon-
umental fiasco, the legislative warrant for which
was characterized as pre-eminently a "people's
measure." In the first place the sagacity of the
orator-fed people in judging the probabilities of
a colossal piece of business that called for busi-
ness insight of a high order, was practically nil,
as the sequel amply proved. The proposition
that the commerce of a thinly populated back-
woods State could safely float a twenty-million-
dollar enterprise was hardly one to commend

Befle Fountain & Ind. Deoot

Lafayette Depot.

Xiiic i nnati Ls-wre nee burrf & ind DtpoC

Md.disofi £ ind. Depot

First Railroad Depots in Indianapolis. 1854.

that for a while was utilized for floating cord-
wood down to the capital and eventually went
into the hands of the Indianapolis Water Com-
pany. The Madison railroad and the White-
water canal were taken over and completed by
private companies. The Wabash was retained for
several years, and finally became the State's sal-
vation, it being transferred, in 1846, to her cred-
itors in liquidation of the disastrous debt that had
brought the commonwealth almost to the point
of repudiation.

The Elements in the Case. — Accepting the
study of this movement made by the authority
previously mentioned, one does not have to seek

itself to a shrewd business man. The orators
who rode on the rising tide of public sentiment
made a business of hypnotizing the masses, and
the masses moved by a sort of mob psychology
in the direction of their desires.

Again when it came to the actual test of per-
forming the business it was the old governmental
evil of purely perfunctory administration made
worse by innumerable temptations to graft.
Millions of dollars at hand with more to easily
follow as the demand arose was fatal to all those
ideas of economy that the business man weighs
when he realizes that the business must make
good or he pay the penalty. The public work be-

106

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AXL) HAXDBOOK OF INDIANA

came a j^'reat fcediiig-ciilj. an<l as none of the
"higher-ups" had anything at stake tlie job-
hunter, if he had any influence, was apt to fare
well. We hear of surveying parties that seemed
to be, largely, hunting and fishing parties, and
of the "'b'-ating Brigade" which, for services
largely unrendercd, received annually about
$54,000. Besides resident engineers there was
an cngineer-in-chief for canals and another one
for railroads, and so on. The broad-gauge ideas
of the men who had nothing financially to lose
is illustrated by the work done on the Madison
railroad. For this the best was none too good;
the latest improved T rail was imported from
England at $80 per ton, and the twenty-eight and
a fraction miles were built at a cost of $1,624,-
603, or $58,000 per mile. When a private com-
pany finished it later the style of construction
was fitted to the probable returns, and the cost
was something less than $11,000 per mile.

Nor was this all nor the worst feature of the
sorry business. Still drawing upon the above-
cited study as authority, the finances of the enter-
prise, though in the hands of reputable men,
were worse than poorly managed. The State
government paid little attention to the financial
board ; the business was attended to in a careless,
slovenly way, and reflection is cast upon the hon-
esty of the administration. Transactions, were
had with irresponsible "wildcat" institutions by
which the State lost outright many thousands of
dollars, while it is intimated that those who ma-
nipulated the funds came out of it with nests
well lined. Of one of them it is said that "he
received $103,880 from these people on whom
the State lost several millions."

The Panic and Script Issues; "Red Dog"
and "Blue Pup." — One factor in the general
distress that followed the internal improvement
boom was a financial panic that swept the coun-

try in the latter thirties. The enormous running
expenses had to be met, but it became impossible
to secure the expected loans from the sales of
bonds. Contractors could not be paid, and this
of course involved the thousands of laborers and
the people at large. As an escape from this
dilemma the Legislature in January of 1840 au-
thorized an issue of State scrip to the amount
of $1,200,000 (Esarey. Other writers say
$1,500,000). This served the purpose for a
while, then depreciated to half its value and even
less. It was printed on red paper, and the sense
of derisive humor that has always distinguished
the Hoosier fastened upon it the name of "Red i
Dog." This was carried farther when private '
companies that took over certain of the public
works were also authorized to issue scrip to help ;
out their undertakings, and this scrip from be-
ing mostly printed on blue paper, became known;
as "Blue Pup" (W. H. Smith). Elbert Jay Ben- 1
ton, in his "Wabash Trade Route" (p. 60), says'
"Blue Pup" was a sort of shinplaster currency!
based on "Blue Dog," and that both these andj
"White Dog" were land scrips secured by the!
lands of the Wabash and Erie canal. All the
scrip suffered depreciation, but eventually the
State's "Red Dog" arose again to par, plus ac-
crued interest. During the days of its discredit!
its greatest value was for the payment of State!
taxes, and speculators made a business of buying
it up cheaply in some sections where it was most;
plentiful and selling it in other parts still below |
par, to taxpayers (Smith). The inference is that
the State accepted it at face value.*

* For excellent original studies from documentary sources of
this subject see "The Wabash Trade Route in the Development
of the Old Northwest," by Elbert J. Benton, in the Johns Hop-
kins University studies, and "Internal Improvements in Early i
Indiana," by Logan Esarey, vol. v, No. 2, of Ind. Hist. Soc.
publications. The latter in a somewhat modified form reappears I
in Esarey's History of Indiana. W. H. Smith's History of In-j
diana also devotes a chapter to this theme.

CHAPTER XI

OTHER DEVELOPMENTS PRIOR TO 1840

Expansion of Territory. — Various treaties
with the Indians between 1830 and 1840 added to
the area for settlement upward of 3,000,000
acres, exclusive of the final cession of the "Mi-
ami reserve" (now partly comprising Grant,
Howard and Tipton counties), which was pur-
chased in 1840. The erection of twenty-two new
counties brought the total number up to eighty-
seven, and this meant a multiplication of towns,
a growing urban population, and a corresponding
development of activities.

Business Expansion. — During this period
we find capital, for the first time, virtually, seek-
ing investment in business enterprises. That the
State bank had considerable to do with this is
evidenced by the fact that after its establishment
there were numerous incorporations of various
kinds, the list including railroad, turnpike, bridge,
steam mill and insurance companies. The busi-
ness expansion generally is best shown by the
Federal census of 1840, according to which the
total capital invested in the manufactures of the
State at that time amounted to $4,132,040. This
does not include eleven commercial houses in
foreign trade ; twenty-six commission houses,
with a total investment of $1,207,400; 1,801 re-
tail stores, with a capital of $5,664,687; a pelt
and fur trade amounting to $220,883 ; the news-
papers with their allied printing, representing
$58,505. and other industries not classed as man-
ufactures. As measured by the capital repre-
sented, the saw, grist and oil mills, scattered over
the State, led with a total investment of $2,077,-
018. Next in importance came the tanneries and
leather industries with $647,176. The meat-
packing establishments of fifteen counties, with
Jefferson leading, represented $582,165. Next
came the distilleries and breweries, 323 of the
former and 20 of the latter, with $292,316. The
production of bricks and lime, lumber, cotton
and wool manufactures, and the making of
wagons and machinery had by 1840 assumed con-
siderable importance. New Albany leading in the
last-named industry, and Indianapolis in wagons.
The making of furniture in forty-eight counties
involved an investment of $91,022; that of hats

and straw bonnets, $69,018, and the manufac-
tured products of tobacco, $65,659. Soap and
candles, pottery, salt, the working of iron mined
within the State, the mining of coal and quarry-
ing all figured in the industries of the State.
There were three paper mills, located at Brook-
ville, Madison and Richmond, with an output
valued at $155,196. From eleven counties along
the rivers water craft to the value of $107,223
were reported. At Michigan City, our only lake
port, commerce by water amounted to 272,400
bushels of grain and 10,368 barrels of flour, pork,
etc., shipped out, and 1,850 tons of merchandise
and 9,000 barrels of salt received at the docks.

The manufacturing and commercial industries
of the State gave employment to 23,666 men.

Growth of Agriculture. — That the popula-
tion of the State in 1840 was still largely rural is
briefly shown by the fact that the number en-
gaged in agricultural pursuits were 148,806 as
against 23,666 in the manufactures and commerce
and a comparative few in miscellaneous busi-
nesses. New Albany, then the largest town in
the State, had only 4,220 inhabitants, and Indi-
anapolis but 2,692.

With all the activity in the work of internal
improvements the transportation facilities during
this decade were not materially improved, and
the market problem was still a deterrent in de-
velopment. Agricultural methods were crude,
though an advance upon those of an earlier pe-
riod. The wooden mold-board plow and the
home-made harrow with wooden teeth were still
in general use. The sickle was still the common
implement for reaping grain. The threshing was
done with the flail or by tramping out with horses,
and the winnowing of the chaft from the grain
was accomplished by the use of a waving sheet
and a hand sieve. The hay was cut with a scythe
and gathered with a hand-rake.

Notwithstanding these handicaps the agricul-
tural showing of the State by the census returns
of 1840 was no mean one. By reason of trans-
portation difficulties the raising of live stock that
could be taken to market afoot, was the conspicu-
ous farming industry. Swine led all the rest for

107

108

CEXTEXXIAL NLSTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the reasons thai hogs not only could be taken m
ilr(n'es to the MacHson, Lawreneehur^ or Cincin-
nati s]au,s,dUer-hoiise. or he slau.i^htered at home
anrl shi])i)e(l in barrels to tlu- southern market by
every stream that wouM tloat a Hatboal, but they
could be raised at a minimum of cost, as they fed
largely on the forest mast which then abounded.
'Hie i)ro]»ortion of different kinds of live stock in
1.S39, as shown by the following census figures.
was: Hogs. 1.62.^/>08; sheep, 675,982; cattle,
619,980: horses and nuiUs, 241,0.^6.

It naturally followed that the leading crops
would be those for stock feeding, and accord-
inglv we Inid corn far in the lead with a total of
28.155.887 bushels.* The oats crop follows,
with a return of 5.981,605 l)ushels. Wheat comes
next with a yield of 4.049,.S75 lutshels, Laporte
county far in the lead, owing, it may be surmised,
to ship]>ing facilities from Michigan City. Rye,
buckwheat and barley figured among the cereals,
and the ])olaio crop amounted to 1,525,794 bush-
els, while hoj)S were cultivated to some extent,
particularly in Ripley county. The hay tonnage
amounted to 178,029, with Dearborn county lead-
ing, but flax, an important crop for fabrics in
earlier \ears. seems to have fallen ofl, as from
twenty-nine counties there are no returns at all.
Of wool there were 1,237,919 pounds, and this
l)robably supplanted flax in the manufactures of
the home loom, as these were still largely in ex-
cess of the factory ])roducts, being valued at
$1,289,802. Products of the dairy were valued at
$742,269, and those of the orchiird at $110,055.
Sugar, presumably all m;i])k', and which may
therefore be classed as a ])roducl of the forest,
amounted to .3,727,795 pounds in total output,
with Rush county far in the lead. The most sur-
prising crop was tobacco, of which not less than
sixty counties made returns, the aggregate growth
being 1,820,306 jjounds.

Agricultural Societies. — ( )ne sign n\ the in-
creased interest in agricultmal matters was the
passage of a law in 1835 for the encouragement
of county and townshi]) societies, and the crea-
tion of ;i .State r.o;ird of Agricultm-e. This lat-
ter institution seems not to have cut much figure,
and we bear little more about it,t but the local

• In 1837 D.ivirl n. Owfii, iIk- first St.itc geologist, s;ii.l of the
Wabash coimlry: "It is cmph.itically a corn country; ... so
soon as tlic Walinsti lioats get nut with their corn the southern
Stales become so fully supplied that it inime<liaUly .-ilTects the
whole grain market of the .South."

t The present Slate Hoard of Agriculture dates frmn 1852.

societies fiourished and were stimulating in their
effect. There had been an act to incorporate such
societies in 1829, and in 1835 Governor Noble
stated that "fairs and exhibitions have been held
and a spirit of emulation and generous competi-
tion has been superinduced, the happy eft'ects of
which are witnessed in the improved culture and
stock of many of the farms throughout the coun-
trv." The contemporary account of the first fair
of Marion county, held October 30-31. 1835,
bears out the governor's laudatory remarks. Of
live stock twenty-four classes were entered for
premiums. For some reason no premiums were
oft'ered for agricultural products, though the fol-
lowing year these figured liberally. Articles of
home manufacture, such as flannels, jeans, linen
and carpeting were encouraged, and also essays
on grasses and on the culture of mulberries and
the production of silk. The cash premiums
awarded amounted to $169.*

One object of this society w^as to promote
through its members the cultivation of some ar-
ticle for export, and the commodity decided on
was tobacco. By an article of its constitution the
requirement from each member was "the raising
of one hogshead, or 1,000 pounds, of tobacco, or
the cultivation of one acre in said article, or the
paying of one dollar in specie." Nothing note-
worthv came of this tobacco movement.

Growth of Schools. — At the end of the thir-
ties the ])ercentage of illiteracy was still large, it
being estimated that more than 72.000 of the
population could not read or write. The illiter-
ates in 1840 were about one in seven of the adult
l)opulation, and in 1850 the conditions, as to ra-
tio, were not improved. "More than sixty per
cent, of the State's children were not in school
a single day for the year 1846-47," we are told,
and universal free education, maintained by
taxes was as yet but a dream of the advanced
few, although the school fund in 1849 was esti-
mated at $1,890,215.08. To the list of private
schools of the academy, seminary and small-col-
lege class, more than thirty were added during
the decade. In higher education the Catholics
established the University of Notre Dame, at
South Bend, in 1842, and the Baptist school, es-
tablished at Franklin, Johnson county, in 1837.
became Franklin College in 1845. The libraries

Ind. Journal, Oct. 16, 1835.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

109

of the State other than private numbered 151,
with a total of 68,403 vohimes.

MISCELLANEOUS DEVELOPMENTS

Newspapers. — By the federal census there
existed in Indiana in 1840, seventy-three news-
papers, sixty-nine of which were weeklies and
four semi- or tri-weeklies. Three "periodicals,"

work and the first geological survey of the State
was made in 1837 and 1838, Owen submitting a
report for each of these years. The record of
these may be found in the Documentary Journal
for 1838, and both were subsequently published
in one volume, as the "Report of a Reconnais-
sance of the State of Indiana." After this the
office of geologist seems to have been discon-
tinued and the next we hear of it is in connection

Becks' Mill, Washington County. The first mill on this site was built of logs in 1808. The building shown in
the picture was erected in 1861 and was used to grind flour as late as 1905. It is now used mainly to crush
grain for feed.

presumably literary papers, had also appeared
upon the tield, though what these three publi-
cations were is now probably lost to human
knowledge.

Geological Department. — In 1836 the first
step was taken looking toward a geological sur-
i vey of the State by a joint resolution proposing
to Ohio and Kentucky a joint survey. Nothing
came of this, and a law of February 6, 1837,
authorized the Governor to appoint a State Ge-
ologist at a salary not exceeding $1,500 per year,
with an additional sum not exceeding $250 for
expenses. David Dale Owen, a son of Robert
Owen, of New Harmonv. was secured for the

with the State Board of Agriculture in the earl\
fifties.

Increase of Official Salaries. — The first in-
crease of official salaries was made by a law of
1837, which set the following schedule: Gov-
ernor, $1,500 per year; judges of superior court,
$1,500 each; presidents of circuit courts. $1,000
each ; members of the General Assembly. S3 per
(lav for each day's attendance and $3 for every
twenty-five miles traveled "b\- the most usual
road."

New State House. — From 1825 to 1834 the
Legislatures held their sessions in the Marion
counlv ccnn-thouse, l)Ut by 1830 these ([uarters

110

(■i-:.\Ti:xxi.\]. HisTr)Ry axd handbook of ixdiaxa

Ijej^'.'iii to l)f too rcstrictcHl for the State's l)usiness.
The Legislature tfiok the first step toward build-
ing' a new cajtiiol by an act of February 10. 1831.
I'lans were advertised for, to inchide Senate ami
Rei^resentativc- ehambers and quarters for the
Supreme Court. Secretary of State. Auditor of
State, State Library. Law Library, six committee
rooms and six clerk's rooms. The contract was
,<,Mven to Ithiel Town and Andrew J. Davis. New
\<.rk architects of hij^h standing', and the work
of construction was begun in 1832 and finished
in time for the Le^jislature of 1835-6. The total
co-t of the buildin.ij was restricted to $60,000.*

Change in Taxing System. — In 1835 a change
w.i'- made in the taxing system. Prior to that
land was classed as first, second and third rate.

• Sec p. 89.

The new law provided for an appraisement based
on actual market value. Buildings were also ap-
praised ; there was added to the taxables a long
list of chattels, including household articles, and
business capital, corporation stock and money at
interest were included. A poll tax was fixed of
37^.^ cents for State and 37y2 cents for county
for each male citizen over twenty-one years of
age (Laws of 1835).

Improvement in Housing. — The extent to
which the typical log cabin of pioneer days was
being supplanted by brick, stone and frame
houses is indicated by the following statistics.
The total number of brick and stone houses in
1840 was 346, and of "wooden," presumably;
frame, 4,270. Of the former kind Marion 1
county led with 35. All but sixteen counties re-i
turned frame buildings. Green leading with 344.

I'""l of \\';iItin.iM Mill, I'.KUMi ( omiiy, l)etvveon Heimsburg and Nasliville.

CHAPTER XII

1840 TO 1850— CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT
DURING DECADE

The State's Financial Dilemma. — While the
■general suspension of the public works in 1839
idid not quite banish the hope that, somehow, the
jsystem would be completed, it proved to be the
final collapse of the governmental scheme. For
;a few years the State continued to operate and
slowly extend the Wabash and Erie canal, but
the returns from it did not balance the expenses.

The aftermath of the disastrous business fell
(heaviest upon the next decade, and on Governors
Bigger and Whitcomb and the Legislature of
their administrations devolved the perplexing
task of extricating, as best they could, the com-
monwealth from financial ruin and discredit. An
official report made in 1842 shows a disgraceful
tangle of afifairs. Out of a bond issue of $15,-
000,000, "$4,000,000 was represented by worth-
less securities," and $2,000,000 had been "em-
bezzled by various State officers and agents."
The interest on the public debt was far greater
than the State could keep up, from 1840 it accu-
mulated, adding to the principal at an appalling
rate, and how Indiana was ever going to take
care of her enormous obligation was not appar-
ent. In the face of this desperate outlook it is
hardly surprising, perhaps, that a disposition to
throw over the most galling part of the burden
by repudiation should have cropped out. Just
how widely such a disposition actually prevailed
among the rank and file is not clearly traceable,
but it is generally implied by our historians that
at this crisis the State narrowly escaped that blot
ion her fair name.

The Butler Bill Compromise. — The way of
fat least partial escape from this dilemma opened
Lip by a compromise which in 1846 took form in
what is known as the "Butler Bill." The holders
;of the State's bonds, whose interest was now far
in arrears, employed a New York attorney,
Charles Butler, to visit Indiana and efifect some
settlement with the Legislature. The settlement
iigreed upon was that the bondholders who

wished could become part owners of the Wabash
and Erie canal and its unsold lands and acquire
a lien on its earnings. More specifically, one
could surrender his bonds and receive for each
$1,000 two $500 certificates of stock. One of
these would be canal stock and the other State
stock. The former had back of it the canal prop-
erty, and the latter was to be taken care of by a
tax levy (Benton). A part of the agreement was
that out of the sales of the remaining lands the
canal was to be completed to Evansville. The
State was to still retain a supervisory interest,
and the property was to be put into the hands of
three trustees, two to be appointed by the cred-
itors and one by the State.

This compromise was embodied in a long bill
of thirty-five sections, covering many complicated
points, which became a law January 19, 1846,
after considerable opposition that seems to have
had no reason other than petty politics.* It did
not prove satisfactory to the creditors, and after
another fight Butler secured in 1847 the passage
of another long bill amending the first.

The result of this compromise legislation was
that the State luckily escaped from one-half of
its internal improvement debt, thus cutting it to
$6,732,880 (Esarey). This reduction enabled the
State to save itself, but the rest of the debt re-
mained a heavy burden for years. The result to
the creditors was that they got what they could
out of a bad situation. Eventually they suffered
loss that brought, in many cases, ruin and dis-
tress, for the canal, after continuing in operation

* A letter from Butler to his wife during his legislative cam-
paign (see History of Union Theological Seminary) gives an in-
teresting glimpse of his difficulties. "The prospects," he says,
"are altogether discouraging, and almost everybody says that noth-
ing can be done. Politicians are afraid to move. It is really
amazing to see what a paralysis hangs upon this people.
The governor is a prominent candidate for the United States
Senate and dare not open his mouth as he should, lest it might
affect his election to that office. . . . My mission is a hard
one and no mistake. . . . It is certain that if the question
is not now settled it never will be; the people will go into re-
pudiation."

Ill

ci-:xTi:.\".\rAf, !H.->torv and iiaxdp.ook of Indiana

for a tew year.- ua- kilk-.l h\ the incoiiiin,i,^ rail-
roads, l-'inally, in 1S77. it ua.s -oM b\ order of
eourt for the heiietit of the 1)oiidhol<lcrs, who
"received from tlie sale about 9-j l)er cent, of
their investment"' ( Renlon ). The work was
completed to the ( )hio river at ICvansville in
1S52, after a lon^ series of misfortunes and set-
backs, but the part from Tcrrc Haute down
proved worse than i.rotitless. the cost bein.i,'' tar
in excess of returns.

■■'I'luis closed the story of the old W abash and
I'rie. 'I'lie Slate and bondholders had exi)ended.
all told. $8,259,244. They had received from
Lands and tolls. $5,477, 2.v^. A magnificent land
grant by the federal government had been squan-
dered. The tot.al amount of land donated was
\A^7.M)C) acres, or 2.277 sections; an area equal
to the five largest counties or the ten smallest.
This was twice as much as the whole donation
for the common schools" (h'sarey).

< )f this canal in its relation to the commerce
;ind po])ulation of the State we will speak in an-
other section. ( See next page. )

Completion of Whitewater Canal. — As part
oi the State system the White water canal was
completed from i.awrenceburg to llrookville. the
first boat between those points arriving at Brook-
ville June 8. 1839 (James M. Miller). In 1842
it was sold to Henry S. X'allette. a capitalist of

< incinnati. It reached Laurel in 1843, Conners-
ville in 1845 and boats were running to Cam-
bridge tity by 1846. For the Whitewater val-
ley and tor each of its towns as thev became, in
lurn. heads of n.avigation, the canal made an era
ot prosperity, t ambridge City, we are told, be-
came ;i shipping port for 1 lenry, l\andol])h and
hel.iware counties .in well as for Wa\ne ;ind
norther;) ku-b, and P)rookville am! Laurel drew
wheat. liogN and other agricultural exports for
m;my miles to the west, north ;ind east. In 1S47
a I l.a.Ljersiown <-ompany coiuiiiued the canal to
lh.it town, but not nuuh profit w.as derived from
the extension ( ^■ounl;'s \\a\iie (ountv).

The beginiiini^ of the <lecadence of the \\ hile-
w.ater c;m.il w.is the damage done bv two disas-
trous Moods in 1847. which <lainage. it was esti-
mated. ainouiUed In not less (h.in $18().():K).

< Mher dis.isirrs fulluwed. .and the fuLil one. so
tar ;is ih,' cm.d w,is concerned. w;is its s.ile in
'•""^''•^ '" '1" Wliileu.itrr \:i!lev U;iilro;id ( om
p.in\. whi.li p.ir.dl.L'.j il,v ,|it>-l) wuli ;. r;iilro;id.

DEVELOPMENT OF BENEVOLENT IN-
STITUTIONS

The first benevolent institutions other than
county asylums for the poor, date from this
decade. In article nine of the constitution there
was a provision for asylums "for those persons'
who by reason of age, infirmity or other misfor-
tunes may have a claim upon the aid and benefi-
cence of society on such principles that such per-
sons may therein find employment and every
reasonable comfort, and lose, by their usefulness,
the degrading sense of dependence." It was fif-l
teen years until this took shape in county infirm-i
aries for the indigent and twenty-eight years un-[
til it included in its broadened scope unfortunatesi
other than paupers. The deaf and dumb, thej
blind and the insane all became the objects of.
State aid at this period.

School for the Deaf and Dumb. — This insti-
ttition was the first to receive consideration,
when the Legislature of 1842-3 laid a "tax of
two mills on each one hundred dollars' worth of
])roperty in the State for the purpose of support-
ing a deaf and dumb asylum." The first form of
this support w^as an appropriation of $200 to one
James IMcLean, who was conducting a small
school in Parke county. Then William Willard.
attracted by the tax levy, established a school in
Indianapolis, in 1844, and at the beginning of its
second session this school was taken over by theJ
State. Between 1844 and 1849 the attendance}
increased from 16 to 99. Tuition and board
were furnished free to deaf-mutes of the State'
between the ages of ten and thirty years, the edu-
cation including the teaching of a trade. The
large building for the school east of the city,;
which served for more than fifty years, was first!
occupied October 2, 1850. The original cost wa^
S.iO.OfX), but it was subsec|uently added to. !

School for the Blind. — The desirability oi
some i)rovision tor the educatioi of blind chil-
dren was first brought to the attention of the
Legislature and the people in 1844 through the
zeal of James Af. Ray. a public-spirited citizen of
Indianapolis. Mr. R.ay had witnessed in Louis-!
\ille ;m exhibition of children from the Ken-,
tucky school for the blind under the charge of
W illi.nn IT. Churchman, a blind instructor, and
b\ iiuit.ilion of l\ay, ^Ir. Churchman broughtj
his pupils to Indianapolis and gave an exhibition;

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

113

for the benefit of our Legislature. The result
was the levying of a tax of two mills on the hun-
dred for educational aid to the blind. In the be-
ginning it was proposed to send Indiana children
to the Kentucky and Ohio schools, pending the
establishment of our own institution, paying
their tuition out of the tax levy, but when the
pupils were advertised for there were only five
applicants, all told. Then Mr. Churchman, as
one experienced in the business, was secured to
take the work in hand. In the fall of 1846 he
personally canvassed the State, traveling about
1,520 miles through thirty-six counties, and as a

of 1843, by Dr. John Evans, an authority on
mental diseases. That address was part of a leg-
islative plan for gathering information on the
subject, and the following session a law was
passed authorizing a special levy of one cent on
each hundred dollars for the establishment of
an asylum. One hundred and sixty acres just
west of Indianapolis were purchased and a build-
ing for the accommodation of 200 patients was
ready for occupancy in 1848. The total original
cost was estimated at $72,069.

Enlargement of State Prison. — The State's
prison at Jeffersonville, which dated from 1822,

i^r^l^^ti/'^*^,

The First "Crazy Asylum." Built in Indianapolis in the early thirties. It was located in the southwest section
of the block bounded by Alabama, New York, Ohio and New Jersey streets. The buildings had been orig-
inally occupied by early settlers. — From sketch by C. Schroder.

result twenty pupils were enlisted and placed in
ithe institutions of the above-named States, at a
,cost of $100 each. In 1847 our own school was
established, with Mr. Churchman at its head, on
a salary of $800 per year. The term began with
only nine pupils, but these increased to thirty the
first year. The entire equipment of books and
apparatus cost but a little over a hundred dollars
rand the total expense of that year was a little
more than $6,000. The building which, with
some additions, still stands, was first occupied in
1853. Its cost was about $68,000.*

Hospital for the Insane. — The first legis-
lative step toward the establishment of an asylum
for the insane followed an address in December

For sketch of William H. Churchman and his work for the
! blind of Indiana see Ind. Mag. Hist., vol. x, p. 77.

was rebuilt and much enlarged in the early for-
ties. Its outer wall of brick, thirty inches thick
and twenty-eight feet high, covered an area of
about four acres. Within this enclosure were
guard-house, cell-house, workshops, ware and
store houses, grist-mill and a hospital. The aver-
age number of prisoners from 1840 to 1850 was
133 (Merrill's and Fisher's gazetteers).

WABASH AND ERIE CANAL AND COM-
MERCIAL DEVELOPMENT

The greatest developing factor in the State
during this period was the Wabash and Erie
canal. It not only gave access to the fertile
Wabash valley, the choicest portion of the State,
but by opening up a new and direct water route

114

CKXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

to tiic l-:ast in way of Lake l-.rie and the Erie
canal of New ^'ork. hut it hroiight iirto the State
a new and distinct tide ot' immi.ifration that gave
its character to the i.npulalion of the northern
counties. These counties that bordered on the
canal increased in population much more rapidly
than counties oft the line that, in some cases, of-
fered far better natural advantages (Benton),
and land values, of course, were enhanced ac-
c(jrdingly. It gave a vast impetus to agriculture,
which heretof(jre had virtually no market. Large
farms, we are told, began to take the place of
small clearings; imjjroved farm machinery began
to be introduced, and the crops to pay for it all
found their way eastward in large quantities.
In 1844. says Benton. 5.262 bushels of corn
l)assed through Toledo, increasing in 1846 to
555,250 bushels and in 1851 to 2,775,149 bushels.
This is but a consi)icuous example of various
agricultural exports, the shipments of wheat and
flour being also very heavy. A broad belt of
country extending uj) and down the river and
extending over "thirty-eight counties in Indiana
and nearly nine counties in Illinois" was tribu-
tary to the canal, and not only farm stuiTs but
stone from the quarry, lumber from the forest
and other bulky raw material in large quantities
sought cheap transportation to the market that
was now made possible. Of the magnitude of
the trade we get some idea from the statement
that in a single day in 1844 four hundred wagons
unloaded at Lafayette and that "it was a com-
mon occurrence to see as many as four or
five hundred teams in that place . . un-

loading grain to the canal." This export business
begat a trade in ini])orts and the returning boats
bore westward. bcNides the immigrants and their
possessions, merc-bandise of all kinds, the shi})-
ments of sah alone amounting in 1851 to 88,191
bari'els.

The incrt'.ise of ixipulaiioii and wealth gave
rise to new towns all alnni; the route, and created
new industries. Ilie lenlinL; of water ])ower
trom the t;inal was one of tlie sources of reve-
nui-, and lumierous mills of \;irious kinds sprang
up, a> ilid .also i^iiiiii ele\ators, shops, ware-
iiouses .and other est.dilisbnients resulting from
increasing Ir.ide .and seeking shipi)ing facilities.
I his business prosperity in turn develoi)ed soci.il
features th.at wi.nld fnniisb ]K(adi.ail\ (|u,aiiit .and
liter,ales(|ne ni.aleii.al \i>y {]\v storv-wiatiT. Peo-

ple began to travel, not only because there was a
growing class who could aflford to, but because
the new passenger transportation by boat was a
luxury compared with travel by coach over rough
wilderness roads. Passenger packets, less bulky
and more speedy than the freight boats, ap-
peared, and these, hauled at a sharp trot, could
make, under favorable conditions, about eight
miles an hour. Of pleasant summer weather the
travelers, lolling about the roomy decks of the
smoothly gliding packet, played games, con-
versed, sang in chorus or otherwise cultivated the
social amenities as it fitted their holiday mood.
At the locks where the boats were delayed ro-
mantic couples could stroll on ahead, if they
wanted to, gathering wild flowers as they went.
The approach to a town was heralded by a
great blowing of the boat's horn that brought
out the townsmen, and at dock the two crowds,
mingling, fraternized genially and exchanged in-
formation till the boat's horn again gave warn-
ing of departure.

This, however, was not the only side of the
picture, for we have other accounts of stuffy
cabins, wretched food, millions of mosquitoes
that had to be fought all night, and pestilential,
miasmatic vapors. Notwithstanding these draw-
backs, however, people in the Wabash valley
moved about as they never had since their resi-
dence there. This brought the isolated rural life
that much nearer to the social life of the town,
and that it had its educative effects is a safe sur-
mise.

This canal era, while it was most conspicuous
in the forties by reason of its having no competi-
tor north of the Ohio river, as a great highway,
continued to increase in its freight transportation
till 1856, when it reached its maximum with 308,-
667 tons. After that it waned year by year, un-
able to hold its owni against the competing rail-
roads, especially the Toledo & Wabash, which
paralleled it as far down as Lafayette. Of this
the State's creditors, wdio had taken over the
canal, bitterh- complained, the granting of fran-
chises to comi)etitive utilities, they maintained,
being a breach of honor, since they, the creditors,
had accc]'»ted the canal in good faith as a prop-
erty of value and as an earnest of the State's de-
sire to make good its debt.

With all the seeming prosperity of the Wabash
.and bait' durini-- the score or so vears in which

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

115

'it flourished, its great value was as an incidental
developing factor. As a paying investment it
jwas a failure, because during the winter season
its traffic was suspended and because of the heavy
.expenses for repairs. In many places through
ithe lowlands the canal was built up instead of
'being excavated. That is, it ran between stretches
lof levees or dikes and the springing of a leak
;through these not infrequently resulted in a
(washout which would empty the ditch, leaving

40,000 less than the increase of the last pre-
ceding decade, and the falling off was largely
due, doubtless, to the State's heavy debt. In
1841 that debt in its totality amounted to $15,-
088,146; there was no prospect of any equiva-
lent returns, and the affairs of the commonwealth
generally were not such as to invite citizenship.
Hence of the great tide of immigration pouring
westward by way of the National road much
that might have stopped here passed on to re-

Neals' Mill on Eel River, near Clay City. This was one of the stations of the "Underground Railroad," used
for the purpose of hiding fugitive slaves during the early '50s. — Photograph by Bert Wccdon.

ooats, freight and passengers stranded in the
nud until the breach was repaired and the canal
•e-fiUed. Floods had their dangers, and in 1844
(he liberated contents of a mill-dam broke
■;hrough adjacent levees so swiftly that a packet
ooat, the Kentucky, was carried bodily through
!;he gap into the river bottom and broken to
l^ieces among the trees, three passengers being
drowned.

STATISTICAL SURVEY

I Population. — The population during this dec-
ide grew from 685,866 in 1840 to 988,416 in
1850. This increase of 302,550 was more than

gions farther west. Of the aberrant classes there
were estimated, in 1850, to be 81 convicts, 861
paupers, 278 blind, 517 deaf and dumb and 1,059
insane persons and idiots.

Agriculture. — During the decade about one-
fourth of the total area of the State, or 5,019,-
822 acres, was farmed, and the assessed value
of farm lands was $128,325,552. There was a
general and pronounced increase of agricultural
wealth, in both produce and live stock. The
staple crop of corn, for example, advanced from
28,155,887 bushels in 1840, to 52,877.564 bushels
in 1850, and swine increased by nearly a million
head. The farmers' long-standing problem of

116

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

getting to the larger markets was vastly helped
out by three transportation outlets of great
value — the Madison & Indianapolis railroad, the
Whitewater canal and the Wabash and Erie
canal. The railroad was a crude affair, by the
modern standard, with its strap rails, and its di-
minutive locomotives and cars, but in capacity
and speed it was a marvelous advance over the
old, laborious teaming. As the road slowly crept
northward its business increased, and by the
time it reached Indianapolis, in 1847, it was en-
tering upon a fat prosperity.

What the Madison & Indianapolis railroad
was to the south-central part of the State the
Whitewater canal was to the Whitewater valley
and the Wabash and Erie canal was to the Wa-
bash region, as set forth in a previous section.

Church Statistics. — In 1850 the religious de-
nominations in the State had multiplied to six-
teen, besides sundry minor sects, with a total
membership of 709,655, and with 2,032 churches.
The church property was valued at $1,529,585.
The Methodists were far in the lead with 778
churches and 266,372 members. The Baptists
came second with 138,783 members and the
Presbyterians third with 105,582, followed in
order of strength by the Christian, with 65,341 ;
Friends, 60,355; Roman Catholic, 25,115; Lu-
theran, 19,050; Moravian, 18,250; Episcopal, 7,-
300; Universalist, 5,050; Tunker, 3,000; Free,
2,750; Congregational, 1,400; Dutch Reform,
1,275; Union, 1,250; German Reform, 1,150;
Unitarian, 250 ; minor sects, 2,822. As compared
with previous periods, Catholicism had spread
rapidly during this decade, there being in 1849
upward of 63 churches distributed over 35 coun-
ties, Franklin county leading in membership.
They also supported a theological seminary at
Vincennes.

Increase of Professions. — While agriculture
was still far in the ascendency as compared with
other industries, there was by 1850 a large in-
crease in the number of professions and trades,
the census list showing nearly 200 of these.

MEXICAN WAR PERIOD

From the spring of 1846 to the middle of 1848
Indiana, along with the rest of the country, suf-
fered the distraction incident to war. Eight days
after the declaration of hostilities with Mexico

(May 13) Governor Whitcomb received a
requisition for three regiments of volunteers and
on May 22 he issued a proclamation calling for
this quota. The military conditions of the day
and the response to the call are thus set forth in
"Indiana in the Mexican War," a collection of
documents compiled in 1908 by Adjutant-General
Oran Perry :

Military Conditions. — "At the outbreak of
the Mexican war the martial spirit of the people
of the State was at the lowest ebb. There wasl
no State organization of militia, no arms, no}
equipment, and apparently not a soldier in sight.
The probability of war and the necessity of pre-
paring for it had occurred to the minds of but
few. The position of adjutant-general was
looked upon as a compliment, a peg on which to
hang a title. He was paid a salary of $100 per
annum, provided his own office, fuel and sta-
tionery, and was blissfully ignorant of every de-
tail of the position. Fortunately for the reputa-
tion of the State the incumbent, General David
Reynolds, was a man of superior executive abil-
ity, dauntless in all emergencies, a tireless
worker and blessed with an abundance of com-
mon sense, which largely oft'set his lack of ex-
perience. His success in rapidly organizing the
State's quota for the war had no parallel at that
time, and in 1847 a grateful Legislature recog-
nized the fact by adding $150 to his salary for
that year.

"At that time there was but one railroad in the
State, running between Madison and Edinburg.
There were but few improved highways and no
telegraphs. All communication was by mail,
mostly carried by men on horseback and over
bad roads. There were no daily papers, the press
services being rendered by small weekly sheets,
one or two to the county."

Governor's Proclamation; Response of the
People. — "In spite of these handicaps the war
news traveled fast. The governor issued his
proclamation on the 22d of May and the ad-
jutant-general his General Order No. 1 of the
Fourth of July, directing the companies to as-
semble at the rendezvous (old Fort Clark, be-
tween Jeffersonville and New Albany) as soon
as possible by the shortest route, and at their
own expense for transportation and subsistence.

118

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

"As if by magic the roads were filled with
marching men, helped on by patriotic farmers,
who furnished teams for transportation and
whose kind-hearted wives fed the hungry volun-
teers. Notwithstanding these drawbacks the con-
centration was quickly made, and by the 10th of
June, nineteen days after the call, thirty com-
panies had reported at camp and been mustered
into service, while an overflow of twenty-two
companies reported from their home stations,
clamoring for acceptance.

"No less remarkable than the uprising of vol-
unteers was the patriotic action of the banks in
volunteering to supply the governor with the
needful funds and take the chance of reimburse-
ment by the State or general government, and
this at a time when the State was almost hope-
lessly in debt."

Indiana Regiments ; Battle of Buena Vista. —
Indiana sent, all told, about 5,000 men into the
field, the three regiments in response to the first
requisition being followed in 1847 by the fourth
and fifth. This number included also 326 who
joined the United States regiment of mounted
riflemen.

At the battle of Buena Vista the disorderly
retreat from the field of the second regiment
fixed a stigma on the name of Indiana that long
remained. This disrepute was but one illustra-
tion of the truth that the judgments of the world
are not based on either charity or reason. The

facts seem to be that comparatively a handful of
raw recruits were fronted by an overwhelming
force of the enemy ; that there was a confusion
of orders ; that those who started the retreat
thought they were doing so under order. Some
were rallied and led anew to the fight under the
colors of another regiment, and that some, under
the circumstances, were panic-stricken beyond
rallying was no earthly reason why the charge of
dishonor should be visited upon a State.

The Part of Politics. — A feature of the Mexi-
can service not to be overlooked is the fact that
here, as elsewhere, according to one writer
(Esarey) petty politics played their part at the
expense of efficiency. "Indiana," we are told,
"had competent men trained for war, but through
political juggling not one of them was called into;
service. Of the three colonels and one brigadier-
general, not one could have led a company
through the manual of arms." This is the sin-j
ister evil that crops out all along the line of our
political history, and one wonders if the common,
sense of the people will ever take home the les-
son that it teaches.

The published roster of Indiana troop's with
accompanying brief data (see "Indiana in the
Mexican War") shows a loss by death of 542.
The mortality from disease and exposure was
heavy, though statistics do not give the propor-;
tion. Another detriment to the State was a de-
lay in the federal improvement of rivers, har-
bors and the National road, on account of a de-
pleted treasury.

CHAPTER XIII

PERIOD FROM 1850 TO 1860

Developments of Decade. — The conspicuous
developments of this decade were the adoption
of a new State constitution ; the beginning of a

(transportation system that was to revolutionize
the economics of the State, and the marked ad-
vancement by agitation and legislation of a gen-
eral system of public schools. A change in the

[banking system, the establishment of a State fair
and a permanent agricultural society are also

j notable features of the period.

THE NEW CONSTITUTION

Constitutional Provisions for Change. —

The framers of the constitution of 1816, recog-
nizing the uncertainties of it as an instrument for
future years and future conditions, provided that
"every twelfth year after this constitution shall
have taken effect . . . there shall be a poll
opened in which the qualified voters of the State
shall express by vote whether they are in favor
of calling a convention or not." If a majority fa-
vored it, then provision was to be made by law
for an election of delegates who, when met,
should have the power to revise, amend or change
the constitution, with the one restriction that no
alteration should ever sanction slavery in the
State.

This twelfth-year proviso gave rise to consid-
erable argument before the adoption of another
constitution, some maintaining that it should be
followed strictly, as the fundamental law, while
others held that the Legislature had the right to
submit the question to the people whenever de-
sired. As a matter of fact the proviso was not
followed strictly. Esarey calls attention to the
fact that as early as 1822 a law directed that at
the next election the voter should indicate on the
bottom of his ballot whether or not he favored
calling a convention. In 1828, the end of the
first twelve years, the vote was taken on the
question, but evidently there was little interest
in it for only ten out of fifty-eight counties were
heard from, and these voted almost two to one
against it. When the referendum was again ex-
ercised, in 1840, fourteen counties out of sixty-

nine made no returns, and the fifty-five that did
vote stood overwhelmingly against the proposi-
tion. Nevertheless the minority sentiment for
a change was growing more urgent, for six years
later another vote was taken which gave a ma-
jority of those cast on the question in favor of
the convention. It was not, however, a majority
of the total vote and the election of delegates was
not held. Three years later it was tried again.
Hitherto a large percentage of the voters had
refrained from voting at all on the convention
question and the attempt was now made to catch
these non-voters by a provision in the law direct-
ing the inspector of election to verbally put to
each one, as he presented his ballot, the query :
"Are you in favor of a convention to amend the
constitution?" The answer was recorded by the
clerk of election in a special poll book. Even
by this unusual method the special vote fell short
of the total by more than 10,000, but the required
majority for the convention was gained and a
law for the election of delegates was passed on
January 3, 1850.* It may be noted that this ref-
erendum was three years before the twelfth year
as specified in the constitution.

Reasons for Change. — The argument for sup-
planting the old constitution was that under it
certain conditions had sprung up that in time be-
came evils. Chief of these was legislation of a
purely local or even personal character. Divorces,
special privileges to individuals, the incorpora-
tion of towns and the improvements of local roads
were some of the matters that absorbed the
legislative energy to the exclusion of general and
important business. The General Assembly, we
are told, "was constantly being beset to pass hun-
dreds of such personal and local acts," until "the
local laws became six or seven times more
voluminous than the general laws" (Woodburn).
Under the old regime the Legislature met each
year and it was thought that every other year
would do as well and be much less expensive. The
old constitution did not impose restrictions on
the creation of public debt, and the evil of that

J. A. Woodburn, Ind. Magazine of History, vol. x, p. 237.

119

120

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

was apparent after the colossal plunging of the
State in 1836. Also, the appropriating of public
funds needed a stricter safeguard. These were
among the reasons specified by Governor Whit-
comb in his message of 1848. Other reasons that
existed were that there should be opportunity for
a more general banking law ; that judges and the
State officers should be elected by the people in-
stead of being appointed by the governor, as the
judges were, or elected by the General Assembly
as were the secretary, auditor and treasurer ; that
the appointive power of the governor should be
curtailed. Also, the court system was unsatis-
factory and court practice costly.

The Convention. — The second constitutional
convention met in Indianapolis October 7, 1850,
with 150 delegates,* among whom were a num-
ber of men whose names were, or afterward be-
came, well known in our political history. Ex-
Governor David Wallace, Schuyler Colfax,
Thomas A. Hendricks, Robert Dale Owen, W.
S. Holman, Alvin P. Hovey, William McKee
Dunn and William H. English are, perhaps, the
ones best remembered to-day. The convention
spent eighteen weeks at its work and was the
great event of the day. One writer speaks of it
as "an eighteen weeks' course in political science
for the citizens of the State," and both press and
people showed a lively interest in the work as it
progressed. When the new constitution was
completed it was not only published abroad by
the newspapers but 50,000 copies in English and
5,000 in German were printed for distribution.
At the next election, which was in August of
1851, it was submitted to the people for ratifica-
tion and it was approved by a majority of 85,-
592. It went into operation November 1, 1851,
and in the transition there was no noticeable dis-
arrangement in the machinery of government.
The cost of the convention was $85,043.82 (Es-
arey).

Changes Effected. — The principal changes
brought about by the new constitution were those
indicated above. The nuisance of special legisla-
tion was corrected by the following section ol
article four :

"Section 22. The General Asscmlily shall not pass
local or special laws in any of the following enumerated
cases, that is to say :

"Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of
the peace and of consta1)les ;

•There were 42 delegates in the convention of 1816.

"For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors;

"Regulating the practice in courts of justice;

"Providing for changing the venue in civil and crim-
inal cases ;

"Granting divorces ;

"Changing the names of persons;

"For laying out, opening and working on highways,
and for the election or appointment of supervisors ;

"Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public
squares ;

"Summoning and impaneling grand and petit juries
and providing for their compensation ;

"Regulating county and township business ;

"Regulating the election of county and township
officers and their compensation ;

"For the assessment and collection of taxes for State,
county, township or road purposes ;

"Providing for supporting common schools, and for
the preservation of school funds ;

"In relation to fees or salaries ; except that the laws
may be so made as to grade the compensation of officers
in proportion to the population and the necessary serv-
ices required ;

"In relation to interest on money;

"Providing for opening and conducting elections of
State, county or township officers, and designating the
places of voting;

"Providing for the sale of real estate belonging to
minors or other persons laboring under legal disa-
bilities, by executors, administrators, guardians or
trustees."

This rather lengthy list of negative provisions
indicates the variety of special legislation that
had sprung up under the old constitution, and to
further guard against such misuse of the legis-
lative power another section specifies that "all
laws shall be general and of uniform operation
throughout the State."

By the old constitution the number of legis-
lators was fixed by the General Assembly and
was to vary with the voting population. In the |
House there were to be not less than twenty-five '
nor more than thirty-six so long as the number i
of voters was less than 22,000. The number in
the Senate was to be not less than one-third nor
more than one-half of that in the House. In the
new instrument the Senate was not to exceed fifty j
nor the House one hundred members. I

The secretary, auditor and treasurer of State |
were to be elected by the voters of the State for j
a uniform term of two years, whereas they had I
been elected by joint ballot of the General As- j
sembly, the secretary for four years and the
other two for three years. '

Among the changes in the judiciary was the
jiopular election of judges instead of appointment
by the governor. Under the old system the State
was divided into three circuits, and the circuit
courts were under the jurisdiction of a president
and two associate judges. These latter were ^
local officials elected by the voters of their sev-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

121

eral counties, and they sat with the president
judge as he traveled the rounds of the circuit.
In the change they were done away with. There
was no constitutional hmit to the number of ju-
dicial circuits, and one judge was elected by the
voters of each circuit. The new instrument pro-
vided for the appointment of three commission-
ers to "revise, simplify and abridge the rules,
practice, pleadings and forms of the courts of
justice," and "for abolishing the distinct forms
of action at law now in use." A duty of these
commissioners was "to reduce into a systematic
code the general statute law of the State."

The safeguard against excessive State debt was
thus embodied (section 5, article x) : "No law
shall authorize any debt to be contracted on be-
half of the State, except in the following cases :
To meet casual deficits in the revenue ; to pay the
interest on the State debt ; to repel invasion, sup-
press insurrection, or, if hostilities be threat-
ened, provide for public defense." Section 1 of
article xiii also places a restriction upon the in-
debtedness of "political or municipal corpora-
tions," limiting such indebtedness to two per cent,
on the value of taxable property within the cor-
poration.

A drastic provision that was ratified in 1851
but stricken out in 1881 was one that "no negro
or mulatto shall come into, or settle in the State
after the adoption of this constitution." All con-
tracts made with any negro coming into the State
was to be void and any one who employed or
otherwise encouraged such negro to remain here
was subject to a fine of from $10 to $500 and
fines so collected were to be set apart and ap-
propriated to the colonization of negroes already
in the State who might be willing to emigrate.
The negro was explicitly forbidden all right of
suffrage.

Comment on the Constitution. — Logan Es-
larey, in his "History of Indiana," has this com-
.ment on the new constitution :

"Taken as a whole, it is not a great constitu-
tion. It sufifers by comparison with the one it
! displaced. Its departure from that instrument in
most cases are of very doubtful value. Its jus-
tification rests on the substitution of biennial for
f annual assemblies and abolishment of private and
local legislation. On the other hand its critics
rightly insist that the judiciary was weakened

and a vast field opened for sinister party
politics."

Whether or not one agrees with this estimate,
the fact remains that there seems to have been
considerable dissatisfaction with the new consti-
tution. Soon after its adoption there was agita-
tion for amendments, and in 1859 there was an
efl:"ort to bring about another convention or at
least secure a series of amendments. The ques-
tion of calling a convention was submitted to the
people at the regular election in October of the
year mentioned, but was voted down. In subse-
quent years there was further agitation and in
1881 sundry amendments went through, among
them the elimination of the provision forbidding
negroes coming into the State.

BANKING CHANGES

Passing of the Old State Bank; "Wildcat"
Banks. — The charter of the State Bank of In-
diana, which dated from 1834, ran till January
1, 1859. The State was a part owner in that
bank, but though the institution ranks well in our
history as a reputable one, objections to it had
sprung up. In the new constitution was inserted
a section forbidding the State to be a stockholder
in any bank after the expiration of the charter
then existing. There was also the provision that
no bank should be established otherwise than
under a general banking law, except that there
might also be chartered a bank with branches
without collateral security, the branches to be
mutually responsible for each other's liabilities
upon all paper credit issued as money. If the
General Assembly should enact a general law it
was to "provide for the registry and countersign-
ing, by an officer of State, of all paper credit de-
signed to be circulated as money ; and ample col-
lateral security, readily convertible into specie,
for the redemption of the same in gold or silver,"
was to be required, such collateral security to be
under the control of the proper officers of the
State.

The immediate result of this was a general law
authorizing "free banks," passed by the first
Legislature after the convention, and the "free
bank era" that followed would seem to be one
of the lessons of history. Within six months
after the passage of the law fifteen banks had

122

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

been organized and seventy- four others followed
(Esarey). In spite of the constitutional safe-
guards as to "ample collateral security" under the
control of State officers many of the bankers
were irresponsible adventurers and a goodly per-
centage of these seem to have been deliberate
rascals and grafters. According to one writer,
"a thousand or two of cash only was needed to
start a bank in those halcyon days of paper cur-
rency. All that was needed w^as enough to pay
for engraving the bills. An embryo banker
would go to New York with a thousand or two
dollars, order an engraver to make a plate and
print him $50,000 in bills. He would then visit
a broker and negotiate for $50,000 worth of the
bonds of some State. The next step was to send
the printed bills to the State auditor of Indiana
and instruct the broker to forward to the same
place the bonds negotiated for, to be paid for on
receipt at the auditor's office. The auditor would
countersign the new money, pay for the bonds,
and a new bank would be set going, and the en-
terprising banker would receive the interest on
the $50,000 worth of bonds. Thus one man, with
$10,000 in money, bought bonds and established
banks until he had in circulation $600,000 of
paper, and was drawing interest on that amount
of bonds" (W. H. Smith).

This may be drawing it a little strong so far
as the general conditions were concerned, but at
any rate the "wildcat" banks and the speculators
who made the most of them brought about a gen-
eral derangement of money affairs and the dis-
tress that goes with an inflated, depreciated cur-
rency.

Bank of the State of Indiana; Changes In-
volved.— This was the situation in 1855 when a
bill was passed chartering a new bank to be known
as the Bank of the State of Indiana. The State sus-
tained no relation to it, though its name conveys
the idea that it was a State bank. Conformably
witli article xi, section 2, of the constitution, it
was a Ixuik with branches that were mutually
responsil^le, but otherwise it was unrestricted.
There was considerable opposition to it by rea-
son of the possibilities for abuse that the charter
offered, and from the first there were charges
of chicanery and corrupt politics. Governor
Wright was bitterly opposed to it, and vetoed the
I)ill, but it was passed over his veto. In his mes-

sage of 1857 he attacked it anew in drastic lan-
guage. "The means and appliances brought to
bear to secure the passage of this charter," he
said, "would, if exposed to the public gaze, ex-
hibit the darkest page of fraud and corruption
that ever disgraced the Legislature of any
State." This severe arraignment, amplified by
further detailed charges, resulted in an investi-
gation by a select committee of the Senate. The
report of the examination of numerous witnesses
in the case make a good-sized book.* The con-
clusions of the committee were that there had
been chicanery and that the investigation
"clearly uncovers to the public gaze a fraudulent
and successful encroachment upon the rights of
the people. ... A great franchise of the
State," the report says, "which the constitution
intended to be granted only for the public good
and to be equally open to all, has been scrambled
for, won, and sold to the highest bidder." In
short, the committee thoroughly discredited the
bank as a colossal instrument of graft ("Bank
Frauds" report, pp. 432-436) and advanced ar-i
guments for the revocation of the charter, but
no such step was taken. Its management, after,
the stirring up, passed into good and competent:
hands, with the noted financier Hugh McCul-i
loch, as its president, and James M. Ray, one of i
the best citizens of Indianapolis, as cashier. It]
ran successfully until 1865, when it was sup-!
planted by the national banking system, most of,
its branches becoming national banks (W. H.i
Smith). Its branches were at Lima, Laporte,'
Plymouth, South Bend, Fort Wayne, Lafayette,.
Logansport, Indianapolis, Richmond, Conners-
ville, Rushville, Madison, Jeffersonville, New Al-
bany, Bedford, Vincennes, Terre Haute, Muncie
and Lawrenceburg (Esarey).

THE NEW EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT

Educational Status in Latter Forties. — Inj

spite of the constitutional provisions, the various]
school laws and the private seminaries, acad-l
emies and other schools that sprang up over thej
State the educational status in Indiana through-
out the period of the first constitution was very,
low. To cjuote Professor Boone ("Education in

* "Bank Frauds: Journal, Testimony and Reports." Pub-
lished by Joseph J. Bingham, 1857.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

123

Indiana") : "As yet [prior to 1849] there was no
system. . . . Elementary education was chiefly
conspicuous through neglect of it, while all other
was more or less antagonized. Free schooling
of any grade was thought by many to be danger-
ous to the State and subversive of the highest
individual good." Nor was this condition on
the mend, for whereas in 1840 the State stood
sixteenth in the scale of literacy "in less than
ten years it fell to the twenty-third place," and
among the free northern States it stood lowest.
About one in every seven was unable to read or
write, taking the State over, while some counties
reported one-third of their adults as illiterates.

Caleb Mills. — The most notable pioneer edu-
cator to wage a crusade against this benighted
condition was Caleb Mills, a New Hampshire man
and a graduate of Dartmouth college and An-
dover Theological Seminary, who came to Craw-
fordsville in 1833 to take charge of the school
that was to become Wabash college. It was not
until thirteen years later that he began his fa-
mous systematic campaign that entitles him to
an honored place among those who have truly
served Indiana.

Mills' "Messages." — The feature of this
"campaign" was a series of appeals to the Legis-
latures and to the constitutional convention which
extended over a period of six years. They be-
came known as "messages" to the Legislature by
"One of the People," the identity of Mills being
concealed under that signature. Presented as
the gratuitous or volunteer messages of a lay-
man on the one subject of education they ap-
peared in the Indiana State Journal in 1846, 1847,
1848, 1849, at the beginning of the legislative ses-
sions of those years. Four letters to the members
of the convention appeared in the Indiana States-
man in 1850, and the sixth and last "message"
was laid on the desks of the legislators of 1852 —
the first to convene under the new constitution.

In these various addresses Professor Mills
dealt with the problem of illiteracy and what it
meant to the State, dwelling analytically and ex-
haustively upon facts that previous Legislatures
had ignored. "Shall we," he asked, "dig canals
and build railroads to transport the products of
our rich soil to market, and leave the intellect of
the rising generation undeveloped and undis-
ciplined ? Is matter more valuable than mind ?
We have borrowed," he said, "millions for the

physical improvement of our State, but we have
not raised a dollar by ad valorem taxation to
cultivate the minds of our children." He cited
statistics to show the increased industrial effi-
ciency that resulted from education, and pointed
out the benefits from the viewpoint of material
prosperity alone. He also discussed the question
of ways and means — of resources and taxation
and methods, and made clear the inadequacies
of the existing system with its low standards, its
poor teachers and its lack of equipment. In
brief, he threshed out the question from every
side with the masterful power of an expert in a
field where experts were few, and his unwearying
persistence made an impression that was the be-
ginning of a new educational order. The effect
on Governor Whitcomb, indeed, was immediate,
and following Mills' first address he spoke for the
first time in his own message of the educational
needs. "One of the People" was widely read
and discussed, and by the time the last of the six
appeals was laid before the Legislature that body
thought enough of it to order 5,000 copies printed
for distribution.

Effect of the Addresses. — Mr. Charles W.
Moores* says that "the six messages have long
been considered the basis of the Indiana system
of common schools. Their influence, although
they were published anonymously, was felt at
once, and that influence is still a controlling one
in the educational growth of the State."

Contemporary with these addresses and largely
inspired by them, seemingly, there sprang up a
general agitation of the educational question. On
May 26, 1847, there was a school convention
held at Indianapolis which was in session for
three days and in connection with which we find
the names of a number of well-known citizens of
the State. This was the first of a series of such
meetings which worked on public sentiment, and
helped clear the way against ignorance and the
opposition of false notions for a better law,
which finally, in 1849, found its way into the stat-
ute book. The distinctive feature of this law
was that it authorized, for the first time, a direct
and general tax levy for the support of public
schools, whereas previously the reliance had been
on the inadequate returns from the permanent

* "Caleb Mills and the Indiana School System," by Charles
W. Moores; Ind. Hist. Soc. publications, vol. iii. The fullest
and best study we have of this chapter in our educational his-
tory.

124

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

school fund. It also changed the machinery of
school administration, as organized, and intro-
duced more of a system.*

The free school principle which, under the old
constitution, was subject to the shifting notions
of public opinion and of successive Legislatures,
was fixed in the new constitution by a mandatory
provision that there should be "a general and
uniform system of common schools, wherein tui-
tion shall be without charge, and equally open
to all." This was an immense advance gained
by the advocates of free and universal education,
and one step toward the "general and uniform
system" was the further provision for election
by the voters of the State of a State superintend-
ent of public instruction as head of the whole
educational plan.

Law^ of 1852; Beginning of New Regime. —
The first Legislature under the new constitution,
that of 1852, passed a law that went a step
farther in the direction of a uniform and efftcient
system, though in the general re-arrangement
under new conditions it had many problems to
contend with. It has been said that "the dawn
of our present common school system began in
1852. . . . The law embodied the principle
that the property of the State should educate the
children of the State and that all the common
schools should be open to pupils without charge.
. . . It provided for the consolidation and gen-
eral management by the State of all the per-
manent school funds . . . and for the better
investment of the school funds" (W. H. Smith).
It also provided for the election of a State super-
intendent of public instruction and for the estab-
lishment of a State Board of Education.

A distinctive feature of the law that proved to
be, virtually, its undoing was the authorization
of school corporations in cities and towns inde-
pendent of the township corporations that had
previously comprehended the whole system, and
the further authorization of local taxation at the
option of the people supplemental to the general
fund. This opened the way in the centers of
population for graded, superior schools, and un-
der the stimulus of it many cities levied the extra

* Prior to the Legislature of 1849 a popular vote was taken on
the free school question and it carried by more than 16,000, but
the forty-three counties constituting the south half of the State
returned a majority of 1,634 against free schools while the forty-
seven counties north of an east and west line drawn along the
south boundary of Marion county gave a favorable majority of
18,270. (Boone.)

tax and proceeded to develop something larger
and better than the country schools of the town-
ship system.

The Perkins Decision. — In 1855 this new prog-
ress received a serious check. Many still opposed
taxation for educational purposes as a coercive
policy. The constitutionality of the law was
questioned, and in a suit brought in the city of
Lafayette by one William M. Jenners, which
found its way to the Supreme Court, the conten-
tion of the plaintiff was sustained by Judge Sam-
uel Perkins, and the law overthrown. The result ■
of this court decision was a discouraging set-
back to the cause of education. Professor Boone
says that "most city schools were classed as pub- i
lie schools, the houses rented to private parties
and superintendents and teachers dismissed, not
a few of the best of both classes leaving the
State ;" and again : "This condition gave Indiana
through a decade of years, a reputation that re-
quired another decade to wipe out." In other ;
words, the restricting of the educational work I
to the returns from the permanent fund and the I
general State tax of ten cents on each hundred |
dollars' worth of property, threw the schools |
back on a revenue so insul^cient that the school '■
term was reduced to two or three months, or less, .
and in 1859, for example, "the entire school rev- |
enue of every kind, distributed to the schools,
averaged but 94 cents per child — only $68 to each
of the 6,500 schools" (Boone). ,

The detrimental effects of this adverse decision '
of Judge Perkins was felt for a dozen years, dur-
ing which time a revival of private schools of va- ■
rious kinds was the educational salvation of the
State. In 1867 another local tax law was passed
and public sentiment, by this time, was so favora- j
ble to it that its constitutionality was not ques- ■
tioned until eighteen years later. In 1885 a test [
case was made in the Switzerland county circuit
court, similar to the one in Lafayette thirty years
before. It went to the Supreme Court and this
time Judge Byron K. Elliott laid the ghost by de-
claring constitutional the controverted section of '
the law.

AGRICULTURAL ADVANCEMENT

A New Impulse. — During this decade there
was a very decided movement toward agricul- ^
tural advancement. From the beginning, indeed,

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

125

farming had been considered as the mainstay of
the country, but attempts to improve its status
by organized effort had been, at the best, spo-
radic. As early as 1835 a State Board of Agri-
culture had been created, but for years it had
only a nominal existence ; and the same seems to
have been true of various county societies. The
first step toward a more efficient order may be
found in the message of Governor Wright, de-
livered December 31, 1850. Wright, although
fun has been poked at him, and his political op-
ponents facetiously accused him of advising the
farmers to buy hydraulic rams for the purpose
of improving the breeds of sheep, is nevertheless
justly honored among the governors as a patron
saint of husbandry.

State Board of Agriculture. — In his message
referred to he advised the re-establishment of a
State Board of Agriculture and suggested feat-
ures of a plan that were incorporated in a law
which followed. This law, "An Act for the En-
couragement of Agriculture," approved February
14, 1851, and re-enacted with some modifications
on February 17, 1852, provided, in the first place,
for the formation of county societies, for the en-
couragement of which, under certain conditions,
there was granted all moneys collected as licenses
for the exhibitions of menageries, circuses, the-
atrical performances or other shows. It also
"created a body corporate, with perpetual suc-
cession . . . under the name and style of the
'Indiana State Board of Agriculture,' " which
was to receive reports from the various country
societies, deliberate with delegates from such
societies "as to the wants, prospects and condi-
tions of the agricultural interests throughout the
State," and to make an annual report to the Gen-
eral Assembly. This board was given "power to
(hold State fairs at such times and places as they
>may deem expedient" and, having entire con-
trol of the same, could fix the amount of the va-
rious premiums offered.

The Board of Agriculture organized and held
its first meeting May 28, 1851, with Governor
Wright as president ; John B. Dillon, secretary,
and Royal Mayhew, treasurer. The question of
a State agricultural fair was discussed, some
'members urging such an exhibition, and others
holding that the conditions, both as to transporta-
tion facilities and public sentiment were not yet
quite ripe. In deference to the latter argument.

it seems, the fair project was postponed for a
year and a half.

County Societies. — The formation of county
societies progressed from the first, and by 1852
there were forty-five of them in existence, and
the reports of these organizations incorporated,
along with other matter, in the annual report of
the State board, present, from 1852, an excellent
record of the agricultural progress of the State.

First State Fair. — There doubtless was a re-
lation between the establishment of a State fair
and the existence of the railroads which made
practicable the transportation of live stock and
exhibits from various parts of the State. The
first of these fairs was held in Indianapolis, Oc-
tober 20, 21 and 22, 1852, on the grounds now
known as Military park, west of West street. It
was an event of great popular interest. The
newspapers devoted a quite unusual amount of
space to it and the people, both exhibitors and
visitors, rallied to make it a success. It was re-
garded as an important forward step in the
State's progress. To quote from a paper of the
day : "A just pride in the utility and greatness
of their pursuits will be generally infused among
our farmers, mechanics and manufacturers.
Standards of excellence in stock, of utility in
machines, and of true taste in the elegant articles
of comfort and luxury will be fixed in the minds
of all. Progress in their respective pursuits will
take the place of indifl:erence in their minds. A
laudable ambition to have the mantel decorated
with a silver cup will actuate all, and thus feel-
ing and acting, who can calculate the ultimate re-
sult?"

There were 1,365 entries, with quite a showing
of improved agricultural machinery, and a large
exhibit of live stock, chiefly hogs, sheep and cat-
tle. Of the latter the Durham were most in evi-
dence, though Devons, Herefords and Ayreshires
were also represented. As shown by the treas-
urer's report, premiums to the amount of $1,026
were distributed among about 160 entries. The
out-of-town attendance taxed the capacity of
both the fair grounds and the city's facilities for
accommodations,* and the total gate receipts at
20 cents a head amounted to something over
$4,600, which, according to the local papers, de-

* The estimated attendance the first day was 15,000; on the
second, 25.000, while on the third there were "more people in
town than the grounds could hold."

126

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

frayed expenses and allowed the return of $2,000
that had been borrowed from the State.

Fair Week in Indianapolis. — Incidentally,
this was undoubtedly the liveliest week that In-
dianapoHs had ever known. The place was filled
with side-shows and catch-pennies. A vaudeville
troupe, under the management of the once- fa-
mous "Yankee" Robinson, gave three perform-
ances daily in a tent near the fair grounds.
Wells' minstrels were another attraction. A man
named Diehl put up what he advertised as an
"enormous pavilion" near the State House, where
he gave pyrotechnic displays, and there was a
"grand exhibition of the world's fair," being
illuminated views of the London Crystal Palace
exposition ; also "Beard's Hoosier Panorama of
Paradise Lost," showed at one of tRe churches.
Then P. T. Barnum came along with his museum
and menagerie, and, added to all, the Democrats
had a big torchlight procession which was to close
with speaking at the Wright House, where the
New York store now stands, but the whigs gath-
ered to howl down the speakers, thus contribut-
ing to the pandemonium which the good citi-
zens of Indianapolis had to endure for that week.

Original Policy a Shifting Fair. — The orig-
inal intention, out of deference to the other
leading towns of the State, was to shift the fair
from place to place, giving Indianapolis every
third year. In accordance with this idea
Lafayette had it in 1853 and Madison in 1854.
At both these places it was a financial failure.
Then it was kept at Indianapolis for four years.
In 1859 New Albany tried it, but again it was a
financial failure, and after that it remained per-
manently at the capital, the grounds being
changed from Military park to a thirty-six-acre
purchase at the north edge of the city, now built
over and known as Morton Place.

ROADS

The Plank Road Era. — y\n innovation in road-
making during the fifties constituted what is
sometimes called the "plank road era."

The plank road ajjpears to have originated
in Russia, to have found its way thence into
Canada, and from there into jiarts of the United
States lying contiguous to Canada. In a country
where timber was not merely abundant, but an
actual encur.ibrancc, the conversion of this lim

ber into a solid road as smooth as a floor was
a captivating proposition, and the fever caught
and spread. In no place was there better reason
for its spreading than in Indiana, and accord-
ingly for nearly ten years (through the fifties)
we had the plank road era. The promise of im-
mediate returns was, presumably, sufficient to
attract capital, and the State very wisely handed
over the new movement to the capitalists. From
1848 we find laws authorizing corporations to
take possession of the existing roads, to con-
vert them into plank roads, and to erect and
maintain toll-houses for revenue along the same.
In 1850 one of these companies, organized to
build a plank road from New Harmony to Mount
Vernon, in Posey county, sent Robert Dale Owen
to western New York to investigate the roads
already in operation there, and the result was the
publication of a small book containing a mass of
information upon the subject.* There were va-
rious widths and methods of laying in the con-
struction of these roads, but that recommended
by Owen was eight feet wide, formed of planks
two and one-half to four inches thick laid cross-
wise on long mud sills, and well spiked down.
The cost of this material he estimated at $938.08
to $1,689.60 per mile, according to thickness of
planks. The labor involved a party of twelve or
fourteen hands with teams for ploughing, scrap-
ing, rolling, etc., and these could lay from thirty
to forty rods per day, at an expense of perhaps
$200 per mile. The approximate total cost of a
road built of three-inch white oak planks was
given as $2,000 per mile.

While Owen, with the bias of an advocate, per-
haps, figures that a white oak road would do good
service for at least twelve years, as a matter of
fact those constructed in this State would seem
to be much shorter of life. Within ten years the
decadence had plainly set in, for a law of 1859
prohibits the collection of tolls on roads that are
not kept up, and about this time plank road legis-
lation disappears from the statutes. The dififi-
culty was not only decay, but the warping and
working loose of the planks.

Introduction of Gravel Roads. — In 1858 we
find the first statutory mention of gravel roads,
and the introduction of this material, presum-
ablv about that time, was the beginning of
a ])ossible permanent excellence. Why it was

* Owen on "Plank Roads," New Albany, 1850.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

127

128

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

not earlier used is not easy to learn, but it
is probable that prior to the clearing up of
the country, when the drift-choked, forest-en-
vironed streams flowed with a fuller volume,
gravel bars were at once much less in evidence,
and much less accessible than at a later day. Con-
struction with this new material went on under
private enterprise, the State became well
traversed with toll-roads, and the ubiquitous little
toll-house, with its long sweep pole, is still fresh
in the memories of most of us.

The next turn in legislation was a provision
(as early as 1879) for the county control of free
turnpikes and the authorization of tax levies for
that purpose. Under these laws the improved
roads have, one by one, been bought up by the
several counties, and the abolishment of the toll-
gate is becoming general.*

BEGINNING OF THE RAILROAD ERA

Strictly speaking the railroad era of Indiana
began when the Madison & Indianapolis road
went into operation in 1839, but the sudden de-
velopment of first roads that grew into the sys-
tem of later years is a distinguishing feature in
the history of the early fifties. The Madison
road was completed to Indianapolis in 1847, and
its prosperity following that completion was a
tremendous stimulus to railroad construction. f
Capital, hitherto timid and distrustful of invest-
ment in this direction, now flowed freely and by
the latter part of 1850 six new roads were under
way with a total of 142 miles built in addition to
the eighty-six miles of the M. & I.lj:

On the maps of 1852 and 1853 we find the
State traversed in all directions by something
like a score of roads, some of them then in opera-
tion, and seven of these centered at Indianapolis,
while an eighth, the Jeffersonville, was directly
tributary to it.

Sketches of First Roads. — Brief sketches of
these pioneer roads in the order of their begin-
ning are here given :

The Indianapolis & Lawrcncchnrg. — This

* It has been stated that there are now but two toll-gates in
the State.

t As the Madison road was extended into the interior its re-
ceipts increased from $22,110 in 1843 to $235,000 in 1849, and
the daily travel from 25 to 200 passengers. Its stock rose until,
in 1852, it sold for $1.60. (Chamberlain's Gazetteer.)

% By 1860 this mileage had increased to 2,125.75 (census re-
port).

road, afterward known as the "I., C. & L.," se-
cured its first charter as early as 1832 and in its
first steps toward actual construction antedated
the M. & I. by four years. It encountered much
opposition from the M. & I., and was not com-
pleted until 1853. By connecting central Indi-
ana with Cincinnati and the east this line became
a formidable competitor of the M. & I. The first
year after its completion the receipts were $299,-
433.66; the second year this was nearly doubled,
and much of this, presumably, drew directly
from the receipts of the M. & I. Afterward it
took the name of the Indianapolis, Cincinnati &
Lafayette, and is now one of the "Big Four"
lines.

The Jeffersonville Road. — This line, under the
original name of the Ohio & Indiana Railroad
Company, was first chartered in 1832, then in
1837, and again in 1846. Finally, in 1848, its
promoters secured still another charter more lib-
eral than the preceding ones, and got to work.
In 1849 the name was changed to the Jefiferson-
ville Railroad Company. In 1852 it was finished
to Columbus, where it met the M. & I. Here
trouble began. The monopolistic M. &. I., then
under the control of John Brough, afterward
governor of Ohio, was not disposed to brook any
rival, and it refused to co-ordinate its running
schedule with that of the new road. The latter,
in retaliation, extended its scheme and started
for Indianapolis, side by side with the M. & I.,
which then capitulated and the two formed a!
junction. Like the camel which, having got its'
nose into the tent, gradually wedged in its whole
body, the Jefifersonville road soon dominated its'
rival, and in 1866 the two were consolidated as
the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis, which
name it retained for many years. It is now a
branch of the Pennsylvania system. Like the
Cincinnati road to the east, this one, by opening
the way to Louisville and the south was a great
contributory factor to the decadence of the!
State's first road, which, when it reached Madi-I
son, was effectually barred from getting farther.

TJie Belief ontaine & Indianapolis. — This road.!
afterward known as the C, C, C. & I., and now'
a ]xirt of the "Big Four" system, was the first
line that opened up a way directly with the east
and northeast. It was begun in 1848, being the
second road running out of Indianapolis, and in
1852 reached Union Cilv, at the State line, where

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

129

it connected with an Ohio Hne and with eastern
points. Before making that connection its traf-
fic, draining toward Indianapohs, contributed to
the prosperity of the Madison road, but after-
ward it was a formidable competitor, diverting,
as it did, the commerce of the interior toward the
east. Its chief promoter and first president was
Oliver H. Smith, well known as lawyer, politi-
cian and United States senator.

The Pern & Indianapolis. — The next road out
of the capital was the Peru & Indianapolis. It
was running to Nobles ville by the spring of 1851
and reached Peru in 1854. It is said that "in its
'earlier days it brought into Indianapolis immense
quantities of lumber, and, at a later day, much
grain and produce." For a while the Peru and
;the Madison roads were consolidated, the aim
being to establish a through route from the Ohio
river to the Wabash & Erie canal and thence, by
iwater, to the east. This, it was thought would
put the M. & I. on a footing with its rivals that
were afifording outlets eastward, but for some
jreason the merger did not last long. The Peru
& Indianapolis subsequently became the Indian-
apolis, Peru & Chicago, and is now the Lake
Erie & Western.

\ The Terre Haute & Indianapolis. — This road
[was to have bisected the State east and west, with
iTerre Haute and Richmond as its two termini.
jThe idea originally agitated was that it should
be one link in a larger railroad scheme that would
[extend without break from St. Louis to Cincin-
nati. This plan, however, was evidently too am-
^bitious for that day and generation and it settled
[down to a line connecting Terre Haute with Indi-
anapolis. It was finished in 1852, and, like the
other roads centering at Indianapolis, was, in the
beginning, a feeder for the M. & I. It is now
[called the "Vandalia."

I The Indiana Central. — This road, for many
jyears known as the "Panhandle," and now as a
ilink in the Pennsylvania lines, connected Indian-
apolis with Richmond, Ind., and was the fulfil-
lment of the preceding plan for a Terre Haute
and Richmond road. It was begun in 1851 and
'completed in 1853, being the first line to estab-
lish (by way of Cincinnati) a connection with
fthe east. It paralleled the National road and was
!a large factor in reducing the travel over that
thoroughfare.
;.t The Indianapolis & Lafayette. — As the Indi-

130

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ana Central carried out the scheme of connecting
Terre Haute with Richmond, so the Indianapolis
& Lafayette road completed the original idea of
a Madison, Indianapolis and Lafayette line, as
contemplated in the internal improvement law of
1836. It was finished in 1852, and was especially
important as forming a link in a connection be-
tween the Ohio river and Chicago. In 1866 it
was consolidated with the Cincinnati road and
the two took the name of the Indianapolis, Cin-
cinnati & Lafayette. The line, now known as
the C, C, C. & St. L. (Big Four), connects Cin-
cinnati with Chicago.

Ohio & Mississippi. — This road, crossing the
southern part of the State, was the first to form
a link in a continuous route that connected the
Mississippi river with the seaboard. The com-
bination consisted of the Ohio & Mississippi, the
Marietta & Cincinnati, and the Baltimore & Ohio,
which, together, reached from St. Louis to Bal-
timore. When completed it was the longest con-
tinuous route in the world, and the opening in
1857 was signalized by a great railroad celebra-
tion. The first train over the road was a "Cele-
bration Train," filled with railroad dignitaries
and government officials, which was greeted with
display and popular enthusiasm all along the
way.*

Other Roads. — Other roads of this pioneer
era, beside those centering at the capital, were
the Neiv Albany & Salem, traversing the length
of the State from New Albany to Michigan City ;
the Northern Indiana (Michigan Southern) ; the
Toledo, Wabash & Western, completed in 1857,
which, traversing the Wabash valley, supplanted
the Wabash and Erie canal, and the Pittsburgh,
Fort Wayne & Chicago, finished in 1856, which
became an important factor in the development
of northern IncHana. The "Junction" (C, H. &
D.) was built from the eastern State line to Rush-
ville, but did not reach Indianapolis until the lat-
ter sixties, and the Vincenncs road was finished
about the same time, though promoted much
earlier. Besides these there were various short
lines of the kind facetiously known as "jerk-
water," though they have all long since been
merged in the great system and taken other
names.

Beginnings of a System. — licforc the end of

• A good-sized illustrative book descriptive of this occasion
may be found in the State Library.

the fifties the various Indiana roads with their
interstate connections had begun to take the form
of a system much more extensive than the one
that had been contemplated by the internal im-
provement law of 1836. Not only were the vari-
ous sections and principal cities of the State put
into communication with each other,, but a num-
ber of the lines reached much farther by the inter-
state connections. The Terre Haute, Cincinnati,
Indiana Central, Belief ontaine, the Ohio & Missis-^
sippi, the Toledo, Wabash & Western and the
Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago roads became
links in roads leading to the east ; the New Al- .'
bany & Salem connected the Ohio river and the'
great lakes, and this knitting and extending proc- ;
ess carried on continuously from that time has;
created the vast and complex railroad system of
the present day.

Influences of the Railroad. — Aluch interest- 1
ing matter pertaining to the railroads belong tot
this period. Within the decade Indiana was;
fairly transformed, not only by the vast stimulus;
given to commerce and by the multiplication of,
industries, but by the sharp turn — the new trend;
given to the State's development. For examplej
the radical change in transportation methods de-
termined a new arrangement of population cen-
ters. Before that the streams were a great fac-
tor in the locating of settlements but with the
advent of the new order these were left to dwin-
dle in isolation, and many a one that started out.
with glowing hopes and good reasons for them
are now but a memory. On the other hand, the
railroads straight across country supplied a new,
reason for the location of towns, and the local
histories will show that a vast percentage of
these date their origins from the coming of the
railroads. Navigable streams and water power
for mill seats no longer cut a figure. It is said
that old James B. Ray, who is credited with be-j
ing our most erratic governor, as far back as the
twenties had a vision, and preached it, to thej
effect that one day, along a system of railroads |
radiating from Indianapolis as from a hub, there'
would be villages or towns every five miles,,
while every twenty there would be a city. He'
was, of course, laughed to scorn, but that was
exactly what came to pass. In a word, but for
the introduction of railroads the distribution of,
population throughout the State would have been
vastly different from what it is. not only as re-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

131

*'ards the location of centers, but also in the
frowth of centers as determined by industries
ind commercial wealth.

The effect of the railroad upon manufactures
,s illustrated by the fact that from the output
lalue of $19,199,681 as given by the Indiana Ga-
'etteer of 1850, there was a sudden increase that
or the next ten years averaged $41,840,434 per
f'car, with 20,755 persons employed in manufac-
uring industries and also heavy investments in
he places with railroad facilities.

* The "Erie War." — The important relation of
he railroad to commercial prosperity is shown
ly what is known in history as the "Erie War,"
vhich occurred in 1853. At that time the rail-
oads had not established a uniform gauge, or
vidth between the rails, so that rolling stock
ould not, as now, travel over any and every
oad. At Erie, Pa., one gauge from the east
aet another gauge from the west, in consequence
if which all through passengers and freight traf-
'ic had to be transferred from one road to the
ither. This meant great inconvenience and ex-
lense to travelers and shippers, and great profit
0 Erie. The latter came to regard her transfer-
ing industry as a vested right— so much so, in-
eed, that when an attempt was made to unify
he gauges her citizens forcibly interfered with
he laying of rails in the streets. The wrath in
he west at Erie's hoggishness, and the execra-
lOns heaped upon the town by the press and in
idignation meetings were loud and universal,
'he Indianapolis Journal for December 17, 24,
5 and 28, 1853, gives glimpses of the public
eeling.
The Railroads and Madison. — The influence
f the railroad as a factor in the making and un-
laking of localities is well illustrated by the rise
nd decline of Madison. Throughout the forties,
/hen the one railroad in the State brought the
iusiness of the interior to the favored city on
le Ohio, she became, as one of her citizens ex-
ressed it, "the first city of Indiana — first in com-
jierce, population, wealth, literature, law. reli-
ion, politics and social enjoyment." The Ohio
iver traffic here made connection with the rail-
oad traffic, and we hear stories of the big river
teamboats lying in lines beside the wharves,
4iere the bags of wheat were piled high and the
warehouses were filled to their roofs with mis-
sUaneous freight, while countless barrels of mess

pork packed for shipment to the south as far as
the gulf, and to the east as far as Europe, occu-
pied all the river front and reached up into the
by-streets. As a pork market it was second only
to Cincinnati, and there is record of 200,000
hogs being slaughtered and packed there in a sin-
gle month. Because of its importance as an
entrepot it became known as the "Gateway to the
State." The wealth that accumulated there has
left its traces in the quaint old mansions that
stand to the present day. and the long list of able
men who formed a galaxy there have left their
impress on Indiana history — such men as Joseph
G. Marshall, Jeremiah Sullivan, Jesse D. and
Michael G. Bright, J. F. D. Lanier, and others.

This prosperity of Madison continued to in-
crease so long as the M. & I. road had no com-

Old Union Depot at Indianapolis, built in 1853.
(See next page.)

petitors. The first roads to reach out from Indian-
apolis, into near territory, such as the Bellefon-
taine, the Peru and the Terre Haute lines, were
feeders rather than rivals to the M. & I., but
when the Bellefontaine and the Indiana Central
made connections with the east the tide began
to turn, while the connections with Cincinnati and
the falls cities by the Indianapolis & Lawrence-
burg and the Jeft"ersonville roads was the begin-
ning of a swift decline for the M. & I. It fought
desperately against its fate, and one of the curi-
osities of railroad literature is a report of 1854
in which it complained that the State was instru-
mental in inflicting serious damage on it by pass-
ing a law which "opened the door for the con-
struction of other railroads." Its most damaging
competitor was the Jefferson ville road, which
finally swallowed it. and after the consolidation
the part from Columbus southward was simply
the Madison branch. The city of Madison suf-
fered proportionately, and, from being the first
city in the State it has long since taken rank far
down the scale as an Indiana center — its chief

132

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

fame now being thai of a (juaint and charming
place, speaking of a ])icturcs(|ue past.

The Railroads and Indianapolis. — The capi-
tal, from the beginning of the new era was re-
garded as a logical railroad center and in the
construction of the early fifties the city was made
the focusing point of not less than eight lines,
connecting it witli (jther ])oints in all directions.
Prior lo that it was but a small country town,
with few industries. Of the change wrought in
the place by the new order we have this account
in "Holloway's Indianajjolis :"

"Manufacturers appeared ; stores that had for-
merly mixed up dry goods, groceries, grain, hard-
ware, earthenware and even books on their stock,
began to select and confine themselves to one or
two classes of their former assortment. . . .
Business showed its growth in its divisions ; the
]irices of i)roperty advanced; a city form of gov-
ernment was adopted ; a school system was inau-
gurated. I^verybody felt the impulse of pros-
perity. . . . New hotels, manufactories and
business houses also appeared. The Bates house
and Sherman house were built ; Osgood &
Smith's peg and last factory ; Geisendorfif's
woolen mill, Drew's carriage establishment, Shel-
lenbarger's planing mill and Macy's pork house
swelled our industries, and various blocks, school-
houses, railroad shops and other buildings were
added to our improvements." A glance at the
local press of the fifties confirms this description
of prosperity and hustle. Three- foitrths of the
space, at a guess, are taken up by advertisements ;
the columns are dotted with little cuts of engines
.and cars, with accompanying time-tables ; pictures
of trains are incorporated in the newspaper heads,
and a semi-literary weekly, the first of its kind
in the city, saw fit to take the name of "The Lo-
comotive."

The Union Depot." — The early creation of a
railroad center at Indianapolis resulted in the
iirsl "Union Depot" in the country. The orig-
inating of this structure, and the particulars of
it ])y our who knew at first hand, is worth giving.
It was written by Mr. William N. Jackson, of
Indiaii.ipolis, and w;is first ])ul)lished in the "In-
diaii;i|H,li. journar' for July 29. 1900. Mr. Jack-
son sa\s : \

• .Sec piiTi-diiif,' p.iKc

t William N. Jackson, wlinsi- iinnioiy is rfvcii.il in Itulianap-
olis, was identified with the railroad Inisincss frimi pioneer tlays.
"Jackson I'lacc," adj.icciit In ilie Tninn S'a'ion, is named for him.

"Chauncey Rose, of the Terre Haute & Rich-
mond ; John Brough, of the Madison & Indian-
ajjolis, and Oliver H. Smith, of the Bellefontaine
line, met in their office in the middle of the Cir-
cle in 1850, and planned and carried into execu^
tion soon after a union station at IndianapoUs]
and erected the first one that was ever builtj
For this a union track was needed from the mid-
dle of Tennessee street northeasterly to the mid-
dle of Washington street at Noble street, and thq
right of way for which was taken by the Terre
Haute & Richmond (now Vandalia) to Pennsyl-|
vania street, and from there onward and north-
easterly to the center of Washington street by th{
Bellefontaine and Peru roads. A few miles oi
each road had been made previous to this. Thf
right of way from the Madison & Indianapoh;
depot on South street to Meridian street wa;|
given by Austin W. Morris. The right of waj
from Pennsylvania to New Jersey streets was
purchased from Mrs. McCarty. The Unior
Station was opened September 20, 1853, th(
building being finished at that period. Mr
Chauncey Rose was president of the company anc
Mr. W. N. Jackson secretary, treasurer anr
ticket agent.

"The Lawrenceburgh & Upper Mississipp.
railroad entered this station in the spring of 185-
as the Indianapolis & Cincinnati Railroad Com
pany ; the Indiana Central at the same time, am
the Lafayette a little later, followed by the Indian i
apolis & Vincennes ; the Indiana, Bloomington &
Western ; the Indianapolis, Decatur & Springs
field ; the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolisi
and the Monon branch of the Louisville, Ne\\|
Albany & Chicago road." i

The LInion Company owned all the tracks ir)
the city and the Union Depot independently o|
the various roads. The building, which wa;
planned by Gen. T. A. Morris, was 420 feet loni
by 120 wide, but in 1866 it was widened to 2(X
feet. It was rejilaced by the present building ii
1888 (Dunn).

Equipment of the Pioneer Roads. — Wher
the Madison & Indianapolis road was begun b}
the State in 1836 the T rail had been invented
It then ran, we are told, about forty-five pounds
to the yard, or less than half the weight of the
best rails to-day. In a previous section mentior
has been made of the extravagant constructior
plunged into by the State, one feature of whicl:

Scenes in "Shades of Death," Parke County.

134

CEXTJ'XXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

was tlic iniportation from l-Jigland at a hi.i,'h cost,
of these improved rails. When the road went
into the hands of a private company the cost of
constrnction was reduced from $58,000 per mile
to about $1 1,000, and the primitive style of it was
the same as was adopted by the other roads of
the fifties. This may be briefly described. The
foundation of the road was long, heavy hewn
timbers, known as ''mudsills," laid end to end
aii<l bed<ied in the earth. On these were laid
crossties three or four feet apart, and on the
ties, in turn, were laid jjarallel lines of oak string-
ers, about 6x6, which were secured in place by
stout wooden i)ins driven through auger-holes
that ran through the ends of the stringers and
into tin- ties. The inner edges of the stringers
were chamfered oft, or sloped so as to allow for
the flanges of the wheels, and along the cham-
fered edge were spiked the rails, which con-
sisted simply of bars of iron about two and a half
inches wide by five-eighths of an inch thick.

This crude equipment was anything but safe
beneath the wear and tear even of engines and
cars that now seem diminutive. The yielding
flat bar would crush into the wooden stringer,
the spikes would work loose, and the loosened
rails curling up at the ends formed what the local
liumori.sts dubbed "snake-heads," doubtless from
the appearance, which suggested a snake with its
head raised. These up-raised ends, threatening
the moving train with puncture and derailment,
increased the dangers of traveling by rail.

'1 he rolling stock was correspondingly primi-
tive. The development of the locomotive was
retarded, doubtless, by the frail character of the
rail and roadl)e(l. At first it weighed but ten to
fifteen tons as against the hundred-ton engine of
to-day, and liad neither cow-catcher nor cab, the
latter, indeed, being objected to by the engine-
man as a dangerous trap in case of accident. It

mil

heads." The water supply was replenished by
stopping at some wayside stream and dipping up
with leathern buckets, a number of which were
carried on hooks at the side of the tender. The
term "jerkwater," as humorously applied to
cheap, out-of-date roads no doubt had its origin
in this custom.

Statistical Survey. — An agricultural survey
by the census of 1860 shows that at that period
about one-half of the available land of the State
was improved, its cash value being estimated at
$344,902,776, as against $136,385,173 for 1850.*
That there had been a great advance in the
methods of farming is indicated by the appraised
value of farm machinery in use, which was given
at $10,457,897. The value of live stock within
the ten years had almost doubled, with a great
many working oxen (117,687) still in use, but
far outnumbered by horses and mules for draft
purposes. Swine were still the leading animal
product, as corn was still the principal crop prod-
uct, amounting in 1860 to 71,588,919 bushels,
which was far in advance of any previous yield.
Crops generally showed a corresponding in-
crease, and sorghum had been introduced as a
new crop in this section of the country, the out-
put of syrup in 1860 being 881,049 gallons.

Manufactories had greatly increased, there be-
ing 5,110 establishments of various kinds with a
total investment of $17,881,586 and an output
valued at $41,840,434. The leading manufactur-
ing counties were Wayne, Jefiferson, Tippecanoe,
Vigo, Marion, Vanderburg, Fayette, Montgom-
ery, Floyd, Dearborn, Tipton and Putnam, all of
which had railroads.

In the census of 1850 no satisfactory figures
as to manufactures are given, but the invested
capital in 1860 is about ten times more than the
amount given for 1840.

The population of the State had grown to
1,350,428 as against 988,416 in 1850, and 685,866
in 1840, showing a tolerably uniform rate of in-

would haul twelve or fifteen freight cars capable
)f carrying about three tons each, and twenty
"es an hour for passenger service was good crease over the twenty years

speed. A not uncommon occurrence was the

stopping of the train till a trainman went ahead
with a slcdge-hanuner to spike down "snake-

* According to a statement in the census report, it was "not
too much to say that one-half this increase has been caused by
railroads."

CHAPTER XIV

THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD

Antecedent Conditions. — The overshadow-

t[g fact of the sixties was the great Civil War,
hich during its continuance, dominated public
;hought and action and put a corresponding
.;heck upon the State's development. Preceding
the final outbreak, and part and parcel of our
war history, was a period of turmoil and fierce
:onflict of opinion which, while it prevailed over
the country, playing about the ever-agitated ques-
tion of slavery, was particularly acrid here. Our
mixed population with its large element from
the south that was southern in its sympathies, im-
periled our standing as a union and anti-slavery
State. As an evidence of the anti-negro sen-
timent that existed the constitution of 1850 had
in it a clause prohibiting all negroes or mulattoes
from coming into or settling in the State.* The
democratic party of the State was for years in
the ascendency, and its endorsement and support
of federal legislation that made for the exten-
sion of slave territory was so pronounced, and,
from the northern viewpoint, so flagrant, that
many, after fruitless protests seceded from its
ranks. Conspicuous among these seceders was
Oliver P. Alorton, who. at a democratic State
convention, held in Indianapolis in 1854, walked
out amid taunts and hisses, after taking a stand
against the Kansas-Nebraska bill, which gave
those two great States over to the slave power.

Throughout the early fifties, owing to this
vexed slavery ghost that would not down, the
elements of a new party, not yet crystallized,
were segregated under such names as "Free
Soilers," "Abolitionists," "Free Democracy,"
"Barnburners," and the "People's Party," which
latter "was the preliminary organization of the
republican party" in this State.f Other parties,
such as the prohibition and "Know-nothing" or-
ganizations were in the field, but the political
movement at the times of greatest historical im-
port was the one that was feeling its way toward

* This provision stood until 1881, when it was stricken out and
an amendment substituted.

t William Dudley Foulke's "Life of Morton," one of the best
books on the war period in Indiana.

alignment on the nation's greatest problem, that
of slave versus free labor — a problem that in-
volved both economics and morals.

These various currents finally merged in the
organization that was destined to work out the
country's salvation — the republican party, which
took definite form at a convention held in Pitts-
burgh on the 22d of February, 1856. That year
O. P. Morton, as candidate of the "people's
party" for governor of Indiana, canvassed the
State, and during the campaign, according to his
biographer (Foulke, p. 58), he "organized the
republican party in Indiana."

The new party rapidly became a power in the
land and in the State. This first campaign Mor-
ton was beaten by Ashbel P. Willard, a democrat,
but four years later, as running mate with Henry
S. Lane, he was elected, along with a republican
majority in the General Assembly.

The wrangling between the parties during the
latter fifties was a discredit to the State. Through
their refusal to act together they failed, in the
Legislature of 1857, to make an appropriation
for the expenses of the State government, and
Governor Willard borrowed enough to pay the
interest on the public debt, while the State insti-
tutions had to be temporarily closed. Also the
democrats, by an irregular proceeding, elected
Jesse D. Bright and Graham N. Fitch to the
United States Senate. The next Legislature, the
republicans being then in the ascendency, de-
clared the previous irregular proceedings ille-
gal and elected Henry S. Lane and William M.
McCarty, but the United States Senate, which
was democratic, did not recognize these repub-
lican contestants.

In a word the irreconcilable antagonism be-
tween the free and the slave States which grew
more and more bitter as the great issue was re-
peatedly forced upon the people, found in Indi-
ana full expression.

The Secession Issue and Morton's Stand. —
When the brewing storm between the north and
south threatened the division of the nation by
the secession of the southern States, men found

13;

136

CKXTKXXIAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

themselves fronted b}- an issue not to be shunted
off for future solution — an issue sharp and im-
mediate, and so far-reaching in its consequences
that the vast majority were at sea as to what
pohcy ought to be i)ursued. ( )ught ihe rebellious
States, resting on the sacred doctrine of State's
rights, be allowed to wiih<h-aw in peace; or
should the preservation of the Union and the
nation's future be the paramount consideration?
Leaders were timid, temporizing ant! uncertain,
and there was need of strong men to take the
jio.sitive and unequivocal stand. Such a man in
I n« liana was Oliver P. Morton. At a meeting
held in the Marion county courthouse on Novem-
ber 22, 1<%0, he delivered a speech which stamped
him as the man of the hour and revealed the
(|ualities that were to make him famous as Indi-
ana's great "war governor." He was then the
newly-elected lieutenant-governor. Henry S.
Lane, the governor-elect, who was noted as an
orator, also spoke and was, presumably, regarded
as the headliner of the occasion, but what he
said was, in view of the temper of the times, in-
consequential as compared with Morton's ad-
dress. There w'as no shilly-shally in the latter.
The speaker stood, first of all, for the right of
the nation to preserve its existence and integ-
rity, and he analyzed the situation point by point.
To grant one State the right to secede at this
crisis was to grant the same right to any State at
any time, and that meant the dissolution of the
nation whenever such States might see fit. To
(|Uote :

" The right to secede being conceded, and the
way to do it having been shown to be safe and
easy, the prestige of the republic gone, the na-
tional pride extinguished with the national idea,
secession would become the remedv for every
State or sectional grievance, real or imaginary,
and in a few short years we should witness the
total dissolution of that mighty republic which
has been the hope and the glory of the world.
. . . We must, then, cling to the idea that we
are a nation, oni' and indivisible, and that, al-
though subdivided by State lines for local and
domestic purposes, we are one peo])le, the citi-
zens of ;i common country, having like institu-
tions and manners, and possessing a common
interest in that inheritance of glory so richly pro-
vid.'d bv our t.ithers. We must, therefore, do

no act, we must tolerate no act, we must concede!
no idea or theory that looks to or involves the dis- ■
memberment of the nation."*

This speech, the elTect of which, according to
Foulke, "was of incalculable efifect, not only in
the State but over the entire country, was deliv-
ered shortly before South Carolina took the first
step in actual secession. Exactly in line with
the firm stand of Lincoln it foreshadowed the un-
wavering support which, as governor of the
State, he was to extend to the nation's chief ex-
ecutive in the trying years to follow, and it re-
vealed the strong hand which was to deal with
internal difficulties during those times of danger.
Fortunately the office of lieutenant-governor was
the stepping-stone to the governorship. On the
15th of January Governor Lane was made
United States senator, and Morton succeeded to
the gubernatorial chair.

Condition at Beginning of the War; Mor-
ton's Activity. — When, with the assault on
Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861, the smoldering fires
of hostility burst into living flames and the war
was on us, Indiana's state of unpreparedness was
about as bad as it could be. She had neither
money nor munitions, the latter, according to
Adjutant-General Terrell's statement, consisting
of "perhaps less than five hundred stands of ef-
fective first-class small arms, besides eight pieces
of weather-worn and dismantled cannon and an
unknown number of old flint-lock and altered-to-
percussion muskets, the most of which were scat-
tered throughout various counties in the hands
of private individuals and members of disbanded
companies of militia."t Also, such militia sys-
tem as the State once maintained, had virtuallv
gone to pieces; the military reputation w^e had
carried over from the Mexican war on account
of injurious reports as to the conduct of our sol-
diers at Buena Vista, was not good ; our credit
was not good, and "there was a certain evil re-
l)ute wdiich everywhere hung over the name of
'Hoosier' " (Foulke). Added to all was the
strong hostile element wdthin our borders ready
to throw every obstacle in the way of an aggres-
sive loyal policy. Notwithstanding this discour-
aging situation Morton, on the 15th of April,

* I'or full text see Foulke's "Morton," pp. 87-96.
i- Adjutant-General Terrell's reports, vol. i — a valuable history
of the war period in Indiana.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

137

iind on the heels of the news that Sumter had
jtallen, telegraphed to the president this message :

'To Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States:
"On behalf of the State of Indiana I tender to you,
or the defense of the nation, and to uphold the author-
ty of the government, ten thousand men.

(Signed) "Oliver P. Morton,

"Governor of Indiana."

The thing that made possible such an offer was
;he temper of a majority of the people. The
(Jnion sentiment was at a white heat and over-

discharged. Indianapolis had been designated as
a place of rendezvous, and the State fair grounds,
a recently-acquired tract of thirty-six acres, then
at the north edge of the city but now far within
it and known as "Morton Place," was christened
"Camp Morton" and put at the service of the
troops. The problem sometimes presented of
insufficient volunteers was reversed, the question
being to choose out of the many that presented
themselves. To quote the adjutant-general's ac-

Old State House. From Photograph taken April 30, 1865, the day Lincoln's body lay in state.

whelmingly dominated the adverse minority. The
tiring on Fort Sumter banished all uncertainty
from the minds of those who had hitherto wa-
vered, and those who had differed before were
now one for the preservation of the nation. The
forming of companies proceeded at once. The
day after the first call for troops there were 500
in camp at Indianapolis, and within three days
2,400, with new arrivals coming by every train.
By the seventh day there were 12,000, which was
far more than were required. The Indiana
quota was fixed at six regiments of infantry or
riflemen, making 4,683 officers and men, who
were to serve for three months unless sooner

count, the response was as gratifying as it was
universal, and left no doubt as to the entire and
lasting devotion of Indiana to the fortimes of
the Union. . . . The 'old flag' at once became
sacred and was proudly displayed in every breeze
from the highest peaks of churches, school-
houses and private dwellings. The presentation
of a stand of national colors by patriotic ladies
to each company was rarely omitted, and, when-
ever practicable, brass bands were provided to
escort them to the general camp" (Terrell). The
people generally, among the Unionist element,
rallied to the occasion. \'olunteers were freely
furnished with such supplies as the authorities

138

CKXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

could not at once provide, and in many instances
the men were carried free by the railroads ; pri-
vate citizens and local authorities contributed
monev to aid the cause, while banks and capital-
ists offered to a.lvance whatever money might be
re(|uired.

Extra Session of the Legislature. — Governor
Morton, to meet the exigencies, called a special
session of the Legislature, which convened on
the 24th of April. By his recommendation it
authorized a war loan of $2,000,000, to be ap-
plied as follows: For general military purposes,
$1,000,(X)0; for the purchase of arms, $500,000;
for contingent military expenses, $100,000; for
organizing and supporting the militia for two
years. $140,000. Laws were also passed to or-
ganize the Indiana militia ; to provide for six regi-
ments of State troops; to provide for a State
paymaster; to authorize counties to appropriate
moneys for the protection and maintenance of
the families of volunteers, for the purchase of
arms and equipments, and for raising and main-
taining military companies ; to provide for the
punishment of persons guilty of giving material
aid and comfort to the enemies of this State or
of the United States in time of war (Terrell).

Six First Regiments. — The consecutive num-
bering of our regiments dates from the Mexican
war. The first five w^ere in that war, and conse-
quently the Sixth was the first Indiana regiment
to go into the civil war. The six regiments above
mentioned, constituting the first Indiana quota,
were commanded as follows :

Sixth, Col. Thomas T. Crittenden ; Seventh,
Col. l-Lbenezer Dumont ; Eighth, Col. William P.
Ilenton; Ninth, Col. Robert H. Milroy ; Tenth.
Col. Jose])h J. Reynolds; Eleventh, Col. Lewis
Wallace.

These regiments made up the First I'rigade of
Indi.ina X'olunteers, with Thomas A. Morris as
brigadier-general. I'.y the 27th of A])ril they
were fully organized and after being well armed
and e(|uip])ed they went under Cieneral McClel-
lan's coniniaiid in western \'irginia. That the\-
ac(|uitt(.-d themselves well is testified by a com-
nuinic-.ation from CuMur.d McClellan to C.ovenior
.Mnrloii ulu'ii they retuinnl from iJuMr three-
months' siTvicT. "I li.ivi'." he wrote, "directed
the three-months' regiments from Indiana to
'iiove to lndi,inai>olis, there to l)e mustered
out and reor.L^.mi/A'd for three ve.irs' service. 1

can not permit them to return to you without;
again expressing my high appreciation of the dis-
tinguished valor and endurance of the Indiana
troops, and my hope that but a short time will
elapse before I have the pleasure of knowang
that they are again ready for the field."

The First Brigade was at once reorganized for
the three-years' service.

Organization of State Troops; Subsequent
Regiments. — The next six Indiana regiments,
from the Twelfth to the Seventeenth, inclusive,
may be specifically mentioned because their or-
ganization serves to illustrate the initiative and
forehandedness of Governor Morton. As said
above, the response to the first call for troops
was far in excess of the quota requested by thej
federal government, which was less than 5,000
men. Considerably more than that, after the five
regiments were formed, were still anxious for the
opportunity to enlist, and out of this material
Morton, on his own responsibility, and under the,
power vested in him as commander-in-chief of'
the militia of the State, formed five other regi-
ments, ostensibly for the State's defense, butj
really in anticipation of a further call when, as
bodies already organized and in process of train- 1
ing, they would be acceptable to the United
States. To further insure their probable future
usefulness the men were enlisted for a year and:
the governor retained the authority to transfer'
them to the government service, or to tempo- 1
rarily retire them, if advisable, after they had
been sufficiently drilled and disciplined, with the
power to recall them to active service when
needed. Of these regiments, the Twelfth, Thir-
teenth and Seventeenth rendezvoused at Indian- 1
apolis, the Fourteenth at Terre Haute, the Fif-
teenth at Lafayette and the Sixteenth at Rich-
mond. As a matter of fact these regiments were
hardly organized imtil there was a demand for
four of them at the front and they entered serv-1
ice for three years, while the other two (the
Twelfth and Sixteenth) were transferred by the
middle of the summer and served out their year
in the Army of the Potomac.

A detailed account of the origin and services
of Indiana regiments does not come within our
scope. Stiffice it to say, in this connection, that
during the first year at least, the patriotic fervor
of the people made recruiting easy, and though
the calls came repeatedly as the conflict grew in

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

139

magnitude, the volunteers were in excess of the
demand. In 1861 more than fifty infantry regi-
ments, besides three of cavalry and twelve of ar-
tillery batteries were put in the field and most of
these prolonged their services by re-enlistments.
As the war progressed with fluctuating for-
tunes, alternate reverses and successes, combined
with other influences, affected volunteering here
as elsewhere. Here as elsewhere, there was some
drafting when, in emergencies of the conflict,
large quotas were demanded, but the figures of
Adjutant-General Terrell show that while cer-
tain of the townships in the State fell short in

fought in every seceding State, except Florida,
and in every other State that was invaded.
"Three Indiana regiments took part in the first
battle of the war, and an Indianian was the first
to yield up his life, on the battlefield, for the
Union. . . . The last battle of the war was
fought by Indiana troops ; the last gun fired at
the enemy was by an Indianian, and the last
Union soldier killed in battle was John J. Will-
iams, of Company B, Thirty-fourth Indiana Reg-
iment" (W. H. Smith).

The Hundred-Days' Troops. — Eight regi-
ments of Indiana infantry (132d to 139th, in-

Morton Monument on State House Grounds.

their quota of volunteers, the others were in ex-
cess, and the State as a whole, at the close of the
war had offered an excess.

Altogether Indiana contributed to the war a
larger proportion of her population of the mili-
tary age than any other State, except Delaware
(J. P. Dunn), the grand total, after deducting
11,718 re-enlistments, being 197,649. Of these
24,416 were killed or died of diseases, and 13,779
were "unaccounted for" (Terrell). There were
151 infantry regiments,* fourteen cavalry regi-
ments, twenty-seven artillery companies, and va-
rious miscellaneous organizations (adjutant-gen-
eral's statistics). During the service they were,
as one writer affirms, more widely distributed
than the soldiers of any other State and they

* The first infantry regiment formed was the 6th and the last
the 156th.

elusive) organized in 1864, and known as the
"Hundred-Day" men, because their enlistment
was for that period, were somewhat distinctive
in their origin. Campaigns on a huge scale
against Atlanta and Richmond were intended,
and the demand for men exceeded the response.
Both Grant and Sherman were urging more sup-
port, but the country had been drained by re-
peated calls. In this contingency the governors
of Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin,
led, it is claimed, by IMorton, met in conference
and devised a plan for raising volunteers on short
enlistment who might aid the proposed campaigns
by guarding railroads, depots, and fortifications
in the rear of the armies, or doing similar serv-
ice, thus relieving disciplined troops who could
be used at the front. By arduous eft'ort IMorton
succeeded in raising 7,415 men, and these served

140

CEXTEXXIAI. HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ill 'J'cniK-sscc and Alabama \>y releasing veterans
lor (lutv on the firing line, thus materially
strengthening the arm,\- in the Atlanta campaign.

The Indiana Legion. — W hat was known as
liie "Indiana J.egiun'" \\a.N the active militia or-
ganized within the State for internal defense.
< )ur jiroximitv to Kentucky which, even it not a
seceding State, ])romised to be trotiblesomc terri-
tory, warranted a fear of invasion — which fear,
as we shall see, was justified. Moreover, the
dangers within from the disafTected element, that
made its presence known before the war was very
far advanced, rendered imperative a home mili-
tar\ force under the command of the governor.

'i"he State militia, though an institution of long
standing, had become decadent, but an act of May
11. 1861. re-established it. dividing it into two
classes — the sedentary and the active. The first
consisted of "all white male persons subject to
bear arms under the constitution of Indiana, and
who do not belong to the active militia." The
latter was made up of volunteers between the
ages of eighteen and forty-five years, and was
organized into nine brigades, though this repre-
sented an uncertain number of men, as the or-
ganization of companies in many localities was
incomplete and impermanent. The southern
counties, ])articularly those along the Ohio river,
had greatest need for efficient defensive or-
ganization, while those in the north, having less
need, were correspondingly slack. As this im-
j)lies, the brigades as units represented diiTerent
groups of contiguous counties. The history of
the Legion seems to l)e largely a history of the
southern regiments, which protected the interior
from the guerrillas of Kentucky much as the old
frontier farther nijrlh had. in an earlier day,
guardrd the ri\ci- counties from Indian forays.
Many companies that were organized in the
northern sections were not even sui)plicd Avith
arms and ]»ai(l little attention to niilitarv drilling.
The "sedeiUary" militia was never called U])on.
Indet'd, the Legion as a wholv in its ine(|ualities,
corresponding lo the degrev of stress, illustrate

strikingly what had been illustrated before

namely, ih.it our people have so little taste and
aptitudi- for milit.irism that onlv dire eniergencv
can arouse them to it. I'.ul the limes aNo i>ro\e(l
that when once ihoroughly roused the militarv
zeal burned fiercely. ( )iie service of the Legion
where best organized was ;is ;i training school

and a feeder to the quotas that went to the front
as Indiana responded to the numerous calls from
the government.

Invasions of the State ; Johnson and Hines.
— In the course of the war there were three
raids into Indiana that might be called invasions
of the State, though the first two were little more
than forays.

On the 18th of July, 1862, Adam R. John-
son, a citizen of Kentucky, who had been terror-
izing Union sympathizers in this State, crossed
the Ohio river with about thirty men to the town
of Newburg in Warrick county, some fifteen
miles above Evaiisville. The citizens were taken
by surprise, the place was pillaged, considerable
plunder was sent across the river, and after re-
maining a few hours the marauders returned to
the Kentticky shore. They were aided in this
exploit by rebel sympathizers living in Newburg,
and two of these were afterward killed by their
outraged fellow townsmen. .As a result of this
freebooting expedition a good-sized militia force
from Indiana, by the initiative of Governor Mor-
ton, invaded Kentucky to clear the country of
guerrilla bands that were harassing Kentucky
Unionists and threatening our borders.

On the 17th of June, 1863, Capt. Thomas
H. Hines, with sixty-two men, crossed the river
at a point eighteen miles above Cannelton. This
"invasion" might be called a horse-stealing raid,
and it was not lacking in humorous features.
With a monumental audacity he represented to
the Hoosiers that his little force was a detach-
ment from the army of General Boyle, the Union
commander of the District of Kentucky, and that
he was in search of deserters. Incidentally he
needed better horses, and he took his pick from
the countryside at liberal prices, giving vouchers
for the same upon the federal quartermaster at
Indianapolis. This, presumably, was better than
the risk of having to fight for them, but the ruse
did not work long, and by the second day the
alarm spread through the adjacent counties and
the local companies of the Indiana Legion were
soon on the trail. Hines marched northward
through three counties to a point about seven
miles northwest of f^aoli, in Orange county;
thence he turned east into Washington county
and made southward again toward the Ohio
river, deeming it high time to be getting home.
Meanwhile one body of militia was following the

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

141

marauders ; another, apprised of their move-
ments, cut across from the west to intercept them
at the Ohio ford, and an armed steamboat pushed
up the river to prevent the escape across. As a
result they were closed in on at the fording place
at Blue River Island, about three miles above
j Leavenworth, and the entire force captured with
i the exception of four or five who were killed and
i drowned and three who escaped, one of the latter
being Captain Hines himself.

The Morgan Raid. — The raid of John Mor-
|i gan was the one invasion of the war which is
I famous in our annals. It was on a much larger
' scale than the visitation of Hines. The size of
( the invading force is not agreed upon, but it
i probably was not less than 2,500 men. The
i object of the leader was to create a diversion
that should be of aid to the southern army in
I Tennessee, and he counted on the rallying of the
, disaffected population to his support. Had the
plan carried the whole State would have been in
imminent peril. It was a bold dash that threat-
ened disaster or promised brilliant success to the
executor, but, as the sequel showed, the risk was
far greater than he had counted on.

Morgan was a dashing, reckless leader, whose
mounted command, composed of men after his
own heart, had already cut a romantic figure in
other campaigns. His spectacular invasion of
Indiana was contrary to the orders of his su-
perior ofiicer. General Bragg. On the 7th of
July, 1863, he appeared at Brandenberg, Ky., a
town on the Ohio, opposite Harrison county, and
two miles above Maukport, Ind. Here he cap-
tured two steamboats, and in the face of opposi-
tion from the Indiana shore and from river craft
he transferred his troop. The opposition melted
away and Morgan struck northward, heading
first for Corydon, where a showing of raw mili-
tia, hastily got together, put up a brisk fight in
which twelve men lost their lives and thirty-five
were wounded, most of these being the invaders.
The odds, however, were overwhelmingly against
the defenders, and after acquitting themselves
thus gallantly they surrendered to the number of
345. Then followed an orgy of looting. Stores
were raided ; levies of money were laid on the
three flouring mills of the town under penalty of
burning if refused; the county treasury was
robbed of its money ; private houses were pil-
laged and the women compelled to prepare meals

for the unwelcome visitors. Also, not less than
five hundred fresh horses were gathered up in
the vicinity and appropriated as the spoils of war.

From Corydon, Morgan, leaving his wounded
men behind him, proceeded still northward to-
ward Salem, Washington county, dividing his
force so as to better sweep the country and strike
the railroads and telegraph lines. The entire
troop reached Salem on the morning of July 10,
and after a skirmish with "minute men" took
possession of the town. Here the depredations
were worse than at Corydon. The railroad
tracks were torn up, the depot and bridges
burned and pillage ran riot. Basil \V. Duke, one
of the raiders, thus writes of it :

"This disposition to wholesale plunder ex-
ceeded anything that any of us had ever seen be-
fore. The great cause for apprehension which
our situation might have inspired seemed only to
make the men reckless. Calico was the staple
article of appropriation. Each man who could
get one tied a bolt of it to his saddle, only to
throw it away and get a fresh one at the first
opportunity. They did not pillage with any sort
of method or reason. It seemed to be a mania,
senseless and purposeless. One man carried a
bird-cage with three canaries in it, two days.
Another rode with a chafing dish, which looked
like a small metallic cofiin, on the pommel of his
saddle until an officer forced him to throw it
away. Although the weather was intensely
warm another, still, slung seven pairs of skates
around his neck and chuckled over his acquisi-
tion. They pillaged like boys robbing an orchard.
I would not have believed that such a passion
could have been developed so ludicrously among
any body of civilized men."*

Meanwhile, even before Morgan had crossed
the Ohio Governor Morton was apprised of the
danger, and, with characteristic vigilance took
steps to forestall it. Indiana was practically
stripped of experienced troops, those that she
ought to have had being sent, by his request,
to General Boyle, commander of the District of
Kentucky. With the first intimation of Mor-
gan's intentions, Morton telegraphed three times
to Boyle for official information of the situation,
requesting that defensive steps be taken by
Boyle, as he had all our regular troops. The first
two messages were not answered, but the third

"History of Morgan's Cavalry," by Basil W. Duke.

142

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

elicited the cheering information that the enemy
was on Indiana soil and that "your cities and
towns will be sacked and pillaged if you do not
bring out your State forces." Morton ])roceeded
to bring them out. L'nder date of July 9 he is-
sued the following "(general Military Order:"

".Satisfactory cvick-ncc having hccii received that the
rel)els liave invaded Indiana in considerable force, it is
hercl.y ordered and required tliat all able-bodied white
male citizens in the several counties south of the Na-
tional road forthwith form themselves into companies
of at least sixty persons, elect officers and arm them-
selves with such arms as they may be able to procure.
Said companies will perfect themselves in military drill
as rapidly as possible, and hold themselves sijbject to
further orders from this department. It is desired that
they should be mounted in all cases where it is possible.
The peoi)le in all other parts of the State are earnestly
refjuested to form militarj' companies and hold them-
selves subject to orders. Prompt reports of the forma-
tion of companies should be forwarded by telegraph.

"All officers of the Indiana Legion are charged with
the execution of this order, and all United States of-
ficers are requested to render such assistance as may be
in their power."

'{"lie news of the invasion had spread like wild-
fire, the whole State was in excitement, and
within two days after the governor's call 20,000
men were mustered at Indianapolis and 45,000
more were rejtorted as ready for service. "The
fanners left their grain to rot in the tield, me-
chanics (Iropi)ed their tools, merchants aban-
doned their stores and professional men their
desks ; clerks forgot their ledgers, and students
their textbooks, and young and old alike all
swarmed in constantly thickening throngs to the
ca])ital or the nearest place of rendezvous, as if
there were no duty or interest of that hour but
the safety of the State" (Terrell). Beside the
mustering at Indianapolis there was rapid organ-
ization at various |)oints in the south part of the
State, and. in addition. General Hobson, from
kciitncky, witli a force of United States troops,
was giving a stern chase, having crossed the Ohio
at r.randenberg about eighteen hours after the
raiders.

l'>y the time Morgan reached Salem he began
to realize, apparently, the hornets' nest he was
running into, and turning al)ruptly eastward the
invasion became a flight and a forced march to-
ward some crossing ])oint on the ( )hio, though he
took time to dt-stroy more or less railroad prop-
erly and telegraph lines, .md to forage on the
coinitry as he went along. Mis route l.iy by wav
of \ifnna. ni Srolt connty. wlu're ;i (le])ol .and
briilgr were lnuiieij ; theut-e to l.i'xinglon ; ijience

northward to Vernon in Jennings county, with a
view to destroying important railroad property,
but which was prevented by armed resistance;
thence southward to Dupont on the Madison rail-
road, where tracks were torn up, tw^o bridges and
a warehouse burned and a pork house and sun-
dry barns robbed ; thence to Versailles, in Ripley
county, where he captured about three hundred
"minute men" and $5,000 of public funds;
thence, by way of Osgood and Sunman in two
divisions to Harrison, on the State line, where
they arrived on July 13 after being on Indiana
soil for five days.

Morgan's erratic course during these five days
was in large part determined by the uprising
local militia that sprang up at numerous turns,
and which, particularly at Vernon, presented an
opposition that thwarted his purpose. His object,
apparently, was to avoid fighting as much as pos-
sible. On the other hand the uncertainty and
rapidity of his movements by the aid of fresh
horses constantly supplied from the countryside,
confused and thwarted the pursuers, mostly un-
motmted infantry, who sought to close in on
him, else he probably would never have got out
of the State. His men rode night and day to the
point of exhaustion, and finally most of them
were captured in southern Ohio at a point where
they had hoped to recross the river into Ken-
tucky. Morgan himself with part of his men es-
caped this time, but was followed up and caught
a few days later.

The loss to the citizens occasioned by this raid,
as meastired by claims presented and allowed,
was $413,599.48 (Terrell).*

The Disloyal Element. — As has been stated
there was in Indiana a strong element who did not
sympathize with the North in its efifort to coerce
the seceding States. During the patriotic fervor of
the first year or so of the war this disailected mi-
nority was not much in evidence, but with the
dragging out of the conflict and with its reverses,
making the ultimate success of the North more
and more doubt fttl, the opposition began to be
expressed both in the anti-administration news-
papers and among the people. Public utterances
that were not only critical but hostile to the point
of treason became common and active opposition

• A careful study of Morgan's raid by Margrette Boyer may
be found in vol. iv, No. 4, of the Ind. Quar. Mag. of Hist.
See also Terrell's report, vol. i, and Basil W. Dulce's account.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

143

was manifested by the encouragement of deser-
tion from the ranks and by armed resistance
when the authorities sought to arrest runaways.
So common did this abandonment of the stand-
ard become by reason of this encouragement that
it is said "no less than 2,300 desertions were re-
ported in the single month of December, 1862."
Acts of violence in defense of these deserters, in
resistance to the draft, and against loyal neigh-
bors were by no means uncommon in some locali-
ties, where, indeed, the conditions came little
short of internal warfare on a small and disor-
ganized scale. The governor's life was threat-
ened and once an attempt was made to assassi-
nate him as he was leaving the State House. By
the fall of 1962 Morton's vigorous war policy
was so out of favor that at the election in No-
vember the democrats got a majority of the Leg-
islature, and the session that ensued was one of
opposition and obstruction. The governor's an-
nual message, which, this year, was of unusual
importance, was denied the courtesy of a hear-
ing, and he was otherwise treated with con-
tumely. An attempt was made to take from him
his authority as commander-in-chief of the State
militia, which would have fatally crippled him in
his efiforts to support the national administration.
His policy was fought inveterately at every turn,
and the crowning embarrassment was to leave
him without any appropriations for State or mili-
tary expenses. In short, a weaker and less deter-
mined man than Morton would have been smoth-
ered completely by his political enemies during
these darker war days. He triumphed over all
such opposition, however. He borrowed all the
money he needed on the credit of the State, and
with a strong hand took autocratic control of the
situation generally. The next Legislature was in
harmony with him, and took over the obligations
to which their predecessors had been false.

Treasonable Organizations; the "Sons of
Liberty." — The opposition element in Indiana
may, in fairness, be divided into two classes —
those who simply were not in sympathy with the
war and with the policy of the North in prevent-
ing secession by force of arms ; and those who
were distinctly pro-southern in their sentiments.
These latter, to whom the opprobrious names of
"copperhead" and "butternut" were given, made
a treasonable and dangerous element in the popu-
lation. They were regarded as a useful leaven

by the South, and it is affirmed that John Mor-
gan, when he invaded the State, confidently
counted upon the active support of such citizens.
Prior to the war there existed in the South a
secret order known as the "Knights of the
Golden Circle" which had for its object the exten-
sion of slavery. With the outbreak of the war
chapters of this society were organized among
southern sympathizers, first in the border States,
then spreading northward into Ohio, Indiana.
Illinois and Missouri. Here they took the name,
"Sons of Liberty," and the order secretly grew
till in 1862, according to the report of an investi-
gating grand jury, it had something like fifteen
thousand members in Indiana, with local "cas-
tles" or lodges, and an elaborate system of signs,
grips, words and signals for mutual identifica-
tion and communication. The investigation
above referred to made by the Grand Jury of the
United States Circuit Court, was the result of
repeated interference with enlistments, the en-
couragement of desertion and protection of the
deserters, resistance to the draft of 1862, and
other manifestations of violence that awakened
alarm. The report of the jury gave new cause
for alarm as to what might be expected in the
way of outbreak, but no active steps against the
order were then taken. One good efTect of Mor-
gan's raid the following summer was to stir up
anew all the patriotism of the State, and this, in
connection with important successes to the north-
ern arms and Governor Morton's vigilant sur-
veillance of the society discouraged the "Sons of
Liberty."*

Their secret signs and passwords were di-
vulged and the name of the order became so
odious that it assumed, or tried to assume a new
name, the "Order of American Knights." though

* Morton's remarkable talent for taking a situation in hand
and getting in toucli with its details is illustrated by an inci-
dental event that is usually spoken of as "the battle of Pogue's
Run." On May 20, 1863, "Sons of Liberty" and their sympa-
thizers came to Indianapolis ostensibly to attend a Democratic
rally, but really with the intention of making an armed demon-
stration, the weapons being concealed on their persons. Morton,
fully apprised of their purpose, overawed them with a few armed
soldiers on the streets. As a train full of them were leaving
the depot, homeward bound, some one in a spirit of bravado
made the first "demonstration" by firing a pistol from the car
window. In response a company of soldiers, on their own in-
itiative, held up and boarded the train. The panic-stricken vis-
itors threw revolvers and knives into the waters of Pogue's Run
that flowed beside the tracks, and many more were captured by
the soldiers. The contempt and ridicule brought upon the "Sons"
by "this fiasco went far toward banishing the fear of them as
actual revolutionists.

144

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

this name has found no lodgment in the pnbHc
mind or in history.

The snake, though scotched, was by no means
killed, however. Treasonable sentiment and ef-
fort continued to work beneath the surface,
though to this day it is a matter of surmise just
how treasonable the secret order was and what
the scope of its intent. One writer (J. P. Dunn)
affirms that the majority of those connected with
these secret organizations "never had any idea
that anything treasonable was intended." It is
generally believed, however, that the order was
sinister and dangerous and that it aimed at noth-
ing less than an organized insurrection through-
out several States, including Indiana, and the es-
tablishment of a "Northwestern Confederacy"
that was to separate from the Union. At any
rate a quantity of arms and ammunition con-
cealed in packages or boxes and marked "Sun-
day-school books" were found in the establish-
ment of Harrison H. Dodd, Grand Commander
of the Sons of Liberty of Indiana. He was ar-
rested on the charge of conspiracy against the
United States, and then followed the famous
"treason trials" by a military tribunal at Indian-
apolis. This trial began on the 22d day of Sep-
tember, 1864, and the commission that conducted
it was composed of General Silas Colgrove, Col.
William E. McLean, Col. John T. Wilder, Col.
Thomas J. Lucas, Col. Charles D. Murray, Col.
Benjamin Spooner, Col. Richard P. De Hart and
Col, Ambrose A. Stevens. A number of men be-
sides Dodd were implicated, and the examinations
of witnesses brought out much sensational evi-
dence bearing on an intended uprising, the re-
leasing and arming of rebel prisoners, the as-
sassination of Governor Morton and other revo-
lutionary plans. In the course of the trial Dodd
himself esca]:)ed and made his way to Canada.
The court found him, William A. Bowles, Lamb-
din P. Milligan, Stephen Horsey and Andrew
1 lumphreys guilty of treason. Bowles, Milligan
and Horsey were sentenced to death and Hum-
])hreys to imprisonment, but all were subse-
(|uentlv ])ardone(l.

Senator Bright's Disloyalty. — In connection
with ill is ])hase of our history may be mentioned
the expulsion from the United States Senate of
Jesse D. Bright. Bright was a Madison man, a
leading Democrat, and wliat in this day would be
called a ])()litical "boss." In 1862 he commended

a friend who had an improvement in firearms to
Jeft'erson Davis, whom he addressed as "His Ex-
cellency, Jefferson Davis, President of the Con-
federation of States." This was regarded as
treasonable and Bright was unseated, ex-Gov-
ernor Joseph A. Wright taking his place.

The Draft. — Despite the overwhelming ap-
plications for enlistment in the earlier days of
the war and the free response of Indiana
throughout, as compared with other States, some
counties failed to contribute their proportion to
the State's quota in the course of the seven dif-
ferent calls that were issued before the war was
over. Consequently these localities fell subject
to the conscription system that the government^
was obliged to adopt. The drafts that operated'
in Indiana were those of 1862, 1864 and 1865, in
which, altogether, nearly 18,000 men were drawn.

The draft included in its plan an enrolment in
each county of every able-bodied white male citi-
zen between the ages of eighteen and forty-five.
When a new call was made for troops if a State
did not fill out its quota the draft was resorted to,
the names of the enrolled citizens being written
on ballots and placed in a wheel or box. From!
these a person who was blindfolded drew enough
ballots to complete the deficient local quota. Thej
persons whose names were drawn were then
served with a notice by the marshal and required
to report at the county seat within five days.
Those who did not report were classed as desert-
ers (Terrell). One efifect of a draft was tc
stimulate volunteering, many regarding conscrip-
tion as a disgrace. One provision of the drafting
system that caused much dissatisfaction was that
by the payment of $300 the conscript was re-
lieved from serving. By this, it was complained
the rich man was virtually exempt, whereas foi
the poor man there was no escape. At one iimi
there was a provision, also, that those who wen
conscientiously opposed to bearing arms should
if drafted, be considered non-combatants and b(
assigned to hospital or some similar service, un-
less they preferred to pay the $300 commutation

Bounties. — Local bounties paid by the vari
ous townships of the State, to stimulate enlist
mcnt and also for the purpose of benefiting th(
families of those who volunteered for the serv-
ice, should be noted. These local bounties rangeo
at dift'erent periods from $10 to $500. and in th<
aggregate amounted to $15,492,876.

State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Lafayette. 1. Gateway and Entrance. 2. Commandant's Residence and
Executive Building. 3. Adjutant's Residence and Offices. 4. Main Dining Room. 5. Old People's Home.
6. Old Men's Home. 7. Hospital. 8. Assembly Hall.

146

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

A large proportion of the townships paid these
bounties when it became difficult to fill out the
local quotas, and one of the causes of the system
was the desire to avoid the drafts. Abuses grew
out of the plan, one of which was the practise by
unprincipled floaters of recruiting and securing
the bounty money, then deserting and, under as-
sumed names repeating the process over and
over, perhaps, in different localities. This was
the nefarious business known as "bounty jump-
ing," and it proved so profitable that it developed
into an art or system with the collusion, it is said,
of a class of "brokers" who took contracts to fill
out quotas, and even with corrupt recruiting offi-
cers who thus found a short and easy cut to un-
earned gains.

Steps were taken to abate this evil, and several
culprits, after trial by court martial, were pub-
licly shot at Indianapolis, which had a salutary
effect.

Indiana's Care for Her Soldiers. — The dan-
gers of battle were not the only and, perhaps, not
the most trying of the evils our soldiers had to
suffer. The hardships of the field were particu-
larly taxing to a citizen soldiery uninured to
rigor and exposure. Add to that the government,
an unmilitary nation, was not prepared to care
adequately for the comfort and health of its rap-
idly augmenting armies. In consequence there
was much suffering and a vast amount of disease.
This was relieved, in part, personally by such
comforts and helps as friends at home could
send, but the need of some more systematic and
more dependable help soon became apparent.
Governor Morton, with a solicitude for his sol-
diers that was almost paternal, early gave this
need attention. In 1861, as the winter ap-
proached, he issued an appeal to "The Patriotic
Women of Indiana" calling for contributions of
articles in addition to those furnished in the reg-
ular army supplies — extra blankets, warm, strong
socks, woollen gloves or mittens, woollen shirts
and underwear.

The "Military Agency." — With the generous
response that followed this ap])eal arose the ne-
cessity of an adequate plan for distribution, and
out of this grew the "General Military Agency
of Indiana," which is said to have been the first
organized effort of any State to su]iplement the
government's provisions for its soldiers. This

agency, created in 1862, with Dr. William Han-
naman, of Indianapolis, as its head, had in charge
the supervision of all matters relating to the re-
lief of soldiers, and the organizing of ways and
means. Local agents in field and hospital re-
ported to the head of the General Agent who
was thus kept apprised of existing needs, and
who saw that they were relieved. Field agents
were expected to interest themselves in the men.
individually, to write letters for them when nec-
essary, to take charge of commissions to rela-
tives and friends, or of relics consigned to them
by the dying, to see that the dead were decently
buried, and to keep record of all facts that might
be of interest to the families of the dead. Books,
newspapers and other reading matter for both
hospital and field were secured, and soldiers both
sick and well, both in and out of the ranks, were
helped in numerous ways, not least of the services
being the looking after bounty claims and back
pay, whereby many thousands of dollars were
saved to the beneficiaries. In short, the ^Military
Agency seems to have been the forerunner of the
modern Red Cross, only its functions were wider
than those of the latter famous organization.

The "Sanitary Commission." — The organiza-
tion for the relief of the State's soldiers soon
created the need for supplies to relieve them
with, and the raising of these supplies in a de-
pendable way also called for an organized plan
Out of this came the "Indiana Sanitary Commis-
sion," which was created by Governor Morton in
February, 1862, with Dr. Hannaman as presi-
dent and Alfred Harrison, of Indianapolis, as
treasurer. The commission was organized to
thoroughly canvass the State for needed clothing
kinds of food not included in the government ra-
tions, delicacies for sick soldiers, bedding, books,
and whatever w^ould contribute to the comfort of
the men at the front. The organization, as a
whole, consisted of a central office or clearing
house at the capital, and a large number of auxil-
iary societies, located, usually, at the various
county seats. These were the central local socie-
ties, and, in addition to them, smaller contrib-
uting societies were established in neighborhoods.
These reached the public far and wide, and the
contributions thus gathered in were forwarded tcj
the Indianapolis office. To stimulate the gen-,
erosity of donors, particularly in the matter of

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

147

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148

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

cash contributions, soliciting agents were em-
ployed, who traveled over the State urging the
support of the movement and setting forth the
existing needs.

By way of still further aid numerous local
"sanitary fairs" were held over the State, and
with the co-operation of the State agricultural
fair of 1863, a "State sanitary fair," held at In-
dianapolis, raised about $40,000. Altogether the
commission secured in contributions, including
cash and the estimated value of goods, $606,-
570.78 (Terrell). Including contributions by
counties, townships, cities and towns in their cor-
porate capacity, the sum given for the relief of
soldiers and their families amounted to over
$5,000,000, besides gifts of which no definite
record was kept.

Relief of Soldiers' Families. — The relief of
soldiers individually and directly was not the
only expression of appreciation and generosity
on the part of the citizens of Indiana. As was
previously said the large sums paid locally
for bounties were in part for the benefit of sol-
diers' families — not altogether for the purpose of
inducing, but to enable men to enlist. The relin-
quishing of one's business and the leaving home
for the pay of a private in the ranks in very
many cases worked positive hardship on the fam-
ilies thus left to thus shift for themselves on a
meager income. The bounties helped out, but,
particularly when the enlistment was for the
three-years' service, it by no means sufficed. On
November 14, 1862, the ever-watchful Morton
issued "An Appeal to the People of the State of
Indiana" calling attention to the fact that the
wages of a common soldier, $156 a year, even if
it could all come home to the family (which in
most instances it could not) was a very scanty
support, and with the oncoming winter with its
high prices for the necessities of life, there would
be much actual need. The helping of these fam-
ilies while their natural providers were braving
the perils of the battlefield was the solemn duty
of the patriotic and liberal civilians. In anticipa-
tion of the argument that these civilians had al-
ready given largely and sacrificed heavily in re-
sponse to other appeals, the governor asked :
"What is the sacrifice of the man living comfort-
ably at home, even though he give half his in-
come, to that of the man who has left his family
and home and gone to the field ?" He urged the

organization of a State- wide system of aid soci-
eties and solicited the co-operation of all minis-
ters of the gospel, township trustees and others.

The response to this was immediate and liberal,
the movement rivaling that for the Sanitary
Commission in aid of the soldiers at the front.
"Soldiers' Aid Societies" were formed, fairs
were held, and the contributions poured in.
Frequently inspired by the local newspaper
or some energetic citizen of standing, the resi-
dents of a neighborhood would bring their gifts
on a fixed day to some central place and give
what in modern parlance would be called a i
"shower" of donated provisions and clothing. |
Or, the farmers of different neighborhoods •
would "collect together early in the morning and
at the appointed time drive into the country
town with wagons loaded with wood, and with [
barrels of flour, or apples, or potatoes heaped |
high on the wood, with their horses decorated i
with flags, sometimes carrying banners ; and as j
the long procession of gratitude and liberality
marched along the streets the crowded pave-|
ments welcomed it with cheers as for the return;
of a victorious army. Emulation ran wild in ef-;
forts to show the biggest loads and make thei
most striking display" (Terrell, p. 357). i

Another source of help was the "State Bakery"
established at Indianapolis for the purpose of
supplying the camps there. In 1864 and 1865 itj
distributed free to soldiers' families 63,540 i
loaves, worth 10 cents each.

All of these aids, however, were hardly ade-^
quate to the increasing needs as the war dragged,
on, and as late as March 4, 1865, an act for the
"relief of the families of soldiers, seamen and
marines"* was passed by the Legislature.

This law, in brief, authorized the collection ofj
three mills on each dollar's valuation of prop-j
erty and one dollar on each taxable poll, to be ap-
plied as specified. The fund thus raised was ap-
portioned to the various counties in sums rangingj
from $2,278.56 for Benton to $42,605.84 for|
Marion. The total number of beneficiaries (inj
"families" only) were 203,724. The township
trustee was the disbursing officer and was em-
powered to determine who came under the pro-
visions of the act. The law did not operate long,:
as the war ended soon after its passage. 1

Temporary and Permanent "Homes." — The

* This act also included relief for sick and wounded soldiers.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

149

first thing in the way of a soldiers' "home,"
Within the State, was one provided and equipped
oy the general government and the State at Indi-
anapoHs, in 1862. The capital was the central
knd chief rendezvous for the State, and of the
large numbers of soldiers who came and went
many, from sickness or other causes, could not
be cared for at the military camps. The building,
erected in a grove near White river, was fur-
lished and managed by the Sanitary Commission,
and it aimed to be a place where the soldiers in
:ransit could get a taste of "home" comforts, free
bf cost. In 1863 a "Ladies' Home" was also estab-
f.ished for the benefit of soldiers' wives and fami-
lies who came to Indianapolis to meet and visit
with them.

I At the close of the war there were many men
iisabled beyond self-help, to whom aid was justly
due, and the question arose of a permanent home
for those who might take advantage of it. Again
in appeal was made to the people and with the
;funds thus raised by voluntary subscriptions a
property containing fifty-four acres at Knights-
town, Henry county, was purchased. It had been
;i resort on account of medicinal springs there,
!a,nd a large hotel building and several cottages
were on the land. In the spring of 1866 these
were occupied as a home for soldiers and also
for soldiers' orphans. On the 4th of July, 1867,
jche corner-stone of a large brick building was
laid under the auspices of the Grand Army of the
Republic. Previous to that the State had adopted
lit as one of the public benevolent institutions.
^Subsequently the veterans were removed from
;this place and it became a home and school for
(the orphans of soldiers and sailors.
: By an act of 1890 the United States established
I branch of the National Soldiers' Home at Ma-
rion, and another by the State was established
aear Lafayette by a legislative act of 1895. Sev-
enty-five thousand dollars were appropriated for
the erection of the main buildings at the La-
fayette home, and, in addition to these, various
,:ounties have put up cottages.
I

SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER

i The "Underground Railroad."— The "Under-
ground Railroad," a famous feature of the anti-
slavery crusade for twenty years or more preced-
ing the Civil war, was a system of transportation

routes over which fugitive slaves were secretly
conveyed from the Ohio river into Canada, where
they were safe from the slavery laws of the
United States. These routes, as they were estab-
lished in Indiana, have been traced by Mr. Lewis
Falley of Lafayette, whose map is here produced.
Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg, Madison, New Al-
bany, Leavenworth and Evansville were the
points where the fleeing slaves could cross the
Ohio with some hope of finding friends, who

Map of the "Underground Railroad" in Indiana.
— By Lewis Falley, of Lafayette.

would help them northward, and these friends
would convey them from one "station" to an-
other, usually by night, or sometimes concealed
beneath what seemed to be a wagonload of pro-
duce on its way to market. The "stations" were
friendly houses where the fugitives were con-
cealed until they could be safely forwarded. The
people most zealous in this risky humanitarian
work were the Quakers, and the most famous
of the various routes was the one that traversed
the chief Quaker settlements in the eastern part
of the State. Wayne county was the most con-
spicuous anti-slavery center, and Newport, now

150

CEXTENXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Fountain City, about nine miles north of Rich-
mond, was its hub.

Levi Coffin, the most active and persistent of
the crusaders against slavery, lived there. As
early as 1840, Arnold liuffum. an abolitionist
1-Viend from Massachuselis. visited Newport and
started the movement for the ori(anizing of anti-
slaverv sncielies. and these were formed and
npenlv attended, there being no attempt at se-
crecv. In the hniiaua Quarterly Magazine of His-
tarv for September, 1907, an article by Dr. O. N.
IIulV. (»n "The Unnamed .\nti-Slavery Heroes of

Old Newport," revives the memory of many who
courageously and actively entered the fight
against slavery and wdio helped many a black
man to liberty.

An autobiography of Levi Coffin gives much
information as to the operation of the "railroad"
in that part of the State, but data as to the other
routes are bvtt fragmentary.*

* As late as 1857, it is known that a man by the name of Pur-
.dum, in Hamilton county, bequeathed one thousand dollars, as
stated in his will, "to be used to assist fugitive slaves to freedom
in the North."

View ill Brown County, nortlieast of Nashville.

PART II

A General Survey of Indiana as Developed
Since the Civil War

CHAPTER XV

CONDITIONS SINCE 1870— GENERAL SURVEY

OF PERIOD

Immediate Influence of the War. — In a study
of "Indianapolis and the Civil War,"* the author,
Mr. John H. Holliday, speaks of the influence of
the war upon the capital city. "The grim era,"
he says, "closed upon a new Indianapolis. The
quiet town with its simple life was gone forever
and in its place was the hustling city with new
ideas, new aspirations, new ways. Much more
than half the population were newcomers. As
it had changed materially, it had changed in other
respects. Its life was different. . . . There
was more luxurious living and ostentation. The
inevitable demoralization of war had to be reck-
oned with and both morality and religion were
affected. Hundreds of young men had become
addicted to intemperance and the general moral
tone had been lowered. Extravagance had in-
creased in many things and was driving out the
former simplicity. . . . Without the war In-
dianapolis would have changed at some time, but
it would have taken a generation for it instead
of being hammered out in the white heat of the
four years' conflict."

This, with little modification, might be applied
to the State at large, and the complex results
make an interesting phase of our history. On
the one hand, approximately 25,000 men, the
flower of the land, physically, had been lost to the
State, and more than that many millions of dol-
lars had been expended that, if applied to the arts
of peace, would, it seems, have vastly advanced
our progress ; and in addition the moral set-back,
though it can not be calculated, was by no means
negligible. On the other hand, the stress and
excitement of those four years appears to have
been a tremendous awakener — a stimulus that
engendered new energy and created new condi-
tions. One writer (Dunn) states that "to many
men the war experience had been a liberal educa-
tion. The soldiers had much to do besides fight-
ing. There were roads to make, bridges to build,
railroad and telegraph lines to replace during the
great contest, and there were few soldiers who

did not return with increased ability to do any-
thing that came to hand."* During and immedi-
ately after the war period prices w^ere high, prop-
erty values rose, there was much paper currency
afloat, and this begat business activity. In July
of 1865, we are told, there were in Indianapolis
"thirty-four wholesale houses running, with five
more to open up as soon as buildings could be fin-
ished." Rents rose to unheard-of figures ; "more
banks and insurance companies were organized,
railroads were projected, a steamboat built on the
river, real estate boomed, and expansion was
everywhere" (Holliday). Not only an expanded
currency but an increased protective tariff en-
couraged the growth and multiplication of manu-
facturing industries, and this not only wrought
a great change in the industrial character of the
State, which had previously been largely agricul-
tural, but by inducing considerable foreign immi-
gration the character of the population was much
modified. In 1870 the population exceeded that
of 1860 by 330,209, and the next four decades
added something over a million more — a growth
that could hardly have been approached in that
period under the old agricultural regime, since
by 1860 the lands of the State were pretty well
taken up.

Politics of the Period. — If Indiana's political
history following the war had any bearing upon
the State's real development, the fact is not
very obvious and hence we give but little space
to it. The aftermath of the conflict was, of
course, bitterness and hate between the opposing
factions that had existed here, and the State cam-
paigns of 1866 and 1868 were particularly acri-
monious. The Republicans remained in the sad-
dle until 1873, and the Republican party in In-
diana, like that party at large, was not above
abusing the power and prestige it had gained by
the successful prosecution of the war. The Dem-
ocratic minority, being made of the same sort of
stuff, the resultant "legislation" was a game of
petty chicanery. For example, when the fifteenth

Indiana Historical Society Publications, vol. iv.

History of Indianapolis.

153

156

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

amendment to the Federal constitution, giving
the negroes the right of suffrage and overriding
all State laws on this question came up for ratifi-
cation the DeniDcralic senators and representa-
tives resigned in a l)ody blocking not only this,
hut all other legislation. Lieutenant-Governor
Baker, then acting governor in Morton's absence,
took proper steps to fill the vacancies. Again the
amendment came u]) and again the Democrats
attempted to bolt but were cunningly overreached
by locking the senate doors while the recalcitrant
members were within, thus securing an enforced
(luorum for the business in hand. Tactics of
jirettv much the same complexion were exercised
in the house, and the votes of the Republicans
passed the resolution of ratification. The fol-
lowing session, the Democrats being in the ma-
jority, an attempt was made to rescind the reso-
lution. The same irregular methods w^ere
employed, with the parties reversed, but without
the same success. Meanwhile the interests of
the public were a secondary consideration.*

In the fall of 1872 the Democrats secured their
first Governor since the election of 1856, Thomas
A. Hendricks. After that the political forces
were so evenly divided as to the two controlling
parties that the years of their respective ascend-
ency was almost alternate. This frequent shift-
ing of power continues to the present, and it may
be said that the uncertainty of tenure of any one
party is increased in later years by the w^eaken-
ing of the old rigid party loyalty and the growth
of political independence.

During this period the State has figured con-
spicuously several times in national politics.
In 1876 Thomas A. Hendricks was the unsuc-
cessful candidate for Vice-President, running on
the ticket with Samuel J. Tilden. In 1880 Will-
iam II. ICnglish. rtinning with Winfield S. Han-

• One of the most tiotalilc instances of this sort of flagrant
party strife occurred in 1887. Senator Alonzo Greene Smith
was president pro tern, of the upper house, Lieutenant-Governor
Mahlon D. Manson having resigned. As Governor Gray was a
candidate for the United States Senate the question arose whether
in the case of his election a pro tern, president of the Senate
could l.-Kally succeed to the governorship, or whether a duly
elected lieutenant-governor only was eligible to the office. There
was no provision for such a contingency as existed, and to avoid
irregularity can.lirlatcs for the office of lieutenant-governor were
p\it on the ticket at the regular election of 1886. R. S. Robert-
si. n. a U.inil.lic.iii, was elected, but the Democratic Senate re-
fused to recognize him. The House supported him and admin-
i.Mcre.l the oath of office. Between the House and Senate arose
a strife amounting to physical conflict. The House refused to
act with the .Senate, the time of the session was wasted, and the
public paid for it all.

cock, was the unsuccessful candidate for Vice-'
President. In 1884 Hendricks again ran, coupled
with Grover Cleveland, and this time was elected.
Benjamin Harrison was elected President of the
United States in 1888, being the only Indiana
citizen who has ever attained to that high ofifice,
unless his grandfather, William Henry Harrison,
be considered an Indianian. In 1902 Charles W.
Fairbanks, on the ticket with Theodore Roose-
velt, was chosen Vice-President, and in 1912
Thomas R. Marshall succeeded to this office as
running mate with Woodrow Wilson.

STATISTICAL SURVEY.

Increase, Distribution and Character of Pop-
ulation.— As a sort of basis or starting point for,
a study of the State's growth during this devel-i
opmental period we may appropriately consider
that ftindamental factor, the population in its
various statistical aspects.

Increase by Decades and Analysis. — When
Indiana became a State in 1816 the population
was estimated at about 70,000, having increased
to this number from 5,641 in 1800. Since that
it has increased to approximately 3,000,000, the
last official enumeration, that of 1910, being
2,700,876. The ratio of increase by decades can
best be shown by the following table, which
starts with the census of 1820:

Census of

Total
Population

Increase by Decades

... i 147,178

... i 343,031

... ! 685,866
988,416

... I 1,350,428

... i 1,680,637

... ' 1,978,301

1890 i 2,192,404

1900 2,516,462

1910 I 2,700,876

1820.
1830.
1840.
1850.
1860.
1870.
1880.

1820 to 1830 95,853

1830 to 1840 342,835

1840 to 1850........ 302,550

1850 to 1860 362,012

1860 to 1870 330,209

1870 to 1880 297,664

1880 to 1890 214,103

1890 to 1900 324,058

1900 to 1910 184,414

From the table it will be seen that the increase i
ran heaviest from 1830 to 1870. Various causes I
may be assigned as factors. Up to the latter
forties new lands were being acquired from time 1
to time from the Indians and thrown open to
settlement ; hence the rapid increase of the agri-
cultural population. During the thirties the in-
ternal improvement movement brought in a for-
eign element, largely Irish, as laborers upon the
iniblic works. From 1850 to 1860. the decade

158

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

of Heaviest increase, the railroad labor, like the
canal work of nearly twenty years before, doubt-
less played its part. The influx of the forties,
which fell below that of the preceding and the
next following decades, evidently suffered some
check, and this may be accounted for by the fact
that during that period the State's enormous
debt following the internal improvement col-
lapse discouraged immigration.

Growth of Urban Population.* — In 1860
only hve i)er cent, of the total population of the
State lived in cities and towns. By 1870 the
percentage of urban population had doubled, and
the increase continued till in 1910 it was 42.4 per
cent. (U. S. Census reports). At the latter
time the urban population was contained in
eighty-one cities and seven incorporated towns.
Indianapolis, by far the largest of these, had
233,650 inhabitants ; four — Evansville, Fort
Wayne, South Bend and Terre Haute — each ex-
ceeded 50,000; twenty had from 10,000 to
25,000; twenty-six from 5,000 to 10,000, and
thirty from 2,500 to 5,000. As a contrast to this
urban growth the rural population has actually
decreased. In 1900 it was 1,653,773 and in 1910
it had fallen to 1,557,041, a loss of 96,732.

Population as Affected by Manufactures. —
The reasons for this great change in the char-
acter of the population must, of course, have
been industrial ; or, more specifically, an increase
and multiplication of urban industries. The fig-
ures show that in 1850 the total manufactured
products of Indiana were valued at $18,725,000.
In 1870 they had grown to $100,000,000, and in
1910 to $579,075,000, the State at the latter date
ranking ninth in this respect. The manufactur-
ing industries, as computed in 1910, employed
218,263 persons, and these, with their families,
swelled the urban population, particularly in the
larger cities, where by reason of superior trans-
portation facilities and various conditions indus-
tries best thrived. During the era of natural
gas that resource as a cheap fuel was a great
factor in swelling the population of the gas belt.
Today the area of greatest density is a block of
counties stretching from Marion northeast to
Allen and eastward to Wayne ; the northern tier
of counties from Lake to Elkhart ; Vigo on the
west, and Vanderburg on the Ohio river. The

* See population charts, pp. 154, 155, 157.

rank of these counties is largely due to urban
growth, the only ones that have gained at all in
rural population for the last ten or fifteen years
numbering less than twenty, scattered irregularly
over the State, though mostly south of the Na-
tional road.

Elements of Population. — With growth by
immigration the population of the State has be-
come more diversified, though the native whites
of American parentage have always been far in
excess of any other element and in excess of the
ratio in many other States. The negroes in 1910
were 60,320, or 2.2 per cent, of the total. Of
foreign-born whites there were 159,322, and of
this total more than fifty per cent, were Ger-
man, the Irish coming next with 10.4 per cent.
Altogether upward of a score of foreign nations
have contributed to our residents, ranging in
numbers from a few hundreds to as many thou-
sands. This foreign element is largely segre-
gated in the manufacturing centers, the ratio be-
ing largest in Lake county, owing to Gary and
contiguous industrial towns.

Inter-State Migration. — A factor that has
figured in the fluctuations of our population is
the inter-state migrations. The restless Ameri-
can with illimitable new fields of promise forever
opening up before him has been much of a mi-
grant, and a series of charts of 1890 (Statistical
Atlas of Eleventh Census) shows some interest-
ing facts in our population history. By an esti-
mate based on the places of birth of those then
residing in the different States it was computed
that the emigration of native Indianians to other
States had been more than 550,000, while the
immigration from other States to ours was under
450,000. The various Eldorados" of our native
Hoosiers were, first, Illinois, Missouri and Kan-
sas. In lesser numbers they were scattered to
Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas,
Oklahoma, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, Minne-
sota, Wisconsin and far-away Washington, while
some were traced to Massachusetts, Connecticut.
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela-
ware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Flor-
ida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,
Texas, the Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming, Utah,
Idaho, Oregon and California, making in all
not less than thirty-eight States with an infusion
of Hoosier citizenship. This scatters our na-
tive Indianian from ocean to ocean and from

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

159

Canada to Mexico and the gulf. On the other
hand, we have received citizens from no less
[than thirty-one States, the chief contributors be-
jing Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Tennessee, Vir-
ginia, North Carohna and Pennsylvania. It is a
rather curious fact that several States that con-
itributed to Ilhnois and Ohio and other contigu-
lous localities sent no emigrants to Indiana.

The tables of the last census show no change
in the tendencies of two decades ago. The net
[loss of Indiana by inter-state migration is shown
;to be about 275,000, and the foreign immigration
has not equaled that number.*

Centers of Population. — The center of popu-
lation of the United States, as it moved steadily
; westward since 1790, was located in Indiana in
1890, or was, at least, then first published, and it
•still rests there. In 1890 it was twenty miles
ieast of Columbus, Bartholomew county. In 1900
it was six miles southeast of Columbus, and by
jthe last census (1910) it was in Bloomington,
Monroe county.

The center of population of the State of Indi-
ana was in 1880 at New Augusta, in Marion
Icounty. After that it moved slowly northward,
and in 1910 rested at Zionsville, Boone county.

TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENTS

From the war period until the close of the
century, when the electric railway was intro-

tduced, transportation improvement was directed
to roads and steam railroads, and an account of

ithe development of these logically precedes that
of the industrial development, since the latter, to

'a great degree, followed as a result of trans-
portation facilities.

I : Wagon Roads. — The old question of w^agon
roads, with which the State and various counties
have wrestled from the beginning, still engages

[the citizens of the State as an unsettled problem.
There are still many miles of bad roads that
operate as a handicap to the rural population and

lafifect the market profits of agriculture, but the
situation is vastly improved. As has been set
forth elsewhere in this volume the first system of
roads that opened up the country consisted of so
many mere openings through the forests that
were fairly untravelable for parts of the year.
From these, road-making progressed to the

: macadam, the plank and the gravel roads. Up

The State's gain must be referred to the birth-rate.

to the time of plank roads all the highways were
publicly owned and maintained. With the intro-
duction of the comparatively expensive plank im-
provement private capital was invested and many
roads were surrendered to corporations that did
the improving and got their returns from the
travel, the mileage being charged and collected
at toll-gates located at intervals along the way.
This private ownership of roads continued much
more extensively after improvement by gravel
set in. In time, however, the tide of sentiment
turned once more to free roads maintained at
public expense, and in 1889 a law was passed
providing that the toll roads of any township
could be purchased upon a vote of a majority of

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The Ox-team was a primitive but sure way of
transportation in the pioneer days.

the citizens in the township. A petition of fifty
freeholders to the county commissioners could
bring the question to vote, and if it carried and
the purchase was made county bonds were to be
issued and a special tax levied in the township.
Since then the roads have been bought up until
very few remain. Indeed, as far back as 1899
(the last available statistics on this point) there
remained but 141 miles of toll roads, this total
existing in seven southern counties. There were
at that time 11,027 miles of free gravel road.

The statistics for 1911 (Fourteenth Biennial
Report, Department of Statistics) show that the
total mileage of free gravel roads was 25,289.76
in addition to 37,235 miles not graveled. The
total expenses for gravel road repairs, exclusive
of bridges, that year was $1,555,300.57, and
for bridges $1,269,644.21. Other costs, such
as "viewing," surveying, etc., amounted to

160

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

$21,114.04, making a grand total of $2,846,058.82
that Indiana spent in one year on her free gravel
roads, exclusive of the road work exacted from
the rural citizens for the upkeep of the 37,235
miles of "unimproved" or common dirt roads.
The gravel road bonds that were outstanding
amounted in all to $23,441,332.37.

An inquiry as to the distribution of this im-
provement reveals that the expenditures ran all
the way from $15 in Floyd county to $91,406.72
in Marion, and the mileage all the way from one
mile in Steuben to 1,000 in Parke. The counties
that had progressed farthest in the good-roads
movement, as measured by the improved mileage
at that date, were Parke, 1,000; Wayne, 913.75;
Clinton, 790; Putnam, 741.50; Madison, 732.48;
Wells, 700; Hamilton, 650; Boone, 626; Grant,
623 ; Randolph, 600 ; Henry, 525 ; Jackson,
551.25; Tipton, 550. All other counties have
a mileage under 500.

It is worthy of note that there is a lack of
correspondence between the road expenditures
in the various counties and their mileage. For
example, Parke with its 1,000 miles, expended
for repairs in 1911 $23,125.06, and Wayne's
913.75 miles cost $8,866.55. On the other hand,
Marion spent $91,406.72 on 383.02 miles, besides
$112,257.83 for bridges, and Vanderburg put
$30,150.64 on 130 miles. Many similar discrep-
ancies are revealed by the tables and the deduc-
tion is twofold. The cost of road building varies
in the various counties owing to the presence or
absence of road material ; also efficiency and hon-
esty in the expenditure of road funds varies with
various county authorities, which proposition
may be pretty well established by an analysis of
the tell-tale statistics.

It is undoubtedly true that one great detriment
to general and uniform road improvement is the
lack of State supervision, and at the present
writing there is a movement afoot looking to leg-
islation that shall establish such supervision.

State Geologist Blatchley's report for 1905
is devoted almost entirely to road-making and
the distribution of road materials. In it may be
found much valuable information on this subject.

It may be added that interest is now turning
to the comparatively recent proposition of con-
crete roads, which are being tried in some lo-
calities.

Expansion of the Railroad System. — In a

previous chapter we have dealt with the begin-
nings of the railroad era and the conspicuous
impetus this new system gave to the State's de-
velopment during the fifties. As to that begin-
ning we need only say here that its phenomenal
activity was but a promise of the tremendous i
growth to follow. By 1860 there were 2,126
miles of track laid in the State. The mileage by
1870 was 3,177; by 1880, 4,963; by 1890, 7,431;
by 1897, 8,606 (Bureau of Statistics report for
1897). This meant not only the main but all
auxihary tracks. In 1914, by the figures of the
State Board of Tax Commissioners, the total
tracks laid amounted to 20,277.90 miles, and thej
mileage covered by main tracks, representing the I
actual distance traversed by the various roads,
was 7,224.50.* This mileage compassed within
an area less than 150 miles wide by 250 miles
long means a network of roads, the entangled
character of which can best be appreciated by
reference to a present-day railway map. There
are only two counties in the State, Switzerland j
and Ohio, on the Ohio river, that are untouched
by this great modern innovation. In the other
ninety counties there are few spots that are
not within wagon-hauling distance of some rail-
way station, and the great majority of these
counties are traversed by more than one line.
More than a score of county seats and other
towns may be called railroad centers, being the
meeting points of three or more lines, while four-
teen lines radiating like spokes from Indianapolis
make it the railroad hub of the commonwealth.
As many may be found streaming from various
directions to the northwest corner of the State to
focus at Chicago, the great mart of the lakes, and
this fairly gridirons the counties in that locality,
particularly Lake and Porter. The multiplication
of lines has been by far the greatest throughout
the central and northern parts of the State, and
this is an index to the localities of greatest devel-j
opment in all directions.

This alone reveals a growth of the transporta-
tion system that far outstrips the dreams of the
most sanguine promoters of fifty years ago, but
what the map does not show is the tremendous

* The trunk lines, branches and local roads as severally named
for appraisement by the State Board of Tax Commissioners num-
ber something like a hundred and fifty, and the separate mileage
runs from .30 of a mile for the "Central Railroad Company,"
of Indianapolis, to 391.20 miles for the Chicago, Indianapolis
& Louisville Railway Co. This road, which traverses the length
of the State, has also two or three collateral branches. ]

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

161

advancement in eqxiipnient as well as in increased
mileage. The changes in roadbeds, rails and

I -oiling stock are a vast factor in the results ef-
'ected by the railroads. Where a locomotive of
he fifties hauled perhaps fifty tons over a frail
•ail of strap iron, one of to-day will pull more
i.han a thousand tons, exclusive of the weight of
the cars, over a ponderous T rail laid on an im-
proved roadbed, and mcreased speed and greater
frequency in running are part of the story when

reached the vast sum of $208,941,570 — certainly
a very respectable contribution to the taxables of
the State. As an industrial factor they have been
of no less importance. With the innovation of
the locomotive an adverse argument raised was
that the handling of traffic on a large scale with
a minimum of manual labor would throw out of
employment a great many men who teamed for a
living, and thus ruin an industry. It did not
take long to demonstrate that the immense stim-

Washington Street, Indianapolis, 1902, looking east from the corner of Illinois Street. It is interesting to note
that no automobiles are seen upon the street at that date.

we consider the shifting to and fro of the State's
traffic. So rapid are the improvements in this
respect that the descriptions of a few years ago
are now obsolete.

Railroad Valuation. — As a factor in the
wealth of the State the railroads have figured
immensely since their introduction. The story
of the increase in this respect is, of course, the
story of railway development, and we need only
note the present status. The property of the
various roads, including tracks, rolling stock and
improvements on rights of way, as valued by the
State Board of Tax Cominissioners for 1914,

ulus to traffic created a labor-employing industry
beside which the old teaming industry was triv-
ial. As against the comparatively small class of
wagoners, office employes, trainmen, yard men,
station agents, railroad laborers, shop men and
others came newly into existence as so many
distinct classes of wage-earners, and these work-
men have increased steadily in numbers as the
roads increased until to-day there is an army of
70,000 in Indiana alone with a total monthly
payroll running into the millions.*

* Report Public Service Commission, 1914. In the tables of
this report 34 "operating roads" are listed.

162

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.

Rapid Development of the Interurban. —
The great and growing rival of the steam rail-
road is the electrical railway which has had a
dcvelojjment in Indiana second to that in no other
State. If the growth of the former has been
phenomenal that of the latter has been amazing,
and electricity as well as steam has inaugurated
its own era of change and progress. As a sys-
tem of transportation it is, virtually, coeval with
the century, as the first interurban line entered
Indianapolis in 1900. That city now has fourteen
lines, radiating to all points of the compass, and
is said to be the greatest interurban center in the
world. y\t that center one may take a car any
hour in the day that will take him directly to, or
reach by connection almost any part of the State.
Without change of cars he may go as far in the
four cardinal directions as Dayton, South Bend,
Terre Haute or Louisville. The total interurban
mileage in operation April 30, 1914, was 2,168.43
(Report of Public Service Commission) ; and
the total assessed valuation amounted to $27,-
173,747. More than 9,000 persons are employed
in the system and the aggregate salaries and
wages of the employes for a year are about five
and a half millions of dollars.

The following figures furnished by Mr. Joseph
A. McGowan, of the T. H., I. & E. Traction
Company, give some idea of the growth of traffic
during the first fourteen years of interurban ac-
tivity : In 1900 the passengers to and from In-
dianapolis amounted to 378,000, and by 1903 the
travel had increased to 2,348,000 for the year.
Other figures were: 3,275,000 for 1904; 4,000,-
000 for 1905 ; 4,500,000 for 1906, and about 5,-
000,000 for 1907. In 1913 there were 6,640,433,
or a daily average of 18,192. The average daily
number of cars that arrived and dejjarted in 1914
was 676, and for the accommodation of this huge
and growing traffic a "terminal" union station,
the first (jf its kind in the country, was built at
a cost of a million and a half of dollars.

The peculiar advantag'es of the electrical sys-
tnn (jf tr.insportation are derived from the abil-
ity to transmit power over long distances from
a cenlr.il pl;uit. This means a greater economy
in a system of train service, and thus we find
that the cost of traveling has been reduced at
least a cent per mile as comi)ared with that

which formerly prevailed on steam railroads.
Another important feature is the frequency of
train service, the schedule being hourly instead
of hi- or tri-daily, and still another, the greater
accommodation afforded the traveler, the electric
car making stops with a frequency that would
be altogether impracticable in steam train service.

Social Effects of the Interurban. — The gen-
eral result of these conveniences has been a no-
table social modification in various ways. The
wonderful changes wrought by the locomotive
have been carried further and multiplied with
unparalleled swiftness and impetus by the trolley
car. In the first place the vast increase of travel
among people who formerly traveled little, means
a more mobile population, educated as the gen-
eration before was not to cosmopolitan ideas.
This means an increase of enlightenment, and
enlightenment is a stimulus to progress. The
rural population is brought nearer to the city
and is the gainer thereby. It has also brought
the urban, population nearer to the country,
within limits, by opening the way to country resi-
dence, and the larger element, perhaps, in the
"back-to-the-land" movement consists of those
who never would have moved beyond city limits
but for cheap and convenient transportation to
and fro. As a consequence of this land along
the interurban lines is being divided into small
holdings at greatly enhanced prices. Both the
steam and the electric railroads have added
greatly to the revenues of the State by the en-
hancement of property values, and it has been
affirmed that between 1900 and 1909 there was
an increase of more than a million dollars in the
valuation of farm property, due to the develop-
ment of the interurban.

The commercial effects of the new transporta-
tion system are also notable. Small local ship-
ments can be sent and received with much
greater facility where there are points of deliv-
ery and acceptance all along the nearest line. A
farmer can, with ease, ship direct to a customer
in the city, and merchants can receive directly
and with dispatch commodities from distant
points. As an illustration of the convenience and
commercial value of this: New Castle, in the
eastern part of the State, is in the market for
roses of stiperior quality, but the fact that roses
are fragile and perishable adds to the risk of
1 production in proportion, as the market is dif¥i-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

163

|:ult of access. By virtue of the interurban a
lorist in Indianapolis on receiving an order for
loses can telephone to New Castle, have them
limt on a certain car, meet the car on its arrival
ind thus within two or three hours receive his
lowers fresh from the soil where they grew.
That this must be a great aid to the flower in-
llustry is obvious, and other industries are sim-
ilarly stimulated.
I Urban Effects of Electric Transportation. —

moved outward, old residence sections have
changed in character, and in the readjustment
real estate values have fluctuated in a way that
the shrewdest speculator could not have foreseen
twenty-five or thirty years ago, while as a social
factor it has relieved vastly the old-time enforced
congestion of large centers. In brief, nowhere
has the new departure in transportation worked
out a greater revolution than in city life and city
conditions.

Indianapolis Traction and Terminal Station. The first and largest union terminal station in the country.
Opened to the public State Fair week, September, 1904. Building was planned by and built under the di-
rection of Hugh J. McGowan.

iThe interurban electric system dates from the
[discovery or development of what is called the
'alternating current," whereby the electrical
force could be transmitted over long distances.
[For ten years or more prior to that this motive
power was employed in urban transportation,
jand the changes wrought since its introduction
are quite an important part of the history of
icities. In the first instance it has made easily
laccessible the outlying contiguous territory ; this
has made practicable suburban living, and the
result has been unprecedented shif tings of urban
population. A large class of residents have

One more effect should be noted, and that is
the shifting of trade as a result of interurban
conveniences, and to the advantage of the larger
centers. People from the country and the
smaller towns now go to the cities for their shop-
ping in large numbers, and it is said that the
"trading population" of Indianapolis is about
twice that of its actual residents. On the other
hand, this is having a retroactive eft'ect. for the
country tradesman, under the spur of necessity
and in order to exist, has adopted new methods
and put new energy into his business. In nu-
merous cases the countrv store has vastly im-

164

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

proved ; their trade is not only coming back to
them but increasing, and many who once thought
the interurban spelled ruin for them are finding
instead that it means prosperity.

First Electric Lines in Indiana.* — The first
successful operation of an electric railway in this
country was in the city of Richmond, Virginia,
in January of the year 1889. Not long after this
the railway in the city of Lafayette, Indiana, the
first in the State, was equipped electrically. Soon
afterward the Fairview Park line in Indianapolis
was operated with electric cars, and other elec-
tric raihvay plants followed in quick succession.

The first person to take up the building of in-
terurban electric lines in Indiana was the Hon.
Charles L. Henry, former member of Congress.
He first became interested in electric railways in
the fall of 1891, in the city of Anderson, and soon
thereafter began to contemplate the possibilities
of interurban electric railways. In 1893, he con-
ceived the idea of building an interurban serv-
ice between what w^as then known as the "Gas
Belt" cities. However, the panic of 1893 brought
everything to a standstill, and for many months
nothing was done. In the winter of 1893-94, he
made the first estimates of cost and prospective
earnings, together with a blue-print map covering
the lines from Anderson to Marion, Anderson
to Elwood, and Muncie via Anderson to Indian-
apolis, exactly as they were afterward built, ex-
cept that the line to Elwood was first planned to
run through Frankton instead of west from
Alexandria, as it was finally built. Soon after,
he commenced securing options on land for a
private right of way for a line from Anderson
to Alexandria, and from Anderson to Elwood.
The possibilities of the enterprise constantly grew
on him, but he could not convince any one able
to furnish the necessary capital that it would be
a profitable venture, so that no substantial prog-
ress had been made when the financial depres-
sion, incident to the great political campaign of
1896, spread over the country, paralyzing all
business enterprises.

In the meantime the desirability of interurban
electric railway service had attracted the at-
tention of many other people. Among these was
Noah J. Clodfelter, who took up the project of

* Mr. Henry invented the word "interurban" for this class of
railroads. Edited by M. R. Hyman from information supplied
by Hon. Charles L. Henry.

building a line from Indianapolis, via Anderson,
to Marion, and was much heard of in the pub-
lic prints during the next few years, and finally,
in the year 1898, he did some work toward build- ■
ing a line from Marion south to Fairmount. He
laid rail in the city of Fairmount, which after-
ward passed, by receiver's sale, to the Marion '
Street Railway Company, and was used as a part
of the line built by that company from Marion,
via Fairmount, to Summitville.

In September, 1897, Mr. Henry organized the
original "Union Traction Company" and com-
menced the construction of an interurban line
from Anderson to Alexandria, and on January 1,
1898, the first interurban car in Indiana ran
from Anderson to Alexandria, a distance of
eleven miles. Early the next year this road was
extended to Summitville, making a total distance
of seventeen miles, at which point connection
was afterward made by the line built from Cla-
rion, south by the Marion Street Railway Com-
pany, a like distance of seventeen miles, giving
a continuous line of thirty-four miles from An-
derson to Marion, but owned by two different
companies.

The successful operation of the cars on this
first section of the interurban system induced
him to take up with George F. McCullough, of
Muncie, who then owned the electric railway in
that city, the proposition of joining their interests
and building a line from Muncie, via Anderson,
to Indianapolis.

Fortunate, indeed, for the future of electric
railways in Indiana, there came to Indiana on
New Year's Day, 1899, Mr. Hugh J. McGowan.
Coming as the representative of the Dolan-Mor-
gan Syndicate, which had recently purchased the
Indianapolis street railways, he at once com-
menced the development of that system, and
soon made it the best city railway system in the
country. To Mr. McGowan, Mr. Henry presented
the interurban project then under consideration,
and later, through his introduction, Messrs.
Henry and McCullough took up the matter with
Mr. Randal Morgan of Philadelphia, who agreed
to join with them in the organization of the
"Union Traction Company of Indiana," a con-
solidated company, which would embrace the
electric lines in the cities of Muncie, Marion,
Anderson and Elwood, and interurban lines con-
necting, and including the proposed line from

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1915.

166

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Muncie, via Anderson, to Indianapolis. The final
organization of this consohdated company was
completed in June, 1899, and work was at once
commenced on the construction of the Muncie-
Indianapolis line. On January 4, 1901, the line
was completed and its first car ran into the city
of Indianapolis.

In the meantime the line from Alexandria to
Elwood had been completed and the system as
planned in 1893, was at last a reality, just three
years and three days from the time the first car
ran from Anderson to Alexandria.

Looking forward to the completion of the line
into Indianapolis, as early as 1894, Mr. Henry
took up the subject of a contract with the local
company for running cars into this city, and in
February, 1895, secured a contract with the Citi-
zens' Street Railway Company, then controlled
by what was known as the McKee & V6rner
Syndicate of Pittsburg.

The first corporation formed for the building
of an interurban electric railway was the "In-
dianapolis, Greenwood & Franklin Railroad
Company," organized November 9, 1894, under
the steam railroad law, and being promoted by
Henry L. Smith of Indianapolis. The road from
Indianapolis to Greenwood was afterward built
by this same organization under the ownership
of Joseph I. and Wm. G. Irwin, of Columbus,
Indiana, who took charge of the company in
June, 1899, and it was this road that ran the first
interurban car into Indianapolis on the first day
of January, 1900. This company was succeeded
by the "Indianapolis, Columbus & Southern
Traction Company," owned and controlled by
the Messrs. Irwin.

The Automobile Era. — Any account of mod-
ern economic development would be incomplete
without a consideration of the automobile and
the part it is coming to play as a method of
transportation that for convenience and as an
agent of mobility is as far ahead of the trolley
car as the latter is ahead of the steam cars.
Mother Shipton's famous prophecy that car-
riages would go without horses has, like some
other predictions, been fulfilled far beyond the
most extravagant dream of the prophet.

Twenty-five years ago the fact of a "horseless
carriage" had, indeed, been realized, but it was
little other than a freakish curiosity, of no prac-
tical interest to the mass of people. As late as

1899 it was negligible to the statisticians. At
that time only 3,897 automobiles were reported
in the United States, and their manufacture was
not included as a separate industry in the census
of 1900. By 1909 the number had increased to
127,287, with a total value of $249,202,075, and
the increase since that date has been advancing
by leaps and bounds. A very large percentage
of these vehicles are private family conveyances,
which means that they are, in perhaps a majority
of cases, merely an added pleasure or luxury, ,
but economic effects are various. The inter-
communication between all parts of the country
is vastly facilitated, and while this is an advan-
tage to business generally, it is especially bene-
ficial to the rural population, which is equipping '.
itself more and more with motor cars. As an
illustration of the gain to agriculture we may cite j
the growing custom of county tours under the '
leadership of "county agents" in which numbers ;
of farmers visit the best farms in the county for j
the purpose of practically studying crops, under j
the guidance of a scientific specialist. As an I
educative scheme this promises to be of great
benefit to the business of farming.

One of the important results to be looked for
from the general use of automobiles is that of
road improvement. Indiana now has a law j
whereby from two to twenty dollars must be
paid as a State license for every motor vehicle, |
and this money, less the cost of registration, I
numbering plates, etc., is to be distributed as a ,
road fund among the counties. Under the first i
year of this law the rather handsome sum of
$462,609.28 was apportioned out among the coun-
ties. It is safe to say that this income will an-
nually increase and when added to the road fund
from other sources it gives promise of a material
advance in road improvement.

OTHER PUBLIC UTILITIES

Express and Transportation Companies. —

Logically connected with transportation facilities
are the public utilities that come under the head-
ing of express and transportation companies.
The former as public carriers of all kinds of
smaller commodities have been of incalculable
service in promoting business by facilitating in-
teixhange. The first of these companies in Indi-
ana of which we find record was the Adams

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

167

Express, which opened in IndianapoHs in 1847,
ikvith M. M. Landis as the first agent (Hollo-
l^ay's "Indianapolis").*

\ In other words, their origin was, virtually,
Contemporary with that of the railroad, and their
jdevelopment, in extension of service, has kept
oace with the latter. There are to-day six ex-
Dress companies operating in Indiana. These in
|the order of their importance, as measured by
'Iheir assessed valuation, are the Adams Express
Company, the American Express Company, the
United States Express Company, the Wells
Fargo Express Company, the National Express
Company and the Southern Express Company.
These, altogether, operate over 8,510.80 miles of
railway within this State, and their assessment
on this mileage (not inckiding real estate, office
furniture, etc.) amounts to $824,044 (Tax Com.
Rept.).

I Of "transportation companies," or carriers of
(special lines of merchandise, there are no less
•than one hundred and twenty-one listed in the
tax commissioner's report for 1914, and they are
assessed, collectively, at $1,618,075.

' IMPROVED INTERCOMMUNICATION

' The Telegraph. — Another important commer-
cial factor that was coeval with the railroad, and
a wonder that was unique until the advent of the
telephone, was the magnetic telegraph. The
Legislature first authorized the incorporation of
telegraph companies on February 14, 1848; a
line was soon after established between Indian-
apolis and Dayton, Ohio, and on May 12 of that
year the first message was transmitted. In June
a merchants' exchange was formed for the trans-
action of telegraph business, but there was
not enough to justify the enterprise (Dunn's
"Indianapolis"). For several years telegraphy
seems to have cut very little figure in the business
of the State, but other attempts were made to
introduce the service, and by 1856 several lines
were in existence, among them the since familiar
Western Union, which in that year made an ar-
rangement with the Associated Press- oi Indian-
apolis whereby the papers were supplied with
telegraphic news. This was a great innovation,

putting, as it did, the reading public in daily
touch with the affairs of the world. Prior to
that foreign news was pretty stale by the time
it reached the editorial sanctum of the west.

Of the various companies that sprang up in
the earlier day the Western Union alone re-
mains. Its present competitors are the Postal
Telegraph and Cable Company and the Fort
Wayne Telegraph Company, the latter operating
locally over but forty-four miles of line. The
total mileage of telegraph lines within the State
is 63,684.86, and the assessed valuation amounts
to $3,336,178. By virtue of this utility, space is
practically annihilated. The newspaper that is

* Elsewhere Holloway says 1851, with Blythe & Holland as
the first agents. The American company, he further says, was
established in 18S2 and the United States in 1854.

In 1893 Ehvood Haynes commenced work on a gaso-
line motor-driven vehicle which he had originated
and designed, and which he termed, for want of a
better name, the "horseless carriage." On July 4,
1894, he made a successful trial trip on the streets
of Kokomo in this vehicle, running at a speed of
seven or eight miles per hour.

brought to our door before breakfast gives us
the important happenings of the day before, or,
indeed, of a few hours before, from the four
quarters of the globe, and business, particularly
of a large character, is vastly facilitated by quick-
communication regardless of distance, to say
nothing of the countless instances of conve-
nience, public and private.

The Telephone. — But the telegraph as an in-
strument of intercommunication sinks into a
quite secondary place as compared with the tele-
phone. Like the automobile in transportation,
only to a far greater degree, it has become a
popular luxury and convenience as well as a
business necessity, and by reason of its intimate

168

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

and universal uses it has become a great factor in
social (levelo|)nient. By its help the Imsiness
world has acquired a quicker pace: time and
couiuless stejjs are saved at every turn; town
and country are alike served and knit together;
the transactions of daily life generally, from the
private messages between friend and friend to
the busy messages of the mart are vastly facili-
tated, and if ihe tele])h(>ne were suddenly abol-
ished the world wuuld lind it difficult to adapt
ilsvlf to former conditions.

The telephone was introduced into Indianap-
(.h> in 1S77 when three business hrms, almost
simultanvously, ran wires from their offices
across town to their }ards and factories. About
a year later the "Indiana District Telephone
C"ompany, of Indianapolis," was organized and
the council solicited for permission to erect wires
and poles on the streets. This was at first re-
fused, but in February of 1879 the right was
given to hang wires on the fire alarm telegraph
poles if the company would keep them in repair
and furnish the city with twenty-two telephones
ior the fire houses, free of charge, with addi-
tional ones if other houses were put in the serv-
ice. The conditions were accepted and the new
company started with something less than a hun-
dred patrons. It was succeeded in 1880 by the
Telephone Exchange Company, and this, in

turn, was supplanted by the Central Union Tele-
phone Company. In those days "the service was
poor ; the patronage not large ; the charges high."
When the Legislature of 1885 set the maximum
charge for telephone service at $3 per month
the company contested the law in court, and on
losing its case announced its determination to
quit. After four years of complications the re-
strictive law was repealed and the Central Union
has remained in operation to the present day,
being by far the most valuable telephone prop- '
erty in the State.*

The telephone service has expanded until In-
diana is to-day fairly netted with wires. In the
tax commissioner's latest report (1914) there
are listed 429 telephone companies, mostly inde- ■
pendent of each other, but co-operative so that I
long-distance service can be had from any point
in the State to any other point. The distances j
covered by these separate lines range all the way •
from two miles for the Fanners' Mutual Tele-
phone Company, of Vevay, to 152,296 miles for j
the Central Union, of Indianapolis, and the as-
sessed values of the properties vary accordingly. |
The Central Union, which runs highest, being j
$5,482,656. The total mileage is 375,471.28, and
the total value $15,840,115.

* For fuller sketch of telephone beginnings in Indianapolis,
see Dunn's History of Indianapolis.

CHAPTER XVI

NATURAL RESOURCES*

FORESTS

Early Forests. — The forests of the State
'must be considered as a passing resource, as the
Inative woods used in the manufactures are grow-
ijng more and more scarce. Originally no region
jin the world, perhaps, surpassed ours for the
jvariety of woods that are valuable in the manu-
ifactures. The State was virtually covered by
lone vast forest. The late John P. Brown, of
jConnersville, a student of this subject, estimated
that out of the 35,910 square miles comprising
the total area of the State, 28,000 square miles
were forested, f and Professor Stanley Coulter,
of Purdue University, says that "many of the
most valuable hardwood timbers reached their
maximum development, both as to size and num-
bers, within the limits of the State." In 1836
[Calvin Fletcher, Jr., of Indianapolis, traveled
northward over the Michigan road, then newly
cut out, and he speaks of the "enormous con-
jtinuous log heap of white oak" that had been
'cleared ofT the right of way and piled along the
,sides of the road.

j Variety and Sizes of Trees. — Our trees rep-
resented a wide botanical range. Charles C.
Dean, former secretary of the State Board of
I Forestry, in an article descriptive of the "Trees
of Indiana" (official report for 1911) includes
139 species that have been reported as native to
the State.;}; These are classified in thirty-seven
families and range from the white pine of the
north to the pecan of the south. Most of these
have some and many of them a great economic
'Value, the oaks, hickories, ashes, tulip-poplar
and black walnut being conspicuous among the
more valuable. Many of these, also, before the
imonarchs of the forest fell victim to the ax,
were of colossal size, if tradition is to be ac-

* The most important and most permanent natural resource
, is the soil, but as consideration of the soil becomes primarily a
study of the products of the soil this will come under the head
of "Agriculture."

t Address before the State Board of Commerce, Feb. 8, 1900.
} Mr. Dean surmises that the primitive forests contained many
, species of trees that have now disappeared.

cepted. The late Doctor Arnold, author of a
history of Rush county, affirmed that there once
stood in that county a yellow poplar that was
twelve feet in diameter, a black walnut that was
ten feet and an oak that was eight. In the same
county grew a mammoth buckeye which tradition
made nine feet in diameter, but which, on more
careful inquiry, seems to have been about four
and a half feet. At any rate its bole was large
enough to be made into a "dugout" canoe forty-
five feet long, which was mounted on wheels and
drawn by six or eight horses in the parades of
the famous campaign of 1840, being filled with
gaily-appareled damsels as an attractive cargo.
Reliable records from accurate measurements
made in recent years show that specimens up to
twenty-two feet in circumference with clear
boles running up to seventy-five feet or over, and
total heights exceeding 150 feet, are not uncom-
mon. A yellow poplar twenty-five feet in circum-
ference and 190 feet high is reported from the
lower Wabash valley, and a .sycamore tree in
Daviess county (described in 1880) measured
forty-eight feet in circumference (State Board of
Forestry Report, 1911). One nearly the same size
now standing in Greene county about a mile and
a half southeast of Worthington is described by
Dr. W. B. Clarke in the Indianapolis Ncivs of
June 28, 1915. For picture of this tree see
sketch of Greene county.

Forest Destruction. — To the pioneers of the
State the forests were a serious obstacle and of
value only as they contributed material to the
cabin, the rail fence and the fireplace. The
frequent comment on the wholesale destruction
of valuable timber must be shorn of its criticism
when we remember that the timber was not valu-
able then, and that the jirime need of the settlers
was tillable soil. Hence the era of the ax and
the indiscriminate warfare against trees. They
were "girdled" and killed as the quickest way of
getting at the ground ; when down they were cut
into logs, rolled into heaps and burned, all kinds
together ; preparations for such holocausts by

169

170

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

"log rolliiif,^"' was a social pastime, and "niggerin'
off," or burning the logs into chunks more han-
(llcable, was an art of the day. As late as the
sixties the finest white oak trees were made into
fence rails, and at an earlier day many a choice
walnut shared the same fate.

Early Uses of Wood.— W ith the introduction
of the sawmill and the substitution of frame
houses for log ones timber began to be manu-
factured into lumber, and the outj.ut increased
as the population grew. The pioneer cabinet-
maker, too, began to draw on the finer woods for
his uses, particularly ihc wild cherry and walnut,
and not a few modern homes retain as their
prized possessions the elegant and substantial
furniture made by those early artisans. One of
the latter, Caleb Scudder, came with the first
immigrants to Indianapolis and, according to a
chronicler of that period, the very first sign
painted in the village advertised *'Kalop Skodder,
Kabbinet Maker" (Nowland's "Prominent Citi-
zens"). In the flat-boating days when large
numbers of those craft carried the produce of
the interior down the streams, much lumber went
into their construction, particularly yellow pop-
lar, which was fashioned into broad slabs for the
sides or "gunnels." The incoming of the rail-
road created a demand for much timber, the
early style of construction calling for "mudsills,"
ties and stringers, and the plank roads took heavy
toll of the finest oak for their miles of solid
tlooring.

Manufactures and Forest Resources. — With
the development of manufactures there came an
increasing demand for woods of various kinds
and for many purposes, and this grew until the
forest j)roducts became an important element in
the State's wealth. This reached its high tide
about 1900. At that time J. P. Brown, above
cited, wrote :

"Fifty thousand citizens of Indiana are cm-
])loycfl in wood industries and each year receive
$15.()CX).fX)0 in wages, while a ([uarter of a million
of women and children are dependent u])on these
employes for their sui)])ort. The finished prod-
uct of this labor brings annually $50.0CK),000 to
Iiidiaii.i manufacturers. Indiana's railway com-
ment is borne upon 30.000,000 wooden cross-
ties wliich must be renewed at the rate of 4.500,-
<H)() tics aiinu.ill), the cost of wliich is fifteen per

cent, of the entire operative expenses of the rail-
ways. Twelve thousand five hundred miles of
electric wires are strung upon 250,000 poles,
which require frequent renewals."*

The foregoing was written in 1900. After that
time the wood industries began to decline and
within five years the value of manufactured
products fell from $20,000,000 to $14,500,000,
while Indiana retrograded from the seventh to
the sixteenth place in the production of lumber.
Even at that, however, wood-working ranked
fourth among the industries of the State.f

Since then the depletion of the native timber
supply has been going on, and the forests to
that extent have ceased to be one of our great
natural resources. The industries have not de-
clined in proportion, as the transportation ad-
vantages for products more than balance the
disadvantages of importing raw material. Out
of 232 concerns from which reports were se-
cured by Mr. Breeze, the investigator above
cited, thirty-three used no lumber at all from
Indiana, while fifty-six used from one to tw^enty-
five per cent. only. All of them depended more
or less upon outside supplies.

It should be noted that owing to the growing
scarcity of woods many kinds that were once
considered as fit for nothing, except, perhaps,
firewood, are now utilized in the industries. A
list of those used, as compiled by Mr. Breeze, in-
cludes twenty- four different kinds, and among
these are cottonwood, gum, elm, basswood,
beech and sycamore, none of which were re-
garded as valuable for saw logs twenty-five years
ago. Oak, basswood, cottonwood, elm, gum, ;
maple, w-alnut and yellow poplar all are used for
veneers. Indianapolis is one of the great veneer-
ing centers of the United States.

Twofold Effect of Forest Destruction. — The
destruction of our forests have had this harmful
twofold result :

1. The continued drain upon them with no
attempt to replace the valuable raw material they j
yield has depleted them as a natural resource
until our manufacturers wdio depend upon woods I
have to seek their material elsewhere. This is I

* "Tlic I'orests of Indiana the Reliance of Her Manufac-
turers," l)y J. P. Brown. An address printed I)y ttie Courier,
C'onncrsville, Ind.

t F. J. freeze: A Preliminary Report of the W'ood-Using In-
dustries of Indiana. St. Bd. Forestry rept. for 1911.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

171

an economic evil which the forest conservation-
ists have in mind in their propaganda for re-
forestation.

2. The removal of the forests, it is now be-
jing discovered, has disturbed the balance of
nature and affected the cHmate, the conservation
of the water supply, the conservation of the soil,
jand the agricultural status as it depends upon
■ these. Some of the results discussed are at pres-
.ent hypothetical, but the detrimental changes.

C. Gobel illustrates the first surface effect by the
simple idea of an inclined plane covered with
loose soil. When well sprinkled with water the
downward wash of this soil by the force of the
descending water follows as a matter of course ;
but if it is covered with a layer of cotton batting
and the batting is sprinkled the force of the fall-
ing water is taken up by this covering and the
moisture gently permeates the earth. If in addi-
tion to this we think of the soil as reinforced bv

Forestr)' Building, State Fair Grounds, Indianapolis. This building was erected in tlie summer of 1915 for the
purpose of maintaining a permanent exhibit of everything pertaining to forestry and forest products of
Indiana. The building was dedicated September 7, 1915, Ex-Vice-President Charles W. Fairbanks and
Governor Ralston participating. The names of persons seated reading from left to right are E. A. Glad-
den, State Forester; Warren T. McCrea, President Indiana State Board of Agriculture; Prof. W. C. Gobel,
Nashville; Charles W. Fairbanks: Curtis D. Meeker, Monticello ; W. A. Guthrie, President Board of For-
estry. Standing is Governor Ralston.

whatever their exact relations, are sufficiently
pronounced to have brought about the conserva-
tion movement, which is nation-wide.

Physical Effects of Forest Destruction. —
In the State Board of Forestry report for 1913
Professor Glenn Culbertson, of Hanover Col-
lege, sets forth in an interesting and informative
article some physical effects of forest destruction,
which effects are more far-reaching than we
generally suppose. In the same report Mr. W.

many interlacing roots the wash will be still fur-
ther minimized. Moreover, the batting takes up
a part of the water, retaining it as moisture,
w^hich affects the underlying soil for some time
after. This fairly represents the leaf-mulched
surface of forested areas as contrasted with bare,
denuded areas which shed the rains before they
have time to saturate the earth.

Our local histories repeatedly state that
marked changes have taken place in the normal

172

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

How of our streams since pioneer times. The
explanation is that the waters instead of being
fed gradually from the mulched soil, go oiT with
a rush, damaging freshets alternating with a
normal How that is proportionately small. Pro-
fessor Culbertson. from a special study of a half-
dozen hill counties along the Ohio river, cites
instances of the freshet damages along the
streams and of landslides and washings on the
liilKides that have left the lands ruined for agri-
cultural j)urposcs.

The estimate has l)een made that of the total
annual rainfall over the earth some 6,000 cubic
miles of water finds its way to the sea by the
streams, and the further estimate is that the
"average annual immediate run-ofT from these
streams to-day is at least 50 per cent, greater
than that from the same regions under the for-
ested conditions of the past."

One effect of this rapid disposition of the rains
is the lowering of the water level in the ground.
The earth does not become thoroughly saturated
and hence springs fail and wells have to be sunk
deeper and deeper to find strong, reliable veins,
while in cases of drought the effects are felt
much quicker and more severely.

In a word, under forest conditions the rains,
wliich otherwise rush away and in large degree
are wasted, are conserved and by various natural
processes made to serve the fullest purpose. The
extent to which the State has been deforested
has seriously disturbed the balance of nature,
and the question of remedy is now being forced
upon us.

Supposed Climatic Effects. — The physical
c fleets of deforestation as above cited are too
well established to be speculative. There are
other more remote effects, not so certain of
proof, but widely accepted nevertheless, particu-
larly as they regard the modifying of climate.
Professor Culbertson's argument, perhaj^s, fairly
covers the ground. This is that the evaporation
in the hot season from a soil and leaf-mulch that
are saturated is very considerable, and where
such area is extensive the moisture contributed
to the atmosphere must be a factor in the pre-
cipitation.

Again, the amount of moisture taken up by
trees in the form of sap and evaporated from
tlie leavi-s is, in the case of a wliole forest, some-
thing enormous, e\i)erinieiU liaviiig demon-

strated that one large tree, under certain condi-;
tions, may give ofif as much as several tons within :
twenty-four hours. That this must have some--
thing to do with increased precipitation seems
altogether plausible. Moreover, this evapora-
tion, it is said, modifies the temperature of the
air and creates atmospheric conditions that favor
precipitation.

Still another effect to which the forest contrib-
utes is the gentle "secondary showers," following
thunderstorms, due to the vast amount of evap-
oration from wet leaves ; which showers saturate
the soil much better than the beating storm.

Forestry Movement in Indiana. — Experience
and observation have taught in Indiana as else-
where that the deforestation of the country
brings about detrimental conditions that afifect
economic welfare so seriously as to demand at-;
tention and attempt at prevention. It stands to
reason that we can not restore the original for-i
ests with their leaf-mulch as a water conserver, |
and just how and to what extent reforestation!
can be promoted is still a debatable question.]
The theory on which the State is proceeding to-
day contemplates both conservation, or the pres-
ervation of remaining forests, and rehabilitation,
or the re-establishment of woodlands. The the-
ory is that certaiM rough areas in the hilly por-
tions of the State, of little value for agriculture,
might profitably yield timber for commercial pur-
poses, and do this continuously by a process of
scientific forestry. It also holds that through-
out all parts of the State are scattered small
areas, practically waste, that should be given to
trees ; it is figured that wood crops, such as catal-
pas for fence posts, make a good return, and the'
maintenance of a wood-lot as a feature of every'
farm is encouraged.

Back of this theory is a practical movement
for the promotion of reforestation which will bej
briefly described in this connection, though it
might appropriately come under the head of j
"governmental activities." Some time prior toj
1901 a society, under the name of the "Indiana!
Forestry Association," was formed, with Albert!
Lieber, of Indianapolis, as its president, and
John P. Brown, of Connersville as secretary. Its
aim was to create interest in agriculture and pro-
mote the passage of a forestry law, and in 1901 it
succeeded in sectu'ing such a law. This statute
estal)lished a "State Board of Forestrv," consist-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

173

ling of five members, one to be from the member-
ship of the Forestry Association, just mentioned;
one from the Retail Lumber Dealers' Associa-
tion of Indiana; one from the faculty of Purdue
University; one from the woodworkers of the
IState, who is to be a mechanic actively employed
at his trade, and one who was to have special
■knowledge of the theory and art of forest pres-
jervation and timber culture and a technical
•knowledge of the topography of the State. This
'last member was to be secretary of the board

part of Clark county, near the town of Henry-
ville. The larger part of this was in the wild
state, but some of it had been cleared and farmed,
and one use of the reserve was as an experi-
mental nursery, the cleared portions being
planted to various kinds of native forest trees.
The rates of growth and the success of the plant-
ings under different conditions have been re-
corded from year to year and the results have
been put before landowners over the State.
The work of the forestry office is largely edu-

Twin Beeches. These twin beeches are on the Purlee
farm, in Pierce township, Washington county. It is
said that they were there when the land was entered
about 1821-22.

^and ex officio State Forester, at a salary of
$1,200 and an expense allowance not to exceed
$600.* The duty of the board was "to collect,
fdigest and classify information respecting for-
'ests, timber lands, forest preservation and timber
culture, and for the establishment of State forest
[reserves," while the secretary's office was to be a
^bureau of information on such subjects.

State Forest Reserve.— In 1903 the State
purchased, through the forestry board, 2,000
iacres of cheap, broken land in the northwestern

' •The salary was afterward increased to $1,800.

This poplar tree in Washington county is 18 feet in cir-
cumference. The first hmb is 75 feet from the
ground. The owner, Mr. Carry Morris, refused $500
for this monarch of the forest in 1912.

cational. To quote from one of its reports :
"The question has been presented to the public
through the press, public schools, farmers' insti-
tutes, civic federations, women's clubs, etc., un-
til now almost every one knows something about
the forestry movement and many wood-lot own-
ers are practising scientific forestry." One fea-
ture of the propaganda is "Arbor Day," estab-
lished by law "for the purpose of encouraging
the planting of shade trees, shrubs and vines."
The third Friday of April in each year is desig-
nated as a dav for general observance, and the

174

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

governor is lo make proclamation of said day
in each year, at least thirty days prior thereto.
The observance chiefly liolds in the schools, it
being made the duty of county and city sujterin-
tendents to jjrepare programs of exercise for the
puj^ils. In this law Charles Warren Fairbanks
is especially recognized as "the leading spirit of
Indiana forestry conser\alion."

Conservation of Bird Life. — Closely con-
nected with arboriculture and of such economic
importance that it may fairly be considered a nat-
ural resource, is the Ijird population. The indis-
criminate destruction of bird life has been yet
more wasteful and wanton than that of the trees.
'idle result has been an increase of the insect pop-
ulati(»n that is a standing threat to vegetation.
Pomology in particular has suffered and fruits
that once thrived with little ))rotection can now
be secured oidy by a continual and systematic
fight against insect enemies. If unchecked these
enemies with their amazing re])roductive powers
would doubtless overrun the globe in time and by
their destruction of ])lant life indirectly destroy
animal life. The spread of the San Jose scale,
the curculio, the codlin moth and other fruit
devastators is a familiar story. Among the for-
est trees each has its peculiar enemies and the
same is true of each plant in the garden; the
wheat has its chinch bug and Hessian fly ; the
young corn its cut worm, and so on, ad infinitum.

In the nice balance of nature birds are the nat-
ural regulators of the insect population. In the
ground. l)eneath the bark of trees, on the foliage
and in the air they find grubs, eggs and adult in-
sects to sate their voracious appetites, and ob-
servation has shown that the amount of con-
sumption is astonishing. In a word, the wanton
destruction of ])irds has seriously disarranged
nature's scheme of regulation and we are now
beginning to realize the consequences.

'I he first movement looking to the preservation
ol bn-ds was, perha])s. a sentimental rather than
an economic one. The wholesale slatighter of
birds for the barbarous decoration of woiuen's
hals created a revulsion among those of finer
leelings who lovc-d Imds ,mi,| wh,, saw the heart-
lessness ot llir custoni pirvailing in llu' name of
'^•'^'ii"ii- Ibis seiilinienl, irin f< need, of course,
by the economic aigunnnt. crystallized in the Au-
dubon SocirlN nio\rnKnl, which has been the

great educator for the last fifteen or twenty
years.* The Indiana Audubon Society within that
time has faithfully pushed its propaganda for
bird protection with a wisdom that looked to the
future for results, and with a patience that be-
spoke permanence it carried into the schoolroom
its gospel of good-will to birds, and its annual
meetings held successively in various cities over
the State have given it State-wide prestige. The
efifects have been beneficent and marked. This
society, of course, was but a unit in a country-
wide movement. As a general result there has
been a notable change in the wearing of bird
])lumage by women, which was the greatest cause
of bird destruction. Stimulated, doubtless, by
the growing interest that was based on sentiment,
the economists have come to the fore and the!
public is being educated to the necessity of bird;
l)roteclion as a part of the great conservation i
movement which affects material welfare; while'
Indiana, along with many other States, now hasi
an excellent law protecting insectivorous as wellj
as game birds. The State laws, in turn, are rein-|
forced by a Federal law that affords protection',
to migratory birds as they pass beyond the juris- 1

diction of protecting States. |

COAL

Early History. — Knowdedge of coal in In-i
diana long antedated its utilization as an impor-
tant natural resource in this part of the country.
As early as 1763 George Croghan, an English of-
ficer who was captured by the Indians and taken
up the Wabash, makes mention of the mineral.
The first surveyors of Indiana (1804) also dis-
covered and made note of it, and in 1812 Robert
Fulton, who brought his steamboat, the "Or-
leans" down the Ohio river, found and dug coal
at a point near Cannelton. The first charter for
the mining of coal was granted to the American
Cannel Coal Company, of Cannelton, in 1837. ;
The abundance of wood for fuel and the ab-
sence of manufacturing industries retarded the'
development of the coal industry, but by 1840 it
was pursued on a small scale in various places, I
|)artly for cx])ort. The chief domestic use was
tor blacksnfithing. The earlier mining was
where the coal outcropped, the first shaft being

* Tlie Intliana Audubon Society was organized at Indianapolis
.Xpri! 26, 1896, with Judge R. W. McBride as president and
(itnrgo S. Cottman as secretary.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

175

jjunk in 1850 by John Hutchinson one mile east
bf Newburg, on the bank of the Ohio river. In
iigging a well in Clay county, in 1851, the block
:oal of that region was discovered, and in the fol-
•owing year this coal was mined and shipped out
\}i the county. With the incoming of the manu-
factories the coal industry rapidly increased and
hi 1879 laws were passed for the regulation of
inines and a mine inspector was appointed.*
' The Indiana Area. — The Indiana coal area is
imrt of a great field of about 47,000 square miles
i:hat covers a large portion of Illinois and laps
)ver into our State and northwestern Kentucky.
The total Indiana area is estimated at about
:^500 square miles. It comprises the west and
.;outhwest part of the State, and a line drawn
"rom Benton southeastward to Owen, thence to
Crawford at Leavenworth on the Ohio, would,
•oughly speaking, enclose our coal field. This
includes fourteen counties that are wholly and
twelve that are partly underlain. It has been
;stimated from drillings that reveal the approxi-
nate extent and thickness of the beds, that be-
leath the surface of these counties lies something
like 40,000,000,000 tons of coal. A great deal
bf this is regarded as "unworkable" with our
oresent facilities, but by 1898 100.000,000 tons
!iad been actually mined out, and by a further
;:omputation, based on the rate of increasing con-
iumption for eighteen years, and on area re-
garded as workable, it is thought "safe to assume
:hat the life of the Indiana coal field is at least
iOO years, f and probably more" (Ashley).

Growth of Coal Industry. — By 1879 the coal
ndustry had expanded to an output, that year,
of about 1,000,000 tons, and by 1898 this had in-
|;reased to 5,000,000 tons, in spite of the discov-
ery and extensive use of natural gas. After the
hollapse of the gas era mining developed yet
jTiore rapidly. About 11,000,000 tons were taken
but in 1903 and 13,250,000 tons in 1907. Ac-
cording to the annual report of the Inspector
pf Mines, James Epperson, for the year 1910J
i(35th Geol. Rept.), the "total general average
'or all mines in the State" was 18,125,244 tons

* See "Coal Deposits of Indiana," by George Hall Ashley.
ndiana Geological Report for 1898.

t This, of course, is largely speculative. Elsewhere we are
old our fields ought to last a thousand years.

{The last statistics we find on mining, the subject not being
Included in the later reports of the Department of Statistics.

and the total number of miners 14,810. The
total number of mine employes were 21,171 and
their wages for a year amounted to $15,527,-
390.72, being an average of $733.42 for each
employe. Of the output 54.56 per cent, was
shipped to other States, and the remainder,
amounting to 8,235,655 tons, was used in In-
diana. The total number of mines employing
more than ten men were 182, and these were dis-
tributed irregularly over fourteen counties, with
Clay, Greene, Sullivan and Vigo in the lead as
to numbers.

Kinds of Indiana Coal. — All the coals of this
State are bituminous in character, but fall into
three distinct kinds, known as "bituminous,"
"block" and "cannel." Our cannel, which is lim-
ited in amount, cuts little figure in the coal mar-
ket, though it has its peculiar merits, being
cleanly to handle and remarkably easy to ignite.
A dift'erence between the bituminous and the
block is that the former in Inirning runs together
or "cokes," which gives it especial value for forge
work, while the block burns to a clean white ash
without coking. The especial merit of the latter
is as a steaming coal. The quantity of bitumi-
nous mined is far in excess of the block and on
the market takes various specific names.

NATURAL GAS

First Wells. — Conspicuous among the natural
resources of the State during the period of its
usefulness, was natural gas. The natural gas era,
which was in the ascendency here from 1886 to
1900, may be spoken of as spectacular, so sud-
denly did it develop as an economic factor and
so great were the changes it wrought.

What is frequently spoken of as the "discov-
ery" of gas in the eighties is an inaccurate use
of terms, since there is record of it in Pulaski
county, Indiana, as early as 1865 ; elsewhere,
long before that, it had been used for lights and
fuel, and it was so used extensively in Pennsyl-
vania before it was utilized in Indiana. In 1884
a well sunk at Findlay, Ohio, yielded a strong
flow of gas, and the interest in this part of the
country was stimulated by that find. In 1886 it
was discovered at Portland, Jay county, that
Indiana had rock capable of a high-pressure flow.
The same year a Kokomo company drilled and

176

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

secured a "^aisher." and the utilizing of this well
for factory and domestic fuel seems to have been
the beginning of the '"gas era" in this State.*

The commercial opportunities that opened up
with the application of this new resource created
an excitement akin to the oil craze of earlier
days. -A cleanly, convenient and labor-saving
fuel of greater heating value than either wood or
coal, that could be brought cheaply to one's fur-
nace or sto\c, set l)0th manufacturers and pri-
vate consumers agog, and the capitalists hastened
to supply them.f Land speculation ran rife
w iicrever it was suspected there was gas-bearing
rock, and in and out of the belt wells were sunk
till, in the words of a humorist of the day, Indi-
ana, in sjmts, was suggestive of a porous plaster,
and the only way to utilize the wells that never
found gas was to "saw them into post-holes."

Natural Gas Area. — The gas area, as finally
dfvclopcd, comprised, wholly or in part twenty-
six counties (Gcol. Rept. 1907). The chief field
may be described as approximately pear-shaped,
the small end resting in Decatur county, thence
swelling eastward with the eastern limit at Ran-
dolph and Jay comities and westward to the east-
ern part of Clinton. From these east and west
extremes it rounded northward almost to the
Wabash river.J Another field in the southwest-
ern ])art of the State extends from Vigo to Gib-
son and Pike, and reaches eastward to Greene.
These fields combined are said to be much larger
than those in any other State, and they were
practically enlarged miles beyond the productive
limits by the construction of pipe-lines that con-
veyed the gas to outlying territory. Indianapolis,
Ivichmond, Lafayette and many other outside cit-
ies were thus supplied.

Industrial Effects of Gas. — The gas area va-
ried in its yield or strength of flow. The center
of our greatest sui)ply was Madison and Dela-
ware counties and the adjacent region, and it was
lu're that natural gas, combined with excellent
transportation facilities, wrought the greatest ef-
fect. This was industrial. Cheap fuel was a
tempting bait to the manufacturers that required
luuch of it. .-md the gas l)elt suddenly found itself

* Before lliis, however, gas from weaker wells that had been
drilled for oil, had been utilized in a small way.

1 In the Kii'loRical report of 1895 a list of incorporated natural
gaa companies is given, numbering 324.

X I'nr chart showing location of wells and pipelines see Geol
Rept. 1897.

in possession of a valuable asset. Its fuel was so''
cheap that it could be given away and many com-'
petitive towns, making a bid for industrial pros-'
perity, ofl^ered free gas to establishments that
would settle in their midst. The general result
is thus stated by one writer on the subject :

'Tn 1886, when gas was discovered, the gas
belt was an agricultural district. Besides the cus-
tomary flouring- and saw-mills the factories were
few and confined almost exclusively to the mak-
ing of wooden wares. . . . Soon, however,
all classes of industries were represented. . . .
About the time the gas was beginning to fail in
Ohio and Pennsylvania it was discovered in In-
diana. The field was vast in extent, the supply
strong. Capitalists were glad to move their in-
terests to the new field. By 1893 over $300,-
000,000 had been invested in factories in Indiana,;
and more were constantly being erected. It waSj
estimated that at that time not less than three'
hundred factories had been located and put inj
operation as a direct result of the development!
of natural gas. Many of them were very large,j
as the De Paiiw Plate-Glass Works at Alexan-i
dria, the largest of its kind in the world. In 1880!
there were seven States manufacturing morej
glass than Indiana. In 1890 only three StatesI
stood above ours in this product. The value of|
glass products in 1880 was $790,781. In 1892 it;
had risen to $2,995,409. ... In 1890 there'
were twenty-one glass factories valued at $3,556,-
563, and employing 3,089 men. ... In the]
iron and steel industry there were in 1880 nine
factories with a value of $1,820,000, employing!
1,740 men. In 1890 the number of factories had!
increased to thirteen, the value to $3,888,254. Two;
thousand six hundred and forty-four men re-'
ceived annual wages of $1,215,702. From 1890
to 1895 the growth was still more rapid. Janu-
ary 1, 1895, the number of glass factories was 50
instead of 21. They were valued at $5,000,000
and employed 7,000 men, with an annual wagej
of $3,000,000."* I

Decline of the Gas Era; Culpable Waste. — I
It is rarely that nature has given to man a bless- j
ing so freely bestowed as natural gas, and if itl
had been properly appreciated and used with dis-l
crction it would dotibtless have continued its'
service for many years. As it was, never was a

""Natural Gas in Indiana," by Margaret Wynn; Ind. Mag.
Hist., March, 1908.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

177

latural resource wasted with such senseless
LrodJgality and with so Httle excuse. There was
jiardly a Hmit to the absurd uses to which it was
but. The writer recalls one man who kept a big
iiambeau burning over his swill barrel to keep it
from freezing and had arches of lights over his
gates from curved perforated pipes ; nor was this
l^ccentricity exceptional. In small towns the
streets were illuminated, torch-like, by the lighted
gas flowing without check from the mouths of
itwo-inch pipes and it was no rare spectacle to see
[.he flow from gas wells burning an immense
flame, day and night. It is said that "in 1889 the
average daily waste from uncapped wells alone
was estimated to be 10,000,000 cubic feet" (Mar-
garet Wynn).

I As there was no replenishing of this fuel this
ivvaste must before very long have its effect. By
reason of multiplying wells and the tapping of
new areas the flow steadily increased from 1886
to 1900. Since this time it has been declining.
As expressed in terms of money value, it in-
creased from $300,000 worth in 1886 to $7,254,-
539 in 1900, and declined to $1,702,243 in 1910
(Geol. Kept. 1911). The State geologist pro-
tested against the waste long before steps were
taken to check it. By the early nineties the Leg-
islature adopted restrictive measures, and the
office of natural gas supervisor was created, but
it was too late to save the illimitable wastage
which has been a dead loss to the community
and which can never be regained.
1 Natural Gas.* — The gas of the Indiana part
of the field known as the Lima-Indiana has been
failing for the last few years until it has gotten
so weak in places that it is being replaced by
gas piped into the State by the Logan Natural
Gas and Fuel Company, of West Virginia. The
■gas is pumped into the State and reaches it with
la pressure of about 125 pounds, but is reduced
■to a few ounces before being turned into the city
lines. The following towns are using West Vir-
ginia gas : Muncie, Anderson. Elwood, Alexan-
dria, Fairmount, Hartford City, Marion, New
Castle, Richmond, Noblesville, Tipton, Lynn and
Middletown. The gas is now used mostly for
domestic purposes, very little being used for
manufacturing, and is sold to the consumer at
from thirty cents to forty cents per thousand.
While much gas is being piped into Indiana,

* Thirty-ninth Annual Report Dept. of Geol.

there still remain 2,295 gas wells that are produc-
ing some gas and are supplying a great many of
the smaller towns and the farmers on whose farms
they are located. In Tipton and Howard coun-
ties the Indiana Natural Gas and Oil Company
has a great many wells, the gas from which is
being piped to Chicago. There were sixty-four
new wells drilled in the year of 1914, and 147
old wells abandoned.

The Sullivan county oil field produces enough
gas, in addition to that used in the field for
power, to supply about eighty consumers in Sul-
livan.

The Oakland City oil field produces enough
gas to supply Oakland City and Winslow with
gas.

The remaining gas wells in Indiana have an
average pressure of 74.4 pounds, and the av-
erage price per thousand, and for which it is
sold, is $0,327. The remaining gas wells and
mains, not including the plants supplied with
West Virginia gas, represent an original invest-
ment of about $20,000,000, but in their present
condition would be worth about $1,000,000.

PETROLEUM

First Oil Wells; Development of the Field.

— While the petroleum industry in the United
States dates back to 1859 it was not begun in In-
diana until 1889, when a well was sunk on the
farm of D. A. Bryson, near the village of Key-
stone in Wells county. This was done by a cor-
poration styling itself the "Northern Indiana Oil
Company" and it was the beginning of an indus-
try that became one of the great ones of the
State. Two years later the above-named com-
pany had fifteen wells and these were multiplied
by other fortune seekers, who rapidly explored
and developed the paying oil area. This area,
which lay northeast of the State's center and
south of the Wabash was developed to 400
square miles by 1896. By 1900 it had grown to
900 square miles, and to 1,350 by 1903. The
Lima-Indiana oil field for the year of 1914, pro-
duced 508.987 barrels of oil from 3,796 wells;
the Princeton and Oakland City field produced
151,441 barrels from 285 wells, and the Sullivan
county field produced 859,500 barrels from 415
wells, making a total production for the State of
1,519,928 barrels from 4,496 wells, showing an

178

CKXTf-XXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

increase over the ].ro;luction of 1913 of 549,848
barrels.

The ])rice of oil for ihe last year has been
such that it has n(jt offered a very i,n-eat induce-
ment to oil operators to try to open any new
tlelds. or to ])roperly develop the old ones.

There are a threat many counties in Indiana
which oil men think are underlaid with oil, but
they are waitint,' for the ])rice to advance a little
so that the chances for ,^:ain will l)e i,n-eater.
.\mon<,f other ])laces look'ed upon with favor is
the lerritorv around r)irdseye, |as])er county;
(ic-ntrv \ ille. .'^])encer county; Foltz, Jefferson
counlv. and Wilkinson. Hancock county. Near
l!irdse\e and ( lentryville there were a few wells
d.rilk-d a few years ago, in which there was a
good showing of (»il. but for the want of ca])ital
at that time theri- was no more drilling done. In
llancock county, the oil for several years has
bjcn showing up in the old gas wells, and there
have been several thousand acres leased recently
with the expectation of drilling deeper for oil.

In JelYerson county there was a strong gas
well drilled, considering its depth, near Foltz.
The rock producing the gas is thought to be the
.Xiagara limestone, which in itself may not be
of much im])ortance but may be an indication of
something deeper at that point.

There were a few fair oil wells drilled in
."^helby county, on the west edge of the old gas
held in that county.

Illinois geologists claim to have traced an anti-
cline southeast through eastern Illinois to the In-
diana line, and Kentucky geologists claim to have
traced one northwest throtigh Kentucky to the
southern Jndi.ma line, and that being the case
it is very evident that it will cross the southwest-
ern corner ot Imli.ina, covering some points al-
ready mentioned as ])eing ])roductive of oil.

In the territory- mentioned, near l.ruceville, in
Knox comitw there have been some light gas
wi'lU producing for several )ears. The Prince-
ton held in ( iibson county has been a very ])ro-
(Uictive oil field; the ( )akland City and Peters-
burg helds in I 'ike county h,i\e ])een producing
oil for several ye.ars, ami in S])encer count\-, near
( ii'nti\\ille, s(,'\i'r;d wars ago, one oil and one
t^as will wvvv drilled which showed a fair
llow ot oil ;ind .i o,,,,,] \(,lnine of gas. but were
nol developed further for the want of ca])ital at
that time. While Warrick countv is in line of the

same anticline, no drilling has ever been done
The above counties will doubtless be developec
as soon as the price of oil is sufficient to offer th(i
proj)er inducement to operators.

QUARRY STONE

Quarrying Area. — By far the greater part ol
Indiana is covered by a sheet of glacial drift
brought from the north and spread over the bed
rocks at varying depths. In the counties south
of the glacial boundary and along the Wabash
and some other streams, where erosion has cut
through the drift, the bedrock out-cropping orl
approaching the surface is available for quarry-j
ing. The State has no granite, except in the|
form of boulders that have been transported in
the glacial drift, but among the various lime-
stones and sandstones certain kinds have an eco-
nomic value for building, flagging, lime, w^het-
stones, grindstones and other uses.

Building Stone ; the Oolitic Limestone. —
It has been said that no State in the Union pos-
sesses better stone for building purposes than
Indiana, and the quarry product of particular
excellence for such purpose is the Oolitic lime-
stone from Lawrence, Monroe and adjacent
counties. It is often called "Bedford" stone,
from the extensive quarries near that city. This,
again, is said to have "a wider sale and more
extended use than any other building stone in
North America, its wide reputation being due to
its general usefulness in masonry, ornamenta
tion and monuments, its abundance, the ease with
which it can be quarried and dressed, its pleasing
color and its durability."*

The Oolitic stone in Indiana extends from
Montgomery county to the Ohio river, though
north of White river it largely loses its value as
a building stone. In the geological report of 1874
is mention of a quarry in the southwestern part
of Jackson covtnty, and again, in 1878, we find
a description of "the well-known Stockslager
( )olitic (piarry" of Harrison county. As an indus-
try of real commercial value, which gives the
stone rank as one of the important resottrces of
the State, it is, however, chiefly identified with
Lawrence, Monroe and Owen coitnties. This area

* "Tlie Indian.T Ocilitic Limestone Industry," liy Ixayniond S.
Hlatchley and others; Geol. Rept. 1907. See also long treatise
on the Bedford Oolitic Limestone of Indiana, by T. C. Hopl<ins
:ind C. E. Sichenthal, Geol. Rept. 1896.

180

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

has been worked for many years and since the
close of the civil war vast quantities of stone have
been taken out. At Bedford. Lawrence county,
are the largest quarries in tlie State and among
the larj^'cst in the United States. At the northern
hmit of the worked tield is Romona. in Owen
counlv. and between it and Bedford are at least
a dozen districts, each with its group of quarries.

The output of building stone for 1912, accord-
ing to (he U. S. Geological Survey of Mineral
Resources, was 10,442.304 cubic feet. There
was a waste of fifty per cent., of which 18,000
cubic feet were turned out as crushed limestone
and 8,500 cul)ic feet was made into lime.

Quality of Oolitic Limestone. — The Oolitic
stone lias various merits that give it highest rank
as a quarry product. Being comparatively soft
when taken out of the beds it is easily sawed and
dressed. It is especially adapted for ornamental
work and is used extensively for monuments,
rustic gateways, lawn settees and other objects
calling for the exercise of the stone carver's art,
its value for these purposes being enhanced by
the resistance of the stone to weather.

It is especially famous, however, as a building
stone by reason of its workableness, appearance,
weather resistance and crushing strength, its re-
sistance to pressure equaling 4,500 to 7,000
pounds per square inch, as tested in experiments
(Blatchley). For architectural uses it is in de-
mand all over the country, notably in the con-
struction of Government, State and county build-
ings, libraries, churches, etc.

Other Quarry Stone. — Beside the Oolitic
output other stone is quarried extensively. A
hard limestone known as the "Niagara," which
is worked in Decatur county, is used more or
less for building and bridge purposes. This
same stone, where thinly bedded, is especially
adajjted for flagging and curbs and is quarried
for that ])uri)ose in several localities, notably
near Laurel, in P^ranklin county. Sandstone of
exrcllcnl (|ualily for building purposes exists in
a number of the western and southwestern coun-
ties from Warren to the Ohio river.*

What is known as the "Mansfield" sandstone
is a line dark-brown stone adai)ted for house
fronts and for cornices and lintels for brick
buildings. Gray and bufT sandstones are also

• For Irtalisc ami map sec Ceol. Kept. 1896.

quarried for building purposes, but the sandstonel
field, about 175 miles in length, considered as a'
commercial resource, is but imperfectly devel-
oped.

Lime Industry. — A very important product
from certain limestones of the State is the lime
of commerce, the chief use of which is for mortar
and plaster for building. It is also used in the
tanning, glass-making, paper-making and cement
industries, and for various other purposes.

Good stone for lime-making is quarried and
so utilized in various parts of the State from
Clark and Crawford counties on the Ohio to
Huntington on the upper Wabash.

THE CLAYS OF INDIANA

A natural resource closely allied to the rocks
is clay in its various forms, and few, if any, out-,
rank this one in usefulness. To quote Geologist
Blatchley : "No mineral resource of the earth
has been longer used or has been made into such;
various products for the benefit of the human
race," and it has figured in the manufactures of,
the world from the rude utensils of prehistoric!
races to the multiplied uses of the present day. Aj
list of these uses would include domestic wares,'
architectural material, draining tile, sewer tile,
flue linings, fire brick, ornamental tile and pot-:
tery, and other articles too numerous to mention.

The clays used in the industries vary in value
according to purity, fineness, plasticity and other
qtialities, and those in Indiana are adapted to a
variety of manufactures, from common brick
and draining tile to pottery and ornamental terra-
cotta.

The common yellow clay, used for the cheaper
building bricks and draining tiles, is found and
utilized all over the State, but the finer kinds
are in the western counties and run the length
of the State. The geological report of 1906 (the'
last one to consider this subject) states that "the
clays of Indiana rank in value next to coal and
petroleum among the natural resources of the|
State," but adds that "even yet but few of the'
main deposits are being worked, and there is]
room for five times as many factories as are now'
in operation. According to the census report of'
1910, there were then thirty-one Indiana estab-
lishments engaged in the manufacture of pot-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

181

lery, terra-cotta and fire-clay products, and these
rave employment to 2,373 persons. The value
)f the products amounted to $2,965,768."

GLASS-SAND

Sand for the manufacture of glass is a natural
esource of considerable importance in Indiana,
IS there were, in 1910, forty-four glass factories
n the State representing an investment of more
,han thirteen million dollars and an output in
|)ne year valued at $11,593,094. In glass-making
;and of a certain quality is used in large quan-
lities, and as transportation is an expensive item
he proximity of the material to the factories is
K factor in locating the industry. This sand may
!)e loose or in the form of sandstone, in which
fatter case it is crushed and prepared for use. Our
f)est loose sand is on the shore of Lake Michigan,
'it Michigan City, in a huge dune, or sand hill,
'vhich is practically unlimited in quantity. The
|)est in the rock form is in the formation known
fis Mansfield sandstone, which extends down the
Vest side of the State, and is available inexhaust-
■bly from Fountain county to the Ohio river.
There are several plants established for crushing,
:;creening and otherwise converting this rock into
'he sand of commerce, but we find no statistics
')f the industry.*

I CEMENT

Cement Material; "Natural" Cement. — In

-906 State Geologist Blatchley said : "No min-
eral industry in the United States has grown
inore rapidly during the last fifteen years than
hat of the manufacture of Portland cement."
ndiana has shared in that industry, her output
rapidly increasing in recent years until in 1910
t was valued at $7,022,000 (U. S. Census),
Ivhile the material for the manufacture of cement
(;xists in the State in practically unlimited quan-
ity.

; The constituents of cement are carbonate of
iime and clay — about 78 per cent, of the former
md 22 per cent, of the latter being the propor-
ions when artificially mixed in the product
mown as "Portland" cement. In some rocks
')0th these elements exist and in such proportion

* For chapter on the "Glass Sands of Indiana," by State
Jeologist Barrett, see report of 1913.

that a very fair cement may be made by the sim-
ple process of burning in a kiln and grinding to
a dust. Great beds of such rock are to be found
in Clark, Floyd and other counties along the
Ohio river, and the "natural rock" or "hydraulic"
cement, as it is called, has been manufactured in
Clark county for many years. The product
known to the trade as the "Louisville" cement
was put out in the year 1890 to the extent of
more than a million and a half barrels, and by
1899 this had increased to nearly three million
barrels. With the development of the "Port-
land" industry, however, the demand for the
natural rock production fell off and it now has,
at best, a very minor place on the market.

Portland Cement. — In the Portland cement
as distinguished from the natural rock the clay
and the lime element are mixed artificially, thus
securing a more perfect proportion with a su-
perior cement as a result. The process was in-
troduced by one Joseph Aspdin, Leeds, England,
in 1824, and he bestowed the name "Portland"
because of the resemblance of the cement to the
Portland oolitic building stone. It was first
made in Indiana at South Bend, in 1877-8, and
this is said to have been the first successful manu-
facture of artificial cement in the United States
(Geol. Kept. 1900, p. 24).

The lime for Portland cement may be had
from two sources — limestone and marl, in both
of which Indiana is rich. The abundance of
limestone has been already touched upon in the
sections on "Quarry Stone." The marl deposits
are found in the lake region of the State in the
beds of existing or extinct lakes, the supply being
practically inexhaustible. An extensive survey
of the lakes and study of their marls, made in
1899 and 1900, revealed not less than thirty-two
deposits extensive enough to justify the erection
of cement plants, and these would probably be
multiplied with the improvement of facilities for
getting at the deeper beds. The lime in marl, ac-
cording to one theory, has been a long, slow de-
posit from the waters of springs that well up in
the lakes.*

One advantage of marl over limestone in the
manufacturing process is that the labor of crush-
ing is obviated. On the other hand there is a

* For a long treatise on "The Lakes of Northern Indiana and
Their Associated Marl Deposits," by W. S. Blatchley and Geo.
H. Ashley, see Geol. Rept. 1900.

182

Cl-XTKXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

vast anK.unl oi wantage in the .luarryin- and Joseph county, where Mishawaka now stands, in
dressin- of hmestones for building purposes, and 1834. Here a variety of articles for pioneer:
this wantage makes a cheap and c<.n\enient l)y- use were manufactured and the establishment
pro<luc't for cement manufacture. In a list of had a wide patronage and a prosperous career,
eight factories that were operating in 19C6, three Other plants in other localities followed. Four-
used marl and rive used various kinds of lime- teen blast furnaces are mentioned by Geologist
stone. The largest factory, located at Mitchell, lUatchley, of which he says: "Most of them;
Laurence count'^N-, with a capacity of 5,000 bar- have long since gone to ruin, and of those still

rels per day. used •'.Milchell" limestone with
knobstone shale as cla\. Tlie largest marl fac-
lor\-, c |ual to 1,8(X) barrels per day. was at Syra-
cuse. Kosciusko count}'.

Uses of Cement. — The uses to which Port-
land CLineni is put, continually multi])lying, are
almost ])eyond enumeration. One of the con-
spicuous uses is for concrete sidewalks, the
mileage of which is becoming immense. Con-
crete highways for country travel are likewise
coming into service, h^or building purposes it is

standing the last one went out of blast in 1893."
The cause he assigns is that the ore in general
"is too silicious to compete with the richer hema-
tites of the Lake Superior, Missouri, Tennessee^
and Georgia regions." Nevertheless it is main-.
tained that there is a promising future for the
abandoned Indiana ores, interest in which must
be revived by the establishment at Gary of a
system of blast furnaces and iron mills that rank
among the greatest in the United States.

Peat. — AVhile peat has thus far played but.

beconung a formidable rival of wood, stone and little part in the economic development of this,
brick. I'Dr massive work, such as bridges, abut- State, it has no small value as a fuel and will
menls. piers, etc., it is, to no small degree, super- undoubtedly be utilized in time. It has long;
seding stone, and it is taking the place of wood been used in Europe and is now used in many]
in sccjres, if not hundreds, of articles. The limit places in the United States
is b\- no means yet reached and, in brief, the Peat is a product of vegetation growing in
cement resources of the State are destined to water, and is defined as "a moist, spongy and par-
be productive of great wealth, as there is op- tially carbonized vegetable matter." When dug
poriunily for a vast expansion of the industry out and dried it is inflammable, burning easily
as the demand for this useful article increases, as a fuel, and, when used in a specially con-i

structed stove, is very desirable for domestic

OTHER MINERAL RESOURCES purposes. A peat factory molds the material intoi

compact "briquettes." It has less heating value!

Iron. — Indiana does not rank high as an than coal, but in many regions where peat exists:

iron producing State, thotigh that is not because lack of transportation facilities makes coal ex-|

she is lacking in this resource. On the contrary, pensive, and with the depletion of the wood sup-'

tin- Department of (ieology and Natural Re- ply there is every reason why peat should take

sources lists no less than thirty-two counties as its place, as it has done in other countries,
havuig iron ore in sufficient (juantity to be of The lake region of northern Indiana is rich

iH-ononnc in)i)ortance.^^ i',ighteen of these are in in peat beds and a study of the peat area takes

the region oi [he lakes and the Kaid<akee river, in about 7,500 square miles. It has been esti-|

where bog n'on is found, and the others lie west mated that peat "briquettes" can be manufac-;

and southwest, wuh .Martin and (Ireene counties tured at a cost of about eighty-six cents perlj

K-a(hng. In tornier years the iron industry for ton.*

home iirrds was rather extensively develo]x^(l. Mineral Paint Rocks and Clays.— These are

bnt m tmir oilu-r localities with better facilities certain shales and clays used for making the

an<l, jR-rhap-^. better grades of ore closed the "mineral paints," such as umber, sienna, ochre
business in Imliana.

I'he liT'^t ])laiil foi- snu'ltiiig
in this Stale was built by .\.

and
AI.

• Srr

.Sll.lluinll

ritf Iron Orr I)<iinsil!-
•Iiol. U,|,|. I'lltl,.

if Iiuli;iii.-i,

worknig u'on
I hn-d in St.

(lias. w.

etc. .Abundant de])osits exist in the State andj
have been worked somewhat in \ igo, Owen^]
(irecne, Martin and Duliois counties, and j^er-'l

* Sec "Peat Deposits of Northern Indiana," by Arthur E.
Taylor. Geol. Rept. 1906.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

183

liaps elsewhere, but the industry seems thus far
iO have developed but feebly.
j Medicinal Waters. — The medicinal waters of
ndiana are a more important asset than is gen-
■■rally supposed. A study of this resource by the
department of Geology, published in 1901, dis-
f;losed that there were eighty springs and eighty-
iix wells yielding medicinal waters, distributed
hroughout fifty-two counties of the State. A
few of these are much better known than others,
|iot because of the superiority of their waters,
')ut because they have been made resorts and
lave been widely advertised. Medicinal water
las been discovered in many localities by deep
)orings for natural gas or oil, and for that reason
he number of wells now exceed the known
■prings.

' The waters vary in their chemical constituents,
)Ut are classified under the four heads of Alka-
ine, Saline, Chalybeate and Neutral or Indiffer-
;nt. Of these, chalybeate springs, or iron springs,
ire the most common and the saline waters are
nost used for medicinal purposes. Dyspepsia,
;jout, rheumatism, obesity, skin diseases, and
itomach, kidney and bowel troubles are among
lie ailments that are supposed to be helped by
;hese waters. There is a large trade in bottled
vaters shipped for home consumption, but the
i:urative fame of mineral waters has been built
ip by sanatoriums and resorts at the springs or
veils where the patients combine plentiful con-
numption with a system of bathing.

A number of these sanatoriums exist in dilTer-
nt parts of the State.

Precious Metals and Stones. — Gold and dia-
jnonds in Indiana can hardly be considered as a
'natural resource," but it is interesting to know
fhat both are found here, and, the gold especially,
Dver a much wider area than is generally sup-
oosed. In fact, more than once, the Hoosiers
lave experienced a gold excitement, and to the
present day local gold hunters have the abiding
:ever and expect some time to discover rich
strikes.

To one who puts faith in the science of geol-
ogy, however, such hope is dispelled. No rocks
n Indiana are either gold- or gem-bearing and
'3ur limited supply has come with the glacial
Irift from the far north. The rocks containing
chem. deposited here and there, have in the

crq

184

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

course of long weathering, set free their precious
but scant burdens. These deposits have been re-
ported from Brown, Cass, Dearborn, Frankhn,
(Greene, Jackson. Jefferson, Jennings, IMontgom-
ery, Morgan, Ohio, Putnam, Vanderburg and
Warren counties, and in at least two of these —
Brown and Morgan— it has been sought with
zeal. (in\y a few years since a company was
organized for sluicing in Morgan county, and
the promoters carried about with them specimens
of their tinds ; but, like preceding companies, this
one went glimmering. As early as 1850, gold
was "discovered" in the State, and in the sixties
there was quite a little flurry over finds in Brown
county,* and ever since then, perhaps, men have

• The late John Richards, a pioneer of Brown county who
lived on Bear creek, some years ago told the writer of leasing
part of the creek bed to a syndicate from Indianapolis, who pro-
ceeded to put up "the biggest and best flume ever built in Brown

made their living washing out dust from the
sand in the creek beds. One old gold washer,
"Uncle" John Merriman, claimed that he could
average $1.25 per day during the panning season.
The largest nugget he ever found weighed 132
grains, and was worth $5.50. As he was old
at the business and correspondingly adept his
findings may be accepted as about the maximum
return for gold-hunting in this State.

In the search for gold occasional diamonds
have been found, but usually too small to be cut.
There is record, or tradition, rather, of two
found years ago that sold respectively for $50 i
and $75. Other precious stones have been found, |
but few, if any, of commercial value.*

county." Just as they finished this flume a heavy storm and
freshet tore it out and swept it away in pieces — to the utter dis-
couragement of the builders. This was probably in the sixties.
* See Geol. Repts. 1888 and 1901.

CHAPTER XVII

MANUFACTURES

Growth of Manufactures. — As stated in a
previous chapter the manufacturing industries
of Indiana were almost neghgible during the
earlier decades, the general conditions being a
fatal handicap. By 1850, these conditions began
to change, and with that change the manufactur-

made possible the development of natural re-
sources. Practically the impetus begins with the
incoming of the railroad,* and the growth of the
railroad system and the general industrial move-
ment have gone abreast.

Industrial Statistics. — By the census returns

Convent of Sisters of St. Francis, Oldenburg, Franklin County.

ing era set in. In 1849, the total value of the
manufacturing output was $18,725,000. By 1869
it had increased to $100,000,000, and by 1909 to
$579,075,000. Within those years the State ad-
vanced from fourteenth to ninth place in the
Union, and from the employment of 14,440 wage-
earners, representing 1.5 per cent, of the total
population, as estimated in 1850, we have for
the 1910 estimate 186,984 employes, amounting
to 6.9 per cent, of the population. This growth
it attributed by a census writer to the various
natural resources of the State, but, as a matter
of fact, the greatest of all factors, perhaps, has
been improved transportation service which has

of 1910, $508,717,000 were invested in manufac-
turing industries in Indiana. There were 7,187
establishments, classified under fifty-five sepa-
rate industries, besides 772 that were unclassi-
fied.

The most important of these, as estimated
by the capital invested were, in the order named,
the iron industries, foundry and machine shop
products, carriages and wagons, artificial gas, ag-
ricultural implements, lumber and timber prod-
ucts, automobiles, furniture, and flour and grist

* It must be remembered, however, that prior to the railroad
era the Wabash and Erie and Whitewater canals played their
parts in developing their respective sections.

185

186

CRNTEXNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

mill ];ro(lucts. These leading industries repre-
sent investments ranging from $47,781,000 for
iron industries, to $15,857,000 for the outjnit of
(lour and grist mills. Of the total capital in-
volved about one-third is invested in the live lead-
ing cities — Indianapolis. South Bend, Ft. Wayne,
I-Lvansville and 'i'erre llaute, these decreasing in
the order named. Indianapolis is far in the lead
with $76,497,000. Its largest industry is that of
foundry and machine products. South Bend
leads in the manufacture of carriages and wagons
with a capital of $17,442,000, which is far in
excess of any other one local industrial invest-
ment. l'',\-ans\ille leads in furniture.

The ten leading manufacturing cities, other
than the five already named, are in the order
of their investments : Hammond, Mishawaka,
Richmond, Anderson, Michigan City, Muncie,
Laporte, Elkhart, East Chicago and Elwood.

Out of the State's total population of 2,700,-
873 in 1910, the manufactures gave employment
to 208.263 persons, including wage-earners and
employers. Compared with agriculture, as an
industrial factor, the latter still leads. The num-
ber of persons employed on farms as owners,
tenants or managers in 1909 was 215,485. This
does not include many others who follow agri-
cultural occupations.

CHAPTER XVIII

AGRICULTURAL ADA^ANCEMENT

Comparative Agricultural Values. — It is safe
to say that whatever the manufacturing and
commercial future of Indiana may be, it will
always take high rank as an agricultural State.
(The quality and amount of its cultivable soil in-
sures that. Among all the States of the Union
Indiana, Ohio, Illinois and Iowa rank highest in
jthe percentage of land area in farms and in the
average price per acre. In the first — the amount
[of farm land compared with total area — Iowa
j ranks first with 95.4 per cent. Indiana and Ohio,
(coming next, are almost a tie, the former having
92.3 and latter 92.5 per cent. In the average
value of farm lands Illinois comes first with
$95.02 per acre, Iowa follows with $82.58 and
Indiana comes third with $62.36. This valuation
{includes land, buildings, implements and live
stock, and the land value alone of Indiana ex-
ceeds that of Ohio, being $1,328,196,545.

Statistics of the State. — The approximate
total area of Indiana is 23,068,800 acres. Of
this 21,299,823 acres are in farm lands and
16,931,252 acres are classed as "improved." The
average size of farms is 98.8 acres.* The im-
proved acreage has about doubled since the Civil
war, and the total number of farms now is
215,485. During the period named the greatest
land increase was prior to 1880, it dropping
thereafter to a small per cent., but the increase
in values has been phenomenal since 1900. As
against the present average acreage value of
$62.36 the value in 1900 was $31.81, the increase
being 96 per cent.

Distribution of Values. — Land values in In-
diana range from ten or fifteen dollars per acre
to a hundred and twenty-five or more. The best
land, as measured by selling value, is represented
by a block of counties stretching across the cen-
tral and north-central parts of the State, reach-
ing as far south as Johnson, Shelby and Rush,
and as far north as Newton, Miami and Wabash.
Of this block Marion and Benton counties rank

* The average size of farms steadily decreased from 1850 to
1900, it being in the first-named year 136.2 acres, and in the lat-
ter 97.4 acres. In 1910, for the first time, there is shown a tend-
ency to increase.

highest, the latter, presumably, because of its
superior soil, and the former because of Indi-
anapolis and its influence on values. The north-
ern tiers of counties run uniformly from fifty to
seventy-five dollars per acre, with the exception
of Starke, Pulaski and Steuben, which rank
lower. The Wabash valley, from Parke to
Posey, runs from fifty to seventy-five dollars; a
stretch a little farther east, extending from Put-
nam to Warrick and Spencer on the Ohio river
are twenty-five to fifty dollars, and most of the
southeast corner of the State are valued at the
same figure. The cheapest land reaches from
Monroe and Brown to Perry and Harrison, on
the Ohio, and Jefferson and Switzerland are also
included in this class. The value is placed at ten
to twenty-five dollars per acre, though it is prob-
able that but little land in the State is sold at the
ten-dollar figure.*

Crops and Their Distribution. — Among the
crops raised in Indiana we find twenty-one dif-
ferent kinds that are important enough to be
considered by the State Department of Statistics
in its last biennial report (1913-14). These are:
Corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, water-
melons, cantaloupes, apples, berries, potatoes,
onions, tobacco, tomatoes, timothy, clover, al-
falfa, prairie hay, millet, cow peas and soy beans.

Corn. — Of these, as measured by acreage and
yield, corn is far in the lead ; the acreage, as com-
pared with wheat, which ranks next, running
from about one to three millions more.

The total yield of the corn crop for 1913 was
161,276,315 bushels. The ten leading counties
as to total yield were Tippecanoe, Benton, Rush,
White, Clinton, Allen, Boone, Shelby, Madison
and Montgomery ; though for the average yield
per acre Tipton leads the State with an average
in 1913 of 57.69 bushels per acre. Some of the
river counties, like Knox, have spots that yield
phenomenally, but do not hold up when it comes
to a total estimate. Statistics show that corn is
grown on nearly nine-tenths of the farms of the
State, but what niav lie called the "corn belt"

From charts and tables of Thirteenth Census.

187

188

CENTENNIAL HLSTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

occupies the central i)art of the State from
Wayne to Vigo, and from Shelby and Johnson
to the upper Wabash region.

iyin,at.— In wheat the State seems to be fall-
ing off. the acreage being less in 1912 than any
time in eight years. It was nearly two millions
less than it was in 1899. The leading wheat sec-
tions run up the \\'abash from Posey to Sulli-
van ; Dubois and Floyd, in the south, are good
counties, as are Shelby, Johnson, Rush, Bartholo-
mew. Hendricks and Marion in the central belt.
Among tile northern counties Noble, Kosciusko,
Pulaski, Whitley, Grant. Wabash, Miami, De-
kalb, Carroll, Cass, Howard, Benton, Boone and
Clinton all take rank. In 1913 Miami led with
an average vield of 22.71 bushels and Posey with
a total yield of 1,143,264 bushels. In the average
per acre we find the ten leading counties are all
in tlie northern group just specified, from which
it may be concluded that our true wheat belt ex-
tends across the State from Clinton on the south
to Kosciusko and Dekalb on the north.

Oats and Rye. — Next to corn and wheat, as
considered by acreage, comes oats, of which there
has been a slow but steady increase for the last
thirty-five years. The best oats region coincides
with our best wheat country, being the north-
central counties.

Rye has long been a minor crop, but is on the
increase, the average in 1913 amounting to
207,680 acres. The northern counties produce
the most, as they do of barley, which is also a
crop of minor importance.

Hay. — The farmers of the State devote con-
siderable acreage to forage crops other than corn
fodder, such as timothy, clover, alfalfa, cow peas
and soy beans. Timothy leads in acreage and
yield, the production being tolerably uniform
fr)r the last twelve or fifteen years, with an an-
nu.il yii'ld somewliat exceeding a million tons.
Clover conies next in tonnage, and l)oth these
hay.s thrive best in the northern counties. Al-
falfa is at i^resent regarded as a coming crop and
has been steadily increasing since 1909, the acre-
age in 1913 being 36,624, scattered over counties
botli north ;iiid south. Cow peas and soy beans
.seem to thrive best in the southern section, Knox
iK-ing the leading county in these productions.
I he total yirld for 1913 was 79.317 tons. Be-
sides the above crops consideral)l(.' wild or prairie
hay is harvested and seems to Ik- increasing vear

bv year, 90,143 tons for 1913 being in excess of
any previous year given in the statistics. The
wald hay counties lie both north and south, but
the leading section is in the northwest part of
the state.

Potatoes, Onions and Tomatoes. — The potato
crop is on the decrease, as shown by the returns
for the last thirteen years, the production within
that period diminishing almost one-half. The
yield for 1913 was 3,137,228 bushels. This crop
does best in the northern counties, as does the
onion crop, which in Indiana runs considerably
over a million bushels a year.

The tomato crop is increasing, a yield of
125,224 tons in 1913 being larger than ever be-
fore. Tipton county takes the lead. The crop
is raised chiefly for the canning factories.

Melons. — A crop of growing importance, par-
ticularly in the lower Wabash counties, is that of
melons. In 1913 there were, altogether, 8,057
acres devoted to this product, the average value
per acre of which was $62.83. For both water-
melons and cantaloupes, Knox,,Gibson and Posey
counties stand at the head, and their cantaloupes
are said to be famed as far east as New York
and as far west as Colorado.

Apples. — In orchard fruit, particularly apples,
Indiana, which once produced a superior quality,
suffered decadence because of the inroads of
orchard enemies and the neglect to wage an intel-
ligent warfare against such enemies. Of recent
years there has been a revival of interest ; apple-
growing by scientific orcharding has been pro-
moted, especially in the southern hill counties,
where land is at once cheap and adapted to fruit,
and the results have been shown at apple exhibits
held annually at Indianapolis the last three or
four years. These exhibits compare well with
those of the famous fruit districts of W^ashington
and Oregon. If our fruit is somewhat inferior
in size and showiness, it is superior in flavor, and
the verdict of those who have investigated is that
Indiana land costing twenty-five dollars or less
per acre will make as good return to the investor
as will Hood River or Yakima land at five hun-
dred dollars an acre — providing, of course, the
same care is expended as is necessary there.

Tobacco. — We hardly think of Indiana as be-
ing a tobacco State, yet it produced in 1913 no
less than 10,049,280 pounds. The tobacco "belt"
is, of course, chiefly in the southern part of the

►ti

193

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

State, but counties as far north as Tippecanoe
and Grant figure in statistics, and Randolph is
one of the ten best.

Live Stock. — Indiana as a live stock State
takes high rank. Horses, mules, cattle, hogs,
sheep and poultry represent the animal industries
important enough to be considered by the State
Department of Statistics.

From the beginning of the State's history hogs
have been far in excess of every other animal
product. Ever since the statistics have been kept
the number on hand each year has been a million
and a half to two millions, the statistics for 1914
giving 1,992,819. The loss from disease is a
heavy tax on the industry, running into the hun-
dreds of thousands each year. In 1911, 1912 and
1913 it averaged about a half million a year. The
greatest number of hogs are raised in a belt cut-
ting east and west through the central part of
the State, with Rush in the lead, with 56,016 head
on hand January 1, 1914.

Cattle, in number of head, rank next to hogs,
the returns for 1913 showing 1,076,033 on hand
March 1. 0( these 40,954,419 were dairy cattle,
the figures showing beef cattle to be considerably
in excess. The leading counties for milk cows
and dairy products are those running across the
north part of the State, though Hamilton and
Marion rank high, and Ripley in the south is in -
eluded among the "ten best." Allen leads.

The production of horses and mules has in-
creased year by year, that of 1914 exceeding any
previous year, being 646,846 horses and 82,575
mules. The best horse counties lie in the north,
but the best mule counties are in the southern
part of the State, with Posey decidedly in the
lead.

The chea])er hill lands of the southern coun-
ties would seem to be the logical section for sheep
grazing, but all the leading counties lie north,
with Lagrange and Steuben leading. The statis-
tics for fourteen years show that the sheep in-
dustry has been steadily declining. In 1900 there
were 932,856, with a wool clip of 4,537,975
])()unds. By 1914 the number had fallen to
481,075. Perhaps the mortality from disease
among shec]) has had something to do with the
decline. The yearly loss between the years s])eci-
fied has ranged from 27,610 in 1913 to 83,754 in
1901. The sheer loss in 1913 equaled $116,874.

W hen we consider jjoultry and eggs the figures

loom up large. In 1910 there were reported a
total of 13,789,109 fowls, valued at $7,762,015.
Of these 13,216,024 were chickens. There were
202,977 turkeys, 121,306 ducks, 139,087 geese and
57,433 guinea fowls. The increase during the
ten preceding years was 15.4 per cent, and the
increase of value 83.8 per cent., these increases
being in chickens. The egg production is given
as 80,755,437 dozens, valued at $15,287,205.

The best poultry counties lie in the north,
though Ripley is classed among the ten that
stand highest. Allen and Kosciusko lead.

ORGANIZATION OF FARMERS

The "Grange." — In 1867 a movement to or-
ganize the farmers of the United States for the
purpose of protecting themselves commercially
was initiated by Oliver Hudson Kelley. of Wash-
ington. The organization effected, known as the
"National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry,"
became, within a few years, the greatest that had
ever been promoted in this country in behalf of
the agricultural classes. Subordinate associa-
tions, called State Granges, sprang up. and by
1874 there were upward of 21,000 of these, with'
a total membership of about 700,003.

The central idea of the order was co-operation
in selling and buying, with a view to eliminating
the profits of the middleman, and, especially, the!
unrighteous gains of the speculator and mon-
opolist who preyed off the labor of the producer.
The Grange established co-operative elevators,
warehouses, flour mills and purchasing agencies,
and through these it effected a material saving to
its members. After 1874 the popularity of the
order, for some reason or other, declined as rap-j
idly as it had risen.* By 1880 it had dropped;
entirely out of public notice, and for ten years
little was heard of it. Then it began to recover
on a sounder basis that was better thought out.
At present it exists in thirty-one States, one of
which is Indiana.

The movement in Indiana was part of the!
wider movement as above sketched, and was or-
ganized at Terre Haute. Februar}- 28, 1872, un-
der the direction of O. H. Kelley. + The exact
I)resent status of the order we are unable tc

* It has been said that this decline was "but the inevitable re
action from too sudden popularity."

t Terre Haute Daily Gazette, March 1, 1872.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

191

gather from the reports that are issued, but in
1912 we find it stated that since 1911 there had
been an increase of 1,500 members and an addi-
tion of twelve new local granges within the State.
jThe year preceding September 20, 1914, there
Iwere added eight new granges and something like
s600 members.

Farmers' Institutes. — March 9, 1889, an act
iwas passed by the Legislature providing for
county institutes. By this law it was made the
jduty of "the Committee of Experimental Agri-
culture and Horticulture of the Board of Trus-
tees, together with the faculty of the School of
[Agriculture of Purdue University, to appoint be-
fore November first of each year suitable per-
sons to hold in the several counties of this State,
between the first day of November and the first
day of April of each year, county institutes for
the purpose of giving to farmers and others in-
terested therein instructions in agriculture, horti-
culture, agricultural chemistry and economic en-
pmology."

j This law continues in operation and has been
ti great educative and organizing influence among
(ihe farmers of the State. In each county is ap-
Dointed a local head or county chairman, who
issumes responsibility for the meetings of that
punty, and to supply these meetings, held over
,:he various counties, something like a hundred
nstitute speakers are secured. These include
practical farmers, horticulturists, stockmen and
i3pecialists of the Purdue Agricultural Experi-
iTient station. Of late years, in addition to the
^mbjects of the original programs, attention is
'^iven to domestic science for the women and
i^irls, to young people's contests in farm produc-
tions, and to boys' and girls' clubs.
I Throughout the United States these farmers'
Institutes are increasing and broadening their
r-cope of work. In the season of 1909-10 (the
jatest figures we have) there were held in Indiana
554 meetings, or 1,218 sessions, at a cost of about
I en thousand dollars. All counties of the State
'vere included in the system.

PRESENT AGRICULTURAL TEND-
ENCIES

f Of recent years agricultural conditions in In-
liana have been undergoing changes. From a
largely preponderating rural population that has
ormerly prevailed that population has decreased

not only in its ratio to the urban population but
actually. Between 1900 and 1910 there was a
sheer loss of 96,732.*

This must be accounted for, in large part, by
the drifting from the country to the cities, but
another factor undoubtedly is the seeking of
cheaper lands in the newer States. f As a coun-
ter-balance to this reduction of the farming pop-
ulation the wider introduction of labor-saving
machinery and other facilities has reduced the
necessity for manual labor. The shifting of the
population city-ward seems not to have afi^ected
production, and it may be accounted for in part
by decreased need for farm labor.

"Back to the Soil" Movement. — On the other
hand there is a certain "back to the soil" move-
ment of which we see frequent mention, but a
study of this movement over the country at large
by George K. Holmes, of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, shows that in character
it is by no means an equivalent for the exodus
from the farms, and would not be even if the
interchanging elements were equal in number.
Those who are turning country-ward are not as a
rule experienced farmers, and Mr. Holmes, after
collecting data from forty-five thousand crop cor-
respondents, classifies them as follows : Those
who move to the country but hold to their occu-
pations in town ; those who occupy their farms
when the season suits and go back to the town in
winter ; those who take to the soil as an escape
from city conditions and the hard struggle for
existence there ; mercliants and many others who,
having failed in the city, fancy they can succeed
in the country ; those who, having forsaken the
country in their youth, fondly return to it as a
matter of sentiment after they have spent their
lives making money elsewhere ; and, finally, the
moneyed man indulging in a fad or luxury, who
spends lavishly on his country place, upsets the
wage scale of the neighborhood and operates as
a disturbing influence generally.

This study of ^Ir. Holmes applies to Iiifhana
as elsewhere, and it is obvious that none of the
classes he specifies contributes very largely to
agriculture as a serious pursuit. It should be
added that a factor in the situation is the inter-

* This is not all an agricultural loss, however, as "rnral" popu-
lation includes those in towns of less than 2,500.

7 Inter-state migration works both wavs. l)uf in the shifting
process Indiana has lost 100,000 more than she has gained, as
shown by the census charts.

192

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

urban electric railway, which has brought city
and country into far closer touch than formerly
and has, to a large degree, shorn the country of
its old-time unattractive isolation.

Tenantry. — The tables show that farm ten-
antry in Indiana is increasing. In 1880 twenty-
four out of every hundred farms were operated
by tenants. In 1910 it stood at thirty per cent.,
with a marked increase in favor of cash tenantry.
The heaviest percentage of tenantry is in the
northwest part of the State.

The Scientific Impulse; State Aid. — As a
general proposition tenantry means agricultural
deterioration, and Mr. Holmes' list of amateur
farmers as cited above would also seem to imply
deterioration in this pursuit; but as opposed to
this we find that to-day, as never before, there is
a tendency toward improved methods of farm-
ing, based on scientific instruction. There is a
distinctive movement in this direction ; new edu-
cational influences are at work, and an increas-
ing number of the younger farmers are equipped
for the business by courses in the agricultural
colleges. The State agricultural school, Purdue
University, is an important factor in this im-
pulse. Not only does it offer the regular four-
years' course in the science of agriculture, but it
also conducts various special short courses of
which the farmers and their families can take
advantage in the more leisurely seasons at small
expense. This covers two features which the
university bulletin designates as a Winter School
and a Farmers' Short Course. The work of the
first "consists of lectures and laboratory exer-
cises arranged to meet the needs of farmers and
home-makers," and its object is to "help young
men and women to produce better corn and live
stock, better milk and butter and better fruit, and
to make better homes and at the same time to
secure a greater profit from the time, money and
energy expended. The Farmers' Short Course is
"designed to meet the needs of busy farmers" by
a definite plan of study outlined to cover a period
of one week in January of each year. This is an
extension course and, in the form of lectures, is
carried into the counties that wish to take advan-
tage of it.

Under a "vocational education" act approved
February 22, 1913, provision was made for a
"County Agent," to be appointed by Purdue Uni-
versity upon petition of twenty or more residents

of a county who are actively interested in agri-
culture. The duties of this agent are, under the
supervision of Purdue, "to co-operate with farm-
ers' institutes, farmers' clubs and other organiza-
tions, conduct practical farm demonstrations,
boys' and girls' clubs and contest work, and other
movements for the advancement of agriculture
and country life, and to give advice to farmers
on practical farm problems, and aid the county
superintendent of schools and the teachers in
giving practical education in agriculture and do-
mestic science." By the statistician's report of
1914 there were twenty agents appointed in as
many counties, and they are a pronounced stimu-
lus to the farming communities. One feature of
the work is the organization of "county tours" in
which all who wish to join drive over the county,
visiting selected farms for a field study of crops
or the inspection of live stock or farm improve-,
ments. These prearranged trips are usually madel
by auto, and are led by the agent, accompanied,
perhaps, by a Purdue specialist who lectures,
upon the particular subject in hand. An idea ofi
the interest aroused by these trips is conveyed
by the report of 1914, which, summing up the
results of the "alfalfa campaign" alone, over
twenty counties, states that "a total of 613 auto-
mobiles participated in the tour, carrying 3,184
people. Two hundred and eighty-seven farms
were visited, inspecting 2,080 acres of alfalfa.
One hundred fourteen meetings were held, with
a total attendance of 12,951. A grand total of
16,135 people were reached."

Social Status of Farmers. — Within the easy
memory of middle-aged men there has been a
marked change in the status of the average, rep-
resentative farmer. Not only is the uncouth,
backwoodsman of whom Eggleston wrote ex-
tinct, but the rustic Hoosier whom Riley pictured
in his earlier days is, to say the least, vastly modi-i
fied. Various educational influences — a universalj
free school system, the ubiquitous newspaper and
farm paper, and other cheap periodicals, farm-
ers' institutes, granges, clubs and other organiza-
tions— in fact, influences too numerous to easily
trace, have done their work to a degree that is
very noticeable to any first-hand observer. The
literary copyist who to-day goes nosing in ob-
scure places in search of the time-honored
"Hoosier characters" is somewhat amusing as a

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

193

I man behind the times who does not yet reahze
; that the present type, while retaining all the old-
time shrewdness, humor, raciness and fellowship,
1 has developed new qualities that present a new
field for the character delineator. The typical
; farmer of to-day is well informed and in intelli-
i gent touch with the wider affairs of the world.
He is coming to be a conscious part of the great
1 social movements. Financially he thrives better

than he once did, and he lives better. The "mod-
ern" house in the country is not uncommon ; the
rural telephone service is all but universal ; more
automobiles are sold to farmers, it is said, than
to any other class. The spread of the interurban
service has also been a great modifying factor in
rural life in promoting a freer touch with urban
life, and the social differences between city and
country people are becoming obliterated.

ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS

The State Seal. — The origin of the State seal
of Indiana is involved in obscurity and has, from
time to time, been a subject for discussion.

In the first constitution we find it provided
that "there shall be a seal of this State, which
shall be kept by the Governor, and shall be used
by him officially, and shall be called the seal of
the State of Indiana." On the 13th of December,
1816, the first Legislature enacted that "the Gov-
ernor of this State be and he is hereby authorized
to provide a seal and also a press for this State,
and that a sum not exceeding one hundred dol-
lars be and is hereby appropriated for that pur-
pose, to be paid out of any money in the treas-
ury not otherwise appropriated." In the House
Journal of 1816 the proposed seal is discussed
and the design of it is thus defined : "A for-
est and a woodman felling a tree, a buffalo
leaving the forest and fleeing through the plain
to a distant forest, and the sun setting in the west,
with the word Indiana." It will be noted that
while most of the features existing in the seal
are specifically described in the above, no men-
tion whatever is made of mountains, which are
manifestly incongruous in an Indiana seal. These
mountains have been variously explained as the
Alleghanies, the Rockies and as "the hills lying
least of Vincennes," while the orb beyond them
has been both the rising and the setting sun — the
emblem of a rising prosperity and of empire
I taking its way westward. The House Journal
["specifications" say "the sun setting in the west."
i There are reasons for suspecting that the de-
sign did not originate with the Legislature of
1816, but was borrowed, and this turns out to be
true, for on a slavery petition in the archives at

Washington, dated 1802, is an imprint of the seal
of Indiana Territory, which has the same general
features as the present emblem — the woodman
cutting a tree and the buffalo, sun and moun-
tains, with the word "Indiana" on a scroll in the
branches of the tree. A reprint of the document,
with a description of the seal, may be found in
the publications of the Indiana Historical So-
ciety, Volume II, pp. 461-469. Discussing the
subject there Mr. J. P. Dunn argues that the de-
vice was ordered in the east and brought to the
new territory by either Governor Harrison or
John Gibson, the territorial secretary.

Nearly twenty years ago the Legislature under-
took to ascertain the origin of the seal and the
authority of the device, because of the various
and dift'erent forms in use, whereas it was de-
sirable that the public business of the State
should have a well-defined and legally author-
ized seal. R. S. Hutcher, the leading clerk of
the Senate in 1895, an expert in such studies, was
appointed a special commissioner to investigate
the matter and learn whether the State "has any
legalized, authorized great seal." The result of
Mr. Hutcher's investigation was but to prove that
little or nothing could be known. There was
even no record to show that the design agreed
upon by the two houses in 1816 had ever been
formally adopted. Hutcher recommended that a
more definite seal be established by legislative
action, but no such action was taken.* — G. S. C.

* The humoristic editor of the Rushville Republican some
years ago thus described the seal:

"It exhibits a woodman, in short pants and G. A. R. hat, hack-
ing at a tree, one of his hands grasping the end of the ax-handle
while the other clutches it close up to the butt, in the way weak
woman splits kindling. A hornless Poland-China buffalo is fly-
ing from the awful sight with a despairing gesture from a tail

194

CHXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

The Word "Hoosier."— The origin of the
word "Hoosier" as a nickname for the Indiana
resident has long been a matter of discussion.
John I'"inley, of Richmond, has been credited with
introducing the term into print by his poem, "The
Iloosier's Nest." first published as a "carrier's
address" in the Indianapolis Journal for the New
Year's issue, January 1, 1833.* Recently, how-
ever, I have found an earlier usage. The Indiana
Palladium, of Lawrenceburg, in its issue of July
30, 1831, in a farcical skit describing Noah Noble
as horse in the political race, uses the expression :
"Me . . . may be called a 'Hoosher'."

A number of stories about the origin of the
word have been current for many years, some of
them 1 icing absurd and none of them tenable.
The best study of the question, and the only one
making any pretense to thoroughness, is a mono-
graph by J. P. Dunn, published in volume iv of
the Indiana Historical Collections. Mr. Dunn's
study practically proves that it is not a chance
word at all. l)ul one with antecedents that, prob-
ably, reach far back in the English language ;
which was long used in the south to denote cer-
tain uncouth characteristics, and which was im-
ported hither as descriptive of an element of our
early population. This would seem to be borne
out by early newsj^iaper references ; as. for ex-
ample, a correspondent in the Madison Republi-
can and Banner, of October 3, 1833, speaks of
"the almost ])roverl)ial roughness of Hooshier-
ism." and the same paper, issue of September 12,
1H3\ referring sarcastically to James B. Ray's
new publication, The Hoosier, alludes to the
"sin',nilar title of The Hoosier," and adds: "All
things considered, we regard the title in this case
as not ina])pr()priale." — G. S. C.

The United States Courts for the District of
Indiana. — Tlie CMurls of the Tnitcd States for
the District of Indiana were cstal)lished by an
Act of C"ongress on March 3, 1817. Three days
later I'.enjamin Parke was appointed the first
district judge. He was a native of New Jersey,
who. in ISOl, reniowd to N'inccnnes and after-
ward to Salem, Indiana. Me was a captain under

nearly as lonR as its body, having previously slud one of its
horns Ixside a slump, upon which leans a small but graceful
blaek liaiKlU-il mop. Iti tlu' background old Sol, with his hair
on en. I, sinks down behind a sway-back hill to rest."

• In the history of I'orter county (page 18) it is claimed that
the cabin described by linley as the "Hoosier's Nest" was a
house on the old .Sac li.iil built by Thomas Snow.

William Henry Harrison in the battle of Tippe-
canoe. He was prominent in the territorial gov-
ernment and a member of the constitutional con-
vention that framed our tirst constitution. He
served until his death, July 13, 1835.

From 1817 until 1825 the court was held at the
old capital at Corydon, Indiana. The record
books, which are still well preserved and in the
custody of Noble C. Butler, clerk, exhibit inter-
esting and varied, though comparatively unim-
portant litigation during Judge Parke's adminis-
tration. The common law and chancery plead-
ings, with technical verbosity as recorded in
the plain, old-fashioned handwriting of Henry
Hurst, the first clerk of the courts, are curiou.s
mementos of obsolete and cumbersome judicial
procedure. The first case recorded was that of
United States vs. Andrew Hilton, on May 4,
1819, an indictment prosecuted by Thomas H.
Blake, district attorney, charging that the de-
fendant did "deal in and sell to a certain Charles
Dewey" domestic distilled spirituous liquors
without having paid the tax, at the town of
Liverpool, Daviess county. There was a trial
by jury and a verdict of not guilty. It does not
appear whether the Dewey mentioned in the in-
dictment was the same Charles Dewey who in
1825 was appointed United States district attor-
ney and afterward for many years was a judge
of the Supreme Court of Indiana. The last
case at Corydon was Cuthbert Bullitt vs. Rich-
ard M. Heth's Administrators, a scire facias on
a judgment in debt amounting to $1,031.23,1
which, on November 6, 1824, was dismissed at
plaintiff's costs. ;

In January, 1825, the federal courts were re-
moved to Indianapolis. The first case tried in,
this city was on January 5, 1825, and is entitled
United States vs. Sundry Goods, Wares and
Merchandizes. It was a libel of information
filed by Charles Dewey, the then district attor-
ney, for the confiscation of a varied assortment -
of goods, including liquor, seized from William!
H. Wallace, for illegal trading with the Indian
tribes on the northwest side of the river Tippe-
canoe. There was a judgment forfeiting thej
goods and awarding one-half to the United
States and one-half to Edward McCartney, the
informer. An appeal was prayed to the Stipremei
Court, but does not appear to have been per-
fected.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

195

! Jesse Lynch Holnian, the second district
judge, was commissioned September 16, 1835,
and held office until his death, March 28, 1842.
He was born in Danville, Kentucky, in 1784, and
studied law in the office of Henry Clay, coming
to Indiana in 1808. He was a territorial circuit
jljudge and afterward, from 1816 to 1830, judge
|of the Indiana Supreme Court. It is said that
■Judge Holman, in addition to his judicial labors,
iserved as a Baptist clergyman in Aurora, from
fl834 until his death.

The third district judge for Indiana, Elisha
iMills Huntington, was commissioned May 2,
11842, and served until his death, October 26,
1862. He was born in Otsego county. New
York, in 1806, and removed to Indiana, where
he was admitted to the bar. He was prosecuting
attorney in 1829, circuit judge in 1831, and com-
missioner of the General Land Office at Wash-
ington in 1841.

During Judge Huntington's administration an
interesting case was tried under the fugitive
slave law. In the year 1845 Vaughan, a citizen
of Missouri, sued Williams for rescuing slaves
of the plaintiff after the plaintiff had found and
arrested them in a cabin near Noblesville. The
defendant demurred to the complaint on the
ground that the Ordinance of 1787, which pro-
hibited slavery in the territory northwest of the
river Ohio, required fugitive slaves to be re-
turned only when claimed in one of the thirteen
original States. The circuit justice ruled, how-
ever, that the Constitution of the United States
operated to repeal any provisions of the Ordi-
nance repugnant to its terms, when Indiana was
admitted into the Union, and, the provision of
the federal Constitution requiring the return of
fugitive slaves escaping from one State into an-
other being paramount, the obligation to return
them was binding if the plaintiff successfully
established his title. The evidence in the case
developed that the slaves, Sam, Mariah and child,
were purchased by the plaintiff from a man
named Tipton, in Missouri, and that Tipton,
having prior to the sale of the slaves moved with
them into Illinois, remained in that State the
statutory time required to gain a residence, and
having also voted and exercised the rights of a
citizen of that State prior to the sale to Vaughan,
the slaves became free under the laws of Illinois
and therefore Vaughan had no title. The jury,

so instructed, returned a verdict for the de-
fendant.— Vaughan v. Williams, 3 McLean 530.
Judge Huntington was succeeded by Caleb
Blood Smith, a native of Boston, who studied
law at Cincinnati, Ohio, and at Connersville,
Indiana, whence he removed to Indianapolis.
Judge Smith was influential in procuring Lin-
coln's nomination and was Secretary of the Inte-
rior in Lincoln's cabinet, which position he re-
signed to accept the district judgeship on Decem-
ber 22, 1862. He was a man of remarkable ora-
torical powers. After serving a little over one
year he died, and Albert Smith White, of La-
fayette, was his successor, but White held the

ifij ""-Sff ^m ^B 9

Old United States Court-House and Postoffice Building
at Indianapolis, occupied until 1904.

office only a few months, dying at Stockwell,
Indiana, September 4, 1864.

President Lincoln then appointed David Mc-
Donald, who took the oath of office December
13, 1864. Judge McDonald was a professor of
law in the Indiana University, which institution
conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He
was also author of McDonald's Treatise, a work
on practice, which for many years was relied
upon, and is to this day esteemed by many as a
most useful textbook to guide the logic of the
practitioner and the judgment of the justices to
"turn upon the poles of truth."

It was during Judge McDonald's administra-
tion that the military commission composed of
Brevet-Major General Alvin P. Hovey and
others convened in the United States court room
and tried Harrison H. Dodd, William A. Bowles,
Andrew Humphreys, Horace Heffren, Lambdin

196

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

P. Milligaii riiul Stephen Horsey, leaders of the
Indiana branch of the Knights of the Golden
Circle. The conspiracy embraced an alleged
scheme for an armed ujirising of rebel sym-
pathizers, the liljeration of prisoners of war at
("amp Morton and other military prisons in Ohio
and Illinois, the assassination of Governor Mor-
ton, and the establishment of a Northwestern
Confederacy, to be composed of Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, .Missouri and Kentucky. The prisoners
were conhned in cells in the Postofttce building,
except Dodd. who, upon his parol, was allowed,
while his trial was in progress, to occupy a room
on the third floor, from which, about four o'clock
in the morning of October 7, 1864, he escaped
through a window by means of a rope fastened
to his bed. Friends who visited him had fur-
nished him with a ball of twine, which he utilized
to draw uj) a rope from the outside. The street
lamps near the federal building had been dark-
ened to conceal his exit. He went to Canada and
remained there until the Supreme Court of the
United States released his co-conspirator, Milli-
gan, on habeas corpus proceedings. Dodd after-
ward became a prominent Republican politician
in Wisconsin. After Milligan had been found
guilty and sentenced to death, application was
made l)y his counsel, Major J. W. Gordon, to
the United States Circtiit Court for a writ of
liabcas corpus. Judge McDonald and Circuit
Justice Swayne, who heard the application, being
unable to agree, certified the questions involved
to the Sui)reme Court of the United States,
where the jurisdiction of the military tribunal
was denied. The case is a leading one on the
subject of the jurisdiction of military tribunals
and the ])ower of civil courts to review their
judgments upon writs of habeas corpus. — In re
MiUujau. 4 Wallace 2.

Ciiiil May 10, 1869, there were no circuit
judges, the work of the circuit court being di-
vided between the justice of the Supreme Court
assigned lo the circuit, and the district judge.
John McIa-.-iii was the first Supreme Court jus-
tice assigned to duty in this circuit, followed by
Justices Noali II. Swayne, David Davis, John M.
Harlan, Mrllvillr W . l-uller, John M. Harlan and
Henry S. P.rown. In 186*) the act providing for
circuit jnd-^i's was passed and Thomas H. Drum-
mond. of Illinois, was appointed to that office by
President GraiU.

Walter Q. Gresham was appointed district!
judge to succeed Judge McDonald, and commis-'
sioned September 1, 1869. In 1882 he resigned
and became postmaster general in the cabinet of
President Arthur, and was succeeded by W^illiam
Allen W^oods, of Goshen. Judge Gresham was
appointed circuit judge on October 28, 1884,
after the resignation of Judge Drummond.
Judge Woods continued as district judge until
the creation of the circuit court of appeals, when,
on March 17, 1892, he was commissioned circuit
judge by President Harrison, and subsequently
became, and was at the time of his death, on
June 29, 1901, the presiding judge of the United
States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh
Judicial Circuit.

To fill the vacancy caused by the promotion of
Judge Woods to the bench of the circuit court
of appeals, John H. Baker, of Goshen, was ap-
pointed district judge and served until December
18, 1902, when his resignation took effect. Judge,
Baker tendered his resignation to the president j
on May 1, 1902, to take effect upon the appoint-'
ment of his successor, shortly after his son,,
Francis E. Baker, was appointed by President!
Roosevelt circuit judge in place of Judge Woods.}
Francis E. Baker, who, at the time of his ap-i
pointment by President Roosevelt, was one of
the justices of the Supreme Court of Indiana,,
was commissioned January 21, 1902, as judge of
the circuit court of appeals for the seventh ju-
dicial circtiit, and is now in office.*

After the resignation of Judge John H. Baker,!
Albert B. Anderson of Crawfordsville, was ap-j
pointed district judge on December 8. 1902, and I
qualified on December 18, 1902, and is now in;
office. I

While Gresham was on the district bench the
Whisky Ring conspirators were prosecuted by
Charles L. Holstein, as assistant and afterward'
United States attorney. The Whisky Ring was
a conspiracy between distillers and government:
officials whereby distillers who were not in thei
ring were trapped into technical violations of the!
law and members of the ring were made exempt j
from the payment of certain taxes. In less than j
one year the government had been defrauded!
out of nearly two millions of dollars. The prose- (
cutions were ordered by President Grant under

* Judge Balcer died at his liome in Goslien on October 21, 1915,
at tlie age of eiglity-four years.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

197

jthe injunction, "Let no guilty man escape." A
inumber of persons were indicted in this district
land convicted and a large amount of property
jconfiscated.

j About the year 1877 the prosecutions against
James Slaughter and Carey Miller for defalca-
tions in the First National Bank were conducted,
ilt is said that while the grand jury was engaged
!in the investigation of these cases preparatory to
returning the indictments one of the grand jurors
tame to Judge Gresham and asked him whether
ithe government of the United States, or the ad-
ministration (at that time President Hayes) had
iany right to control the deliberations of the
igrand jury. Judge Gresham replied that it cer-
tainly had not. The juror stated that the dis-
trict attorney had said that the government did
not wish to prosecute a particular case and
iwanted to withdraw proceedings against a certain
man. As soon as Judge Gresham took his seat
on the bench that day he had the grand jury
brought in and charged that they should not be
influenced by the wishes of the administration
or the desire of the district attorney in any way
whatever in their deliberations ; that where a
matter had been submitted to them it could not
be withdrawn, and that the president of the
United States had no more control over their
deliberations than the czar of Russia.
; About this time also the first cases under the
federal election law were brought, resulting in
the indictment of Henry Wrappe from Jennings
county. In this case General Benjamin Harrison
iwas pitted against Thomas A. Hendricks. Hen-
dricks challenged the array on account of their
political opinions, and Judge Gresham ordered
the jury to be made up of half and half. Repub-
licans and Democrats.

: During Judge Gresham's administration and
immediately following the panic of 1873, there
was an epidemic of railroad foreclosure suits.
In the flush times prior to 1873 eastern capital
had sought investment in the development of the
Irailroads of the west and many railroad com-
panies v/ere thrown into the hands of receivers
because of their embarrassed financial condition.
■It was in the receivership of the Indianapolis,
fBloomington and Western Railway that Hon.
'John M. Butler contended before Judge Drum-
mond for a modification of the doctrine of real
estate mortgages when applied to railroads so

that claims for labor performed and supplies fur-
nished shortly before the appointment of a re-
ceiver should be paid in preference to the mort-
gage debt. Judge Drummond in this case an-
nounced the famous "six-months' rule," which he
adhered to in subsequent cases, that claims for
labor, supplies and materials accrued in the op-
eration and maintenance of a railroad during a
period of six months prior to the appointment of
a receiver should be paid out of the proceeds of
sale in preference to the payment of the mort-
gage bonds. In the Chicago, Danville and Vin-
cennes receivership the rule was applied to the
case of some equipment purchased by the road.
Henry Crawford, who appeared for the bond-
holders, vigorously assailed before Judges Drum-
mond and Gresham the application of the six-
months' rule as an attempt at confiscation of
property and denounced the rule as a figment of
"sentimental equity." Crawford took the case to
the Supreme Court of the United States ( Fos-
dick V. Schall, 99 U. S. 235), where the six-
months' rule was fully approved, but the case
reversed on another point. It is related that
after the decision of the Fosdick case. Judge
Drummond met Mr. Crawford and said to him:
"What do you think now of my sentimental
equity?" Crawford replied: "Yes, Judge, you
had the ingenuity to invent, but not the common
sense to apply the doctrine." The principle of
the Fosdick case wrought a revolution in the law
of railroad receiverships. It became firmly em-
bedded in federal jurisprudence and has proved
a blessing to railroad employes all over the
country.

While Judge Woods was on the district bench
the celebrated tally sheet forgery cases were
tried, resulting in the conviction and im])rison-
ment of Simeon Coy and William F. A. Bern-
hamer. To General John Coburn, more than any
other man, is due the credit for the prompt or-
ganization of the Committee of One Hundred
and the manifestation of a determined sentiment,
non-partisan in character, to purify the pohtical
atmosphere of Marion county by punishment of
a most brazen crime against the ballot. After
conviction, and with the inevitable consequences
of his crime before him, Coy announced his
unique aphorism "When I'm done I'm did."

W. W. Dudley, who during the Garfield ad-
ministration was United States marshal for In-

198

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

diana. and ulio. durin,i( the llan■i^ou campaign
of 1888 was chairman of the National Repubh-
ran Committee, during that cami)aign m:iiled let-
ters to Indiana chairmen containing tl:is^ lan-
guage: "Divide the floaters into blocks of five
and ])ut a trusted man with necessary funds in
ciiarge of tliese live, and make him res])onsible
that none get away, and that all vote our ticket."
Hon. Solomon Claypool was district attorney at
the lime, and very promptly after the election an
attemi)t was made to indict Dudley under Sec.
5511 (the federal election law, since repealed)
making one who "aids, counsels, procures or ad-
vises" another "to commit or attempt to commit
any oft'ense" named in the section (including the
briberv of a voter) punishable by fine or impris-
onment. The grand jury was impaneled and
instructed November 14, 1888, and continued
their deliberations until December 24, when they
requested a construction of the language of the
act. An adjournment was had until January 15,
1889. when the court further instructed the jury
essentially as follows : "But in any case, beyond
the mere fact of the advice or counsel, it must
jje shown that the crime contemplated was com-
mitted or an attempt was made to commit it."
It was immediately charged by the Democratic
press that .Judge Woods had "changed his in-
structions" so as to shield Dudley ; that after pro-
ceedings were commenced, "Republican leaders
were frightened ; Quay and W'anamaker. one or
both, hastened to Indianapolis ; high and close
counsels of the i)arty were held, and the supple-
mental charge devised, carefully weighed and
ado])tcd." A sharp issue of fact arose out of
what constituted the first charge. There being
at thai time no official court reporter, the news-
pajjer re])orts of the first charge were said to be
inaccurate and untrue. On the other hand Judge
Woods insisted that his first charge, which was
or.il. did nol ]»ul an\- construction on the statute,
lull ke])i close- lo iis very words; and even his
loud«.'st and most persistent accusers commended
the lirst of the charges in (|uestion as being "in
the i)lain, simple language of Section 5511."
Wlirihci- ihc couiiseliiig or advising of another
to do an act made criminal, by Section 5511. was
a punish.able offense under that section, unless
tlu' act so counseled or advised was done or at-
tempU'd lo hr done, was a legal question aboul
which at first hlnslt great lawvers differed.

Judge Woods' conclusion, in the negative, was
supported by very able decisions ; Republic v.
Roberts, 1 Dall. 39; Regina v. Gregory, 10 Cox
C. C. 459 ; and by the language of Section 5323
R. S., relating to piracies. Hon. Joseph E. Mc-
Donald took the opposite view, and even Justice
John M. Harlan at first was so inclined, but on
examination of the authorities cited the latter
very frankly acknowledged the correctness of
Judge Woods' conclusion. But the defamers of
Judge Woods continued their efforts to smirch
his judicial character. The following Democratic
State convention adopted a resolution solemnly
declaring "that the brazen prostitution of the
machinery of the federal court of the United
States for the District of Indiana, by its judge
and attorney, to the protection of these conspira-
tors (Dudley and others) against the suffrage,
constitutes the most infamous chapter in the ju-
dicial annals of the Republic." The fight was
continued in the Senate by Senators Turpie and;
Voorhees in an unsuccessful attempt to defeat
the confirmation of Woods as circuit judge.;
Senator McDonald's letter of November 9, 1888,i
and Mr. Claypool's testimony before the Senate
Committee, show beyond question that the last[
charge was in exact accord with the view of the!
statute which Judge Woods had declared to Mc-
Donald, to Claypool, and to others before the
first charge was given. There was, therefore, no
change of front. After newspaper discussion
of the subject had died out, Hon. W. H. H.
Miller, then attorney-general, called Judge
W'oods' attention to the decision of the SupremCj
Court of the United States in United States v.'
Mills, 7 Peters 138, where the precise point was
decided as long ago as 1833. The Supreme Court
held in that case "that an indictment for advising,
etc., a mail carrier to rob the mail, ought to set
forth or aver that the said carrier did in fact
commit the ofifense of robbing the mail." This
decision was entirely overlooked at the time of
the Dudley controversy, and sustains emphat-;
ically the correctness of the judge's instructions.]

The most notable judicial action of Judgel
Woods was the injunction against the Americani
Railway Union in the strike of 1894, and the
trial and punishment of Debs and others for vio-l
lation of the injunction.

During Judge Baker's administration as dis-
trict judge the cases growing out of the embez-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

199

zlement of funds of the Indianapolis National
Bank were tried. The sensational events accom-
I panying the trial, which are yet well remembered,
J include the trial and conviction for contempt of
1 court of a juror who solicited a bribe, and the
';! accidental shooting of Addison C. Harris by a

i client in another case.
In the summer and fall of 1894 the attention
of the court was directed to the trial of the strike
leases, resulting from the so-called "omnibus in-
junction" against Debs and other officers and
1 members of the American Railway Union. The
fearless and prompt prosecutions conducted by
Frank B. Burke, district attorney, before Judge
Baker, for the first violations of the injunction
. in this district resulted in early breaking the
backbone of the strike in this State and a prompt
restoration of law and order in the railroad
i centers.

[j In the Scott county lynching case, tried in
;1899 and resulting in a small verdict for the
plaintiiT, Judge Baker announced the doctrine
i that a sheriff is liable on his official bond for
damages resulting from his failure to exercise
1 reasonable care in protecting the life and health
of prisoners in his custody. Tyler v. Cobin, 94
Fed. 48. This decision attracted wide attention,
■ and has resulted in legislation in this and other
: States designed to hold sheriffs to a stricter ac-
countability for the safety of prisoners.
j Notable cases have been tried and determined
during Judge Anderson's occupancy of the federal
bench for the Indiana district. In 1909 the Pan-
ama libel suit was commenced in Washington,
D. C, and an effort made to extradite the editors
of the Indianapolis Nezvs from Indianapolis to
[Washington for trial. It was contended that the
'publication of an editorial in the Indianapolis
Nezvs reflecting upon Theodore Roosevelt and
1 others was libelous, and as the paper circulated
[in Washington, as well as elsewhere, the editors
I could be extradited from Indianapolis to Wash-
fington for trial. In denying the application for
:a warrant of extradition. Judge Anderson, in an
able oral opinion, said : "To my mind that man
has read the history of our institutions to little
purpose who does not look with grave apprehen-
sion upon the possibility of the success of a pro-
ceeding such as this. If the history of liberty
means anything, if constitutional guaranties are
S worth anything, this proceeding must fail. If

the prosecuting authorities have the authority to
select the tribunal, if there be more than one
tribunal to select from; if the government has
that power and can drag citizens from distant
States to the capital of the nation, there to be
tried, then, as Judge Cooley says, this is a strange
result of a revolution where one of the grievances
complained of was the assertion of the right to
send parties abroad for trial." A similar result
was reached in the New York district, where the
case was appealed to the Supreme Court and the
decision denying the application for extradition
of editors of the New York W^orld was affirmed.

In 1912 an indictment was returned in Judge
Anderson's court against a large number of offi-
cers and members of the International Association
of Structural Steel and Iron Workers for conspir-
acy to unlawfully transport dynamite on passen-
ger trains from State to State. The purpose was
to further the interests of the iron workers in
strikes in various parts of the country. Mys-
terious explosions, resulting in great destruction
of property and loss of life, occurred in various
parts of the country. Witnesses from Boston
and San Francisco, in all parts of the country,
and some from foreign countries, told details of
a most amazing plot that resulted in great loss of
life and of property. The case was prosecuted
by Charles W. Miller, then United States attor-
ney, and resulted in the conviction and sentence
of thirty-eight officers and members of the union.

In 1914 Judge Anderson tried the Election
Conspiracy Case, growing out of an election in
Terre Haute. It was popularly believed that
since the repeal of the so-called Force Bill, under
which the case In re Coy was tried during Judge
Woods' administration, there was no federal stat-
ute which could be invoked for the protection of
the purity of the ballot in federal elections.
Nevertheless a large number of Terre Haute
politicians were indicted and brought to trial,
found guilty and sentenced to prison for con-
spiracy to violate various sections of the federal
statutes relating to elections. This case was vig-
orously prosecuted by United States Attorney
Frank C. Daily, under a Democratic administra-
tion, against a large number of Democrats, Re-
publicans and Progressives, resulting in convic-
tion and punishment of the oft'enders, and the
example set by the Indiana court has resulted in
election conspiracy cases in other States.

2rx)

CExVTENXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

The le^Mslation of Congress has shown a con-
sistent design to enlarge the jurisdiction of State
courts over controversies between citizens of dif-
ferent States by linnling the jurisdiction of fed-
eral courts over the subject-matter involved.
The decisions of the Supreme Court on jurisdic-
tional questions have imposed still further limita-
tions, as, for example, the decision in Bardes v.
Ilawarden Bank. 178 U. S. 524, construing the
bankruptcy law in such a way as to throw into
the State courts practically all litigation involving
the marshaling of assets of a bankrupt fraudu-
lently or preferentially transferred. Notwith-
stanthng these jurisdictional contractions, the fed-
eral courts of Indiana are very busy, and although
Indiana is one of the largest districts in the
L'nion. the nisi prius work was practically all
performed by Judge Anderson during his term,
while other States having less work are subdi-
vided into two or more districts or divisions with
a district judge for each. — Rowland Evans.

Insurance in Indiana. — Prior to the year 1852
all the insurance companies in the State of In-
diana were organized by special act of the Leg-
islature. The acts incorporating these com-
panies were very broad, giving power to do all
kinds of insurance, and most of them also includ-
ing banking powers. The first insurance com-
pany to be chartered in Indiana, in 1832, was the
Lawrenceburg Insurance Company of Lawrence-
burg. The stock of this company was trans-
ferred to Drew & Bennett, of Evansville, Ind.,
in 1884, who changed the name of the company
to the Citizens' Insurance Company of Evans-
ville, Ind., under which name it was operated
until 1903, when it went out of business. Nota-
ble among the insurance companies that were
granted special charters prior to the adoption of
the Constitution of 1852, are the Firemen's and
Mechanics' Insurance Company and the Madison
Insurance Company. These companies were or-
ganized by i)romincnt citizens of Madison and
have bc-cii successfully operated up to the present
day.

W'lu-n the Constitution of 1852 was adopted
tlurr \\;i^ ].nt into it the following i)rovision : "In
all e;isi's enunuT.-ited in thr ])i-cceding section and
in all other e.ases where a general law can be
ni.idc applie.able, all laws shall be general and
ol ninlorui operation tbrougiiout the State" (Art.

4, Sec. 23, Ind. Const. 1852). This section re-
voked the power to create corporations by spe-
cial enactment.

At the first session of the Legislature under
the new constitution a law was passed for the
organization of both stock and mutual insurance
companies. (Ind. R. S. 1852, p. 351.) This law
of 1852, with some few amendments, is still the
only law in the State of Indiana providing for
the organization of fire insurance companies.
When this law was enacted there was contained
therein Section 22, which read as follows:
"Whenever such company shall be notified of any
loss sustained on a policy of insurance issued by
them, the company shall pay the amount so lost
within sixty days after such notice, under a pen-
alty of ten per centum damages for every thirty
days such loss remains unpaid thereafter." This
section virtually prohibited the organization of
insurance companies in the State of Indiana.

Beginning with the year 1881 and at nearly
every session of the Legislature thereafter, upj
to the session of 1897, a bill was prepared by the;
writer and introduced in the Legislature to re- j
peal this Section 22, but the bill was defeated atj
every session until the session of 1897, when itj
was passed. |

No stock insurance company worthy of the
name had ever organized under the law of 1852,
from the time of its passage until the repeal of I
this Section 22. The reason therefor is readily
apparent. Since the repeal of this section sev-
eral strong stock fire insurance companies have
organized under the law of 1852 and are reflect-j
ing credit upon the State by their successful man-j
agement.

A number of mutual fire insurance companies'
were organized under the amendments to the
Act of 1852, passed in 1865, and attained very
large success. Few of these companies are. how-j
ever, in existence, and those that are in existence
confine their business to a limited territory. ;

A few life insurance companies were organ-j
ized under the mutual law of 1865, but none
of them are now in existence. They have either!
retired from business or reincorporated under
later enacted laws.

In 1881 the Legislature passed an act provid-!
ing for the organization of farmers' mutual fire
insurance companies. The business of these

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

201

companies was confined to three contiguous coun-
ties. Under this law a great many farmers'
mutual fire insurance companies are existing
;to-day.

j A number of assessment life and accident in-
'surance companies were organized in Indiana
prior to 1883, under the provisions of the Vokm-
tary Association Act. A number of these com-
panies did a very large business, but none of
them are in existence to-day.

I In 1883 the Legislature passed an act provid-
sing for the organization of life and accident in-
surance companies on the assessment plan, and
ithereafter, at the session of 1897, passed the Stip-
ulated Premium Assessment Law. The life in-
surance business in Indiana may be said to date
from the enactment of the law of 1897. Several
jo f the strong life insurance companies in the
[state were organized thereunder and continued
jto operate under these laws until the year 1899,
^when the law relating to stock and mutual life
insurance companies was passed. After the pas-
sage of this last-mentioned law all the companies
jthat had previously organized under the Assess-
'ment and the Stipvilated Premium Laws reorgan-
ized under the Stock and Mutual Life Insurance
Company Law and have continued to since op-
erate under the provisions thereof. The life in-
surance business in Indiana really dates from
the year 1899.

Previous to 1901 life insurance companies on
the stock plan, in order to do business outside
of the State, were required to have not less than
$200,000 of capital stock, and mutual life insur-
ance companies were required to have not less
than $200,000 of net surplus funds. This was
[by reason of what is known as the Retaliatory
Section in the laws of the different States. The
law of Indiana would not admit a foreign in-
fsurance company with less than $200,000 of cap-
fital stock paid up, or, in case of a mutual com-
ipany, with less than $200,000 of net surplus, and,
therefore, other States virtually said to Indiana
companies : "We will exact a like requirement of
•you and will not permit you to do business un-
less you have a like capital stock, or a like sur-
plus." As none of the Indiana companies, prior
:to 1901, had such an amount of capital stock or
jnet surplus, they were thereby confined to the
limits of the State of Indiana for business. In

202

CEXTEXNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

1901. however, the Legislaiurc amended the law
of Indiana as related to life insurance companies
and jjermitted life insurance companies of other
states to do business in Indiana with $100,000
capital stock or net surplus. This let the Indiana
companies into other Stales, and their material
K'rowth may he dated from that year.

In 1907 the Indiana life insurance companies
passed lhrou.i,di their most crucial period. At
the session of the Lei,Mslature of that year there
was a bill introduced, wdiich, if it had passed,
would have wiped out all Indiana life insurance
companies and would have rendered it impossible
ever thereafter to have organized a life insur-
ance company within the State so long as the
bill would have remained as a law on the statute
books, b'ortunately for the State of Indiana the
life insurance companies and an aroused public
sentiment were enableil to defeat this vicious leg-
islation, and saved the life insurance business to
the State.

Prior to 1899 the fraternal orders existing in
the State of Indiana were organized under the
\oluntary Association Act heretofore mentioned.
In 1899 the Legislature passed a law for the
organization of fraternal beneficiary associations
and established rates for insurance therein.
There are a mnnber of very strong fraternal

beneficiary associations in the State doing busi-
ness under the provisions of this act.

In 1893 the Legislature enacted a law for the
organization of live-stock insurance companies.
A number of companies have been organized
under this law and one of these companies is
recognized to-day as the leading live-stock in-
surance company in the United States.

Prior to 1909 the only laws under which an
accident insurance company could be organized
were the old laws of 1852 and amendments
thereto, the assessment laws of 1883 and 1897,
and the Voluntary Association Act, neither of
which laws were satisfactory.

In 1903 a casualty law was passed in Indiana,
but it did not provide, however, for insurance
against personal accidents until amended by the
Act of 1909. There are several companies doing
business in the State at this time that are organ-
ized under the law of 1903 and the amendments
of 1909, and are doing business throughout the
United States.

In 1907 and again in 1909 and 1911 unsuccess-
ful attempts were made to pass the Fire Marshal
Law. The bill was again introduced at the ses-
sion of the Legislature in 1913 and passed. The ;
law is now in successful operation. — Guilford A. i
Dcitch, author of Insurance Digest.

PART III

A General Survey of Indiana by Counties
with Brief Historical Sketches

Edited and Compiled by Max R. Hyman

HISTORICAL NOTE

An Outline of the State's Development

The Mound Builders. — That the territory now

occupied by Indiana was inhabited by prehistoric

people is evidenced by their work, silent, yet

! indisputable evidence of their former occupancy,

I which still remains. These works, notable in the

southern part of the State, are in the form of

, mounds, memorial pillars, fortifications, weapons

and domestic utensils that furnish "abundant

evidence to show that at one time, long anterior

to the coming of the red man, Indiana was quite

densely populated by a race that lived, flourished

and passed away,"* leaving no other traces of

i their existence. They have been classed as the

Mound Builders.

Under Three Flags. — The territory which is
now included within the present boundaries of
Indiana was formerly owned by the Miami Con-
federacy of Indians. It was first explored by
La Salle in the latter part of the seventeenth
century, about 1670, when he is said to have
descended the Ohio river as far as the Louisville
! rapids. It is well established that he traversed
|the region of the Kankakee and St. Joseph rivers
jin the northwestern part of the State in 1679.
Father Allouez, the French missionary, accom-
panied by Dablon, visited this vicinity in 1675-
80,f and French trappers appeared at the end
of the seventeenth century.

It was under the domination of France!}; from
the time of the discovery of the mouth of the
Mississippi by La Salle, in 1682, until 1763, when
it was ceded to Great Britain after the French
and Indian war. From 1763 to 1779, it was held
nominally by Great Britain as a part of her colo-

I * Smith's History of Indiana, p. 42.

t History of Notre Dame, p. 30.

t Jacob Piatt Dunn, in his History of Indiana, says "Indiana
had no capital within her boundaries for one hundred and thirty
.years after white men had been upon her soil. She was but part
of a province of a province. For ninety years her provincial
seat of government vacillated between Quebec, New Orleans and
Montreal, with intermediate authority at Fort Chartres and De-
troit and the ultimate power at Paris. Then her capital was
whisked away to London, without the slightest regard to the
'wishes of her scattered inhabitants, by the treaty of Paris. Six-
teen years later, it came over the Atlantic to Richmond, on the
James, by conquest; and after a tarry of five years at that point,
t shifted to New York City, then the national seat of govern-
ment, by cession. In 1788 it reached Marietta, Ohio, on its
progress toward its final location. In 1800 it came within the
|!imits of the State."

nial possessions in North America and the juris-
diction of the State of Virginia was formally ex-
tended over it from 1779 to 1784.

In 1778, during the Revolution, Vincennes and
Kaskaskia were captured from the British by a
force of Virginians under George Rogers Clark
and later in the same year the region northwest
of the Ohio was made the county of Illinois by
the Virginia Legislature.

In 1783, the British claims to all territory east
of the Mississippi and north of Florida were re-
linquished in favor of the United States. The
States which claimed title to lands northwest
of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi ceded
their rights to the United States before 1787, and
in that year this region was organized as the
Northwest Territory.

Indiana Territory. — In 1800, that part of the
Northwest Territory lying between the Missis-
sippi river and a line extending from a point on
the Ohio river opposite the mouth of the Ken-
tucky to Fort Recovery and thence to the Cana-
dian line was organized as the Territory of Indi-
ana, together with the area now constituting Illi-
nois, Wisconsin, northeastern Minnesota and
western Michigan. Two years later, by a clause
in the enabling act for Ohio, the boundary be-
tween Indiana and Ohio was fixed in its present
location and by the same act the region north of
Ohio was added to Indiana. In 1804, the form
of territorial government was changed from the
first to the second grade, thus giving Indiana a
Legislature and a Delegate in Congress. The
organization of Michigan Territory in 1805, and
Illinois Territory in 1809, left Indiana with its
present boundaries, and in December, 1816, the
State of Indiana was admitted to the Union.

TOPOGRAPHY OF INDIANA

1. Highest elevation in the State — 1,285 feet
above sea level. Summit, Randolph county, eight
miles south of Winchester.

2. Lowest elevation in the State — 313 feet
above sea level, at the confluence of the Wabash
and Ohio rivers, Posey county.

205

206

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

3. Average elevation above sea level — esti-
mated to be 700 feet.

A topographic map of an area is an expression
of the surface features of that area. Such a
map could be absolutely true in detail only when
based upon a system of contour lines having the
smallest possible intervals.

The map herewith is not offered as a piece of
perfect workmanship. The elevations were de-
rived from the data published in the State Geolo-
gist's Thirty-sixth Annual Report, and in the ab-
sence of complete topographic contours the
boundaries of areas of different elevations could
not be established with exactness, but the bound-
aries are generally true.

Could one but stand at some point in southeast-
ern Indiana, say between the southeastern corner
of Switzerland county and the southeastern cor-
ner of Union county, and look westward or
southwestward and see the outcropping features
of the geological formations of the State, they
would present an ascending series, geologically
speaking, from the Lower Silurian, in the extreme
southeastern part of the State, up to the highest
formation, the Merom sandstone, along the Wa-
bash river on the western side of the State.
Above this of course is the glacial drift. Or, to
put the matter in another way, the formations
are successively younger as we ascend geologic-
ally from the eastern and southeastern parts of
the State to the western part, the sediments and
drift of the western part having been laid last.

The picture is more difficult to draw from any
viewpoint along the eastern margin of the State,
from Union county northward, for the reason
(1) that the northern two-thirds of the State are
covered with a thick mantle of glacial drift ; and,
for the further reason, (2) that erosion has not
played such a prominent part in the northern
part of the vState as in the southern part, where
it has profoundly influenced the topography of
the State.

While the above is true from a geologic stand-
point, the reverse is true from a topographic
standpoint. Topographically speaking the east-
ern parts of the State are the highest, the slope
or dip being to the south and southwest. The
only exception to this southwestern slope worthy
of notice is a small' area in the extreme north-
ern end of the State, which area is drained by
the Pigeon, Elkhart and St. Joseph rivers. The

lower courses of these rivers have been largely
influenced, if not entirely changed, by the depo-
sition of drift materials during the later glacial
periods.

The elevation along the eastern margin of the
State, from Franklin county to Steuben county,
is from 800 to about 1,200 feet above the mean
sea level. Along the western margin of the State,
from Posey county to Lake county, the elevation
varies from 313 feet in the extreme southeastern
part of Posey county to about 750 feet in Lake
county.

Indiana is not a mountainous State. It has
never been such. There is no geological evidence
within the State of violent agitation or upheaval
in the formative period of the portion of the'
earth's crust now known as Indiana. All of the
valleys and hills and undulations in the State!
were formed by the erosive power of water,'
either glacial or stream. The differences in ele-
vation above sea level in the State are not suf-j
ticient to cause any marked difference either inj
climate or in vegetation, either native or culti-|
vated. The oak, the maple and the ash grow asi
vigorously in Randolph county, where the alti-:
tude is greatest, as in Posey county, where it is;
the least. The same thing is true of corn andi
wheat. The slight difference in seeding time in I
the southern part of the State, and seeding time!
in the northern part is due to latitude and not to ;
altitude. Perhaps spring is incidentally encour-i
aged in the southern part of the State by the pre- [
vailing south to southwestern slopes, and re-|
tarded somewhat by the flat and slopeless areas in
the northern part of the State. The same thing
would be true of harvest time. While differences
in life and crop zones of the State have not been I
profoundly influenced by altitude, nevertheless:
an intimate knowledge of the topography of the
State is of inestimable value to the people in the j
several ways enumerated under the head of Hyp- 1
sometry of Indiana in the Thirty-sixth Annual i
Report of Department of Geology, as follows :|

1. As preliminary maps for planning extensive [
irrigation and drainage projects, showing areas
of catchment for water supply, sites for reser-
voirs, routes of canals, etc.

2. For laying out of highways, electric roads,
railroads, aqueducts, and sewage systems, thus
saving the cost of preliminary surveys.

3. In improving rivers and smaller waterways.

irrnv>^.-:^r rm- tti-;i^ ^rrr-i nr^^-r- ;-:j

Altitudes:
300-400 ft.

400-500 ft.

500-600 ft. ^^^ ^'^f^^i^^

600-700 ft.
700-800 ft.

800-900 ft,

900-1000 ft.

1000-1100 ft

1100-12UO

Above 1200 ft. f- ! I-

K E N T V. C

Topographical Map of Indiana. The highest points in Indiana are located in the south central and southeast
corner of Randolph County. — Map by Edward Barrett, State Geologist.

208

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

4. As bases for the compilation of maps show-
ing the extent and character of forest and graz-

iiij,^ lands.

5. In classifying lands and in plotting the dis-

lril)nti(in and natnre of sods.

(,. In locating and mapping the boundaries of
ihe life and crop zones, and in mapping the geo-
grai)hic distribution of plants and animals.

7. As base maps for the plotting of informa-
ti.,n relating to the geology and mineral resources
of the country.

8. In connection with questions relating td
State, county and town boundaries.

9. As a means of promoting an exact knowl]
edge of the country and serving teachers anc'
pupils in geographic studies.

10. In connection with legislation involving
the granting of charters, rights, etc., when jj
physical knowledge of the country may be desir'
able or necessary. — Edward Barrett, State Geolo
gist, 3/th Annual Report Department of Geologi
and Natural Resources.

Scene on White River at liroad Ripple, Marion Count}-.

ADAMS COUNTY

DECATUR, SEAT OF JUSTICE

ADAMS COUNTY is located in the north-
-eastern part of Indiana. It is bounded on
,the north by Allen county, on the west by Wells,
Ion- the south by Jay county and on the east by
^he State of Ohio. It contains 336 square miles
of practically level surface admirably suited to
'agriculture.

Organization. — The county was organized in
1836 with Decatur as the seat of justice. The
site was offered to the locating commissioners by
iSamuel Johnson, who offered as an inducement
to have the county seat located on his land, the
sum of $3,100, four church lots, half an acre for

Limberlost." This district, since it has been
dredged, has proved to be the most fertile and
valuable soil in Adams county, and many very
productive oil wells have been sunk in and near
this district.

Population of Adams county in 1890 was
20,181 ; in 1900 it was 22,232, and according to
United States Census in 1910 it was 21,840, of
which 958 were of foreign birth. There were
4,810 families in the county and 4,774 dwellings.

Township, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townships in Adams county : Blue Creek,
French, Hartford, Jefferson, Kirkland, Monroe,

Court-House and Soldiers' Monument, Decatur,

. public square, one acre for a seminary and two
cres for a cemetery. He further agreed to pay
he expenses of the locating commissioners, and
urnish a house to hold court in until suitable
luildings could be erected. This offer was ac-
epted and the commissioners promptly accepted
he offer "and proceeded to the aforesaid town
ite, and marked a white oak tree with blazes on
our sides, on each of which they individually in-
cribed their names." A large tract of land lying
letween Allen and Randolph counties had been
■reviously called Adams county, after the distin-
uished statesman who bore that name; yet no
rganization had been effected.
Notable Features. — The southern part of the
ounty embraces the famous "Limberlost" dis-
jrict, immortalized by Mrs. Gene Stratton-Porter
'1 her books, "Freckles" and "A Girl From the

Public Library, Decatur, Adams County.

Preble, Root, St. Marys, Union, Wabash and
Washington. The incorporated towns are De-
catur, Berne, Geneva and Monroe. Decatur is
the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State, from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913 the
total value of lands and lots in Adams county
was $7,447,405 ; value of improvements was
$2,508,870, and the total net value of taxables
was $16,251,740. There were 3,598 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 500 miles of
improved roads in Adams county built and un-
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Gravel road bonds outstanding,
$612,259.46.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are

209

210

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

55.74 miles of steam railroad operated in Adams
county by the Chicago & Erie; Cincinnati, Rich-
mond'& Fort Wayne ; G. R. c\: I. : and the Toledo,
St. Louis &• Western railroads. Tlie BlutTton,
(icneva cS: Cclina Traction Company, and the
l-Vjrt Wayne .^ Springlield Railway Company,
opc-rate 18.70 miles of electric lines in the county.
Educational.— Accordin.LT to the report of E.
.^. Christen, county superintendent of Adams
county, there were ninety-five schoolhouses, in-
cludin.i4 six hi'^h schools, in Adams county in
]»n4 employing 149 teachers. The average daily
attendance hy pui)i!s was 4.170. The aggregate
amount i)aid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, princi])als and teachers was $72,003.50.

The estimated value of school property in the
county was $410,600, and the total amount of
indebtedness, including bonds, was $120,378.

Agriculture. — There were in Adams county
in 1910 over 2,300 farms embraced in 208,00C
acres. Average acres per farm, 88.7 acres. The
value of all farm property was $23,000,000,
showing a per cent, of increase in value over 190C
of 107.3. The average value of land per acre
was $76.70. The total value of domestic animah
was over $2,000,000: Number of cattle 17,000
valued at $450,000; horses 10,000, valued x
$1,300,000; hogs 55,000, valued at $320,000
sheep 25,000, valued at $106,000. The tota
value of poultry was $100,000.

ALLEN COUNTY

FORT WAYNE, SEAT OF jySTICE

Ad.l-:X COUNTY is located in the north-
eastern i)art of Indiana, bordering on the
.State of Ohio. It is bounded on the north by
Xoble and Dekalb counties, on the west by Whit-
lev and Huntington counties and on the south by

Portrait of |n]i

Allrii, in .'Mliii County Court-Housc.
—I'aiiitrd hv Jnucll.

Wells and Adams counties. It is the largesi
county in the State with an area of over 65
square miles. Its geographical location has bee
a pronounced factor in determining its pros
perity, particularly in its earlier history. Foil
Wayne, its j^redecessor of the old French perioc
Fort Miami, and the Indian town antedatin
that, were all located at the fork of the Maume,
river, because it was a controlling point in an iir
portant line of travel between the Great Lake
and the Mississippi valley. WTien, in course o
time, that travel was augmented by the Wabasj
and Erie canal, and the tides of migration set i!
from the east, Fort Wayne became a gateway tj
the State and Allen county received the fir;'
fruits of the invasion.

Organization. — The organization of Alle
county became effective x\pril 1, 1824, with Foj
Wayne as the seat of justice, and the first ele*
tion for county officers was held in the last weej
of May. The county at that time embraced ah
the territory afterward given to W'^ells, Adam
I funtington and Whitley counties. The first ci
cuit court was held August 9, 1824, with Samu
1 fanna and Benjamin Cushman on the bench ar
C. W. Ewing as prosecuting attorney. Alk
county is named for Colonel John Allen, a di;
tinguished Kentucky lawyer. During the peric
preceding the siege of Fort W^ayne by the Indi;

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

211

tribes in 1812, the governors of Kentucky and
Ohio took military precautions against invasion
by the red men. In May of that year, Governor
Scott of Kentucky organized ten regiments.
Among the patriots who enlisted was Colonel
Allen, who was placed in command of the rifle
regiment. He lost his life at the battle of River
Raisin. An oil painting of him hangs on the wall
of the "relic room" in the court-house.

Population of Allen county in 1890 was
66,689 ; in 1900 was 77,270, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 93,386, of
which 9,251 were of foreign birth. There were
21,128 in the county and 20,282 dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
, twenty townships in Allen county : Aboite,
Adams, Cedar Creek, Eel River, Jackson, Jef-
! ferson, Lafayette, Lake, Madison, Marion, Mau-
'imee, Milan, Monroe, Perry, Pleasant, Scipio,
! Springfield, St. Joseph, Washington and Wayne.
•The incorporated cities and towns are Fort
Wayne, Monroeville, New Haven, Shirley City.
t The county seat is Fort Wayne.
1 Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
'the annual report of the Auditor of State from
■ the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Allen county was
'$34,064,690; value of improvements was $18,-
! 426,060, and the total net value of taxables was
:$63,420,840. There were 17,555 polls in the
fcounty.

i Improved Roads. — There were 325 miles of
improved roads in Allen county built and under
^jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
:1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $700,847.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
173.21 miles of steam railroad operated in Allen
^county by the Cincinnati, Findlay & Fort Wayne ;
ICincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne ; Fort
I Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville; Fort Wayne
i& Jackson ; Grand Rapids & Indiana ; Lake Erie
l& Fort Wayne ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ;
'■Vandalia ; Wabash ; and the Fort Wayne & De-
troit branch of the Wabash railroad. There are
f91.6 miles of electric railway operated by the
Fort Wayne & Springfield; Fort Wayne &
iNorthern Indiana Traction Company; Fort
iWayne & Northwestern Railway Company, and
j:he Ohio Electric Railway Company.

up'

212

CEXTF.XXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Scliuol for Foeblc-Minded Youth, Fort Wayne.

Educational. — According to the report of
]). (). ^Ici'omh, county superintendent of Allen
countv, there were 191 schoolhouses, including
six high schools, in Allen county in 1914 employ-
ing 467 teachers. The average daily attendance
by pupils was 10,866. The aggregate amount paid
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, princi-
pals and teachers was $332,206.86. The estimated
value of school i)roperty in the county was

82,184,000, and the total amount of indebtedness,
including bonds, was $726,668. ;

Agriculture. — There were in Allen county in;
1910 over 4,300 farms embraced in 395,000 acres.
Average acres per farm, 91.3 acres. The value of
all farm property was $43,000,000, showing 93.2f
per cent, increase in value over 1900. The aver-
age value of land per acre was $74.97. The total!
value of domestic animals was over $3,500,000:,
Number of cattle 30,000, valued at over $800,-
000; horses 17,000, valued at $2,000,000; hogs'
56,030, valued at $380,000 ; sheep 37,000, valued
at $166,000. The total value of poultry was
$180,000.

Industrial. — According to the United States'
Census of 1910, there w^ere 230 industries 'in!
Fort Wayne, furnishing employment to 12,184j
persons. Total amount of capital employed, $20,-;
346.176. Value of products, $23,686,809, value
added by manufacture, $12,271,618.

Fort Wayne, the seat of justice of xA-llen
county, was located on a high bank opposite
which, on the north, the St. Marys and the St.'
Joseph unite and form the Maumee river. Oni
the site of this town was the old "Twightwee

Fort Wayne, 1794.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

213

Village" or principal seat of the Miamis, in their

j language called Ke-ki-on-ga, a place of impor-
tance over 150 years ago. Here, too, was old Fort

' Wayne, erected by order of General Wayne in
September, 1794, and just below this fort, on the

' opposite side of the Mauniee, was fought the
disastrous battle of General Harmar with the

I Miamis under Chief Little Turtle, on October
20, 1790. This place at one time was called "The

! French Stores," as it was for a long tune a place
of resort for many of the French traders, and
near it was the carrying place from the naviga-
ble waters of Lake Erie to those of the \\^abash.
Fort Wayne continued to be a military post until
1819. Until the removal of the Miamis and the
Pottawatomies, west of the Mississippi in 1841,
it was used as a trading point by the Indians for
the disposal of their furs.

According to the United States Census for
1910, Fort Wayne has a population of 74,352,

land is now the second largest city in the State.
Fort Wayne has seven railroads : The Penn-
sylvania Lines ; Wabash system ; New York, Chi-

icago & St. Louis (Nickel Plate) railway and

iLake Shore and Michigan Southern railway —
four great east and west trunk lines ; Grand Rap-
ids & Indiana railway with its direct line from
the Straights of Mackinaw to Cincinnati, and
the Lake Erie & Western, and the Cincin-
nati, Hamilton & Dayton railroads, which run

:to the territory south and southwest. It is the di-
visional point of six of its seven railroads. The

Sacred Heart Academy, Fort Wayne.

Postoffice Building, Fort Wayne.

large car building and repair shops of the Penn-
sylvania lines are located here, and the Wabash,
Nickel Plate, and the Lake Shore & Michigan
Southern railroads maintain modern plants for
light car and locomotive repair. Fort Wayne is
the terminal point of five important electric inter-
urban railways, reaching in all directions.

The public schools of Fort
Wayne rank among the best
of the cities of America ; be-
sides it has numerous private
and parochial schools and
colleges of high standard.
It is the seat of Concordia
College, founded in 1839, in
Perry county, Missouri, by
Lutheran refugees f r o m
Saxony, which was removed
to Fort Wayne in 1861. The
college is supported mainly
by the Missouri Synod of
the German Lutheran
church.

Sacred Heart Academy.
— In 1866, when the road
to Fort Wayne was still un-

214

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

made, when as yet for many miles the wood-
man's ax had not been heard, the ground for
the foundation of Sacred Heart Academy was
broken. It is conducted by the Sisters of the
Holy Cross.

Built upon an eminence, the academy com-
mands a charming view of the surrounding coun-
try, beautiful in its rolling stretches of cultivated
fields and native woodland. The timber used in
the building was cut from the neighboring
woods ; the bricks, of which the house is con-
structed, made upon the spot.

The academy curriculum embraces all studies
from the minim department through the four
years of academic work as well as the commer-
cial course. Special attention has always been
paid to music in its varied branches. Art, too,
claims a prominent place, its disciples being
taught not only the rudiments of drawing, but
advanced work in still life and from the cast.

While every effort is made for their bodily
comfort and mental training, paramount atten-
tion is bestowed upon the moral development
and heart culture of the students of Sacred
Heart Academy.

School for Feeble-Minded Youth. — By an
act of the Legislature, approved March 7, 1887,

the School for Feeble-Minded Youth, at Fort
Wayne, was established, and the trustees were
authorized to take immediate charge of the
feeble-minded children then at "The Asylum for
Feeble-Minded Children" at the Soldiers' and
Sailors' Orphans Home at Knightstown. The
present site at Fort Wayne was purchased May
19, 1887. Certain buildings of the Eastern Hos-
pital for the Insane at Richmond were utilized
as temporary quarters for the children from
May 1, 1887, to July 8, 1890, when the new in-
stitution was opened. The privileges of the
school are extended to feeble-minded, idiotic,
epileptic, and paralytic children under sixteen
years of age. Since 1901 the school has also
maintained a custodial department for feeble-
minded women between the ages of sixteen and •
forty-five years, such women to be received by i
commitment from the courts. An interesting and i
valuable adjunct to this institution is called ;
"Colony Farm," a tract of land containing 509^ j
acres, on which the older and stronger male in- I
mates are employed in all kinds of farm work. [
This farm has been in operation since 1893. For |
such of the children as are capable of receiving
it, the school affords literary, manual and indus- ,
trial trainine.

BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY

COLUMBUS, SEAT OF JUSTICE

BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY is located
south of the center of the State. It is
bounded on the north by Johnson and Shelby, on
the east by Decatur and Jennings, on the south
by Jackson and Jennings and on the west by
Brown county. The county contains 405 square
miles and is noted for its splendid soil.

Organization. — The county was organized
by legislative act January 8, 1821, which became
effective February 12, 1821. The county was
named for General Joseph Bartholomew, a dis-
tinguished citizen of Clark county and a senator
in the State Legislature from 1821 to 1824. Gen-
eral Bartholomew was lieutenant-colonel com-
manding a battalion of infantry at the battle of
Tippecanoe, where he was severely wounded. He
died twenty-nine years later on the day of the

presidential election in 1840. John Tipton, later
United States senator from Indiana, was con-
nected in an interesting way with the founding
of the county seat at Columbus. He donated
thirty acres for the site, and the commissioners,
grateful for the donation, named the county seat
Tiptona, in honor of General Tipton. This was
done February 15, 1821. However, on March 20,
the commissioners rescinded their action, on ac-
count of Tipton's political views, it is supposed,
and changed the name of the county seat to Co-
lumbus.

Population of Bartholomew county in 1890 <
was 23,867 ; in 1900 was 24,594, and according to ■
United States Census in 1910 was 24,813, of
which 561 were of foreign birth. There were ;
6,281 families in the county and 6,112 dwellings. ■

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

215

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
fourteen townships in Bartholomew county :
Clay, Clifty, Columbus, Flat Rock, German, Har-
rison, Haw Creek, Jackson, Nineveh, Ohio, Rock
Creek, Sand Creek, Union and Wayne. The in-
corporated cities and towns are Columbus, Clif-
ford, Elizabethtown, Hartsville, Hope and Jones-
ville. Columbus is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Bartholomew
county was $11,944,026; value of improvements
was $3,777,950, and the total net value of tax-
ables was $20,203,861. There were 4,226 polls in
the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 424 miles of
improved roads in Bartholomew county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $282,165.25.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
70.5 miles of steam railroad operated in Bar-
tholomew county by the Chicago, Terre Haute &
Southeastern ; Columbus, Hope & Greensburg,

Swinging Bridge, Hartsville, Bartholomew County.

Clifty Falls. Clifty rises in the southeast corner of Rush county, flows through Decatur and empties into White
River three miles below Columbus. The Indian name of this stream was Es-the-nou-o-ne-ho-n-eque, or Cliff
of Rocks River. — Photograph by Wm. M. Herschell.

216

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

and the P., C, C. & St. L. railway. There are
26.43 miles of electric railway operated by the
Central Indiana Lighting Company and the In-
terstate Public Service Company.

Educational. — According to the report of
Samuel Sharp, county superintendent of Bar-
tholomew county, there were eighty-two school-
houses, including two high schools, in Bartholo-
mew county in 1914, employing 186 teachers.
The average daily attendance by pupils was 4,371.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $98,111.69. Estimated value of school prop-
erty in the county was $373,400, and the total
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was
$32,051.

Agriculture. — There were in Bartholomew
county in 1910 over 2,100 farms embraced in
244,000 acres. Average acres per farm 115.1

acres. The vahie of all farm property was $21,
000,000, showing 70.2 per cent, increase in valui
over 1900. The average value of land per acre wa
$67.73. The total value of domestic animals wa:
over $1,400,000: Number of cattle 11,000, valuec
at $280,000; horses, 7,500, valued at $670,000
hogs, 30,000, valued at $197,000; sheep, 8,000
valued at $33,000. The total value of poultry wa:
$86,000.

Industrial. — According to the report of th(
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there wen
twenty-four industries in Columbus, furnishint
employment to more than 1,500 persons. Amont
the more important industries are the W. Wi
Mooney & Sons Tannery, one of the largest ir
the United States ; Reeves & Co., manufacturer:'
of thrashing machinery ; the Reeves Pulley Com
pany, manufacturers of wood pulleys, and Cald
well & Drake Iron Works.

BENTON COUNTY

FOWLER, SEAT OF JUSTICE

BENTON COUNTY is located in the north-
western part of the State. It is bounded on
the north by Newton and Jasper, on the east by
White and Tippecanoe, on the south by Warren
county and on the west by the State of Illinois.
The county contains 414 square miles.

Organization. — The year 1840 witnessed the
organization of Benton county, named for the
celebrated Thomas H. Benton. The act of Feb-
ruary, 1840, however, did not name commission-
ers, and it was not until January 31, 1843, that
the Legislature named commissioners to locate a
county seat. The commissioners met on the third
Monday of May, 1843, at the home of Basil Jus-
tus and chose a site on section 18, township 34
north, range 7 west, on land donated by Henry
W. i'Jlsworth and David Watkinson. In Septem-
ber. 1843, the commissioners ordered that a
i-oiui-house l)c erected in the county seat "in the
lown of Milroy," which was named in honor of
Sanuiel Milroy, one of the locating commission-
ers. Learning that there was another town of
that name in the State, the commissioners, at the
()et()ber session, changed the name to "Oxford."
The county seat remained here until July 10,

1874, when it was transferred to Fowler, whicb
had been laid out in 1871, for the ostensible purj
pose of making a bid for the county seat. Thij
change gave rise to a bitter fight between th^
towns of Oxford and Fowler. The immediat(|
cause for the hostilities was the condemnation ot
the old court-house at Oxford on March 20, 1873j
which was followed by injunctions and otheil
legal proceedings wdiich culminated in the court-
house being ordered erected at Fowler. Thf,
court-house was largely the gift of the late Moseij
Fowler of Lafayette. Its corner-stone was laicj
August, 1874, and the first court was held Febrii-}
ary, 1875.

Benton county has no large towns or Iarg«.
manufacturing enterprises, but is noted for iti
agricultural enterprises and live stock interests.
It is also noted as the home of the "Hickory
drove Herd" of Hereford cattle, the substantial
l)asis of the Hereford cattle industry of America.
The county has the special distinction of being
the birthplace and training ground of two of the
most remarkable horses in the history of the
world — the world- famed "Dan Patch" was bred,|
trained and campaigned as an unbeaten race

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

217

horse by Daniel A. Messner of Oxford, Ind., and
"Honest George" was raised and trained at Bos-
well by Mat Cooper.

Population of Benton county in 1890 was
1 11,903; in 1900 was 13,123, and according to
I United States Census in 1910 was 12,688, of
' which 695 were of white foreign birth. There
were 3,029 families in the county and 3,017
I dwellings.

i Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
1 eleven townships in Benton county: Bolivar,
[Center, Gilboa, Grant, Hickory Grove, Oak
I Grove, Parish Grove, Pine, Richland, Union and
[York. The incorporated cities and towns are
Ambia, Boswell, Earl Park, Fowler, Otterbein,
/and Oxford. Fowler is the county seat of Ben-
ton county.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Benton county
was $13,777,275 ; value of improvements was
$2,009,385, and the total net value of taxables
was $20,745,375. There were 1,837 polls in the
county.
; Improved Roads. — There were 440 miles of

improved roads in Benton county, built and un-
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $710,354.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
84.22 miles of steam railroad operated in Benton
county by the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Chi-
cago, Indiana & Southern; Cincinnati, Lafayette
& Chicago; C, C, C. & St. L., and Lake Erie &
Western railways.

Educational, — iVccording to the report of
Charles FI. Dodson, county superintendent of
Benton county, there were seventy-three school-
houses, including eleven high schools, in Benton
county in 1914, employing 138 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 1,811.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $81,500.97. The estimated value of school
property in the county was $230,600.

Agriculture. — There were in Benton county
in 1910 over 1,200 farms embraced in 252,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 198.4 acres. The
value of all farm property was $37,000,000,
showing 111.6 per cent, increase in value over
1900. The average value of land per acre was

Views in Fowler, Benton County.

218

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

$128.94. The total value of domestic animals was
over $2,000,000: Number of cattle, 11,000,
valued at $401,000; horses, 11,000, valued at

$1,400,000; hogs, 25,000, valued at $194,000;
sheep 5,600, valued at $29,000. The total value
of poultry was $51,000.

BLACKFORD COUNTY

HARTFORD CITY, SEAT OF JUSTICE

BLACKFORD COUNTY is located in the
second tier of counties northeast of Indi-
anapolis. It is bounded on the north by Wells, on
the east by Jay, on the south by Delaware and on
the west by Grant counties, and contains an area
of 169 square miles.

Organization. — The county, which was orig-
inally a part of Jay county, was organized Feb-
ruary 18, 1839, and named in honor of Judge
Blackford. The first settlement in the county
was made by John Blount in 1835 and in the
winter of 1836 Abel Baldwin, of Vermont, made
an exploration of the forests and entered land for
a party of emigrants from that State. In the
autumn following, they removed to the Sala-
monie and laid off the town of Montpelier,
named after the capital of Vermont. Hartford
was founded in 1839 and for several years the
rival towns were competitors for the county seat.
It took two separate acts of the Legislature be-
fore the organization of the county became ef-
fective, and it was not until after the fourth set
of commissioners were appointed, February 24,
1840, that the county seat was finally located at
Hartford, the site probably selected by the second
set of commissioners. Later the town name was
changed to Hartford City at the suggestion of
F. L. Shelton. What is known as the "Godfroy
Reserve," where the one-time noted war chief
Godfroy of the Miamis long resided, is located
in the eastern part of the county. Godfroy was a
noble-looking, kind-hearted man, and was held
in great esteem l)y the Indians and white men.

Population of Blackford county in 1890 was
10,461; in 1900 was 17,213, and according to
United States Census in 1910 was 15,820, of
which 629 were of white foreign birth. There
were 3,837 families in the county and 3,775
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
four townships in Blackford county : Harrison,

Jackson, Licking and Washington. The incor-
porated cities and towns are Hartford City and;
Montpelier. Hartford City is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the to-j
tal value of lands and lots in Blackford county
was $3,829,610; value of improvements was
$2,116,745, and the total net value of taxables|
was $10,317,690. There were 2,246 polls in the
county. i

Improved Roads. — There were 250 miles of!
improved roads in Blackford county, built andl
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners!
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $366,648.46.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
27.92 miles of steam railroad operated in BlacW
ford county by the Fort Wayne, Cincinnati a
Louisville and the P., C, C. & St. L. railways]
The Union Traction Company of Indiana oper-i
ates 15.25 miles of electric lines. |

Educational. — According to the report oi
Edgar M. Servies, county superintendent ot-
Boone county, there were 112 schoolhouses, in-
cluding six high schools, in Boone county in 1914
employing 150 grade and forty high-school teach-i
ers. The average daily attendance by pupils was
3,997.99 grade; 585.73 high school. The aggrej.
gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents!
supervisors, principals and teachers was $100.-1
775.50. The estimated value of school property in
the county was $430,335, and the total amount of|
indebtedness, including bonds, was $150.830|
One orphanage school, two miles south of Zions-i
ville, is maintained by the Baptist church, but the
teacher is furnished by the township trustee.

Agriculture. — There were in lUackford count):
in 1910 over 1,100 farms embraced in 98,00C
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.4 acres. Thi
value of all farm ]M-operty was $9,000,000, show-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

219

!ing TZ per cent, increase over 1900. The average
lvalue of land per acre was $65.22. The total
value of domestic animals was over $995,000:
Number of cattle 7,600, valued at $227,000;

horses, 4,900, valued at $518,000; hogs, 28,000,
valued at $167,000; sheep, 14,000, valued at
$68,000. The total value of poultry was about
$50,000.

BOONE COUNTY

LEBANON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

BOONE COUNTY, named after the famous
Indian hunter and trapper, Daniel Boone,
s bounded on the north by Clinton, on the east
oy Hamilton, on the south by Marion and Hen-
dricks and on the west by Montgomery counties.
[t is situated on the ridge of what were in the
;arly days called the dividing swamps between
vVhite river and the Wabash. The area of the
:ounty is 418 square miles.

Organization. — The county was organized
in 1830 and the first courts were held in James-
[own, which remained the seat of justice until the
■•emoval to Lebanon, made efl;ective by an act of
he Legislature January 26, 1832, providing for
;:ommissioners to relocate the county seat. The
'irst court-house was completed in 1833 and it is
presumed that the formal transfer of the county
neat to Lebanon occurred that year.

This county was once the abode and hunting
^•round of the Eel river tribe of the Miami In-
iians. In 1819 Thorntown had a population of
.00 Indians and a few French traders. The
arge reserve at this place was not purchased un-
;il 1828, nor did the Indians remove until 1835.

The present court-house, which was completed
nd dedicated July 4, 1912, is built of Bedford
'imestone and one of the features is the dome,
jvhich is the second in size in the State, being
■fty feet in diameter. The north and south en-
j'rances are each adorned by four columns 35 feet
I inches in length, 52 inches in diameter at the
'ase and 48 inches at the top. These columns are
,aid to be the largest one-piece columns in the
jJnited States.

' Population of Boone county in 1890 was
|6,572; in 1900 was 26,321, and according to
IJnited States Census in 1910 was 24,673, of
vhich 131 were of white foreign birth. There
>ere 6,414 families in the county and 6,334
wellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townships in Boone county : Center, Clin-
ton, Eagle, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Marion,
Perry, Sugar Creek, Union, Washington and
Worth. The incorporated cities and towns are
Lebanon, Advance, Jamestown, Thorntown and
Zionsville. Lebanon is the county seat of Boone
county.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to

Boone County Court-House, Lebanon.

the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Boone county
was $12,867,745 ; value of improvements was
$3,720,295, and the total net value of taxables
was $24,893,350. There were 4,200 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 563 miles of
improved roads in Boone county, built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $232,024.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
63.74 miles of steam railroad operated in Boone
county by the Central Indiana ; Chicago, Indian-
apolis & Louisville ; C, C, C. & St. L. ; Peoria &
Eastern, and Vandalia railways. The Lebanon &

220

CEXTrCXXlAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Thfirntown Traction Company and the Terre
llaulc. In.lianapolis & Eastern Tractir.n Com-
pany oi)erate 50.14 miles of electric lines in the

cotinty.

Educational.— According- to the report of

lvljj;ar M. Servies. cotinty stiperintendent of
I'.donc cotinty. there were 112 schoolhotises. in-
cluding,^ six high schools, in the county in 1914,
cmploving 190 teachers. The average daily at-
tendance hy r.upils was 4.584. The aggregate
aninnnt paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, ])riiicii)als and teachers was $100,775.
l-:stiniated value of school property in the county

was $430,335, and the total amount of indebted
ness, including bonds, was $160,650.

Agriculture. — There were in Boone county in
1910 over 3,300 farms embraced in 264,000 acres
Average acres per farm, 79.7 acres. The value oi
all farm property was $35,000,000, showing 116.6
per cent, increase over 1900. The average value
of land per acre was $103.12. The total value of
domestic animals was over $3,000,000: Number
of cattle. 21,000, valued at $720,000; horses, 14,-,
OCO. valued at $1,500,000; hogs, 92,000, valued at
$624,000; sheep, 22,000, valued at $105,000. The'
total value of poultry was $146,000.

BROWN COUNTY

NASHVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

ROWX COUNTY is located in the second
tier (if counties south of Indianapolis. It
is bounded on the north by Morgan and Johnson,
on the east by Bartholomew, on the south by
Monroe and Jackson and on the west by IMonroe
counties, it contains 320 sciuare miles.

Organization. — It was organized February
4, 1836, which was made effective April 1, 1836.
The county was named in honor of General Jacob]
Brown, one of the heroes of the war of 1812.
The first name of the county seat was Jack-
sonburg, btit during the first year of its ca-l

Inlicnpnint, ufar Wrcl I'aH'h, I'.rown County.— Plioto By Frank M. IJohcnbcrgcr

' "^'^"^llll^^''

V* »•»-;»;

222

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

reer was changed to Nashville. The original jail,
built in 1837, is still in use and is the last remain-
ing relic of the log jails doing service in the
State.

Brown county lies in the northern angle of the
unglaciated region of Indiana, which condition
brings the rugged portion of the State farther
north and nearer Indianapolis at this point, than
at any other. Here the mighty grinding, planing
force of the ice sheet has not cut down the ridges
and filled up the hollows. It has not worn the
underlying rocks into soil enriched by silt from
far-off regions. The ridges stand out boldly as
chiseled by the cutting force of the streams. The
soil is home-made out of the underlying rocks,
which are mostly shale and sand-stone. The ease
with which the finer soil can be removed from
the slopes by water causes the soil to be coarse
and loose. This accounts for the wonderful
growth of timber with which nature has covered
it, also making this region an ideal one for adap-
tation to fruit growing.

The rugged nature of the county had a deter-
rent effect upon railroad building and it was not
until 1906 that the Illinois Central railroad, which
runs twelve miles through the county, was built
from Indianapolis to Effingham, 111., where it
joins the main line from Chicago to New Orleans.
With the entrance of the railroad this region of
exceptional natural beauty, which before lay all
l)ut unknown almost in the shadow of the State
Capital, has become the mecca for artists and the
admirers of the beautiful in nature. Many sum-
mer homes have been built here since and large
sums of money have been invested in the fruit-
raising industry.

Population of Brown county in 1890 was
10,308; in 1900 was 9,727, and according to
United States Census in 1910 was 7,975, of which
45 were of white foreign birth. There were 1,745
families in the county and 1,724 dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are

five townships in Brown county : Hamblen, Jack-
son, Johnson, Van Buren and Washington. Nash-
ville is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Brown county
was $1,049,665 ; value of improvements was,
$310,595, and the total net value of taxables was
$2,143,380. There were 1,035 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were thirty-three
miles of improved roads in Brown county built
and under jurisdiction of the county commission-
ers January 1, 1915. There were no gravel road
bonds outstanding January 1, 1915.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There arei
11.36 miles of steam railroad operated in Brown
county by the Indianapolis branch of the Illinoisi
Central railroad. j

Educational. — According to the report ofi
Sylvester Barnes, county superintendent ofj
Brown county, there were seventy-six school-;
houses, including three high schools, in Brownl
county in 1914, employing eighty-seven teachers.;
The average daily attendance by pupils was
1,437. The aggregate amount paid in salaries
to superintendents, supervisors, principals and
teachers was $34,184.33. The estimated value ofi
school property in the county was $49,900, and
the total amount of indebtedness, including
bonds, was $3,030. t

Agriculture. — There were in Brown county
in 1910 over 1,500 farms embraced in 160,0^
acres. Average acres per farm, 107.1 acres. The
value of all farm property was $3,400,000, show-
ing 40.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver-
age value of land per acre was $12.75. The totalj
value of domestic animals was over $530,000'
Number of cattle, 5,000, valued at $123,000
horses, 3,000, valued at $305,000; hogs, 5,300,
valued at $41,000; sheep, 5,600, valued at $21,-
000. The total value of poultry w^as $38,000.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

223

CARROLL COUNTY

DELPHI, SEAT OF JUSTICE

CARROLL COUNTY, located in the third
tier northwest of IndianapoHs, is bounded
on the north by White and Cass, on the east by
Howard and Cass, on the south by CHnton and
on the west by White and Tippecanoe counties,
'and contains 376 square miles. The county is
jtraversed by the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers,
oy Deer creek and Wild creek, which are its prin-
:ipal streams. The western side of the county
oorders on what is known as the "Grand Prairie."
The surface is generally level and clay and black
soil predominate about equally.
; Organization. — It was organized January 7,
1828, which became effective May 1, 1828. The
prst county seat was christened Carrollton, but
Dn May 24, 1828, was changed to Delphi. The
bounty was named in honor of the venerable
Charles Carroll, then the sole survivor of those
Ivho had signed the Declaration of Independence.
(n its earlier history, the Wabash and Erie canal
fiurnished it with great facilities for trade and
bxportation of produce.

: Population of Carroll county in 1890 was
^0,021; in 1900 was 19,953, and according to
Jnited States Census in 1910 was 17,970, of
vhich 263 were of white foreign birth. There

Carroll County Court-House, Delphi.

ivere 4,579 families in the county and 4.536 dwell-
ings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
hirteen townships in Carroll county: Adams,
Burlington, Carrollton, Clay, Deer Creek, Demo-

crat, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Rock
Creek, Tippecanoe and Washington. The incor-
porated cities and towns are Delphi, Camden and
Flora. Delphi is the county seat.

Delphi Library, Carroll Count\'.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Carroll county
was $7,567,840; value of improvements was
$2,181,410, and the total net value of taxables
was $14,489,540. There were 2,967 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 385 miles of
improved roads in Carroll county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $450,283.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
59.01 miles of steam railroad operated in Carroll
county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville :
Vandalia; and the Wabash railroads. The Fort
Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Company
operates 15.62 miles of electric lines in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Philip B. Hemmig, county superintendent of Car-
roll county, there were eighty-seven schoolhouses,
including seven high schools, in the county in
1914 employing 160 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 3,243. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $76,567.80.

224

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Estimated value of school property in the county
was $267,000, and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $47,646.03.

Agriculture. — There were in Carroll county
in 1910 over 2,200 farms embraced in 227,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 101.7 acres. The
value of all farm property was $27,000,000, show-

ing 105 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver-:
age value of land per acre was $93.69. The total
value of domestic animals was over $2,200,000:
Number of cattle, 16,000, valued at $485,000;
horses, 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs, 57,000,
valued at $365,000; sheep, 11,000, valued at
$55,000. The total value of poultry was $87,000.

CASS COUNTY

LOGANSrORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE

CASS COUNTY is bounded on the north
by Pulaski and Fulton, on the east by
Miami, on the south by Howard and Carroll
and on the west by White and Carroll counties.
It contains 420 square miles.

High School, Logansport.

Organization. — 4'he organization of Cass
county became effective April 13, 1829, and the
county seat was fixed at Logansport by three of
the five commissioners named by the legislative
Act of December 18, 1828. The county was
named after the Honorable Lewis Cass. Here
was located the town of Kenapacomequa or
I'Anguille, the French name, or Old Town,
which was destroyed by General Wilkinson
August 8, 1791. The village stood on the north
Ijank of Ke\ river, six miles northeast of Logans-
port and extended for two miles and a half along
the stream. It was then called a village of the
Kickapoos.

The Eel and Wabash rivers unite near the
center of the county, furnishing an abundance of
water power for the water works, electric light

plant and factories of the city of Logansport,'
which is built on both sides of the two rivers.*
Along these streams there is an inexhaustible'
supply of limestone, gravel and sand of superior!
quality for building purposes and road-makingl

PubHc Library, Logansport.

and a good quality of clay for making brick is
found in abundance in dift'erent parts of the
county. j

Population of Cass county in 1890 was;
31,153; in 1900 was 34,545, and according to;
United States Census of 1910 was 36,368. of
which 2,031 were of white foreign birth. There j
were 9,080 families in the county and 8,758 [
dwellings. [

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are.
fourteen townships in Cass county: Adams,!
Bethlehem, Boone, Clay, Clinton. Deer Creek,
Eel, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Miami, Noble,:
Tipton and Washington. The incorporated cities,
and towns are Logansport, Galveston. Royal
Center and Walton. Logansport is the county
seat.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

225

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Cass county was
'$12,264,550, value of improvements was $4,950,-
780 and the total net value of taxables was
$26,858,345. There were 6,178 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 402 miles of
improved roads in Cass county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu-
ary 1, 1914. Amount of gravel road bonds out-
tstanding, $675,194.75.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
107.99 miles of steam railroad operated in Cass
:ounty by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Logansport
division P., C, C. & St. L. ; Richmond division
P., C, C. & St. L. ; Effner branch P., C, C. & St.
L ; Michigan division of Vandalia ; Butler branch
JDf the Vandalia, and the Wabash Railways. The
JFort Wayne & Northern Traction Company and
:he Union Traction Company of Indiana operate
1-0.48 miles of electric lines in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
\. L. Frantz, Logansport, Ind., county superin-
endent of Cass county, there were 108 school-
louses, including ten high schools in Cass county
n 1914, employing 241 teachers. The average
laily attendance by pupils was 5,595. The ag-
jjregate amount paid in salaries to superintend-
l^nt, supervisors, principals and teachers was
5139,317.09. The estimated value of school
broperty in the county was $643,500, and the
lotal amount of indebtedness, including bonds,
vas $142,898.

There are three Catholic and one German
vUtheran schools in Cass county.

Consolidation is coming fast ; almost every
township has one consolidated school building of
from five to nine teachers.

Agriculture. — There were in Cass county in
1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in 240,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 102.3 acres. The
value of all farm property was $27,000,000,
showing 92.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $80.57. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,300,-
000 : Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $590,000 ;
horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs 52,000,
valued at $360,000 ; sheep 20,000, valued at $95,-
000. The total value of poultry was $105,000.

Industrial. — According to the United States
Census of 1910 there were sixty-eight industries
in Logansport, furnishing employment to 2,412
persons. Total amount of capital employed,
$2,003,965. Value of products, $4,201,369;
value added by manufacture, $2,219,816.

Northern Hospital for Insane. — The General
Assembly of 1883, by an act approved March 7,
made provision for the erection of three addi-
tional hospitals for the insane (Laws 1883, p.
164). The first of these to be opened was the
Northern Hospital, located a mile west of
Logansport and popularly known as Longclifif.
The site was purchased October 4, 1883. The
work of construction, which was on the "block
plan," began in the following summer, but was
discontinued in 1886 because of the exhaustion
of funds. It was not until July 1, 1888, that
the first patients were received. These came at
first from all parts of the State, but the hospital
is now limited to the care of patients from
twenty-two counties designated the northern
district for the insane (Laws. 1889, p. 391).

CLARK COUNTY

JEFFERSON VILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

GLARK COUNTY is located in the south-
east section of the State and its entire
Southeastern section is bounded by the Ohio
iver. To the north are Jefferson and Scott
ounties, while Washington bounds it on the
|.^est and Floyd county on the south.
Organization. — Clark county was set apart

February 1, 1801, by William Henry Harrison,
Governor of the Territory of Indiana, and was
named in honor of the celebrated General George
Rogers Clark, at one time a citizen of the county.
At that time the boundaries, as defined by the
Governor, were "Beginning on the Ohio river at
the mouth of the Blue river, thence up that river

226

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Administration Building, Indiana State Forest Reserva-
tion, Clark County.

to the crossing of the Vincennes road, thence in
a direct hne to the nearest point on White river,
thence up that river to its source and to Fort
Recovery, thence on the hne of the northwest
territory to the Ohio at the mouth of the Ken-
lucky, thence to the place of beginning." The
original county was very large and included in
whole or in part twenty-one of the present coun-
ties of the State, which constituted about one-
tiflli of the area. Clark county now contains
abdut 400 sffuare miles. Most of the land within
ihc ])rcsent limits of the county is embraced in
what is called "Illinois Grant," or "Clark's Grant,"
made by the Legislature of Virginia in 1786,
which conveyed to certain commissioners 149,000
acres of land in trust, to be apportioned accord-
ing to rank, to General Clark and the officers and
inc-n of the regiment which he commanded in the
e.\])(.<liti()n to Vincennes and Kaskaskia. It was
di\id<-Ml into 500-acre tracts and apportioned ac-
curchngly. ( )ne thousand acres more, lying along
the Falls of the Ohio, was also granted at the
same tinu- for the location of a town to be called
Clarksvilk', which tlourished for a time, but has
since gone to decay. The lirst settlements of any
consc(|uence were made from 1790 u]) to 1800
in the towns along the river, so that the inhabi-
tants on the lirst notice of the ajjproach of In-
dians might I'scape into Kentuckw

('lark county was the gateway to the great
northwest and constituted the highwav over which
tlie stream ol ei\iHzalion made its way from
the east and Minth to tlie new eountr\- norlli of
the ( )hio i-i\i'f. I lie I'alls of the ( )hio furnished

the means of crossing the river and determined
the earlier settlement of this part of the State.
The first county seat was Springville, a little
village which stood near where Charlestown now
stands. It was on the old Indian trail from the
falls of the Ohio to the Indian nations of the
north, west and east. A short distance west of
this little town lived Jonathan Jennings, first
Governor of Indiana. Springville, at one time,
was a great trading center for the French and
Indians, but not a vestige now remains to tell
w^here the village stood. On June 9, 1802,
Governor Harrison issued a proclamation "fixing
the seat of justice at the town of JefTersonville
. . . after the first day of August next."
The territorial Legislature changed it to Charles-
town by the Act of December 14, 1810, and it
remained there until September 23, 1873, when
it was permanently located at Jefifersonville. The
old court-house at Charlestown is still standing
and in a good state of preservation.

Indiana State Forest Reservation. — By an
act of the Legislature, March 3, 1903, the State
purchased 2,000 acres of land for a forest reser-
vation, laboratory of forestry, demonstration
and State nurseries. The reservation is lo-
cated one mile north of Henryville, which may
be reached by going to Henryville via the Penn-
sylvania or the Indianapolis & Louisville electric
line which touches the east side of the reserva-
tion.

The "Knobs." — Five miles below the Falls:
of the Ohio commences a range of hills called the;
"Knobs." They rise about 500 feet high, are from;
a mile to a half a mile in width and are about'
equal in elevation. Each hill, separately, is small,
often covering less than half an acre ; thev unite,

Postoffice Building, Jctifersonville.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

227

Generally, one hundred or two hundred feet be-
■low their summits. They extend about fifty
.miles into the interior and the country behind
fthem falls off very little from a level. A similar
ridge of hills extends into Kentucky, from the
south side of the river opposite. It is not un-
Slikely that they were once united and formed an
;obstruction, the only remains of which at this
time are the Falls of the Ohio. A few miles
[above Jefifersonville is an elevated pear-shaped
ridge overlooking the Ohio river, which is sup-
posed to be the remains of a fort built by the
IMound Builders. About eight miles north of
this stone fort is a circular inclosure. This is an
earthwork of about 2,000 feet in circumference
and the embankment was originally about twelve
feet high. In form it is almost a perfect circle.
.Pottery, fresh water shells and fragments of
ibones have been found here in great abvmdance.
From this place to the stone fort is a line of
mounds. On the bank of Big creek, about eight
jfeet above the creek bed, is another stone in-
: closure, embracing about ten acres. A short dis-
tance south of the inclosure are three curious
I stone mounds or pillars. The object for which
these mounds were erected can only be conjec-
tured, but were evidently intended as memorials
of some event in the history of the j\Iound
Builders.

Indiana Reformatory. — The first State insti-
tution established in Indiana was the State
Prison at Jefifersonville. It was authorized by
an act of the Legislature, approved January 9,
1821 (Laws 1821, p. 24), and the first prisoner
was received November 1, 1822. Provision was
made by the Legislature of 1859 for another
prison north of the National road (Laws 1859,
p. 135). It was opened at Michigan City in
1860. From that date until 1897 the institution

Carnegie Public Library, Jeffersonville,

Statue of General George Rogers Clark m ^Monument
Place, Indianapolis.

at Jeffersonville was known as the Southern In-
diana State Prison and its prisoners were com-
mitted from the counties south of the National
road. In accordance with an act approved Feb-
ruary 26, 1897 (Laws 1897, p. 69), the State
Prison, South, on April 1 of that year became
the Indiana Reformatory for the incarceration of
men between the ages of sixteen and thirty years
unless convicted of treason or murder in the first
or second degree, sentenced from any county in
the State.

Population of Clark county in 1890 was
30,259; in 1900 was 31,835. and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 30.260, of
which 833 were of white foreign birth. There
were 6,901 families in the county and 6.704
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townships in Clark county : Bethlehem,
Carr, Charlestown. Jefiferson. Monroe, Oregon,
Owen, Silver Creek. Union. Utica. Washington
and Wood. The incorporated cities and towns
are Jeffersonville, Clarkstown, Clarksville, Clays-

228

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

burg, New Providence, Port Fulton and Sellers-
burg. Jeffersonville is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Clark county was
$5,454,350, value of improvements was $3,082,-
130 and the total net value of taxables was
$14,470,840. There were 4.725 polls in the
couiUy.

Improved Roads.— There were 219 miles of
imiH-(jved roads in Clark county built and under
jurixliction of the county commissioners Janu-
ary 1. 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out-
standing, $329,730.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
73.56 miles of steam railroad operated in Clark
countv 1)V the T>ouisville division Baltimore &
Ohio Southwestern ; C, L & L. ; Louisville Bridge
Company ; C, C, C. & St. L. ; Louisville & Jef-
ferson Bridge Company, and the Louisville di-
vision, the Jeffersonville branch and the New
Albany branch of the P.. C, C. & St. L. Rail-
ways. The Indianapolis & Louisville Traction
Company, the Louisville & Northern Railway &
Lighting Company and the Louisville & Southern
Indiana Traction Compan}' oi)crate 40.25 miles
of electric lines in the coun.tv.

Educational. — According to the report of !
Samuel L. Scott, county superintendent of Clark i
county, there were 104 schoolhouses, including
four high schools, in the county in 1914, employ-
ing 191 teachers. The average daily attendance
by pupils was 4,863. The aggregate amount
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors,
principals and teachers was $97,518.31. Esti-
mated value of school property in the county in
1914 was $385,000, and the total amount of in--
debtedness, incltiding bonds, was $57,500.

Agriculture. — There were in Clark county in
1910 over 2,100 farms, embraced in 216,000
acres. Average acres per farm 99.2 acres. The
value of all farm property was $9,500,000, show-
ing 39.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver-
age value of land per acre was $28.61. The total
value of domestic animals was over $1,000,000:
Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $267,000;
horses 5,500. valued at $520,000; hogs 15,000,
valued at $100,000; sheep 9,000, valued at
$35,000. The total value of poultry was $56,000.

Industrial. — According to the United States
Census of 1910 there were thirty-six industries
in Jeft"ersonville, furnishing employment to 919
persons. Total amount of capital employed,
$2,681,753. Value of products, $1,915,682 ; value
added by manufacture, $832,957.

CLAY COUNTY

BRAZIL, SEAT OF JUSTICE

CLAY COUNTY lies south of Parke, west
of Putnam and C)wcn, north of Greene
and east of Sullivan and \'igo counties and con-
tains 360 square miles.

Organization. — The organization of the
county was made effective Ajiril 1, 1825. Bow-
ling ( Ireen was selected as the first county seat
and luld that distinction for fifty years. When
on November 30, 1851, the court-house and all
the records were burned a light was i)recipitated
to select ;i ni-\v location for the county seat, the
town of I'.ellaire was the chief contender. On
l'\'bruary 2,\ 1853. the advoc.ites of relocation
got an ;ict through the Legislature i)roviding
connnissioiiers to select and locate ;i new seat of
justice, and for the second time P>owling (ireen

was selected. In 1872 the cotmty seat was or-
dered removed to Brazil, as a result of a petition
on the part of those favoring that place, and the
formal transfer was made January 26, 1877. The
county was named in honor of the famous states-
man Henry Clay.

In past years Clay county was noted as thel
largest producer of coal in the State, but later!
developments in Indiana coal fields have out-i
ranketl Clay county by reason of the fact that the!
mines, where the famous Brazil Block coal is'
mined, have been in operation over forty years
and much of the coal has been taken out. Ac-
cording to the mine inspector's report for the
liscal year ending September 30, 1914, there are
seventeen mines in operation in Clay county,

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

229

jnder the jurisdiction of the State Mine In-
ipector, which produced 464,948 tons of block
coal. During the past two decades the county
'lias become the leading clay manufacturing cen-
ter in the State.

\ Population of Clay county in 1890 was 30,536 ;
in 1900 was 34,285, and according to United
^States Census of 1910 was 32,535, of which 1,869
were of white foreign birth. There were 7,626
.families in the county and 7,480 dwellings.

Improved Roads. — There were 346 miles of
improved roads in Clay county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu-
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out-
standing, $415,604.37.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
94.69 miles of steam railroad operated in Clay
county by the Central Indiana ; Chicago & East-
ern Illinois ; C, C, C. & St. L. ; Chicago, Terre
Haute & Southeastern ; Evansville & Indianap-

Big Four Railroad Bridge Over Walnut Creek in Putnam County. — Photograph by Bert IVecdoi

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
eleven townships in Clay county : Brazil, Cass,
Dick Johnson, Harrison, Jackson, Lewis, Perry,
Posey, Sugar Ridge, Van Buren and Washing-
ton. The incorporated cities and towns are
Brazil, Bowling Green, Carbon, Center Point,
Clay City, Knights ville and Staunton. Brazil is
the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Clay county was
$6,299,480, value of improvements was $3,384,-
570 and the total net value of taxables was $15,-
262,530. There were 5,048 polls in the county.

olis ; Indianapolis & Louisville, and the \'andalia
Railways. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis &
Eastern Traction Company operates 12.36 miles
of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Willis E. Akre, county superintendent of Clay
county, there were 115 schoolhouses, including
six high schools, in the county in 1914. employ-
ing 226 teachers. The average daily attendance
by pupils was 5.926. The aggregate amount paid
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin-
cipals and teachers was $111,653.37. Estimated
value of school property in the county in 1914
was $2,494,504. and the total amount of indebt-
edness, including bonds, was $110,310.

230

CEXTENXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Agriculture. — There were in Clay county in
1910 over 2,500 farms, embraced in 212,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 82.2 acres. The
value of all farm property was $13,000,000,
showing 48.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $43.72. The

total value of domestic animals was over $1,300,-
000: Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $350,-:
000; horses 7,600, valued at $730,000; hogs
23,000, valued at $150,000; sheep 5,900, valued
at $23,000. The total value of poultry was
$58,000. 1

CLINTON COUNTY

FRANKFORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE

CLINTON COUNTY is bounded on the
north by Carroll and Howard, on the east
by Tipton and Hamilton, on the south by Boone
and on the west by Tippecanoe and Montgomery
counties. It has an area of 408 square miles,
and is located in the second tier of counties
northwest of Indianapolis.

Organization. — The organization of the
county became effective March 1, 1830. The
town of Jefiferson, four miles west of the then
future town of Frankfort, was the temporary
county seat of Clinton from the day of its organi-

Clinton Comity Court-1 louse, Frankfort.

zation. May 3, 1830, until the proper buildings'
were erected at Frankfort. The site of Frank-
fort was selected by the State commissioners
and the county agent was ordered on May 19,
1830, to have the land surveyed and laid ofif in '
lots. The first term of court in Frankfort con-
vened April, 1831, in the new log court-house.!
Clinton county was named after DeWitt Clinton,!
at one time Governor of New York, '

The principal streams in the county are thej
south fork of Wild Cat, Kilmore and Sugar j
Creek. The soil surface is sufficiently undulating !
to afford good drainage and the farms of the'
county are well drained and under a high state
of cultivation. In a small portion of the south- '
eastern part of the county natural gas was found. '
In many places in the county there is a large |
deposit of excellent clay for the manufacture '
of brick, tile and pottery.

Population of Clinton county in 1890 was I
27,370; in 1900 was 28,202, and according to'
United States Census of 1910 was 26,674, of i
which 186 were of white foreign birth. There
were 6,905 families in the county and 6,732
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are|
fourteen townships in Clinton county : Center, '
Forest, Jackson, Johnson, Kirkland, Madison,
Michigan, Owen, Perry, Ross, Sugar Creek,
Union, Warren and Washington. The incorpo- 1
rated cities and towns are Frankfort, Colfax, 1
Kirkland, Michigantown and Rossville. Frank-
fort is the county seat. I

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from ,
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Clinton county
was $12,717,685, value of improvements was ;

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

231

' $4,248,290 and the total net value of taxables was
,$25,172,520. There were 4,721 polls in the
I county.

Improved Roads. — There were 789 miles of
improved roads in Clinton county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu-
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out-
standing, $708,203.05.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
99.05 miles of steam railroad operated in Clinton
county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ;
Chicago division of the C, C, C. & St. L. ; Lake
Erie & Western; Toledo, St. Louis & Western,
and the Michigan division of the Vandalia Rail-
ways. The Indiana Railways & Light Company
and the Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern
Traction Company operate 32.13 miles of elec-
tric lines in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Marion W. Salmon, county superintendent of
Clinton county, there were seventy schoolhouses,
including eight high schools, in Clinton county
in 1914, employing 195 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 5,071. The ag-
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend-
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was
$115,109.82. Estimated value of school property
in the county was $548,000, and the total amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $152,400.

Agriculture. — There were in Clinton county

Public Librarj', Frankfort.

in 1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 253,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 93.2 acres. The
value of all farm property was $36,000,000,
showing 123.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre is $113.20. The
total value of domestic animals was over $3,000,-
000: Number of cattle 19,000, valued at $703,-
000; horses 13,000, valued at $1,600,000; hogs
78,000, valued at $500,000 ; sheep 12,000, valued
at $61,000. The value of poultry was $108,000.
Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were
nineteen industries in Frankfort, employing
about 850 persons, of which about 450 were em-
ployed in the repair shops of the Toledo, St.
Louis & Western railroad.

CRAWFORD COUNTY

ENGLISH, SEAT OF JUSTICE

CRAWFORD COUNTY is situated in the
southern tier of counties bordering on the
Ohio river and lies between Harrison and Perry
counties on the river. Orange and Washington
counties on the north and Dubois on the west.
It contains about 320 square miles, much of
the surface of which is rough and hilly.

There is an inexhaustible supply of stone and
large plants are operated at Marengo and Mill-
town. The county is particularly distinguished
on account of the location of two of the greatest
underground caverns in the world, the Marengo
and Wyandotte caves.

Organization. — The county was organized by

legislative act January 29, 1818, which became
effective March 1, 1818. It was named after the
unfortunate Colonel William Crawford, the land
agent of General Washington in the west, who
was taken, prisoner by the Indians and burned at
the stake at Sandusky in 1782. The county seat
history of Crawford county has never been sat-
isfactorily recorded owing to inability to gather
all of the records. According to the best avail-
able data Mt. Sterling became the county seat in
1818 and remained so at least until 1822. The
Legislature passed an act on December 21, 1821.
providing for a change of the county seat from
"Mountsterling." It was probably removed to

232

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Fredonia. a town on the Ohio river, where it
was in 1843. In that year the Legislature passed
an act on January 4 j^roviding for its removal
from that place to Leavenworth, which became
the next county seat, where it remained until
1894, when it was removed to ]^n<,dish after a
most notable and picturesque struggle. The
court-house at bLnglish is the only one in the State
which was erected outside the limits of the
county seat town. The town of English was

13,941 ; in 1900 was 13,476, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 12,057, of
which sixty-nine were of white foreign birth.
There were 2,759 families in the county and 2,728
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
nine townships in Crawford county : Boone, Jen-
nings, Johnson, Liberty, Ohio, Patoka, Sterling,
Union and Whiskey Run. The incorporated
cities and towns are Alton, English, ^^larengo,

Monumental Mountain, Wyandotte Cave, Crawford County. Height 135 feet— highest underground

mountain in the world.

named in honor of Ilonoraljlc William H. Eng-
lish, whose death occurred February 7, 1896,
and who was one of Indiana's most distinguished
sons. In 1851 he was elected to rei)resent his
native county (Scott) in the State Legislature
and m 1852 ;is a member of Congress, to which
he was re-elected. At the national convention
al Cincinnati in June, 1880, he was unanimously
nominated for Xice-I'resident of the United
States on the Democratic ticket with General
Winlield Scott Hancock for President. The last
yu-irs f>f his life were devoted to the writing of
his "History of the Con(|uest of the Northwest."
Population <.f Craw ford eountv in 1890 was

Leavenworth and Milltown. English is the
cotmty seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Crawford county
was $938,050, value of improvements was $505,-
515 and the total net value of taxables was
$2,725,632. There were 1,781 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were hfty-four
miles of improved roads in Crawford county-
built and under jurisdiction of the county com-
missioners January 1, 1915. Amotmt of gravel
road bonds outstanding, $68,759.20.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

233

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
25.62 miles of steam railroad operated in Craw-
ford county by the Southern Railway Company
^pi Indiana.

' Educational. — According to the report of
Stuart A. Beals, county superintendent of Craw-
jford county, there were eighty-five schoolhouses,
^including five high schools in Crawford county
in 1914, employing 113 teachers. The average
[daily attendance by pupils was 2,236. The aggre-
gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents,
ijupervisors, principals and teachers was $40,-
1372.20. The estimated value of school property
iin the county was $55,750, and the total amount
bf indebtedness, including bonds, was $19,000.

Agriculture. — There were in Crawford county
in 1910 over 1,800 farms, embraced in 181,000
lacres. Average acres per farm, 97.5 acres. The
lvalue of all farm property was $3,800,000, show-
ing 70.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver-
age value of land per acre was $11.73. The total
value of domestic animals was over $600,000:
iNumber of cattle 5,700, valued at $130,000;

horses 3,500, valued at $344,000; hogs 7,400,
valued at $50,000 ; sheep 7,300, valued at $28,000.
The total value of poultry was $47,000.

Entrance to Pillard Palace, Wyandotte Cave.

DAVIESS COUNTY

WASHINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

DAVIESS COUNTY is located in the south-
western part of the State, between the
east and west forks of White river, which stream
with its tributaries. Sugar, Mud, Aikman, Veal,
Prairie, Smithers, Pond, Purse and other creeks,
drain the county. The county lies wholly within
the area of the coal measures and has an abun-
dant supply of coal. It is bounded on the north
by Greene, on the east by Martin, on the south
by Dubois and Pike and on the west by Knox
and a very small portion of Sullivan counties. It
contains about 420 square miles, which is marked
by a variety of soil. The White river bottoms
are rich, sandy and black loam soil, while clay
predominates in the other portions. Farming is
the principal occupation of the people. Corn and
wheat are the leading products, and other farm
products are grown in abundance. Melons are
raised extensively for shipment and tomatoes are
grown in a number of places for canning pur-
poses. Many hogs are raised and fattened here

for shipment. The principal natural resource is
coal. According to the State Mine Inspector's
report for September 30, 1914, there were three
coal mines in operation in the county under his
jurisdiction, which produced 89.506 tons of coal.

The first settler came into the territory now
occupied by Daviess county some time in 1801
or 1806. The first deed for land within the
present limits of the county was given to John
Baptiste Cardinal by Congress, and the first deed
of record was made in 1792. This tract consisted
of 400 acres. In 1783 the Congress of the United
States made numerous donations of land to the
early French settlers a1)Out Vincennes, and in
1807 the Congress made what has since been
called "French Locations," which lie mostly in
what is now Knox county.

The making of early history in Daviess county
was marked with Indian depredations, and after
the killing of William ]\lcGowen by the Indians
in the spring of 1812, the settlers, in order to

234

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

protect themselves, erected ten block houses or
forts. FWe of these were built in 1812 and were
known as "Hawkins' Fort," "Comer's Fort" and
"Turcell's Fort," the others being built at a
later period.

Organization. — Daviess county was organized
by an act of the Legislature December 24, 1816,
which became effective February 15, 1817. The
county was named in honor of the distinguished
lawyer, loscph Hamilton Daviess, who was killed

Population of Daviess county in 1890 wasj
26,227; 1900, 29,914, and according to United'
States Census of 1910 was 27,747, of which
389 were of white foreign birth. There were
6,231 families in the county and 6,144 dwelling-
houses.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
ten townships in Daviess county : Barr, Bogard,
Elmore, Harrison, Madison, Reeve, Steele, Van
Buren. Veale and Washington. The incorporated

Views in Washington, Daviess County. 1. Public Library. 2. High School. 3. Court-House.

4. Soldiers' Monument.

in the battle of Tippecanoe November 7, 1811.
Daviess county was originally part of Knox and
contained nearly all of the territory now com-
prising Martin, all of Greene, east of the west
fork of White river, and all of Owen county, east
of the west fork of White river. The first county
seat ot Daviess county was located in the town
of Liverpool on March 15, 1817. The name was
changed to Washington August 18, 1817, and it
has remained the county seat since the organiza-
tion of the county. It is located on the \\. & O.
Southwestern and C. (S: 1'^. I. railroiuls. The
sho]»s of the I'.. cV (J. Southwestern railroad are
located here.

cities and towns are Washington, Cannelburg,
Elnora, Montgomery and Odon. Washington
is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Daviess county
was $7,438,535, value of improvements was
$2,869,965 and the total net value of taxables was
$14,558,915. There were 4,428 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There w^ere 326 miles of
improvetl roads in Daviess comity built and
mider jurisdiction of the county commissioners

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

235

anuary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
mtstanding, $427,389.24.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
|j5.21 miles of steam railroad operated in Daviess
county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Chicago,
ferre Haute & Southeastern, and the E. & I.
Railways.

' Educational. — According to the report of
,\lva O. Fulkerson, county superintendent of
Daviess county, there were 112 schoolhouses, in-
■:luding nine high schools in Daviess county in
1914, employing 204 teachers. The average daily
jittendance by pupils was 5,278. There are six
consolidated school buildings in the county.
They have proved such a success that opposition
kgainst consolidation has almost disappeared.

he aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-

intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $98,229.54. The estimated value of school
property in the county was $385,800, and the
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds,
was $109,825.

Agriculture. — There were in Daviess county
in 1910 over 2,700 farms embraced in 253,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 91.8 acres. The
value of all farm property was $18,000,000,
showing 103.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre $54.98. The total
value of domestic animals was over $1,900,000:
Number of cattle, 14,000, valued at $375,000;
horses 9,000, valued at $950,000; hogs 40,000,
valued at $280,000; sheep 11,000, valued at
$46,000. The total value af poultry was
$113,000.

DEARBORN COUNTY

LAWRENCEBURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE

DEARBORN COUNTY is located in the
southeast part of the State, bordering on
the Ohio river. It is bounded on the north by
Franklin county, on the east by the State of
Ohio, on the south by the Ohio river and Ohio
county and on the west by Ripley county. It
contains 207 square miles and the general char-
acter of the land is rolling and in some parts
broken by ranges of hills, which, however, are
not so high nor so steep as to prevent cultiva-
tion. Archeological remains are found through-
out the county, some of which are believed to be
not less than 2,000 years old and which required
much labor and engineering skill.

Moore's Hill College, one of the oldest edu-
cational institutions in the State, is located at
Moore's Hill in this county.

Organization. — Dearborn county was organ-
ized on March 7, 1803, with the seat of justice
at Lawrenceburg, the court-house being one-half
of a double log cabin belonging to Doctor Jabez
Percival, one of the associate judges. Rising
Sun was ambitious to be the county seat and
wanted to have a new county formed, of which
it could be the county seat if it could not wrest
the honor from Lawrenceburg. Through this

struggle Lawrenceburg lost the county seat for a
few years. On September 26, 1836, Wilmington
became the seat of justice, where it remained
until April 4, 1844, when Lawrenceburg again
became the county seat, through an act of the
Legislature of January 3, 1844.

Population of Dearborn county in 1890 was
23,364; in 1900 was 22,194, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 21,396, of
which 1,163 were of white foreign birth. There
were 5,274 families in the county and 5,058
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
fourteen townships in Dearborn county : Ceesar
Creek, Center, Clay, Harrison, Hogan, Jackson,
Kelso, Lawrenceburg, Logan, Manchester, Mil-
ler, Sparta, Washington and York. The incor-
porated cities and towns are Aurora, Lawrence-
burg, Dillsboro, Greendale, Moore's Hill. St.
Leon and West Harrison. Lawrenceburg is the
county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Dearborn county
was $3,084,170, value of improvements was

236

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

$2,582,125 and the total net value of taxables was
$10,170,790. There were 3,143 polls in the
count}'.

Improved Roads. — There were eighty miles
of improved roads in Dearborn county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $264,365.12.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
52.79 miles of steam railroad operated in Dear-
born county by the B. & O. Southwestern; Cin-
cinnati & Southern Ohio River; the Chicago divi-
sion, Lawrenceburg branch and Harrison branch,
of the Big Four, and the White Water railroads.
The Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg & Aurora Elec-
tric Street Railway Company operates 9.38 miles
of electric lines in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
George C. Cole, county superintendent of Dear-
born county, there were ninety- four school-

houses, including two high schools, in the county'
in 1914, employing 150 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 2,992. The ag-
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend-
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was-
$71,559.64. Estimated value of school property
in the county was $192,450, and the total amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $11,600.

Agriculture. — There were in Dearborn county
in 1910 over 2,200 farms, embraced in 185,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 82.5 acres. The
value of all farm property was $9,800,000, show-
ing 51.0 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver-
age value of land per acre was $30.43. The total
value of domestic animals was over $1,100,000:
Number of cattle 13,000, valued at $360,000;
horses 6,000, valued at $604,000; hogs 10,000,
valued at $76,000; sheep 6,000, valued at S25,000.
The total value of poultry in the county was
$72,000.

DECATUR COUNTY

GREENSBURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE

DECATUR COUNTY is located in the sec-
ond tier of counties southeast of Indian-
apolis. It is bounded on the north by Rush, on
the east by Franklin, on the south by Ripley and
Jennings and on the west by Bartholomew and
Shelby counties. It contains 400 square miles
and is especially adapted to agriculture. Some of
the finest limestone quarries of the State are
located in the county.

Organization. — Decatur county was organ-

C;iriiogic Lilirary, Grcciisl)urg.

ized December 31, 1821, and became effective
March 4, 1822. It was named after the gallant
Commodore Stephen Decatur. Greensburg was
selected as the county seat, which, tradition says,
was so named by Mrs. Thomas A. Hendricks in
honor of her old home town in Pennsylvania.

Population of Decatur county in 1890 was
19,277; in 1900 was 19,518, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 18.793, of
which 370 were of white foreign birth. There
were 4,935 families in the county and 4,844
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
nine townships in Decatur county : Adams, Clay,
Clinton, Fugit, Jackson, Marion, Salt Creek,
Sand Creek and Washington. The incorporated
cities and towns are Greensburg, Milford, Mill-
housen. New Point and Westport. Greensburg
is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913 the total
value of lands and lots in Decatur county was
$9,832,000, value of improvements was $3,020,-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

237

510 and the total net value of taxables was
i;16,655.615. There were 3,183 polls in the
punty.

Improved Roads. — There were 345 miles of
improved roads in Decatur county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
Ijanuary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
Outstanding, $538,847.60.

, Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
•60.97 miles of steam railroad operated in Decatur
county by the Chicago division of the Big Four ;
iWestport branch of the Chicago, Terre Haute &
iSoutheastern ; Columbus, Hope & Greensburg,
and the \'ernon, Greensburg & Rushville rail-
roads. Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction Com-
pany operates 10.40 miles of electric line in the
county.

! Educational. — According to the report of
.Frank C. Fields, county superintendent of Deca-
jtur county, there were sixty-eight schoolhouses,
including ten high schools in Decatur county in
1914, employing 138 teachers. The average daily
lattendance by pupils was 3,235. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $84,041.21.
The estimated value of school property in the
;county was $487,000, and the total amount of
indebtedness, including bonds, was $129,888.
I Clinton township, this county, was the first
township in the State to consolidate entirely all
its schools into one. This was accomplished at
[Sandusky in 1903. Six hacks carry the children
to this centralized school. Since that day the
other townships have all followed the lead of
Clinton and more or less consolidation has been
accomplished in each.

Agriculture. — There were in Decatur county

Decatur County Court-House, Greensburg.

in 1910 over 1,900 farms embraced in 223,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 116.1 acres. The
value of all farm property was $19,000,000,
showing 79.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre, $60.77. The total
value of domestic animals was over $1,800,000:
Number of cattle, 14,000, valued at $450,000;
horses, 7,800, valued at $780,000; hogs, 57,000,
valued at $370,000; sheep, 13,000, valued at $57,-
000. The total value of poultry was $86,000.

DEKALB COUNTY

AUBURN, SEAT OF JUSTICE

DEKALB COUNTY is located in the north-
east corner of the State, bordering on the
State of Ohio, and is separated from the State
of Michigan on the north by Steuben county. It
is bounded on the west by Noble and on the south
by Allen counties. The St. Joseph river runs
about twelve miles through the southeast corner

of the county, and other parts of it are well
watered by Cedar creek and its numerous
branches.

Organization. — Dekalb county was organized
February 2, 1837, and was named in honor of
Baron Dekalb, a German nobleman, who joined
the American armv during the revolution. He

238

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

was made a general and was killed at the battle
of Camden. The county began its career with
Auburn as the county seat May 1, 1837. Pend-
ing the building of a new court-house, a disastrous
fire occurred February 8. 1913, which destroyed
part of the county records, among which were
all of the records of the county clerk.

Population of Dekalb county in 1890 was
24,307; in 1900 was 25,711. and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 25,054, of

$7,432,060, value of improvements was $3,367,-
170 and the total net value of taxables was
$18,124,560. There were 4,018 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were fourteen miles
of improved roads in Dekalb county built and;
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. There were no gravel road
bonds outstanding January 1, 1915.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are

Views in Auburn, Dekalb County.

which 1,060 were of white foreign birth. There
were 6,581 families in the county and 6,427
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — I'hcrc are
fifteen townshi])s in Dekalb county: IJutler, Con-
cord, Fairfield, Franklin, Grant. Jackson, Key-
ser, Newville, Richland, Sniiihlield, Spencer,
Stafford, 1Voy, Union and Wilmington. The in-
corjiorated cities and t()\vii> are Auburn. Ikitler,
<i.irrett. .Mtona, .\shley, Corunna, St. joe and
W atc-rldo. Auburn is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
tile animal report of the Auditor of State from
tile abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Dekalb countv was

97.75 miles of steam railroad operated in Dekalb
county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; G. R. & I. : Fort I
Wayne & Jackson ; Fort Wayne & Detroit ; L. S. i
& M. S., and the Butler branch of the \'andalia i
railroad. The Fort Wavne & Northwestern Rail- I
way Company operates 20.48 miles of electric
lines in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Lida Leasure, county superintendent of Dekalb
county, there were ninety-eight schoolhouses.
including seven high schools, in Dekalb county
in 1914, employing 177 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 4,285. The ag-
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend-
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

239

0,061.95. The estimated value of school prop-
ty in the county was $340,575, and the total
mount of indebtedness, including bonds was
90,240.

] Agriculture, — There were in Dekalb county in
1910 over 2,500 farms, embraced in 220,000
icres. Average acres per farm, 88.1 acres. The
btal value of all farm property was $19,000,000,

showing 76.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $56.92. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,-
000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $460,-
000; horses 8,500, valued at $1,000,000; hogs
36,000, valued at $250,000 ; sheep 42,000, valued
at $180,000. The total value of poultry was
$104,000.

DELAWARE COUNTY

MUNCIE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

DELAWARE COUNTY is located in the
first tier of counties northeast of Indian-
i.polis and is bounded on the north by Grant and
Blackford, on the east by Jay and Randolph, on
he south by Henry and on the west by Madison
bounties. It contains 399 square miles. The
ace of the county is mostly level or gently un-
;lulating. There is but very little land in the
tounty which is not well adapted to farming,
white river in the center, the Mississinewa in
jhe north and Buck creek are the principal
Sitreams in the county.

i Organization. — Delaware county was organ-
ized January 18, 1827, and becoming effective
Kpril 21 of that year. It was so named from
Its having been long the home of the largest di-
Hsion of the Delaware tribe of Indians who had
luigrated here from their eastern home. The
!:ounty seat of Delaware county was first called
j'Munseytown" and was named after the old
Indian chief who lived in Delaware county. This
was the home of the Prophet, brother of the
Indian Chief Tecumseh, and until it fell by decay
here stood the post at which he caused his ene-
mies, whites and Indians, to be tortured. It was
through the influence of David Conner, an In-
dian trader, who was the first white man to set-
tle in Delaware county, that the tribe ceased to
use the post.

Population of Delaware county in 1890 was
■30,131; in 1900 was 49,624, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 51,414, of
which 1,199 w^ere of white foreign birth. There
were 12,913 families in the county and 12.530
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are

twelve townships in Delaware county : Center,
Delaware, Hamilton, Harrison, Liberty, ^lonroe,
Mt. Pleasant, Niles, Perry, Salem, Union and
Washington. The incorporated cities and towns
are Muncie, Albany, Eaton, Gaston, Normal
City, Riverside and Selma. ]\Iuncie is the county
seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — x\ccording to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Delaware county
was $12,858,475, value of improvements was
$8,036,675 and the total net value of taxables was
$32,750,000. There were 9,516 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 430 miles of
improved roads in Delaware county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $743,435.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
124.70 miles of steam railroad operated in Dela-
ware county by the Central Indiana ; C. & O. ;
Chicago, Indiana & Eastern ; Indianapolis divi-
sion and the Muncie belt of the Big Four ; Fort
Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville ; Lake Erie &
Western and Muncie & Western railroads. The
Indianapolis, New Castle & Eastern Traction
Company, Muncie & Portland Traction Comi)any
and the Union Traction Company of Indiana
o])erate 67.90 miles of electric lines in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Ernest J. Black, county superintendent of Dela-
ware count v, there were ninety-five schoolhouses,
including ten high schools, in the county in 1914,
employing 330 teachers. The average daily at-

240

CEXTEXNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

tendance by pupils was 8.851. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $215,688.90.
iCstimatcd value of school property in the county
was $1,278,600, and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was S210.815.

Agriculture. — There were in Delaware county
in 1910 over 2,900 farms, embraced in 240,000
acres. Average acres ])er farm, 82.4 acres. The
total value of all farm property was $26,000,000,
sJKjwing 77.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $83.19. The

total value of domestic animals was over $2,400,-
000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $619,-
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,200,000; hog;
84,000, valued at $470,000 ; sheep 22,000, valuec
at $92,000. The total value of poultry wa;
$120,000.

Industrial. — According to the United State;
Census of 1910 there were 102 industries ii
Muncie, furnishing employment to 4,444 persons
Total amount of capital employed, $6,626,626
value of products, $9,686,234; value added b}
manufacture, $4,210,467.

Public Library, Muncii.'. _'

Delaware County Lourl-liousc. 3. High School, 2\Iuncic.
4. Post-Office, Muncie.

DUBOIS COUNTY

JASPER, SEAT OF JUSTICE

DUBOIS COUNTY is located in the south-
ern part of the State. It is bounded on
the north by Martin and Daviess, on the east by
iOrange and Crawford, on the south by Spencer,
Perry and Warrick and on the west by Pike and
iWarrick counties. It contains 420 square miles,
iand coal, sandstone, limestone and fire clay are
mined in parts of the county. The Patoka river
flows through the county and White river forms
:a part of its northern boundary.
' Organization. — It was organized by legisla-
tive act December 20, 1817, which became ef-
fective February 1, 1818. This section was set-
tled about 1801, and the county was named in
honor of Toussaint Dubois, a French soldier
under General William Henry Harrison, who
lived in Vincennes and who had charge of the
guards and spies in the Tippecanoe campaign.
The first county seat of Dubois county was Por-
jtersville. Owing to its location on White river,
■the northern boundary of the county, efforts
were made at various times in the Legislature
!to have the county seat removed to a more de-
sirable location. By a supplementary act of the
Legislature of January 30, 1830, commissioners
were ordered to meet at Portersville in August,
1830, and select a new county seat "as near the
center of the county as possible." The town of
Jasper was selected as the county seat. The
record of the commissioners, who selected the
site of Jasper, was lost in the fire of August,
1839, which completely destroyed the court-house
and all records.

Population of Dubois county in 1890 was
20,253 ; in 1900 was 20,357, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 19,843, of
which 699 were of white foreign birth. There
Were 4,150 families in the county and 4,074
dwellings.

' Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townships in Dubois county : Bainbridge,
Boone, Cass, Columbia, Ferdinand, Hall, Harbi-
son, Jackson, Jefiferson, Madison, Marion and
Patoka. The incorporated cities and towns are
Huntingburg, Birds Eye, Ferdinand and Jasper.
Jasper is the county seat.

i 16

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Dubois county
was $3,560,725, value of improvements was
$1,965,720 and the total net value of taxables was
$8,847,125. There were 3,291 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were eighty-five
miles of improved roads in Dubois county built
and under jurisdiction of the county commis-
sioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road
bonds outstanding, $183,934.95.

Academy of the Immaculate Conception, Ferdinand,
Dubois County.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
62.17 miles of steam railroad operated in Dubois
county by the Ferdinand Railway Company ;
Southern Railway Company of Indiana, and the
Evansville branch and French Lick line of the
Southern Railway Company.

Educational. — According to the report of
William Melchier, county superintendent of Du-
bois county, there were one hundred school-
houses, including five high schools, in Dubois
county in 1914, employing 161 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 3,193.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $66,137.49. Estimated value of school
property in the county was $171,250, and the
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds,
was $21,823.

242

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Agriculture.— There were in Dubois county
in 1910 over 2.200 farms, embraced in 262,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 117.1 acres. The
value of all farm property was $10,000,000,
showing 47.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $25.23. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,100,-
(XK): Number of cattle 12,000, valued at $230,-
DOO; horses 6.700. valued at $614,000; hogs
23.0()0. valued at $125,000; sheep 5,800, valued
at $21,000. The total value of poultry was

Convent and Academy of the Immaculate
Conception at I'crdinand, Ind., is conducted by
the Sisters of St. Benedict.

The constantly increasing demand for teachers,
competent in religious and moral training as well
as in the profane sciences, urged the Benedictine
heathers of St. Meinrad's Abbey, to procure Nuns
of the same order and erect, for them, a convent.
The town of Ferdinand was selected as a site,
while the erection and charge thereof was en-
trusted, by the Rt. Rev. Martin Marty, to the
zealous young priest and pastor, the Rev. P.
Ohrysostom Foffa, O. S. B., of the St. Ferdinand
congregation. He obtained four Nuns from St.
Walburgis Convent, Covington, Ky., as pioneers
in the undertaking. They arrived at Ferdinand
.\ugust 20, 1867, and took up the work of teach-
ing the parish school.

The convent was completed and the little
chapel within its walls was dedicated December
8, 1867.

After a number of postulants had petitioned
for admission into the new community, the Rt.
Rev. IMartin Marty drew up the Constitutions for
the government of the sisterhood and appointed
Rev. P. Chrysostom, O. S. B., spiritual director.
At the lirst election held in June, 1872, accord-
ing to the new Constitution, Sister M. Benedicta
Ik'rns was elected Prioress. The young commu-
nity flourished and the parish school of St. Mein-
rad marked its first mission. In 1872 the Nuns
l)urchase(l sixty-four acres of land, by which
means they l)egan to provide for themselves the

necessaries of subsistence. The farm lands be-'
longing to the Convent were gradually increased,
so that, at present, about 300 acres are in its pos-
session.

The growth of the Community and the open-
ing of a boarding school for girls and young
ladies rendered the erection of a more spacious
building necessary. Under the direction of the
Rev. P. Eberhard Stadler, O. S. B., the successor
of the Rev. P. Chrysostom, O. S. B., since 1871,
a new convent began to build in 1883 ; it was com-
pleted in 1887 at a cost of $80,000. In 1903 a
large and handsome addition was made to accom- •■
modate the ever growing membership, making the
cost of the convent as it stands to-day more than
$130,000.

The chief occupation of the sisters is teaching,
more extensively, in the parochial schools, which
number fifty-five. Besides these, they conduct
twenty-four public schools ; also an academy at
this place (Ferdinand, Ind.). The last named
was commissioned as a public high school in 1912,
and accredited as a teachers' training school in
1914 by the State Board of Public Instruction.
The arts of music and painting occupy a promi-
nent place in the curriculum. At present the num-
ber of pupils receiving instruction in the various
branches of learning is 3,500,

The present number of members in the com-
munity (175) necessitated the erection of the ad-
dition now building, the principal parts of which
are : a chapel, promising to be a monument of art;
a conservatory and a library. This, having been
contemplated for some time, ripened into reality
under the directorship of the Rev. P. Fintan
Wiederkehr, O. S. B., and during the administra-j
tion of the Rev. Mother M. Seraphine Kordes,
O. S. B.

Jasper College, a department of St. Mein-
rad's College, for secular students, was estab-
lished and opened for the reception of students
on September 12, 1889. It is incorporated underj
the laws of the State of Indiana in con j unction j
with St. Meinrad's College and is empowered to
confer the usual academic degrees.

ELKHART COUNTY

GOSHEN, SEAT OF JUSTICE

ELKHART COUNTY is located in the
northern part of the State. It is bounded
I on the north by the State of Michigan, on the
j east by Lagrange and Noble, on the south by
; Kosciusko, and on the west by Marshall and St.
' Joseph counties. It contains about 470 square
} miles. Practically all of the county is tillable.
\ The Elkhart and St. Joseph rivers run through
1 the county and there are several lakes located in
the northern part of the county, which afford
splendid fishing.
j. Organization. — Elkhart county was organ-
t ized by an act of the Legislature January 29,
' 1830, becoming effective April 1, 1830. Elkhart
county experienced some difficulty in getting its
county seat permanently located. The commis-
sioners, named in the organizing act, fixed the
new county seat at a town known as Dunlap.
about five miles northwest of the present city of
I Goshen. The ceding of half a tier of townships
on the west side of the county to St. Joseph
county made it necessary to choose a more cen-
tral location. By an act of the Legislature of
, February 10, 1831, the present site of Goshen
I was selected ; the site was at once surveyed and
platted and the first sale of lots took place June
20. 1831.

Goshen College was founded at Elkhart in
I 1895, by the members of the Mennonite church,
; who continue to control it. The institution be-
; gan its career in 1895 in the city of Elkhart,
''; where it was known as the Elkhart Institute.
\ The school was moved to Goshen in 1903. The
enrolment in 1914 was 425, which was more than

double that when the first college class was
graduated ten years ago. The college has a cam-
pus of ten acres with four buildings and a forty-
acre farm adjoining the campus. Nearly 5,000
volumes are in the library. The Mennonite His-
torical library has been donated by individuals
and alumni. The normal school has been placed
upon the accredited list of schools doing Class
"A" and Class "B" work for the State Board of
Education. In addition to the regular four-year
college work, the institution has an academy
work, which is equivalent to a four years' high
school course. It has a well organized three
years' music teachers' course in vocal and in-
strumental music, and a commercial course. The
Bible department ofit'ers two courses of two years
each. John E. Hartzler is president of Goshen
College.

Population of Elkhart county in 1890 was
39,201; in 1900 was 45,052, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 49.008, of
which 2,521 were of white foreign birth. There
were 12,750 families in the county and 12,419
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
sixteen townships in Elkhart county : Bango,
Benton, Cleveland, Clinton, Concord, Elkhart,
Harrison, Jackson, Jefiferson, Locke, Middle-
bury, Olive, Osolo, Union, Washington and
York. The incorporated cities and towns are
Elkhart, Goshen, Bristol, Millersburg, Middle-
bury, Nappanee and Wakarusa. Goshen is the
county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to

Goshen College, Goshen, Elkhart County.

244

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the annual rc])ort of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax (lui)licate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Elkhart county
was $11,905,335; value of improvements was
$6,825,060, and the total net value of taxables
was $30,496,930. 'Jliere were 8.864 polls in the

county.

Improved Roads.— There were twenty-six
miles of improved roads in Elkhart county built
and under jurisdiction of the county commission-
ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road
bonds outstandin.i,^ $268,000.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
112.93 miles of steam railroad operated in Elk-
hart county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; C, W. &
M. ; Elkhart & Western ; L. S. & M. S. ; Sturgis,
Goshen & St. Louis ; St. Joseph Valley and Wa-
bash railroads. The Chicago, South Bend &
Northern Indiana Railway Company, St. Joseph
Valley Traction Company, Winona Interurban
Railway Company and the W. I. Railway Com-
pany operate 50.81 miles of electric lines in the
county.

Educational. — According to the report of
A. E. Weaver, county superintendent of Elkhart
county, there were 125 schoolhouses, including
seven high schools, in the county in 1914. em-

ploying 309 teachers. The average daily attend-
ance by pupils was 8,426. The aggregate amount
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors,
principals and teachers was $197,171.92. Esti-
mated value of school property in the county
was $1,070,000, and the total amount of indebt-
edness, including bonds, was $210,530.

Agriculture. — There were in Elkhart county
in 1910 over 3,100 farms embraced in 270,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 84.9 acres. The ,
value of all farm property was $26,000,000, j
showing 56.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $66.58. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,500,-
000 : Number of cattle 22,000, valued at $650,-
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,500,000; hogs ^
29,000, valued at $228,000 ; sheep 23,000, valued ;
at $100,000. The total value of poultry was '
$100,000.

Industrial. — According to the United States I
Census of 1910, there were sixty-nine industries |
in Elkhart, furnishing employment to 3,508 per- {
sons. Total amount of capital employed, $5,478,- j
046. Value of products, $6,932,065, value added
by manufacture, $3,911,492.

There were over fifty industries in Goshen ■
employing more than 1,500 men and women.

FAYETTE COUNTY

CONNERSVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

FAYETTE COUNTY is located in the sec-
ond tier of counties southeast of Indianapo-
lis. It is bounded on the north by Henry and
Wayne, on the east by Union and Wayne, on the
south by Franklin and on the west by Rush coun-
ties. The county is divided nearly in the center
from north to south by the west fork of the
White Water, which feeds the canal. The sur-
face of the country is rolling in the east and
south and level or gently undulating in the north
and west, with a large proportion of bottom
lands and all susceptible of profitable cultivation.
The county contains 211 square miles.

Organization.— I'ayctte cmity was organ-
ized December 28, 1818, by au act of the Legis-
lature which became effective January 1, 1819.
I'rom its organization, Connersville has been the

county seat, which was laid out by John Conner
in 1817, from whom it took its name. Fayette
coimty was named in honor of General Lafay-
ette.

Population of Fayette county in 1890 was
12,630; in 1900 was 13,495, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 14,415, of
which 363 were of white foreign birth. There
were 3,761 families in the county and 3,647
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Tovi^ns. — There are
nine townships in Fayette county: Columbia,
Connersville, Fairview, Harrison, Jackson, Jen-
nings, Orange, Posey and Waterloo. The incor-
porated cities and towns are Connersville, East
Connersville and Glenwood. Connersville is the
county seat.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

245

Fayette County Court-House, Connersville.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Fayette county
was $5,500,100; value of improvements was
$2,566,675, and the total net value of taxables
was $12,429,080. There were 2,888 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were sixty-two
miles of improved roads in Fayette county built
and under jurisdiction of the county commission-
ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road
bonds outstanding, $81,060.67.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
42.05 miles of steam railroad operated in Fayette
county by the Cincinnati division of C, I. & W. ;
Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville ; Cambridge
City branch P., C, C. & St. L., and the Wliite
Water railroads. Indianapolis & Cincinnati Trac-
tion Company operates 9.28 miles of electric line
in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Claude L. Trusler, county superintendent, there
were thirty-three schoolhouses, including two
high schools, in Fayette county in 1914, employ-

Public Library, Connersville.

ing ninety-four teachers. The average daily at-
tendance by pupils was 2,348. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $63,974.40.
Estimated value of school property in the county
was $313,200, and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $99,079.

Agriculture. — There were in Fayette county
in 1910 over 1,100 farms embraced in 134,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 119.2 acres. The
value of all farm property was $11,000,000,
showing 83.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre, $61.55. The total
value of domestic animals was over $1,100,000:
Number of cattle 8,100, valued at $237,000;
horses 4,700, valued at $470,000; hogs 52,000.
valued at $333,000 ; sheep 9,400, valued at $43,-
000. The total value of poultry was $42,000.

Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were
thirty-five industries in Connersville, employing
over 1,500 persons. The manufacture of automo-
biles, springs and axles, rotary blowers and
pumps, pianos and buggies are the principal in-
dustries.

246

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OE INDIANA

FLOYD COUNTY

NEW ALBANY, SEAT OF JUSTICE

FLr)VD COUNTY is located in the southern
tier of counties on the Ohio river. It is
hounded on the north \>y Clark and Washington,
on the east hy Clark and the Ohio river, and on
the south and west hy Harrison counties. It is
one of the smallest counties in the State contain-
ing ahout 150 square miles. A range of hills
calK'd "The Knohs," from one to three miles in
width, runs through the county from north to
south, coming to the Ohio river a short distance
helow New Alhany. Although the country is
much hroken. yet north of the hills, the country
is comparatively level and alTords a fine oppor-
tunity for the raising of crops. South of the hills
occur the alluvial river terraces, which are very
fertile hecause of numerous overflows of the
Ohio river. Large orchards are found upon the
sloj>es of the liills and in the upper strata of the
Silver llill> limestone of excellent quality has
been quarried for many years.

Organization. — h'luyd count}', which was or-

ganized by an act of the Legislature January 2,
1819, and which became effective a month later
was named after Colonel John Floyd, of the dis-
tinguished Virginia family of that name, who
had been killed by the Indians on the opposite
side of the river. New Albany has been the
county seat ever since the organization of the
county, although one effort was made to relocate
the county seat by an act of the Legislature Jan-
uary 10, 1823.

Population of Eloyd county in 1890 was
29.458; in 1900 was 30.118, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 30,293, of
which 1,233 were of white foreign birth. There
were 7,433 families in the county and 7,049
dwellings.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Floyd county was
$4,541,515; value of improvements was $4,301,-

I'alls ul ilif Oliio Ik'lween \'c\v .Mhany and Jctlcrsoiu illc.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

247

|305, and the total net value of taxables was $12,-
1693,190. There were 3,304 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were thirty-eight
miles of improved roads in Floyd county built
and under jurisdiction of the county commission-
ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road
bonds outstanding, $160,440.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
live townships in Floyd county : Franklin,
Georgetown, Greenville, Lafayette and New Al-
bany. The incorporated cities and towns are New
Albany, Georgetown, Greenville and Silver
Grove. New Albany is the county seat of Floyd
county.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
23.26 miles of steam railroad operated in Floyd
county by the Louisville division B. & O. South-
western ; Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ; K.
& I. Terminal ; New Albany branch P., C, C. &
St. L., and the Southern Railway Company of
Indiana. The Louisville & Northern Railway and
Lighting Company, Louisville & Southern Indi-
ana Traction Company, and the New Albany
Street Railway Company operate 11.24 miles of
electric lines in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Glenn V. Scott, county superintendent of Floyd
county, there were fifty-four schoolhouses, in-
cluding two high schools, in Floyd county in
1914, employing 157 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 4,197. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $87,987.12.

Floyd County Court-House, New Albany.

Estimated value of school property in the county
was $383,927, and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $43,500.

Agriculture. — There were in Floyd county
in 1910 over 1,200 farms embraced in 80,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 66.4 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $4,400,000,
showing 38.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre, $33.60. The total
value of domestic animals was over $395,000:
Number of cattle 4,700, valued at $117,000;
horses 2,300, valued at $213,000; hogs 3,700,
valued at $25,000; sheep 658, valued at $2,100.
The total value of poultry was $24,000.

Industrial. — According to the United States
Census of 1910, there were ninety-five industries
in New Albany, furnishing employment to 2,135
persons. Total amount of capital employed.
$3,565,968. Value of products, $3,492,530, value
added by manufacture, $1,606,057.

FOUNTAIN COUNTY

COVINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

FOUNTAIN COUNTY is located in the
western part of the State and is bounded on
the north and west by Warren and Vermilion
counties, on the east by Tippecanoe and Mont-
gomery and on the south by Park counties. The
Wabash river flows along its entire north and
west border. The county contains about 400
square miles, its surface being mostly level and
admirably adapted to agriculture and cattle rais-
ing. Some coal mining is done in the county.
According to the mine inspectors' report for the

fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, 19,710
tons of coal were mined in the county.

Organization. — The county was organized
December 31, 1825, becoming effective April 1,
1826, with Covington as the county seat, which
was chosen by the locating commissioners, who
made their report July 25, 1826. As Covington
was located on the Wabash river, which forms
the boundary between Warren and \'ermilion
counties, there was an agitation started in the
latter part of the twenties to move the county

248

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

seat to a more central location, with the result
that the Legislature appointed locating commis-
sioners on January 29, 1831, to investigate the
(juestion of relocation. The commissioners unani-
mously agreed that the town of Covington remain
the permanent seat of justice of the county.
Again in 1851, another effort was made to move
the county seat from Covington to Chambers-
burg, which failed, and in 1870 and 1871 Vee-
dersburg tried to get a bill through the Legisla-
ture to secure the seat of justice.

Fountain county was so named in memory of
Major Fountain of Kentucky, who was killed at
the head of the mounted militia at the battle on
the Maumee near Fort Wayne in 1790.

Population of l""ountain county in 1890 was
19.558; in 1900 was 21,446. and according to
united States Census of 1910 was 20,439, of
which 412 were of white foreign birth. There
were 5,258 families in the county and 5,117
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
eleven townships in Fountain county: Cain,
Davis, Fulton, Jackson, Logan, Mill Creek, Rich-
land, Shawnee, Troy, Van Buren and Wabash.
The incorporated cities and towns are Attica,
Covington, Veedersburg, Hillsboro, Kingman,
Mellott, Newtown and Wallace. Covington is
the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual re|)ort of the Auditor of State from

the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Fountain county
was $8,642,635 ; value of improvements was
$2,227,710, and the total net value of taxables
was $15,347,085. There were 3,425 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There w^ere 320 miles of
improved roads in Fountain county built and un-
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $527,430.50.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
90.03 miles of steam railroads operated in Foun-
tain county by the Brazil division of C. & E. I. ;
western division P. & E. ; Toledo, St. Louis &
Western ; Wabash railroad, and the Attica, Cov-
ington & Southern branch of the Wabash rail-
road.

Educational. — According to the report of
Man ford F. Livengood, county superintendent
of Fountain county, there were sixty school-
houses, including eight high schools, in Fountain
county in 1914, employing 160 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 3,571.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $82,435.92. Estimated value of school prop-
erty in the county was $332,600, and the total
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was
$116,057.

Agriculture. — There were in Fountain county
in 1910 over 2,000 farms em-
braced in 240,000 acres. Aver-
age acres per farm, 114.8 acres.
The value of all farm property
was over $25,000,000, showing
94.3 per cent, increase over 1900.
The average vahie of land per
acre was $81.05. The total value
of domestic animals was over
$2,100,000: Number of cattle
12,000, valued at $407,000;
horses 10,000, valued at $1,100,-
000; hogs 55,000, valued at
$414,000; sheep 17,000, valued
at $81,000. The total value of
poultry was $78,000.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

249

FRANKLIN COUNTY

BROOKVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

FRANKLIN COUNTY is located in the east-
ern part of the State, bordering on the State
bf Ohio. It is bounded on the north by Fayette
'and Union, on the south by Ripley and Dearborn,
and on the west by Decatur and Rush counties.
It contains an area of 394 square miles. The
topography of the country is rolling, except in
the extreme eastern part. The White Water river
lis the largest stream that flows diagonally from
the northwest to the southeast. The best agricul-
tural regions of the county are in the bottom
lands of the White Water and the level lands east
and north of the White Water Valley. Olden-
'burg is located in this county and is noted for its
Catholic institutions. The Academy of the Im-
maculate Conception is located here as well as a
.great monastery.

The Whitewater Valley. — The Whitewater
region, comprising the valley of the Whitewater
;river with its two branches, extends from the
}Ohio river northward for nearly half the length
'of the State, with a width varying from twelve
to twenty-five miles. In pioneer times it was
(familiarly known as "The Whitewater," and the

frequency with which it is alluded to in the local
literature of those days reveals its then impor-
tance.

This territory has, indeed, claims to distinc-
tion. There, it may be said, Indiana practically
had her beginnings. There lay the first strip of
land that marked, in Indiana, the oncoming tide
of the white man's progress westward — the first
overlap from Ohio, which grew, cession by ces-
sion, west and north. There sprang up some of
our most important early centers of population
— Lawrenceburg, Brookville, Connersville, Rich-
mond and others ; there resided at one time or
another a remarkable number of men who have
made their impress upon the State's history or
on the world at large, and thence came waves
of migration that have spread over the State.
This immigration has supplied an important ele-
ment of the population in not a few localities.
Indianapolis, for example, in her first days was
so nearly made up of people from Whitewater
and Kentucky that a political division, it is said,
sprang up along the sectional line, and these two
classes were arrayed against each other in the

View of Oldenburg, Franklin County, showing the Monastery, and the Cunvent and Academy of the

Immaculate Conception.

250

CENTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

first local campaign, with Whitewater leading.
Long after that they continued to come from the
cities mentioned above and intervening localities,
and the number at the capital to-day who look
back to the Whitewater as their old home is sur-
prisingly large. ^Madison, also, in her growing,
hoi)eful days drew good blood from this center;
and over the State generally and beyond the bor-
ders the same is true.

( )l the men of mark who have hailed from the
Whitewater. Brookville and Franklin county
alone lay claim to i)erhaps half a hundred, the
most notable of whom I find named and classi-
fied as follows in the columns of a Brookville
])aper :

Governors. — James B. Ray, Noah Noble, Will-

McKcndrie M. E. Church, near Brookville.

iam Wallace and Abraham Hammond, governors
of Indiana; Will Cumback, lieutenant-governor
of Indiana ; Lew Wallace, governor of New
Mexico ; John P. St. John, governor of Kansas ;
Stephen S. Harding, governor of Utah; J. Wal-
lace, governor of Wyoming, nominated for gov-
ernor of Indiana but defeated; J. A. Matson,
Whig, and C. C. Matson, Democrat, father and
son.

(hiitrd States Senators.— Jesse B. Thomas,
Irom Illinois; James Noble and Robert Hanna,
irom Indiana; John Henderson, from Missis-
sippi.

( ahinet Officers, Foreign Ministers, etc. —
James H. Tyner. postmaster general; James S.
( larkson. assistant postmaster general; Lew
\\'allace, nn'nistcr to Turkey; l^dwin Terrell,
nn'nisler to I'.clgium ; ( icorge Ilitt, vice-consul to
'•'"idoii: L. W Miichcncr. attorney-general of
Inili.iiKi.

Supreme Judges. — Isaac Blackford, John T.
McKinney and Stephen C. Stephens. It is cited
as the most remarkable instance on record that
in these three men Brookville had at one time
the entire Supreme Bench of Indiana.

Writers, Educators and Ministers. — Lew ^^'al-
lace, Maurice Thompson (born in the county),
Joacjuin Miller (born in the county), and a dozen
or more of local fame; J. P. D. John, president
De Pauw University ; William M. Dailey, presi-
dent Indiana University; L. D. Potter, president
Glendale College ; R. B. Abbott, president Al-
bert Lea College ; Charles N. Sims, chancellor
Syracuse University; S. A. Lattimore, professor
of chemistry, Rochester University ; E. A. Bar-
ber, professor in University of Nebraska ; C. W.
Hargitt, professor in Syracuse University ; Fran-
cis A. Shoup, professor in University of Missis-
sippi ; J. H. Martin, president Moores Hill Col-
lege ; Rev. T. A. Goodwin, Rev. Charles N. Sims
and Rev. Francis A. Shoup.

Art. — William M. Chase, painter; Hiram Pow-
ers, sculptor.

Science. — James B. Fads, civil engineer, con-
structor of the great bridge at St. Louis, and of
the jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi river;
Amos W. Butler, ornithologist and ethnologist,
now secretary of the State Board of Charities.

Military and Naval Officers. — Gen. Lew Wal-
lace, Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, Gen. Francis
A. Shoup. Gen. Joseph E. Johnson, Gen. P. A.
Hackleman, Oliver H. Glisson, rear admiral, and
William L. Herndon, commander U. S. N.

A few of the above, perhaps, had but slight re-
lations with this region, but allowing for this the
output of able men is still remarkably large. If.
from Franklin county we look northward to Con-
nersville, Centerville and Richmond, we find
other men whose services and fame are well
known within the State, and in not a few in-
stances far beyond its borders. In this galaxy
are Oliver P. Morton, George W. Julian, Oliver
H. Smith, Caleb B. Smith, Charles H. Test.
James Rariden, Samuel W. Parker, Samuel K.
Hoshour, and other men notable for caliber.
Many of these were gathered at Centerville dur-
ing the titue it was the seat of justice of Wayne
county, but with the removal of the courts to
Richmond they dispersed, a good proportion of
these finding their wav to Indianapolis, beckoned

?;?

cl-:nti:.\xial history and handbook of Indiana

thither, doubtless, hy the i^roniise of a larger
field for their talents.

The shiftinj^s of the prominent men to and
from the Whitewater are. indeed, something of
an index to its riu<-tuating fortunes. Thus many
of the more notal.le names of Brookvillc were
identified with it only during brief eras of pros-
peritv induced by extraneous causes, and when
these lapsed iho-e who were on the track of op-
portunities sought i)aslnres new. For example,
one of the uK.st tlourisliing [periods in the history
of the town began in 1820, when the lands of the
interior of the State, as far north as the Wabash,
were thrown open and the land office established
at F.rookville. As all purchasers of lands in this
vast new tract visited the land office, not only

< )1(1 .state Hank Building, Brookville. One of the
I'lrsl hanks in the State.

with their purchase money but with the pre-
sumable sur])lus of travelers, the great impetus
to the town's jirosperity and growth may easily
l)e conceived. I-'or five years, fed by the visiting
thous.inds, the ])lace throve, and the men who
were drawn thither made it a political and intel-
lectual center. Then the ((uestion of removing
the ollicL- to Indianapolis, as a more central loca-
tion, was agitated. It was ])ilterly opposed by
lirookville citizens, who had .in unconcealed con-
tempt for till- little insignilicant "ca])ital in the
woods, buried in miasmatic solitude and sur-
roiuided," ;is j.aines P.rown R.iy said in one of his
ponip.Mis spi-i-rhes. "by a boundless contiguity of
shade." .N'evertheless, the desj.ised and ague-
ridden capital got the land oflice : the fortune
.seekers of I'.rookville ln-took tlieniselves else-
where like migrating birds, and then f(.)llowed a
period of sorry decadence, during which houses

over town stood vacant and dilapidated; all busi;
ness languished ; money became all but extincV
and there was a reversion to the communisti
method of exchanging goods for goods, or good
for labor.

This paralysis lay on Brookville and the sur
rounding county until the schemes for the inter
nal improvement, agitated throughout the twen
ties and for one-half of the third decade, begai
to take definite and practical shape. About 1833'
according to Mr. T. A. Goodwin, there was i
revival of life in the Whitewater; people begai
to paint their houses and mend their fences, anc
deserted houses began to fill up. The interna
improvement act of 1836 provided for the con
struction of "the Whitewater canal, commenc)
ing on the west branch of the Whitewater river
at the crossing of the National road, thence pass
ing down the valley of the same to the Ohit'
river, at Lawrenceburg, and extending up tb'
said west branch of the Whitewater above thd
National road as may be practicable." This wa!
a promise of commercial prosperity and a nev
lease of life to the Whitewater region. The da;!
that the contracts were let at Brookville foj
building the various sections of the canal theri
was a grand jollification — speech-making, dinner
toasts and all the rest ; and a like enthusiasm pre!
vailed in all the valley. Towns sprang up aloni'
the proposed route and lay in wait, and as th
canal, crawling northward, reached them, sue
cessively, making one and then another the heac
of navigation, each flourished and had its day
drawing to itself the wheat and hogs and othe:l
agricultural exports from the inlying country fo:
many miles east, north and west. This grea!
trade, of course, always sought the nearest poin
of shipment, and so Brookville, Metamora, Lau
rel, Connersville and Cambridge City were, irj
turn, receiving ports and reaped the benefits o\
traffic. The people on the east branch, not to h(
outdone by their neighbors on the west, also
strove energetically for a canal between Brook-i
ville and Richmond that should promote the dei
veloi)ment of this valley, and. though the worl,
was never completed, much labor and nione)
was expended upon it.

The old canal days are a distinct era in tht
history of our State. The younger generatiori
knows little about them, but many a reminis
cence might be picked up of the merchant fleet;

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

253

i)f the Whitewater and the idyllic journey ings up
ind down the beautiful valley by packet. This
irder of things, which continued about thirty
■ears, was maintained in the face of serious dis-
ouragements, for the Whitewater river, one of
he swiftest streams in the State, is subject to
I'iolent freshets, and these have repeatedly dam-
ged the canal, effectually stopping traffic and
ntailing heavy expenses in repairs. The great
lood of 1847 all but ruined the ditch, and
carcely was this recovered from when another
•roved almost as disastrous. Besides these
,hecks on traffic, untold thousands of dollars
;.ave been lost by the sweeping away of mills
nd other property, and in the opinion of many
!ld citizens, these disheartening losses have
aused much of the exodus from the valley.
' The lower part of the Whitewater valley, with
Irookville as its center, lies to-day aloof from
|ie trunk railway lines that have been the great
etermining factor in the development of the
ountry. But if it lacks the bustle and growth
if some other newer sections of the State, it has
nother and different attraction — the attraction
f great natural beauty of landscape combined
nth. quiet idyllic charm and pleasing reminders
if the past. The disused bed of the old White-
water Canal and its crumbling stone locks are
;rown with grass. Grass grows in the peaceful
loroughfares in and about the villages of Laurel
nd Metamora, and in these villages and in
Tookville quaint and weatherworn houses speak
;f a past generation of builders. Our artists
ave already discovered the picturesqueness of
le region, and some of Indiana's abundant lit-
jrary talent might well find inspiration here be-
')re it is too late. — Geo. S. Cottman.
Organization. — Franklin county was the
xth county organized in Indiana. It was named
;i honor of Benjamin Franklin and its organiza-
.on became effective February 1, 1811. It was
[prmed from Dearborn and Clark counties in
bnformity with the legislative act of November
7, 1810. Brookville, which had previously been
[rganized, was made the county seat. The or-
anization of Fayette and Union counties in 1819
|id 1821 greatly reduced the area of Franklin
punty.
Population of Franklin county in 1890 was
?,366; in 1900 was 16,388, and according to
nited States Census of 1910 was 15,335, of

which 681 were of white foreign birth. There
were 3,684 families in the county and 3,622
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
thirteen townships in Franklin county : Bath,
Bloomington Grove, Brookville, Butler, Fairfield,
Highland, Laurel, Metamora, Posey, Ray, Salt
Creek, Springfield and White Water. The in-
corporated cities and towns are Brookville, Cedar
Grove, Laurel, Mt. Carmel, and Oldenburg.
Brookville is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the .Vuditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Franklin county
was $4,349,965 ; value of improvements was

Little Cedar Baptist Church, near Brookville, Building
Completed in 1812.

$1,954,370, and the total net value of taxables
was $9,441,250. There were 2,389 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 178 miles of
improved roads in Franklin county built and un-
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1914. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $129,796.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
37.93 miles of steam railroad operated in Frank-
lin county by the C. & O. ; Chicago division of the
Big Four, and the W'hite W^ater railroads.

Educational. — According to the biennial re-
port of T. J. McCarty, county superintendent,
there were eighty-four schoolhouses. including
eight high schools, in Franklin county in 1913-
1914, employing 101 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 2.265. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-

254

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

invent and Academy of the Immaculate Conception, Oldenburg, Franklin County.

I)crvisnrs, principals and teachers was $48,017.15 ;
i-slinialed value of school property in the county
was $124,685. and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $31,190. There is one
[)arochial school, enrolling 183 pupils and em-
] (loving four teachers. This school is conducted in
a new modern brick building containing class
rooms, basement with gymnasium, reading rooms
and the largest hall in the city of Brookville.

Agriculture. — There were in Franklin county
in 1910 over 2,100 farms embraced in 240,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 113.9 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $12,000,000,
showing 69.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre, $32.65. The total
value of domestic animals was over $1,400,000:
Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $357,000;
horses 6,700, valued at $650,000; hogs 42,000,
valued at $272,000; sheep 15,000, valued at $65,-
fXX). The total value of poultry was $73,000.

Convent of the Immaculate Conception, con-
ducted by Sisters of St. !*>ancis of the Third
( )r(kT Kegular, Oldenburg, Ind.

The f(jun(ler of the Oldenburg convent and
academy was the sainted Rev. Francis Joseph
ivudolf. He was ordained ])riest August 10, 1839,
at Slra.vl)urg, .Alsace, and in 1842 came to the
I 'iiited Stales as missionary. On January 6, 1851,
the first steps were taken toward the foundation
ol a teaching toninnniity, with llic ausjMcious aid
ot Sistrr .M. Tiicresa, who volunteered to bid
fare-well lo Ikt convent in X'ienna, .\ustria, to
serve (xi.l in iIr. wild West. She landed in New
^'^^k in January, 1851. This s;iintly maiden
Inrnie.l the cdrner-sti me of the ( )ldenburg con-
vent, ;ind bi-iaine its lirsi su])erior general, under

the title of "Mother." The old convent was re-
constructed in 1899-1901.

The community advanced steadily, thougl;'
often under great difficulties, opening new
schools from year to year, until now it number^!
seventy-three mission schools, in which 13,50(
children are educated. These schools are located
mainly in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky and
Kansas. These great achievements are due to
the sainted founders and their worthy successor^i
who continued the good work. Among the latteij
ranks the present Mother General Olivia, sec!
onded by her energetic counsel and devoted sub-'
jects. '

The Academy of the Immaculate Concep-|
tion, Oldenburg, Ind. — The foundation of th(i
academy is so closely connected with the convenj
that its history is virtually contained in that of tht'
convent or Mother house. The Mother Genera'
always has been, and still is its president, with th(]
directress as vice-president.

The academy's beginning was lowly as that ol}
the convent. The first boarders, attending a fal'
and winter session, had their first quarters ii^
the convent, and only in 1859 was a special two|
story brick building erected for the academy stui
dents. This was replaced by a handsome, extenj
sive three-story structure in 1863. Later, in 1876
the conservatory of music was added to th
academy building. This building, with occasiona
later imjirovements. still continues its efficien
service, as does the north addition of the convent
the only buildings not contained in the great re
construction of 1899-1901. The new conven
church, a verital)le gem of architectural beauty
had l)een built in 1890.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

255

The newly erected edifices rank among the best
n the State. The efficiency of this school has
)een recognized by the Indiana State Board of
ii^ducation, and its Normal department has been

accredited by the State Teachers' Training
Board, and it is affiliated with the Catholic Uni-
versity of America, Washington, D. C, and the
University of Cincinnati.

FULTON COUNTY

ROCHESTER, SEAT OF JUSTICE

FULTON COUNTY is located in the north-
ern part of the State and is bounded on the
lorth by Marshall, on the east by Kosciusko.
jvVabash and Miami, on the south by Cass and
Miami, and on the west by Pulaski counties. It
,;ontains 350 square miles. A ridge of small,
•ugged hills, from one to two miles in width, ex-
;end along the north bank of the Tippecanoe
through the county. With this exception, the face
of the county is level or undulating. There are
lumerous lakes in the county, which abound
vith game fish of almost every variety. The most
mportant lake in the county is Manitou, which
lies one mile southeast of Rochester, the county
,;eat. According to a late survey by H. B. Hol-
,nan, the area of the lake is 886.75 acres, making
It the eighth in size of Indiana lakes. When
jind how the lake was given its name is a matter
of conjecture, for it was called "Manitou" by the
'Indians before the white settlers came. Jacob P.
Dunn, in his book, entitled "True Indian Stories,"
5ays: "Manitou Lake in Fulton county. This is
;he Potawatomi mah-nee-to — the Miami form be-
ng mah-nat-o-wah — and refers to a supernatural
nonster said to inhabit the lake. Mah-nee-to
signifies merely a spirit, and good or bad quali-
;ies are indicated by adjectives." Some writers

state that probably the lake received its name
through the fact that unusually large spoon-l^ill
catfish were in early days caught in the lake and
that these were the monsters thought by the In-
dians to be the spirits.

The first white men to enter this vicinity found
five small basins of water, separated by low
marshes, in most places, while at some the ground
was high enough to permit farming, which was
being done by some of the Pottawatomie In-
dians, then residing here. The first dam, at the
outlet into the Tippecanoe river was built by the
United States government in 1830. Between 1836
and 1840 the Indians were removed from this vi-
cinity to a place reserved for them west of the
Mississippi river and the dam was discontinued.
A little later, however, another dam was built
farther down the stream at the town site of
Rochester, then just laid out and plotted. Later,
about 1850, the dam was rebuilt at the lake and
the water raised as a reservoir, the water being
taken from the lake by an artificial race to the
mill at Rochester. No use is made at the present
time of the water power at the lake, but through
the old mill race or canal, leading to Rochester.
is drawn the supply for the city water works.

Organization. — Fulton county was organ-

Colonial Park.

Lake Manitou.

Wolf Point.

256

CEXTMXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ize.l I'cbriiarv 4, 1S36, and named in honor of
Robert Fulion, the inventr.r of the steamboat.
Rochester was selected by the locating commis-
sioners the second Monday of June. 1836, as the
county seat, after examinin.q- several places.

Population of Fulton county in 1890 was
\(,,7-\(>; in ll'OO was 17.453, and according to
l/nited' States Census of 1910 was 16,879, of
which 251 were of foreign white birth. There
were 4.347 families in the county and 4,258
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns.— There are
ci.uhi townships in Fulton county: Aubbeenaub-
i.LT. Ikury, Li])erty. Newcastle, Richland,
Rochester, Union and \\'ayne. The incorporated
cities and towns are Rochester, Fulton, Akron,
and Kewanna. Rochester is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Fulton county
was $7,787,195; value of improvements was
$2,081,965, and the total net value of taxables
was $13,612,700. There were 2,722 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were eighty-seven
miles of improved roads in Fulton county built
;ind under jurisdiction of the county cotnmission-
ers Jainiary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road
bonds outstanding, 886,739.20.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
77.52 miles of steam railroad operated in Fulton
county by the C. & O. ; C. & E. ; Indianapolis,
]\Iichigan City division of L. E. & W., and the
Michigan division of the Vandalia railroads. The
Winona Interurban Railway Company operates
6.49 miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Henry L. Becker, county superintendent of Ful-
ton county, there were 73 schoolhouses, including
eight high schools, in the county in 1914, employ-
ing 155 teachers. The average daily attendance by
pupils was 37,925. The aggregate amount paid
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin-
cipals and teachers was $71,128.26. Estimated
value of school property in the county was
$366,050, and the total amount of indebtedness,
including bonds, was $140,190.

Agriculture. — There were in Fulton county
in 1910 over 2,300 farms embraced in 221,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 94.5 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $18,000,000.
showing 80.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre, $59.96. The total
value of domestic animals was over $1,800,000:
Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $500,000;
horses 8,800, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 32,000,
valued at $208,000 ; sheep 24,000, valued at $100,-
000. The total value of poultry in Fulton county
was $100,000.

GIBSON COUNTY

PRINCETON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

GIBSON COUNTY is located in the south-
western part of the State and is bounded
on tin: ncjith by Knox, on the east by Pike and
Warrick, on the south by Warrick, Vanderburg
and J'osey and on the west by the Wabash river,
separating it from the State of Illinois. It con-
tains 450 scjuare miles of the richest land in the
State. In parts of the county, the soil is a sandy
loam which produces the fniest melons and can-
lelopis. .\11 of the surface land is comparatively
lewl and .ill bring snitalilc for agriculture and
orchards. .\ p.irt ol ilie conrny has three veins
"f K'X'd co.d, ;mu1 oil and gas have been found in
paying unaniiiics. According to the report of the

State mine inspector for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1914, there were four mines in
operation under his jurisdiction that produced
251,379 tons of coal.

Organization. — Gibson county was organ- j
ized April 1, 1813, the same year that the capital j
of the territory was moved to Corydon. The
county was named in honor of General John Gib-j
son, secretary of the territory from 1801-16, andj
repeatedly acting governor of the territory in thel
absence of General Harrison. He had been taken
prisoner in early life by the Indians, and con-
tinued among them for many years and was fa-
miliar with their language and usages. It was to

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

257

'lim that the celebrated speech of the Indiana
:hief Logan was made. Princeton has always
)een the county seat of Gibson and was named in
lonor of Judge William Prince, who represented
:he first congressional district in Congress in
1823-25.

Population of Gibson county in 1890 was
24,920; in 1900 was 30,099, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 30,137, of
Which 518 were of white foreign birth. There

$3,686,615, and the total net value of taxables
was $18,814,375. There were 4,938 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 241 miles of
improved roads in Gibson county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing. $557,358.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
89.77 miles of steam railroad operated in Gibson

-S«<!K»«3«8l5»UJat«'*»

Jj.^^^y^'^'

Hazelton Ferry on White River between Gibson and Knox Counties.

vvere 7,119 families in the county and 6,977

dwellings.

I Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are

ten townships in Gibson county : Barton, Center,

polumbia, Johnson, Montgomery, Patoka, Union,

Wabash, Washington and White River. The in-

'lorporated cities and towns are Princeton, Fort

Branch, Francisco, Hazelton, Oakland City.

Owensville and Patoka. Princeton is the county

seat.

\ Taxable Property and Polls. — According to

':he annual report of the Auditor of State from

;he abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the

otal value of lands and lots in Gibson county

kVas $10,166,355 ; value of improvements was

county by the Evansville & Indianapolis ; Evans-
ville division of the C. & E. I. ; Mount \'enion
branch of the C. & E. I. ; Evansville, Mount Car-
mel & Northern division of the Big Four ; Peori i
division of the Illinois Central, and the Southern
Railway Company of Indiana. The Public Utili-
ties Company operate 17.79 miles of electric line
in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Wilbur F. Fisher, county superintendent of Gib-
son county, there were 120 schoolhouses, includ-
ing ten high schools, in Gibson county in 1914.
employing 239 teachers. The average daily at-
tendance by i)upils was 5.636. The aggregate
amount paid-in salaries to superintendents, su-

25^

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

pervi.ors. principals and leaciiers v/as $126.-
685 54. Tlie estimated value of school proi^erty
ill ilic county was $455,600, and the total amount
i,i indel.tedncs, including bonds, was $102,200
l(jr school purposes.

Agriculture.— There were in Gibson county
in 191U over 2.800 farms embraced in 270,000
acres. Average acres per farm. 94.8 acres. The
value of all farm projierty was over $21,000,000,
showing 7.>.^ per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre, $59.59. The total
value of domestic animals was over $2,000,000:
Xumber of cattle 14.000. valued at $350,000;
horses 10.000, valued at $980,000; hogs 45,000,
valued at $250,000; sheep 13,000, valued at $58,-
0()(). The total value of poultry was $87,000.

Oakland City College is the final outgrowth
of an eiYort on the part of the General Baptist
denomination, a body of Liberal Baptists, to
found an institution of learning in the Mississippi
valley. After several previous efforts the pres-
ent organization was incorporated in 1885. A
beautiful campus of native oaks in the west edge
of the town of Oakland City was donated by
Colonel W. M. Cockrum, and the building was
i)egun. After a long period of hard struggle,
owing to the lack of financial strength, the build-

mg was completed, and schools opened in 1891.
Since its beginning the college has enjoyed a
growth, not rapid but constant, and has been
gradually enlarging its equipment and scope of
work. It now has the following departments:
Preparatory, Collegiate, Normal, Theological,
Vocational, Music and Art. It is partially en-
dow^ed, having been the recipient of several gifts,
including some 400 acres of land. The plans are
practically completed by which it is to receive
during the present year, through the generosity
of a friend, a special building, 40 by 300 feet and
tw^o stories high, which is to be the future home
of the entire vocational department. This will
make possible the realization of a dream to give
to this immediate territory a needed service in
practical education along the lines of agriculture,
orcharding, dairying, poultry, domestic science,
and such other things as will meet the commu-
nity's needs.

W. P. Dearing, just then graduating from the
college at the age of twenty, and being the first
graduate of the institution, was in 1895 chosen
dean of the college and placed in actual charge
of the institution. Eight years later he was pro-
moted to the presidency, which position he is still
holding.

GRANT COUNTY

MARION, SEAT OF JUSTICE

C^ R.\XT COUNTY is located in the third
Jf tier of counties northeast of Indianapohs
.tii<l i> l)(jundcd on the north by Wabash and
Huntington, on the east by Wells and Blackford,
on the south by Delaware and Madison and on
llie west by Miami, Howard and Tipton coun-
ties. It colUai^^ 418 si|nare miles and a consid-
erable pari of Grant county lies in the bounds of
the .Mi;uni Reserve. Here, on the banks of the
.Mississine\v;i river, formerly lived Menshinge-
nicsia and his :mcestors, and the battle of Mis-
sissinew.i between the reds jind whiles was
lought \n-vi- ill priniilive days. ( )n the west bank
"f this river is located the .Marion branch of the
Xalioii.il .^ol.liiTs' Home, just beyond the south-
ern linnts of the cilv of M.irion. Several notable
••dtKalional iuslitntions are locaU'd in the county.

notably Marion Normal College, Taylor Univer-
sity at Upland and the Wesleyan Theological |
Seminary and the Fairmount Academy at Fair-
mount.

Organization. — Grant county was formallyj
organized April 1, 1831, and was named in honorl
of Captain Samuel Grant and Moses Grant, whoi
were killed in 1789 in a battle with the Indians
near the creek, since called by their name in the
northeast part of Switzerland county. Marion
was selected as the county seat during the sum-
mer of 1831, and the first lots were sold on the
first Monday in November. The first court-house
was not erected until three years later.

National Soldiers' Home. — In 1890 Congress
passed an act establishing a branch of the Na-
tional Soldiers' Home at Marion, which was se-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

259

':ured mainly through the efforts of George W.
Steele, member of Congress from the Marion
jlistrict, who served as superintendent of the
lome until the spring of 1915. The home is
^ocated on a beautiful rolling tract of land cover-
ing about 250 acres, about two and a half miles
southeast of the city of Marion. It is bordered
m the east and south by the Mississinewa river.
K.bout 1,500 veterans are cared for here.
; Population of Grant county in 1890 was
•31,493; in 1900 was 54,693, and according to
iLFnited States Census of 1910 was 51,426, of
A^hich 1,722 were of white foreign birth. There
lA^ere 12,676 families in the county and 12,332
llwellings.

I Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
thirteen townships in Grant county : Center,
Fairmount, Franklin, Green, Jefferson. Liberty,
Mill, Monroe, Pleasant, Richland, Sims, Van
Buren and Washington. The incorporated cities
ind towns are Gas City, Marion, Fairmount,
Fowlerton, Jonesboro, Matthews, Swayzee, Up-
land and Van Buren. Marion is the county seat.
I Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
[the annual report of the Auditor of State from
iuhe abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
:otal value of lands and lots in Grant county was
$12,175,800, value of improvements was $6,544,-
725 and the total net value of taxables was $30,-
235,865. There were 8,075 polls in the county.
Improved Roads. — There were 900 miles of
improved roads in Grant county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu-
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out-
standing, $857,583.06.
; Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are

122.42 miles of steam railroad operated in Grant
county by the C. & O. ; C. W. & M. ; C, I. & E. ;
Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L.,
and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western railroads.
The Indiana Railway & Light Company, ]\Iarion.
Bluffton & Eastern Traction Company, and the
Union Traction Company of Indiana operate
58.60 miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Charles H. Terrell, county superintendent of
Grant county, there were 138 schoolhouses. in-
cluding nine high schools, in Grant county in
1914, employing 327 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 8,416. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-
pervisors, principals and teachers was $193,658.
Estimated value of school property in the county
was $946,500, and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $132,825.

Agriculture. — There were in Grant county in
1910 over 2,800 farms, embraced in 240.000
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.5 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $30,000,000,
showing 106.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $92.32. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,800,-
000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $630.-
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs
95,000. valued at $570,000 ; sheep 27.000, valued
at $119,000. The value of poultry was $111,000.

Industrial. — According to the L'nited States
Census of 1910 there were eighty-nine industries
in Marion, furnishing employment to 2,610 per-
sons. Total amount of capital employed. $3,933,-
723; value of products, $4,442,116; value added
by manufacture, $2,118,513.

-AS^*^"^^ -

National Soldiers' Home, Marion.

260

CEXTEXMAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

GREENE COUNTY

BLOOM FIELD, SEAT OF JUSTICE

C>i ki:i:XI': OOL'-VTV is located in the south-
T wolcrii part of the State and is bounded
(m the north by Chiy and ( )\\en. on the east by
Monroe and Lawrence, on the south by Martin,
Daviess an<l Knox and on the west l)y Suhivan
oniUies. It has an area of 535 square miles.
The eastern part of the county is rough and
broken, extending into the limestone region. In-
dian, Doans, riummer, Richland and Beech
creeks drain this section. White river drains the
central jiart and the west fork of White river
Hows entirely across the county. The coal fields
are located in the western section. According to
the report of the State Mine Inspector for the
fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there were
nineteen mines in operation in the county under
iiis jurisdiction, which produced 2,388,182 tons
of coal, .\griculture and fruit raising is carried
on extensively in the central part of the county.
Organization. — The organization of Greene

county was made effective February 5, 1821.
The county was named in honor of General
Nathaniel Greene, one of the heroes of the revo-
lution. The iirst county seat was located at
Burlington. The site had been selected by the
locating commissioners March 10, 1821, and the
land had been donated by Thomas Bradford.
Frederick Shepherd and Zebulon Hague. The
county seat remained here until 1824, when it
became necessary to find a new location, for the
reason that an adequate supply of water was not
obtainable at this point. Peter C. Van Slyke, a
wealthy landowner, offered to donate the land
for the location of the new county seat, which
the commissioners accepted, and Bloomfield came
into being. The first sale of lots was set for
April 22, 1824, and a log court-house built that
summer of "hewed logs, 26 by 20 feet, one story
and a half high, with one door and one window,
with twelve lights in it (8 by 16) in the lower

Hn.lK,- Over KiHM.uni ( rrdv X.ar BluuiniicUl, Greene Countv, on the Illinois Central Railroad. Third
InghcM hrulge in United States. Height, 158 feet.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

261

.story,, with a good poplar plank floor. House to
jbe covered with shingles." The board of justices
met for the last time in Burlington in September,
1824, and adjourned to meet in the new court-
Ihouse in Bloomfield. At the present time not a
vestige remains of the former county .seat.
I Population of Greene county in 1890 was
•j24,379; in 1900 was 28,530, and according to
lUnited States Census of 1910 was 36,873, of
Iwhich 1,647 were of white foreign birth. There
were 8,466 families in the county and 8,344
dwellings.

i Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
[fifteen townships in Greene county : Beech
jCreek, Cass, Center, Fairplay, Grant, Highland,
ijackson, Jefiferson, Richland, Smith, Stafford,
Stockton, Taylor, Washington and Wright. The
jincorporated cities and towns are Jasonville,
Linton, Bloomfield, Lyons, Newberry and Worth-
ington. Bloomfield is the county seat of Greene
(county.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Greene county
was $6,906,380, value of improvements was
:$3,678,915 and the total net value of taxables
was $16,217,505. There were 6,587 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 453 miles of
improved roads in Greene county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu-
jary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out-
• standing, $408,450.50.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
i 150.52 miles of steam railroad operated in Greene
{county by the C. I. & L. ; Chicago, Terre Haute
& Southeastern ; Evansville & Indianapolis ; In-
dianapolis & Louisville ; Indianapolis branch of
the Illinois Central, and the Vincennes branch
and the Greene county coal branch of the Van-
dalia railroads.

Educational. — According to the report of
Daniel C. Mcintosh, county superintendent of
Greene county, there were 154 schoolhouses, in-
cluding nine high schools, in Greene county in
1914, employing 279 teachers. The average daily

This sycamore is the largest non-nutbearing tree in the
United States of which there is any record. It is 150
feet high, 45 feet in circumference. Its spread is 100
feet. The tree is located near Worthington, Greene
County.

attendance by pupils was 7,601. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-
pervisors, principals and teachers was $130,-
051.79. Estimated value of school property in
the county was $431,675, and the total amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $136,-
254.08.

Agriculture. — There were in Greene county in
1910 over 3,500 farms, embraced in 315,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 89.6 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $16,000,000,
showing 69 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was ^38. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,800,-
000: Number of cattle 17,000, valued at $440,-
000; horses 9,400, valued at $904,000; hogs
25,000, valued at $160,000; sheep 16.000. valued
at $66,000. The total value of poultry was
$115,000.

262

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

HAMILTON COUNTY

NOBLESVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

HAMILTON COUNTY is located immedi-
ately north of Indianapolis in the first tier
of counties. It is bnunded on the north by Tip-
tun, on the east In' Madison and Hancock, south
by Marion and on ihe west by Roone and Clinton
couniio. It contains 400 square miles and the
surface is of such nature that practically every
acre is available for agricultural purposes.

Organization. — Hamilton county was for-
mally organized April 7, 1823. Noblesville has
been the seat of justice since the organization of
the county. The county was named in honor of
.\k-xander Hamilton, the patriot and statesman.

Population of Hamilton county in 1890 was
26,123: in 1900 was 29,914, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 27,026, of
which 235 were of white foreign birth. There
were 6,941 families in the county and 6,783
ilwcllings.

Townships, Cities and Tovi^ns. — There are
nine townships in Hamilton county: Adams,
Clay, Delaware, Fall Creek, Jackson, Nobles-
ville, Washington, Wayne and White River. The
incorporated cities and towns are Noblesville,
Arcadia, Atlanta. Carmel, Cicero, Fishers, Sheri-
dan and Westfield. Noblesville is the county
seat.

.Scnic oi) Wliii,- RiviT near Noblesville

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Hamilton county
was $10,977,265, value of improvements was
$3,909,615 and the total net value of taxables was
$20,121,120. There were 4,191 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 650 miles of
improved roads in Hamilton county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds t
outstanding, $410,776.31.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
58.67 miles of steam railroad operated in Ham-
ilton county by the Central Indiana ; Chicago, In- ;
dianapolis & Louisville ; Lake Erie & Western, j
and the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The T. H., I
I. & E. Traction Company and the Union Trac- j
tion Company of Indiana operate 25.39 miles of j
electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of John
F. Haines, county superintendent of Hamilton
county, there were seventy-seven schoolhouses,
including ten high schools, in Hamilton county in
1914, employing 204 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 4,847. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, princi-
pals and teachers was $108,684.
The estimated value of school
property in the county was $443,-
600, and the total amount of in-
debtedness, including bonds, was
$107,500. Hamilton county or-
ganized the first Boys' Corn
Club in the world and has been
a leader in vocational work. The
county also has excellent rural
schools.

Agriculture. — There were in
Hamilton county in 1910 over
3,000 farms embraced in 243,000
acres. Average acres per farm,
81 acres. The value of all farm
property was over $31,000,000,

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

263

Ishowing 105.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $95.06. The
total value of domestic animals was over $3,-
ji300,000: Number of cattle 22,000, valued at

$690,000; horses 13,000, valued at $1,900,000;
hogs 87,000, valued at $500,000; sheep 13,000,
valued at $66,000. The total value of poultry
was $122,000.

HANCOCK COUNTY

GREENFIELD, SEAT OF JU.STICE

HANCOCK COUNTY is located due east
of Indianapolis in the tirst tier of coun-
ties. It is bounded on the north by Hamilton

[and Madison, on the east by Henry and Rush,

ion the south by Shelby and on the west by Ma-
rion counties. It contains 307 square miles, its
surface is level and the soil fertile. Natural gas
was once found here in what was supposed to
be limitless quantities.

Organization. — The organization of Hancock
county became effective March 1, 1828, and

i Greenfield has been the county seat since its
organization. The county was named in honor
of John Hancock, one of the signers of the

j Declaration of Independence. Greenfield, the

county seat, has become famous as the birth-
place of James Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier
poet, and the fountain from which he drew in-
spiration for his poems, "The Brandywine,"
"The Old Swimmin' Hole," and other poems.

Population of Hancock county in 1890 was
17,829; in 1900 was 19,189, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 19,030, of
which 402 were of white foreign birth. There
were 4,935 families in the county and 4,817
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
nine townships in Hancock county : Blue River,
Brandywine, Brown, Buck Creek, Center, Greene,
Jackson, Sugar Creek and Vernon. The incor-

The Brandywine, in Hancock County, Made Famous by James Whitcomb Riley, the Hoosier Poet.

264

CKXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

cock county by the Cincinnati division of the
C. I. & W. ; C, W. & M. ; Big Four, and the P.,
C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Indianapohs & Cin-
cinnati Traction Company, Indianapohs, New-
castle & Eastern Traction Company, Terre
Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com-
])any, and the Union Traction Company of Indi-
ana operate 55.39 miles of electric line in the
county.

Educational. — According to the report of
(ieorge J. Richman, county superintendent of
Hancock county, there were seventy-five school-
houses, including ten high schools, in Hancock
county in 1914, employing 140 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was : High
school, 469; grade school, 2,633. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-
pervisors, principals and teachers was $78,257.79.
The estimated value of school property in the
county was $312,900, and the total amount of in-
debtedness, including bonds, was $59,032.50.

Agriculture. — There were in Hancock county
in 1910 over 2,100 farms, embraced in 186,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 86.4 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $21,000,000,
showing 87.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $89.15. The
total value of domestic animals was $1,800,000:
Number of cattle 13,000, valued at $404,000;
horses 9,400, valued at $990,000; hogs 43,000,
valued at $280,000; sheep 10,000, valued at
$46,000. The total value of poultry was $87,000.

Umiiic oi James W Inicnml) Kilcy, Grcenlickl.

p(tratc(l cities ami lowiis arc Crecnheld, Forlville,
.\l'\v I'akstiiic and Shirley. Greenfield is the
county scat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
IJK- animal rri«()ri of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the lax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Hancock county
was $9,011,000, value of ini])rovements was
$3,176,310 and the total net value of taxables
was $19,043,510. There were 3,340 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 281 miles of
iinprovL-(| roads in 1 lancock comity built and
iimler jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. iXniount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $196,378.30.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
.^9.19 miles of steam railroad operated in Han-

HARRISON COUNTY

CORVDON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

H\kKlS().\ COUNTY is located in the
M.utluTn pan of the State and borders on
ilu- ( »liio river. It is Ixjunded on the north by
Washiii^'ton, on the east by Floyd and its entire
southe.-isteni. southern and southwestern section
IS on the ( )hi() river and is bounded on the west
by ( raw ford county. It contains 478 scjuare miles.
ilie lace of the c<.nntry as well as the character
"I the lan<l is much diversified. The greater part
"t the county is broken, and the chain of Knobs
•"I the east, the ii\er, lulls and many places along
l'"liau creek and I'.lue river present as fine sccMr-

ery as can be found in any part of the State.
The sloping hillsides, which are fast being cleared
of their valuable forests of poplar and oak, are
producing great orchards of the finest flavored
apples and peaches in the world. Tobacco of an
excellent quality is being raised in large quanti-
ties, and two of the largest distilleries in the
United States are located here. The county also
has excellent quarries of limestone. For some
years, wells of natural gas have been flowing in
the county. Several large caves and a system of
subterranean rivers, brooks and creeks are to be

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

265

found in ihe county. In one of the large caverns
Squire Boone lived, died and was buried, and is
marked by his inscriptions, Bible texts and draw-
ings of animals and birds.

Organization. — Harrison county is one of the
oldest and most historic counties in the State.
It was the fourth one to be organized, and De-
cember 1, 1808, witnessed its official beginning,
when the Territorial Legislature carved it out
of Knox and Clark counties. It was named in
honor of General William Henry Llarrison, ter-
ritorial Governor of Indiana. On May 1, 1813,
the capital of the territory was removed from
Vincennes to Corydon. Corydon has been the
county seat since the organization of the county,
and here still stands the old stone building that
was the first State capitol, and near which stands
the grand old elm, now fast decaying, under
whose spreading branches was written the first
constitution of the State of Indiana.

In 1807 William Henry Harrison entered a
tract of land on Blue river at Wilson Springs in
Harrison county, and when he was Governor of
the territory he traveled to and from Vincennes
on horseback to visit this location. On these

trips he often visited the home of Edward Smith,
who is said to have left the British army during
the revolutionary war and made his way to Indi-
ana and married and lived with his family in a
log cabin in Harrison county. On the occasion
of General Harrison's visits after the evening
meal was finished, the members of the family
and their guest would gather around the open
cabin door and sing the general's favorite songs.
On one of these visits, as General Harrison was
making his departure, tradition says he re-
marked: 'Tn a few days I expect to lay out a
town here and would like to have you suggest a
suitable name for it." Whereupon Miss Jennie
Smith asked : "Why not name it 'Corydon.' from
the piece you like so much ?" Her suggestion
pleased the Governor, and thus the town is said
to have derived its name. The words and music
of this traditional song appeared in the "Mis-
souri Harmony," a copy of which is preserved in
our State library.

Population of Harrison county in 1890 was
20,786; in 1900 was 21,702, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 20,232, of
which 312 were of white foreign birth. There

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Pillar of Constitution, Wyandotte Cave, Crawford County. Largest stalagmite in tiie world, 24 feet in

diameter and 35 feet high.

266

CKXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

were 4,579 families in the county and 4,5 lo
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns.— There are
thirteen townships in Harrison county: Blue
River, Boone, Franklin, Harrison, Heth, Jackson,
Morgan, Posey, Scott. Spencer, Taylor, Wash-
inj,'ton and Webster. The incorporated cities
and towns are Corydon, Elizabeth, Laconia,
Lanesville, Mauckport, New Amsterdam, New
Middletown and Palmyra. Corydon is the county

scat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Harrison county
was $2,709,610, value of improvements was
$1,272,770 and the total net value of taxables was
$C).422.975. There were 3,028 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 145 miles of
improved roads in Harrison county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding. $232,252.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
24.80 miles of steam railroad operated in Harri-
son county by the Louisville, New Albany &
Corydon and the Southern Railway Company of
Indiana.

Educational. — According to the report of
Arville O. Deweese, county superintendent of
Harrison county, there were 148 schoolhouses,
including eleven high schools, in Harrison county
in 1914, employing 184 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 4,642. There are
three parochial schools in the county with an en-
rolment of one hundred pupils. The county has
an excellent school spirit, but because of the
rough and broken country school consolidation
is coming very slowly. The aggregate amount
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors,
principals and teachers in 1914 was $79,870.93.
The estimated value of school property in Har-
rison county was $122,400, and the total amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was approxi-
mately $30,596.

Agriculture. — There were in Harrison county
in 1910 over 3,100 farms, embraced in 288,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 93 acres. The
value of all the farm property was over $9,300,-
000, showing 55.7 per cent, increase over 1900.
The average value of land per acre was $19.41.
The total value of domestic animals was over
$1,100,000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at
$240,000; horses 7,600, valued at $660,000; hogs
18,000, valued at $110,000; sheep 6,700, valued
at $27,000. The total value of poultry was
$78,000.

HENDRICKS COUNTY

DANVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

Hi:XDRlCKS COUNTY is located in the
central part of the State and in the first
tier uf counties west of Indianapolis, and is
bounded on the north by Boone, on the east by
Marion, on the south by Morgan and a very
small section of Putnam and on the west by
•Montgomery and Putnam counties. The county
has 480 .s(iuare miles, the surface of which is
rolling, and with one or two exceptions some of
the <,M-ealest elevations in the State are found
here. The natural drainage is afforded by com-
paratively sm.'dl streams. The wonderfully fertile
soil is especially adajjled to agriculture and stock
raising, its two greatest industries. This county

is the home of the Central Normal College at
Danville and the Friends Academy at Plainfield.

Organization. — Hendricks county was organ-
ized by legislative act December 28, 1823, which
was made effective by formal organization April
21, 1824. The county was named for William
Hendricks, who at that time \vas Governor of
the State of Indiana. Danville was selected as
the seat of justice, where it has remained ever
since.

Population of Hendricks county in 1890 was
21,498; in 1900 was 21,292, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 20,840, of
which 172 were of white foreign birth. There

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

267

were 5,262 families in the county and 5,204

_: dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are

' twelve townships in Hendricks county : Brown,

; Center, Clay, Eel River, Franklin, Guilford, Lib-

I erty, Lincoln, Marion, Middle, Union and Wash-
ington. The incorporated cities and towns are
Brownsburg, Coatesville, Clayton, Danville, Liz-

jton, North Salem, Pittsboro and Plainfield. Dan-

^ ville is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to

I the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Hendricks county
was $11,655,606, value of improvements was

■ $2,785,065 and the total net value of taxables
was $19,583,852. There were 3,581 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 330 miles of
improved roads in Hendricks county built and

■ under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $390,863.91.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
I 78.19 miles of steam railroad operated in Hen-
dricks county by the Springfield division of the
C, I. & W. ; St. Louis division and the P. & E.
division of the Big Four ; the St. Louis division
and the Vincennes division of the Vandalia rail-

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Public Library, Danville.

Central Normal College, Danville.

roads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern
Traction Company operates 49.62 miles of elec-
tric lines in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Theodore B. Martin, county superintendent of
Hendricks county, there were seventy-two school-
houses, including ten high schools, in Hendricks
County in 1914, employing 173 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 4,269.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $89,213.90. Estimated value of school prop-
erty in the county was $501,700, and the total
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was
$148,605.

Agriculture. — There were in Hendricks county
in 1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 250,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 91.2 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $28,000,000,
showing 94.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $85.52. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,500,-
000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $660,-
000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,100,000; hogs
74,000, valued at $490,000 ; sheep 20,000, valued
at $94,000. The total value of poultry was
$108,000.

Central Normal College, Danville, was made
possible by the abandoned buildings of two of
the earlier educational institutions of Hendricks
county, the Hendricks County Seminary, which
was opened soon after the county was organized,
and the Danville Academy, which was established
in 1858 by the Methodist Episcopal Church. The
Central Normal College was organized in 1876
by William F. Harper and Warren Darst at La-
doga, Ind., and was known as the Central

268

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Xormal Scliool and Commercial Institute. Out-
growing the accommodations at Ladoga, the fac-
ulty an<l nearlv two hundred students moved to
Danville on M'ay 10, 1878. The school is self-
supi-.Tting. independent of church, State or en-
dowment of any character. During the thirty-
sc-ven years of the existence of the college it has
gradua'led more than 1.5f)0 students. J. W. Laird
is president and C. A. Hargrave is secretary-
treasunr.

Indiana Boys' School.— The constitution of
Indiana ( 1851. art. 9. sec. 2) expressly declared
that the State should provide houses of refuge
f(ir the correction and reformation of juvenile
uffcnders. The first action of the General As-
scnihlv looking to this end was the law approved
March 8. 1867, estal)lishing "the House of
Kot uge for Juvenile Offenders." The institution
was located on a farm nearly a mile southwest of
tlic village of Plaintield and was occupied Janu-
arv 1. 1868. Its naiue was changed in 1883 to the

Indiana Reform School for Boys (Laws 1883,
p. 19), and twenty years later to the Indiana
Boys' School (Laws 1903, p. 172). The school
receives boys committed for crime from eight to
sixteen years of age and for incorrigibility from
ten to seventeen, no commitment being for a
shorter period than until the boy attains the age
of twenty-one.

One-half the cost of keeping and taking care
of each boy is paid by the county from wdiich he
is committed. By rule of the institution a boy
mav earn his release in eighteen months from
the time of his commitment. The institution has
its own schools, graded like those of the public
schools and also alTords manual and industrial
training. The law of 1903, p. 251, provides for
the transfer to the State Reformatory of any
inmate of the Boys' School convicted of crime
who is more than seventeen years old and whose
presence is detrimental to the welfare of the
school.

HENRY COUNTY

NEWCASTLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

HI'.XRV COUNTY is located in the second
tier of counties east of Indianapolis. It
i> hounded on the north by Delaware, on the east
Ijy Randolph and Wayne, on the south by Fay-
ette and Rusli and on the west by Hancock and
.Madison counties. It coiUains 385 scjuare miles.
The face of the country is gently undulating,
with many large and beautiful tracts on the east
>ide of the county. Blue river runs from near
the northeast t(j the southwest corner of the
count)- ;iiid l\dl creek through the north. The
State's \ illagc for Epileptics is located on a
tract of 1.2(X) acres two miles north of New-
castle.

Organization. — The iirst white men who were
known lo locate in the territory now known as
I lemy county, were Daniel and Asa I leaton, who
settled in the year 181*). Th.e county was organ-
ized formally \\u\r 1, 1822. It was named in
honor of Tatriek I Uiny, tin- ])atriot and orator
ot revolution.'iry war limes. .Newcastle has been
the county .seat since the organization of the
county, in rereiil years it has become famous

for the production of roses, which are shipped ,
all over the United States. |

Population of Henry county in 1890 was I
23,879; in 1900 was 25,088, and according to |
United States Census of 1910 was 29,758, of ;
which 465 were of white foreign birth. There j
were 7,661 families in the county and 7,422
dwellings. i

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
thirteen townships in Henry county ; Blue
River, Dudley, Franklin, Fall Creek, Greensboro, ,
Harrison, Henry, Jefferson, Liberty. Prairie, I
Spiceland, Stony Creek and Wayne. The incor- i
porated cities and towns are Newcastle, Blounts-
ville, Cadiz, Dunreith, Greensboro, Kennard,
Knightstown, Lewisville, Middletown. Moore-
land, Mt. Summit, Shirley, Spiceland. Straughn
and Stilphur Springs. New^castle is the county
seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Henry county

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

269

'was $11,806,480, value of improvements was
,$4,305,570 and the total net value of taxables
|was $24,922,890. There were 4,794 polls in the
county.

i Improved Roads. — There were 280 miles of
improved roads in Henry county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu-
,ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out-
■standing, $86,978.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
108.29 miles of steam railroad operated in Henry
'county by the C. & O. ; C, W. & M. ; Fort Wayne,
[Cincinnati & Louisville ; Big Four, and the Indi-
anapolis and Richmond divisions and the Cam-
bridge City branch of the P., C, C. & St. L.
Irailroads. The Indianapolis, Newcastle & East-
ern Traction Company, T. H., I. & E. Traction
Company, and the Union Traction Company of
jindiana operate 56.11 miles of electric line in the
Icounty.

Educational. — According to the report of
iHarry B. Roberts, county superintendent of
Henry county, there were sixty-seven school-
houses, including thirteen high schools, in Henry
county in 1914, employing 218 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 1,007.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $120,477.31. The estimated value of school
property in the cotmty was $532,600, and the
[total amount of indebtedness, including bonds,
'was $294,548.

Agriculture. — There were in Henry county in
1910 over 2,500 farms, embraced in 244,000

acres. Average acres per farm, 94.9 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $27,000,000,
showing 90.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $82.86. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,600,-
000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $580,-
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs
86,000, valued at $540,000; sheep 19,000, valued
at $89,000. The total value of poultry was
$101,000.

Industrial. — There were over twenty-five in-
dustries in Newcastle that furnish employment
to more than 1,500 persons, according to the re-
port of the State Bureau of Inspection for 1912.
Automobiles, furniture and pianos are the lead-
ing products.

The Indiana Village for Epileptics was
authorized by an act approved March 6, 1905,
and a 1,245-acre site near Newcastle was pur-
chased one year later. The purpose of the in-
stitution is "the scientific treatment, education,
employment and custody of epileptics," all epi-
leptics having a legal settlement in the State to
be considered admissible. With what was left
from the original appropriation of $150,000,
after the site was purchased, two small cottages
were erected and the first patient was received
September 16, 1907. Five cottages have been
erected and others are in process of construction.

Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home. — The
Indiana Soldiers' and Seamans' Home for the
maintenance of sick and disabled soldiers and
seamen, their widows and orphans, was author-
ized by an act a]^proved ■March 11, 1867. It was

The Indiana Village for Epileptics, Henry Count}-,

CENTEXXIAL HISTORY. AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

270

lornialh- opened June 15. 1867, m the Home for
Disabled Soldiers, previously established at
Kni^ditstown bv a private cor])oration. On the
morning of December 25, 1871, hre destroyed
that part of the institution occupied l)y the sol-
diers and they were moved to the National ^lili-
tary Home at Dayton, ( )hio. The orphans were
left in fnll i)ossession of the home until the Leg-
islature of 1879 provided for the care of the
feeble-minded children therein. The two classes
(,f iiiinato were maintained in the home until
1SS7, when the institution was reorganized as the

Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, and the
feeble-minded children were moved to new quar-
ters. The home has twice been destroyed by fire
—September 8, 1877, and July 21, 188'6. It is lo-
cated in Rush county, two miles south of Knights-
town. As now maintained it is open to children
under the age of sixteen years whose fathers
were soldiers or sailors in the army or navy of
the United States in the civil war or the war
wdth Spain or the war in the Philippine Islands.
Educational, religious and industrial training is
eiven.

HOWARD COUNTY

KOKOMO, SEAT OF JUSTICE

H< i\\ AkI) COUNTY is located in the cen-
ter of the northern half of the State, fifty
miles north of Indianapolis. It is bounded on the
north bv Cass and Miami, on the east by Grant,
nil the south bv Tijiton and Clinton and on the
west by Carroll counties, and contains approxi-
mately 300 s(|uare miles of rich farm land. It is
pre-emineiilly an agricultural county. It is trav-
ersed liy the Wildcat river, which forms a most
excellent natural outlet for the many little
streams that empty into it.

Organization. — Howard county was formally
organized May 1, 1844, under the name of Rich-
ardville county, which was nearly all within the
old Miami Reserve. It was this fact which led
the Legislature to name the new county in honor
o! Richardville, a Miami chief and successor of
Little Turtle. This sentiment did not prevail
for any length of tirtie, and on December 28,
1846, the Legislature passed its first and only
act clianging the name of a county in Indiana,
and it was rechrislened "Howard" in honor of
Tilghniaii .\. Ibiward, a noted Indiana states-
man ot that period. Kokomo, the county seat of
Howard county, is located on the site of an In-
di.iii village ol the same name and was first set-
tled in tin- antuiiin of 1S44. .\ccording to the
Liiitt'd States Census df I'MO it has a ixipulalion
ol u\er 17,IK)(), with seventy-two nianufacluring
est.ilihshiiieiits, funiisliing iiiipldynunl to more
Ih.in 2.7(K) wage earners, li is parlicularlv dis-
tini,'Uisbed ;is being the limine ol the first automo-

bile made in America, work on which was com-
menced in 1893 by Elwood Haynes. For want j
of a better name it was called "The Horseless '
Carriage," and on July 4, 1894, Mr. Haynes made
a successful trial trip on the streets of Kokomo, I
running at a speed of about eight miles an hour.

Population of Howard county in 1890 was I
26,186; in 1900 was 28,575, and according to'
United States Census of 1910 was 33,177, of ;
which 993 were of white foreign birth. There |
were 8,266 families in the county and 8,056
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
eleven townships in Howard county : Center, i
Clay, Ervin, Harrison, Honey Creek, Howard, |
Jackson, Liberty, Monroe, Taylor and Union. ,
The incorporated cities and towns are Kokomo j
and Greentown. Kokomo is the county seat of '
Howard county. '

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to j
the annual report of the Auditor of State from |
the abstract of the tax dttplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Howard county
was $9,436,985, value of improvements was
$5,266,560 and the total net value of taxables was
$23,079,110. There were 6,272 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 518 miles of
improved roads in Howard cotmty built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $862,745.50.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

271

Educational. — According to the report of
Albert F. Hietson, county superintendent of
Howard county, there were sixty-seven school-
houses, including five high schools, in Howard
county in 1914, employing 203 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 5,925.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
I was $116,900.95. Estimated value of school
'property in the county was $761,050, and the total
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was
'$272,287.

Agriculture. — There were in Howard county
in 1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in 184,000
j acres. Average acres per farm, 74.8 acres. The
' value of all farm property was over $26,000,000,
showing 117.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $108.22. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,100,-

000: Number of cattle 15,000, valued at $470,-
000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs
71,000, valued at $420,000; sheep 11,000, valued
at $52,000. The total value of poultry was
$90,000.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
51.79 miles of steam railroads operated in How-
ard county by the Lake Erie & Western ; P., C,
C. & St. L. ; Richmond division of the P., C, C.
& St. L., and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western
railroads. Indiana Railways & Light Company
and the Union Traction Company of Indiana
operate 51.08 miles of electric line in the county.

Industrial. — According to the United States
Census of 1910 there were seventy-two industries
in Kokomo, furnishing employment to 2,366 per-
sons; total amount of capital employed, $3,921,-
141 ; value of products, $5,451,441 ; value added
by manufacture, $2,469,526.

Kokomo — 1. Hotel Francis. 2. Citv Building. 3. Posloffice. 4. City Lilirary.

272

CEXTEXNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

HUNTINGTON COUNTY

IIUxNTINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

Hi;.\llX(.'r()X COUNTY is located in
the northeastern part of the State and is
houii.le.l <jn the north by Whitley, on the east by
Allen and Wells, on the south by Grant and
Wells ami on the west by Wabash counties. It
contains about 384 square miles. The sod is a
f,dacial dejiosit, with the exception of the river
valleys, which are a sedimentary deposit. The
Wabash river flows west across the county, di-
viding it into two almost equal portions. What
is known as Little river joins it west of the cen-
ter of the county. Another small river, the Sala-

l'iil)lic Lil)rary, Huntington.

monic. cuts off a small portion of the southwest
corner of the county and joins the Wabash river
soon after leaving Huntington county. Because
of the fertility of the soil farming, fruit growing
and .stock rai>ing are chief occupations of the
people.

Organization. — The organization of ilunling-
lon eounls brranie effedixe 1 )eeeiul)er 2, 183-1.
it was named in honor of Sanuiel 1 lunlington, a
di-legale in the Coiuinental Congress from C"()n-
nectieut and one of the signers of the Declara-
tion ot IndepiMKlence. Tlu' name was ])roposed
i>y Captain I'.lias .Mnrr.iy, then a member of the
I.egislalin-e. I lunlington was selected as the seat
ol justice at (he lime oi the organizalion and
< KMieral Tiplon was the propricloi" and Captain
MmTa\ anionic tlic first M'ttlers.

Population of llunlinglon counly in 1890 was

27,644; in 1900 was 28,901, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 28,982, of
which 735 were of white foreign birth. There
were 7,399 families in the county and 7,290
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townships in Huntington county: Clear
Creek, Dallas, Huntington, Jackson, Jefferson.
Lancaster, Polk, Rock Creek, Salamonie, Union,
Warren and Wayne. The incorporated cities
and towns are Huntington, Andrews, College
Park, Markle, Mt. Etna, Roanoke and Warren.
Huntington is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Huntington
county was $9,700,000, value of improvements
was $4,119,270 and the total net value of taxables
was $21,741,080. There were 4,904 polls in the
coitnty.

Improved Roads. — There were 383 miles of
improved roads in Huntington county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $456,774.42.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
56.62 miles of steam railroad operated in Hunt-
ington county by the Chicago & Erie ; Cincinnati.
Blufifton & Chicago ; Toledo, St. Louis & West-
ern, and the Wabash railroads. The Fort Wayne
& Northern Indiana Traction Company and the
Marion, Bluffton & Eastern Traction Company
operate 59.61 miles of electric line in the
county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Clifford Funderburg, county superintendent of
Huntington county, there were 111 schoolhouses,
including twelve high schools, in the county in
1914. employing 222 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 5,273. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, i^rincipals and teachers was $126,860.13.
Ivstimated value of school property in the county
was $487,313, and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $81,851.87.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

273

Agriculture. — There were in Huntington
|:ounty in 1910 over 2,600 farms, embraced in
^234,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 89.5
acres. The value of all farm property was over
.$24,000,000, showing 112.9 per cent, increase
over 1900. The average value of land per acre
llwas $72.66. The total value of domestic animals
was over $2,200,000: Number of cattle 19,000,
valued at $500,000; horses 10,000, valued at
$1,100,000; hogs 61,000, valued at $370,000;
sheep 22,000, valued at $11,000. The total value
lof poultry was $107,000.

I Industrial. — /\ccording to the United States
Census of 1910 there were thirty-three industries
in Huntington, furnishing employment to 1,575
persons. Total amount of capital employed,
$1,301,621; value of products, $2,227,558; value
ladded by manufacture, $1,097,361.

Huntington City Free Library. — The first
.organization of a library for Huntington oc-
curred in the year 1874. It was called the Pub-
lic School Library Association. The yearly mem-

bership fee was $2. The Central School building
gave space for the books constituting the library,
which in a short time possessed over 1,200 vol-
umes, many of which had belonged to the famous
Mechanics' and Working Glen's Library, estab-
lished by William McClure, who founded the
New Harmony Library. A number of these
books, bound in sheepskin, and bearing on the
cover the words, "Mechanics' and Working
Men's Library," may still be seen in the present
library.

In 1889 the library was reorganized under
State laws, making it a free library, thus reach-
ing more people. In January, 1902, the school
board formally accepted Mr. Andrew Carnegie's
offering of $25,000 for the erection of a library
building and donated the site. This building as
it now stands, represents the sum of about $29,-
000. This includes recent additions and improve-
ments. The building was first open to the pub-
lic February 21, 1903. The library contains about
24.000 volumes.

JACKSON COUNTY

BROWNSTOWN, SEAT OF JUSTICE

JACKSON COUNTY is located in the south
central part of the State and is bounded on
the north by Brown and Bartholomew, on the
!east by Jennings, on the south by Scott and
iWashington and on the west by Lawrence and
Monroe counties. A range of hills passes through
the county from northeast to southwest and there
is another range of hills or knolls in the north-
iwest part of the county, but the face of the
Icountry for the most part is level or gently un-
dulating. The bottoms along the different
streams are very large and fertile, and they oc-
cupy about one-half of the whole county. In the
northeast corner of the county, in the bed of
White river, is a solitary boulder of granite
weighing several tons. No other rock of any
kind is found in the vicinity. In the same neigh-
borhood is a large mound 200 yards in circum-
ference at the base, and it was upon this spot in
1812 that a party of Indians held a council to
idecide whether they should retreat or fight. A
party of thirty men, under General Tipton, was
18

then in close pursuit on their trail. They re-
tired to what is now known as Tipton's Island,
where General Tipton engaged them, and which
practically ended the Indian warfare in Indiana
territory.

Organization. — Jackson county, which was
named in honor of General Andrew Jackson,
hero of the battle of New Orleans, was organ-
ized in 1816. It was the fourteenth county to be
organized in the Territory of Indiana and was
formed from Washington and Jeft"erson counties,
the legislative act having been passed December
18, 1815. The first county seat of Jackson was
established at Vallonia June, 1816, and the first
courts were held in the shade of the old fort in
the village. It remained here but for a short
time, as the commissioners in November, 1816,
decided to establish the seat of justice at Browns-
town, where it has since remained.

Population of Jackson county in 1890 was
24,139; in 1900 was 26.633, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 24.727, of

274

CEXTEXXIAl^ HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

which 570 were of white foreign birth. There
were 5.927 famihes in the county an<l 5.822
(IweUiiit^s.

Townships. Cities and Towns.— There are
c-k-vi-n i..wn>hi]>s in Jackson county: F^rowns-
town. Carr. Driftwood, (irassy Fork. Hamilton,
lackson. Owen. Redthng. Salt Creek. Vernon
and W'ashin.ijton. The incorporated cities and
towns arc SevnKuir. I'.rownstown and Crothers-
ville. I'.rownstown is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
ihe aiuui.il report of the Auditor of State from
Ihe abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Jackson county
was J?().684,440. value of improvements was
$2.780.9(X) and the total net value of taxables
was $15,167,640. There were 3,846 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were l~7 miles of
improved roads in Jackson county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commsisioners
januarv 1, 1915. Amount of tjravel road bonds
outstanding;:, $204,572.83.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
81.57 miles of steam railroad operated in Jackson
county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Chicago,
Terre I faute & Southeastern ; West])ort branch
of the C, T. H. & S. F., and the Fouisville divi-

sion of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The
BrownstowTi & Ewing Street Railway Company,
Indianapolis & Louisville Traction Company, and
the Interstate Public Service Company operate
22.96 miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Jeremiah E. Payne, county superintendent of
Jackson county, there were 103 schoolhouses, in-
cluding eleven high schools, in Jackson county
in 1914, employing 179 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 4,359.2. The ag-'
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend-
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers \vas
$62,578.72. The estimated value of school prop-
erty in the county was $265,465, and the total:
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, wasi
$164,800. I

Agriculture. — There were in Jackson county'
in 1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 290,000!
acres. Average acres per farm, 106 acres. The'
value of all farm property was over $17,000,000,1
showing 89.5 per cent, increase over 1900. Thei
average value of land per acre was $44.44. The!
total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,-
000: Number of cattle 11,000, valtied at $314,-
000; horses 6.500, valued at $650,000; hogs
23,000, valued at $160,000; sheep 5,900, valued
at $21,000. The value of poultry was $87,000.

JASPER COUNTY

RENSSELAER, SEAT OF JUSTICE

J.\Sl'i:k COUXTV is located in the north-
west ])art of the Slate and is bounded on the
north by tile Kanlsukee river. -,which separates it
Iroiii Lake and I'orter counties, on the east by
St.'irke, I'ulaski and \\ liite, on the south by Ben-
ton and on the we>t by Newton counties. The
county c()ulain> about 575 s([uare miles and the
prMici]ial resources of the county are agriculture
and stoek raising.

Organization.— It was the Legislature of
IS.^S that made bisj.er connty ])ossible. Its for-
mal organization takiii- pl.ue on .March 15. 1838,
when its territory iiirliided ;dl of the present
county of Newton and nio>l (.1 L.enton. The tirst
county scat was located at I'.irish ('.rove, thirtv

miles south of the present seat of justice and
five miles sottthwest of Fowler, the comity seat
of Benton. This was chosen becaitse it was near
the center of popttlation and for the additional
reason that it is one of the few high and dry spots
in the county. At the first meeting of the commis-
sioners it was decided to change the county seat
to the cabin of George W. Spitler, in what is now
Iro(iuois township, Newton county, he having"
been elected cotmty clerk and refusing to serve
unless this was done. This temporary arrange-
ment was upset by the legislative act of January
2*'. 1839, which appointed commissioners to ex-
amine the counties of Jasper and Newton and see
whether they should lie consolidated. The State

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

275

icommissioners met iti June, 1839, and decided
lupon a consolidation, selecting the present site of
I Rensselaer for the county seat, which was called
; Newton in accordance with the act, and the orig-
iinal plat of the newly chosen county seat was
'filed June 12, 1839. The early history of the
Ijcounty can never be satisfactorily recorded owing
ito two destructive fires, one which occurred in
'1843 and the second in 1864, which practically
jdestroyed all of the records at those periods.
I Population of Jasper county in 1890 was
111, 185; in 1900 was 14,292, and according to
iUnited States Census of 1910 was 13,044, of
; which 843 were of white foreign birth. There
jwere 2,951 families in the county and 2,915 dwell-
'ings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
thirteen townships in Jasper county : Barkley,
[Carpenter, Gillam, Hanging Grove. Jordan, Kan-
:kakee, Keener, Marion, Milroy, Newton, Union,
Walker and Wheatfield. The incorporated cities
rand towns are Rensselaer, Remington and Wheat-
field. Rensselaer is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Jasper county was
$7,303,610; value of improvements was $1,589,-
395 ; and the total net value of taxables was $12,-
743,181. There were 2.384 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 209 miles of
improved roads in Jasper county built and under

jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $248,410.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
94.30 miles of steam railroad operated in Jasper
county by the LaCrosse branch of the C. & E. I. ;
Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville; Kankakee
division of the Chicago, Indiana & Southern ;
Chicago & Wabash Valley, and the Effner branch
of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads.

Educational. — According to the report of
Ernest Lamson, county superintendent of Jasper
county, there were eighty-nine schoolhouses, in-
cluding four high schools, in Jasper county in
1914, employing 133 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 2,548. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-
pervisors, principals and teachers was $63,958.43.
The estimated value of school property in the
county was $195,100, and the total amount of in-
debtedness, including bonds, was $34,877.48.

Agriculture. — There were in Jasper county
in 1910 over 1,700 farms embraced in 307,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 179.1 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $22,000,000,
showing 76.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $57.04. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,-
000: Number of cattle 21,000. valued at $650,-
000; horses 9,100, valued at $960,000; hogs 18.-
000, valued at $184,000; sheep 7,000, valued at
$35,000. The total value of poultry was $86,000.

Kankakee Swamps and the Home of a Big Famil}- ot Alusk:rat^

276

CENTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

JAY COUNTY

PORTLAND, SEAT OF JUSTICE

JAY COUNTY is located in the eastern part
of the State and borders on the State of Ohio.
Jt is l)()nn<lcd on tlie north by Wells and Adams,
,,n the sonlh by Kandolph and on the west by

Jay County Coiirt-House, Portland.

Delaware and Blackford counties. It contains
about .^7S .square miles. It is purely an agricul-
tural county, having a large percentage of black
loam soil which was formerly thickly overgrown
with oak, hickory and other species of hardwood.

Organization. — Jay county was formally or-
ganized .March 1, 1836. It was named in honor
of the celebrated patriot and statesman, John Jay.
The locating commissioners met on the first Mon-
day in June, 1836, and decided upon the site at
l't»rlland and at a special meeting of the county
board on December 5, 1835, gave the new county
seal the name of Portland, where it has remained
ever since.

Population of Jay county in 1890 was 23,478;
in l'«K) was 26,818, and according to United
States Census of 1910 was 24,961, of which 406
were of white foreign birth. There were 6,359
families in the county and 6.224 dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townships in Jay county: Bear Creek,
C.reen, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Madison, Noble,
I'enn, I 'ike, Kichland, Wabash and Wayne. The
incorporated cities and towns are Dunkirk, Port-
land, I'.ryan, Pennville. Ked Key and Salamonia.
I'oitland is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
ilie .iiiiui.al rri.oil of ilie Auditor of State from
111'- abstra. t of the tax duplicate for 1913, the to-

tal value of lands and lots in Jay county was
$8,342,700; value of improvements was $3,073,-
385, and the total net value of taxables was $17,-
109,425. There were 3,663 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 451 miles of
improved roads in Jay county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $359,033.94.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
67.50 miles of steam railroad operated in Jay
county by the Cincinnati, BlufTton & Chicago;
Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne ; Grand
Rapids & Indiana ; Lake Erie & Western, and
the Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L.
railroads. The Muncie & Portland Traction Com-
pany operates 15.82 miles of electric line in the
county.

Educational. — According to the report of
William R. Armstrong, county superintendent of
Jay county, there were ninety-eight schoolhouses,
including six high schools, in Jay county in 1914,
employing 183 teachers. The average daily at-
tendance by pupils was 4,484. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-

2- «..iS^^^^*^B

m^^^

J. Ll w g: 1 y did

■M

Public Library, Portland.

visors, principals and teachers was $98,037.98.
The estimated value of school property in the
county was $487,754, and the total amount of in-
(lel)tedness, including bonds, was $101,250.

Agriculture. — There were in Jay county in
1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 235,000 acres.
Average acres per farm, 82.9 acres. The value of

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

277

all farm property was over $23,000,000, showing

115.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The average

value of land per acre, $69.08. The total value

I of domestic animals was over $2,300,000 : Num-

iber of cattle 15,000, valued at $470,000; horses

j 11,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 56,000, valued

I at $360,000; sheep 26,000, valued at $130,000.

The total value of poultry was $121,000.

Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were
twenty industrial establishments, employing about
450 persons. xA.mong its unique establishments is
one for the production of baseball bats and its
largest establishment is devoted to the manufac-
ture of automobile wheels, etc. Drain tile is manu-
factured extensively.

JEFFERSON COUNTY

MADISON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

JEFFERSON COUNTY, the second one from
the eastern line of the State in the tier border-
ing on the Ohio river, is bounded by Switzerland,
, Ripley, Jennings, Scott and Clark counties and
the Ohio river. The county contains 370 square
miles. Its blufifs, many of them 400 feet high,
jare intersected by frequent deep ravines, adding
' slopes to its cultivable area, raising it to the con-
jstitutional 400 square miles per territory. A no-
! table feature of the county is its varied topogra-
phy. In the western part, the ground is rolling,
- in the center, a level plateau, and the eastern sec-
tion, which is traversed by "Indian-Kentuck"
creek and its tributaries, is an uninterrupted
series of hills and vales.

The character of the soil varies from the black
alluvial deposits of the river bottom to the clay
j and loam on the level lands. Tile clay abounds
fin the central part of the county. Wheat and corn
are staple products, yet all grains are successfully
grown in this county and fruits are grown in
I abundance. Forty years ago the experiment of
raising tobacco was tried and proved successful
■ and it is now grown extensively.
I The county is rich in building stone of excel-
I lent quality and has many quarries, the largest
; one being at Deputy, on the B. & O. railroad. A
{beautiful species of marble is found in the south-
ern part of the county.

There are numerous water courses in the
county, many with cataracts quite as picturesque
I as Minnehaha, comparing favorably with it in
height and volume. The geological formation fol-
lowing the line of the north bend of the river
bounding Jefferson county forms a watershed

about two and one-half or three miles west and
north of Madison, which divides the flow of the
streams between the Ohio and the Wabash by
way of the White and Muscatatuck rivers. Ken-
tucky creek rises in Ripley county, flows through
the eastern part of Jefiferson county into the Ohio.
Big creek flows through the northwestern corner
of the county into the Muscatatuck and the Mid-
dlefork. Harbert's, Bear's, Lewis, Marble and
Camp creeks are all tributaries of Big creek.
Crooked creek parallels the Ohio river for some
seven miles, beginning far up the Canaan valley,
running through the full length of Madison and
falling into the river beyond the western corpora-
tion line of the city.

Jefferson county is noted for its wealth of ro-
mantic spots. Just across the river on the Ken-
tucky hill is a prehistoric Indian fort, near which
in ante-bellum days stood the cabin of Delia Web-
ster, a station of the "underground railroad"
operated through Madison. Three miles east of
Madison on the Indiana side, is Cedar cliff, a
sheer precipice one and one-half miles long, and
hundreds of feet high. Little Cedar, nearer town,
has quite as fine an outlook. Three and a half
miles northwest of Madison are Clifty Falls and
glen. The series of falls is 200 feet in height, one
pitch being over a jutting ledge of rock eighty
feet above the receiving basin into which plunges
an immense volume of foaming, spraying water.
A shelving rock canopies the North Madison pike
for a stretch of 100 feet, veiling it with mist or
ice, according to the temperature. Chain Mill
falls, near North Madison, guards the mouth of
an unfinished railroad tunnel, making a unique

278

CEXTKXXIAT. fllSTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

.-onihinatioiK Crowe's. Cliain Mill. Hart's, Dead-
man's aiul Butler'> falls cluster around Hanover
Inu^t in\ itinj^dy.

Organization.— The act of the Lei,nslature
creatin},' Jefferson county was approved Novem-
ber 23, ISIO. and went into effect February 1,
ISll. It was named for President JeiifersGn,
|,r<.balilv because of tiie personal interest he had
luken in the campaiijn of (ieorge Rogers Clark,
for exxildiers of Clark's command formed the
nucleus nf tlie i)ioneers of Jefferson county, one
of wliom. John I'aul, suggested the name, having,
.as original proprietor of Madison, which was
made the seat of justice, named the city for the
I 'resident in office when it was founded.

Historical. — The keynote of State expansion
was soun<led in Jefferson county. Independently
of this. ;in honorable position among the coun-
ties of the State is due it. by reason of the
names and events associated with its past. The
original proprietors of Madison and their famihes
were educated people from Philadelphia and Bal-
timore. Colonel John Paul — a soldier of the
Revolution and the War of 1812. founder of the
cities of Xenia. Ohio, and Madison — purchased

the site and came to Madison in 1809. In 1810.
associated with Lewis Davis and Jonathan Lyons, ;
he enlarged his original plans, and founded a '
city which grew to be the metropolis of the State.
This it was until it was superseded by the present
capital. The name of Indianapolis was coined by
Judge Jeremiah Sullivan, a member of the Jef-
ferson county bar. Jacob Burnett and Lewis
Whiteman bought the share of Lewis Davis in
1813 and in 1817 and became later joint-proprie-
tors of the town.

Very many of the 140,000 pioneers from cul-
tured centers, who poured into Indiana between
1810 and 1819, came through Madison's portals
and here many builders of the commonwealth re-
mained. The Rev. Thomas C. Searles was promi-
nent in all early educational movements, as were
General Milton Stapp, Dr. William Goode, Beau-
mont Park and Charles Barnes.

Early resident lawyers were Hon. Alexander
A. Meek, Judge Miles, Cary Eggleston, Governor .
William Hendricks and his kinsman, William |
Hendricks, Jr. ; Judges Jeremiah Sullivan, Wil- j
liamson Dunn, Stephen C. Stevens, and Charles :
Test, also Joseph Glass Marshall, Milton Stapp

View of Canaan Road, Jefferson County.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

279

and Nathaniel Hunt. Jesse L. Holman, Elijah

jSparks, Jesse Olds, Isaac Blackford and John
Lawrence were present at nearly every term of
court. Hugh McCuUoch and J. F. D. Lanier,

jjfinanciers ; Edward and George Gary Eggleston
and David Graham Phillips were all Madisonians
of national reputation. Harvey W. Wiley, John

jMerle Coulter and Stanley Coulter are scientists
of note from this county. Dr. Fisk was the first

{physician. Dr. Hicks, Dr. Robert Cravens, Dr.

j Samuel Mackarnes Goode, the two Drs. Howes,

;Dr. Howard Watts, Dr. Norwood, Dr. Hodges,
Dr. J. H. D. Rogers and Drs. McClure, Lewis
and Alexander Mullen followed in the early
decades. Dr. Israel T. Canby, father of General
R. Canby, came to Madison in 1816 and was a

(large owner of real estate.

The intellectual die of Hanover may have been
cast when Christopher Harrison, a graduate of

[St. John's College, Maryland, the rejected lover
of "Glorious Betsy" Patterson, sought the far-
away West, and found a lone spot where he
might bury his sorrow, in the point west of
Hanover college point. Between the year of

[his coming to Hanover, 1808, and 1803. he is

supposed to have been an inmate or a fre-
quent guest of the island home of the Blan-
nerhassets, which he left to escape the toils of
Aaron Burr. His cabin on the Hanover blutT
is said to have reflected the art and culture
of Blannerhasset Island, its walls being cov-
ered with rare paintings by the masters, and
some of his own execution. One of his own,
"The Tryst," was kept veiled, and when at last
revealed, showed a maid of wondrous beauty ;
beside her a knight, who is carving their blended
initials on a majestic beech tree. Upon a noble
beech which had sheltered his cabin door, felled
a few years ago by a storm, was found cut deep
into the bark a century before, "Christopher
Harrison, July 8, 1808," and in "The Tryst" a
romantic dream is read. The maid becomes Eliz-
abeth Patterson, the lover Christopher Harrison.
Jefiferson county has later artists, but the ro-
mance is not paralleled. William McKendree
Snyder immortalizes the beech groves of the
county, and contributes other memorials of its
picturesque beauties to Indiana art. As a sculp-
tor, George Grey Barnard is in the first rank of
those who have won fame. His frequent visits

Hanging Rock, Madison, Jefferson County.

280

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

to the iionic of his parents in Madison estal)lish
a claim to ciii/.enship.

The hrst newspaper estabhshed in the county,
the -second in tlie State, was the Western Eagle,
owned hy Cilonel John I'aul, echted by his son-
in-hiw, Wilham Hendricks, afterward first mem-
l)cr oi (on.trress from Iiuhana. United States
Senator, and second (governor of Indiana. With
him was associated Wilham Cameron. The first
issue was on May 26. 1813. Editors of papers
following' were John Lodge, Colonel C. P. J.
Ari.Mi. Judge Courtland Cushing, D. D. Jones,
\\ . W . Crail. John R. Cravens, W. W. Woolen,
.Milton Stapp. Rolla Doolittle. S. F. Covington
and Colonel M. C. ( larber were editors of the
Madison Courier, established in 1837, and the
leading p;i])er in the county ever since. It is now
un<ler the management of Michael Christian Gar-
ber and Michael Eggleston Garber.

Hanover College grew out of Hanover Acad-
emy, which was established in the village of Han-
over near Madison, January 1, 1827, by the Rev.
John I'^inley Crowe, D. D. The institution was
adopted by the Presbyterian church in 1829, and
college work begun the same year. The first class
was graduated in 1834. During the early years
a theological department and a law school were
maintained in addition to the liberal arts and pre-
paratory departments. The theological depart-
ment was subsequently moved to Chicago, where
it became McCormick Seminary. The law school
was abandoned. The total number of matricu-
lants to the present time is something under
5,(XXJ. ( )f this number 1,104 have been granted
the baccalaureate degree and sixty-five the mas-
ter's degree. Many of the history makers of In-
diana are Hanover men. Prominent among them
are Thomas A. Hendricks, William H. English,
Albert G. P(.rter, Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, John H.
Ilnlliday, Walter L. Fisher, Robert J. Tracewell
and l\. J. L. Matthews. The college is thoroughly
eijuipped rmd thrfjughoul its history has stood
lor the highest educational standards. The doors
were openi-d to wonu-n in 1880. The president is
William Alfred .Millis. LL. I). Among its latest
buil. lings. .Science I l;ill and the Hendricks Me-
morial Library .are es])ecially worthy of men-
lion. The l.atler, a memorial of \ice-President
I'liomas A. Hendricks, erected ])y his widow.

I he cn-e(lnc;i(i(,n of whii^. and colored stu-

dents was tried but once in this county. A col-
lege, called Eleutherian College, was founded in
1850 by Elder Thomas Craven and his son, John
G. Craven, at Lancaster. A church, in which the
college was housed, and boarding houses werej
built, was burned by the neighbors to whom the'
ideas were obnoxious, and rebuilt many times.
Stone buildings were at last erected and stood,
but the project was abandoned in the early six-
ties. From 1857 to 1860 it was in its prime, hav-
ing from seventy-five to eighty students, equally ■■
divided as to color.

The Southeastern Hospital for the Insane,
"Cragmont." — The crowded condition of thej
Central Hospital for the Insane led the General |
Assembly of 1905 to set aside fifteen of the
thirty-eight counties constituting the central dis-
trict as the southeastern district and to establish
therein an additional hospital. On September 4,
1905, the commission created by the act selected
a site containing 363.79 acres near the city of
Madison overlooking the valley of the Ohio river.

Industries. — The industries of the county
center in Madison, which from a commercial city
has changed to a manufacturing one. Milling
was the earliest and has been perhaps the most
important industry. The first flour mill in this
part of the State was built and operated by j
Colonel John Paul on Crooked creek, north of
John Paul park. It was running in 1814. Madi-
son now builds steamboats and vehicles, manu-
factures furniture, saddle trees, cotton and
woolen goods, pearl buttons, engines and boilers,
nails, tacks, hubs and spokes, glue, fertilizer,
chewing gum, ice, candy and ice cream on a large
scale for shipping. It has also several flour mills
and bakeries, a cracker factory, a brewery and a
packing house which stores and ships exten-
sively.

Madison is one of the largest markets for bur-
ley tobacco in the country and here is located the
largest business establishment in the United
States for handling roots and herbs for medical
juirposes. These are shipped to all parts of the
world.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Jeft"erson county
was $3,401,815; value of improvements was

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

282

$2,445,470, and the total net vahte of taxables
was $9,415,815. There were 3,148 polls in the

county.

Population of Jetierson county in 1890 was
24 507: in 1900 was 22,913, and according to
L'nited States Census of 1910 was 20,483, of
which 471 were of white foreign birth. There
were 5.254 families in the county and 5,096
dwellings.

Townships. Cities and Towns.— There are
icn iDwnships in jelterson county: (jraham,
il.inover. Lancaster, Madison. Milton, Monroe,
Kcpuhlicaii. Saluda, Shelby and Siuyrna. The in-
corporated cities and towns are Madison, Brooks-
burg and Hanover. Madison is the county seat.

Improved Roads.— I'here were 190 miles of»
improved roads in Jeffer.son county built and un-
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners
lanuarv 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding. S197.443.30.

""Railroads- Steam and Electric. — There are
21.56 miles of steam railroad operated in Jefifer-
son county by the Louisville division of the B. &
O. Southwestern ; Big Four, and the Madison
branch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The
Madison Light di: Railway Company operates

three miles of electric line in the county. The
branch of the Pennsylvania railroad which con-'
nects Indianapolis with the Ohio river traffic, en-
ters Jefferson county a few miles northwest of
Dupont, and has its terminus at Madison. This
was originally the Madison & Indianapolis rail-
road ; later, the Jefifersonville, Madison & Indi-
anapolis, "The J. M. & I.," as familiarly known.
This was the first railroad west of the Alleghany
mountains, the first to be completed of the six
lines chartered by the Legislature of 1831, hav-
ing been begun September 16, 1836; completed
to Vernon by 1839 ; to Griffith's Station, twenty-
eight miles from Madison, in 1841 ; and to Indi-
anapolis, October, 1847. The descent of 473 feet
from North Madison to Madison is by an in-
clined plane one and one-half miles in length,
which in two places cuts 100 feet deep through
spurs of the hill formed of solid rock. The dis-
tance through the south cut is 800 feet ; through
the north, or Big cut, 1,100 feet, and both pass
through solid rock walls, rising perpendicularly
on each side of the track to the height of 100
feet. This grade was the steepest known to rail-
road engineering until the construction of thej
Mount Cenis road over the Alps, which has a

.iiiii\i-i' (

■ Ki.-, Ilaiinvor. JfffcTson County. 1. Observatory. 2. President's Residence.
.1 Science Hall. 4. Hendricks Library. 5. Classic Hall.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

283

.yrade slightly exceeding this. The plane was fin-
ished in 1841 and sixteen horses hauled the train
up it to meet the engine at the top of the incline,
iLintil 1848.

j Educational. — According to the report of
foseph H. Hanna, county superintendent of Jef-
ferson county, there were ninety schoolhouses,
Including seven high schools, in the county in
1914, employing 150 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 3,222. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-
pervisors, principals and teachers was $69,285.34.
Estimated value of school property in the county

was $156,400 and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $56,300.

Agriculture. — There were in Jefferson county
in 1910 over 2,500 farms embraced in 219,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.6 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $8,800,000,
showing 64.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $24.40. The
total value of dornestic animals was over $1,100,-
000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at $260,-
000 ; horses 6,800, valued at $620,000 ; hogs 10,-
000, valued at $82,000; sheep 8,400, valued at
$35,000. The total value of poultry was $70,000.

JENNINGS COUNTY

VERNON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

JENNINGS COUNTY is located in the
southern part of the State and is bounded on
the north by Bartholomew and Decatur, on the
(east by Ripley, on the south by Jefferson and
'Scott and on the west by Bartholomew and Jack-
son counties. It contains 375 square miles and

the principal occupations of the people are farm-
ing and stock raising. A fine quality of limestone
underlies the county, and much fine building
stone has been taken out.

Organization. — The organization of Jennings
county was made eft'ective February 1, 1817. and

^^^Iggjjjjjyr','

■I 'rW«SS'>

Muscatatuck. North Wtuuii, Jennings County.

284

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORV -VXD HAXDBOOK OF INDIANA

the county seat was established at Vernon. There
have been several attempts made to move the
county seat to North X'ernon and the Legislature
on March 5. 1913. passed an act which provided
for an election to determine whether the county
seat should be moved from X'ernon to North
X'crncMi. The election was held September 22,
V)\.>, and W-rnon retained the county seat by the
slender majority of sixteen. Jennings county was
named in honor of Jonathan Jennings, the first
('lovernor (>\ the .state.

Population of Jennings county in 1890 was
14.f.(iS: in 1900 was 15.757, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 14,203, of
which 358 were of white foreign birth. There
were 3,457 families in the county and 3,417
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
eleven townships in Jennings county: Bigger,
Canii.bell. Center, Columbia, Geneva, Lovett,
Marion. Montgomery, Sand Creek, Spencer and
N'ernon. The incorporated cities and towns are
Xorth X'ernon and Vernon. X^ernon is the county
seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Jenfiings county
was $2,651,970; value of improvements was
$1,316,305, and the total net value of taxables
was $6,447,905. There were 1,992 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — 'J'here were 262 miles of

improved roads in Jennings county built and un-
fler jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $156,319.64.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
64.16 miles of steam railroad operated in Jen-
nings county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Big,
Four; Madison branch of the P., C, C. & St. L.,
and the Vernon, Greensburg & Rushville rail-
roads.

Educational. — According to the report of
Shepherd XX'hitcomb, county superintendent of
Jennings county, there were eighty-three school-
houses, including five high schools, in the county
in 1914, employing 129 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 2,624. The ag-
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend-
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was
$50,268.51. Estimated value of school property
in the county was $131,873, and the total amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $26,250.

Agriculture. — There were in Jennings county
in 1910 over 2,000 farms embraced in 219,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 108.7 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $9,300,000,
showing 79.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $27.56. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,000,-
000: Number of cattle 9,500, .valued at $235,000;
horses 5,900, valued at $580,000; hogs 15,000,
valued at $110,000; sheep 8,300, valued at $35,-
000. The estimated value of poultry was
$73,000.

JOHNSON COUNTY

FK.XNKLIN, SEAT OF JUSTICE

J'tll.\'S<)X (OCXTY is located south of won more first prizes in national contests than

XIanoii county, which l)ounds it on the north, any countv in the Union.

Shelby on the east, Hartholomew and Brown on Organization. — Johnson county was formally;

the south and Morgan on the west. The surface organized May 5, 1823, with Franklin as

IS c(iin|)aratively level and the soil is a rich sandy the countv seat. It was named in honor of the

lo.am. benig covered entirely from a (le])th of a
tew feel !(> more than 200 feet with glacial drifts.
It IS distinctly an agriciihural couiilv and is
Known as the greatest corn pro(hu-in^ county in
the world. iiK.ducing the linest (|nalilv, having

lion. John Johnson, one of the first judges ofl
the Su])reme Court of the State of Indiana.]
lM-an]<lin is the home of Franklin College, that
was chartered in 1835 under the name of the In-
diana Baptist Manual Labor Institute, and is now

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

285

'me of the best equipped colleges for higher cul-
ure in the State.

Franklin College was chartered in 1835 under
he name of the Indiana Baptist Manual Labor
^^nstitute. It was organized at a meeting of Bap-
ists in Indianapolis, held in the First Baptist
Zhurch, June 5, 1834. Instructions began in the
summer of 1837, and the school was opened in
I wooden building costing $350. While the in-
llustrial element was prominent, literary and phil-

large part of this amount was given by the Gen-
eral Education Board of New York City, being
the third appropriation which that board has
made to Franklin College. It has been admitted
to the Carnegie foundation, which is a marked
recognition of its standard of scholarship.

Population of Johnson county in 1890 was
19,561 ; in 1900 was 20,223, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 20,394, of
which 140 were of white foreign l)irtli. There

Franklin College, Franklin, Johnson County.

)Sophical interest, which were in mind from the
)eginning, soon predominated, and in 1845 the in-
;titution was chartered under the name of Frank-
in College. In the beginning, only male students
Vere received. In 1842 a department for young
adies was established and the college has con-
inued on a co-educational basis ever since. At
he outbreak of the Civil War, the students vol-

inteered practically in a body and the school was
•losed. Because of financial difficulties, a stock
ompany took over the school in 1872 and con-
inued in charge until 1908, when the college was
"eorganized. In 1913 the college completed the
'argest financial campaign in its history, raising
5250,000 as an additional endowment fund. A

were 5,287 families in the county and 5.203
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Tov^ns. — There are
nine townships in Johnson county : Blue River.
Clark, Franklin, Hensley, Needham, Nineveh,
Pleasant, Union and White River. The incor-
porated cities and towns are Franklin, Edinburg.
Cireenwood and Whiteland. Franklin is the
county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913. the
total value of lands and lots in Johnson county
was $8,957,895 ; value of improvements was
$3,352,535. and the total net value of taxables

286

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

was ?18,495,405. There were 3,524 polls in the

countv.

Improved Roads.— There were 320 miles of
improved roads in Johnson county built and un-
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners
lanuary 1. 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
(lUl -landing, .'^187,834.30.

Railroads— Steam and Electric— fhcre are
(,2.(15 miles of steam railroad operated in John-
..un coniuy by the Fairland, Franklin & Martins-
ville: Indianapolis branch of the Illinois Central,
;ind the I.iiui>ville division of the P,, C, C. &
.SI. L. railroads. The Interstate Public Service
(.omi)any ojjcrates 22.12 miles of electric line in

the couiUy.

Educational.— -According- to the report of
[esse f. Webb, county superintendent of John-
son county, there were sixty-one (fifty-three
now) schoolhouses, including ten high schools,
in Johnson couiUy, all eligible for commission
now. seven commissioned in 1914, employing

165 teachers. The average daily attendance m
pupils was 3,578. The aggregate amount paid irl
salaries to superintendents, supervisors, princi-
pals and teachers was $87,882 ; the estimatec
value of school property in the county was $559,
600, and the total amotmt of indebtedness, in-
cluding bonds, was $174,568. We have the only
vocational school (home-making and agricul-J
tural) located in a strictly rural district in tht
State.

Agriculture. — There were in Johnson count}
in 1910 over 2,000 farms embraced in 197,00C
acres. Average acres per farm, 97.5 acres. Tht
value of all farm property was over $24,000,000
showing 107.1 per cent, increase over 1900. Tht
average value of land per acre was $97.29. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,-
000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $512,-
000; horses 9,500, valued at $990,000; hogs 41,-
000, valued at $288,000; sheep 11,000, valued ai
$51,000. The total value of poultry was $82,000}

KNOX COUNTY

VINCENNES, SEAT OF JUSTICE

K.\().\ COUNTY is located in the south-
western section of the State and is bounded
on the north b\- Sullivan and Green counties, on
the east by the west fork of White river, which
separates it from Daviess; south by White river,
which se])arates it from Pike and Gibson, and
on ihe west by the \\'al)ash, which separates it
from the State ol' Illinois. It contains about 513
sipiare miles of the richest land in the State of

Indiana and one of the products that has giveif
Knox county fame throughout America is the
famous "Decker" cantelope. Wheat is extensively
grown on the upland and stock raising and fruit
growing are engaged in on a large scale. Knox
county is also a large producer of coal. Accord-
ing to the report of the State mine inspector for
the fiscal year ending September 30, 1914, there'
were eight mines in operation in the county un-

."^1. It. mils Xavii-r C'allicdral. I'ars.maKi' and I.ihrary,
Viiiccmus.

.St. Francis Xavicr Library, Vincennes. Oldest library
in the State.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

287

ider his jurisdiction, which produced 1,576,567
tons of coal.

Organization. — Knox county, with Vincennes
ifor its county seat, is one of the oldest historical
'points in the State. It has been designated "The
Mother of Indiana Counties," having existence
Seven before the territorial government. The orig-
inal boundaries of Knox county embraced one-
third of the present State of Indiana, extending
from the Ohio river to the lakes and from the
Wabash river to about the middle of the State.
■When Michigan and Illinois were withdrawn
ifrom Knox county it became a distinct territory.
When Knox county was organized on June 30,
1790, by Winthrop Sargent, the secretary of the
(Northwest Territory, Vincennes became the
county seat and it has so remained since. When
Indiana Territory was organized May 7, 1800, it
became the capital of the new territory and re-
tained this honor until the capital was removed
to Corydon in 1813. Knox county was' named in
honor of General Henry Knox, of the Revolu-
tion, who was the first secretary of war.
I In 1809, there were only four counties in In-
diana: Knox, Clark, Dearborn and Harrison.
Out of Knox county were formed in 1810, Jef-
ferson and Franklin counties ; in 1813, Gibson
'and Warrick; in 1817, Sullivan county, and in
1820, Greene county. Knox was thus reduced to
its present area.

Vincennes University was organized by an
act of the Territorial Legislature in 1806, and
was authorized under its incorporation, "for the
instruction of youth in the Latin, Greek, French
and English languages, mathematics, natural
philosophy, ancient and modern history, moral
^philosophy, logic, rhetoric, and the laws of nature
and nations." When Vincennes University was
|incorporated it was designated to receive a town-
ship of land of 23,040 acres, which had been
l^ranted by Congress for a seminary of learning.
jA-fter Congress had confirmed titles of pur-
!:hasers of land from Vincennes University of
parts of this township in 1816, commissioners
were appointed by the State of Indiana to rent
lands and turn rents into the State Treasury.
This was in January, 1820, and in 1822 the Gen-
pal Assembly passed an act to provide for sale
bf Seminary township in Gibson county. About
17,000 acres of the lands, which had originally
jeen given to Vincennes University, were sold

Vincennes Universitj'.

under these acts and the proceeds, amounting to
more than $30,000, were turned into the State
Treasury. This precipitated a struggle which
lasted for nearly a century. Among other priv-
ileges granted to the university was one to oper-
ate a lottery, which was also the cause of much
litigation. About 1874, Congress gave the uni-
versity all the unclaimed and vacant lands in
Knox county. This gift proved of material bene-
fit, but the institution has never received enough
from the juiblic to realize the high hopes of its
founders.

Population of Knox county in 18*)0 was 28.-
044 ; in 1900 was 32,746. and according to United
States Census in 1910 was 39.183. of which 1.398
were of white foreign birtli. There were 9.140
families in the county and 8.882 dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
ten townships in Knox county : Busseron, Decker.
Harrison, Johnson. Palmyra. Steen, \'igo. \'in-
cennes. Washington and Widner. The incor-

288

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AXD HAXDBOOK OF INDIANA

Home- of r.eiicral William Henry Harrison, \incennes.

jinratcd cilics and mwns are Vincennes, Bicknell.
MiMiroi- Oilv. ( )akto\vn and Sandborn. \incennes
is tlu- Cdunty scat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
ilic annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Knox county was
$11,712,760; value of improvements was $6,219,-
510. and the total net value of taxables was $26,-
}<27/^2^. There were 7.083 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — dliere were 543 miles of
improved roads in Knox county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1. 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing. .SS38,040.83.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
78.61 miles of steam railroad operated in Knox
county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Big Four ;
Rvansville division of the Chicago & Eastern

Illinois, and the Vincennes division of the Van-
dalia railroads. The Vincennes Traction Com-
pany operates 7.61 miles of electric line in the
county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Edgar N. Haskins, superintendent of Knox
county, there were eighty-nine schoolhouses, in-
cluding eleven high schools, in the county in
1914, employing 290 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 7,516. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $165,468.83.
h^stimated value of school property in the county
was $851,228, and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $289,300.

Agriculture. — There were in Knox cotmty in
1910 over 2,700 farms embraced in 300,000 acres.
Average acres per farm, 1 1 1.7 acres. The value
of all farm property was over $27,000,000, show-
ing 105.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The aver-
age value *of land per acre was $70.42. The total
value of domestic animals was over $2,300,000:
Number of cattle 17,000, valued at $490,000;
horses 10,000, valued at $1,000,000; hogs 57,000.
valued at $370,000 ; sheep 9,900, valued" at $39,-
000. The total value of poultry, $99,000.

Industrial. — According to the United States
Census of 1910, there were eighty-four industries
in Vincennes, furnishing employment to 1,461
persons. Total amount of capital employed,
$3,560,444. Value of prodticts, $4,232,574; value
added by manufacture, $1,817,323.

KOSCIUSKO COUNTY

WARSAW, SEAT OF JUSTICE

KoSCRiSKO COUNTY is located in the
nnrthcrn part of the State and is bounded
on tlic nortli by I'.lkhart, on the east by Noble
and Whitk-y, on the south by Wabash and Fulton
and on the west by Marshall and Fulton counties.
It contains .567 s(|u;ire miles and is dotted with
tliirty-seven beautiful lakes, famous among
which are Waw.isee, Winona and Tijipecanoe.
\nion.i^ llic natnr.al resources o|" ilu' count) are
tile vast marl deposits. Tlic lanns are among
the best ill ibe noilliern p.ni of iIk' Slate.
Organization.— K..sciiiskM count v was or<<an

ized June 1, 1837, and was named after General
Kosciusko, the Polish soldier and patriot who
had served in the American army in the war of
the Revokition. Warsaw was chosen as the first
county seat of Kosciusko county, although the
courts were held at Leesburg in 1836, and the
latter place for several years was the most pop-
ulous of the two. Leesburg was the only other
place considered when the commissioners made
their selection in 1836.

Winona College, Winona Lake — Jonathan
Kigdon. president from the beginning — opened

In Quiet Cherry Creek, at Winona, Kosciusko County.

Among the Lily Pads, at Winona Lake, Kosciusko County.

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CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

291

in the fall of 1908 as a normal school for the
training of teachers. Became a college in 1909,
joflfering in addition to the academic or college
'preparatory course a full four-year liberal arts
course leading to a diploma and the degree of
iBachelor of Arts. These departments are main-
tained to the present time and have constantly
^grown.

^ In addition to the college preparatory depart-
ment and the school of liberal arts, Winona Col-
lege now maintains a school of education fully
accredited by the State Board of Education for
classes A, B and C ; a school of domestic science
offering a two-year course in sewing, cooking
and household arts ; a school of business offering
:courses in all commercial subjects, and a school
of music offering courses in voice, violin, piano
iand piano tuning.

: The Winona College Summer School has
grown to be one of the strongest and largest in
the United States, enrolling from 600 to 1,000
students every summer. In this summer school,
in addition to the regular courses named above,
special work is offered for primary teachers,
(drawing and music supervisors and teachers of
agriculture and manual training.

The Winona College laboratories in physics,
ichemistry and biology are well equipped and the
domestic science kitchens are among the very
best in the country.

The Winona College of Agriculture, organ-
ized in 1906, is the outgrowth of the Winona
Agricultural Institute, established in 1902. The
parent institution specified a combined academic
and agricultural course of four years. The in-
stitution received hearty support, but with the
advent of the agricultural high schools it was
felt that a larger field of usefulness awaited it.
In 1906 the academic branches were eliminated
and the title of the college changed to what it
now bears, and a two years' course, consisting
wholly of agricultural subjects, was substituted.
The institution stands for a thoroughly practical
course, based on scientific principles, which may
be used in the daily routine of farm life and all
of the nonessentials which have been associated
with traditional college and university curricula
have been avoided. The institution does not in
any way desire to duplicate or supplement either
the work of the State agricultural colleges or
agricultural high schools.

999
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Winona College.

Population of Kosciusko county in 1890 was
28,645; in 1900 was 29,109, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 27,936, of
which 555 were of white foreign birth. There
were 7,312 families in the county and 7,206
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
seventeen townships in Kosciusko county : Clay,
Edna, Franklin, Harrison, Jackson, Jeft'erson,
Lake, Monroe, Plain, Prairie, Scott, Seward.
Tippecanoe, Turkey Lake, Van Buren, Wash-
ington and Wayne. The incorporated cities and
towns are Warsaw, Claypool, Etna Green, Lees-
burg, Mentone, Milford, Pierceton, Silver Lake
and Syracuse. Warsaw is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Kosciusko county
was $10,430,580, value of improvements was $3,-
917,240 and the total net value of taxables was
$23,414,880. There were 4,378 polls in the county.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
94.60 miles of steam railroad operated in Kos-
ciusko county by the Baltimore & Ohio & Chi-
cago ; Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan ; New

Winona College of Agriculture.

292

C I-:X'1RXXIAL HISTORY AXr3 HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

\\ aw asfi- l.akt

Kiisciiisko County.

Wawasee Inn.

^■(l^k. Chica.uo and Si. i^niis ; I 'iuslmrt;-. Fort
WaviR- \- (liioat^o : Syracu.sc ct Milford. and the
llutlcr l)ranch (if ilir N'andalia railroads. The
Winona lnlernri»an Railway Company and the
Winona \- Warsaw operate 34.10 miles of elec-
Irie line> in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were sixteen miles
of improved roads in Kosciusko county built
and under jurisdiction of the county commis-
sioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road
honds outslandin<4, $12,728.

Educational. — According- to the report of
I'.dvon P). .'^arlier, county sujierintendent of Kos-
ciusko count}-, there were 124 schoolhouses, in-
cludin.i; si.xteen hij^h schools, in Kosciusko county
in 1914. em])Ioyin^- 221 teachers. The average
daily attendance l)_\- ])upils was 5,461. The ag-

gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend- ;
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was '
$114,343.96. The estimated value of school!
property in the county was $535,000, and the ,
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds, j
was $1,591.65.

Agriculture. — There were in Kosciusko county .
in 1910 over 3,300 farms, embraced in 316,000 j
acres. Average acres per farm, 94.2 acres. The '
value of all farm property was over $28,000,000,
showing 88.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre w^as $63.54. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,800,-
000 : Number of cattle 23,000, valued at $685,-
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,600,000; hogs :
50.000. valued at $340,000; sheep 35,000, valued ;
at $159,000. The value of poultry was $143,000 '

LAGRANGE COUNTY

LAGRANGE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

\M\\.\(.k. COUNTY is located in the an area from Cass lake, with twenty-eight acres,

J noil hern tier of counties bordering on the to Oliver lake, which is the largest, with an area

Mate of .MieluKan and is bounded on the east by of 548 acres. Located at Stroh, in Milford

Meuben, on the south l)y No])le and on the west township, is one of the largest cement plants in

b\ l-.lkhart counties. Its 336 s(|uare miles of area the United States, which draws its raw material

are une-iualed in lertilily, as an unusually efficient from the almost inexhatistible bed of marl near

system of .h-aniage has converted thousands of the ])laiU. There are other large marl deposits

Its acres .,t l..w];nids and marshes into highly in the county. Located at Howe is the famous

l"«"l'iitive tarms. Wnhni the Ix.rders of La- "Howe School" for boys, which was established

j^ranKe hes the lamo,,. "I l.aupatch" and -'l-ng- in memory of John Badlam Howe.

l"-h Tran-.e country. Xunier^ms lakes dot its Organization.— April 1. 1832, witnessed the

Mirl;u-e, twenty-me of which are listed in the formal organization of Lagrange county. The

•n-'t "I the ( on.nnsMoner of I'isheries and first county seat of Lagrange was located at the

'•""«• t..r the lise.al vear of U)14, uhich cover site of the old Indian village of Mongoquinong,

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

293

iwhich afterward was changed to Lima, and re-
mained the county seat for more than ten years.
|As the county grew, in order to have the seat
jof justice nearer the center of population, by an
jact of the Legislature of February 13, 1840, the
Ijcommissioners selected the town of Lagrange,
iwhich had been platted June 18, 1836. The new
court-house was completed December 5, 1843,
iand the transfer of the record occurred the fol-
■lowing year.

. Howe School (for boys), Howe, Ind., was
'established in memory of John Badlam Howe,
who died January 22, 1883. He provided in his
will for the establishment of a training school
for candidates for holy orders and made other
■bequests for church purposes, which suggested
to the minds of Bishop Knickerbacker and Mrs.
Howe the idea of establishing the school in Lima.
Ind. Mr. Howe bequeathed to the bishop of
Indiana $10,000, the interest of which was to be
used for the education of young men for the
ministry of the church. He also left his resi-
idence to the diocese for such use as the diocese
jdirected. After some legal complication had been
^adjusted through the Lagrange Circuit Court,
Bishop Knickerbacker decided in co-operation

with Mrs. Howe and Mr. James Howe to con-
centrate these bequests in the establishment of
the Howe Grammar School. The late ]Mrs.
Frances M. Howe, widow of John B. Howe,
gave her former residence, with four acres of
land, and Bishop Knickerbacker purchased with
his own private means a mansion and six acres
of land opposite. The late James B. Howe,
brother of Mr. Howe, and the people of Lima
made some subscriptions for the purpose of
opening the school, which was opened in Septem-
ber, 1884, with two pu])ils. Since then the school
has received many generous bequests. In the
summer of 1895 the management of the school
was entirely changed under the direction of the
present bishop of the diocese. The Right Rev-
erend John Hazen White, D. D., shortly after
his consecration, asked the present rector, the
Reverend John H. McKenzie, who was maintain-
ing a private school at Lake Maxinkuckee, to con-
sider a plan to unite the two schools. This cul-
minated in uniting them under the name of
Howe School. The school is one of the best
equipped in the State and is making steady and
substantial progress, preserving the ideals of its
benefactors and founders.

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M'KENZlt,

294

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Population of Lagrange county in 1890 was
15,615: in 1900 was 15,284, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 15,148, of
which 336 were of white foreign birth. There
were 3,879 families in the county and 3,802
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns.— There are
eleven t()wnshi])S in Lagrange county: Bloom-
field, elay, Clear Spring, Eden, Greenfield, John-
sou, Lima. Mil ford, Newbury, Springfield and
\an r.uren. The incorporated cities and towns
are Lagrange and Wolcottvillc. Lagrange is the
county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Lagrange county
was $6,940,265, value of improvements was
$1,923,530 and the total net value of taxables
was $12,219,740. -There were 2,284 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were no improved
roads in Lagrange coimty and no road bond in-
debtedness.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
65.64 miles of steam railroad operated in La-
grange county by the Grand Rapids & Indiana ;

Montpelier & Chicago; St. Joseph Valley, and
the Sturgis, Goshen & St. Louis railroads. The
St. Joseph Valley Traction Company operates
13.16 miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Frederick G. Smeltzly, superintendent of La-
grange county, there were eighty-three school-
houses, including six high schools, in the county
in 1914, employing 135 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 2,911. The ag-
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend-
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was
$66,892.39. Estimated value of school property
in the county was $334,182, and the total amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $94,000.

Agriculture. — There were in Lagrange county,
in 1910 over 2,100 farms, embraced in 230,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 108.8 acres.
The value of all farm property was over $18,-
000,000, showing 60.6 per cent, increase over
1900. The average value of land was $54.91.
The total value of domestic animals was $1,900,-
000: Number of cattle 15,000, valued at $415,-
000; horses 8,500, valued at $1,000,000; hogs
39,000, valued at $277,000 ; sheep 46,000, valued
at $197,000. The total value of poultry was
$81,000.

LAKE COUNTY

CROWN POINT, SEAT OF JUSTICE

L\l\l': c:OUNTY is located in the northwest
J corner of the State and borders on Lake
Michigan ; on the west it is bounded by the State
of Illinois, on the east by Porter and on the

Piiblic Lilirary, IlamnioiKl, Lake County.

south by Jasper and Newton counties. It con-
tains about 360 acres. Lake county is varied in
its industries, the southern part being agricul-
tural and the northern part containing the larg-
est and most important industrial establish-
ments in the State. This county has more miles|
of railroad than any other county, and every ^
trunk line from east to west passes through Lake'
county. A great deal of attention has been given,
to horse raising and breeding, and some of thci
finest breeding farms in the State are located]
here ; dairy cattle breeding is an important busi-,
ness and many hogs are also raised for the|
market.

Organization. — Lake county began its formal,
existence February 15, 1837, and it was with con-
siderable trouble that it succeeded in locating its

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

295

'county seat. Although the locating commission-
ers were named in the act of January, 1837,
which organized the county, nothing had been
done until February, 1838, when the Legislature
passed an act establishing a temporary court-
I house at the residence of Milo Robinson, as
nearly all the lands within the limits of Lake
county were still the property of the general
Government. On February 14, 1839, the Legis-
lature passed an act creating a new set of com-
missioners with discretionary authority to locate
the seat of justice. They selected Liverpool, but
the site was not satisfactory to a majority of the
citizens, and for a third time the Legislature was

tion of the United States Steel Corporation in
1902, with its stupendous capitalization of
$1,450,000,000 astounded the financial world,
so has the creation and development of the city
of Gary amazed the industrial world.

Population of Lake county in 1890 was 23,886;
in 1900 was 37,892, and according to United
States Census of 1910 was 82,864, of which
30,434 were of white foreign birth. There were
16,176 families in the county and 13,492 dwell-
ings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
eleven townships in Lake county: Calumet,
Cedar Creek, Center, Eagle Creek, Hanover, Ho-

Where Gary Started, April 18, 1906. Thomas E. Knotts
(to left), Gary's first mayor, A. F. Knotts, his
brother, planting the first stake. This point is now
Broadway and Fifth Avenue.

appealed to with the result that the third set of
commissioners finally settled on the original
court-house of Robinson, called "Lake County
Court-house." This name being too cumbersome,
it was suggested that the county agent, George
Earle, and the two proprietors. Judge Clark and
Solon Robinson, select a new name. They agreed
on Crown Point, and the coimty seat has ever
since borne that name.

Gary, America's magic city and the cap sheaf
that marks Indiana's wonderful industrial de-
velopment at the end of the century, is located
in the northern part of the county at the head of
Lake Michigan. From vast stretches of sand
dunes and scrub oaks that marked its site in 1906,
it has been developed into a model city, with
splendid public buildings, business blocks and
homes with every modern convenience. Its
school buildings are the largest in the State and
its school management has become a model for
educators throughout America. As the forma-

Same Locality at Night. April 18, 1910.

bart, North, Ross, St. John's, West Creek and
Winfield. The incorporated cities and towns are
Crown Point, East Chicago, Gary, Hammond.
Whiting, Aetna, Dyer, East Gary, Griffith, High-
land, Hobart, Lowell, Miller, Munster, New Chi-
cago, Schererville and St. John, Crown Point is
the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913. the
total value of lands and lots in Lake county was
$23,945,575 ; value of improvements was $14,-
059,385, and the total net value of taxables
was $71,814,480. There were 11,456 polls in
the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 450 miles of
improved roads in Lake count\ built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu-
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out-
standing, $2,621,036.81.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There arc
376.87 miles of steam railroad operated in Lake
county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; B. & O. Chi-

( 1:XT1-:XX1AL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

296

ca^o Terminal ; Chesapeake .^ < )hi<) : Chica.i,^() &
i-:rie; Chica^'o, In.liana & Southern; Kankakee
division of the Chicago. Inchana cS: Southern:
Chicaf^o. Indianapolis 6e Louisville: Chicago.
Lake Shore 6t hlastern : Chicago .K: Wabash \'al-
Icv: Uinwiddie & Cary : IClgin. joliet & Eastern:
(.ary .V Western: ( irand Trunk Western: Indi-
ana'ilarl.or lleh; joliet .K: Xortliern Indiana:
Lake Sh.nx- .^ Miclngan Southern: Michigan
CeiUral: Montpelier ^^ Chicago: New York, Chi-
cago \- St. L(.ui-: IVre .Marquette: Logansport
diviM.-n ut the r.. C, C. c^ St. L.: Pittsburg,
I''..rt Wavne \- Chicago: South Chicago & South-
ern, and the Wabash railroads. The Chicago,
Lake Short- \ South Bend Railway Company:
( iary lnterur])an Railway Company: Gary &
Southern Traction C"oni])any. and tlie Hammond,
Whiting & Last Chicago Railway Company oper-
ate 86.75 miles of electric lines in the county.

Educational. — .Vccording to the report of
Krank 1'. Heighway, superintendent of Lake
countv, there were 121 schoolhouses, including
eight high schools, in Lake county in 1914. em-
ploying 617 teachers. The average daily attend-
ance by pupils was 14.398. The aggregate

amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-
pervisors, principals and teachers was $519,-
342.50. Estimated value of school property in
the county was $2,979,185, and the total
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was
$796,474.

Agriculture. — There were in Lake county in
1910 over 1,800 farms, embraced in 224,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 123.6 acres.
The value of all farm property was over $21,-
000,000, showing 72.7 per cent, increase over
1900. The average value of land per acre was
$72.61. The total value of domestic animals was
$1,900,000: Number of cattle, 21,000. valued at
$690,000: horses 92,000, valued at $1,000,000;
hogs 12,000, valued at $125,000: sheep 6,900,
valued at $43,000. The total value of poultry
was $76,000.

Industrial. — According to the Laiited States
Census of 1910 there were sixteen industries in
East Chicago, furnishing employment to 2.568
persons ; total amount of capital employed,
$4,614,380: value of products, $5,483,500; value
added by manufacture, $2,423,585. At Ham-
mond there were forty-nine industries, furnish-

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<..iry N\ .\1. e". A. Buildiiu

Froebel School Building, Gary.

TIk- Cary Cinu-Kic [>uMic l.ilir.irv.

Tlie Huh of Gary, Broadway and Fifth Avenue.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

297

ling employment to 4,379 persons ; total amount
of capital employed, $16,270,855 ; value of prod-
jucts, $15,580,250; value added by manufacture,
j$8,928,895. For Gary statistics were not avail-

able giving details, but according to the report
of the State Bureau of Inspection of Indiana for
1912, there were nine industries in Gary, furnish-
ing employment to more than 8.500 persons.

LAPORTE COUNTY

LAPORTE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

IAPORTE COUNTY is located in the north-
j west part of the State and is bounded
on the north by Lake Michigan and the State
of Michigan, on the east by St. Joseph and Mar-
' shall, on the south by Starke and on the west by
Porter counties. It contains about 562 square
!miles. The highest point of surface in the county
iis about 270 feet above the surface of Lake
I Michigan and 870 feet above the ocean. Across
■the county, from east to west, runs an elevated
ridge forming a watershed, dividing the sur-
'face waters of the county into tributaries of the
.Mississippi and St. Lawrence rivers. The soil
of the county is varied, consisting of sandy tim-
;ber loam, prairie loam and vegetable mold, and
'is especially adapted to the growth of potatoes,
wheat and corn. Aside from Lake Michigan.
Laporte county contains a number of beautiful
lakes that find their outlet through the Kankakee
river.

The Interlaken School (for boys) is located
lat Rolling Prairie in Laporte county. It is one
|of the most unique educational institutions in
lAmerica and was established by Dr. Edward A.
jRumely. It is a boys' training or preparatory
'■school, and its certificate is recognized by western
i State universities, and it gives thorough prepara-
'tion for eastern colleges, as well as German tmi-
. versifies. Special courses in scientific agricul-
ture and related subjects are ofi:ered with prac-
tical experience in the use of all farm tools and
the care of cattle. The school has a 500-acre
farm, which is equipped with every modern ap-
pliance.

Organization. — C>n the 9th of January. 1832,
the Legislature passed an act that gave Laporte
county its existence. This was accomplished
formally April 1, 1832. The county "Laporte,"
which in French means "door" or "gate," took its
origin from a natural opening through the timber

of a grove leading from one part of the ])rairie
to another. The city of Laporte has been the
county seat since the organization of the county,
although Michigan City has been an aspirant for
this honor.

Population of Laporte county in 1890 was
34,445 ; in 1900 was 38,386. and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 45,797, of
which 8,847 were of white foreign birth. There
were 10,362 families in the county and 9.866
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twenty-one townships in Laporte county : Cass,
Center, Clinton. Cool Spring, Dewey, Galena,
Hanna, Hudson, folmson, Kankakee, Linton,

LaiJorie County Court-House, Laporte.

20S

CRXTKXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

i-llsl AallnluU iJclllk, LapuiU-.

Michi.i(an, New Durham. Noble, Pleasant,
Trairic. Scipio, Springfield, Union, Washington
and Wills. The incorporated cities and towns
arc Lai)orte, Michigan City and Westville. La-
portc is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
ihe abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
t(jtal value of lands and lots in Laporte county
was $11,452,370; value of improvements was
^7.7M^.'^7C) and the total net value of taxables

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Y. M. C. A., Laporte.

was $35,679,465. There were 7,450 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 258 miles of
improved roads in Laporte county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $967,290.10.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
250.27 miles of steam railroad operated in La-
porte county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; Chesa-
peake & Ohio ; Chicago & Erie ; LaCrosse branch ,
of the C. & E. I. ; Michigan City division of the I
C, L & L. ; Chicago & West Michigan ; Grand
Trunk Western ; Indianapolis & Michigan City
division of the L. E. & W. ; L. S. & M. S. ; Michi-
gan Central ; Montpelier & Chicago by the Wa-
bash ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Pere
Marquette; Logansport division of the P., C, C.
& St. L., and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chi-
cago railroads. The Chicago, Lake Shore &
South Bend Railway Company;
Chicago, South Bend & North-
ern Indiana Railway Company,
and the Gary & Interurban Rail-
road Company operate '65.35
miles of electric line in the
county.

Educational. — According to
the report of Fred R. Farnam.
county superintendent of La-
porte county, there were 120
schoolhouses, including nine
high schools, in the county in
1914, employing 309 teachers.
The average daily attendance by
pupils was 6.723. The aggre-
gate amount paid in salaries to

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Census of 1910 there were forty-one industries
in Laporte, furnishing employment to 1,960 per-
sons. Total amount of capital employed. $5,871.-
936. Value of products, $3,971,624; value added
by manufacture, $2,158,139. At Michigan City
there were forty-eight industries, furnishing em-
ployment to 3,123 persons. Total amount of cap-
ital. $8,890,017. Value of products, $8,289,579;
value added by manufacture, $2,925,100.

Indiana State Prison. — This institution was
established by authority of an act approved
March 5. 1859, providing for the erection of a
prison in that part of the State north of the Na-
tional road. It was first known as the Northern
Indiana State Prison. Its site at ^Michigan City
was chosen March 1, 1860, and approved by the
Governor the next day. The organic law re-
quired that a certain number of convicts should
be transferred from the Jeffersonville prison and
their labor utilized in the work of construction.
The first detachment of these arrived in Alichi-
gan City April 5, 1860, and was housed in tem-
porary quarters. The new^ institution was made
a receiving prison by an act approved June 1,
1861, and from that day until April 1. 1897, was
the place of confinement for all persons sentenced
to State prison from the comities north of the
National road. An act approved February 26,
1897. converted this institution into the Indiana
State Prison for the incarceration of men t^i|-
victed of treason or murder in the first or second
degree and all men thirty years or over convicted
of felonv in anv court in the State.

Iiuliaiia State Prison. MicliiRan Chy.—Fruin sketch
made hy a prisoner.

superintendents, supervisors, principals and
teachers was ,$185,417.26. Estimated value of
sclidol ])r()])erty in the county was $902,559. and
the total ;ini()nnl (if indebtedness, including bonds,
was $245,710.

Agriculture. — There were in Eaporte county
in 1910 over 2,500 farms. enil)raced in 340,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 134.3 acres. The
value (jf all farm ])ro])erty was over $25,000,000,
showing 63.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The
;iverage value of land per acre was $54.48. The
tdtal value of domestic animals was $1,900,000:
.\uniber of cattle 21,000, valued at $550,000;
horses lO.CKK), valued at $1.1(X).000; hogs 25.000.
valued at $185,000; sheep 11.000. valued at
$57,fK)(). The total value of poultry was $90,000.

Industrial. — According to the United States

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Views of Hudson Lake, Laporte County.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

301

LAWRENCE COUNTY

BEDFORD, SEAT OF JUSTICE

L\WRENCE COUNTY is located near the
J center of the unglaciated portion of south-
ern Indiana. It is bounded on the north by Mon-
roe and a part of Jackson, on the east by Jack-
son and Washington, on the south by Orange
and on the west by Martin and Greene counties.
It contains 438 square miles. The surface of
the county is hilly, but abounds in natural re-
sources. Of the products yielded, oolitic lime-
stone is the most valuable, and the stone industry
furnishes the principal means of support for the
various communities of the county. There are
in operation in Bedford and the town of Oolitic,
more than twenty-one stone mills for sawing and
dressing stone, and nearly as many quarries.
The product of these mills is sent to every State
in the Union as well as to Canada. Many of
America's greatest public buildings have been
built of this stone. Lawrence county is also the
seat of the famous cement industry. At Will-
iams the Southern Indiana Power Company has

built a dam across White river for the purpose of
producing electricity for furnisliing power at a
low rate of cost. In recent years the county has
become famous as a fruit region and the dairy
business has grown rapidly.

Organization. — Lawrence county, named in
honor of Captain James Lawrence, of the Frigate
Chesapeake, who was killed in the battle with the
Frigate Shannon, began its formal existence
March 1, 1818. Its first county seat was named
Palestine and was chosen Ahiy 21, 1818. on land
donated by Benjamin and Ezekial Black well and
Henry H. Massie. The commissioners named in
the legislative act of February 9, 1825, moved the
county seat to Bedford, where it has since re-
mained.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
nine townships in Lawrence county : Bono,
Guthrie, Indian Creek, IMarion, Marshall, Perry,
Pleasant Run, Shawswick and S])ice X^alley. The
incorporated cities and towns are Bedford,

Red Cross Tavern, near Bedford, Lawrence Connty.

302

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Mitchell, Huron and Oolitic. Bedford is the
county seat.

Population of Lawrence county in 1890 was
19,792: in 1900 was 25,729, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 30,625, of
which 813 were of white foreign birth. There
were 7,050 families in the county and 6,916
dwellings.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
the annual reiK.rl of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Lawrence county
was $4,674,570, value of improvements was
$3,473,385 and the total net value of taxables
was $14,309,090. There were 5,004 polls in the
count}'.

Improved Roads.— There were 454 miles of
improved roads in Lawrence county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding. $419,549.64.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
113.98 miles of steam railroad operated in Law-
rence county by the B. & O. Southwestern ; Bed-
ford Stone; Bedford & Wallner; Bedford &
Bloomfield branch of the C, I. & L. ; Chicago, In-
dianapolis & Louisville, and the Chicago, Terre
Haute (S: Southeastern railroads.

Educational. — According to the report of

Laurence P. Sanders, county superintendent of
Lawrence county, there were 111 schoolhouses,
including eleven high schools, in Lawrence
county in 1914, employing 238 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 6,189.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $120,547. Estimated value of school prop-
erty in the county was $418,470, and the total
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was
$93,046.81.

Agriculture. — There were in Lawrence county
in 1910 over 2,300 farms, embraced in 259,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 110.9 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $8,400,000.
showing 66.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $21.56. The
total value of domestic animals was $1,100,000:
Number of cattle 12,000, valued at $315,000;
horses 5,400, valued at $470,000; hogs 18,000,
valued at $131,000; sheep 9,900, valued at
$40,000. The total value of poultry was about
$56,000.

Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were
twenty- four industrial establishments in Bedford,
employing nearly 2,500 persons, the most of
whom are engaged in the production of stone in
its various forms.

MADISON COUNTY

ANDERSON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

MADISON COUNTY lies in the central
part of the State and is bounded on the
north hy < irant, on the east by Delaware and
Henry, on the south by Hancock and on the west
by Hamilton and Ti])ton counties. It contains
4()5 si|uarr niilcs and its surface is level or gently
rolling, and the soil is very fertile. White river
and hvc crfcks with many brooks cross it, af-
fording cxrrllrnt drainage and water su])])ly.
( )il is found in the northern part as well as nat-
ural i^as. Nearly the whole county is underlaid
with ileeji beds of sand and gravel. It has a few
f^ood limestone (|uarries and many extensive de-
posits of clay suitable fnr making brick and drain
tile.

Organization. — Madison county, wdiich was
named in honor of the fourth president of the
United States, James Madison, was formally or-
ganized July 1, 1823. Madison county had some'
difficulty in getting its county seat located perma-:
nently. Pendleton, the first county seat, wasi
selected in 1823, but it was too far from thej
center of the county to be satisfactory. Accord-
ing to the act of January 13, 1826, it was located
at a town called Bedford. The rapid growth of
.Xndersontown, a town much nearer the center
of the county, caused the citizens of the county
to apply to the Legislature for an act to relocate
the county seat. The change was made as the
result of the act of January 4, 1827, and the new

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

303

site appears to have been chosen in 1828. A
:ourt-house was not built at Andersontown until
the latter part of 1831, and the name of the
i:ounty seat was changed from Andersontown to
|A.nderson by the legislative act of December 6,
1848. The court-house, with most of the records,
was destroyed by fire on December 10, 1880, and
the present court-house was ready for occupancy
February 21, 1885.

Population of Madison county in 1890 was
36,487; in 1900 was 70,470. and according to

the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Madison county
was $15,323,175, value of improvements was
$8,799,445 and the total net value of taxables was
$36,815,400. There were 10,918 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads.— There are 836 miles of im-
proved roads in Aladison county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $850,549.89.

Views in Anderson, Madison County. 1. Court-House. 2. High School. 3. Liljrary. 4. Postoffict

IJnited States Census of 1910 was 65,224, of
vhich 2,704 were of white foreign birth. There
vere 16,136 families in the county and 15,579
ilwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
ourteen townships in Madison county: Adams,
iVnderson, Boone, Duck Creek, Fall Creek,
jreene, Jackson, Lafayette, Monroe, Pipe Creek,
iichland, Stony Creek, Union and Van Buren.
"he incorporated cities and towns are Alexandria,
Vnderson, Elwood, Chesterfield, Frankton, In-
■alls. Lapel, Orestes, Pendleton and Summitville.
Anderson is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
he annual report of the Auditor of State from

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
109.89 miles of steam railroad operated in Madi-
son county on the Anderson belt by the P., C, C.
& St. L. ; Central Indiana; C, W.'& M. ; Indian-
apolis division of the Big Four : Elwood, Ander-
son & Lapel ; L. E. & W.. and the Richmond di-
vision of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The
LTnion Traction Compan\- of Indiana operates
66.88 miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — .According to the report of
James W. Frazier, county superintendent of
Madison county, there were 153 schoolhouses,
including seven high schools, in Madison county
in 1914. employing 388 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 11,400. The ag-

3(J4

CEXTi:XXlAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

</rc^^:itc ainouiU paid m salaries lo superintend-
ents. sU])ervisors. ])rincipals and teachers was
8245.799.59. The estimated value of school
property was S1.252.(MX). and the total amount
of in(k-])tedness. includin.i,^ bonds, was 8213.000.

Agriculture. — There were in .Madison county
in 1910 over 3.200 farms. eml)raced in 269.000
acres. .\vera.i,fe acres per farm. ^^Z.'^ acres. The
value of all farm properly was over 830,000.000.
■<howinL; 7(k^ ])er cent, increase over 1900. The
avera.Lje v.ilue of land per acre was $87.08. The
total value of domestic animals was $2,600,000:
Xumher of cattle 22.000. valued at $660,000;
h..rses 14.0;)0. valued at 81,400.000: ho^s 85,000,

valued at $495,000: sheep 13,000, valued at
$60,000. The total value of poultry was'
$131,000.

Industrial. — According to the U. S. Census
of 1910. there were 116 industries in Anderson.'
furnishing employment to 5.109 persons. Total'
amount of capital employed $10,727,952. Value
of products $13,764,933 ; value added by manu-
facture $5,637,669.

There were thirty-seven industries in Elwood.
furnishing employment to 2,301 persons. Total;
amount of capital employed $4,572,330. Wilue
of ])roducts $8,407,550; value added by m;uui-
facture $2,158,343.

MARION COUNTY

INDIANAPOLIS, SEAT OF JUSTICE

MARK )X C( )l'XT\' is located in the cen-
ter of the ."^tate, almost midway between
its east and west and north and south boundaries.
It i'- bomided on the north by Boone and Ham-
ilton, on the east by Hancock and Shelby, on the
south by Johnson and .Morgan and on the west
by llcndricks counties. It contains 400 square
miles. In the north ])art of the county, near
White river, l-'all creek and Eagle creek, is a
rolling country beautifully diversified with hills,
and a small portion of the southwest of the
county is of sinnlar descri])tion ; the rest of the
county, with few exceptions, is almost level.

Organization. — .Marion county was created by
an act of the Legislature December 31, 1821, and
began its formal existence .\pril 1, 1822. It was
named in honor of ( leneral Francis .Marion. In-
dianapolis was selected as the seat of justice and
the hrst court-lK.use in Marion county was built
"u \hv ]>vv^c\\[ site, with a view of utilizing it as
a statcdiouse until ;i suitable capital building
could bi- erected. It conliiuied lo serve the
di.ul)le purpf.se (.f courtdiouse and state-house
until 18.^5. when the capitol was completed. It
was often Used ;.s ;, public ball, .and for many
years it was fre(|uently used as a house of wor-
-bip. The lirst court house, built in 1S24, was
use.I nnlil 187(1, when it w.is torn down to make
way lor the present building.

Population of Marion county in 1890 was
141,156; in 1900 was 197,227, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 263,661, of
wdiich 21,210 were of white foreign birth. Therel
were 65,695 families in the cotmty and 60,292
dwellings. i

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are:
nine townships in Marion county : Center, De-i
catur, Franklin, Lawrence, Perry, Pike, Warren,
Washington and Wayne. The incorporated cities
and towns are Indianapolis, Beech Grove, Broad
Ripple, Castleton, Clermont, Southport, Univer-j
sity Heights and Woodrulif Place. Indianapolis!
is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — .\ccording toj
the annual report of the Auditor of State from:
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Marion county
was $121,391,300, value of improvements was|
$80,293,380 and the total net value of taxable^
was $262,709,780. There were 51,259 polls in
the count V.

Improved Roads. — There were 449 miles of
im])r()ve(l roads in Marion county built and under
jm-isdiction of the county commissioners Janu
ary 1. 1915. .Amount of gravel road bonds out-
standing, $142,859.20.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There arc'
177.63 miles of steam railroad operated in Ma

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

305

rion county by the Central Railroad of Indian-
apolis; Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville; Cin-
cinnati division of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis &
Western; Springfield division of the C, I. & W. ;
Chicago, Indianapolis & St. Louis divisions of the
Big Four; Indianapolis branch of the Illinois
Central; Indianapolis Union Belt Railroad; Belt
Railroad & Stock Yards ; Indianapolis and Michi-
gan City division of the L. E. & W. ; Peoria &
Eastern; Indianapolis and Louisville divisions of
the P., C, C. & St. L. ; St. Louis and Vincennes
divisions of the Vandalia and the White River
railroads. The Beech Grove Traction Company ;
Broad Ripple Traction Company; Indianapolis
Si Cincinnati Traction Company ; Indianapolis,
Newcastle & Eastern Traction Company ; Indian-
apolis Street Railway Company ; Indianapolis
Fraction & Terminal Company ; Interstate Public
Service Company ; Terre Haute, Indianapolis &
Eastern Traction Company, and the Union Trac-
tion Company of Indiana operate 245.11 miles of
dectric line in the county.

! Educational. — According to the report of
Lee A. Swails, superintendent of Marion county,
:;here were 140 schoolhouses, including thirteen

high schools, in the county in 1914, employing
1,345 teachers. The average daily attendance by
pupils was 34,799. The aggregate amount paid
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin-
cipals and teachers was $1,130,343.45. Esti-
mated value of school property in the county
was $4,864,290, and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $2,137,220.

Agriculture. — There were in Marion county
in 1910 over 3,200 farms, embracing 218,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 67.2 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $42,000,000,
showing 74.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $152.85. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,100,-
000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $624,-
000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,100,000; hogs
29,000, valued at $224,000; sheep 5,600, valued
at $125,000. The value of poultry was $93,000.

Industrial. — According to the United States
Census of 1910 there were 855 industries in Indi-
anapolis, furnishing employment to 37,929 per-
sons. Total amount of capital employed, $76,497,-
083. Value of products, $126,522,113; value
added by manufacture, $42,371,177.

Marion County Court-House, Indianapolis.

306

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA
HISTORICAL

ers were appointed and sent out to seek for the

site of its future city, and make selection of the

Indianapolis From the Earliest Period.— land donated by Congress. It might have been a

Indiana was organized as a territory July 4, 1800, prescience of what was to come that led the com-

and admitted as a State December 11. 1816. In
ISIO the Territory of Indiana had a population
.,f 24.520, and in 1820, four years after its admis-
s„,n to statehood, the pojuilation had expanded
to 147.178. The .settlers had not strayed very
far awav Ironi the ( )hio river, but there were
a ic-u sc-ttieinciits aloii.t,^ Whitewater, and a few

missioners to seek a spot as near the geographical
center of the State as possible. It may be they
naturally concluded that in time the geographical
center of the State would be also the center of
population, but it is more probable they thought
only of finding a spot to reach which would take
about the same number of miles travel from the

iN.iu' tin- Wabash : hut most of them w^ere along four corners. Whatever may have been their mo-

Ihe southern border of the State. The State
stretched from the Ohio to the lake, but the cen-
tr.al and northern sections were an unknown
wilderness given over to the Indians. Dense
forests covered the central section, while to the
north stretched away the trackless prairies. It
was not an inviting held for the hardy pioneer.
It was a struggle for existence. The soil was
rich enough, Imt it was the work of years to clear
a farm and get it ready to ])roduce, and when its
productions were ready for the harvest there was
no market, and the malaria arising from the de-
caving vegetation made the outlook anything but
favorable. It was under such circumstances In-
diana became a member of the great Federal
I'nion. Indian wars had about ceased east of
tlie Mississippi river, hut Indian massacres
had not come to an end. It was not safe to stray
very far away from the confines of the few set-
tlements, and if human life was spared stock was
stolen and driven away, thus depriving the settler
of all means of cultivating his homestead. Cory-
don, the capital, was a little village on the south-
ern border, some miles back from the river, and
hidden among the hills ; hard to get at in the best
of .seasons, in the winter it was almost inaccessi-
ble. Around it there was nothing that gave
])roniisc of future growth; there was no future
tor it even if the ca])ilal remained there. There
was .absolutely no foundation on which to build a
city.

The Beginning of Indianapolis. — When the
State was admitted inttj the Cnion Congress do-
ii.itiMJ to the infant commonwealth four sections
of land on which to l)uild a ca|)ital city, the land
to he selected by the State from any that re-
mained inisold. So, in 1820. the Legislature de-
termined to go ont into the wilderness and hunt
lor ;i site for its future capital city. Commission-

tive, they did determine on the geographical cen-
ter. Water furnished then the only, or rather the
best and surest means of communication with the
outside world, and as they did not want to get
too far away from some stream supposed to be
navigable, they clung to the banks of White river.
Three sites were offered, one a few miles south
of the present city, and one a few miles north-
east. They came here through the wilderness, and
after much debating and considerable disputing,
decided on accepting four sections of land around
the mouth of Fall creek. It was a most unprom-
ising site. White river itself was not very invit-
ing, while deep bayous and ravines cut up the
land in a way to make it look anything but at-
tractive to one seeking for town lots. But here
were the four sections with only half a dozen or
so settlers. It was in the wilderness, it was near
the geographical center.

With the exception of a lonely cabin here and
there, it was sixty miles away from the nearest
settlements. All around were dense forests ; to
the south were the hills reaching to the Ohio
river, and to the north the woods and prairies
stretching out to the lake. Only a few miles away
was the boundary which divided the "New Pur-
chase" from the lands still claimed by the In-
dians. There was no town, no people, not a road
leading anywhere. A town had to be built, people
induced to come, roads to be opened. No farms
had been opened up, and supplies of every kind
would have to be wagoned many miles over roads
often almost impassable, and at that time pack-
horses were the only means of conveyance. But
here, in this unpromising locality, the commis-
sioners staked off a city that in less than three-
quarters of a century was to become the largest
inland city on the continent. They believed that
White river would prove to be navigable for the

Birdseye View of Indianapolis, Southwest from Blind Asylum, 1854.

Birdseye View of Indianapolis, Southeast from Blind Asylum, 1854.

308

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AXD HAXDBOOK OF INDIANA

North Side of Washington Street, Indianapolis, Looking East from Illinois Street, 1854.

only l)o;ils then known on the western waters,
and bv it the ijeoi)lo of the new city cotild be fed
and e'luthed.

Naming the Capital.— The Legislattire ap-
|)roved the report of the commissioners and pro-
cecdeil to hunt for a name for the new city. It
was a difiticult tiling to lind. Every member of
the Legislature had a name to propose. Some
were of Indian origin, and some compounded
from Latin words, and others from Greek.
Finally "Indianapolis" was determined upon, and
the city in embryo had a name.

First Survey. — In April, 1821, the work of
"laying off" the city actively began. Christopher
Harrison, representing the State, appointed as
surveyors, Elias P. Fordham and Alexander Ral-
ston. Some years before, Ralston had been em-
ployed in some of the work of mapping out
Washington, the national capital, and at his sug-
gestion the city was to be one mile square, with
streets crossing each other at right angles, and
with four wide avenues pointing toward a circle
that was to be the center of the new city. The
ground was uniformly level, but a slight knoll
was found, and it was determined the city should
start from that point, or rather that the knoll
should be in the center, and that it should be
crowned by a residence for the chief magistrate
of the commonwealth.

Streets were marked oft, lots laid out and the
new city was ready for business, that is, the sale
of lots. The streets ran through the woods and
the lots were all heavily timbered, but could be
di-tiTuiinccl by the stakes set by the surveyors.

Certain plots of ground were reserved for pub-
lic purposes. One was to be the site of the ex-
pected state-house. One was for the court-house,
and one was reserved on which to build a great
State educational institution, which already had
been designated as a university. The university
never materialized. It having gone abroad
through the settlements that the new capital city
had been located, and information given as to
where it could be found, immigrants began to
arrive, and among them was the first lawyer. A
store had been opened up and a sawmill started.

Most of the settlers had located along the bank
of the river, taking it for granted that the choice
corner lots would be in that section. The land
outside of the mile square was to be laid oflf into
out-lots and farms. Mr. Ralston and the com-
missioners evidently thought that the mile square
would contain all the inhabitants the city was
ever likely to have, and had provided no division
of the city lots from the out-lots but the imagi-
nary line, but some one suggested that it would
be the proper thing to bound the city by streets,
and name them East, West, North and South
streets, and it was done accordingly.

First Sale of Lots.— In October, 1821, the
sale of lots began. The money arising from the
sale was to be used in erecting the necessary
buildings for the use of the State, and it was ex-
pected that there would be a great demand. After
continuing the sale for several days, and dispos-
ing of 314 lots, the real estate business was
stopped for a while. Something more than $7,000
was realized in cash, the rest of the purchase-

Srnith Side of Washington Street, Indianapolis, West from Little's Hotel, 1854.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

309

I price of the lots being evidenced by promissory
I notes running over a period of four years. But

few of the lots were eventually paid for, the pur-
I chasers forfeiting the advance payments and
I abandoning their purchases. Ten years afterward
{the State still owned three-fourths of the lots in
' the city limits, and nearly all of the out-lots.

They were not finally disposed of until 1842, and
I for its mile square of town lots, and the three
, outlying sections, the State realized less than
, $150,000.

more new settlers, and the town began to show
some signs of improving. It had been rumored
around that notwithstanding the town had been
laid out for the capital of the State, the capital
would not be removed here on account of the
unhealthy location, and this deterred a number
from coming who had designed doing so. The
town thus received a "black eye" at the very
start, and then, too, the seasons were not favor-
able for crops for a year or two, and this gave
Indianapolis a bad name. A few hardy souls

View of Washington Street, Indianapolis, Looking East from Meridian, 1862.

First Birth and Marriage. — This first year
of the life of the city witnessed the birth of the
first child, and the marriage of the first couple,
the happy bridegroom having been compelled to
go to Connersville, sixty miles away, for his li-
cense.

Last Indian Killing. — In the spring of the
year, about the time the commissioners were busy
laying out the new town, George Pogue, the tra-
ditional first settler, was killed by the Indians,
and this tragedy kept up the excited fears of the
people for some months, but it was the last of the
Indian killings in this section.

The spring of 1822 came, and brought with it

stuck to it, however, and began to clamor for rec-
ognition. They were tired of being the capital of
the State and having the county seat sixty miles
away. They were also anxious for mail facili-
ties.

First Mail Facilities. — In the beginning of
1822 the little town boasted of about 500 inhab-
itants, and they thought it was time they were be-
ing served with mail. So a meeting of the citi-
zens of Indianapolis was called at Hawkins' tav-
ern. Mr. Aaron Drake was appointed postmaster,
and he made regular trips to Connersville, re-
ceived the mail for the new settlement and trans-
ported it through the woods to its destination.

310

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

This was all done by private enterprise. He re-
turned irom his first trip, reaching the settlement
some lime alter the pall of darkness had fallen
over the woods, hut the loud blowing of his horn
callerl the people together and he was given a
r.nal wekome. A few weeks later the govern-
ment assumed the duty of conveying the mails
and distributing them and appointed Samuel
Ik-ndersdii as postmaster.

First Roads Built.— 'Idie settlers also began
asking llial the streets l)e cleared, and the com-
missioners undertook to have the streets opened
i)y cutting down the timber. Roads were needed,
and the Legislature, in the winter of 1821-2, ap-
pr.)priateil $100,000 to open up and construct a
lunnber of roads to its new capital. One led
from the Ohio river, near Lawrenceburg, to In-
diana])o!is, and another came up from Madison,
while N(»bk-svi]le, C'rawfordsville, and other set-
tlements were to be connected in the same way
with Indianapolis. The trees were cut out, leav-
ing the slumps still standing, and in rainy sea-
sons, when the mud was deep, those stumps were
terrible annoyances to wagoners. The wheels
would sink so deep in the mud that the axle-tree
of the wagon would strike on the stump, and thus

the w-agon would be stranded sometimes for
hours. The wants of the new settlement began
to be numerous, and all supplies had to be hauled
over these roads, that in the winter were some-
times impassable for weeks. They were just as
bad in the rainy seasons of the spring and fall.

Organizing Marion County. — The Legisla-
ture of 1821-2 also organized Marion county,
making Indianapolis the county seat, appropri-
ating a square of ground and $8,000 to build a
court-house. Attached to the new county, for ju-
dicial purposes, was the territory now compris-
ing the counties of Johnson, Hamilton, Hancock,
Madison and Boone. A new county demanded a
new judge and a new sherifif. Hon. William W.
Wick was made judge, and Hervey Bates sheriff.
The new city might now be said to be fairly
launched on the road to greatness. It had a judge
of its own, a lawyer, Calvin Fletcher, to look
after the legal wants of all the people, a store, a
tavern, a sawmill or two, a postofifice. and was
soon to have its first paper.

The First Newspaper. — Among the enter-
prising citizens of Indianapolis were George
Smith and Nathaniel Bolton, and they became the
editors and proprietors of the Gazette, Indian-

-^>^> il"^-'

5^" doftlTi'AVHlM'l^Tori'.
g-^i wmt nw

Tib.t<Ss

Vi.-u ...I Prnnsylvania Street, Indianapolis, Looking North from Washington Street, 1856.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

311

apolis' first newspaper. It made its appearance
January 28, 1822.

First County Election. — The Legislature
could name a judge for the new county, but could
not choose the other officers, so in February,
1822, Sheriff Bates issued forth his proclamation
calling on the people of the new county to meet
together at certain named polling places and
choose for themselves two associate justices, a
clerk, a recorder and three county commissioners.
Two of the voting places were in Indianapolis,
one near Noblesville, one at Strawtown, one at
Anderson and the other near Pendleton. Only
336 votes were cast in the entire county. The
vote of Indianapolis was about 100. James M.
Ray was elected clerk, James C. Reed, recorder;
John T. Osborne, John McCormack and William
McCartney, commissioners ; Eliakim Harding
and James Mcllvain, associate judges. In the
August following, the election for Governor took
place, when 317 votes were cast, 315 of them be-
ing for William Hendricks.

First Session County Court. — On September
26, 1822, the court began its first session. There
being no court-house, its sessions were held in the
cabin of Jonathan Carr, it being the most pre-

tentious structure in the town. The grand jury
returned twenty-two indictments for sundry and
various offenses against the peace and dignity of
the commonwealth. A candidate for naturaliza-
tion appeared, in the person of Richard Goode,
late of Ireland, and a subject of George IV. No
jail had been provided, and as the laws then made
imprisonment for debt permissible, certain streets
were named as the boundaries within which im-
prisoned debtors should confine themselves.

Building First Court-House and Jail. — The
county commissioners, as soon as they had been
inducted into office, set industriously about the
work of erecting a court-house and jail. The
State had appropriated $8,000 to assist in this
work, and in September the plan for the pro-
posed structure submitted by John E. Baker and
James Paxton was accepted and the contract for
the building awarded them. They did not begin
the work of construction until the next summer,
and it was not until 1824 the building was com-
pleted. The square of ground selected for a
court-house and jail was covered with heavy tim-
ber. A jail made of hewed logs was erected and
remained as the bastile of Marion county until
1833, when it was destroyed by lire. A brick

Same View in 1915.

312

CENTENNIAL HISTORY -VND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

jail was then constructed, and in 1S45 it was en-
lar^'cd by an addition made of logs a foot thick.

First Fourth of July Celebration.— In the
midst of the turmoil of starting a new city on its
upward way patriotism wa= not forgotten, and
the fourth of July, 1822, was duly celebrated by
an oration, the reading of the Declaration of In-
dc()endence and a barbecue.

First Camp-Meeting.— Tlie tirst camp-meet-
ing was also held that fall, under the auspices of
Reverend James Scott, the first Methodist
preacher of the town.

First Militia. — This year was also signalized
by the organization of a militia regiment, the
fortieth, with James Paxton as colonel; Samuel
Morrow, lieutenant-colonel, and Alexander W.
Russell, major. Those days all the able-bodied
citizens hatl tu attend regular musters of the
militia.

Beginning of Progress. — The year was not
one of prosperity to the new settlement, but was
marked by several important events, among them
being the establishment of a ferry across White
river; the oj^ening of a brick yard; the erection
of the first brick and the first two-story frame
house. The first brick house was erected by John
Joluison. on Market street, opposite the present
post-office. The frame house was on Washington
street, a little east of the present site of the
Lyceum theater. It was long used for the stor-
age of documents belonging to the State, and
afterward became a tavern.

At that time the capital of the State had no
member of the Legislature to represent its in-
terest, and so the actual capital remained at
Corydon. Again the rumors began to circulate
that after all Indianapolis wovild never be the
capital, and holders of real estate began to get a
little shaky over their purchases. There was a
leaven of faith, however, and the citizens began
to petition the Legislature for representation, and
at its session in 1823 the people of the new county
were authorized to elect a representative in the
following August. In the early days of the
sprnig a new newspaper was started with a rather
startling ir.imQ—lVestcrn Censor and Emigrant's
(,mdc — by Harvey Cregg and Douglass Maguire.
Ihis was now the third year of the town, and
the .second since it had been given its name, but
the election in .\ugust disclosed the fact that its
growth during the last year had been very

limited. In August, 1822, at the election for
Governor, the county had polled 317 votes, and
at the election in 1823 only 270. It was an "off"
year, and that may account for the falling oft' of ;
the vote. j

First Theatrical Performance. — Having a
representative in the Legislature, the town began
to prepare for the advent of the capital, and a
new tavern was built by Thomas Carter. It was
now a rival of Hawkins' tavern that had first
opened out its doors for the "entertainment of
man and beast." It became celebrated as being
a place of the exhibition of the first show ever
given in Indianapolis. It was given on the last
night of the year 1823, the bill being "The Doc-
tor's Courtship, or the Indulgent Father," and
the farce of the "Jealous Lovers."

First School and Church. — The first school
was started in 1821, but its teacher was shortly
afterward elected county recorder and it was
temporarily suspended. Religious teachings be-
gan with the advent of French missionaries
preaching among the Indians. When the country
was wrested from the French the order was
changed somewhat, but it was never very long
after the hardy pioneer had erected his cabin
until the "itinerant circuit rider" was knocking
at his door with his bible and hymn book in hand.
It has never been definitely settled who preached
the first sermon in Indianapolis, the honor lying
betw^een John McClung, a preacher of the New
Light school, and Rezin Hammond, a Methodist.
They both preached here in the fall of 1821.
They were soon followed by Reverend Ludlow
G. Haines, a Presbyterian. The Presbyterians
organized the first church, and in 1823 began the
erection of a house of worship on Pennsylvania
street opposite where the Denison hotel now
stands. It was completed the following year at
the cost of $1,200. The Indianapolis circuit of
the Methodist denomination was organized in
1822, under the charge of Reverend William
Cravens, but Reverend James Scott had preached
here before that and held one or two camp-meet-
ings. The Methodists did not begin the erection
of a church building right away, but in 1823 pur-
chased a hewed log house on Maryland street,
near Meridian, to be used for religious meetings.
The Baptists organized a society in 1822, and
held meetings at different places until 1829, when
they erected a church.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

313

First Permanent School. — Not long after the
school of Joseph C. Reed suspended on his being
elected to the office of recorder of the county, a
meeting of the citizens was called to make ar-
rangements for a permanent school. Mr. Reed's
schoolhouse had been at the intersection of Ken-
tucky avenue and Illinois street. Arrangements
were made with a Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence to
open out a school and keep it going. There were
no free schools then maintained by public tax,
but thus, soon after its first settlement, Indian-

that year, State Treasurer Samuel Alerrill set out
on his journey to the new capital with the
archives of the State, in a large two-horse wagon.
It was a slow journey over the hills and through
the woods, a dozen miles a day being all that
could be accomplished, and that by the hardest
elTort. By the end of November the State was
settled in its new quarters, and the meeting of
the first Legislature was impatiently waited for.
When the members of the Legislature came to
the new capital in 1825 they found it a straggling

Old National Bridge at Indianapolis, and Packet Governor Morton on White River, 1865.

apolis laid the foundation of its educational
system.

Removal of the Capital. — At the meeting of
the Legislature in January, 1824, the final order
was made for the removal of the capital to Indi-
anapolis, and this gave an impetus to the town
and more emigrants began to flock in. The re-
moval was to be made by January 10, 1825, and
the next Legislature was to assemble in the court-
house of Marion county. When Marion county's
representatives to the Legislature returned home
from the session of 1824 they were given a grand
reception at Washington Hall, which was then
the great tavern of the city. In November of

village with only one street "cleared," and that
was still full of stumps. It was a town in the mud,
hard to get to, and almost impossible to move
around in after once reached. But it was the
capital, the State officers were here, and the "do-
nation" of the general government had been ac-
cepted, and they had to make the best of it. It
was a dreary winter, though, here in the deep
woods, with the houses scattered around over a
mile square, with only cow tracks through the
woods from one to the other. The three taverns
were the center of interest in the evenings, and
around huge fires in their "bar rooms" the legis-
lators and citizens gathered to discuss matters of

314

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

State. During the session one of the taverns,
Carter's, was destroyed by lire. Some efforts
were made l.y the Legislature to improve the
town, and $50 were appropriated to clean out
I'(jgue's run. so as to cut off some of its malaria-
breeding powers. The outlying portions of the

cessity of a fire company, and as the tow^n was

too poor to buy an engine a bucket and ladder

company was organized, which did service for

ten years until the first fire engine was purchased.

Building of Governor's Mansion. — The same

year the Legislature attempted to build a resi-

donation were also ordered sold or leased in four- dence for the governor. In the original laying

acre tracts to encourage farming. off of the town the circle in the center of the

First Organizations. — The coming of the plat was intended for such a structure, and so

Legislature <li<l not add greatly to the permanent designated, but up to this time no provision had

View of Canal and State-House, Indianapolis. i

growth (if i1k- town. ff)r in b'ebruary, 1826, the been made for its building. One of the first acts'

liopulaiion c<inNisti.-(l of 762 persons. But the of the Legislature in 1827 was to appropriate

touii .lid iK'^iii lo show signs of permanency and $4,000 to build a governor's house on the circle,,

several societies were organized, among them be- and work began by enclosing the circle with a rail '

mg the Indianapolis l!i])]e Society, which is still fence. LTnder this appropriation a building was:

111 existence. An a.^riruUiiral society was also or- begun. It was rather elaborate in design, square,

gaiiized. but it did not last long. The United in form, two stories high and a large attic. It had j

States laiKl olhee wa^ removed to Indianapolis a semi-basement. The building was completed j

troni I'.rookvilie, and thus the city was recognized far enotigh to be used for public offices, and was

by the teder.-d governineiii. Indian depredations turned over for that purpose. In 1859 it was

had ce.-ised. but the inililary spirit was strong, sold at auction and torn down,

•ind .ni ..nilleiy .■onipaiiy was formed with James The governors were still left to hunt homes for

I'lake .IS e.iptaiM. Ihe goveninieiU furnished the them.selves. until 1839, when the Legislature or-

'"""I'aiiy with one cannon ot small caliber. The dered the State officers to purchase a suitable

l"uning of ( ai-ler's tavern .leiiioiistraled the ne- building for such a residence. At that time the

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

315

! handsomest and largest dwelling in the city was
on the northwest corner of Illinois and Market
i streets. It was owned by Dr. John H. Sanders,
and the State officers decided upon it, and it was
bought. Governor Wallace moved into it, and it
was occupied in turn by Governors Bigger, Whit-
comb, Wright, Willard and Morton. From some
cause it had always been an unhealthy building.
The wife of Governor Whitcomb was the first to
!die there. Governor Wright, during his occu-
pancy, lost two wives in the same building. The
family of Governor Willard was sick during the
whole time he occupied it, and Governor Morton
suffered so much that he finally abandoned it.
It was sold in 1865, and since then the State has
(owned no executive mansion.

Early Navigation, — The growth of the town
was very slow for some years. The building of
the National road gave it a slight impetus and
brought here the first and only steamboat that
ever succeeded in navigating White river to this
point. It rejoiced in the name of ''Robert
Hanna," and was owned by General Hanna, one
of the contractors building the new road for the
government. It was brought here to tow barges
loaded with stone and timber for use in con-
structing the road and its bridges. It arrived here
April 11, 1831. The next day a free excursion
was given to the citizens, but the overhanging
boughs of the trees lining the banks knocked
down her chimneys and pilot-house and smashed
a wheel-house. The next day she ran aground
and remained fast for several weeks. When the
high water came in the fall it was taken down
the river and was never seen again. Many years
afterward a little steamer named after Governor
Morton was built here to ply up and down for the
amusement and entertainment of the people, but
it had bad luck, and was soon destroyed. Even
.keel-boats and flat-boats early abandoned all ef-
forts to navigate the stream which Mr. Ralston
had declared to be navigable for at least four
months in the year. Governor Noble, however,
would not give up his hopes that the river would
prove navigable, and offered a reward of $200
for the first boat that would land at the town.
Two efforts were made, and one steamer reached
Spencer and another came a few miles farther.
A plan for slack water navigation was submitted
to the Legislature and pressed for several years.

and in 1851 the White River Navigation Com-
pany was chartered, but it accomplished nothing.

First Historical Society. — About this time
the town thought it was old enough to have a his-
torical society, so one was formed, with Benja-
min Parke for president, and B. F. Morris for
secretary. It did not have many active members,
but elected about all the distinguished men of the
nation as honorary members.

First Internal Improvements, Etc. — The
craze for internal improvements, that had been
sweeping over other parts of the country, struck
Indianapolis early in 1831, and the Legislature
spent most of its session in granting charters to
railroads. Six such roads were projected to cen-
ter in Indianapolis. The roads were all to run to

Old State-House, Indianapolis, 1832.

the south, as there was no j.-opulation to the north.
Some of the projected roads were partly sur-
veyed and then the work was dropped. A few
years later, however, the State entered upon a
wholesale system of internal improvement, in-
cluding railroads, canals and turnpikes. None of
the projected works were ever fully completed
by the State, but the State debt was increased
enormously, and the State had to practically go
into bankruptcy. The State sold out its interest
in all the works, together with 2.000,000 acres of
land, in discharge of half of the debt that had
been contracted.

Erection of First State-House. — The State
had been occupying the court-house for the use of
the Legislature, and in making its appropriation
to erect that building had reserved the right to
so occupy it for fifty years, but it was deemed

316

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the time had come to erect a building for the use
of the State. It still owned a considerable portion
of the original donation by Congress, and it was
estimated that the lots would sell for $58,000, and
this was estimated sufilcient to erect a suitable
building. Ithiel Town wa> the architect and con-
tracted to build the house for $58,000, and ac-
tually did (oniplele it for $60,000. It was begun
in 1S.>2 and linished in time for the meeting of
the I.egi.slalure in 1836, and it served the State
for forty years.

Incorporation of the City.— Up to 1832 the
city's Inisiness had been administered under the
laws of the State, and on September 3, 1832, the
citizens made the first formal effort toward in-
corporation. Five trustees were elected, and
Samuel Henderson, who had been the first regu-
larly .-ippointcd postmaster of the town, was ap-

Bank of tlie State of Indiana Building at Indian-
apolis, 1854.

pointed president of the board, with J. P. Griflith
clerk, and Samuel Jennison marshal and collector.
This municipal government lasted until 1836,
when the Legislature granted a special charter.
Al)Out the only notal)le thing the old municipality
did was to purchase the first fire engine for the
town, the State giving one-half of the price. The
organization had lasted four years, and the en-
tire income of the fourth year was only $1,510.
State Bank of Indiana. — In 1834 the Legisla-
ture chartered the Stale Bank of Indiana, with
a capital of $1,600,000. Up to that time Indian-
apolis had contained nothing but a small private
l)ank. The charter of the State bank was to run
twenty-five years. TIk- State was to take one-
half of the capital stork, and raised the money
I'v the sale of bonds. Ik-r share of the dividends,
after paying tlu- bonds, was to go to the estab-
lishment of ;i gciur.il school fund. This was the
.starting point of Indian.i's s])lendid endowment
<'f her public schools. The State's share of the

proceeds was loaned out from time to time on:
real estate security. The final yield of this in-
vestment by the State w^as $3,700,000, after pay-
ing ofT the bank bonds. The main bank and one
of its branches were located in Indianapolis. The
bank began business November 26, 1834, in the
building on the Governor's Circle which had been
intended as a residence for the governor. It was.
afterward removed to Washington street. Sam-
uel Merrill was the first president, and Calvin
Fletcher, Seaton W. Norris, Robert Morrison
and Thomas R. Scott were the directors. In 1840
the bank removed to its new building at the cor-
ner of Kentucky avenue and Illinois street. The,
Indianapolis branch was organized by the ap-
pointment of Hervey Bates, president, and B. F..
Morris, cashier. At the expiration of the charter'
the Bank of the State of Indiana was started,
with Hugh McCullough as president. In this!
bank the State had no interest. It remained in:
business, with its seventeen branches, until wiped,
out by the institution of the national banks.

Panic of 1837. — The great financial panic of
1837 proved very disastrous to Indianapolis. It
stopped all work on the great enterprises under-
taken by the State, leaving contractors and labor-
ers without their pay. The banks were compelled
to suspend specie payments and private business
was overwhelmed with the credit of the State,
Large stocks of goods had been purchased by the
merchants and remained unsold on their shelves,
or had been disposed of on credit, and collections
were impossible. Nobody had any money. East-
ern creditors were disposed to be very liberal and
extend time of payments, trusting to a revival of
business to relieve their debtors from their em-
barrassment. The Legislature came to the help
of the debtor by providing that property sold on
execution should not be sold for less than two-
thirds of its appraised value. It also exempted a
certain amount of household property from exe-
cution. These two measures proved of great
benefit, but did not relieve the distress altogether.
There was a lack of currency, and the Legisla-
ture issued bills secured by the credit of the State,
and bearing six per cent, interest. This "scrip"
was made receivable for taxes, but from the want
of credit by the State abroad the scrip passed
only at a heavy discount. After a while, when
confidence was restored again, the "scrip" com-
manded a large premium, and before it was all

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

317

mally redeemed it was worth about two dollars
• or one. It was not until 1843, when the Madi-
on railroad was approaching completion, that an
upward tendency in business occurred.
1 The city has suffered from several panics since,
i'he worst in the earlier years being in 1840, '41
'ind '42. The State Bank resumed specie pay-
ment in June, 1842, but it was a year or more be-
■ore business generally revived. These were the
i'amous "hard times" following the election of
William Henry Harrison. So grievous were the
imes that an effort was made, in 1842, to abolish
he town government on account of its expense,
jilthough the entire cost of operating the munici-
)al government was a little less than $3,000. It
night be well to note at this point the salaries
)aid to the municipal officers in those early days.
Members of the council received $12 each a year,
he secretary $200, the treasurer and marshal
;ach $100, and the assessors $75. The other sal-
aries were in a like proportion.
' First Militia Organized. — For some years
ifter the organization of the State, a militia was
Inaintained by requiring all the able-bodied men
oetween certain ages to be enrolled and report at
stated periods for muster. When the danger
itrom Indian wars ceased these musters ended.
The military spirit of the people, however, did
!iot die out, and in February, 1837, the first com-
bany of militia was organized, with Colonel Rus-
sell as captain. It was called the "Marion
auards." Their uniform was of gray cloth with
patent leather shakoes. They were armed with
;he old-fashioned flint-lock muskets, and drilled
iccording to the Prussian tactics. Thomas A.
Morris, a graduate of West Point, succeeded
Captain Russell. In 1838 Captain Thomas Mc-
Baker organized the "Marion Rifles." The uni-
form of the Rifles was a blue fringed hunting
ihirt, blue pantaloons and caps. In 1842 the two
:ompanies organized into a battalion under the
:ommand of Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey Brown
;md Major George Drum.

' First Female Academy. — In 1837 was opened
the first female school of the city. It was called
|the "Indianapolis Female Institute," and was
chartered by the Legislature. It was opened by
two sisters, Mary J. and Harriet Axtell. It flour-
ished for several years, and its reputation was so
high that quite a number of pupils from other
towns and states attended it. The same year a

neat frame schoolhouse was erected on Circle
street, adjoining what was so long known as
Henry Ward Beecher's church. The school was
opened by Mr. Oilman Marston, afterward a
member of Congress from New Hampshire, and
a distinguished general during the late war. It
was called the "Franklin Institute."

Building State Institutions.— In 1839 the
subject of erecting a hospital for the insane of
the State had been broached, but nothing definite
was done, owing to the financial embarrassment
of the State and people, but as soon as business
began to exhibit signs of recovery the matter was
again taken up.

Insane Hospital.— Dr. John Evans, of Chi-
cago, who had made a study of mental diseases,
delivered a lecture before the members of the

Branch Bank Building of Bank of the State of Indiana
at IndianapoHs, 1854.

Legislature of 1842-3, and the Governor was di-
rected to obtain plans for the erection of suitable
buildings. At the next session of the Legislature
plans were approved and a tax of one cent on
each one hundred dollars' worth of property was
levied to provide the means for erecting the
buildings. All this was but carrying out a direc-
tion in the constitution adopted at the organiza-
tion of the State, one of the cares of the framers
of that document being to provide for the un-
fortunate. Dr. John Evans, Dr. L. Dunlap and
James Blake were appointed a commission to ob-
tain a site for the proposed buildings. They se-
lected Mount Jackson, where the hospital now
stands. In 1846 the Legislature ordered the sale
of "hospital" square, a plat of ground that had
been reserved for hospital purposes, the proceeds
to be applied to the work, and an additional sum
of $15,000 was appropriated.

The work of construction was begun at once,
and the main building was completed the next

318

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

year, at a cost of $75,000. The grounds are hand-
somely laid out. and every convenience and com-
fort for this class of unfortunates have been pro-
vided.

Deaf and Dumb Asylum.— Hie Legislature
of \>^^ also l.c.uan the work oi caring for the
deaf mutes, by levying a tax of one-fifth of a
iciit on each one hundred dollars of property.
The first work of this kind in the State, however,
was done by William Willard, a mute who had
been a teacher of mute> in Ohio. He came to
indianapdlis in the spring of 1843 and opened a
scIk.oI on his own account. In 1844 the State
adojited his school and apjiointed a board of trus-

Circle Hall— Formerly on the Site of English Hotel, Indianapolis

tees, consisting of the Governor, Treasurer of
State. I lenry Ward Beecher, Phineas D. Gurley,
L. 11. Jameson, Dr. Dunlap, James Morrison and
Matthew Simpson, afterward a distinguished
l)ishop of the Methodist church. They rented a
building at the corner of Maryland and Illinois
streets, and ojiened the first asylum in October,
1844. hi January, 1846, a site for a permanent
buiMing was selected just east of the town. The
l)ermaneiit building was completed in 1850, at a
cost of $30.0(X).

Blind Asylum.— During the winter of 1844-5,
tbrouL^h I he elfort-, of James M. Ray, William
II. I Inuvhinan. of ilie Keuiucky Hlind Asylum,
was brought here with .souk- of his pupds and
k'ave ail exhibition or two in Mr. Beecher's
church. This b.-id .-, .leci.ledly good elTect on the
Legislature, which was ihen in session, and a tax
of one-fifth of a cent was levied to provide sup-

port for the blind. James M. Ray, George W.
Mears and the secretary, auditor and treasurer
of State, were appointed a commission to carry
out the work, either by the establishment of an
asylum or by providing for the care and educa-
tion of the blind at the institution in Ohio or
that in Kentucky. In 1847, James M. Ray,
George W. Mears and Seaton W. Norris were
appointed to erect a suitable building for this
purpose and $5,000 was appropriated to purchase
a site. They purchased the ground formerly oc-
cupied on East Washington street, and while
waiting for the erection of a building opened
a school in the building that had been used for
the first deaf and dumb asylum.
This building was completed in
1851, at the cost of $50,000.

War with Mexico. — The year
1846 brought some excitement,
and for a while made things a
little more lively. The war with
Mexico was on, and troops
called for. Indianapolis raised
one company for the first regi-
ment. It was ofTficered by James
P. Drake as captain and John A.
McDougal and Lewis \\'allace as
lieutenants. Captain Drake was
afterward made colonel of the
two additional companies, one
each for the fourth and fifth
regiments. These two com-
panies were with General Scott on his march
to the capital of Mexico, and participated in
some of the battles of that campaign. They
were commanded by James McDougal and Ed-
ward Lander.

The First Railroad. — While the Mexican war
was going on the railroad that was building to
connect Indianapolis and the Ohio river at Madi-
son was slowly creeping along. It was finally
completed to the city in 1847 amid great re-
joicing. W^ith the opening of the Madison rail-
road a change came, and the tow^n put on a
bustling air of activity. This furnished an open-
ing to the Ohio river, and by that stream to Cin-
ciiniati and the south. Business at once revived
and new stores were opened, and new factories
started, while others were projected. Up to that
time the stores kept a little of everything, but a
railroad demanded a division of trade, and stores

The Earliest Churches in IndianapoHs in 1854.

320

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

for dry goods and stores for groceries were
opened. The price of property advanced, and a
new city government organized. At the first set-
tlement of the town, lots along or near the river
front were the favorites in the market. The
sickly season soon drove business and the settle-
ments farther east, and the opening of the rail-
road attracted everything toward the south, so
as to be near the depot.

First Mayor. — In February, 1847, the Legis-
lature granted a city charter to Indianapolis, and
on the 27th of March ah' election was held to
determine whether the people would accept or
not. It was approved by a vote of 449 to 19. An
election for municipal offtcers was held on the
24th of April, and Samuel Henderson was elected
the first mayor of the city. The population of
the city was estimated at that time at 6,000.
Practically there were no streets, except Wash-
ington, and it was still full of stumps. Some of
the other streets had been partly cleared, but no
attempt had been made to improve any of them.
Here and there on Washington street were
patches of sidewalks, some of brick and some of
plank. When it rained mud predominated on the
only streets that had been opened and used, while

in the summer the dust was thick enough to bJ
almost stifling. i

First Street Improvements. — The new cit}!
council at once determined to enter upon a sys|
tematic and general system of street, improve-
ments. Stumps were pulled out, the streets ir
the central portion of the city graded and grav-
eled and sidewalks wefe' made. This first efiforV
at improvement caused a good deal of friction,
and litigation, the property owners objecting tcl
the expense entailed upon them. Bowldering for
streets was not introduced until 1850, when
Washington street was so paved from Illinois to
Meridian. Free schools also made their appear-
ance soon after the formation of the city govern-
ment. The State had provided a small fund,i
but it was only large enough to keep the schools'
going for three or four months of the year. It)
was decided to levy a small tax on the citizens to(
provide funds for the erection of houses and to'
pay teachers, and by 1853 this tax furnished;
enough to make a more permanent organization >
of the schools necessary. i

First Public Hall and Masonic Temple. — Thej
year 1847 brought also the first hall erected forj
the use of the public. The Grand Lodge of Free!

Funeral of General Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis, March 17, 1901.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

321

/[asons determined to erect a building that would
pntain rooms for lodge purposes and a large hall
hat could be used for entertainments, public
leetings, etc. The location decided upon was the

..^

) First Masonic Temple, Indianapolis, Built 1847.

outheast corner of Washington and Tennessee
'now known as Capitol avenue) streets. The cor-
ler-stone was laid on the 25th of October, but
he building was not finally completed until 1850.
The convention to revise the constitution of the
!)tate held its sessions in the public hall in 1850.
' First Gas Lighting Company, — In 1851 a
;ompany was chartered to . furnish gas light to
he citizens, but it was not until 1854 the city
ook any gas for the streets, and then only for a
jew lamps.

' First Odd Fellows Building. — The same year
he Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows began the erec-
ion of a building on the northeast corner of
;A''ashington and Pennsylvania streets.

Change in City Government. — In the same
/ear the city again changed its form of govern-
inent, surrendering the special charter and ac-
cepting the general law. This change was mainly
)ccasioned because the special charter limited the
bower of taxation to 15 cents on the one hun-
ired dollars, and it had been found totally in-
jidequate to the needs of the city.

Building Permit Ordinance. — Up to the close
,)i the war there had been no steps taken by the
bity to mark the growth of the city in any way,
put in 1864 the council passed an ordinance re-
|uiring those proposing to build to take out per-
nits, and since then there has been a record by
■vhich the changes could be noted.
i First Street Railway. — In 1863 the first at-
tempt was made to construct a street railroad.
Two companies applied for a charter, and after
I long delay and a bitter fight a charter was

granted to the Citizens' Company, and by 1866
about seven miles of track was completed. The
first line was that on Illinois street, and this was
opened in June, 1864, the mayor of the city driv-
ing a car over it.

Indianapolis at Present is the largest inland
city on the American continent, and one of the
most important railroad centers in this country.
It is, too, one of the handsomest cities, and one
of the most prosperous and progressive. Its
growth has been practically that of only two dec-
ades. Within that time it has emerged from a
rambling village-like town into a city of magnifi-
cent business blocks, public buildings and hand-
some residences. It is the commercial, industrial,
social, religious, educational, political and gov-
ernmental center of Indiana — rich in natural re-
sources and one of the most progressive States
in the Union. It is more typically a capital of a
State than any other city in the country and is
recognized as such in all parts of the United
States.

The Area actually within the city is over
thirty square miles. The original plat was one

First Odd Fellows Hall, Indianapolis, 1854.

mile square, and for many years after the first
laying off of the town it kept within those
bounds.

The Population has grown in a wonderful
manner during the last twenty years. In 1870 the
population was 48,244; in 1880 it had grown to

322

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

75.056. In 1890 it showed another great advance,
the returns showing 105,436, and, according to
the United States Census for 1900, the actual
p(j])ulalion was 170.963. including Irvington, a
suburb, which liad since been added to the city.
According to United States Census the popula-
tion in 1910 was 233.650; the estimated popula-
tion lor 1915 is 282.877, showing a gain of 77,622
over estimated population of 1914. Nearly every
naliniialily on the globe is represented in this
population. ( )f the foreign-born the Germans
predominate, closely followed by the Irish.

The State-House is the largest and most im-
posing structure in the city. It is built of Indiana
oolitic limestone, the interior being finished in
marble. It was begun in 1878 and completed in
1888, at a cost of nearly $2,000,000, and is the
only great public building in the country built
within the original estimate of cost. It is located
in the heart of the business section of the city,
in the center of a plot of ground containing
over eight acres. Here are the offices of the Gov-
ernor of Indiana, Secretary of State, Treasurer,
.Auditor, Attorney-General, reporter of the Su-
preme Court, Bureau of Statistics, department of
geology, Adjutant-General, Quartermaster-Gen-
eral, custodian and engineer, department of in-
spection. State Labor Commission, Superintend-
ent of Public Instruction, State Library, State
Law Library. State Museum. State Board of
1 lealth and Charities, State Board of Agricul-
ture. Board of Medical Examination, and the
Supreme and Appellate Courts of the State, and
the offices of all of the various departments and
commissions.

The City Building, one of the most attractive
public buildings in the city, was erected in 1897.
It is ;i handsome edifice, three stories in height
and built of Indiana oolitic limestone. Here are
located the city clerk's office, superintendent of
police, city police court, Bertillon department, de-
tective department, bicycle cor])S, bailiff of police
court, juvenile court, police ])atrol, council cham-
i)er, >l;ition house, morgue and city dispensary.

The City Hall Building. — The ground was
puichased ;it the northwest corner of Alabama
and Ohio streets October 30, 1907, on which to
erect the City ll.all building at a cost of $115,000.
I'.nildniM o|)erations were begun in 1909. and on
July 27. VX)^), the c(.iiRM-^tone was laid. Before
the construction of this building the citv ofiices

were in rented quarters in dii^erent portions of:
the city. For many years the city rented rooms
for the difl:erent ofiices in the Marion countv
court-house. The building cost about $700,000,
and is one of the most imposing structures in the
city and one of the most important works of the
administration of Mayor Charles A. Bookwalter.

Tomlinson Hall. — Among the generous citi-
zens of Indianapolis some years ago was Mr.
Daniel Tomlinson. After his death, on opening
his will, it was found that he had devised a large
amount of real estate and other property to the
city for the erection of a public building, provid-
ing in his will that the building should be erected'
on the west end of what is known as East Mar-
ket square. The devise was accepted by the cityj
and the bequest taken possession of. Nothing
was done, however, toward carrying out the
wishes of the testator for several years. Some
attempts were then made to use the money as in-,
tended by Mr. Tomlinson, but at every efifortj
hostility was aroused, until at last the matter was!
made an issue at a city election. The council then
took steps and the present Tomlinson Hall was
built in 1885.

Marion County Court-House is one of the
largest and most imposing buildings in the city.
It was completed in 1877, at a cost of $1,750,000.
It is occupied by the county offices and the cir-
cuit, superior and criminal courts, Indiana Bar
Association library, Marion county library,
county clerk, recorder, treasurer, assessor, sheriff,
coroner, commissioners, surveyor, etc.

The County Jail was built in 1892 and is archi-
tecturally one of the best built buildings in the
city. It is constructed of Indiana oolitic lime- '
stone and cost $175,000. The sheriff's residence
is located in the building.

The Workhouse is located in the northwest- j
ern part of the city, on West Twenty-first street. |
It is a large brick structure and is provided with j
160 cells. Connected with the institution is twelve j
acres of ground, which is kept under cultivation. |
Prisoners from the city and countv courts are I
sent here.

The U. S. Army Post, "Fort Benjamin Har-
rison," is located about eleven miles northeast
of the city, where the Government has arranged
for the care of a regiment of regulars. The build-
ings for the officers and barracks for the troops
were completed in 1907, and this post is regarded

CEXTENXIAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

324

as one of the best equii.pod in the United States.
It is reached by electric cars every hour, and is
one of the points of greatest interest about the

city.

U. S. Court-house and Post-Office is the only
archiieciural representative of the federal gov-
ernment in the city. The old buildings were sold
tor .^01). 100 in 19(X). The new federal building
erected in Indianapolis was authorized by an act
ui ( nngre^s. approved March 1, 1899, which ap-
propriated SI, 500,000 for the structure. During
PXXJ the -^..vernment ac([uired possession of the
whole sijuare lying between Pennsylvania and
Meridian and Ohio and New York streets by
paying the various owners of the property a total
of $(j26.000. The plans of the building were
(i])ened to competition and Rankin & Kellogg, of
Philadelphia, were the sttccessful architects. The
building is of generous proportions and magnifi-
cent conception. The length of the building over
all is 355 feet 5 inches. This is exclusive of steps
and approaches. The depth over all, exclusive of
stejjs and ajjproaches, is 172 feet 6 inches. The
height over all, from sidewalk, is 91 feet. The
wiirk (in the excavations for the new building be-
gan in May, 1902; the building was completed in
1''04. With the exception of the United States
weather bureau, the United States army recruit-
ing office and the bureau of animal industries, all
the offices of the government are located in this
buiivling. The Indianapolis post-ofifice has been
•established eighty years, and the following is a
list of the i)0stmasters : Samuel Henderson, 1822 ;
Jcihn (ain, 1831 ; Joseph Aloorc, 1841 (removed
by {'resident Tyler one month after appointment
and John Cain appointed ) ; Livingston Dunlap,
1845: .\lexander W. Russell, 1849 (died before
his term ex])ired and his son appointed in his
place) ; James Russell, 1851 ; William W. Wick,
1853: John M. T.ilbott, 1857; A. II. Conner,
18^.1 ;!).(.. Rose, 18C0; W. R. HoUoway, 1869;
J. A. Wildman, 1881; A<iuilla Jones, Sr.. 1885;
William Wallace, 1889 (died April 9, 1891) ; Ed-
ward P. Thomson, 1891; Albert Sahm, 1894;
James W. Ijess. 1898 (died June, 1900) ; George
I'. .McC.innis, 1900; Henry W. I'.eunett, 1905 (re-
signed May, 1908); Robert H. Pryson, May,
I'MIX; Robert K. Springsteen was appointed April
24. I'M.^.

Other Federal Officers and Officials are

1 nite.l States marsh.il, surveyor of customs,

revenue collector, pension agent, special examiner
of pensions, United States weather bureau and
the bureau of animal industry.

The Custom House is a very important ad-
junct to the trade of the city. The value of the
goods imported into the district of Indianapolis
for the fiscal year ending 1915 was $653,997;
total entries, 604 ; duties collected, $267,468.34.

Indiana Girls' School. — First established in
1889 as a part of the Indiana Reformatory In-
stitution for Women and Girls, in Indianapolis,
this institution has been variously known as the
Reform School for Girls (1889), the Industrial
School for Girls (1899), and the Indiana Girls'
School (1907). It was housed under the same
roof with women prisoners until July 11, 1907,
when it was moved to a new location, as author-
ized by an act approved March 11, 1903. The
new school, constructed on the cottage plan, is
located on a farm seven and one-half miles north-
west of Indianapolis. Its post-ofifice is Clermont.
Girls are committed by the courts until they are
twenty-one years of age, the age limit for com-
mitment being from ten to eighteen years. The
girls are given thorough courses in school, man-
ual and industrial training. They may be released
on parole at the discretion of the board of trus-
tees subject to supervision by visiting agents.

Indiana Woman's Prison. — The Indiana Re-
formatory Institution for Women and Girls was
founded by an act of the General Assembly ap-
proved Alay 13, 1869. The institution, located
about one and three-fourths miles from the cen-
ter of the city of Indianapolis, was opened Octo-
ber 4, 1873, there being received that day all the
women then imprisoned in the State prison at
Jeffersonville. While the organic act provided
for separate buildings for the women and girls,
both were housed under one roof. The name of
the institution was changed first to the Reform
School for Girls and Woman's Prison, and ten
years later the two departments were made dis-
tinct and called the "Industrial School for Girls"
and the 'Tndiana Woman's Prison." This change
in name, however, did not obviate the unsatis-
factory conditions growing out of the dual nature
of the institution, and in 1903 the Legislature au-
thorized the erection of new buildings for the
girls. It was stipulated that the new location was
to be otitside of Indianapolis, but within ten miles

United States Court-House and Post-Office, Indianapolis.

Indiana State Capitol, Indianapolis.

326

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ihcreof. Tlie girls were moved in July. 1907. and
the quarters thus vacated were remodeled and
occupied as the correctional department of the
Indiana Woman's I'rison. This department,
opened February 3. 1908. receives women misde-
meanants who would otherwise l)e sent to county
jails. If the sentence is ninety days or less it is
left to the discretion of the court whether the
commitment shall he to the State or to the county
institutions. Tiie institution is managed solely by
women.

Masonic Temple, corner of Illinois and North
streets, is one of the most beautiful structures of
the kind in the country. The building is designed
along classic lines in the Greek-Ionic style, is
very massive and of monumental character. It is
lOO' feet high, with 150 feet on North street and
130 feet on Illinois street. The entire exterior is
of Bedford oolitic stone and the structure is
strictly fireproof. The building was erected un-
der the direction of the Indianapolis Masonic
Temple Association in 1908.

Odd Fellows Building and Grand Lodge Hall,
at the corner of Washington and Pennsylvania
streets, is one of the most notable additions to
the many fine structures that have been erected in
Indianapolis in recent years. Though it has only
thirteen stories it is equivalent in height to a iif-
teen-story building by reason of the high audi-
torium which occupies the top floor. The twelfth
floor is used for Grand Lodge offices and the top
floor contains an auditorium to seat 1,500 per-
sons. The exterior is entirely of oolitic limestone
which is enriched by carvings, executed in a bold
and artistic manner, and so distributed through-
out the design as to give the building a sense of
good taste and refinement. The main entrance is
at the north end of the building on Pennsylvania
street and is expressed by a massive stone en-
trance enriched by beautifully wrought carvings
an<l the (loors arc entirely of l)ronze metal.

Indiana Pythian Building, which was dedi-
cated .\ugust 14, 1907, is located at the intersec-
tion of i'ennsylvania street and Massachusetts
avenue. It is one of the monuments that marks
the new building era of the city and accentuates
Ihe marked <liffereiue in the appearance of the
"down tfjwn district" that has occurred in recent
ye.ii s.

Murat Temple ..t ihe A. A. O. M. S. is one
of tlu- most nni(|ue huildiiigs in America and one

of the sights of Indianapolis. In it is located the
Murat theater, said to be one of the finest and
most complete in the country. It is located at the
intersection of Massachusetts avenue and New
Jersey and Michigan streets. The corner-stone
was laid March 13, 1909, on the twenty-fifth an-
niversary of the charter of Murat Temple of the
Mystic Shrine. Prior to the erection of this
building Murat Temple had its home in the Scot-
tish Rite building. The erection of this building
is due to the initiative of Elias J. Jacoby.

Monuments, Statues, Fountains, Streets,
Etc. — In Indianapolis the center of attraction
is Monument Place. Originally it was known as
the Circle, and was designed by those who made
the first plat of the city as the spot upon which
to erect the mansion of the executive of the State
of Indiana. Now it is the location of the greatest
monument in the world erected to commemorate
the services of its citizen soldiery of the State,
and it is the city's chief adornment.

The Indiana State Soldiers' and Sailors'
Monument. — Indianapolis has the proud dis-
tinction of containing the iirst monument ever
erected directly in honor of the private soldier.
It is also one of the few real works of art in this
line to be found in America. It is not a plain and
unsightly shaft like that on Bunker Hill or in
Washington City, but is a beautiful obelisk of
artistic design. It was designed by Bruno
Schmidt, the great German architect. Its con-
struction was authorized by an act of the Gen-
eral Assembly of the State of Indiana, and
passed at the session of 1887. This act appropri-
ated the sum of $200,000 to defray the cost of
erection, and empowered certain of the State
officers to appoint five commissioners who should
have charge of the work. In addition to the
amount appropriated by the Legislature, the
sum raised by the monument committee of the
G. A. R. was paid over to the commissioners
to be expended by them. In 1891 the State Leg-
islature made a further appropriation of $100,000
to aid in the construction. It was completed at
a cost in excess of $500,000 and was dedicated
with fitting ceremonies, attended by thousands of
citizens from all parts of the State, May 15, 1902,
It is constructed of Indiana oolitic limestone. The
park in which it stands has an area of 3.12 acres,
and lies at the intersection of Meridian and Mar-
ket streets. It is surrounded by a circular street.

CENTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

328

paved with asphalt. There arc four approaches
10 the monument from the surrounding street,
the approaches on the north and south sides lead-
ing directlv to the stairway by which the terrace
surroun.ling the base of the pedestal shaft is
reached. The monument, including the crownmg
figure, is 284', feel in height. The top of the
m..iuiment is reached by an elevator and stairway
from the base of the interior of the shaft. A
magnificent view of the city of Indianapolis and
tiie surrounding country is obtained from the top
of the monument.

Monuments to Notable Men.— Four epochs

Masonic Temple, Indianapolis.

in the history of Indiana are commemorated by
bronze statues of representative men of the
times occui)ying positions around the monument
between the converging points of the intersecting
streets. These are the ])eriod of the Revolution,
rej. resented by a statue of (ieorge Rogers Clark;
the war with Mexico, by a statue of (jovernor
W hitconib ; the warof 1812 and the battle of Tip-
pecan(.e, by the statue of William Henry Harri-
son ; and the war for the Union by Indiana's
j,'real war Ciovernor, ( )Hver I'. Alorlon.

George Rogers Clark Statue stands on the
lioiibwest (.1 ilir iiioiiuinent and represents that
daunllr^s command, r leading his little band of
""•" ''- 'l'«- capture of |-,„l Sackville from the
liands of the liriiisli. To t lark, more than to any

other man, is the United States indebted for the '
acquisition of the territory northwest of the Ohio
river. The statue was designed by John H. Ma-
honey, of Indianapolis.

William Henry Harrison Statue occupies at
position northeast of the soldiers' monument and
is a fitting memorial of the period of the Revolu-
tionary war. General Harrison was appointed
first Governor of Indiana territory in 1800, and
during the twelve years he served as executive
of the embryo State he extinguished the Indian
titles to more than 29,000,000 acres of land now
included in the State of Indiana. His campaign
against the Indians culminated
in the battle of Tippecanoe, No-
vember 7, 1811. This statue was
designed by John H. IMahoney,
of Indianapolis.

James Whitcomb Statue com-
memorates the third period in
the military history of Indiana,
and stands to the southwest of
the monument. During his ad-
ministration the war with Mex-
ico occurred, lasting through the
years 1846-47-48. During the
six years he served as Governor
of Indiana he did much to re-
store the State's credit, which
had been impaired by the failure
of the internal improvement sys-
tem, and it was largely through
his efforts that a sentiment w-as
created among the people in
favor of the establishment of
benevolent and reformatory institutions. This
statue was designed by John H. Mahoney, of In-
dianapolis.

Oliver P. Morton Statue stands to the south-
east of the soldiers' monument. After the death
of Governor Morton, in 1877, his friends con-
ceived the plan of erecting a statue in Indian-
apolis, in commemoration of his inestimable serv-
ice during the war for the Union ; and to carry
this plan into effect the "Morton Memorial Asso-
ciation" was organized. A bronze statue of Gov-
ernor Morton was cast, for which the association
paid $14,000. By the authority of the Legislature
the statue was placed in the center of Circle park,,
where it stood until the erection of the soldiers''
monument, when it was removed to the south-

Pythian Building, Indianapolis.

Odd ^"ellows Building, Indianapolis.

Murat Temple, Indianapolis.

Majestic and Scottish Rite Buildings, Indianapolis.

V///jDS3QS

William Henry Harrison.

George Rogers Clark.

A^wv^

flovcriinr j.-iiuL's W Iiilconilj.

Oliver P, Morton.

Statues in Monument Place, Indianapolis.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

331

east to represent the fourth period in the mihtary
{history of the State. He will be known to future
generations, as he is to the present, as Indiana's
.great war Governor. This statue was designed
iby Franklin Simmons, of Rome, Italy, and was
cast there.

Schuyler Colfax Statue. — The iirst citizen
jof Indiana to reach the vice-presidential chair
'was Schuyler Colfax, who had served three terms
IS speaker of the national house of representa-

statue is of bronze; the pedestal is of Bavano
granite from the quarries at Lake Maggiore,
Italy. Two allegorical statues representing "His-
tory" and "Peace" stand upon the base of the
monument to its right and left. The monument
was designed by R. H. Parks, of Florence, Italy.
Statue of Gen. Henry W. Lawton, who fell
at San Mateo, Philippine Islands, December 19,
1899, formerly stood on the southwest corner of
the county court-house grounds, but was moved

Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument.

ives. He was a leading member of the Odd Fel-
ows, and to his memory that organization has
;rected a bronze statue in University park. It
vas erected in 1887. The designer was Laredo
Taft, of Chicago.

: Thomas A. Hendricks Statue. — Governor,
enator and Vice-President of the United States,
rhomas A. Hendricks was one of the distin-
guished sons of Indiana, and to him the people
'f the State have erected a bronze statue in the
.outheast corner of the state-house grounds. It
VB.S erected by popular subscription, and unveiled
n July, 1890. The statue itself is fourteen feet
IX inches high, and the monument as a whole has
height of thirty-eight feet six inches. The

to Garfield park in 1915. It was unveiled May
30, 1907, with most impressive services, attended
by President Roosevelt, and was built as a tribute
to the memory of General Lawton by the people
of Indiana. It was designed by the noted sculp-
tor Niehaus.

Monument to Governor Morton, which stands
at the east entrance to the state-house. was un-
veiled July 23, 1907. It is the second statue
erected in the city, and is a tribute of the State to
the memory of the great "War Governor."
Through the efforts of the G. A. R. a bill was
passed by the Legislature of 1905 appropriating
$35,000 for the purpose. The figure was designed
by Rudolph Schwartz.

332

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

tion of a substantial dam, whic
is one of the handsomest ma
sonry structures of its kind ii
the country. A splendid boule
vard stretches along the rive
bluffs within the park, golf link!
have been established, and th
clubhouse of the Canoe club i
located here. One of the mos
entertaining features of this pari
is the collection of birds and an
imals. !

Garfield Park is located in th('
southeastern section of the cit'<j
and contains about 108 acres. L
is one of the most pleasing biti
of landscape in the city.

Military Park lies betweei
Nev^ York street and the Indi|
ana Central canal on the nortl!
and south, and West and Black
ford streets on the east and west'
and includes fourteen acres, Ir
the early days of the city's his
tory it was known as "Militarj
Reservation," and was the place
where the militia musters were
held. All the military companie<!
of the city during the pioneeij
days camped and drilled there,
and at the time of the Black-i
hawk outbreak 300 Indiana mili-1
tia camped there before marching to Chicago. Ii
was also the first camping ground of Indiana's!
quota of six regiments under President Lincoln's
first call for troops, and throughout the war it
was used as a camp ground. The park was then!
known as Camp Sullivan. Many of the old forest
trees still stand, with some hundreds of younger
growth. A large fountain is situated in the cen-
ter of the park at the meeting place of the con-
verging pathways.

University Square comprises four acres
lying between Pennsylvania and Meridian streets
on the east and west, and Vermont and New!
York streets on the north and south. It was the
site of a university that flourished from 1834 to
1846, and thus acquired its name. A statue of
Schuyler Colfax stands in the southwestern side.
St. Clair Square adjoins the grounds of the
Institution for the Blind on the north, from Me-

Peace Groups, Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument.

Benjamin Harrison Monument was erected
at the south edge of University park, opposite the
Federal building, by the Benjamin Harrison
Monument Association and unveiled October,
1908. It had its inception in the desire of friends
of the late President Harrison throughout the
country to perpetuate the memory of his life and
services in the city of his residence among the
people he loved and with whom he spent the
larger part of his mature years.

The Park System. — Indianapolis began the
work of building parks on a systematic plan in
1895, when J. Clyde Power was appointed park
engineer.

Riverside Park is the largest and most pre-
tentious park in the city. The lands embraced by
it were purchased in 1898 and contain 950 acres.
White river runs through the park, the water of
winch IS utilized for boating purposes by the erec-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

333

Idian to Pennsylvania streets,

xtending to St. Clair street. It

5 four acres in extent, and in

';s center there is a fountain.

leached by North Pennsylvania

treet cars.
Brookside Park is one of the

ew additions to the park areas,

nd is located in the eastern part

>f the city. It contains about

ighty acres of beautifully

yooded land.
Fairview Park is the most

lopular outing place near Indi-
Inapolis. It is the property of

he street car company, is located

even miles northwest of the city

nd is a beautiful expanse of

bout 200 acres of wooded hills

nd ravines overlooking White

iver and the Indiana Central

anal. Ample street car service
iS maintained regularly between

he park and the city, sufficient

0 handle the large crowds that
ittend it. The park is well
.applied with amusement fea-

ures, and a well-stocked restau-
•ant conducted at popular prices.
Other Parks and Park Places
ire Elmwood Place, Fletcher
r*lace, McCarty Place, Morris
-'ark, Morton Place, Wayne Place and Hendricks
i'lace, Ellenberger Park, at Irvington, and other
)arks and places.

. Thoroughfares. — This city can lay claim to
laving some of the handsomest streets and ave-
lues of any city in the country. In the original
flatting the streets were made broad, but some
lave been narrowed in recent years.

Lockerbie Street. — A little street that has be-
come famous because of its association with the
H^oosier poet, whose home is situated in it, is
Lockerbie street. His home has been here for
:wenty years or more. Mr. Riley's discovery of
Lockerbie street impressed him so much that he
ndited a poem to it that first appeared in the
Indianapolis Journal. The part he refers to is
3Ut a block long, a roadbed of gravel, greensward
Dn the sides, fine old trees with flowers and lawns
n front of the old-fashioned houses. The march

War Groups, Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument.

of improvement has not marred its original
quaintness and beauty and it is yet as when he
wrote :

"O, my Lockerbie street ! You are fair to be seen —
Be it noon of the day or the rare and serene
Afternoon of the night — you are one to my heart
And I love you above all the phrases of art.
For no language could frame and no lips could repeat
My rhyme-haunted raptures of Lockerbie street !"

Churches and Charity. — Indiana has from the
earliest years of its pioneer history given due at-
tention to the vital matters of morals and religion.
In the early French occupation the missionary
priest was always the pioneer, who was on the
ground long before the immigrants appeared. In
the American settlement of the west the settler
came first, but as soon as a small community had
been formed the earnest pioneer preacher, full of
fervor and zeal, would come to call the people to
a realization of their spiritual needs. In the

334

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA j

1
earliest, but both came before the Rev. Ludlow

G. Haines, of the Presbyterian church. The first;

CathoHc service was held here in 1835, and th^j

first Jewish congregation was organized in 1855.';

Orphan Asylums. — Several orphan asylums
are maintained in the city. The Indianapolis
Orphan Asylum was incorporated in 1851; the
German General Protestant Orphans' Home,
which is under the supervision of the German
Protestants of the city ; the German Lutheran
Orphans' Home, which is supervised by the Ger-
man Lutherans of the city, and Home for Friend-
less Colored Children.

The County Poor Asylum is located north-
west of the city, and the Poor Farm covers 220
acres.

Young Men's Christian Association of Indi-
anapolis was organized December 12, 1854. Ir
the long years of its existence its influence foij
good has been demonstrated in thousands of in-
stances. The public appreciation of the benefi-;
cent work of this organization was shown in a
practical way by subscribing over $250,000 ir
1907 to a fund to further its work and extend its,
influence.

The Young Women's Christian Associatior

Bt-njamin Harrison Monument, University Park.

autumn of 1821 — the city having been laid out in
April — the people of the newly incubated me-
tropolis had the gospel preached to them by min-
isters of three denominations. Either Rezin
Hammond, a Methodist circuit rider, or John
McClung, of the New Light school, can be
claimed as having been the first to preach in Indi-
anapolis. They came about the same time in
1821, and accounts vary as to which was the

l,u(.kerl)ii' .Street,

anap

Made famous by the Hoosier Poet, James Whitcomb Riley,
in wliich his home is situated.

336

p.tr^yvr

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

was organized in 1870. It maintains amply sup-
plied reading rooms and library, a fine gym-
nasium, etc. There are also classes in German,
literature, sewing, etc.

Charities. — Several charities are carried on by
private contributions, some of which are con-
nected with special churches, while others are
nonsectarian. These include homes for orphans,
home for friendless women, homes for aged poor,
a summer sanatorium for the benefit of sick
children, and other organizations of a benevolent
character for the relief of the poor and suffering.
In religious endeavor and humanitarian effort,
no less than material progress, Indianapolis is
representative of the best ideals and most useful
activities.

Crown Hill Cemetery. — This is one of the
most beautiful and interesting resting places of
the dead in the country. The organization having
control of it was founded in 1863 and the ceme-
tery was dedicated in 1864. It is located about
three miles northwest from the center of the
city and embraces over 540 acres. It contains
the national cemetery, in which are buried the
Union soldiers who died in Indianapolis and
those whose bodies were brought here for inter-
ment. There among the soldiers for whose wel-
fare he worked so tirelessly lies the body of
Governor Oliver P. Morton ; also that of Thomas
A. Hendricks, Vice-President of the United
States ; President Benjamin Harrison and many
other notable men and women.

Other Cemeteries are the Roman Catholic,
Lutheran and Jewish.

Sanitary Organizations. — The Quarantine
Service is under the control of the department
of public health and charities. The city council
appropriates a special fund for the prevention of
the spread of contagious diseases.

Hospitals. — There are many hospitals in In-
dianapolis, including the institutions for the in-
sane, the blind and deaf and dumb, that are
supported by the State. They are as finely
equipped and as ably conducted as any in the
country, and there is no kind of bodily suffering
that may not find skilful treatment and kindly
nursing in one or the other of these healing insti-
tutions, where the most eminent physicians and
surgeons give freely of their time and skill. The
wealthy patient may command all the luxuries a

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338

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

St. Mary's Cathedral.

fine private home could give, and the poor man
may enjoy comforts and conveniences not pos-
sible in his condition.

The City Hospital is under the control of a
supc-rinlendent ap])ointed by the department of
|)ublic health and charities, assisted by internes
who are graduates from the regular medical col-
leges and are selected by a competent board of
examiners appointed by the board of health.
The City hospital was built in 1856, and its bene-
ficiaries are the sick poor of the city. The Indi-
anaiMilis Training School for Nurses is conducted
in tiiis institution under the charge of the hos-
|)ital authorities.

Protestant Deaconess Home and Hospital is
(-•(inducted under the auspices of the German
I'rotfstants. li is located on North Capitol ave-
lUK- in one of the fmesl hos])ilal buildings in the
city. Patients are received from any ])lace.

The Robert W. Long Hospital, which has a
lolal capacity of eighty-live beds and sixteen pri-
vate rooms, was dedicated June 15. 1914. It is a
part of the e(|uipinenl of the University Medical
School, and furnishes superior facilities for clin-
ical leachiiiM. Tin- buildin-, complete in every

particular, was erected at a cost of $250,000, and
is a token of the generosity of Doctor Robert W.
Long and Mrs. Long, of Indianapolis.

St. Vincent's Hospital, located on the corner
of Fall Creek boulevard and Illinois street, is one
of the greatest of the institutions erected and
conducted under the auspices of the Catholic
church in this city.

The Methodist Episcopal Hospital, which is
located on Sixteenth street, between Capitol and
Senate avenues, is conducted under the auspices
of the Methodists of Indiana.

Central Hospital for the Insane. — The Legis-
lature of 1844 enacted a law setting aside a spe-
cial tax of one cent on each one hundred dollars'
($100) worth of property listed for taxation for
the erection of a State Lunatic Asylum. Steps
were at once taken to carry out the requirements
of the law. A site on West Washington street,
three miles from the center of the city of Indi- ,
anapolis, was purchased August 29, 1845, and the j
erection of buildings begun, but it was not until i
1848 that it was possible to receive patients.!
The first was admitted November 21 of that'
year. The name was changed first to the Indiana!
Hospital for the Insane and later to the Central |
Indiana Hospital for the Insane. This institu-'
tion is one of the largest of its kind in the United;
States. The hospital has a pathological labora-'
tory completely equipped for scientific study and!
investigation. A lecture course for physicians
and medical students is maintained.

Indiana State School for the Deaf. — "Thei
Asylum for the Education of the Deaf andl
Dumb" was authorized by an act of the Legisla-,
ture, approved January 15, 1844. The institution'
was opened in a rented building on the southeast

Robert W. Long Hospital, Indianapolis.

340

CEXTi:XXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

coriKT of Illinois an.! Maryland streets. Indian-
apolis. October 1. 1^44. On October 1. 1846.
ihe school was moved to a lar<(er building on the
south side of Washington street, between Penn-
sylvania and Delaware streets. The site on East
Washington street was acquired in 1S46. and the
building erected thereon was occupied October 2,
1S.=^(>. An act of the Legislature of 1903 pro-
vided for the relocation of the school, and on
Mav 12, 19(».^. a commission com])osed of the
( .overnor. the Attorney General and the Board of
Trustees of the institution purchased a tract
containing 70.93 acres of land four miles north
of the center of Indianapolis, where the institu-
tion is now located. Tlie name of the institu-
tion was changed by the Legislature of 1907 to
the Indiana State School for the Deaf. The
school is open to all deaf children of suitable
capacity between the ages of eight and twenty-
one vears. Attendance is compulsory for chil-
dren from eight to sixteen years of age. All
maintenance exi)enses are ])aid by the State, but
the ])Upils must l)e supplied with clothing. This
institution is not an asylum, but a school and a
p.'irt of the Stale's educational system.

Indiana School for the Blind. — lly an act ap-
proved January 27. 1847, j)rovision was made for
the establishment of the Indiana Institute for the
I'^lucation of the Hlind. On October 1. 1847,
the scIkjoI was o])ened in rented property, the
building contemplated by the law not being ready
for occupancy until about the middle of Febru-
ary. 1853. This building, located on North
street, between Pennsylvania and Meridian
streets, Indianapolis, is still in use. The name of
the institution was changed in 1907 to the Indi-
ana .School for the lUind. The purpose of the
school is j)urely educational. All the common
school br.mches are taught and a thorough course
is given in several industrial trades. Tuition,
board ;iii(l washing are furm'shed bv the State;
elothinjL^ and traveling expenses 1)\' parents or
i^uar.lians. The sehof.l is open to all blind chil-
'Iren (.f suitable c.iii.icily between the ages of
ei^ht ;ind tuenty-one years. Allendance is com-
I'ulsoiy for children eight to sixteen vears of age.

Asylum for Incurable Insane.— In .Mav. 1900,
a new ;isylum for the incur.ible ins.ine was com-
|>l«-led at julietla which li.as acconiniod.uic.ns for
150 inmates. The building is fireproof, two
stones hiul, .,,,,1 ni..dern in every respect. It is

equipped with a steam heating, water and light-
ing plant, and cost in construction $106,000.
The farm which the institution occupies contains
148 acres and cost $8,857.

City Dispensary is under the control of a
superintendent, who is appointed by the board of
public health and charities, and is assisted by five
internes. These internes are selected from the
regular medical colleges by a board of examiners.
The dispensary maintains an ambulance service
and responds to emergency calls.

Bobbs' Free Dispensary, in connection with
the Indiana University School of Medicine, is
located on the northwest corner of Senate avenue
and Market street.

Notable Private Sanatoriums. — There are
several here that are sought by the afflicted and
are nationally known for their efficiency in the
treatment of mental, nervous and other physical
ailments. Notable among these are "Neuron-
hurst," "Norways" and Mt. Jackson sanatoriums.

Hotels, Clubs and Places of Amusement. —
The hotel is a necessary instittition in any place
or settlement presenting any kind of urban pre-
tensions, and Indianapolis, among its first settlers,
included a tavern-keeper, Hawkins by name, who
built a cabin from the abundant supply of logs
which surrounded the site, and gave notice that
he was prepared to furnish good entertainment
for man or beast. His monopoly did not last j
very long, for, in 1822, a year after he estab- I
lished business, Thomas Carter erected a larger ;
hostelry and furnished entertainment for immi-
grants, who at that time were coming in some- '
what numerously, and who needed a stopping i
jdace until they could build cabins of their own. |
Carter's tavern was also utilized for meetings, |
and the first theatrical performance was held in I
it. The Bates House, which, until 1901, was rec- (
ognized as one of the city's chief hostelries, was;
built in 1852. It served its purpose with distinc-
tion until 1901, when it was torn down to make
room for the Claypool.

Clubs and Social Organizations. — Club life in
Indianapolis has come to be one of its most
prominent and interesting features. There are
nearly 250 organizations and miscellaneous soci-
eties re])resenting club life in the city. These
t'nibrace social, political, literary, musical, dra-
matic, athletic, driving clubs, etc. Some of the
club-houses in point of construction and equip-

342

CEXTEXNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

mcnt are the equal of the finest in the country
and represent an investment of many thousands
of dollars, afifording their members a variety of
luxuries and delights not possible at home.

Columbia Club.— It might be matter for aston-
ishment to become aware of what our inland
Hoosier Slate has done, not only for her sisters,
but for the world at large. For out of this Judea
have come jjrophets to all people. Statesmen,
poets, novelists and artists, song and story, and
men to sit in the highest place of honor have
been sent out to the world from Indiana; and
nowhere in the west is there a people more
athirst lor knowledge and beauty than in our
flourishing western capital, Indianapolis. Out of
this have grown clubs for the propagation of all
interests — social, artistic, literary and political.
The Columbia club was dedicated New Year's
eve, December 31. 1900, and is an organization
which has grown out of these conditions. The
features and functions of this club are so unique
as to call attention to it all over the country. In
all its acts and influences it fosters the principles
of Republicanism, and yet is never dominated by
extreme j)artisanship. Through the extended in-

fluence of the many strong men who are among
its members, it is a potent factor in all public
questions of Indiana, and often in the politics of
the country. There is probably no club in this
country which is more widely known on account
of events which have taken place within its walls
affecting large national political interests. Its
membership is in no sense local. Outside of
Indianapolis its members are chosen by invitation
from every county, important town and commu-
nity in the State. Men who are so honored must
be Republicans and representative in some dis-
tinguished manner of the community in which
they reside. As a business man's club it repre-
sents eminently a large portion of the leading
men of affairs in Indiana. It is the foremost
social club of Indianapolis and of the State, and
the only social State club in this country. The
club building is situated on Monument place.

Indianapolis Maennerchor was organized in
1854, and is one of the oldest and most influential
German organizations in this city. It has given
in concerts and in courses of instruction the best
works of German composers, and it has been
potent in developing the love of music in this

! »

Coliimhia Club, liulianapolis.

Severin Hotel, Indianapolis.

344

(F.N ri:XXI.\[. HISTORY and handbook of INDIANA

Cluimlifr of CuninKTce Building. Jndianapolis.

coMiiiuinity. its membership is composed of
aeti\e members who are musicians or students,
and ((tilers to wliom the social features of the
ori^Muization a])i)eal. In 1906 it erected its pres-
ent maj^niiticent building on the northwest corner
of Michigan and Illinois streets, and it is one of
the finest cxam])les of clulj architecture in Amer-
ica. It is sumptuously furnished and is fitted
with all the conveniences necessary to modern
club lile. A uni(|ue feature of the buihling is
the bi'aulitul roof garden.

Das Deutsche Haus, one of the linest (ierman
i-lubdiouses ii) the country, is the result of a reso-
lution p.'issed by the Socialer Turnverein of In-
fliaiiapolis in 1891 to ])rocure more commodious
i|uarli'r->. A building association was foimded
an<l incorporated with a capital .sto:k of $100,000,
which was later increased to $160,000. iiefore
the building operations were begun it became evi-
dent that the time was ])ropili()US to build a club-
iiouse (il siitlirient projiortions to accommo late
the 'iiunverein and oihrr ( ierman literarv.
niusu-;d and dramatic societies. The lirst ohicial
mcetinn ..i' ili,- s|M-k association was held in
jannarv, lS»i. kr-,i ,,si:,i.. w^s inuxhased in the

same year, 135x203 feet, at the corner of New
jersey and Michigan streets. Ground was broken
in the summer of 1893, and the first of the build-
ings, the eastern half, was dedicated on Washing-
ton's birthday, 1894. The balance of the real es-
tate, now comprising a fourth of a block, was
jnnxhased in 1896. In 1897 the building on the
corner was begun and completion of the improve-
ments were celebrated by a three days^ festival
in June, 1898. In pursuance of the plan of the
builders, Der Deutsche Klub, a social club, was
organized upon completion of the first building.
Der Musikverein was founded in October, 1897,
and in 1899 these two clubs were merged under
the name of Der Deutsche Klub and Musikverein
of Indianapolis. Notable features of the club
are the Sunday school, a girls' industrial school
and kindergarten that are maintained by indi-
vidual effort. A series of choral and orchestral
concerts during the winter, and band concerts in
the garden, weekly, during the summer months
are special attractions.

The Indianapolis Board of Trade. — This or-
ganization was the successor of the old Chamber
of Commerce and was organized June 12, 1882.
It has, at present, a membership of over 500,
among which are to be found not only the grain
dealers, but many of the leading merchants,
manufacturers and financiers of the city. ^lany
prominent legal and professional men also hold
membership in the organization. The objects of
the association are to promote the commercial,
financial, industrial and other interests of the
city of Indianapolis ; to secure uniformity in com-
mercial usages and customs ; to facilitate business
intercourse ; to promote commercial ethics, and
to adjust differences and disputes in trade. The
P)Oard of Trade is the headcjuarters for the grain
trade in this city. The Indianapolis cash grain
market is established through the medium of its
grain call, which takes place each business day at
noon. The fine eight-story office building at the
southeast corner of Meridian and Ohio streets is
the home of the Board of Trade.

Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce w as or-
ganized in December, 1912. It was the request
of a consolidation of the Indianapolis Commer-
cial Club, the Indianapolis Trade Association, the
Indianapolis h^reight Bureau, the Manufacturers'
Association and the Adscript Club. Later the
lndianai«)lis C'onvention aiul Tourists' P.urcau

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

345

was also absorbed. The purpose of the oro-aniza-
tion is to promote the commercial, industrial and
general welfare of the city of Indianapolis and
vicinity. In addition to its general offices the
Chamber maintains various departments or divi-
sions, these being the following: Wholesale
Trade Division, Manufacturers' Division, Freip-ht
and Traffic Division, Advertisers Club, Conven-
tion Division and the Municipal Development
Division.

The work of the Chamber is performed by
nearly half a hundred different committees in
whose membership are found most of the mem-
bers of the Chamber. In addition to working for
the industrial and commercial progress of the
city and taking a very lively interest in all public
affairs, the Chamber maintains an attractive and
commodious club. It is the owaier of an eight-
s^ory building at Meridian and Pearl streets.
Three and one-half stories of this building are
occupied by the Chamber with its general offices,
departmental offices, social rooms, reading rooms,
billiard room, committee rooms and cafe.

The Indianapolis Propylaeum was incorpo-
rated June 6, 1888, for the [uirpose of promot-
ing and encouraging literary endeavors, also for
erecting and maintaining a suitable building that
would provide a center of higher culture for the
public and particularly for the w^onien of Indi-
anapolis. It is located on North street, opposite
the State School for the Blind. The membership
is composed exclusively of women.

The Independent Turnverein. — This societv
was organized January, 1879. The present hand-
some club-house is one of the most substantial
contributions to club architecture in the citv.

Marion Club maintains its club-house on
North Meridian, opposite the site of the new
federal building. It is maintained for the pur-
pose of promoting the interests of Republicanism
ind has a very large and active membership,
.vhich embraces some of the most highly honored
md popular men in the Republican party.

The Indiana Club was organized in 1907 by
)rominent Democrats of the city and State for
he purpose of advancing the interests of their
)olitical organization in local. State and national
iffairs.

The Canoe Club maintains a splendidh'
■quipped club. It has a membership of about

346

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

300 business and professional men, who
enjoy boating and give encouragement
to aquatic sports. Beside the club-
house its members own numerous
steam and electric launches, canoes
and other craft, which are cared for in
a well-appointed boat-house.

Other Club and Society Buildings.
— Among other notable club and so-
ciety buildings are the Scottish Rite
building, the Elks' Club building, the
University Club, the club building
erected by the Knights of Pythias
lodges, Highland Golf Club and many
others.

The Race Track, located on the
State fair grounds, is one of the best
in the country.

The Speedway, which was built in
1909. is the largest track of its kind in
the world built specially for motor car
racing and for large outdoor events.

Indiana State Fair, which is held in
Indianapolis in the fall of the year, is
the great event that attracts thousands
of Indianians with their families to the
Ploosier capital. It is the annual ex-
hibition of progress in agriculture, hor-
ticulture, stock raising and the various
departments of husbandry. In 1893
the State Board of Agriculture secured
the beautiful tract of 214 acres north-
east of the city it now has covered
with convenient buildings, including
the magnificent coliseum erected in
1907, which is one of the finest and
largest in this country. The ground
formerly occupied by the fair was sold
in 1892 for $275,000. and is now one
of the most attractive residential dis-
tricts in the city.

Educational Institutions, Libraries,
Etc. — The streets and highways of In-
dianapolis had hardly been staked ott
l)y the surveyor when the few people
who had gathered here at this embryo
capital of the State began to look,
around and make some arrangements^
for the education of the children. At^
that time there was no provision for'

34S

CEXTI-:NX1AL history and handbook of INDIANA

]>uljlic. or free, schools, and the o
L(ku-ation were hy i^rivate or "subscription"
.schools. The tirst l.uiMin- devoted to education
in the city was erected at the intersection of Ken-
tucky avenue and Washington and Illinois streets.
I'Voni that little iK-.i^nnning has developed the
j,M-eat school system of Indianai)olis which has
made the Indiana capital take hij^h rank in edu-
cational matters amon.<( the cities of the country

nly means for bright, and the young city was buoyant with ex-
pectations of the future of the new school sys-
tem, when the courts decided that the taxation
])rovided for by the Legislature w^as illegal, and
the schools were compelled to depend for their
maintenance on what was received from the gen-
eral school fund. In consequence of this decision
the schools languished for some years, but after
a wdiile a brighter day dawned, and once again

Ihe magnilicenlly endowed school fund of the the people were permitted to tax themselves to
State (.f'^indiana, and the opendianded liberality maintain schools for the general education of

hi(li;uiai)i)lis Speedway. — Photo by }]'. H. Cobitni.

ot the peopk- ol Indianapolis, have united in their children. From that day the progress has I
buikling up the present .great free school system. been steady and rapid. The city has been fortu- !
just when lndian;i])()lis tirst began to feel the nate in its selection of those chosen to have gen-
impetus nl the legislation in favor of free schools eral management and control of this great
It receixed a severe setback l)\ an adverse de- interest. One idea has been steadily before them,
cisinn ol ihe Supreme (ourl. ll was just emerg- and that was to bring the schools up to the high-
ing Irom ihe lirst crude elVdrts to esla])lish free est grade possible, while at the same time ftir-
M-hools. and was getting on a higher ])lane when nishing ample provision to accommodate all the
this decision came. ( Iradcd schools were b.>ing children. Under the law all persons between the

established in (hi'fereiil parts ol the cilv, and the
"oM seiniiiaiy." wherein nia!i\- of ilie youth in
the early days ol the city iiad b^ en i)re])ared for
'"olle<^>e. had been clianged iiUo a high sidiool
nnder the jurisdidiun ol iju- eily. Hope was

ages of six and twentv-one years are entitled to
school privileges.

Other Schools. — The efficiency and numl)er of
schools which Indianajiolis possesses in addition
to those belonging to the public school .system is

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

349

also a matter of pride and importance. Several
schools of music are conducted where pupils are
brought by eminent instructors to the highest
degree of skill and knowledge to which they are

capable. In the Herron Art Institute painting, g

sketching, pen-drawing and modeling are taught |

by capable artists. This school is maintained SL

and controlled by an association of liberal citi- !?

zens. The schools which are connected with the 5'

Catholic churches are popular and attended by »q

many pupils from distant parts of the country, 5

and there are other schools of education, of sten- =^

ography, telegraphy, business colleges and others oj

in great number. For literary culture the people §

of Indianapolis have the advantage of two large _

and several small but very valuable libraries. B-.

The Manual Training High School is one of g

the largest and most thoroughly equipped insti- o_

tutions of its kind in this country. The history •^'
of manual training in Indianapolis schools began
in the establishment of the Gezverbc Schule,
which was organized by a number of German
citizens, particularly active among whom was
Clemens Vonnegut, Sr., who had been a mem-
ber of the public school board for twenty-seven
years. Later the Gezverbe Schule was disbanded
and merged into the Manual Training school.
With the year 1889, when a course of wood-
working and mechanical drawing, in charge of

W. H. Bass, was opened at high school No. 1 g"

(now Shortridge High school), it became a part q"

of the public school work. The numerous appli- c?r

cations for admission to this department soon ^

proved the popularity of a course of this nature tT

in the high school curriculum, and the school r^.

'board of 1891 conceived the idea of the estab- S-

lishment of a school in which special attention 2-

ishould be paid to manual training. The city n

I council sanctioned the establishment of such an g!

institution, and levied a special tax of hve cents ^

per hundred dollars for its erection and mainte- =:

inance. Consequently ground was purchased in ^

1892 and the building begun, costing $165,000. in '^

March, 1894. The school was opened February ^

18, 1895. The curriculum of the school includes Er.

a regular high school course and a course in me- ^

chanic and domestic arts. The latter consists of g.
woodworking, forging, foundry work, pattern
imaking, machine shop practise and mechanical
drawing for the boys ; cooking, sewing, hygiene

SiK...

350

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

and home nursing for the girls. Further, courses
in stenography, typewriting and bookkeeping.

Free Kindergarten and Domestic Training
Schools.— There are schools of this character in
the city under the supervision of a board of di-
rectors of the Free Kindergarten Association.

The State Library was started soon after In-
diana became a State, but for several years it
met with but little encouragement from the Leg-
islature, and through carelessness and neglect
many of its most valuable books were lost or
destroyed. Within the last few years, however,
the Legislature has been more liberal in furnish-
ing means for the purchase of new books and
caring for the library. The library occupies
several elegantly appointed rooms in the state-
house. The library contains about 70,000 vol-
umes and a large number of pamphlets.

Public Library was established in 1873 under
the authority of the school commissioners. It
occupies a handsome stone building erected for
its use by the city. It has connected with it a
reading-room for consulting the books, and for
the use of those who desire to read the papers
and periodicals kept there for that purpose. The
reading-room is kept open from 9 a. m. until 10
p. M. on each day of the week. Any citizen is
entitled to withdraw books from the library for
home reading. The whole is under the control
of the board of school commissioners. Branch
libraries were established the latter part of 1896
in various parts of the city, each being supplied
with 1,500 to 5,000 volumes, and newspaper,
magazine and reading-room accommodations.
There are now five Carnegie and seven sub-
branch libraries in the city. Beside these there
arc fouitccn delivery stations where books are
delivered to and received from the patrons of
the lil)rary. There are 195,899 volumes and
paniiihicts in the librarv.

Agricultural Library of the State Board of
Agriculture, located in the state-house, contains
altoiU 1.2(K) \-olunies.

Marion County Library, located in the court-
houM-. was cslal.lishcd in 1844, and contains
alxnu 5.200 volumes. It is open on Saturdays.

State Law Library, which was separated from
the Slate library in 1867, contains over 40,000
volumes. It is located in the state-house.

Indianapolis Bar Association Library, in the

Marion county court-house, contains over 8,000
volumes and was established in 1880.

Horticultural Library, of the State Horticul-
tural Society, in the state-house, contains over
500 volumes.

Other Libraries are Bona Thompson Library,
Butler University, at Irvington ; the St. Aloysius,
St. Cecilia, Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., Law School
library and excellent special libraries in the dif-
ferent medical colleges.

Butler College, Indianapolis. — Was incorpo-
rated by special act of the Legislature in January,
1850. Its charter was obtained under the
auspices of the Christian churches of Indiana,
and its name was then "Northwestern Christian
University." In 1877, on account of the large
gifts of land and money from Ovid Butler, the
institution was renamed in his honor ; but the
charter was otherwise unchanged, and the spirit
and scope of the work carried on remained the
same. The first location of the college was at
College avenue and Fourteenth street, Indian-
apolis, but it was changed to the present campus
in Irvington — then outside of the city — in 1873.

The college began its work with a subscription
of $75,000 to its funds. This amount was in-
creased from time to time by gifts, and still more
largely augmented by the sale of the old campus
when the removal was made to the present site.
Until 1907 the income-bearing endowment had
for a long time remained stationary at about
$200,000; but in March, 1907, a movement for
the increase of the resources of the institution
culminated in the addition of $250,000 to the
productive endowment. This additional fund has
now been collected so that the work of the col-
lege can be greatly strengthened. The physical
equipment of the college represents an invest-
ment of about $300,000 in addition to the
amounts named above. The campus and adjoin-
ing property comprise about twenty-five acres,
the campus proper being beautifully wooded.
There are five substantial buildings, besides the
astronomical observatory. The most noteworthy
of these is the Bona Thompson Memorial Library
Ijuilding.

The college has always been associated with
the Christian church. It is bound by its charter
"to teach and inculcate the Christian faith and
Christian morality as taught in the sacred scrip-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

351

tures," but is under no other religious or sec-
tarian limitation. The institution has maintained
from the beginning a liberal attitude toward all
classes of students that have come to it. It is
the first college in the world to open its doors to
women on exactly equal terms with those ofifered
to men. In educational policy the college has
adhered to the theory that it is the function of a
college to give a liberal education in the arts and
sciences. It has resisted the tendencv toward

America and Europe. In 1907 Doctor Scot But-
ler, for many years president of the college, was
retired on a pension by the Carnegie Foundation
for the Advancement of Teaching. He was suc-
ceeded as president by Professor Thomas C.
Howe, for many years head of tlie department of
Germanic languages.

Indiana University School of Medicine, Indi-
anapolis.— By provision of an act of the Legisla-
ture, Indiana University was expressly author-

Butler College Buildings and Campus.

excessive specialization, and continues to stand
for general culture. It has, nevertheless, kept
pace with the educational progress of the coun-
try, advancing its requirements for a degree and
: adding new departments, as these steps were re-
quired by the educational movements of the age.
The requirements for admission and graduation
are now equal to those of the largest universities
of the country, and the degree of Butler College
is recognized as equivalent to the corresponding
degree of any other educational institution.
i The college maintains a faculty of trained spe-
cialists in their respective departments, who have
enjoyed the advantages of the best universities of

ized to teach medicine. Acting upon this
provision, for many years science courses were
given which led up to the course in medicine.
About 1890 a full biologic course was established
which was equivalent to the course given in the
freshman year of the best medical colleges of the
time, with the exception of dissection in human
anatomy. In 1903 a full two years" course, in-
cluding every subject taught in the freshman
and sophomore years of the standard medical
college, was established.

Indiana University School of Medicine now
represents a union of all of the medical interests
formerly represented by the Medical (. ullege of

352

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Jiuliana. located al Indianapolis, organized in
1869: the Central College of Physicians and
Surgeons of Indianapolis, organized in 1879; the
l-ort Wavne College of Medicine at lu^rt Wayne,
Ind.. or-^niized. in 1879; the Indiana University
School i>\ .\le(licine al 1 U( m miington, Ind., organ-

Indiana Dental College.

ized in 1903, and the State College of Physicians
and Surgeons of Indianapolis, organized in 1906.
In Sei)tenil)cr, 1905, the Medical College of In-
diana, the Central College of Physicians and
Surgeons and the Fort Wayne College of Medi-
cine merged under the name of the Medical Col-
lege of Indiana, the School of Medicine of
I'urdue Cniversity. In the summer of 1907 the
Indiana L'niversity School of Medicine and the
.State College of Physicians and Surgeons merged
under the name of the Indiana E'niversity School
of .Medicine, and in Aj)ril, 1908, negotiations
were completed wherehy the Indiana Medical
College was united with the Indiana University
School of .Mc-dicinc.

I he progressiveness in higher medical educa-
lion is shown in this school ])y its requirement that
each student nuist ])ossess a credit of at least
two years of a college course hefore he is entitled
to matriculate as a .student of medicine and sanc-
tion uuisi tJK-n \)c given by the Indiana State
Mrdicd I'.oard. The American Medical As.socia-
ii'in pl.nH'd this school among the A-])lus .schools.
* *'" "I ihc- Klf) nu'dical institutions now in exist-
ence, iIktc- arc hut twenty-two given this superior
standing. The Roherl W. Long llos])ital, which
was dnlir.ilrd Jniir 15. 1914, is a ])art of the
niuipnuin oi' ilu' I inversity .\k-dical School, and
tnruislus supcridr lacilities for clinical teaching.
I lie hnilding, ronipkir in every i)articular, was
^•reclrd at a eosi of $25().(K)0, and is a token of

the generosity of Doctor Robert W. Long and
Mrs. Long, of Indianapolis.

The clinical advantages, in addition to its ovv'n
hospital, the Long Hospital, are derived from the
City hospital, Protestant Deaconess, Methodist,
St. Vincent's and the Central Indiana Hospital
for the Insane. Bedside teaching is paramount.
In addition to this is the Bobbs and City Dispen-
sary, which is also conducted by the college.

The officers of the university are : William
Lowe Bryan, Ph. D., LL. D., president; Charles
Phillips Emerson, A. B., M. D., dean of the
School of Medicine; Burton D. Myers, A. M.,
M. D., secretary at Bloomington ; Edmund D.
Clark, M. D., secretary at Indianapolis, and John
F. Barnhill, M. D., treasiuxr.

The Indiana Law School (Department of
Law of the University of Indianapolis). — The
Indiana Law School was organized in 1894 for
the purpose of giving to the law students of the
middle west an opportunity to acquire a more
thorough and systematic knowledge of the law
than has heretofore been afforded them by any
institution within easy reach of their homes, and
especially to give to those young men who con-
template the practise of law in Indiana the same '
facilities and advantages which are to be found .
in the oldest schools of law. The school, now i

College of Missions.

entering upon its twentieth year, has already!
taken high rank among the professional schools
of the country. Being the capital city of the;
State, wdiere the Suj^-eme ami ai)pellate courts,!
the federal courts and the local courts, both civil

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

353

ind criminal, are in session practically through-
3Ut the year, the students have unusual oppor-
tunity for witnessing court procedure in all its
vrarious forms, and the sessions of the Legisla-
ture enable them to see how the business of law-

Indiana Veterinary College, Indianapolis.

making is transacted. With the rapid growth of
the State in wealth and population, the law of
Indiana, while in its general and elementary fea-
tures like that of the other States of the Union,
has developed a jurisprudence of its own. A
thorough and practical knowledge of this law can
not be acquired at law schools located in other
States. The course of study covers a period of
three years of thirty-two weeks each, and the
two classes have separate and distinct instruction
throughout the course. The dean of the Indiana
Law School is James A. Rohbach, A. M., LL. B.

Indiana Dental College, Indianapolis. — Was
established in the fall of 1879. The course in the
college consists of three sessions of eight months
each. The institution is co-educational, admitting
women on the same terms as men.
I The college has about 1,500 graduates, and
Ithey are in practise all over the globe. Many of
them have attained national distinction in their
profession.

The clinic of the college is large and interest-
ing. The operatory is eighty feet long and fifty-
four feet wide, on the second floor of the build-
ing, facing on both North and Meridian streets.
,Here work is done for the general public. The
icollege sees about 3,000 patients each year, and
as the most of these have several operations per-
iiformed, the total of operations runs into the tens
fof thousands. Every operation known to dental
fsurgery is performed. The oral surgical clinic

is especially good, and all operations which do
not require that the patient be put to bed after it
are performed at the college. Graver operations
are performed at one of the hospitals, the stu-
dents having an opportunity to be present. The
dean of the college is Frederic R. Henshaw,
D. D. S.

Indiana Veterinary College, ln(liana])olis,
was established by Louis A. Greiner in 1892. It
is one of the most distinguished of this character
of educational institutions in the United States.
In its earlier development it was materially as-
sisted by Ferdinand A. Mueller, its present sec-
retary and treasurer, in the financial direction
and erection of the present college building in
1909. Doctors William B. Craig, dean of the
faculty; G. H. Roberts, president, and Joseph
W. Koltz, vice president, notable veterinarians
and educators, are the executive officers of the
college. The college maintains one of the finest
hospitals for the treatment of animals in the
country, which is one of the most important ad-
juncts to the college building. Graduates of this
school are eligible to membership in the Ameri-
can Veterinary Association and are recognized
by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United
States.

Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.

Indianapolis College of Pharmacy was or-
ganized in 1904 as a department (if Winona
Technical Instilulc, at Indianapolis. Since its
organization its (levelopnicnl has lieen steady and
several hundred students have graduated from

354

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

it from all parts of the United States and foreign
countries. The course leading to the degree of
Ph.G. covers two years of twenty-six weeks each.
Each year is divided into two terms of thirteen
weeks each. A period of about five months sepa-
rates the two college years. This often is of
great advantage, enabling students to spend the
intervening time in practical and profitable work
in pharmaceutical establishments. The college
was reorganized May 14 with a capital stock of
$50,000 to secure added facilities for the work.
The officers are Ferdinand A. Mueller, president,
and Edward H. Niles, secretary.

Teachers' College. — The Teachers' College of
Indianapolis has become one of the most favor-
ably known teacher-training schools in the

Lain Business College.

United States. Mrs. Eliza A. Blaker, the presi-
dent of Teachers' College and superintendent of
the Free Kindergarten schools of Indianapolis
since their organization in 1882, was called to
Indianapolis by Mr. A. C. Shortridge to estab-
lish a kindergarten in the Hadley-Roberts Acad-
emy. Later she organized the system of free
kindergartens in Indianapolis, which has received
the indorsement of Indianapolis citizens and the
substantial supi)ort of the General Assembly of
Indiana. Teachers' College of Indianapolis was
first founded in 1882 under the name of Kinder-
garten Normal 'JVaining School, which later was
changed to the Indiana Kindergarten and Primary
Normal Training School. In 1893 the name was
again changed to the Teachers' College of Indi-
anapolis. The aim of the school during its for-
mative period was the training of kindergartners.
While this is slill conlinued as an essential de-
partment of the teaclier-training, the courses of
instruction now included in the curriculum of the
college are not only arranged for the training of
kindergartners and grade school teachers, but
also aiford the specialized training so necessary

to the teachers of domestic science, art, music •
and manual work. In 1907 the Teachers' College
was fully accredited by the State Board of Edu-
cation and thus has obtained official recognition, f
In addition, the students are also fitted for play- 1
ground work, for teaching defective children and!
for work in social settlements. During the
thirty-three years of its existence some 3,000
students have received diplomas, while at least
double that number have taken partial courses
and work in certificate courses.

Lain Business College is the leading private
commercial school in Indianapolis. It was estab- ;
lished in 1906 by Mr. and Mrs. Marvin :\I. Lain. ■
The building occupied by the school was built;
by them, and is one of the largest business col-
lege buildings in the State.

The Normal College of the North American
Gymnastic Union is an institution established
for the purpose of educating teachers of physical]
training for schools maintained by gymnastic so-j
cieties, for public schools and for higher educa-j
tional institutions. The college is empowered by I
law to confer academic titles and degrees onj
students that complete certain prescribed courses. |

The Normal College is associated with, and'
controlled by, the North American Gymnastic
Union, which was organized in 1850 for the pur-
pose of bringing up men and women strong in
body, mind and morals, and for the promotion
and dissemination of progressive and liberal
ideas. It is not a money-making institution, asi
the tuition fees cover but a fraction of its ex-
penses. The additional income required for the
defrayal of expenses is derived from appropria-
tions made by the North American Gymnastic
Union and from assessments that are levied on a
guaranty fund created by subscriptions. The
college is located in the east wing of the German
House. I

College of Missions. — The Sarah A. Davis-
Dctcrding Memorial is located in Irvington and
is conducted under the auspices of the Christian
Woman's Board of Missions for the purpose of |
training missionaries and Christian workers. |
The ground was broken for the erection of the |
building August 29, 1907. The offices of the
Christian Woman's Board of Missions are lo-
cated in this building.

Indiana Central University, just south of In-
dianapolis, was incorporated October 6, 1902. It >

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF IXDIAXA

o:)D

was not, however, until September 26, 1905, that
;its doors were opened for the reception of stu-
jdents. The school came as the result of a want
long felt by the Church of the United Brethren
in Christ for a school in Indiana. In a sense the
ischool is the logical successor of the old Harts-
ville College, which for many years flourished at
Hartsville, a village east of Columbus, Ind. The
latter school had gone down under the disastrous
fire which destroyed the building, and certain
differences which had arisen from changes of
ithe fundamental laws of the church. Several
times there had been put forth plans for the re-
newal of church educational enterprises in the
State, in the interim between the closing down of
the old school and the opening of the new, but
it was not until the summer of 1902 that plans
sufficiently matured and practicable to invite co-
operation were advanced. The church felt at
that time the work, could be done, and the subse-
quent history of the new school has justified the
hopes of those who backed the enterprise. The
proposition laid before the three annual confer-
ences by William L. Elder, a well-known busi-
itiess man of Indianapolis, to give, upon certain
:onditions, the land for a campus and to erect a
.:ollege building thereon, met with favor in the
i:onferences, and the college is the direct out-
growth of his proposition. The present beauti-
ful and imposing administration building was
erected and the property turned over to the board
pi trustees.

: University Heights, the home of the college, is
it the junction of the Pennsylvania railroad and
;he Indianapolis, Columbus & Southern Traction
Company, a little more than a mile south of the
present city limits of Indianapolis.
' Railway Facilities. — The great resources of
'tndianapolis have been made available as ele-
nents of progress by the development of trans-
portation facilities that are exceptional in their
completeness. The earliest years of the State's
listory preceded the railway era, and during
;hose first years the towns that were located upon
he Ohio river and the lower Wabash had a great
idvantage over any other of the locations in the
5tate. Soon afterward came the canal building
;ra, when American enterprise manifested itselt
ill over the country in the endeavor to give con-
venient outlets to the products of the various
ections through the medium of artificial water-

ways, Indiana especially ])articipating in tlie ex-
tensive canal building activity by constructing
the Wabash & h:rie canal from Toledo to lA-ans-
ville, 476 miles, which is the longest in the- I'niicd
States, part of which is l,eing hel<l by the slack-
water navigation on iIk- Mauniee and Wabash
rivers, 'idie Whitewater canal, from i^awrcnce-
burg, on the Ohio, to Ilagerstown. was also l)uilt.
and these waterways for many years const itule<i
the principal features, outside oi ilie ( )liio river,
in the transportation facilities of the State. The

Union Station. Indianapolis.

canals are still use«l to a consideral)Ie extent,
although the section of the Wabash cS: i'.rie canal
between Fort Wayne and Lafayette has not been
used for many years. In 1S47 the tirst. railroad
was completed into lndiana])olis. and connected
this citv with the ( )hio river at Madison. This
was the beginning, and the transportatitm lacili-
lies ha\e continueil to increase, until now there
are sixteen completed lines in Indianapolis, con-
necting in the State with nian\ other lines, which
all bring their passengers to one magnificent
union station. The erection of the presi-nt union
jiassenger station was bei,Min in IS8S. Xo capital
city in anv of the States is more advantageously
situated with rel'erence to convenience of access

356

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

In- the citizens of the State, and there are but
feu county seats in the entire State from which
it is not possible to reach InchanapoHs and return
the same (la\'.

Indianapolis Union Railway Company. — The
Indianapolis L'nion Railway Company succeeded
in 1883 to the enterprise inaugurated in 1853 by
the Union Railway Company. The company
operates fourteen miles of track known as the
r,i-ll railroad, which is double-tracked and ex-
UMids around the city, and also has a mile of
track in the city, connectin,!:;- the Belt with the
union passen.sfcr station, which is also owned by

ated in and out of Indianapolis every twenty'
four hours, and these carry more than 6,000,00
people annually. I

Indianapolis secured its first interurban line'
in 1900, when two short lines were completed
one between Indianapolis and Greenfield, a disj
tance of sixteen miles, and between Indianapoli[
and Greenwood, a distance of twelve miles.

Indianapolis Terminal Station, for use of th<j
electric roads entering Indianapolis, was the ide;'
of Hugh J. McGowan, president of the Indian
apolis Terminal and Traction Company. It ii
the greatest station of its kind in the world, ane

Belt Railroad and Stock Yards.

this company. The station is one of the finest in
the United States, has a train shed 300x650
feet, and has a handsome three-story brick build-
ing surmounted by a lofty tower, which is a
beautilul structure in Romanescpie architecture,
ii^rd tor offices and waiting rooms of the station.
< 'vcr OIK- million freight cars are handled annu-
all\ o\er the P,elt railroad. It was the first
switching r.iilroad to be built in the country,
and Innisfers freight from factory switches to
all ro;i<ls.

Interurban Railways. — Coming into its great
lerminal station, the linest in the world, are four-
U-en inilei)endent electric traction lines, connect-
nig Willi more ili;in Iwenly-live roads, which tap
one ol ihe I iehest and most densely populated
sectioii> ui Ihe country. Over 600 cars are opcr-

was buih at a cost of $1,000,000. The building
in addition to being the terminal for all electri<
traction interests, is one of the finest office struc)
tures in the city. j

The Indianapolis Terminal and Tractioi!
Company. — The completeness of the street ca]
service of Indianapolis is one of its most notablij
features. Over 168 miles of track are in operaj
tion, reaching all sections of the city, parks am]
suburbs. The first street car line was built iij
this city in 1864, and from this grew the presenj
magnificent system. Under the management o^
the present company, which was organizec
August 4, 1902, many notable improvements anc;
extensions have been made. |

The Belt Railroad & Stock Yard Compan)
of Indianapolis was organized in 1877. The geoi

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

357

graphical location of the yards has made this the
most important point in the country for the un-
loading, watering and marketing of stock des-
tined for New England and export slaughter.
The system of railroads centering at Indianapolis
makes it the most accessible point in the country
for live stock shippers. The great capacity of
the yards and the facilities for unloading, resting
and reshipping are unequaled by any other yards
in the country, east or west.

' Track Elevation in Indianapolis was started
by the Commercial Club at a meeting held in
1894. The meeting authorized the appointment
of a permanent commission on track elevation to
continue the effort in Indianapolis until success-
ful. The commission was headed in the begin-
ning by Colonel Eli Lilly as chairman and Will-
iam Fortune as secretary. On the death of
tolonel Lilly in 1898, Mr. Fortune became the
chairman, and has since continued at the head of
the commission. In 1898 an ordinance was
passed under the Taggart administration regard-
ing elevation of tracks, but was defeated in the
courts. Finally in 1905, under the Holtzman
'administration, track elevation at the Massachu-
jsetts avenue crossing was started.

Early Banking in Indiana. — The history of
banking in Indiana from the earliest settlement
of the territory until the inauguration of the
national banking system has furnished many in-
teresting pages — vivid pictures of frenzied
finance, with eras of artificial prosperity and wild
speculation, to be followed by periods of depres-
sion and financial failure.

In the earlier days money was rarely seen.
Peltries were used as currency and values were
estimated in coon skins and other commodities.
Many interesting anecdotes are related to illus-
trate the expedients to which the early settlers
were driven to supply mediums of exchange.
One that aptly describes the situation is told of
i settler near Vincennes who required the serv-
ices of a doctor. When time for settlement came
he discharged the obligation by giving the doc-
,tor an agreed number of ax handles, the only
commodity he had. The doctor in turn drove
lo town and made a purchase of bacon, flour,
)Stc., paying the merchant in ax handles. After
computing the value of the ax handles, as the
imount was greater than the value of the mer-
chandise purchased, the merchant gave the doc-

hidiana National Bank.

tor two hatchet handles as change for the differ-
ence due him.

Indiana had no distinctive currency of its own.
Spanish milled dollars and a few notes of the
Bank of the United States and its branches and
"cut silver," an attempted division of a dollar
into five qviarters, according to E. Chamberlain,
an early historian, was the only circulating
medium.

First Banks in Indiana. — In 1814, the Ter-
ritorial Legislatvire chartered the Bank of \'in-
cennes and the Farmers' and jMerchants' Bank
of Madison, and on January 1, 1817, the Bank
of Vincennes was adopted by the Legislature as
a State bank. It was empowered conditionally
to adopt the Farmers' and Merchants' Bank of
Madison as one of its branches and to establish
other branches at Brookville, Corydon and \'e-
vay. Immediately upon its adoption, its man-

Fletcher American National Bank.

,r-K

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

a<,aTs entered upon a system of frenzied nnance,
i *suin.i( more ]>a])er than the bank could possibly
redeem, and embezzling $250,000 deposited in
the bank by an agent of the United States for
safekeei)ing. The notes of the l)ank became
ucrthless. but the bills of the Farmers' and
Merchants' Hank of Madison were ultimately re-
deemed after passing at a depreciated value for
many years.

In IS.^2. when the State began a vast scheme
of internal improvements, witnessed another
period of inflated currency. Cheap money, im-

Mcrclianls' Xatiunal

I'.ui

ported from Michigan by the contractors on the
tanals and other i)ublic works, was used by them
in jiaying their laborers. It was paid out in
vast >ums and very little of any other kind of
money was in circulation in Indiana. Merchants
and millers and others also issued ])ills. Wm.
11. Snnlb, in bis history of Indiana, says: "As
a rule these bilK, or 'shin-])laslers,' were redeem-
able only at ibe mill or llu- store of the issuer.
• • . .Most ot the merchanls or nii'lers
eventually became bankrupts and left thousands
I'l dollars of iheir currency unredeemed." Ac-

cording to the same authority, Asbury Univer-!
sity issued a great many of these "shin-plasters,''
all of which the university redeemed.

Present Financial Institutions. — According tc
the report of the Banking Department of the
State of Indiana, of June 23, 1915, there were
258 national banks in operation in the State, with
total resources of $244,134,274.76. Under State
supervision, there were 378 State banks, total
resources $103,441,098.16; there were 144 trust
companies, total resources $126,116,750.76; there
were 201 private banks, total resources $30,058,-
998.12; there were five savings banks, total re-
sources $14,703,030.30, and 341 building and
loan associations December 31, 1914, with total
resources of $56,427,548.66. The grand total
of all resources of building and loan associations'
and all banking institutions in Indiana according'
to this report was $575,242,318.61.

Banking in Indianapolis. — The history of
banking in Indianapolis dates back to the early
days of the city, when a'private bank was started:
but the first chartered bank was the State Bank
of Indiana, which was chartered in 1834, with aj
capital of $1,600,000. The charter was to run'
twenty-five years and half of the capital stocki
was to be taken by the State, which raised the
money by the sale of bonds. The State's shard
of the dividends, after paying the bonds, was tq
go to the establishment of a general school fund
and this was the foundation of the excellent en-|
dowment of Indiana's public schools. The in-;
vestment ultimately yielded to the State $3,-1
700,000 after the payment of the bank bonds'
The main bank and one of its branches were
located in Indianapolis, beginning business No-
vember 26, 1832. The first president of this bank
was Samuel Merrill, with whom were associatec
Calvin Fletcher, Seaton W. Norris, Robert Mor-|
rison and Thomas R. Scott as directors. In 184C
the bank removed to its new building at Ken
tucky avenue and Illinois street. The Indian
apolis branch was organized with Hervey Batee
president and B. F. Morris cashier. After tht
charter expired, the Bank of the State of Indianr
was chartered, the interest of the State being
withdrawn, and Hugh McCulloch, who was latei
secretary of the treasury of the United States
became president of the bank, which remainec
in business, with seventeen branches, mitil tht
inauguration of the national banking system

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

359

when the various branches were merged into dif-
ferent national banks in their respective locaHties.
WiUiam H. Enghsh organized the first national
;|bank that was established in Indianapolis May
11, 1863. It was known as the First National
Bank of Indianapolis and was one of the first
in the country to operate under the national
banking act. The bank facilities of Indianapolis
are furnished by six national banks, with re-
sources of more than $55,000,000, and nine trust
.companies, with capital and resources in excess
of more than $39,000,000, in addition to State
jbanks, most of which are devoted more especially
to investment banking and the loaning of money
;on mortgages for clients.

Beginning of Trust Companies. — The devel-
opment of the trust company business in Indian-
apolis and throughout the State has been the
most important feature of financial business dur-
ing the past twenty years. The law authorizing
the establishment of trust companies was passed
|by the Legislature in 1893, but prior to that time
there had been several attempts to secure such
a. law. Forty years ago a tentative organization
was formed for a safety deposit company with

Indiana Trust Company Building.

Union Trust Company Building.

some trust features, but the Legislature refused
to grant the necessary rights, and the matter was
dropped. In 1891 several citizens of Indian-
apolis, notable among whom were John H. Holli-
day and John P. Frenzel, seeing the need of such
institutions, presented the matter to the Legis-
lature, but without success. At the next session,
in 1893, the matter was brought forward again
by them, and a fair and substantial law was
adopted. So good was it that few changes have
been made in it since, only one of which, that
permitting the organization of companies in
smaller towns with smaller capital stock, has had
any particular effect upon the business.

First Trust Companies. — Conditions were
ripe in Indianapolis for the organization of two
companies immediately, and the establishment of
the Indiana Trust Company on April 4, 1893,
and the Union Trust Company on ^lay 31, 1893,
speedily followed. This was followed by the
Marion Trust Company, December 10, 1895,
after which time nine others were established.
Of these one failed and three have gone out of
business by sale or consolidation, leaving nine
in the field. Trust companies have also been
established in almost ever}- county seat, the prin-
cipal towns having more than one.

The great factor in building up the business
has been the lack of savings l)anks. The anti-
quated law authorizing such institutions has been
prohibitory, and no successful savings bank has
been started in more than sixty years. This has
left a rich and virgin field which the trust com-

360

Cl-XTEXNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Fletcher ^^a\■lng.s and I'rust Coniiuiny IjUikling.

panics have occupied, thus satisfying "a long-felt
want." This has been recognized and permitted
by the authorities, although not specifically au-
thorized in the fundamental law. It is safe to
say that seventy-five per cent, of the trust com-
pany deposits are of this character or such that
interest is ])ai(l on them. The trust companies,
dealing mainly in time money, can afford to do
this, and the benefit to the people of the State
is inf.iKulalile. Tliey are not only encouraged
U) save money by being provided with ample de-
positories and receive interest on it, but the enor-
mous anidunl ihal is gathered in this way is made
available for ibe uses of business. Indiana se-
cunties tor many years went abroad, but now
they are alnu.sl entirely al)S()rl)ed by her own
people. who.se ability to take them has been
greatly enhanced by the existence of trust com-
p:mies. These companies have also ])roved of
great value in their work of trusteeship in its
varie.l necessities, and their use in this line will

increase as wealth accumulates and their great
advantages are realized. — John H. Holliday.

Journalism and Publishing. — Indianapolis
had a newspaper before it had mail facilities,
roads, or even the most primitive means of reg-
ular communication with the outside world.
There are at present over ninety daily, weekly,
bi-monthly, monthly and quarterly publications
issued from this city. In class or industrial pub-
lications Indianapolis is exceptionally well repre-
sented, some of the most influential journals of
their kind in the country being published here.
In recent years this city has also become prom-
inent as a book and music publishing center. In
the mechanical and manufacturing branches of
the printing business it has kept pace with the
largest cities in the country, and it affords ad-
vantages in the production of blank books,
coupon books, bank and county office supplies
not excelled elsewhere. There are several large
plants located here
engaged in this work,
and Indianapolis
ranks third in size as
a publishing center in
this country.

The Indianapolis
News, now the oldest
daily paper published
in Indianapolis, is lo-
cated in the ten-story
building constructed
for its needs, in 1909,
by Delavan Smith,
one of its owners.
The building is on
the site of the old
News building in
Washington street
and immediately in
front of the New^s
Mechanical building
in Court street. The
business and editorial
offices of the paper
are in the new build-
ing, while the manu-
facturing processes
are carried on in the
fireproof building Indianapolis News Building.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

361

^constructed for that purpose in 1896. The News
was founded by John H. Holliday in 1869, and
:has had a continuous existence from that date.
ilt was the first two-cent (ten cents weekly) daily
paper in the West. Though not an old paper,
as compared with other publications in the East,
iyet its career spans practically the period of de-
iVelopment of the modern newspaper.
I The News has had but two owners, its founder
'and his associates, including Major W. Richards,
and the present proprietor, Delavan Smith, with
whom was associated for about twenty years
Charles R. Williams as editor. Mr. Smith is
inow the publisher and sole owner. Louis How-
land is the editor and Richard Smith the man-
paging editor. There are employes in every de-
partment who have grown up with it, including
the present general manager, Hilton U. Brown,
'who began as market reporter in 1881.

The Indiana Times was established on May
\2, 1888, under the name of The Indianapolis
Sun. It is a daily afternoon paper and for a
period published a Sunday morning edition.

The Indianapolis Star was established in
1903, first issue appearing on June 6th. Immedi-
ately after it was started the Star associated itself
with the Muncie Star and the Terre Haute Ex-
press, now the Terre Haute Star, the three form-
ing the chain of papers known as the Star
League. On June 8, 1904, the Star management
bought the Indianapolis Journal, its morning con-
temporary, a high-class newspaper estabhshed
as a weekly in 1823, and as a daily in 1850. The
Journal was merged with the Star and some of
its best features incorporated in the latter paper.
In February, 1906, the Star bought the Sunday
Sentinel and combined it with the Sunday Star.
Thus the Star became the only Sunday and
morning newspaper in Indianapolis. In June,
1907, the Indianapolis Star removed to its present
quarters at the northeast corner of Pennsylvania

Indianaiiolis Star Builclin.u.

and New York streets, a building built especially
for its use. John C. Shafifer is editor and pub-
lisher of the Star, B. F. Lawrence is business
manager and Ernest Bross managing editor.

The German Daily Telegraph and Tribune.
— Established 1865, is the only German and the
oldest daily newspaper published in Indianapolis.
It is independent-democratic in politics, and is a
member of the Associated Press. It is published
by the Gutenberg Co. The Sunday Spottvogel,
a humorous and literary paper, established in
1865, is also published by this company. August
Tamm is president of the company.

The Indianapolis Commercial. — Published
daily by the Central City Publishing Co., makes
a specialty of court news, financial matters, etc.,
and has a wide and influential circulation. It is
considered the standard for newspapers of this
class in the LTnited States. Fred L. Purdy is
the editor and O. L. Thayer secretary-treasurer.

The Indianapolis Daily Live Stock Journal
is devoted to the interests of shippers and is pub-
lished at the Union Stock Yards.

Other Publications are numerous, embracing-
weeklies, semi-monthly and monthly issues,
among which are a number of the most influ-
ential trade journals in America.

Interior Big Four Railway Shops, Beech Grove.

362

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

MARSHALL COUNTY

I'LV. MOUTH, SEAT OF JUSTICE

MARSH AIJ. COrXTV lies in the second
tier of counties south of the Michigan-
hiihana Slate hue. It forms a scjuare with an
area of 441 s(iuare miles. The principal drainage
stream of the county is Yellow river, which flows
diagonally across its area from northeast to
southwest. The southeastern portion is drained
i>y the Ti])pecanoe river, which crosses the outlet
through Pine creek into the Kankakee. There are
a uumher of picturesciue lakes, among them being
.Maxinkuckee. one of the largest and most beau-
tiful in the State.

The surface of the county is composed of gla-
cial drift, and when first settled most of it was
covered with a tine growth of timber. By the
labor of the sturdy pioneers the land has been
cleared and drained, so that immense crops of
corn, wheat, oats, hay and other products have
hern ])roduced on the muck lands, which were

formerly considered almost useless. It is bounded
on the north by St. Joseph, on the east by Elk-
hart and Kosciusko, on the south by Fulton, on
the west by Pulaski, Starke and Laporte coun-
ties.

Organization. — Marshall county, named after!
Chief Justice Marshall, was formally organized I
on April 1, 1836. Plymouth has been the county
seat of Marshall county since its beginning.

Population of Marshall county in 1890 was
23,818; in 1900 was 25,119, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 24,175, of
which 828 were of white foreign birth. There
were 6,057 families in the county and 5,962
dw^ellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
ten townships in Marshall county : Bourbon,
Center, German, Green, North, Polk, Tippecanoe,
Union, Walnut and West. The incorporated

I';ir:i(k> (iroiiiuls and Battalion Review, Cuher Military Academy, Marshall County

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

363

South Barrack, Culver Academy.

cities and towns are Plymouth, Argos, Bourbon,
Bremen, Culver and LaPaz. Plymouth is the
county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According- to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Marshall county
was $7,710,705 ; value of improvements was
$2,739,815, and the total net value of taxables
was $18,975,070. There were 3.881 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 105 miles of
improved roads in Marshall county built and un-
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $189,426.40.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
113.24 miles of steam railroad operated in Mar-
shall county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; Indian-
apolis & Michigan City division of the L. E. &
W. ; New York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Pittsburg,
Fort Wayne & Chicago, and the Michigan City
division of the Vandalia railroads.

Educational. — According to the report of
Louis E. Steinbach, county superintendent of
Marshall county, there were 123 schoolhouses.
including ten high schools, in Marshall county
in 1914, employing 201 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 4,991. The ag-
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend-
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was
$97,638.05. The estimated value of school prop-
erty was $392,475, and the total amount of in-
debtedness, including bonds, was $62,000. In

addition to the above, Marshall county has a Lu-
theran school in Bremen, a Catholic academy at
Plymouth and Culver Military Academy on Lake
Maxinkuckee, at Culver.

Agriculture. — There were in .Marshall county
in 1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 268,000
acres. Average acres i)er farm, 95.3 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $22,000,000,
showing 75.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $58.76. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,200,-
000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $595,-
000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs
41,000, valued at $280,000; sheep 24,000, valued
at $107,000. The total value of poultry was $104,-
000.

Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were
eight industrial establishments in Plymouth,
which furnished employment to 250 persons.

Culver Military Academy. — Culver was
founded in 1894 by Henry Harrison Culver, a
business man of St. Louis, Missouri, who had
come to realize the lack of system, order and im-
mediate obedience on the part of the young men
whom he took into his employment. The first
school opened in a frame l)uilding witli twenty-

Black Horse Troop and Kidiiiji; Hall. Culver
Military Academy.

364

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

L'uUcr Race uii Lake Alaxinkuckec by Culver
Naval School.

five pupils, ihis building was destroyed by fire,
but was replaced with a fireproof brick barracks,
which was opened in 1895. The following year,
after the military academy at Mexico, Missouri,
had burned, Mr. Culver succeeded in efitecting
a combination of the Indiana and Missouri
schools under the management of Colonel A. F.
Fleet, the founder of the Missouri Academy.
Under his superintendency, the Culver Military
Academy acquired an enrolment of nearly seven
hundred cadets and achieved high rank as a mili-
tary school. Colonel Fleet retired as superin-
tendent in 1910, and was succeeded by Major
Leigh R. Gignilliat, who had been commandant
of cadets at Culver from 1896. Mr. Culver, the
founder, dying in 1897, members of his family
since that time have greatly strengthened the in-
stitution and beautified the grounds. Five bar-
racks, for cadets, a gymnasium, riding hall, hospi-

tal, administration building, class rooms and lab-
oratories, and a magnificent mess hall and kitchen,
which Governor Marshall helped to dedicate in
1911, constitute the material equipment of the
school. The academy is a member of the North
Central Association of Schools and Colleges. The
entire routine of the school is ordered closely on
the lines followed at West Point. One of the
favorite features of the work at Culver has been
the cavalry drill and the Culver Black Horse
Troop has made a reputation for horsemanship
that has traveled beyond the United States.
After President McKinley was inaugurated in
1896, the black horses used by his Ohio escort
were sold to. the Culver Academy and have al-
ways been replaced from time to time.* Dur-
ing the inauguration of President Wilson and
Vice-President Marshall, the Culver Black Horse
Troop acted as personal escort to Mr. Marshall.
The Culver Summer Naval School was estab-
lished in 1902, with a session of eight weeks in
which naval drills supplant the infantry drills of
the winter school. The United States Navy De-
partment supplies ten- and twelve-oar cutters for
the use of the school. The instructions are
under an Annapolis graduate and an act of the
Legislature has also authorized the mustering
in each summer of the cadets as the First Bat-
talion of the Indiana Naval Militia. In 1912, a
school of woodcraft was added to the Culver
program with Daniel Carter Beard, founder of
the Boy Scouts of America and chief scout com-
missioner, in charge of this department. The
Culver Military Academy is located on the north
shore of Maxinkuckee, overlooking xA-ubbenaub-
bee Bay.

* On October 24, 1915, many of these horses were lost in
disastrous fire which destroyed the barns.

MARTIN COUNTY

STIOALS. SEAT OF JUSTICE

M\KTI.\ COUNTY is located in the south-
Wfstnii part of the State, about fifty
inik-s north of tin- ( )Iiio river and forty miles
east r,f ilic Wabash, or western border of the
State. Tlie east fork of White river trav-
erses the county fr.,ni the northeast to the

southwest. It is bounded on the north by
Greene, on the east by Lawrence and Orange,
on the south by Dubois and on the west by
Daviess counties. Its surface is broken and
hilly and the conditions render the county as a
whole unsuitable for general farming, but there

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

365

is quite an amount of Martin county, which is
bottom land, that is very fertile and produces all
kinds of grain and grasses. In its original state,
the county was very heavily timbered with black
walnut, yellow poplar, white and red oak and
other hardwoods. There is still quite an area that
is heavily timbered, but the landowners, recog-
nizing the agricultural possibilities, are reclaim-
ing the waste lands by proper scientific methods
and are establishing commercial orchards and go-
ing into the production of grains and grasses on
an extensive scale and into stock raising and
grazing. The soil in the major portion of Martin
county is freestone soil, underlaid at varying
depths from six to seventy-five feet in sandstone ;
also much of the lands are underlaid with a very
fine grade of bituminous coal. There are many
drift mines in the county and a few shaft mines.
From the central portion of the county to the
northern quarter there are found numerous iron
deposits of red and blue hemastite. On one part,
near the eastern border of the county, a company
is mining a vein some forty feet in depth. The
county is dotted with fine springs of pure, cold
water. The renowned Trinity and Indian Mineral
Springs and the famous LaSalle Springs are lo-
cated here. In addition, nature has been lavish
in carving out some of the most beautiful scenery
that is to be found in America. "Jug Rock,"
which is located at the north boundary of the
town of Shoals, takes its name from the resem-
blance to a jug, and stands seventy-six feet high.
It stands alone and causes one who views it to be
impressed with wonder how this marvelous curi-
osity was created. East of this rock, and within
one-quarter of a mile, is what is known as "The
Pinnacle," where a backbone extends out to the
river's edge, affording a view to White river, 276

feet below. There is also "House Rock," the
"Aquatic Rock," the "Cedar CHfif" and "Gor-
merly Blufif," all of which are beautiful.

Organization. — Martin county, named in honor
of the late Major Martin, of Newport, Ky., was
formally organized February 1, 1820. Martin
county holds the record for the greatest number
of county seat changes. It seems that the citizens
of the county were hard to satisfy. When
they failed to change the location of the county
seat, they did the next best thing and changed
the name of the town where the county seat
was located. The first town to have the honor
was Hindostan. Before a court-house was
built, the county seat was changed to Mount
Pleasant, where it remained until May, 1844,
when it was removed to Memphis, the present
site of Shoals, only to be moved in the fall of the
same year to Harrisonville, near the site of Trin-
ity Springs. On April 30, 1845, a new location
was selected at Hillsboro, changing the name to
Dover Hill by a legislative act of February 11,
1848. While the county buildings were being built
at Dover Hill, the county seat was established at
Mount Pleasant. After the building of the Ohio
& Mississippi railroad through the county in 1856,
for the sixth time an agitation was started to
change the county seat and on December 11, 1869,
the county seat was located on the west side of
W hite river at Memphis, which was christened
the town of "\\'est Shoals," where business was
opened July 4, 1871. On April 27, 1876, the court-
house was destroyed by fire, and pending the
erection of new buildings, the offices were moved
across the river to Shoals. A few years later,
the boundaries of West Shoals were dissolved
and extended to take in that tcrritor}-, thus
placing the county seat at Shoals.

White River from Pinnacle Rock.

Hindostan Falls. Martin County.

366

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Jug Rock, Shoals, Martin County.

Population of Martin county in 1890 was
13.973; in 1900 was 14.711, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 12,950, of
which 105 were of white foreigii birth. There
were 2,840 families in the county and 2,791
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
ninr t()\vnshi])s in Ahirtin county: liaker. Brown,
Center, llalbert. Lost River, McCameron,
Milchelhree, Perry and Rutherford. The in-
cor|i(iral(,d cities and towns are Loogootee,
Sho;d> and West .^hoals. .^hoals is the county
scat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to

the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Martin county
was $1,782,770, value of improvements was
$821,260 and the total net value of taxables was
$4,474,544. There were 1,856 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were ninety-four
miles of improved roads in Martin county built
and under jurisdiction of the county commis-
sioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road
bonds outstanding, $98,279.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
31.44 miles of steam railroad operated in ^Martin
county by the Baltimore & Ohio & Southwestern
and the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern
railroads.

Educational. — According to the report of
Charles O. Williams, county superintendent of
Martin county, there were ninety-six school-
houses, including five high schools, in ^lartin
county in 1914, employing 115 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 2,273.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $44,424.57. The estimated value of school
property in the county was $84,300, and the total
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was
$3,000. There is one parochial school at Loo-
gootee.

Agriculture. — There were in Martin county
in 1910 over 1,700 farms, embraced in 194,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 111.9 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $5,500,000,
showing 53.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $18.11. The
total value of domestic animals was over $847,-
000 : Number of cattle 9,700, valued ai $212,000;
horses 4,100, valued at $379,000; hogs 13,000,
valued at $89,000; sheep 12.000, valued at
$47,000. The total value of poultry was $51,000.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

367

MIAMI COUNTY

PERU, SEAT OF JUSTICE

MIAMI COUNTY, which is located in the
central part of the northern half of the
State, is bounded on the north by Fulton, on the
east by Wabash and Grant, on the south by How-
ard and on the west by Cass and Fulton counties.
It contains 384 square miles and includes, within
its borders, nearly every industry known to that
section of the State. The county is rich agricul-
turally and the variety of its soil enables it to
produce every crop which can be grown in Indi-
ana. Across the southern end of the county ex-
tends a broad belt of black loam, through the
center run the fertile valleys of the Wabash and
Mississinewa and Eel rivers. Stock raising is
engaged in generally, and there are many fine
breeding farms in the county.

Organization. — ]*iliami county began its ca-
reer officially IMarch 1, 1834, and was named
after the tribe of Indians who once possessed this
lland and the adjoining parts of the State. The

first county seat of Miami county was at Miamis-
port. a town laid out in 1828. It was on llie same
section of land that is now occupied by i'eru, a
section originally set aside as a reservation for
John B. Richardville, the noted ]\Iiami Indian
chief. He sold the east half to William N. Hood
and the western half to Joseph Holman. and the
two men then laid out the town of Miamisport.
They failed to agree and Hood outbid Holman
and secured the location east of Miamis])ort.
where Peru now stands. The growth of Peru
was such that Miamisport was taken within its
limits and it was ordered vacated June, 1841.
The first court-house was burned down March
16, 1843, destroying all of the county records
but those of the county commissioners. The
Legislature helped to straighten out the situation
with the act of December 26, 1843.

Population of Miami county in 1890 was
25,823 ; in 1900 was 28,344, and according to

Peru— 1. Postofticf. 2. Miami Couiily Lourl-i louse

368

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

United Stales Census of 1910 was 29.350, of
which 1.245 were of white foreign birth. There
were 7,339 families in the county and 7,190
(hvclHngs.

Townships, Cities and Towns.— There are
fourteen townships in Miami county: Allen,
Butler, Clay, Deer Creek, Erie, Harrison, Jack-
son, Jefferson, Perry, Peru, Pipe Creek, Rich-
land. Union and Washington. The incorporated
cities and towns are Peru, Amboy, Bunker Hill,
Converse, Macy, North Grove, Ridgeview and
South Peru. Peru is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Miami county
was $7,665,740, value of improvements w^as
$2,915,900 and the total net value of taxables was
$17,444^250. There were 3,649 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 351 miles of
improved roads in Miami county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing. $496,339.88.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
102.10 miles of steam railroad operated in Miami
county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Chicago &
Erie ; C, I. & E. by the P., C, C. & St. L. ; Indi-
anapolis and Michigan City division of the L. E.
& W. ; Logansport division of the P., C, C. &
St. L. ; the Butler branch of the Vandalia, and
the Wabash railroads. The Fort Wayne &

Northern Indiana Traction Company, Union
Traction Company of Indiana and the Winona
Interurban Railway Company operate 45.75|
miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
E. B. Wetherow, county superintendent of Miami
county, there were 107 schoolhouses, including
eight high schools, in the county in 1914, em-
ploying 215 teachers. The average daily attend-
ance by pupils was 4,920. The aggregate amount
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors,
principals and teachers was $115,122.47. Esti-
mated value of school property in the county waS'
$519,600, and the total amount of indebtedness,:
including bonds, was $109,695.

Agriculture. — There were in Miami county
in 1910 over 2,300 farms, embraced in 229,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 97.2 acres. The.
value of all farm property was over $24,000,000,
showing 86.7 per cent, increase over 1900. Thei
average value of land per acre was $78.46. The'
total value of domestic animals was over $2,300,-;
000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $614,-
000; horses 10,000, valued at $1,200,000; hogs
54,000, valued at $329,000; sheep 15,000, valued
at $67,000. The total value of poultry was $98,-

000. :

Industrial. — According to the United States!
Census of 1910 there were thirty-one industries'
in Peru, furnishing employment to 692 persons.
Total amount of capital employed, $1,654,050.
Value of products, $1,097,156; value added byj
manufacture, $614,707. <

MONROE COUNTY

BLOOMINGTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

MOXROh: COUNTY, the center of popu- This stone is shipped all over the United States

latidn of the United States, is located and Canada, and aside from Lawrence county,

near till- i-i'iitcr of tlK- scjuiIktu half of the State, Monroe has no competitors in the amount of

and IS bounded on ihr north by Morgan and a quarry products.

part (..t ()\vrn, on [\k- east by I'.rown and lack-
son, on the south by Lawrence and on the west
by (ireene and < )urn counties, and contains 450
M|u;iri- niiK's. It rxixls not only in the ([uarrying
liuilding .-Mid ornamental pur-

of linu'stonr for
poses hul .mLo in

This county excels in its public schools, and
Indiana University, which is located in Bloom
ington, is doing a work second to no other in;
the middle west. |

Organization. — Monroe county, named ini

|>rr|».-innu it t

or the market, honor of James Monroe, the fifth President of:

370

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the United States, was organized April 10, 1818,
when it began its official existence. Bloomington
has been the county seat since its organization.

Indiana University, the head of the common
school system of the State, was established at
nioomington in 1820. This act was taken in ac-
cordance with a ])rovision of the first Constitu-
tion of the State, which provided for a general
.system of education ascending in regular grada-
tion from the township school to the University.
The first building was erected in 1824, and its
(lours were o])ened for the reception of students
that vear when ten boys entered. The attendance
from 1824 to 1884 varied from ten to 194. It
was not until 1886 that the attendance exceeded
200. In 1885 the elective course was established
and from that date the attendance rapidly in-
creased. The attendance for 1915 was 2,644.
Almost six thousand degrees have been con-
ferred by the University.

The school was made co-educational in 1867.
l'\)r many years the number of men and women
has remained relatively constant at a ratio of two
to one. For many years every county in the
State has been represented, and a large number
of students from other states and foreign coun-
tries are in attendance annually.

The University consists of the College of
Liberal iVrts, the School of Education, the School
of Law, the School of Medicine, the Graduate
School and the Extension Division. In the com-
bined faculties there are more than 200 members.

There are ten large buildings on the campus at
P>loomington, nearly all of which are of native
>lone. The campus consists of 125 acres, and is
recognized as one of the most beautiful in the
United States. The buildings and campus are
valued at one million dollars. The President of
the University is William Lowe Bryan.

Population of Monroe county in 1890 was
17.67.^; in 1900 was 20,873, and according to
Unite.l States Census of 1910 was 23,426. of
wliicli Z7.^ were of white foreign birth. There
were 5,556 families in the countv and 5,373
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townshijjs in Monroe county: Bean Blos-
som, I'.enton, lUooniington. Clear Creek, Indian
Creek, Marion. Berry. Polk, Richland, Salt
("reek. \';m I'.uren and Washington. The incor-

porated cities and towns are Bloomington, Elletts-[
ville, Perry City and Stinesville. Bloomington!
is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to!
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Monroe count}
was $3,967,760, value of improvements was
$3,157,060 and the total net value of taxables
was $11,016,332. There were 3,675 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 328 miles ofj
improved roads in Monroe county built and!
under jurisdiction of the. county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bondsj
outstanding, $267,721.19.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are'
69.57 miles of steam railroad operated in ]\lonroe
county by the Bloomington Southern ; Chicago,
Indianapolis & Louisville, and the Indianapolisj
branch of the Illinois Central. I

Educational. — According to the report of W^ill-i
iam II. Jones, county superintendent of Monroej
county, there were 110 schoolhouses, including!
four high schools, in Monroe county in 1914, em-;
ploying 191 teachers. The average daily attend-
ance by pupils was 4,774. The aggregate amount)
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors]
principals and teachers was $94,483.27. The esti-
mated value of school property in the count}' was
$471,845, and the total amount of indebtedness'
including bonds, was $140,000. a

Agriculture. — There were in Monroe count}|
in 1910 over 2,200 farms, embraced in 228.000
acres. Average acres per farm, 103.9 acres. Thti
value of all farm property was over $7,800,000
showing 52.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $22.02. Tht'
total value of domestic animals was $974,000'
Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $257.0001
horses 5,800. valued at $506,000; hogs 13.000!
valued at $91,000; sheep 9,000, valued at $31,000
The total value of poultry was $55,000.

Industrial. — According to the report of th(|
State r>ureau of Inspection for 1912 there were
thirty industrial establishments, furnishing em
ployment to over 1,200 persons, principally em-
ployed in the production of stone in its various
forms. There is one large furniture factory ii
Bloomington which employs nearly 400 persons

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

MONTGOMERY COUNTY

CRAWFORDSVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

371

^^yrONTGOMERY COUNTY lies in the
, W_ richest agricultural section of the State,
jess than forty miles northwest from the State
Icapital, and contains 504 square miles. It is
[wunded on the north by Tippecanoe, on the east
j)y Clinton, Boone and Hendricks, on the south
l)y Putnam and Parke and on the west by Foun-
jain and Parke counties. Aside from being a
jjreat agricultural and stock raising center, the
*ounty has an inexhaustible supply of shale,
vhich is manufactured into paving and fancy
l)uilding brick.

1 Perhaps no county in the Union is more favor-
|.bly known in the field of education than Mont-
';omery county. It was the home of Caleb Mills,
he founder of the great public school system of

;he State. It is also the home of the late General

)

l^ew Wallace and Maurice Thompson, whose
iiomes were in Crawfordsville, which is the site
(if Wabash College.

J Organization. — Montgomery county, named
in honor of General Richard Montgomery, began
's official existence March 1, 1823. Crawfords-
ille has been the county seat since its organi-
ation.

Wabash College. — This institution owes its
rigin to a few friends of sound learning who
/ere the first settlers of the upper Wabash val-
ley. When it was founded there were but two
iolleges in the State, and both in the southern
'•art. Educated men themselves — among them
Jraduates of Dartmouth in the east and Miami
!i the west — the founders felt the necessity of
'ringing the college to the doors of the sons of
ioneers here who could not afford the expense
f seeking the older and more distant institu-
{ions.

So it was that in the fall of 1832 a meeting
/as held in Crawfordsville, at which "it was re-
plved unanimously that such an institution be
stablished, at first a classical and English high
chool, rising into a college as soon as the wants
f the country demand." Trustees were chosen,

frame building was erected — which still stands
-and in December, 1833, the first classes were

formed under the direction of the Reverend
Caleb Mills, a graduate of Dartmouth and An-
dover Theological Seminary, lie was known as
the father of the "Public School Svstem of In-
diana."

It was first chartered as "Wabash Manual
Labor College and Teachers' Seminary," and in
1838 it conferred the degree of A. B. on two
men, and since that time has turned out its quota
of full-fledged graduates annually, with the ex-
ception of one year, 1841. The manual labor fea-
ture seems never to have been carried out fully,
perhaps for want of suitable equipment. \'ery
soon Wabash was oft'ering the regular curricu-
lum, which was the standard among colleges.

Many of the professors have served long
terms, John Lyle Campbell having been a mem-
ber of the faculty fifty-five years, from 1849
to 1904.

Wabash is one of the few western colleges
which does not admit women, and its list of
graduates numbers more than 1,200. which is
only a small fraction of those wlio have studied
here one, two or three years. Among its alumni
are Vice-President Marshall and Judge Ander-
son, and among those no longer living were Judge
• William Allen Woods, John A. Finch, Jolm May-
nard Butler and General John Col)urn. Among
its nongraduates were General Lew Wallace,
E. R. S. Canby and Bayless W. Ilanna.

From the first Wabash has been a Christian
college without being under the control of any
denomination. George L. Mackintosh, an alum-
nus of the college, is the president.

Population of Montgomery county in 1890
was 28,025 : in 1900 was 29,388, and according
to United States Census of 1910 was 29,296, of
which 333 were of white foreign birth. There
were 7,685 families in the county and 7.445
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — i'here are
eleven townshii)S in Montgomery county: Brown,
Clark, Coal Creek, Franklin, Madison. Ivipley,
Scott, Sugar Creek, Union, Walnut and \\'ayne.
The incorporated cities and towns are Craw-

372

CEXTEXXJAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ford-vilk-. Alamo, Darlington, Ladoga, Linden,
Xcwniarktt. Xcu Richmond, New Ross, Wave-
land. \\a\nL-l(.un and W'ingate. C rawfordsville
is iIk- counly scat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— .\cc(.rding to
liic anmiril rcporl ni tlu' Auditor ot .Slate from
the al)>lract t»i" the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Montgomery
county was S13,303,C)f)(). value of improvements
wa- .S4. 753. 145 and the total net value of taxa-
hk's ua> .S2S.()90.155. There were 4,969 polls
in the counlw

Improved Roads. — There were 520 miles of
inipriiveil roads in .Montgomery county built and
under iurisdiction of the county commissioners
|;uuiar\ 1. 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, S79^.'^57.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
11''. 21 miles of steam railroad operated in Mont-
gomery county by the Central Indiana Railway
C'ompanv ; Chicago. Indianapolis & Louisville;
W estern division of the Peoria & Eastern ; To-
ledo. St. Louis & Western, and the Michigan
division of the Vandalia railroads. The Terre

Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com
pany operates 24.63 miles of electric line in th(
county.

Educational. — According to the report o'
Karl C. James, county superintendent of ]\Iont,
gomery county, there were fifty schoolhousesi
including thirteen high schools, in Montgomery
county in 1914, employing 193 teachers. Th(
average daily attendance by pupils was 3,880!
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teacher:
was $132,771.55. Estimated value of school
property in the county was $833,900, and th(
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds
was $362,991.94.

Agriculture. — There were in Montgomen
comity in 1910 over 2,800 farms, embraced ii
307,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 109. (
acres. The valrie of all farm property was ove
$34,000,000, showing 92.9 per cent, increase ove
1900. The average value of land per acre wa
$87.45. The total value of domestic animalj
was $2,800,000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued
at $596,000; horses 13,000, valued at $l,300,00o|

Wahash C'ollc!;*-' and Campus, ("rawfordsville.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OE INDIANA 375

logs 100,000, valued at $621,000; sheep 30,000, State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were

/alued at $139,000. The total vahie of poultry twenty-five industrial estabHshments, furnishing

,vas $119,000. employment to 700 persons. Its largest inchistry

Industrial.— According- to the report of the is engaged in making wire, nails and tanks.

MORGAN COUNTY

•MARTINSVILLE, SEAT OK JUSTICE

ORGAN COUNTY, which lies directly
southeast and adjoining Marion county,
iS bounded on the north by Hendricks and Ma-
ion, on the east by Johnson, on the south by
l^rown and ]\Ionroe and on the west by Owen
'nd Putnam counties. It contains 453 square
iiiiles and is in the valley of the west fork of
iVhite river. Morgan county is an agricultural,
ich, fertile body of highly cultivated soil. The
'inly natural resources are fine sandstone and
iard brick shale that is being manufactured into
i.ard paving brick, and its w^onderful hardwoods
'-oak, yellow poplar and black walnut timber —

and the sugar camps so comuKjn to the early
settlers of Indiana. After the disc(jver\- of nat-
ural gas in eastern Indiana, the citizens of .Mar-
tinsville, now familiarly known as the "Artesian
City" of medicated waters, bored a well 700 feet
deep, which produced a flowing well. This has
been followed by many others, and several sana-
toriums have been erected, where thousands of
afflicted people come to ])artake of the waters and
get relief for their ailments.

Organization. — Morgan county, which was
named in honor of General Daniel Morgan, began
its official existence Eel)ruar\- 15. 1822. ami Mar-

Pioneer Well on a Farm m Morgan County. This tyi)e of well is rapidly disaiM'earnivi.

CLXTllXXIAL JUSTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

tin^villc has been its county scat since- tlic day of
it> oriianizalinn.

Population nf M.ir.^an o.unty in 1890 was
18/>4.i: in l''(K) was 20.457, and according to
I'niicl States Census of 1910 was 21,182, of
wiiich 178 were nf white forci.^n l)irth. There
were 5..'^20 fannlies in the county and 5,216
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns.— Ihere are
fourteen townshii^s in Morgan c(»unty : Adams,
Ashland, i'.aker. I'.rown. Clay, (ireen, Gregg,
llarriM.n. Jackson. Jefferson, Madison, Monroe,
Kay and Washington. The incorporated cities
and towns are Martinsville, I'.rooklyn, Moores-
ville. Morgantown and I'aragon. Martinsville is
the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the alistract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
tot.d value of lands and lots in Morgan county
was $6,765,700, value of imi^rovements was
$2,599,690 and the total net value of taxables
was 813.378,020. There were 3,374 polls in the
count\-.

Improved Roads. — There were 278 miles of'
improved roads in Morgan county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $370,723.90.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
42.71 miles of steam railroad operated in Morgan
county by the Fairland, Franklin & Martinsville ;
Indianapolis branch of the Illinois Central, and
the Vincennes division of the Vandalia railroads..'
The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Trac-
tion Company operates 16.30 miles of electric
line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report ofi
William D. Curtis, county superintendent of
public instrtiction, there were ninety-seven school-
houses, including seven high schools, in Morgan
county in 1914, employing 183 teachers. The|
average daily attendance by pupils was 3,796.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-j
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachersl
was $92,014.08. Estimated value of school prop-'
erty in the county was $347,500, and total amount|
of indebtedness, including bonds. $99,031.10.

• ■r.issy Fork Farm, Morgan CouiUy. Largest Goldfish Hatchery in United States.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

375

Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there were
seventeen industrial establishments in Martins-
ville, furnishing employment to nearly 400 per-
sons. The largest industries are engaged in the
manufacture of rustic chairs and furniture, coop-
erage, wooden ware, and building and paving
brick.

Agriculture. — There were in Morgan county
in 1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 240,000

acres. Average acres per farm, 87.2 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $17,000,000,
showing 96.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $53.47. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,700,-
000 : Number of cattle 13,000, valued at $432,000 ;
horses 9,200, valued at $876,000; hogs 32,000,
valued at $229,000; sheep 11,000, valued at
$46,000. The total value of poultry was ap-
proximately $85,000.

NEWTON COUNTY

KENTLAND, SEAT OF JUSTICE

NEWTON COUNTY, located in the north-
western part of the State, is bounded on
ithe north by Lake county, the Kankakee river
being the dividing line between the two coun-
ties; on the east by Jasper, on the south by Ben-
iton and on the west by the State of Illinois. It
contains a little over 400 square miles, and the
south half of the county is a rolling prairie, with
skirts of timber along the banks of the streams.
It is very fertile, producing as fine crops of
wheat, corn, oats and hay as are raised in the
State. In recent years there has been a great
production of small fruits, vegetables and melons,
and the indications are that this county will be-
come the "truck-patch" for Chicago and the
northern part of Indiana. Three miles east of
Kentland, along the right of way of the Penn-
sylvania Railroad Company, is a quarry said to
be the finest road-building limestone in the State ;
the foundation of the quarry being peculiar, as it
[stands on edge instead of lying flat, evidently
'.caused from some volcanic upheaval. The stone
is very hard and flintlike, and when crushed and
placed on the roadway becomes almost as solid
as cement. Here also is located the celebrated
Orchard Lake stock farm, home of the greatest

herd of Hereford cattle in the world, the head of
which is "Perfection Fairfax," the bull that was
given the title, "King of Hereford Sires."

Organization. — Newton county, the last
county organized in the State of Indiana, began
its ofiicial existence December 9, 1859. It was
first organized by the act of 1838 and later joined
to Jasper county and continued as a part of that
county for twenty years, until December 8, 1859,
when the commissioners of Jasper county made
the final border defining the boundaries of the
new county. Kent, a town two miles from the
southern line of the county, was made the county
seat. From that period there were many eft'orts
made to relocate the county seat until the election
held June 19, 1900, when Kentland was made the
permanent county seat.

Population of Newton county in 1890 was
8,803; in 1900 was 10,448, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 10,504, of
which 597 were of white foreign birth. There
were 2,516 families in the county and 2,490
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
ten townships in Newton county : Beaver, Col-
fax, Grant. Irociuois. Jackson. Jefi'erson. Lake.

J>:

«sji'

.Tu-
ff I

^'\

'^!g?^^^^^

■^1^,4?

Ll?^

Orchard Lake Farm, Newton County, Home of the (ireatcst Herd of Hereford LaliU- ni tht- Wor

376

CEXTKXXIAL HISTORY .VXD HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Lincoln. .AlcClellan and Washington. The in-
corporated cities and towns are Brook. Goodland,
Kcniland. AJorocco and .Mt. Ayr. Kentland is
the county seal.

Taxable Property and Polls.— .Vccording to
ihc annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the ta.x duplicate for 1913. the
total value of lands and lots in Newton county
was $7,715,410. value of improvements was
.Sl.601.170 and the total net value of taxables
\va> .SI 3.758.800. There were 1.658 i)olls in the

county.

Improved Roads.— There were 300 miles of
improved roads in Xewton county built and
un<ler iurisdiction of the county commissioners
lanuary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding. $412,071.90.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
96 miles of steam railroad operated in Newton
county by the Brazil and LaCrosse divisions of
the Chicago & Eastern Illinois; Chicago, Indian-
apolis iS: Louisville ; Danville and Kankakee divi-
sions of the Chicago. Indiana & Southern ; Cin-
cinnati. Lafayette & Chicago, and the Efifner
liranch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads.

Educational. — According to the report of
\Vm. O. Schanlaub, county superintendent of
Newton county, there were sixty schoolhouses,
including five high schools, in Newton county
in 1914, employing 105 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 2,162. The aggre-
gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents,
supervisors, principals and teachers was $55,-
421.37. The estimated value of school property
in the county was $151,500, and the total amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $28,846.
St. loseph's Parochial School is located in Kent-
land.

Agriculture. — There were in Newton county
in 1910 over 1,000 farms, embraced in 231,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 231.5 acres. The
value of all farm property w^as over $24,000,000,
showing 94.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $87.21. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,-
000: Number of cattle 14,000. valued at $420,-
000; horses 7,100, valued at $844,000; hogs
17,000, valued at $149,000; sheep 5,300. valued
at $25,000. The total value of poultry was
$50,000.

\'if\v of Orchard Lako Stock Farm, Newton County.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

0//

NOBLE COUNTY

ALBION, SEAT OF JUSTICE

NOBLE COUNTY is located in the north-
eastern part of the State and is separated
from the State of Michigan on the north by the
county of Lagrange, and is bounded on the east
by Dekalb, on the south by Allen and Whitley
and on the west by Kosciusko and Elkhart coun-
ties. It contains 420 square miles, the surface
of which is marked by twenty-three lakes, rang-
ing in area from eleven acres to 1,100 acres, be-
sides nvmierous small lakes. Those of the north-
eastern part of the county flow into the Elkhart
river, while the drainage of the lakes of the

In the early history of Indiana there was a fa-
mous band of horse thieves and counterfeiters
who had headciuarters in this count)-. They were
called "Blacklegs." This gang was notorious all
over the United States, and every township was
infested with them, but the safest place was in
the northeastern part around Rome City at a
spot called "The Tamarock." Here is where
they made their bogus money. In 1852 the State
Legislature enacted a law authorizing the forma-
tion of companies of "Regulators" to put a stop
to their operation. Several companies were

A Noble County Jewel

j southwestern half of the county is into the Tip-
ipecanoe river. With the exception of the arti-
ficial lake at Rome City, known as Sylvan lake,
^there are no important summer resorts in the
[County.

I Organization. — Noble county was first in-
icluded in Randolph county, next in Allen county,
ithen in Lagrange county and finally in 1836
jNoble county was organized as it stands to-day,
■except for a strip two miles wide, which was
ijoined to Whitley. The county seat was first lo-
cated in Sparta township on the old Fort Wayne
and Goshen trail. Next, came Augusta, near
Albion. In 1844 it was located at Port Mitchell,
land some buildings were constructed. In 1846,
'by a vote of the people, it was changed to "The
Center," which was afterward called Albion,
|where it has since remained. The county was
Inamed after Noah Noble, Governor of Indiana
from 1831 to 1837.

Woodland Beach, Xoble County.

formed in Noble county who soon overthrew the
"Blacklegs."

]ylany evidences of Mound Builders are found
all over the county. The Indian tribes here were
the Miamis and Pottawatomies, and their vil-
lages were in the county as late as 1848.

Population of Noble county in 1890 was
23,359; in 1900 was 23,533, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 24,009, of
which 942 were of white foreign birth. There
were 6,201 families in the county and 6.090
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
thirteen townships in Xoble county: Albion, Al-
len, Elkhart, Green, Jefferson, Noble. Orange,
Perry, Sparta. Swan, Washington, Wayne and
York. The incorporated cities and towns are
Kendallville, Ligonier, Albion, .Vvilla. Cromwell.
Wolcottville. Albion is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to

37S

CKXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the annual report of the Audiun" of Stale from
the abstract of the tax duph'cate for 1913, the
total vahie of lands and lots in Noble county was
S7,501.3(J5. value ni im])rovements was $3,306,-
455 and the total net value of taxables was
$19,460,245. There were 3.701 polls in the

count) .

Improved Roads.— There were no improved
mads in Noble county in 1915. Amount of gravel
road bon(N outstanding, $12.0(X).

Railroads— Steam and Electric— There are
77.50 miles of steam railroad operated in Noble
county by the V>. & C). & Chicago; Grand Rapids
X: Indiana: Lake Shore & Michigan Southern;
Montpelier (S; Chicago, by the Wabash and the
llutler branch of the Vandalia railroads. The
Fort \\'a\ne (S: Northwestern Railroad Company
operates 8.12 miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
C". \'. Kilgore, county superintendent of Noble
countv. there were eighty-seven schoolhouses, in-
cluding nine high schools, in Noble county in

1914, employing 176 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 4,023. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $97,828.07.
The estimated value of school property in the
county was $378,750, and the total amount of
indebtedness, including bonds, was $96,866. In
parochial schools there were 208 pupils enrolled,
under control of Catholic, German Lutheran and
Adventist denominations.

Agriculture. — There were in Noble county in
1910 over 2,700 farms, embraced in 266,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 93 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $22,000,000,
showing 80.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $59.79. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,400,-
000: Number of cattle 20,000, valued at $620,-
000; horses 9,800, valued at $1,200,000; hogs
45,000, valued at $313,000; sheep 41,000, valued
at $175,000. The total value of poultry was
$104,000.

OHIO COUNTY

RISING SUN, SEAT OF JUSTICE

Ollin CC)UNTV is situated in the south-
eastern corner of the State and is bounded
on the north by Dearborn, on the east by the
State of Ohio, on the south by Switzerland and
on the west by Switzerland and Ripley counties.
It is the smallest county in the State, containing
liiit ninety sf|uare miles. The surface is very
brfjken ami marked by several ranges of rugged
hills and llu- soil is ver_\- fertile. The Ohio river
tlows along the soulhern border of the county.
I here are no railroads in the county and all
protlucls are shipped and brought by boats which
pl\' the ( )hio from Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg and
Louisville ;ind other neighboring cities.

Organization.— ( )hio county was organized by
a Iegisl;ilive act January 15, 1S44. and its origin
was undoubtedly due to the county seat contest in
Dearborn county. The (|ueslion arising as to the
coiistiiulion.ilits oi )is organization has been
waived to meet the convenience of the public.
Kisiiig Sun has been the countv seat since the
"iri;.nn/,ition. Antoinobile bus and mail lines

have been established between Rising Sun and
Aurora, which is ten miles distant.

Population of Ohio county in 1890 was 4,955 ;
in 1900 was 4,724, and according to United States
Census of 1910 was 4,329, of which 119 were of
white foreign birth. There were 1,127 families
in the county and 1,109 dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
four townships in Ohio county : Cass, Pike, Ran-
dolph and LTnion. Rising Sun is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Ohio county was
$907,580, value of improvements was $500,195,
and the total net value of taxables was $2,026,-
090. There were 690 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were forty-two
miles of improved roads in Ohio cotinty built and
under jin-isdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $20,141.25.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

379

Educational. — According to the report of
Charles H. French, county superintendent of
Ohio county, there were twenty-three school-
houses, including one high school, in Ohio county
in 1914, employing thirty-four teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 602. The
aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintend-
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was
$13,949.55. The estimated value of school prop-
erty in the county was $29,200, and the total
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, $5,400.

Agriculture. — There were in Ohio county in
1910 over 652 farms, embraced in 54.000 acres.
Average acres per farm, 81 acres. The value of
all farm property was over $2,500,000, showing
39.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The average
vahie of land per acre was $29.95. The total
value of domestic animals was over $292,000:
Number of cattle 3,200, valued at $78,000; horses
1,500, valued at $145,000; hogs 2.600. valued at
$22,000; sheep 4,300, valued at $18,000. The
total value of poultry was $20,000.

ORANGE COUNTY

PAOLI, SEAT OF JUSTICE

ORANGE COUNTY, which is located in
the center of the southern part of the
State, is bounded on the north by Lawrence, on
the east by Washington and a very small section
of Crawford, on the south by Crawford and on
the west by Dubois and Martin comities, and is
about twenty miles north of the C^hio river. The
country is of a very rugged nature and the sur-
face broken with hills, a condition that makes it
unsuitable for farming. F'ruit growing, dairying

and stock raising is receiving marked attention,
and in recent years has made considerable prog-
ress.

The great resources of Orange county are its
mineral waters that have made it world famous,
and the magnificent estal)HslinK'nts. the most
noted of which are the French Lick hotel at
French Lick Springs, and the West Baden hotel,
at West Baden, besides many others more or less
notable. Countless thousands from all over the

French Lick Hotel. Orange County.

380

Ci:XTi:.\".\IAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Tlic l^initius Pluto Spring, French Lick.

world have visited these institutions, enjoyed
tlicir hospitality, departing with health and
vigor restored and converts to the charms of
this ideal s|)Ot. Nature has given a touch of the
mystic to this region, with its underground cav-
erns and channels, about which have been woven
many stories. Here is the wonderful Lost river,
with its curious blind fish, that ripples along,
only to be swallowed up, disappearing into the
earth to rise again some miles away.

Organization. — Orange county was named by
the ear]\- settlers who came from North Carolina
alter the county by that name from which they
hailed. Its formal organization became etTective
I'\-l)ruary 1, 1.S16. and Paoli has been the seat of
justice from its beginning.

Population of Orange county in 1890 was
14,678; in 1900 w^as 16,854, and according to
I'liited Stales Census of 1910 was 17,192, of
which seventy were of white foreign birth.
There were 4,011 families in the county and 3,924
dwellings.

Towrnships, Cities and Towns. — lliere are
ten towiislnps ill ( )range county: ]^>ench Lick,
Creentii'ld, Jackson, North East, North West.
' )rangeville. Orleans. I'aoli, South Last and
Stampers' Creek. The incorporated cities and
towns are ]-"rench Lick. Orleans, l^ioli and West
r.ailen. I'.-ioli is tin- county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
the annual reiM.it of the Auditor of Slate from

the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Orange county
was $2,846,780, value of improvements was
$1,711,645 and the total net value, of taxables
was $6,557,520. There were 2,737 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 300 miles of
improved roads in Orange county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $190,125.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
34.16 miles of steam railroad operated in Orange
county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ;
Orleans, West Baden and French Lick branch of
the C, I. & L. ; and the Jasper and French Lick
branch of the Southern Railroad Company. The
French Lick & West Baden Street Railway Com-
pany operates 1.90 miles of electric line in the
county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Claude E. Cogswell, county superintendent of
Orange county, there were ninety-two school-
houses, including four high schools, in Orange
cotinty in 1914, employing 139 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils w^as 3,426.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $61,764.28. The estimated value of school
property in the county was $148,100, and the
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds,
w^as $55,903.81. The schools of Orleans tow^n-
ship are consolidated with those of the town,
making a joint school between the two corpora-
tions. In no other townships are the schools
combined.

Agriculture. — There were in Orange county
in 1910 over 2,300 farms, embraced in 260,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 100.2 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $7,400,000,
showing 79.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $19.87. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,000,-
000: Number of cattle 10,000, valued at
$249,000; horses 5,600, valued at $502,000; hogs
16,000, valued at $108,000; sheep 12,000, valued
at $54,000. The total value of poultry was
$69,000.

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382

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

OWEN COUNTY

SrEXCER, SEAT OF JUSTICE

W iy.\ C"( )^X'I"^'. — ('ne hundred years
ai,aj that ]>an of the \\'hile river valley in
which Owen Cdunty is located was an unhroken
wilderness, hut even in that time the county was
noted far and wide among the Indians for its
beauty and its healihy climate. To-day there are
yet to he seen through the magnificent forests
frequent signs that show where "Sweet Owen"
now is, which w^as then a favorite camping place
for the Indians. There is also much in evidence
that this locality was formerly inhabited by pre-
historic peoples, as their mounds and burial
places testify. It is certain that in latter times
the Delaware, Eel River, Miami and Pottawato-
mie Indians swarmed the hills and valleys.

Owen county is located in the northern edge of
southern Indiana. It is bounded on the north by
Putnam and a small section of Morgan, on the
east bv Morgan and Monroe, on the south by
Greene and on the west by Clay counties. It
contains ^9f> S(|uare miles, rich in natural re-

sources and blessed with ideal conditions, w^ell
balanced between hill land and rich creek and
river bottoms. The soil is diversified and very
productive, and is unsurpassed for tobacco rais-
ing. This county is best known, however, for
its stone and coal output. At Romona is found
the famous Bedford oolitic limestone, used ex-
tensively in the construction of Government
buildings and sold throughout America. Owen
county's coal has been pronounced by the State
Geologist as Indiana's best coal. It exceeds any
other bituminous coal in heat units and shows
only 15 per cent. ash. The county is beginning to
be recognized as a splendid fruit growing lo-
cality.

Organization. — Owen county was named after
Colonel Abraham Owen, who was killed in the
battle of Tippecanoe while serving as volunteer
aid to General Harrison. It was organized Jan-
uary 1, 1819. The first county seat of Owen was
located about a half mile up the river from the

VVliite River at Gosport, Owen County.— /Vio/o by Win. M. Hcrschell.

Upper Falls on Eel River, Owen County. — Photo by JVm. M. tlcrschcU.

Cataract Falls on Eel River, Owen County.— /Vio/o by Win. I. Hoffmann.

384

CHXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

present town of Spencer on 150 acres that were
,l,„,atefl l>y John Dunn. The place was called
Lancaster.' On account of a defect in the title
in the land, commissioners were appointed to
clian.ue the location, and the present site was se-
lected and Spencer became the county seat Feb-
ruary 12, 1820. Eel river falls, which are lo-
cated in this county, are among the most re-
markable of nature's handiwork in the State.
They are three-fourths of a mile apart. The
upper fall is forty-five feet within a short dis-
tance an.l the lower thirty-five feet perpendicular.

Population of Owen county in 1890 was
15.040: in 1900 was 15,149, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 14,053, of
which 136 were of white foreign birth. There
were 3,476 families in the county and 3,320
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
thirteen townships in Owen county: Clay, Frank-
lin, Harrison, Jackson, Jeft'erson, Jennings, La-
fayette. Marion, Montgomery, Morgan, Taylor,
Washington and Wayne. The incorporated cities
and towns are Gosport and Spencer. Spencer is
the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Owen county was
$2,966,935. value of improvements was $1,136,-
070 and the total net value of taxables was
$6,808,061. There were 2.099 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 240 miles of

improved roads in Owen county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $165,659.08.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
63.96 miles of steam railroad operated in Owen
county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville ;
Indianapolis and Louisville branch of the C, I.
& L. ; Evansville & Indianapolis, and the Vin-
cennes division of the Vandalia railroads.

Educational. — According to the report of
W. LI. Stone, county superintendent, there were
ninety-one ' schoolhouses, including six high
schools, in Owen county in 1914, employing 130
teachers. The average daily attendance by pupils
was 2,645. The aggregate amount paid in sal-
aries to superintendents, supervisors, principals
and teachers was $50,768.16. Estimated value
of school property in the county was $147,550,
and the total amount of indebtedness, including
bonds, was $50,410.

Agriculture. — There were in Owen county in
1910 over 1,900 farms, embraced in 251,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 116.6 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $9,000,000,
showing 62.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $26.57. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,000,-
000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at
$275,000; horses 5,800, valued at $520,000; hogs
15,000, valued at $106,000; sheep 15,000, valued
at $58,000. The total value of poultry was
$57,000.

PARKE COUNTY

ROCKVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

1J AKKI'', COUNTY is located in the central
part of the tier of counties on the Wabash
river in the western part of the State. It is
bounded on the north by Fountain, on the east
liy .Montgomery and Putnam, on the south by
Clay and V'igo :ind on the west by Vermilion
counties. It contains about 440 square miles. It
IS ;iii agricultural county, that being the principal
resource. Coal mining is carried on to some ex-
tern .ind, according to the Stale Mine Inspector's
I'lM.rt lor the fiscal year ending September 30,

1914, there were live mines in operation under
his jurisdiction that produced 339,682 tons of
coal. Parke county has become familiar to thou-
sands of lovers of natural beauty by Blooming-
dale Glens and Turkey Run. An effort has been
made to preserve this region for the future as a
State park.

Hospital for the Treatment of Tuberculosis.
—By an act approved March 8, 1907, the General
Assembly authorized the establishment of a hos-
pital for the treatment of incipient pulmonary

- tT!?--«(^"^

Scenes in Turkey Run. Parke County. Indiana.

2."!

386

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

tuberculosis. The commission created by the
act selected a site, containing 504 acres, three
miles east of Rockville and purchased it in Sep-
tember, 1908.

Organization.— Parke county, named in honor
of Benjamin l'arke,the first member of Congress
for the Territory, and afterward a territorial and
then district judge, was organized January 9,
1821. The first county seats were located tem-
I)orarilv at Roscville and Armiesburg. In 1823
the locating commissioners named Rockville as
the permanent seat of justice. No county build-
ings were erected until 1826, when a log court-
house was built, which served the dual purpose
of a temple of justice and a house of worship.

Rockville has become famous as the home of
]\Irs. Juliet V. Strauss, familiarly known as "The
L'ountry Contributor," one of Indiana's most pro-
lific writers.

Population of Parke county in 1890 was
20,296; in 1900 was 23,000, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 22,214, of
which 856 were of white foreign birth. There
were 5,414 families in the county and 5,349
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
thirteen townships in Parke county : Adams,
I'lorida, Greene, Howard, Jackson, Liberty,
Penn, Raccoon, Reserve, Sugar Creek, Union,
Wabash and Washington. The incorporated
cities and towns are Bloomingdale, Diamond,
Judson, Marshall, Montezuma, Rockville and
Roscdale. The county seat of Parke county is
situated at Rockville.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
llu' annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Parke county was
$r),7S2.720, value of improvements was $2,214,-
72S and the total net value of taxables was
$14.S15.715. There were 3,333 polls in the
count\ .

Improved Roads.— 'riicre' were 710 miles of

improved roads in Parke county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $416,549.98.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
91.45 miles of steam railroad operated in Parke ^
county by the Central Indiana Railway, Brazil'
and Terre Haute divisions of the Chicago &
Eastern Illinois ; Springfield division of the C,
I. & W. ; St. Louis division of the Big Four; To-
ledo, St. Louis & Western, and the Michigan di-
vision of the Vandalia railroads. The Terre:
Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com-i
pany operates 4.16 miles of electric line in the
county.

Educational. — According to the report of'
Homer J. Skeeters, county superintendent ofi
Parke county, there were 104 schoolhouses, in-,
eluding eight high schools, in Parke county in'
1914, employing 170 teachers. The average daily!
attendance by pupils was 4,707. The aggregate;
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-[
pervisors, principals and teachers was $77,001.75.;
The estimated value of school property in the!
county was $251,500, and the total amount of;
indebtedness, including bonds, was $65,275. :
Friends' Bloomingdale Academy at Blooming-,
dale offers a high school course of commissioned!
high school grade. In addition to the academic
work strong courses in manual training, domestic
science and agriculture are offered. ■;

Agriculture. — There were in Parke county inj
1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in 256,000'
acres. Average acres per farm, 104.7 acres. The j
value of all farm property was over $18,000,000,:
showing 87.1 per cent, increase over 1900.
The average value of land per acre was $51.27.;
The total value of domestic animals was over!
$1,800,000: Number of cattle 14,000, valued at
$464,000; horses 9,100, valued at $890,000; hogs I
43,000, valued at $297,000; sheep 18,000, valued
at $89,000. The total value of poultry was
$90,000.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

387

PERRY COUNTY

CANNELTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

PERRY COUNTY is situated on the Ohio
river, just west of a central hne dividing
the State from north to south. It contains about
400 square miles and is bounded on the north
[by Dubois and Crawford counties, on the east
and south by the Ohio river and on the west by
Spencer and Dubois counties. It is in the coal
pelt and has an almost inexhaustible supply of
poal which has not been extensively developed,
excepting along the river. According to the State
Mine Inspector's report for the fiscal year end-
ng September 30, 1914, there was one mine in
operation in Perry county, under his jurisdiction,
tA^hich produced 3,250 tons of coal. Clay and
;andstone are also found in paying quantities,
irhe county is primarily an agricultural one,
although manufacturing is carried on to some
i;xtent. The abundant and easily accessible veins
)f coal in Perry county early attracted the atten-
|ion of capitalists to this section. The Legisla-
tures of the early thirties granted liberal charters,
Lnd many large enterprises, with several million
lollars' capital, were launched, notable among
vhich were the Indiana Cotton Mills and the
American Cannel Coal Company. This lat-
r company purchased 7,000 acres of land
nd proceeded to lay out the town of Can-
elton, on a site of 1,000 acres on a bend of
he Ohio river. It became the home of the
arly "boomer," and some of the optimistic
laims made at that time have a familiar ring
D-day. Regarding one of the enterprises that
/as being exploited the following was published :
. . . The mill is to contain 2,000 spindles
nd make coarse ticking and flannel. . . .
This enterprise is intended to be but the begin-
iing of a movement which may result in giving
le control of the price of cotton to the country
^here it is produced. It may, too, operate as a
iheck to overproduction by giving planters other
jieans of investment besides lands and slaves,
nd may result in changing the character of the
jresent cotton manufacturing districts of the
I'orld, for the coal districts in this vicinity and
\t fertile and healthy regions around present
jpportunities for the increase of manufactures

to an unlimited extent. The weallh of Indiana
may be eventually concentrated in this part of
the State, which was so long overlooked by the
emigrants." And to this an early historian
added : "The home market that will here be
made for our agricultural products, and the cap-
ital and population which will be attracted from
abroad by this affluent combination of manufac-
turing advantages, warrants the anticipation that
Cannelton at no distant day will become a
large and important manufacturing city." Thus
Perry county holds the record for first bringing
Indiana and its lavish opportunities before the
world.

Organization. — Perry county, which was
named after Commodore Oliver H. Perry, was
the fourth county organized, in 1814, and the
thirteenth and last county to be created before
the Territory of Indiana applied to Congress for
an enabling act. In November of the same year
the commissioners chose a site on the Ohio river
for the new county seat and gave it the classical
name of Troy; later it was moved to Washing-
ton, which changed its name to Franklin, and in
September, 1819, found the county seat moved
to Rome. Here it remained until December 7,
1859, when it was moved to Cannelton, where a
new court-house had been built and donated as an
inducement to move by an enterprising coal com-
pany that was interested in booming the town.

Population of Perry county in 1890 was
18,240; in 1900 was 18,778, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 18,078, of
which 753 were of white foreign l)irth. There
were 3,919 families in the county and 3.814
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
seven townships in Pcrr}- connly: Anderson.
Clark, Leopold, Oil, Tobin. Troy and Union.
The incorporated cities and towns are Cannelton,
Tell City and Troy. Cannelton is the county
seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the animal rci)ort of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Perry county was

388

CFXTRXXfAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

$1,526,180. value <>f improvcnients was $1,379,-
010 an<l the total nc-t value of taxables was
$4.164.5(M». There were 2,608 polls in the

count \.

Improved Roads.— There were fotuteen miles
,,I iniin-ove.l n.a(l> in IVrry county built and
un.ler jurisdiction of the county commissioners
lanuary 1. 19\S. Amount of <<ravel road bonds
outstan.lin.i,'. $66,500.

Railroads— Steam and Electric— There are
8.41 miles of steam railroad o])erated in Perry
couin\- by the Southern Railway Company.

Educational. — According to the annual report
of Lee B. Mullen, county superintendent of
I'errv county, there were 109 schoolhouses, in-
cluding >even hii,di schools, in the county in 1914.
employin.s,^ 152 teachers. The average daily at-
tendance by pupils was 2.900. The aggregate
aniduni p.aid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $67,493.27.
l^stimated value of school property in the county

was $139,683, and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $22,104.93.

Agriculture. — There were in Perry county in
1910 over 1,900 farms, embraced in 212,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 109.3 acres.,
The value of all farm property was over $5,100,-
000, showing 82.9 per cent, increase over 1900.
The average value of land per acre was $14.29.
The total value of domestic animals was over
$762,000: Number of cattle 7,300, valued at;
$139,000; horses 4,500, valued at $431,000; hogs
9,900, valued at $68,000; sheep 3,900, valued at
$12,000. The total value of poultry was $41,000.'

Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912 there werel
eight in(lustrial establishments in Cannelton, fur-1
nishing employment to over 200 persons. The!
principal products are cotton sheeting and seweri
pipe. At Tell City there are sixteen industries,
which employ over 500 persons. The principal
products are furniture, desks and wood hames.

PIKE COUNTY

PETERSBURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE

PI KIC COUNTY is situated in the southwest-
ern section of the State. It is bounded on
the north by Knox and Daviess, on the east by
l)ul)ois. on the south by Warrick and on the west
by ( iibson counties. It contains 3ii7 square miles,
part ot which is hill\. while the western {)art is
rolling and contains much line l)Ottom land.
( ireat inlerol is lakcn in tarniing and stock rais-
ing, ;nid tlii.s is said to be one of the largest live
>tock ship])ing points in Indiana. Pike count}- is
rich in bilnnn'nous coal deposits, most of the land
being undi-i-laid with tine workable veins of from
torn- to ninr fret in thickness. According to the
."^tate .Mine Inspector's report for the fiscal vear
endin;,; Sejiteniber 30, 1914, there were thirteen
mine-- in o])cralion under his jni-isiliclion, from
which (){)2S)M lon> were i)ro(lnce(|.

Organization. — I 'ike connt\ which was n.amed
i'l bon.M- ol (uncnit /.. M. I'ike. who fell at the
c.ipturr ni ^•,,rk April 27. 1813. was organized
on I'rbrn.Mv I, 1S17, with IVlersburg as the
coinitN >f,it siurr It-, org.-nnzation.

Population oi I'lkc county in 1800 was 18.544;

in 1900 was 20,486, and according to United
States Census of 1910 was 19,684, of which 164
were of white foreign birth. There were 4,522!
families in the county and 4.468 dwellings. j

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are:
nine townshii:)S in Pike county : Clay. Jefferson,!
Lockhart, Logan. Madison, Marion, Monroe, Pa-I
toka and Washington. The incorporated citieSj
and towns are Petersburg and Winslow. F'eters-i
burg is the county seat. |

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to!
the annual rei)ort of the Auditor of State fronii
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the]
total value of lands and lots in Pike county wasj
$3,578,320; value of improvements w^as $1,215, -j
010. and the total net value of taxables vvasj
$7,347,910. There were 2,909 polls in the county.-

Improved Roads. — There were seventy-eight
miles of im])roved roads in Pike county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding. $156,887.60.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

389

128.72 miles of steam railroad operated in Pike
county by the Evansville & Indianapolis and the
Southern Railway Company of Indiana.

Agriculture. — There were in Pike county in
1910 over 2,400 farms embraced in 194,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 79.8 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $9,700,000,
showing 63.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The
'average value of land per acre was $33.10. The
Itotal value of domestic animals was over $1,300,-
'000 : Number of cattle 9,700, valued at $238,000 ;
horses 7,500, valued at $696,000; hogs 26,000,
valued at $167,000 ; sheep 9,400, valued at $35,-

000. The total value of poultry was about
$73,000.

Educational. — According to the report of
xVndrew Jewell, county superintendent of Pike
county, there were ninety-seven schoolhouses, in-
cluding six high schools, in Pike county in 1914,
employing 152 teachers. The average daily at-
tendance by pupils was 3,758. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $57,264.68.
Estimated value of school property in the county
was $159,300. and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $39,270.

Scene on the Patoka River. Rises in northern part of Orange county and flows west through Crawford. Duliois,
Pike and Gibson counties, and empties into the Wabash River below the mouth of Wliite River. — Photo by
Wm. M. Herschell.

390

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

PORTER COUNTY

VALPARAISO, SEAT OF JUSTICE

P( )R'r]:iv COL'X'rV. located in the north-
woicni part of the State, horclering on
Lake Michigan, is hounded on the east by La-
|)(irte, on tlie south l)y jasper and on the west by
Lake counties. Jt is divided into three sections;
the southern contains the great Kankakee marsh ;
I lie central part, the Morainic hills, and the
norihern section the three beaches of old Lake
Chicago and the present beach of Lake Michi-
gan. It contains 575 square miles. For many
vears the Kankakee marsh was considered al-
most worthless, but since it has been drained it
forms one of the most valuable parts of the
count}-, much of which has been given to the
raising of hay. Hebron, a thriving town of 800,
has the distinction of shipping more native hay
than any other town in the world. The proximity
of Chicago has encouraged dairy farming and
the county ships daily over 10,000 gallons of
milk. \'aluable clay deposits are found in the
county, the different kinds producing several of
the best varieties of brick.

The scenic beauty of the county is notable ;
the two most attractive features being the group
of Morainic-basin and kettle-hole lakes around
X'alparaiso, and the magnificent range of sand
hills near Lake Michigan.

Valparaiso University was founded Septem-
l)er 16, 1873, by Henry B. Brown. Two years
after the university was started, Oliver P. Kin-
scy became associ;ited with Mr. Brown, and to-
gether they applied to their problem all of their
knowledge on the subject. Valparaiso University
lia> an cnrolnienl of more than 5,000 students,
iweiuy-iwo de[)arlnients, eleven school l)uildings,
including three in e"hicago for medical and dental
\v<»rk and a library containing over 12,000 works
ot reterence. The classes are in session the entire
year. Its largest dei)artmcnt is the normal col-
lege, which gives instrudion to more than 1,100
students annuall\ , and a large percentage of the
stu<lents earn all ny a part of their expenses at
\ alparaiso. Tlie ninversily has no secret socie-
ties. 11. ir does it compete with other institutions
m ttie held of athletics. It is one of the largest
universities in the I'nited Slates in ])oint of at-

tendance and its students come from all over the
United States and foreign countries.

Organization. — Porter county, organized Feb-
ruary 1, 1836, was named in honor of Commo-,
dore David Porter, of the United States Navy..
The county seat has always been at Valparaiso,
although the first plat dated July 7, 1836, bears
the name of Portersville. The name of the,
county seat was changed to Valparaiso during!
the first year and it seems to have been done by!
the local authorities. •

Population of Porter county in 1890 was,
18,052; in 1900 was 19,175, and according to'
United States Census of 1910 was 20,540, of
which 2,939 were of white foreign birth. There j
were 4,544 families in the county and 4,3961
dwellings. |

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townships in Porter county : Boone, Cen-
ter, Jackson, Liberty, Morgan, Pine, Pleasant, ]
Portage, Porter, Union, Washington and West- •
Chester. The incorporated cities and towns are
Valparaiso, Chesterton, Hebron and Porter.
Valparaiso is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls, — According to I
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Porter county
was $6,938,790 ; value of improvements was
$2,841,160, and the total net value of taxables
was $21,950,810. There were 2,516 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 280 miles of
improved roads in Porter county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing. $707,526.50.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
187.82 miles of steam railroad operated in Por-
ter county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; C. & O. ;
C. & E. ; LaCrosse branch of the Chicago &
Eastern Illinois ; Dune Park extension of the
C, L & S. ; Elgin, Joliet & Eastern ; Grand
Trunk & Western ; L. S. & M. S. ; Michigan Cen-
tral ; Montpelier & Chicago by the Wabash ; New
York, Chicago & St. Louis ; Pere Marquette ;

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

391

Valparaiso University, Porter County.

Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St. L. ;
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago, and the In-
diana Harbor Belt railroads. The Chicago, Lake
Shore & South Bend and the Gary & Interurban
Railroad Companies operate 42.50 miles of elec-
tric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Fred H. Cole, county superintendent of Porter
county, there were ninety-one schoolhouses, in-
cluding seven high schools, in Porter county in
1914, employing 164 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 3,540. The ag-
gregate amount paid in salaries to superintend-
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was

$102,388.42. Estimated value of school property
in the county was $392,745, and the total amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $99,310.79.

Agriculture. — There were in Porter county
in 1910 over 1,900 farms embraced in 239,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 125 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $19,000,000,
showing 78.3 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $58.09. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,700,-
000: Number of cattle 2 1,000, 'valued at $664.-
000; horses 8,200, valued at $869,000; hogs 17,-
000, valued at $141,000; sheep 7,700, valued at

?,000. The total value of poultry was $68,000.

POSEY COUNTY

MOUNT VERNON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

ITJOSEY COUNTY is located in the extreme
|_£^ southwestern corner or "pocket" of the
State, is bounded on the north by Gibson county,
on the east by Vanderburg, on the south by the
Ohio river, the north bank of which separates it
•from the State of Kentucky, and on the west by
[he Wabash river, the dividing line between In-
idiana and Illinois. The county contains 420
square miles, and the surface is level or slightly
rolling, with a few sand-clay hills, due to the ac-
|:ion of the wind. The soils of the county are
.NeW adapted to the raising of grains and vege-
tables of all kinds, including watermelons and
muskmelons, for which the county has become
loted.
Within the borders of Posey county, fifty

miles from the mouth of the Wabash, is the
famous town of New Harmony, which was first
settled in 1814, by Frederick Rapp and a Ger-
man colony from western Pennsylvania. Here
he cleared an immense farm of 17,000 acres,
planted fine orchards and vineyards and erected
mills and manufactories, 200 neat and comfort-
able houses in the town, among which were two
churches, one of which was then much the largest
in the State. In 1825, the celebrated Robert
Owen purchased the town and a considerable
part of the land for the purpose of making an
experiment of his "social system," and Rapp and
his company returned to Pennsylvania.

Organization. — Posey county was organized
November 1. 1814, and was the twelfth in order

392

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

of organization. It was named after Thomas
Posey, the secon.l and last Governor of Indiana
Territory, who aided in the creation of the

county.

Posey county liad three county seat changes
within the first' ten years of its history, and built
a new court-house at each place. The f^rst location
was at Blackford, in the northeastern corner of
Mars township, the town being named after
ludge Isaac Blackford, a famous lawyer in In-
diana for more than forty years. In 1817, it was
removed to Springfield, near the town of Har-
monie, where Frederick Rapp and his colony of
Rappites lived. Here it remained until, by the
legislative act of February 12, 1825, it was re-
moved to Mount Vernon, which has remained
the county seat ever since.

Population of I'osey county in 1890 was
21.529; in 1900 was 22,333, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 21,670, of
which 710 were of white foreign birth. There
were 5,063 families in the county and 4,984
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
ten townships in Posey county : Bethel, Black.
Center, Harmony, Lynn, Mars, Point. Robb,
Robinson and Smith. The incorporated cities

and towns are Mount Vernon, Cynthiana, Griffin,
New Harmony and Posey ville. Mount \'ernon
is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
. the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Posey county was ^
$8,501,580; value of improvements was $2,797,-1
105, and the total net value of taxables was
$15,705,991. There were 3,079 polls in the,
county. I

Improved Roads. — There were 210 miles of
imjiroved roads in Posey county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $499,111.86.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
72.80 miles of steam railroad operated in Posey I
county by the Evansville, Mount Carniel & .
Northern branch of the Big Four; Mount Ver-
non branch of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois;
Peoria division and the New Harmony branch
of the Illinois Central, and the Louisville & Nash-
ville railroads. The Evansville Railways Com-
panv operates 11.69 miles of electric line in the
county.

Educational. — According to the report of

l.al.oratoty ,.f Dr. David Dale Owen, New Harmony,
Po.sey County.

Library, Workingmen's Institute, New-
Harmony, Posey County.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

393

1G. E. Behrens, county superintendent of Posey
county, there were seventy-eight schoolhouses, in-
cluding six high schools, in the county in 1914,
'employing 164 teachers. The average daily at-
itendance by pupils was 3,381. The aggregate
'amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $90,431.67.
Estimated value of school property in the county
was $427,350, and the total amount of indebted-
-ness, including bonds, was $117,007.65.

Agriculture. — There were in Posey county

in 1910 over 2,100 farms embraced in 238,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 112 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $18,000,000,
showing 56.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $58.65.
The total value of domestic animals was over
$1,400,000: Number of cattle 8,000, valued at
$190,000; horses 6,500, valued at $619,000; hogs
27,000, valued at $123,000; sheep 4,600, valued
at $20,000. The total value of poultry was
$48,000.

PULASKI COUNTY

WINAMAC, SEAT OF JUSTICE

PULASKI COUNTY is located in the north
central part of Indiana. It is bounded on the
north by Starke, on the east by Fulton, on the
south by Cass and White and on the west by
Jasper counties. It contains 432 square miles
and is now considered among the best farming
counties in the State. The soil is clay, sand,
muck or loam, and corn is the principal product.
Through it flows the Tippecanoe, one of the most
beautiful rivers in Indiana.

Organization. — Pulaski county began its of-
ficial existence May 6, 1840, and was named after
the celebrated Polish soldier. Count Pulaski, who,
failing to sustain the independence of his own
country, came to America during the Revolu-
tionary war, was appointed a brigadier-general,
and fell mortally wounded in the attack on Sa-
vannah in 1779. Winamac was selected as the
county seat May 6, 1839. The town was named
in honor of Winamac of the Pottawatomies, who
lived at this place.

Population of Pulaski county in 1890 was
11,233; in 1900 was 14,033, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 13,312, of
which 825 were of white foreign birth. There
were 3,036 families in the county and 3,006
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Tow^ns. — There arc
twelve townships in Pulaski county: Beaver,
Cass, FrankHn, Harrison, Indian Creek, Jeffer-
son, Monroe, Rich Grove, Salem, Tippecanoe,
Van Buren and White Post. The incorporated
cities and towns are Francesville, Medaryville,

Monterey and Winamac. The county seat is
Winamac.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Pulaski county
was $4,314,610; value of improvements was
$1,289,235, and the total net value of taxables
was $9,601,490. There were 2,111 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 302 miles of
improved roads in Pulaski county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $332,823.85.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
56.27 miles of steam railroad operated in Pu-
laski county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Chicago
& Erie; Michigan City branch of the C, I. & L.,
and the Logansport division of the P., C, C. &
St. L. railroads.

Educational. — According to the report of
Homer L. Rogers, county superintendent of
Pulaski county, there were seventy-five school-
houses, including seven high schools, in Pulaski
county in 1914, employing 123 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 2.839.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $53,657.14. The estimated value of school
property in the county was $362,000. and the to-
tal amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was
$93,100.

394

CENTEXNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Agriculture.— There were in I'ulaski county total value of domestic animals was over $1,500,-

„i lOjo o\er 1.800 farm? embraced in 258,000 000: Number of cattle 16,000. valued at $424,- |

-,rrc^ Vverage acres per farm, 136 acres. The 000; horses 8,000, valued at $856,000; hogs 18,- :

valueo'f all farm property was over $16,000,000, 000, valued at $143,000; sheep 12,000, valued

showing 105.2 I'cr cen.t. increase over 1900. The at $53,000. The total value of poultry was

avcragc\aluc of land i)cr acre was $47.97. The $90,000.

PUTNAM COUNTY

GREEN CASTLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

PI rXA.M COUNTY, popularly known as
the I'iluo Grass county of Indiana, comprises
480 s([uarc miles. It is bounded on the north by
.Montgomery, on the east by Hendricks and Mor-
gan, on ilic soulh l)y Owen and Clay, and on the
west by Parke counties. Its principal stream,
Walnut creek, traverses the county in a south-
westerly direction, and just before passing into
Clay county is joined by Deer and Mill creeks
and thus forms Eel river. The surface of the
land in the northern half of the county is gen-
erally level, but south of Greencastle it becomes
undulating and, in some cases, hilly and precipi-
tant. The soil is known as rich calcareous loam
or clay, especially adapted to grain or grass, and
to the profitable cultivation of fruits. In two
other items, however, Putnam county is greatly
in the lead of other counties — -live stock and lime-
stone rock. Its pre-eminence in the development
of live stock dates from 1853, when the late Dr.
Alexander C. Stevenson visited England and
succeeded in bringing across the Atlantic from
that country several head of pedigreed short-
horn or Durham cattle, the first of the kind to
reach this i)art of the country. From this modest
beginning has s])rung tlie many valuable strains
of c;itlle lor whirh tlie county has long been
noted.

The State Farm for Misdemeanants is lo-
cated ill i'litnani county. It contains 1,600 acres.

De Pauw University. — \\ itli the breaking of
the ground in 1915 for the new $100,000 gym-
nasium, "The Thomas Howman Memorial,"
which h.lloucd ;i canii)aign i)lacing the active
endowment beyond .S 1 .()( M UKK), De Pauw Univer-
sit\ . at ( M-eencastie, lias become one of the best
e«|ui|)|.ed institutions in the Middle West. Ac-
<"iding to an early record, the college was first

conceived and advocated as early as 1832, but it
was not until 1836, at the session of the Indiana
Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, that it was finally determined upon. As
the largest subscriptions were procured at Green-
castle, this location was selected as the site for
the college.

The name of the university at the time of its
founding was "Indiana Asbury University,"
which name it was given in honor of Francis As-
bury, the great pioneer bishop. This name was
changed to De Pauw University in 1884, in rec-
ognition of liberal gifts from Washington T, De
Pauw, of New Albany, Ind.

Ten buildings scattered over a campus of
twenty-five acres, in the heart of Greencastle,
are given over to the work of De Pauw Univer-
sity. The college library contains over 41,000
bound volumes and several thousand pamphlets.
It numbers among its alumni Daniel W. Voor-
hees, Albert G. Porter, John Clark Ridpath, Al-
bert J. Beveridge and other distinguished men.
Dr. George R. Grose is the president of the uni-
versity.

Organization. — Putnam county was organ-
ized April 1, 1822, and was named in honor of
General Israel Putnam of the war of the Revo-
lution. Greencastle, the county seat of Putnam
county, was so named at the suggestion of
Ephraim IDukes, one of the donors of the land
on which the county seat was established, after
Greencastle, Pa., his native town.

Population of Putnam county in 1890 was
22,335; in 1900 was 21,478. and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 20,520, of
which 201 were of white foreign birth. There
were 5,317 families in the county and 5,199
dwellings.

DePauw University (Formerly Asbury), Greencastle.

396

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Townships, Cities and Towns.— There are
fourteen townships in Putnam county : CHnton,
Cloverdale, Floyd, Frankhn, Greencastle, Jack-
son, Jefferson, Madison, Marion, Mill Creek,
Monroe, Russell, Warren and Washington. The
incorporated cities and towns are Greencastle,
Hainljridge, Cloverdale, Roachdale and Russell-
ville. Greencastle is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Putnam county
was $7,660,835; value of improvements was
$2,757,325, and the total net value of taxables
was $17,283,771. There were 3,368 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 800 miles of
improved roads in Putnam county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $646,126.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
89.42 miles of steam railroad operated in Putnam
county by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louis-
ville ; Cincinnati, Indianapolis & Western ; St.
Louis division of the Big Four, and the St. Louis
division of the Vandalia railroads. The Terre
Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction Com-
pany operates 20.33 miles of electric lines in the
county.

Educational. — According to the report off
L. G. Wright, county superintendent of Putnam |
county, there were 104 schoolhouses, including
eighteen high schools, in Putnam county in 1914,
employing 183 teachers. The average daily at-
tendance by pupils was 3,506. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $73,144.02.
The estimated value of school property in the
county was $255,219, and the total amount of in-:
debtedness, including bonds, was $50,299.

Agriculture. — There were in Putnam county
in 1910 over 2,900 farms embraced in 292,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 98.7 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $20,000,000,
showing 71.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $49.41. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,300,-!
000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $581,-:
000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,000,000; hogsl
58,000, valued at $393,000; sheep 25,000, valued |
at $116,000. The total value of poultry wasl
$114,000.

Industrial. — According to the report of the!
State Bureau of Inspection for 1915, there were!
eleven industrial establishments in Greencastle;
which employ nearly 200 persons. The leading
industries are engaged in the production of lum-,
ber and veneer, kitchen cabinets and lightning
rods.

RANDOLPH COUNTY

WINCHESTER, SEAT OF JUSTICE

RANDOLPH COUNTY is situated in the
east central part of the State and is marked
by the highest altitude in Indiana. The highest
of surveyed points is on the Springfield division
of the Big Four, about four miles west of Lynn
and is 1,285 feet above sea level. It is quite
l)r()l)al)le that the highest point in the State is
north and t-ast of this point about three miles at
the head of the west fork of White river. The
entire county is a level plateau, there being no
hills of any consequence whatever. The natural
resources of Randolph county consist of gas,
oil and stone. The gas and oil are about ex-
hausted, Init the limestone is being used more

than ever. The quarry and crusher are at Bridge- .
ville and are among the largest in the State. Ran-}
dolph county contains 450 square miles and is!
bounded on the north by Jay, on the east by the
State of Ohio, on the south by Union and Fay-
ette, and on the west by Henry and a small sec-
tion of Fayette county. In or near this county
are the head waters of the Big Miami, \Miite
Water, Blue river. White river, the Mississin-
ewa, the Salamonie, Wabash and St. Marys, all
of which run in different directions.

Organization. — Randolph county is said to
have been named at the request of the settlers
after the county in North Carolina from which

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

397

they emigrated, though it is said also that the
name was given in honor of Thomas Randolph,
attorney-general of the territory, who was killed
in the battle of Tippecanoe. It was organized
August 10, 1818, and Winchester has been the
county seat since its organization.

Population of Randolph county in 1890 was
28,085 ; in 1900 was 28,653, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 29,013. of
which 555 were of white foreign birth. There
were 7,354 families in the county and 7,260
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townships in Randolph county : Frank-
lin, Green, Greens Fork, Jackson, Monroe, Nettle
Creek, Stony Creek, Ward, Washington, Wayne,
West River and White River. The incorporated
cities and towns are Union City, Winchester,
East ]Modoc, West Modoc, Farmland, Losant-
ville, Lynn, Parker City, Ridgeville and Sara-
toga. Winchester is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Randolph county
was $10,442,230; value of improvements was
$4,101,820, and the total net value of taxables
was $23,267,290. There were 4,718 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There w^ere 515 miles of
improved roads in Randolph county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $621,221.16.

Railroads — Steam and Electric— rThere are
87.33 miles of steam railroad operated in Ran-
dolph county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Cincin-
nati, Richmond & Fort Wayne ; Indianapolis di-
vision of the Big Four; Eastern division of the
Peoria & Eastern ; Grand Rapids & Indiana, and
the Logansport division of the P., C, C. & St.
L. railroads. The Union Traction Company of
Indiana operates 23.49 miles of electric line in
the county.

Educational. — According- to the report of

Lee L. Driver, county superintendent of Ran-
dolph county, there were eighty-seven school-
houses (twenty-four of which were not in use),
including eighteen high schools, in Randolph
county in 1914, employing 239 teachers. The
average daily attendance l^y pupils was 5,441.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $120,462.61. The estimated value of school
property in the county was $598,600, and the
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds,
was $229,077.

Randolph county has twenty consolidated
schools, fifteen of which are consolidated high
schools, to which last year 2.144 pupils were
transported, by ninety-one school wagons and
interurban. Of the ninety-seven abandoned dis-
trict schools of this county, twenty-one have been
abandoned because of lack of attendance, the re-
maining seventy-six were abandoned upon peti-
tion of the patrons. The higli school attendance
in township schools has increased in eight years
from sixty-one to 601. The per cent, of eighth-
year graduates to enter high school has increased
in the same length of time from 21 per cent, to
50 per cent, before consolidation to 93 per cent,
to 100 per cent, since consolidation, varying in
the different corporations.

Agriculture. — There were in Randolph county
in 1910 over 3,200 farms embraced in 280,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.1 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $29,000,000,
showing 106.7 per cent, increase over 1,900. The
average value of land per acre was $78.03. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,750.-
000: Number of cattle 21.000. valued at $636,-
000; horses 13,000. valued at $1,500,000; hogs
81,000, valued at $472,000: sheep 18,000, valued
at $84,000. Total value of poultry $131,000.

Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were
seventeen industrial establishments in Winches-
ter, which furnish employment to over 600 per-
sons. The largest industry is engaged in the
manufacture of glass l)ottles and bottle packages.

598

CKXT1':XXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

RIPLEY COUNTY

VERSAILLES, SEAT OF JUSTICE

RIl'LEV COUNTY is in the southeastern
part of Indiana, and contains 440 square
miles. It is bounded on the north by Decatur
and Frankhn, on the east by Dearl)orn and Ohio,
on the south by Switzerland and Jefferson and
on the west by Jennings counties. It is situated
in tlie Ohio valley approximately fifteen miles
from the Ohio river. A small tributary of the
Ohio, the Laughrey, drains the greater part of
the county. Its source is in the north central part
and flows directly south of southeast, cutting a
picturesque channel through a bed of limestone.
Although, as one approaches the Ohio river, the
surface is undulating, the contour in general is
level. The top soil is of three types, that formed
by glaciation, that formed by decaying limestone,
and that formed by overflow of the streams.
This, together with the temperate climate, is fa-
vorable for the production of grains, grasses,
fruits and vcijetables. ]\Ianv valuable and dense

forests are still found in this section and poultry
and dairy products are extensive. While farming
is the leading industry, quarrying is a profitable
one on account of the abundance of limestone.

Organization. — Ripley county, which was
named in honor of General E. W. Ripley, a dis-
tinguished officer of the war of 1812, was organ-
ized April 10, 1818. The first courts in Ripley
county were held at Marion, as a county seat was
not selected until April 27, 1818. The place se-
lected was the present site of Versailles, now the
county seat, on land donated by John Paul, of
Jeft'erson county. The first lots were sold on
September 21, 1818, and temporary provisions
were made for holding the courts in the spring
of 1819. A court-house was not built until 1821.

Population of Ripley county in 1890 was
19,350; in 1900 was 19,881, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 19,452, of
which 1,019 were of white foreign birth. There

1 lu- MuscalatiR-k l\ivcr. Rises in Ripley county and Hows into White River near west lines of Washington and
Jackson counties; one of its branches rises within two miles of the Ohio River, near Hcinover.— Photograph
I'y U III. M. Il,rs,hrll.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

399

were 4,796 families in the county and 4,701
dwellings.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According- to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Ripley county
was $3,569,965 ; value of improvements was
$1,902,175, and the total net value of taxables
was $8,680,560. The county had 3,126 polls.
, Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
'eleven townships in Ripley county: Adams,
:Brown, Center, Delaware, Franklin, Jackson,
Johnson, Laughrey, Otter Creek, Shelby and
Washington. The incorporated cities and towns
;are Batesville, Milan, Osgood, Sunman, Ver-
sailles. The county seat is Versailles.

Improved Roads. — There were 283 miles of
improved roads in Ripley county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
!outstanding, $266,639.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
30.29 miles of steam railroad operated in Ripley
jcounty by the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern

and the Chicago division of the Big Four rail-
roads.

Educational. — According to the report of
Charles R. Hertenstein, county superintendent
of Ripley county, there were 100 schoolhouses,
including eight high schools, in Ripley county in
1914, employing 137 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 3,500. The aggre-
gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents,
supervisors, principals and teachers was $57,-
470.51. The estimated value of school property
in the county was $187,660, and the total amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $33,744.

Agriculture. — There were in Ripley county
in 1910 over 3,000 farms emljraced in 273,000
acres. Average acres per farm, ninety-one acres.
The value of all farm property was over $12,-
000,000, showing 74.5 per cent, increase over
1900. The average value of land per acre was
$27.11. The total value of domestic animals was
over $1,500,000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued
at $455,000; horses 8,300, valued at $825,000:
hogs 19,000, valued at $134,000; sheep 6,200,
valued at $24,000. The value of poultry. $1 18,000.

RUSH COUNTY

RUSHVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

RUSH COUNTY is situated in the second
tier of counties east of Indianapolis and
is bounded on the north by Hancock and Henry,
on the east by Fayette and Franklin, on the
south by Decatur and on the west by Shelby and
Hancock counties. It contains 414 square miles
of the most fertile land in the State. The county
is given particularly to the most advanced type
of farming and stock raising. A special feature
for which the county is noted is the importing
and breeding of Jersey cattle. Several large stock
farms of national reputation are conducted here
that are devoted to this particular industry.
Many fine orchards are in the county that have
won prizes for their apples in America and Eu-
rope. Hundreds of farmers are doing excellent
work, adding to the fame of Rush county in the
raising of all classes of horses, cattle, sheep and
hogs.

Organization. — Rush county was organized
by an act of the Legislature December 31, 1821,

which became etfective April 1, 1822. At the
suggestion of Dr. Laughlin it was named in
honor of Dr. Rush, as well as the town of Rush-
ville, which has been the count)- seat since the
organization.

Population of Rush county in 18','0 was
19,034; in 1900 was 20,148, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 19,349, of
which 214 were of white foreign birth. There
were 4.994 families in the county and 4,895
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townships in Rush couiUy : Anderson,
Center, Jackson, Noble, Orange, Posey, Richland,
Ripley, Rushville, Union, \\'alkcr and Washing-
ton. The incorporated cities and towns are Rush-
ville, Carthage and Glenwood. Ku-^hville is the
county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the

400

CEXTENN'IAL HISTORY AxND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Ford on Flat Rock. Rises in northeast corner of Henry
County. Hows through Rush, Decatur, Shelby and
Bartholomew counties, and empties into east fork
of White River. The Indian name is Puck-op-ka.

—Pliot(i(/raph by Ji'm. M. HcrschcU.

total value of lands and lots in Rush county was
$10,775,375 ; value of improvements was $3,346,-
285, and the total net value of taxables was $20,-
957,525. There were 3,377 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 280 miles of
improved roads in Rush county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1. 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $579,937.90.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are

77.10 miles of steam railroad operated in Rush
county by the Cincinnati, Indianapolis & West-
ern ; Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan ; Big Four
over Lake Erie & Western; Fort Wayne, Cin-
cinnati & Louisville; Indianapolis division and
Cambridge City branch of the P., C, C. & St. L.,
and the Vernon, Greensburg & Rushville rail-
roads. The Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction
Company operates 18.73 miles of electric line in
the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Chester M. George, the county superintendent,
there were fifty-seven schoolhouses, including
nine high schools, in the county in 1914, employ-
ing 146 teachers. The average daily attendance
by pupils was 3,059. The aggregate amount paid
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin-
cipals and teachers was $88,231.12. Estimated
value of school property in the county was $561,-
500, and the total amount of indebtedness, includ-l
ing bonds, was $187,960. !

Agriculture. — There were in Rush county'
in 1910 over 2,100 farms embraced in 253,0001
acres. ^Average acres per farm, 118.5 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $31,000,000,1
showing 92.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $95.45. The'
total value of domestic animals was over $2,700,-'
000: Number of cattle 14,000, valued at $505,-i
000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogsj
122,000, valued at $782,000; sheep 15,000. valued'
at $65,000. The total value of poultry, $96,000.;

Industrial. — According to the report of the|
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were;
twenty-three indtistrial establishments in Rush-[
ville, furnishing employment to over 500 per-
sons. The principal articles manufactured are
furnittire and lumber.

SCOTT COLfNTY

SCOTT.SHURG, SEAT OF JUSTICE

S''*'' ' ' H .\ lA'. the fourth smallest and a small section of Clark counties. There art

' "niit\ ill ilir Slate, is located a little to the three distinct kinds of land in the county: hillj

ea>i ot the eeiitral i)art of the southern section table and bottom land. Few counties contair;

••' liidian.i. It eont.iiii, al)out 200 sqtiare miles more real good bottom land compared with it5;

and is hounded on tlie north by Jackson and Jen- areas. Straightening, shortening and cleaning;

mugs, (.11 ilic easi l,y jelVerson, on the south by the streains have been resorted to in relieving thi

C lark an.l on the west l)y W a<hington. Jackson low lands of surplus rainfall, one of the mosi,

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

401

jnotable improvements being the shortening of
Stucker creek from fourteen to seven miles in
length. Numerous good-sized streams afford ex-
Icellent drainage facilities, and the soil is admira-
bly adapted to the cultivation of farm and garden
.products. The breeding and raising of horses and
ilmules is carried on extensively.

Organization. — Scott county, which was

'named in honor of General Charles Scott, a dis-

Itinguished officer of the army of the Revolution,

'then in the Indian wars and afterward Governor

lof Kentucky, was organized January 12, 1820.

(For more than fifty years the county seat was

located at the town of Lexington. Several ap-

I peals were made to the Legislature to relocate

the county seat and this was not done until the

building of a railroad through the county in 1871

was accomplished. A new town was laid out on

ithe railroad March 27, 1871, named Scottsburg,

[in honor of Thomas Scott, president of the Jef-

' fersonville, Madison & Indianapolis railroad, to

; which the seat of justice was removed after com-

^pletion of the new court-house. A statue of the

: late William H. English, who was born in Scott

county, has been erected in the court-house yard.

Population of Scott county in 1890 was

7,833 ; in 1900 was 8,307, and according to

I United States Census of 1910 was 8,323, of

! which fifty-three were of white foreign birth.

' There were 1,980 families in the county and

1,967 dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
five townships in Scott county : Finley, Jennings,
Johnson, Lexington and Vienna. Scottsburg is
the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract from the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Scott county was
$1,432,700; value of improvements was $638,110,
and the total net value of taxables was $3,626,-
590. There were 1,279 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 153 miles of
improved roads in Scott county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $124,640.86.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
21.35 miles of steam railroad operated in Scott
county by the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern ;
Big Four, and the Louisville division of the P..

C, C. & St. L. railroads. The Indianapolis &
Louisville Traction Company operates 12.09
miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
William S. Griffith, county superintendent of
Scott county, there were forty-six schoolhouses,
including three high schools, in Scott county in
1914, employing sixty-eight teachers. The aver-
age daily attendance by pupils was 1,643. The
aggregate amount paid in salaries to superintend-
ents, supervisors, principals and teachers was
$25,441.72. The estimated value of school prop-
erty in the county was $115,500, and the amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $33,289.46.

Agriculture. — There were in Scott county in
1910 over 1,300 farms embraced in 111,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.3 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $4,600,000.
showing 97.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $26.90. The
total value of domestic animals was over $572,-
000: Number of cattle 3,800, valued at $97,000;
horses 3,300, valued at $317,000; hogs 6,100,
valued at $44,000 ; sheep 2,000, valued at $9,000.
The total value of poultry was $39,000.

MhA

tTi

1 1^

.jj**

-^."^P"

- _>- "■'

Statue of Win. II. l.hs"-" on Court-House
Grounds, Scottsburg.

4U2

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

SHELBY COUNTY

SIIELBYVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

SHI-:LBY county adjoins Marion county
on tlic soutlicast and contains about 408
s([uare miles. Jt is liounded on the north by Han-
cock, on the east by Rush and Decatur, on the
south bv liartliolomew and a very small section
of Decatur, and on the west by Marion and
lohnson. The soil is very fertile and there is
jiracticallv no waste land. The county is trav-
ersed bv small rivers and creeks, affording line

were 6,905 families in the county and 6,779
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
fourteen townships in Shelby county : Addison,
Brandywine, Hanover, Hendricks, Jackson, Lib-
erty, Marion, Moral, Noble, Shelby, Sugar Creek,
Union, Van Buren and Washington. The incor-
porated cities and towns are Shelbyville and
Morristown. Shelbyville is the county seat.

Ford on the Brandywine. The Brandywine rises in Hancock county, flows through and
empties into Blue River in Shelby county.

drainage, insuring bountiful crops of all farm
products.

Organization. — Shelby county, which was
ii.inu'd in honor of Isaac Shelby, an officer of
di^liiutioii in the Revolutionary war and in that
ol 1(S12, also Governor of Kentucky, was organ-
ized April 1, 1822. It was formerly a part of
Delaware county and was occupied by the Miami
Indians, but vacated by them before the organi-
zation of the county, Shelbyville was made the
sc-al of justice at the organization. It is now one
ol the State's most im])ortant manufacturing
renters, devoted largely to the m;inufaeture of
furniture.

Population of Shelby county in 1S')() was
2.\4.=^4: in imo w.-is 26,491, and according to
I'liitetl Sl.ites ( ensus in 1910 was 26,802. of
wliieh 401 were of white foreign birth. There

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to '
the annual report of the Auditor of State from ]
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Shelby county :
was $12,477,000 ; value of improvements was ;
$3,833,930, and the total net value of taxables j
was $23,646,356. There were 4,993 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 332 miles of
improved roads in Shelby county built and under
jiu'isdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $243,608.20.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
58.10 miles of steam railroad operated in Shelby
county by the Cincinnati, Indianapolis & West-
ern ; Chicago division of the Big Four; Fairland^
iM-anklin & Martinsville, and the Cambridge City

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

403

ibranch of the P., C, C. & St. L. railroads. The
Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction Company
operates 32.13 miles of electric line in the county.
j Educational. — According to the report of
William Everson, the county superintendent,
ithere were ninety-three schoolhouses, including
|six high schools, in the county in 1914, employ-
ing 201 teachers. The average daily attendance
by pupils was 4,655. The aggregate amount paid
[in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin-
cipals and teachers was $112,951.71. Estimated
value of school property in the county was $524,-
300, and the total amount of indebtedness, includ-
ing bonds, was $167,946.

Agriculture. — There were in Shelby county
in 1910 over 2,700 farms embraced in 251,000

acres. Average acres per farm, 93.2 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $31,000,000,
showing 91.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $98.81. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,100,-
000: Number of cattle 15,000, valued at $462,-
000; horses 12,000, valued at $1,250,000; hogs
49,000, valued at $306,000 ; sheep 10,000, valued
at $46,000. The total value of pouhry was $111,-
000.

Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were
twenty-two industrial establishments in Shelby-
ville, which employ nearly 1,600 persons. Shelby-
ville is one of the largest furniture manufactur-
ing centers in Indiana.

SPENCER COUNTY

ROCKPORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE

SPENCER COUNTY, situated upon the
Ohio river, reaches as far south as any
other county in the State. It contains about 410
square miles, and leads all other counties in the
State in the production of tobacco, and much
corn is raised on the rich bottom lands along the
river. In the northern part of the county are
some rich beds of coal, one mine being in opera-
tion in 1914 under the jurisdiction of the State
mine inspector.

Organization. — Spencer county, which was
first settled by Kentuckians, was organized by an
act of the Legislature, which became effective
February 1, 1818. It was named in honor of
Captain Spier Spencer, of Harrison county, who

was killed in the battle of Tippecanoe. Rockport
has been the seat of justice since the organiza-
tion of the county. Spencer county has the dis-
tinction of having been the home of Abraham
Lincoln, and the site of his father's log cabin is
still pointed out by old settlers about Lincoln
City.

St. Meinrad's Abbey, Spencer county, Indi-
ana, is the name of that flourishing branch of the
great and venerable Benedictine Order, which
some sixty years ago was transplanted from Eu-
rope to America.

The name which this institution of piety and
learning bears is taken from the holy man and
hermit, St. Meinrad. born in the year 797, a mem-

^flQK3iHHPI6Bi^&b^^ ' '*''*' wS

Hr" -O

^f^k^E^^i^^

"^•^-"Ifi'iiiii i--^

•BBk^^

Nancy Hanks Park and Monument, Lincoln City, Spencer County.

404

CKNTKXXIAL JIISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ber oi ihc noble house of Ilohcnzollern (the
same that to-day in the person of Emperor Will-
iam II rules in (iermanyj. For years he lived
as a hermit a life of prayer and penance at a
si>ot which to-day is the world-renowned place
of pilijrimage in Switzerland— Maria Einsiedeln
(( )ur Lady of the Hermits). There he died as a
niarl\r in the year 861. being slain by two rob-
ber>. who falsely thought that the holy man had
concealed in his hut rich gifts received from the
l.ilgrims. Although aware of the impending dan-
ger, he nevertheless extended to them the hospi-
tality of his humble cell, thus falling a victim to
his own charity.

It was by this famous Abbey of Einsiedeln in
Switzerland that the Abbey of St. Meinrad in
Spencer County, Indiana, was founded. In 1852
the Rev. Joseph Kundeck, of Jasper, Ind., upon
the urgent recjuest of Bishop de Saint Palais,
of \ incennes, Ind., secured from Einsiedeln
several Benedictine recruits for the American
missions — the Rev. Bede O'Connor and the Rev.
Ulrich Christin, who arrived in New York Jan-
uary 31, 1853. Shortly after, more recruits were
sent from the mother house, and on March 21,
1854. full ])ossession was taken of the new Bene-
dictine colony established at St. Meinrad. The
Kev. Kundeck dedicated the little log cabin,
held solemn celebration of high-mass in the open
air, and preached to the throng that had gathered
from all directions. Soon frame buildings and a
church were erected ; missions, together with a
school (college and seminary), were begun; and
by re-enforcement of members the new settle-
ment was able, in 1866, to count in its family
I went) religieux, all ready to sacrifice their time,
their strength and even their lives for the good
cause. Many were the hardships and struggles
during these years; but in spite of all adversity,
ihc Benedictine colony progressed so satisfac-
torily that it was deemed feasible to have it ele-
vated by Rome to the title of an independent Ab-
l>ey, with all rights and ])rivilcges ; this was ef-
fected on September 30, 1870. The Rev. Martin
M.'irty, up to this time I'rior, became its first Ab-
bot ; but in ISSO lu' was a])pointed Bishop of all
llu' I )akot;is, wlivre he accom])lishe(l an immense
am(»unt of L;ood work for the Indian cause, set-
tling many ;i dilTerence between the Indians and
tlie governnienl. I le died as I'.ishop of St. Cloud
in 18%.

With this elevation to the title and rank of an
Abbey, a period of great activity set in for the
institution under the leadership of Abbot Marty.
In 1872 the corner-stone of the new Abbey build-
ing was laid, and in 1874 the community aban-
doned their old frame buildings and occupied
their new stately edifice constructed of sandstone
from its own quarry. The successor of Abbot
Marty was Abbot Fintan (1880-1898), under
whose administration the large and spacious col-
lege building of stone was erected; he also
fottnded a new Benedictine colony at St. Bene-
dict's in the State of Arkansas, and one at St.
Joseph's in the State of Louisiana.

Affairs had thus made marked progress at St.
Meinrad. Its missions, as well as college and
seminary, were in a flourishing condition ; the
institution enjoyed a great increase of members
not only in the community, but also in all depart-
ments of the student body ; when of a sudden, on
September 2, 1887, at the noon hour, a terrific
disaster fell upon the Abbey, bringing gloom and
desolation with it. On that day the Abbey build-
ings, church, library, college, seminary and all
workshops were destroyed by fire. What had
taken many years of labor and self-sacrifice
to build up, an unexpected conflagration of an
hour or two turned into a waste of smoldering
ruins. The community immediately set to work
for the reconstruction of the new Abbey build-
ings, and on the second anniversary day of the
fire, September 2, 1889, the new Abbey was
ready for occupancy.

In 1898, after the death of Abbot Fintan, the
third incumbent of the abbatial chair was elected,
the choice falling upon the rector of the semi-
nary— Reverend Athanasius Schmitt, O. S. B.
Llis chief aim was to erect a church large enough
to accommodate choir members, priests, clerics,
brothers, students of the college, philosophers,
theologians and a large number of lay people.
This church is a huge- structtire of solid stone
masonry built in the pure Romanesque style of
architecture, 200 feet long by 72 feet wide, with
two beautiful towers containing a chime of six
bells. These towers are covered with copper
shingles, whilst the roofing of the church proper
is of slate. The magnificent art glass windows
were imported from Munich, Germany. The high
altar, a unique, gorgeous structure of Italian
marble and lire-gilt bronze, hails likewise from

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

405

the art studios of Germany and Italy. Beneath
jthe chancel there is a crypt containing four dif-
■ferent grottoes ; these grottoes are built of natural
i stone obtained from a cave in Ohio. The church
[icontains fourteen altars, with baptismal chapel
'and a chapel of Our Lady near the entrance. The
mammoth double organ is an instrument of fifty-
ifive registers and 3,015 pipes.

After completion of the beautiful church a
new four-story library 125 feet by 30 feet and a

brethren, to-wit : carpenters, blacksmiths, wagon-
makers, gardeners, butchers, shoemakers, tailors,
bookbinders, cooks, electricians, tinners, mechan-
ics, painters, scientists, musicians, etc., and is
again proof, as in past centuries, that such set-
tlements become centers of industry, art, science,
learning and piety, all of which naturally will
exercise an influence upon its surroundings.

St. Meinrad's College, which was first opened
for the education of young men on January 1,

St. Meinrad Abbey, St. Meinrad, Spencer County.

new seminary 200 feet by 40 feet, five stories
high, built entirely of sandstone (from the mon-
astery's own quarry), reinforced concrete and
with tile roofs were added ; also a reinforced
concrete water tank, containing 500,000 gallons
of water for supply and fire protection purposes
was erected.

The membership of the Abbey at present is
as follows: Priests, fifty-five; clerics, twelve;
lay-brothers, forty; students of the college, 120;
of the seminary, seventy ; besides workingmen
and employes, averaging about 300 all in all.

A Benedictine family is an industrious colony
in itself, with agricultural facilities and practi-
cally all kinds of trades represented in the lay-

1857, has developed since its establishment into
an institution with three distinct departments
and faculties : St. Meinrad's Seminary, St. Mein-
rad's College, and Jasper College. The three de-
partments of this institution are conducted by the
Fathers of tiie Benedictine Order, and are con-
nected with the Abbey of St. Meinrad: the first
two ( for ecclesiastical students) at St. Meinrad.
Ind., tlie last named (for secular students) at
lasper, Ind. AH three departments were incor-
porated in the year 1890 under the title of "St.
Meim-ad's Abbey." subject to ihr laws of incor-
I)oration of the State of Indiana, and cmiiouered
to confer Collegiate degrees.

Population of Spencer coinity in 1890 was

406

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

22,060: in 1900 was 22,407, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 20,676, of
which 527 were of white foreign birth. There
were 4,819 families in the county and 4,700
dwelHngs.

Townships, Cities and Towns.— There are
nine townships in Spencer county : Carter, Clay,
Grass, Hammond, Harrison, Hufif, Jackson, Luce
and Ohio. The incorporated cities and towns are
Rockport, Chrisney, Dale, Gentryville, Grand-
view and St. Meinrad. Rockport is the county

seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Spencer county
was $4,358,750; value of improvements was
$1,541,760, and the total net value of taxables
was $8,105,790. There were 3,005 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were forty-two
miles of improved roads in Spencer county built
and under jurisdiction of the county commission-
ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road
bonds outstanding, $81,483.50.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
41.52 miles of steam railroad operated in Spen-
cer county by the Southern Railroad Company.
The Evansville Railways Company operates 21.77
miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Joseph W. Strassell, county superintendent of
Spencer county, there were 111 schoolhouses, in-
cluding seven high schools, in Spencer county in

1914, employing 182 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 3,001 ; elementary high
schools, 315. The aggregate amount paid in sal-
aries to superintendents, supervisors, principals
and teachers was $74,655. The estimated value of
school property in the county was $179,835, and
the total amount of indebtedness, including
bonds, was $38,662. Spencer county has just be-
gun to consolidate her district schools. Seven
wagons are used to transport the children. Iri'
Luce township there remain but five district
schools out of twenty-three. Three consolidated
graded buildings have been erected in their
stead. It has increased the general school effi-
ciency and reduced the cost per capita from $22
to $14.

Agriculture. — There were in Spencer county
in 1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 236,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 83.3 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $13,000,000,;
showing 103.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The;
average value of land per acre was $38.59. The'
total value of domestic animals was over $1,270,-
000 : Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $208,-
000 ; horses 7,400, valued at $677,000 ; hogs 18,-
000, valued at $112,000; sheep 3,000, valued at
$9,900. The value of poultry was estimated to
be $65,000.

Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there werel
eight industrial establishments in Rockport,;
which employ nearly 200 persons. The leading
industries are the manufacture of tile and pearlj
buttons.

STARKE COUNTY

KNOX, SEAT OF JUSTICE

STAUKF. COUNTY is located in the north-
ern ])art of the State, west of the dividing
line from north to south, and contains about 320
sf|uare miles. It is bounded on the north and
northwest by Laporte and St. Joseph, on the east
by Marshall, on the south by Pulaski, and on the
west liy Jris])er counties. Up to the time of its
()ri,Mni/ation it was situated mostly in the
marshes of Kankakee and was at that time not
supposed to have any particular value except

for stock raising. In the late '90s, a system of
dredge ditches were established and every year
since that time more and more of the lowlands'
have been brought under cultivation. Prior to!
that time, only the highlands were tilled and no I
one even suspected the value of the black soil
that lay between the sand hills, beneath from one
to four feet of water. Fully one-third of the
county surface is covered with a deposit of muck
from one to ten feet deep. On it can be grown

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

40;

any kind of a crop, the most valuable one, how-
ever, being onions, $1,8CX) of which it is said
have been sold off of one acre of this muck land.
Organization. — Starke county, named in
honor of General John Starke, the victor in the
battle of Bennington, was organized by an act
of the Legislature of January 15, 1844, but the
organization was not made effective until Janu-
ary 15, 1850. The locating commissioners estab-
lished the county seat on April 1, 1850, at the
present site of Knox. There was no town there
at the time, but the site was chosen because of its
central location. There are a number of beauti-
ful lakes in the county. The best known and one
of the largest lakes in Indiana is Bass lake, which

There were 1,729 polls in the

was $8,271,910.
county.

Improved Roads.— There were 288 miles of
nnijroved roads in Starke county built and un-
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $283,71 1.44.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
99.36 miles of steam railroad operated in Starke
county by the C"hesa])eake & Ohio; Chicago &
Erie; Michigan City division of the C, I. & L. ;
Kankakee division oi the Chicago, Indiana &
Southern; New York. Chicago & St. Louis; Lo-
gansport division of the P., C. C. & St. L., and
ti-ie Pitts1)urg, Fort Wayne & Chicago railroads.

Views of Bass Lake, Starke County.

lies in the southern part of the county and
has an area of over 1,600 acres. The early sur-
veyors called it Cedar lake and it was known by
this name for many years.

Educational. — According to the report of
Carroll W. Cannon, county superintendent of
Starke county, there were rtfty-tive schoolhouses.
including six hisrh schools, in the C(iunt\- in 1914,

Population of Starke county in 1890 was employing 101 teachers. The average daily at-
7,339; in 1900 was 10,431, and according to tendance by pupils was 2,395. The aggregate
United States Census of 1910 was 10,567, of amount paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
which 1,484 were of white foreign birth. There visors, principals and teachers was $51,874.02.
were 2,481 families in the county and 2,460 Estimated value of school property in the county
dwellings. was $178,500. and the total amount of indebted-
Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are ness. including bonds, was $47,650.
nine townships in Starke county: California. Agriculture. — There were in Starke county
Center, Davis, Jackson, North Bend, Oregon.
Railroad, Washington and Wayne. The incor-
porated cities and towns are Hamlet. Knox and
North Judson. Knox is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to

in 1910 over 1,300 farms embraced in 158,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 114.3 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $8,900,000,
showing 64.1 i)or cent, increase over 1900. The
average value nf land i)er acre was $40.64. The

the annual report of the Auditor of State from total value of domestic animals was over $751,-

the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the 000: Xuniber of cattle 9,300, valued at $232,000;

total value of lands and lots in Starke county horses 4,300, valued at $432,000; hogs 8,000,

was $2,429,885; value of improvements was valued at $63,000 ; sheep 1,4(X). valued at $7,100.

$907,660, and the total net value of taxables The total value of jxiultry was $40,000.

408

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ST. JOSEPH COUNTY

SOUTH BEND, SEAT OF JUSTICE

ST. JOSEPH COUNTY, which is situated in
the northern part of the State, is bounded
on the north by the State of Michigan, on the
east by I'.lkhart, on the south by Marshall and
Starke and on the west by Laporte counties.
This county is at the division of the waters fiow-
lui!, into the St. Lawrence river and the Gulf of
Mexico. It contains 477 square miles, and the
soil is well adapted for the cultivation of crops
of all kinds and the raising of fruit.

Organization. — St. Joseph county was organ-
ized [anuarv 29, 1830, the organization becom-

Iliyh School, South Bend.

ing effective .\|)ril 1, 1830. The first county seat
was located on a farm owned by William Brook-
lield a few miles southwest of South Bend, in
< icrnian township. However, it is known that the
lirst I>oard of justices met at the house of Alexis
Co(|uillard, at South Bend, and the courts were
al,s(» held in his house. Judge Timothy A. How-
ard, ill his history of St. Joseph county, says:
"Theoretically, the county seat was for a time
on the farm owned by William Brookfield, at
ilie town laid out by him at the portage of the
St. |ose])li river. This town was called St. Jo-
-^(•ph. Though named as the iirst county seat, it
was never more than a town on ])apcr. The lo-
ralion ..I ihc county .seat at St. Joseph on May
24. 1S,>(), was made by the commissioners under
section 3 of tlie act f(.r tiie formation of St.
Joseph and I'.lkbart counties." By an act of Feb-
ruary 1, \Xa\, live commissioners were named to

relocate the county seat, which was done Sep-
tember 7, 1831, when South Bend was chosen
as the seat of justice.

The county owns and maintains one of the
best county asylums in the State. The court-
house is also a modern substantial building cost-
ing $184,246. The largest manufacturers of farm
tools, wagons, plows, windmills, gas engines, au-
tomobiles and watches are located in St. Joseph
county. Within the county are numerous springs,
lakes and streams that are popular as summer re-
sorts.

Puljhc Librar}', South Bend.

South Bend, the county seat, is the intersecting
point of six railroads and the terminal point of
three steam railroads and two interurbans. Ac-
cording to the United States Census of 1910, it
was the fourth largest city in the State, with a
population of 53,684. South Bend maintains thir-
teen public parks and playgrounds with a total
area of 204 acres for park purposes. The city
has its own water plant, the water being taken
from deep artesian wells and furnished free to
seventeen public schools, nine private and paro-
chial schools, and for other public purposes. On
July 25. 1911, the city adopted a free public mar-
ket, which is kept open three days each week at
the city's expense.

The University of Notre Dame, which is
situated adjoining the city, was founded in 1842
by the Very Reverend Edward Sorin, the late
superior general of the Congregation of Holy

View of Notre Dame Universit}-.

St. Mary's Academy, Notre Dame.

410

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Cross. The Legislature, in 1844, gave the uni-
versity i)0\ver to grant degrees. From one col-
lege ]H-ograin of studies in 1842 leading to the
degree of Bachelor of Arts, the University has
expanded to six distinct colleges, offering twenty-
two different programs in arts, letters, sciences,
engineering, architecture and law. The equip-
ment, especially in technical lines, is complete and
of the latest type. The main library has 75,000
volumes and 16,000 manuscripts. There are de-
partment libraries equally well supplied. In the
general museum the historical collection is espe-
cially noteworthy and valuable. In the scientific
museum the department of botany has, in the
1-^dward Lee Green collection, the most valuable
herl)aria in America.

St. Mary's Academy, located one mile west
from Notre Dame, is conducted by the Sisters of
the Holy Cross and is one of the largest and
best equipped institutions of its kind in the
United States. The early history of St. Mary's
is touchingly interesting, brightened by the faith
that is endured through hardships. St. Mary's
as it stands to-day is a realization of the hopes
and dreams of Father Sorin. made possible by
the co-operation of the great Mother Angela, a
woman fitted by nature, grace and education to
dare and to do. The community itself may be
said to have had its beginning with the four Sis-
ters of the Holy Cross, who came from France
in 1843 in response to an invitation from Father
Sorin. the founder of Notre Dame. Bringing with
them the statue of Our Lady, which is still
sacredly preserved in the Sisters' Infirmary at
St. Mary's, these humble-hearted women became
founders of a community and school destined to
be beacon lights in the history of religious orders
and Catholic education in the United States.

St. Mary's of to-day is a city in itself, includ-
ing in its system of buildings, connected, yet dis-
tinct, the college, academy, music hall, convent,
novitiate, conventual chapel, loretto, presbytery,
St. jose])h's hall or students' infirmary, St. An-
gela's hall, used for gymnasium and commence-
ment exercises; Sisters' infirmary, laundry, St.
Ilasil's hall, and rosary hall — the latter a plain,
strong brick building which is used for kitchen,
dau-y and iiKhistrial purjioses. The college is
lunil ill ilic form of a "T." ICvery room in the
college IS an "outside room" with an abundance
"I daylit^hl and frrsh air.

Population of St. Joseph county in 1890 was
42,457; in 1900 was 58,881, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 84,312, of
which 16,866 were of white foreign birth. There
were 19,067 families in the county and 18,004
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
thirteen townships in St. Joseph county : Center,
Clay, German, Green, Harris, Liberty, Lincoln,
Madison, Olive, Penn, Portage, Union and War-
ren. The incorporated cities and towns are Mish-
awaka. South Bend, Lakeville, New Carlisle,
North Liberty, Osceola and Walkerton. South
Bend is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in St. Joseph county
was $25,187,250; value of improvements was
$14,145,460, and the total net value of taxables
was $50,917,230. There were 16,804 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were thirty-one
miles of improved roads in St. Joseph county
built and under jurisdiction of the county com-
missioners January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel
road bonds outstanding, $149,550.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
159.03 miles of steam railroad operated in St. Jo-,
seph county by the B. & O. & Chicago ; Kankakee I
division of the Chicago, Indiana & Southern;'
Chicago & South Bend; C, W. & M. ; Elkhart &,
Western by the L. S. & M. S. ; Grand Trunk!
Western; Indiana Northern; Indianapolis &
Michigan City division of the L. E. & W. ; Lake
Shore & Michigan Southern ; Michigan Air Line
by the Michigan Central ; Michigan Central over
the L. S. & M. S. and the C, I. & S. ; New Jer-
sey, Indiana & Illinois; St. Joseph, South Bend I
& Southern by the Michigan Central ; Michigan
division of the Vandalia, and the Montpelier &
Chicago by the Wabash railroads. The Chicago,]
Lake Shore & South Bend Railroad Company;!
Chicago, South Bend & Northern Indiana Rail-i
road Company, and the Southern Michigan Rail-
road Company operate 61.60 miles of electric line
in the county.

Educational, — According to the report of
Ralph Longfield, county superintendent of St.
Joseph county, there were 138 schoolhouses. in-
cluding six high schools, in St. Joseph county in

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

411

View of Notre Dame from St. Mary's Lake, St. Joseph County.

1914, employing 541 teachers. The average daily
attendance by pupils was 12,800. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-
pervisors, principals and teachers was $375,-
007.54. The estimated value of school property
in the county was $2,230,600, and the total
amount of indebtedness, including bonds, was
$680,500.

Agriculture. — There were in St. Joseph county
in 1910 over 2,400 farms embraced in 253,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 103 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $25,000,000,
showing 51.1 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $73.55. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,-

000: Number of cattle 18,000, valued at $555.-
000; horses, 9,600, valued at $1,100,000; hogs
20,000, valued at $168,000; sheep 12.000, val-
ued at $57,000. The total value of poultry was
$84,000.

Industrial. — According to the U. S. Census
of 1910, there were 218 industries in South Bond,
furnishing employment to 13,609 persons. Total
amount of capital employed $41,466,882. \'alue
of products, $27,854,527; value added by manu-
facture, $12,601,359. At Mishawaka. there were
forty-two establishments employing 3.934 per-
sons. Total amount of capital employed, $14.-
223.645. Value of products. $10,882,846; value
added by manufacture. $5,612,884.

STEUBEN COUNTY

ANGOLA, SEAT OF JUSTICE

STEUBEN COUNTY, frequently spoken of level and is composed of what w;is originally

as "the Switzerland of Indiana" because of called "openings" and ].rairie land. The soil is

its more than f^fty sparkling lakes, is located at generally good, being especially adapted to the

the extreme northeastern corner of the State and raising of stock and cereals. The lowlan.ls being

'contains 330 square miles. The surface of Steu- especially adapted m the raising ol muons and

'ben county is somewhat broken, especially in the peppernnnt. industries that are growing rapidly,

i central portion. The west part is rolling and The county is widely known tor its tresh water

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

412

lake, teeming with bass, blue gills, perch and
other good fish. P. T. Barnum, traveling with
his show through the county, with wagons over
forty years ago, coming to the shore of beautiful
Lake James, exclaimed as he drove into the lake
to water his team : "This is the most beautiful
body of water I have ever seen, and all that
Steuben county needs is advertising." This state-
ment has proven to be true, for thousands of
people come here from all over the United States
seeking pleasure and erecting their summer
homes here.— 0. F. Rakestraw.

Organization. — Beginning with February 2,
1832, the territory was included in the organiza-
tion of Lagrange county and so continued until
May 1, 1837, when Steuben county was formally
organized. Two sites were offered the locating
commissioners on which to locate the county seat,
but Angola was accepted and has been the county
seat since the organization of the county. The
county was named after Baron Steuben, who
joined the American army during the Revolu-
tionary war.

Before the white men came, the Indians, at-

tracted by the many lakes and good fishing, w^ere
here in great numbers. They were Pottawato-
mies, and their chief was BawBeese. Indian
mounds and burials places are found on all the
shores of larger lakes, indicating that this had
been their favorite resort for ages. They left
Steuben in 1840.

Tri-State College. — The Association was
formed July 23, 1823, at Angola. L. M. Smith,
the first president, has remained at the head of
the school for thirty-two years. Tri-State is a
college of respectable departments planted and
grown wholly by private enterprise, receiving no
assistance from church or State, nor has it any
income through the beneficence of the rich. All
its expenses, including teachers' salaries, are ob-
tained from the tuition fees. It is rated by the
State Board of Education as a standard normal
school. The enrolment varies from 350 to 650
students, usually being greatest in the spring and
summer terms, when teachers' training classes
add to the attendance.

Population of Steuben county in 1890 was
14,478; in 1900 was 15,219, and according to

. -:: '"("Ptrr^^^ss-i^

Scenes in Steuben County.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

413

United States Census of 1910 was 14,274, of
which 195 were of white foreign birth. There
were 3,997 families in the county and 3,931
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townships in Steuben county : Clear Lake,
Fremont. Jackson, Jamestown, Mill Grove,
Otsego, Pleasant, Richland, Salem, Scott, Steu-
ben and York. The incorporated cities and towns
are Angola, Ashley, Fremont and Hudson. An-
gola is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Steuben county
was $4,558,055, value of improvements was
:$1,897,625, and the total net value of taxables
was $9,217,960. There were 2,371 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There was but one mile of
improved roads reported in Steuben county in
1915 and no road bonds outstanding.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
51.67 miles of steam railroad operated in Steuben
county by the Fort Wayne & Jackson by the
L. S. & M. S. ; Montpelier & Chicago by the Wa-
ibash, and the St. Joseph Valley railroads. The
Indiana Utilities Company operates 3.70 miles of
electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
H. Lyle Shank, the county superintendent, there
jWere ninety-one schoolhouses, including seven

Tri-State College, Angola.

high schools, in the county in 1914. employing
130 teachers. The average daily attendance Ijv
pupils was 2,664. The aggregate amount paid
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin-
cipals and teachers was $58,405.29. Estimated
value of school property in the county was $284,-
000, and the total amount of indebtedness, in-
cluding bonds, was $35,632.

Agriculture. — There were in Steuben county
in 1910 over 1,800 farms, embraced in 1 83 ,00i)
acres. Average acres per farm, 96.8 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $13,700,000,
showing 71.5 per cent, increase over 1900. TliC
average value of land per acre was $47.34. The
total value of domestic animals was over SI. 650,
000: Number of cattle 11,000, valued at $353.-
000; horses 6,200, valued at $731,000; hogs
40,000, valued at $293,000; sheep 58,000. valued
at $262,000. The value of poultry was $80,000.

SULLIVAN COUNTY

SULLIVAN, SEAT OF JUSTICE

SULLIVAN COUNTY is situated in the
western part of the State in the central part
of the southern section of Indiana and is
bounded on the north by Vigo, on the east by
Clay and Greene and a small part of Knox, on
the south by Knox and on the west by the State
of Illinois, the Wabash forming the boimdary
line. Sullivan county is one of the largest coal-
producing counties in the State. According to
fthe report of the State Mine Inspector of Sep-
tember 30, 1914, there were twenty-four coal
mines in operation under his jurisdiction that

produced 3,152,083 tons of coal. The western
half of the county is devoted almost wholly to
agriculture. It is noted for its luscious melons
and many acres are cultivated in this industry.
The mines are located in the eastern half of the
county and are of every character, some witii the
most improved machinery, while others are sim-
ply "strip mines." Union Christian College of
INIerom is located in this county and is situated
on the bluff of the Waliash. visil)le for miles in
every direction.

Organization. — Sullivan county was organ-

414

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ized by an act of the Legislature which became
effective January 15, 1817, and was named after
Daniel Sullivan, who was killed by the Indians
on the road from Vincennes to Louisville while
carrying an express in the public service between
those places. The first county seat of Sullivan
county was Carlisle, from where it was moved
to Merom, a town on the Wabash, in 1819. For
twenty-nine years it remained at this point. On
Februarv 15. 1841, the Legislature passed an act

nine townships in Sullivan county : Cass, Curry,
Fairbanks, Gill, Haddon, Hamilton, Jackson, Jef-
ferson and Turman. The incorporated cities and
towns are Sullivan, Carlisle, Dugger, Farmers-
burg, Hymera, Merom and Shelburn. Sullivan
is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Sullivan county

Wabash River, Sullivan County.

wliich ])rovi(le(l for a board of commissioners to
select a new seat of justice, to be located as near
the center of the county as possible. The pres-
ent site of SulHvan, tlien an unbroken wilderness,
was selected and the present town was platted.
The formal transfer of records took place in
184.V The Sullivan county court-house, with all
its records, was destroyed February 6, 1850.

Population of Sullivan county in 1890 was
21.877; m 1900 was 26,005, and according to
United Slates Census of 1910 was 32,437, of
which 1,474 were of white foreign birth. There
wvri- 7,571 families in the county and 7,473
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns.— There are

was $9,043,155, value of improvements was
$4,003,530 and the total net value of taxables was
$19,968,170. There were 5,951 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 464 miles of
improved roads in Sullivan county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $714,681.36.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
72.59 miles of steam railroad operated in Sulli-
van county by the Chicago, Terre Haute &
Southeastern ; Sullivan branch of the Chicago,
Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Evansville division
of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Indianapolis

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

415

and Louisville division of the C, I. & L. ; Indi-
anapolis branch of the Illinois Central, and the
Green County Coal branch of the Vandalia rail-
roads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis & East-
ern Traction Company operates 11.46 miles of
electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Richard Park, county superintendent of Sullivan
county, there were 119 schoolhouses, including
115 high schools, in Sullivan county in 1914,
employing 233 teachers. The average daily at-
tendance by pupils was 6,952. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-
pervisors, principals and teachers was $118,-
932.95. The estimated value of school property
in the county was $453,000, and the total amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $203,378.

Sullivan county has consolidated schools at
Fairbanks, Graysville, New Lebanon. Merom and
Paxton. A large joint high school (Carlisle and
Haddon townships) is located at Carlisle. Every
township has at least one high school within its
borders.

Agriculture.— There were in SulHvan county
in 1910 over 2,900 farms, embraced in 255,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 87.5 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $18,000,000,
showing 66.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $51.46. The
total value of domestic animals was $1.800,0(X):
Number of cattle 13.000. valued at $378,000;
horses 11,000. valued at $1,000,000; hogs 36.000,
valued at $239,000; sheep 19,000, valued at
$80,000. The total value of poultry was $90,000.

SWITZERLAND COUNTY

VEVAY, SEAT OF JUSTICE

SWITZERLAND COUNTY, in the extreme
southeastern part of the State, part of
which extends east of the meridian which forms
the boundary between Ohio and Indiana, fully
deserves its name, as the most beautiful scenery
is found along the Ohio, which forms its eastern
ind southern boundaries. This river also affords
;he best means of transportation in the covmty,
10 part of which is more than twelve miles from
.t. Lying, as it does, along the edge of the break
}i the river valley, the surface is broken and is
drained by several large creeks. It contains
ibout 225 square miles and is bounded on the
■lorth by Ohio and a very small portion of Ripley,
and on the west by Jefiferson counties. Along
he creeks and the rivers are large alluvial bot-
oms, thousands of acres in extent, while the
iplands are fertile and form excellent pasture
md meadow lands. Formerly, the whole county
vas very heavily wooded with valuable timber.
Only a few tracts of this timber remains stand-
ng, and these are being gradually used by a
'urniture factory at Vevay, which makes goods
or exportation to Mexico.

j Organization. — Switzerland county was or-
Tanized formally October 1, 1814, and derived
ts name from a settlement of Swiss who came

within the bounds of the county in 1802 and
■there began the cultivation of grapes. The leader
of the colony was John James DuFour. who
procured a grant of land from the United States
for his little colony on long credit, and by this
means about 200 acres of land was procured for
each of the original settlers. They were very
industrious and prudent, and they and their pos-
terity have been prosperous. \'cvay has been the
seat of justice since the organization of the
county. It constitutes a i)art of the tract of land
sold bv the I'nited States for the Swiss settle-

Home ill Wliicli Edward F.Kkdostoii Was Born. Vevay.

416

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

ment in 1802. ll was laid out in 1813 by the
brothers, J. J., J. F. and Daniel DuFotir and re-
ceived tlie name of a town in Switzerhmd from
the vicinity from which they had emigrated.

Population of Switzerland county in 1890
was 12,514; in 1900 was 11,840, and according to
the United States Census of 1910 was 9,914, of
which 123 were of white foreign birth. There
were 2,521 famihes in the county and 2,487
dwelhngs.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
six townships in Switzerland county: Cotton,
Craig, Jefferson, Pleasant, Posey and York. The
incorporated cities and towns are Vevay, Moore-
field and Patriot. Vevay is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax dttplicate for 1913, the
total value of land and lots in Switzerland county
was $1,599,875, value of improvements was
$749,375 and the total net value of taxables was
$3,325,885. There were 1,600 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 124 miles of
improved roads in Switzerland county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners

January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $61,373.40.

Educational. — According to the report of
Oliver M. Given, county superintendent of
Switzerland county, there were seventy-six
schoolhouses, including three high schools, in
Switzerland county in 1914, employing ninety-
five teachers. The average daily attendance by
pupils was 1,641.6. The aggregate amount paid
in salaries to superintendents, supervisors, prin- '
cipals and teachers was $35,840.02. The esti-
mated value of school property in the county was
$69,250, and the total amount of indebtedness,
including bonds, was $13,245.

Agriculture. — There were in Switzerland,
county in 1910 over 1,700 farms, embraced inj
136,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 76.4;
acres. The value of all farm property was over!
$5,600,000, showing 43 per cent, increase over.
1900. The average value of land per acre was
$23.77. The total value of domestic animals was
$750,000: Number of cattle 7,000, valued at
$179,000; horses 4,200, valued at $432,000;
hogs 5,700, valued at $42,000; sheep 7,900,
valued at $36,000. The total value of poultry
was $49,000.

TIPPECANOE COUNTY

LAFAYETTE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

TIPPECANOE COUNTY, located in the
second tier of counties northwest of Indi-
anapolis, is bounded on the north by White and
Carroll, on the east by Carroll and Clinton, on
the south by Montgomery and on the west by
Fountain, Warren and Benton counties. It con-
tains 504 square miles. The surface of the
county in most parts is comparatively level.
There arc, however, along the Wabash and its
Iribularics many ranges of hills from 50 to 200
feet in height that spread out into table-lands and
present much beautiful scenery. The Wabash
river flows through the county from the north-
east corner to the middle of the west side. The
soil of the county is pecttliarly adapted to the
production of corn, as well as wheat and oats.
Here, within the countv. is the famous "Battle

Ground," where the battle of Tippecanoe was!
fought by General William Henry Harrison on{
November 7, 1811.

At West Lafayette is the seat of Purdue Uni-
versity, one of the greatest technical schools iu
the United States. j

Organization. — Tippecanoe county was for-l
mally organized March 1, 1826, and Lafayette,
which has been the seat of justice since the
county was organized, was laid out in 1825 by
William Digby. It is situated near the center of
the county on the east bank of the Wabash. Ac-
cording to the United States Census of 1910 it
had a population of 20,081, and is the only in-'
corporated city in the county.

Population of Tippecanoe county in 1890 was',
35,078; in 1900 was 38,659, and according tc'

418

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

United States Census of 1910 was 40,063, of
which 3,111 were of white foreign birth. There
were 9,814 faniihes in the county and 9,401
dwelhngs.

Townships, Cities and Towns.— 1 here are
thirteen townshi])s in Tippecanoe county : Fair-
licld. Jackson, Lauramie, Perry, Randolph, Shef-
field, Shell )y, Tii)i)ecanoe, Union, Wabash,
Washington, Wayne and \\'ea. The incorpo-
rated cities and towns are Lafayette, Battle
(iround, Clarks Hill and West Lafayette. La-
fayette is tlie county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
llie annual re])ort of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the

Public Library, Lafayette.

total value of lands and lots in Tippecanoe county
was $15,581,775, value of improvements was
$8,830,545 and the total net value of taxables was
$36,170,290. There are 6.861 "polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 597 miles of
improved roads in Tippecanoe county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $377,826.78.

Railroads— Steam and Electric. — There are
110.55 miles of steam railroad operated in Tippe-
canoe county by the Chicago, Indianapolis &
Louisville; Chicago division of the Big Four;
I'-ig 1m)iu- over the Lake I'.rie & Western; La-
fayette Union; Lake I'.rie & Western ; Toledo,
Si. Louis \- Western, and Wabash railroads. The
l'<)rt Wayne \- .\(ut])ern Indiana Traction Coni-
l-any and ihe Terre ll;mte. Indian;ii)()]is & b:ast-
*-■'■" liaelKin Cnnip.any operate 43.11 miles of
electric line in (lie eount\.

Educational. — According to the report of
Brainard Hooker, county superintendent of Tip-
pecanoe county, there were seventy-three school-
houses, including fifteen high schools, in Tippe-
canoe county in 1914, employing 282 teachers.
The average daily attendance by pupils was
6,245. The aggregate amount paid in salaries to
superintendents, supervisors, principals and
teachers was $193,409.06. The estimated value
of school property in the county was $1,236,-
997.05, and the total amount of indebtedness, in-
cluding bonds, was $335,740.

Six of the thirteen townships are completely
consolidated. But one township remains under
the old district system completely ; the remaining
townships are in various stages of evolution from
the district to the consolidated system of schools.

There were 1,386 children transported to
school last year at public expense in more than a
hundred wagons at a total expense of $31,864.87,
or an average cost per pupil of $22.99. The per
cent, of pupils transported varied from 7 per
cent, in the township under the district system to
99 per cent, in Union and in Wea townships.
The average transportation for the county was
41 per cent.

Three townships have had medical inspection
with excellent results.

St. Ignatius Academy (Catholic) is located
here, besides several parochial schools, both
Catholic and Lutheran ; also Lafayette \"oca-
tional School (public), and the Lafayette Busi-
ness College (private).

Agriculture. — There were in Tippecanoe
county in 1910 over 2,400 farms, embraced in
299,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 121.9
acres. The value of all farm property was over
$34,000,000, showing 90.1 per cent, increase over
1900. The average value of land per acre was
$90.03. The total value of domestic animals was
over $2,500,000 : Number of cattle 16,000. valued
at $552,000; horses 13,000, valued at $1,460,000;
hogs 53,000, valued at $365,000; sheep 8,400,
valued at $38,000. The total value of poultry
was $88,000.

Industrial. — According to the U. S. Census of
1910 there were sixtv-nine industries in Lafay-
ette, furnishing em]4oyment to L660 persons.
Total amotmt of ca])ital employed was $3,913,788.
X'alue of products, $5,541,966; value added by
manufacture, $2,096,232.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIAX.V

419

U The Lafayette Public Library was estab-
ished in November, 1882, under the Indiana
State law passed in 1881. The beginning was
made possible at that time by the gift of $10,000
'from Mr. J. J- Perrin. This gift enabled the
library to start with 8,000 volumes. It has now
mcreased to some 28,000, and its magazine list
includes the leading periodicals. The library also
louses and circulates what is probably the best
lollection of missionary books in the State, and
the collection is constantly growing. These books
lire the property of the First Baptist church of
Lafayette and are the gift of Mr. Frank Lever-
ing, a missionary worker in India.
I Among the historic possessions of the library
is an interesting portrait of William Digby, the

much unrecorded work done for scliools, clubs
and individuals.

State Soldiers' Home. — After the Soldiers'
and Seamen's llunie at Knightstown was burned
in 1871, the State made no provision for the care
of this class of citizens until the Indiana State
Soldiers' Home was opened in July. 1896, at
Lafayette. This home is "an institution for the
support of disabled or destitute soldiers, sailors,
and marines and their wives or the destitute
widows of such soldiers, sailors and marines."
It was established by an act apjjroved February
23, 1895. In 1905 the Legislature authorized the
admission also of disabled or destitute arniv
nurses. The institution buildings include a num-
ber erected by the State and several frame cot-

Campus, Purdue University, 1908.

founder of the city of Lafayette. The painting
was made in the first half of the last century and
is the work of Mr. George Winter. An old plat
of the city, dating from 1844, and a colored print
showing the place about ten years later are also
objects of interest. Other treasures are an auto-
graph letter written by the Marquis de Lafayette,
a bronze medallion and an old engraving, both
portraits of the distinguished Frenchman.

For some years the library occupied a part of
the high school building; but it now has as its
home an old residence, the gift of Mrs. W. F.
Reynolds in 1901. This building was at one time
one of the handsomest homes in Lafayette, and
is surrounded by considerable ground ; though it
is not adapted to the needs of a library, there is
a certain quaintness and charm about the place
that appeals to the aesthetic sense. The libra r\-
is not large, but it is rich in history, literature and
reference books. Last year there were taken out
for home use 61,500 books, and there is also

tages constructed by counties or private funds.
The State appropriates $16 per month for each
inmate, officer and employe residing at the home
and is reimbursed Ijy the United States govern-
ment at the rate of $100 per annum for each
soldier.

Purdue University. — Situated on the banks
of the Wabash at West Lafayette, this university
stands as an exponent of the ojjportunities offered
for the practical education of the youth of the
land. Purdue belongs to the group of land-
grant colleges, one of which has been established
in each State under the Morrill act of Congress
of 1862. This bill donated ]niblic lands to each
State accepting the act for llie "endowment, su]*-
port and maintenance of at least one college,
where the leading subject shall be, without ex-
cluding other scientific and classical <tudies and
including military tactics, to teach sucii branches
of learning as are related to agriculture and me-
chanic arts." On Inly 1. 1S^>2. the act received

420

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the signature of President Lincoln and became
a law.

Indiana was quick to accept the provisions of
the act. On :\Iarch 6, 1865, the formal accept-
ance by the State was made. In accordance wdth
l)rovisions contained, which granted each State
30,000 acres of land for every senator and repre-
sentative to which the State was entitled, follow-
ing the census of 1860, Indiana received a tract
of 390,000 acres as its share. From this source
was realized the simi of $340,000, which has

canoe county, together with numerous minor
gifts, and, as a mark of its appreciation, the Leg-
islature elected John Purdue a life member of the
board of trustees and agreed to call the institu-.
tion by the name of Purdue University.

On account of unforeseen events and delays
the work of construction was not begun until the
spring of 1874, and then only in a provisional
way, in order to meet conditions of the federal
government.

The university derives its support from Fed-

View of Lafayette from Point Lookout.

since remained as a permanent endowment, the
interest of which is guaranteed by the State
under the provisions of the Morrill act. Imme-
diately following the State's acceptance a board
c(ini])(ised of live trustees was appointed to pro-
vide for [\\v management of the school and act as
its sujjerv is(H-s.

The location of the institution created rivalry,
and it was not until 1869 that the location of the
inslilution at West Lafayette was determined
upni). |;_v this action tlie instilulidu received a
•sum of $150,000 from John I'urdue, a donation
ot 100 acres of land from llie citizens of West
Lafayette, a donation of $50,000 from Tippe-

eral and State appropriations, from fees from
students and from its endowment fund. While
the State has, from time to time, made special
appropriations for buildings and equipment, a
large part of the actual support of the institution
as well as the property now owned by the State
at Purdue, has come from Federal and private
sources. During the forty years of existence it
has received from the LTnited States treasury
for its department of instruction a sum aggregat-
ing $1,400,000. and for the experiment station
$510,000. Beginning with 1915 it will receive a
regular appropriation to the Department of Agri-
cultural Extension of $10,000, which in a few

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

421

years will amount to $100,000 annually. From
private sources it has received gifts aggregating
Imore than $500,000.

The university offers instruction in agricul-
ture, applied sciences, mechanical engineering,
civil engineering, electrical engineering, chemical
lengineering and pharmacy. The followng gen-
!eral departments of instruction are maintained in
connection with the above : English, mathematics,
home economics, modern languages, history,
economics, education and military science.

is the Department of Agricultural Extension, or-
ganized under the act of the Legislature of 1911,
and has for its function the extension of knowl-
edge, carrying the work of the experiment sta-
tion and the school of agriculture to persons not
in attendance at the university. This <lepariment
has made most rapid expansion during the past
three years and is an imi)ortant factor in better-
ing agricultural conditions of the .'^tatc.

I he university is equipped with over a score
of fine buildings, fitted with complete laboratories

^ y^

View of Lafayette from Point Lookout.

^ In addition to the departments of instruction,
:he university has two other branches of great
Importance to the public : The Agricultural Ex-
)eriment Station, organized under the act of
pongress, approved in 1887, "to promote scien-
ijific investigation and experiments respecting the
)rinciples and applications of agricultural sci-
ence." The experiment station is a scientific
jiureau not concerned with teaching students, but
'n independent staiif of scientific workers with
eparate funds and an extensive plant of offices
Ind laboratories. Its functions are closely re-
ited to the school of agriculture.
, The third co-ordinate branch of the university

and shops. The important buildings are : Fowler
hall, containing a large auditorium for public
exercises; general library, erected in 1912 at a
cost of $100,000; university hall; Purdue hail;
ladies' hall ; memorial gymnasium, erected in
1908 in memory of the football team that lost
their lives in the wreck in 1903; mechanical en-
gineering building, which the university owes
largelv to Amos Fleavilon, a citizen of Clinton
county; electrical engineering building; civil en-
gineering building; practical mechanics building;
chemistry hall ; physics hall ; science hall ; phar-
macy building ; agricultural experiment station ;
agricultural hall; Smith hall, the new fifty-thou-

422

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

saiul-dollar dairy building with a twenty-eight-
lhou>an(l-dollar eriuipniciU, made possible by the
baiuest of the late \V. C. Smith, of Williams-
|)ort : farm mechanics building; dairy cattle barn ;
live stock judging pavilion : serum plant and farm

John Purdue.

buildings. A thirty-thousand-dollar greenhouse
is the latest addition to the resources of the insti-
tution. The extensive equipment and the use of
the laboratories in every department, and the fa-
cilities offered for students to study their special-
lies in contact with real machines and apparatus

such as is actually used in commercial business \
life, viz., the locomotive, known to every Purdue i
student as "Old Schenectady" ; the shops, the
electric test car, the dairy laboratories with ex-
tensive working ecjuipment, the fine herds, ex-
perimental fields and the general library are all
features of the laboratory ecjuipment. Pro-
fessor W. E. Stone is president of Purdue Uni- j
versity. |

John Purdue. — The founder of Purdue Uni- 1
versity was born in Huntington county, Pennsyl-
vania, October 31, 1802. of a , pioneer family in
very humble circumstances. His early years ;
were spent in Marion county, Ohio, where he en-
gaged in farming. He came to Lafayette, Indi-
ana, in 1837, and opened a store of general mer-
chandise in 1839. By thrift and good judgment !
he acquired a fortune. During the controversy
which arose between various sections of the State
for the location of the college provided for in the
act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, Mr. Pur-
due's donation was the deciding factor. On May
6, 1869, the State Legislature voted to accept hisj
donation of $150,000 and in consideration thereof j
the institution "shall have the name and style of;
Purdue University and the faith of the State is
pledged that svtch name and style shall be a per-
manent designation of said institution without
addition thereto or modification thereof." John-
Purdue died September 12, 1876, and his body
rests upon the campus of the LIni versity.

TIPTON COUNTY

TIPTON, SEAT OF JUSTICE

TIPTON CXJUNTV is located near the
center of the north half of Indiana and is
bounded on the north by Howard, on the east by
(irant and Madison, on the south by Hamilton
and on the west ])y lioone, Clinton and a small
section of Howard counties. It contains 260
square miles. The surface of the county is level,
and ill an early day was covered with water ex-
cept on (he higher levels. I'.y a system of public
and ]iiivate ditches the marshes have been
drained, and to-day is looked upon as one of the
garden spots of Indiana. On account of the fer-

tility of the soil Tipton county ranks high in the!
production of all grains and vegetables. "Corn
is King," an average of from 75 to 80 bushelsj
per acre not being an unusual yield, and the
county has held the highest rank in the State on
several occasions in the yield per acre of corn.
In recent years the cultivation of peas, sugar
corn and tomatoes for the canning factories lo-
cated in the county has become a profitable andj
important industry. j

Organization. — Tipton county was organized;
May 1, 1844, and was named in honor of General

1. Tipton County Court-House. 2. High School. 3. Puhhc Library.

St. Joseph's Academy. Tiplun.

424

CENTENNIAL HLSTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

John Tii^ton, a distinguished citizen of the State
and a United States senator from 1832 until his
death in 1839. Tiptontown, which was named
after him, also lias been the county seat since the
organization of the county.

St. Joseph's Academy, a noted Catholic edu-
cational institution, is located about a mile north
of Tipton. It is conducted by the Sisters of St.
Joseph and was opened September 18, 1891. The
academy is located in a quiet vale, surrounded by
a large campus, skirted by forests and shady
groves. Its location makes it peculiarly beautiful
and healthful, and the pure country air and the
delights of the rustic scenery contribute to make
it an ideal home for the student. It is far enough
removed from the city to insure the quiet sur-
roundings so necessary to student life, yet it is,
at the same time, easily accessible by the Lake
Erie & Western railroad, the Louisville division
of the i'ennsylvania lines and the Indiana Union
Traction system. The building, which is an
academy for young ladies, has a frontage of over
150 feet and a depth of 53 feet, and is five stories
high, including the basement. The object of the
institution is to form the hearts of the students
to virtue, order and industry. The aim of the
sisters is to surround the children, committed to
iheir care, with a quiet influence of a Christian
home; to strengthen their bodies by regular
hours, exercise and wholesome food ; to adorn
their minds with culture and their manners with
refined grace, and above all to develop in their
youthful minds the principles of virtue and re-
ligion, which alone can render education j^rofit-
able.

Tipton Public Library was organized in 1901
uikKt llie laws of the State of Indiana and was
Hn' lirsi OIK- in the State to be organized under
the new law. The library was opened in 1901.
A \ear later, in answer to a recjuest by Mrs.
Sam .M.ithews. a letter was received from
Andrew Carnegie offering a gift of $10,000 for
a library, with the understanding that the city
guarantee $1(X),0()() for its maintenance. Later
Mr. ( arnegie ni;i(k' a gi It of $3,000. The corner-
stone of the new library was laid on October 15,
1 •''L. the Masunii- order of Tipton having charge
ol the eereniony. ( )n invitation by the city. Airs.
Sam Mathews |)laee(l the I'irst l.riek in the struc-
ture. Within a year allei- llie dedication of the
I'nildin.L: the library was iKTpeluallv endowed

with a gift of $5,000 by Airs. Nannie R. Shirk
as a memorial to her late husband, E. H. Shirk.

Population of Tipton county in 1890 was
18,157; in 1900 was 19,116, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 17,459, of
which 206 were of white foreign birth. There
were 4,325 families in the county and 4,242
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
six townships in Tipton county : Cicero, Jeffer-
son, Liberty, Aladison, Prairie and Wild Cat.
The incorporated cities and towns are Kempton,
Tipton and Windfall. Tipton is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Tipton county
was $7,491,055, value of improvements was
$2,343,440 and the total net value of taxables
was $14,152,390. There were 3,036 polls in
the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 665 miles of
improved roads in Tipton county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners Janu-
ary 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds out-
standing, $376,487.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
45.37 miles of steam railroad operated in. Tipton
county by the main line of the Indianapolis and
Alichigan City division of the Lake Erie & West-
ern ; the Richmond division of the P., C, C. &
St. L.. and the P., C, C. & St. L. over the Lake
Erie & Western railroads. The Union Traction
Company of Indiana operates 23.79 miles of
electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Larkin D. Summers, county superintendent,
there were sixty schoolhouses, incltiding seven
high schools, in Tipton county in 1914, employing
124 teachers. The average daily attendance by
pupils was 3,142. The aggregate amount paid in
salaries to superintendents, supervisors, princi-
pals and teachers was $62,840. Estimated value
of school property in the county was $270,140,
and the total amotmt of indebtedness, including
bonds, was $66,260. The schools in Jefferson
township are all consolidated at Kempton and
Goldsmith, with the exception of two large dis-
trict schools on the south side of the township.
In addition to the ptiblic schools in Tipton county
the Catholics maintain St. Joseph's and St..

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

425

Mary's Academy and St. John's School for Chil-
dren. The German Lutherans also maintain a
school for grade children.

Agriculture. — There were in Tipton county
in 1910 over 2,000 farms, embraced in 163,000
\ acres. Average acres per farm, 79.2 acres. The
I value of all farm property was over $23,600,000,
\ showing 116.6 per cent, increase over 1900. The
■ average value of land per acre was $113.94. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,900,-

000: Number of cattle 13,000, valued at
$401,000; horses 9,200, valued at $l,049,0a);
hogs 60,000, valued at $360,000; sheep 12,000,
valued at $62,000. The total value of poultrv
^^'as $90,000.

Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Insijcction there were nineteen
industrial establishments in Tipton, employing
nearly 500 persons. The principal industry is the
canning of vegetables.

UNION COUNTY

LIBERTY, SEAT OF JUSTICE

UNION COUNTY is located in the south-
eastern part of the State, and contains 168
square miles. It is bounded on the north by
Wayne, on the east by the State of Ohio, on the
south by Franklin and on the west by Fayette
counties. The eastern portion of the county is
level, and there are large areas of level land in
the north, central and southern portions. The
western part of the county is undulating or hilly.
The east fork of White Water river flows from
north to south through the western part. Beau-
tiful scenery is found along the streams and
among the hills. The soil of the eastern portion
of the county is a deep, rich, fertile, dark loam.
Other parts have mostly a clay with a slight mix-
ture of sand and gravel. An abundance of lime-
stone suitable for building purposes is found in
the western part of the county. Where once
stood forests of oak, ash, maple, poplar, beech
and walnut now grow abundant crops of cereals
and fruits, pasture lands and meadows.

Organization. — Union county was organized
February 1, 1821, deriving its name from the
hope that it would harmonize the difficulties that
existed in relation to the county seats in Wayne
and Fayette counties. Brownsville, located in
the northwestern part of the county, was the
first county seat, but within a year an agitation
was started to change it to Liberty, in the center
of the county. This was done by the legislative
act of December 21, 1822, the change being made
to Liberty in 1823, and it has been the seat of
justice since that period.

Population of Union county in 1890 was

7,006 ; in 1900 was 6,748, and according to United
States Census of 1910 was 6.260. of which 105
were of white foreign birth. Tliere were 1.743
families in the county and 1,704 dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
six townships in Union county : Brownsville,
Center, Harmony, Harrison, Liberty and Union.
The incorporated cities and towns are Liberty
and West College Corner. Liberty is the county
seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Union county was
$3,284,510, value of improvements was $1,032,-
990 and the total net value of taxables was
$6,400,510. There were 875 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 120 miles of
improved roads in L'uion county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January

Union County Conrt-House, Liberty.

420

CEXTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
in^r, $44,680.30.

Railroads— Steam and Electric— There are
MJ.34 miles of sleam railroad operated in Union
count\- by the Chesapeake & Ohio and the Cin-
cinnati, Indianapolis & Western railroads.

Educational.— According to the report of
Charles C. Abernathy, county suj^erintendent of
Cnion county, there were thirty-two school-
houses, including eight high schools, in Union
county in 1914, employing fifty teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 1,053.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, i)rincipals and teachers
was $23,862.56. The estimated value of school

property in the county was $148,500, and the
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds,
was $29,500.

Agriculture. — There were in Union county in
1910 over 817 farms, embraced in 102,000 acres.
Average acres per farm, 125 acres. The value of
all farm property was over $9,400,000, showing
65.4 per cent, increase over 1900. The average
value of land per acre was $66.38. The total
value of domestic animals was over $989,000:
Number of cattle 7,300, valued at $222,000;
horses 3,500, valued at $394,000; hogs 38,000.
valued at $290,000; sheep 8,100, valued at
$35,000. The total value of poultry was about
$33,000.

VANDERBURG COUNTY

EVANSVILLE, SEAT OF JUSTICE

VANDERBURG COUNTY, located in the
southwest part of the State, on the Ohio
river, is one of the leading counties in In-
diana. Its importance is due to location, soil
and jiroximity to ready markets for its products.
It contains 240 square miles. The extreme width
of the' county is twelve and one-half miles, yet
mcjrc than thirty miles of its southern border is
washed by the waters of the Ohio. Farming and
manufacturing are the principal occupations of
the ])eople and coal mining is carried on to a
limited extent. According to the State Mine In-
spector's report for the fiscal year ending Sep-
tember 30, 1914, there were four mines in opera-
tion in the county, under his jurisdiction, which
produced 295,469 tons of coal. The county is
bitundcd on the north by Gibson, on the east by

Warrick and on the south by the Ohio river,
which separates it from Kentucky, with the ex-
ception of a small tract of land adjoining the city
of Evansville. This particular spot is unique, as
it is the only place in Indiana from which one i
can go into Kentucky without crossing the Ohio i
river. j

Organization.-r-Vanderburg county was or- |
ganized February 1, 1818, in honor of Henry j
Vanderburg, who had been a captain in the ;
Revolution, a member of the Legislative Council i
of the Northwest Territory and a judge of the '
first court ever formed in the Indiana Territory.
Evansville was selected as the county seat, which
enjoys the unique distinction of being the only
town in the State which has been the county seat
of two counties, it having been the countv seat i

^ftips^KsSS^

4.1 -^fci,!:/,, ,. »

Southern Indiana Hospital for the Insane.

iJTt^ ml ml rail nt i a H t,;^^^

' 'n^ nn PI r* r' ^ * t-» ' •^pm-s'.

/ <tt*»

'Hi^jf

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

429

of Warrick county up to September 1, 1814.
According to the United States Census of 1910
Evansville had a population of 69,647, and was
rated as the second largest city in the State. As
a manufacturing city it stands pre-eminent in
the central west, with 400 factories, notable in
the production of furniture, flour, stoves, plows,
brooms, lumber, buggies, beer, steam shovels,
pottery and locomotive headhghts. The average
number of wage-earners employed in the fac-
tories of Evansville is 12,000; the average value
of products is $27,000,000 annually ; the amount
of capital invested is $24,500,000. It is the larg-
est exclusive winter wheat market in the world,
with five flour mills having an output of 6,500
barrels daily. It is the second largest hardwood
lumber market in the world, with seven saw mills
that cut and ship lumber to all parts of this coun-
try and Europe, and is second in rank in the pro-
duction of furniture in the United States. Several
of its factories are the largest of their kind in the
world. Evansville has forty-five miles of street
railway, seven steam railroads, six traction lines
and six steamboat lines. It has eighty-eight
miles of water mains, 250 miles of sidewalk, over
fifty miles of improved streets and over forty-
seven miles of sewer, a new improved Holly sys-
tem of water works, with a total pumping ca-
pacity of 30,000,000 gallons and perfect filtra-
tion plant. It has three public libraries, twenty-
five school buildings, including a junior high
school and a manual training school, in addition
to sixteen private and parochial schools.

Southern Hospital for the Insane. — The
Southern Hospital for the Insane, 'AVoodmere,"
was the only one of the three "additional hos-
pitals" whose location was fixed by the Legisla-
ture. The law approved March 7, 1883, stated
that one of these should be located at or near
Evansville. The site purchased on January 3,
1884, is four miles east of the city. The original

' building is an arrangement of wings radiating
from the central block. Additional wings have
been added from time to time. The first patients

\ were admitted October 30, 1890. The hospital

; receives patients from what is known as the
southern district for the insane, composed ot the
sixteen counties which form the southwestern

ipart of the State.

Green River Island.— It is not generally

, known that Kentuckv can be reached from In-

diana without some means of crossing the Ohio
Kiver. To do so, however. re(|uires but a few
minutes' walk from lAansville.

Green River Ishind, a part of the State of Ken-
tucky, is taxed by Henderson county. It adjoins
\ aii(k-rbui-g counly and ]jy reason of its being
n(M-th of the C)hio river is generally credited with
l)eing Indiana territory. ']"be islan.l contains ap-
I)roximalely 2.800 acreN (.f bottom lan.l and is
al)out seven miles long and a mik- wide at the
widest point.

It has an iiUeresting hist»jry, in that it was cre-
ated by a peculiar change in the course of the
Ohio river and has been the subject of dispute
between the States of Indiana and Kentuckv.

Afany years ago the Ohio, which, in the region
of the mouth of Cjreen river, has alwav-- had a

^?fe1tf^?^^

■-35?

Map of Green River Island, a Part nt kentuckv Ad-
joining Vanderliurg: County. Iiuliaua. Armw puiiUs
to Green l\i\er Island.

tendency to cut into ilie Keiiliieky >hore during
flood times, gradually wore a new channel for a
distance of six or seven miles tbrough the north-
ern part of Henderson county, Ky., deserting the
original bed along a part of the southern border
of X'anderburg coiuity. The new channel ciU
into the State of Kentucky at a point about a
mile below the mouth of (ireen river and emerged
again into the original bed about a mile above
the Port of lA-ansville. The old bed became a
slough and tilled with water only ;it flood times.

After this change in tbe river channel a (|ues-
lion arose as to whether Indiana or Keniucky
should rule the island fonne<l by the old and
new beds. Ibe contention grew. Indiana claiiu-
ing. since llie ii\er was the dividing line between
the two Slates tliat slie bad gained so much ter-
ritory bv the change in tbe stream's course, while
tlie r.lue Grass State was reluctant to give tip
tbe laiKJ. and iii-iste<l that it wa- bers originally.
and should remain so.

The ([uestion dragged on for several years until

430

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the two States finally agreed that the original
river bed was properly the dividing line and, in
legal parlance, an "agreed" suit was filed in the
federal courts to legally establish the boundary
which had been in ((uestion.

The question dragged along for several years
until a suit was commenced in the Supreme Court
of the United States (Indiana vs. Kentucky, 136
U. S. 479) to establish the boundary. .At that
time a commissioner came from Washington to
Evansville to take testimony which in printed
form is now ])art of the records in the case now
on file in Washington.*

An old river pilot, who had steamboated on
this ])art of the Ohio for years, was produced
and testified that he had piloted boats on the river
when it flowed in its old bed on the north side
of the island. His testimony satisfied the en-
gineer that the slough was the original river bed
and as such should remain the boundary between
the two States.

This hearing was held about thirty years ago,
in the office of United States Commissioner
\\'artmann, the present commissioner, who was
then young in his career as clerk of the United
States District Court at Evansville.

After the decision of the federal agent a new
survey was run on the north side of the old bed
and the line between the only part of the two
States that join, is now fixed by small stone
markers, on one side of wdiich is chiseled the
word Indiana and on the opposite side Kentucky.

Most of the island is owned by Henderson,
Ky., ])eople. Despite the officially established
boundaries complications not infrequently arise.
Recently what ])roved to be an accidental shoot-
ing occurred on the island. The police of this
city were notified and, for purposes of investiga-
tion, took the man who did the shooting into
custody. Not until after he had been held an
hour or more did it develop that the shooting
had taken place in Kentucky. The man arrested
was .about to be lurncd over to Henderson au-
thorities when it was satisfactorily jiroved the
sliooting was accidental.

1 Undcrson count\' seldom needs to give at-
tnitioii to the island and it has graduallv taken
on an atmosphere of ])eing a little province of
its own.

Population of \\-ni(Ierl)urg countv in 1890

* Rc'iKirt W. A. Kitcham, Atty. (Icn. Iiul., 1897-98, pugt- 2i.

was 59,809; in 1900 was 71,769, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 77,438, of
which 4,944 were of white foreign birth. There
were 17,779 families in the county and 16,807
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
eight townships in Vanderburg county : Arm-
strong, Center, German, Knight, Perry, Pigeon,
Scott and Union. The incorporated cities and
towns are Evansville and Howell. Evansville is
the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Vanderburg
county was $18,266,680, value of improvements
was $17,909,230 and the total net value of taxa-
bles was $50,740,190. There were 19,267 polls
in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 201 miles of
improved roads in Vanderburg county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $345,180.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
77.06 miles of steam railroad operated in Vander-
burg county by the Chicago, St. Louis & New
Orleans ; b^vansville division and Evansville belt
of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois ; Evansville &
Indianapolis ; Evansville, Alt. Carmel and North-
ern branch of the Big Four ; Peoria division of
the Illinois Central ; Louisville, Henderson & St.
Louis over the Louisville & Nashville ; the Louis-
ville & Nashville, and the Evansville branch of
the Southern Railway Company. The Evansville
Railways Company, the Evansville Suburban &
Newburgh Railway Company and the Public
Utilities Company operate 57.89 miles of electric
line in the county.

Educational. — According- to the report of
Floyd C. Ragland, the county superintendent,
there were ninetv-one schoolhouses, including
two high schools, in the county in 1914, em-
])loying 418 teachers. The average daily at-
tendance by pupils was 10.401. The aggregate
auTotint paid in salaries to superintendents, super-
visors, principals and teachers was $318,611.40.
k'.stimated value of school property in the county
was $1,347,900, and the total amount of indebt-
edness, including bonds, was $101,450.

Agriculture. — There were in ^^'lnderburg

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDB(JOK OF iXlJJAXA

431

J county in 1910 over 1,700 farms, emljraced in
j 132,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 74.6

acres. The value of all farm property was over
; $13,000,000, showing 54.9 per cent, increase over
!: 1900. The average value of land per acre was

$68.02. The total value of domestic animals was
jOver $1,000,000: Number of cattle 8,800, valued
I at $225,000; horses 3,900. valued at $404,000;

hogs 11.000, valued at $63.0rj0: sheei) 900. valued
at $3,300. Tlie value of poultry was $38,000.
Industrial. — According to the United .states
Census of 1910 there were 299 indn-tries in
lA-ansville, furnishing employment to 10.162 ]ier-
sons. Total aniMUiil of capital emploved, S20.-
092,572. \'alue of products. 822,929.024: value
added by manufacture. $10,135,180.

VERMILION COUNTY

NEWPORT, SEAT OE JUSTICE

VERMILION COUNTY, located west of
the Wabash river in the central part of the
western border of the State, bounded on the
north by Warren, on the east by Fountain and
Parke, on the south by Vigo county and on
the west by the State of Illinois, is commonly
known as the "Shoe String County." Its length
is approximately thirty-seven miles, with an
average width of six miles. It contains about 222
:square miles. The surface is high and generally
level, except near the streams. All of the soil
|is excellent for agricultural purposes, and the
iraising of Shetland ponies, as well as fruit rais-
|ing, in the county has been well developed. Un-
derlying all the ridge or uplands, between High-
land on the south and Newport on the north, are
veins of "block coal." The same seam underlies
the greater part of the county still farther south
from the Indiana blast furnace to the Horse Shoe
|0n the Little Vermilion river. The total thick-
bess of the bed ranges from five to seven feet,
■and is separated into two or luore seams of shale
;or fire clay. According to the State Mine In-
'spector's report for the year ending September
30, 1914, there were seventeen mines in opera-
ition in the county under his jurisdiction, which
Iproduced 2,388,182 tons of coal.

Organization. — Vermilion count}', named sd
from the color of the streaiu by that name which
.lows through it, was organized January 2, 1824.
Newport has been the county seat since the or-
'^anization of the county. The court-house at
Newport was destroyed by fire on two occasions,
January 24, 1844, and on January 5, 1866. At
leither time, fortunately, were the., county rec-
)rds lost.

Population of A'ermilion countv in 18% was
13,154; in 1900 was 15,252, and according to
United States Census in 1910 was 18,865. of
which 2,334 were of white foreign birth. There
were 4,544 families in the county and 4,347
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
five townshi])S in \'ermilion cduiun : Clinton.
Eitgene, Helt, Flighland and X'ermilion. The in-
corporated cities and towns are Clinton. Cayuga.
Dana. Fairview Park and Newport. The c(iunl\
seat is Newport.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According t«>
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax dui)lic;Ue for 1913, the
total value of lands and lot> in X'ermilion county
was $6,152,150, value of im])rovenients was
$2,555,295 and the total net value of taxables
was $14,594,330. There were 4.150 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 407 mi'e> of
improved roads in X'ermilion county built and
under ituMsdiction of the county c<tmmi.s>ionerN

FioiK'cr Tloosicr Lor Caliiii.

432

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $416,724.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
72.41 miles of steam railroad operated in Ver-
milion county by the Bunsen Coal Company;
Terre Haute division of the Chicago & Eastern
Illinois ; Chicago, Lake Shore & Eastern over the
C. & E. I. ; Cincinnati, Indianapolis & Western ;
Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; Western
division of the Peoria & Eastern, and the Toledo,
St. Louis & Western railroads. Terre Haute, In-
dianapolis & Eastern Traction Company operates
1.40 miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
R. H. Valentine, county superintendent of Ver-
milion county, there were sixty-one school-
houses, including six high schools, in Vermilion
county in 1914, employing 161 teachers. The

average daily attendance by pupils was 4,735.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $92,801.92. The estimated value of school
property in the county was $348,350, and the
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds,
was $87,475.

Agriculture. — There were in Vermilion county
in 1910 over 1,300 farms, embraced in 149,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 110.2 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $13,000,000,
showing 81.7 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $71.79. The
total value of domestic animals was over $927,-
000 : Number of cattle 7,600, valued at $216,000;
horses 5,900, valued at $504,000; hogs 20,000,
valued at $134,000; sheep 3,500, valued at
$16,000. The total value of poultry was $45,000.

VIGO COUNTY

TERRE HAUTE, SEAT OE JUSTICE

VIGO COUNTY is situated in the western
tier of counties near the center of the
State. It is bounded on the north by Vermilion
and Parke, on the east by Clay, on the south by
Sullivan and on the west by the State of Illinois.
It contains about 400 square miles, and the Wa-
bash flows through the county in a southeasterly
direction. The surface of the county is prac-
tically level, there being no prominent hills or
rugged scenery. Every acre of the county is
underlaid with coal, in most places several veins,
and all workable. On the west side of the river
are four veins with an average thickness of
twenty-one feet. According to the State Mine
Inspector's report for the fiscal year ending Sep-
tenilK-r 30, 1914, there were thirty-four mines in
oiK'vation in the county, under his jurisdiction,
with an oulpul of 4,723,316 tons, leading all other
counties in Indiana in tlic ])ro(lncti()n of coal. It
is estimated that there are over 3,000,000,000
tons of coal underlying the lands in Vigo county.
'i"he county is also rich in clav and shale of a
superior (|nality. large deposits being available
tor niannfaclnring purposes in various localities,
fn ])laces the shale ranges from fifteen to two
hundred icv\ in tl)irkness, under which are coal

deposits and under the coal there is more shale
and clay.

Organization. — Vigo county was organized by
an act of the Legislature January 21, 1818, which
was made effective February 15, 1818. It was
named in honor of Colonel Francis Vigo, who
was a native of Sardinia, Italy, and came to
Vincennes about 1777 as a Spanish merchant and
died in Vincennes in March, 1836. In his will he
bequeathed $500 to this county to buy a bell for'
the court-house, provided a certain claim was col-
lected from the government for supplies fur-
nished the destitute army of Colonel George j
Rogers Clark in 1778. This claim was paid to I
his heirs in 1884 and the amount was paid by the
heirs to the county in 1887. This amount is a
part of the expense of the bell now in the dome
of the new court-house and has the name of
Colonel Francis Vigo inscribed upon it.

The territory now comprising Vigo county was
originally a part of Sullivan county, and was set'
off by an act of the Legislature at Corydon Jan-
uary 1, 1818. In September. 1811, General Vvill-:
iam Henry Harrison advanced up the Wabash;
river with tnoops in his command, and selected)
the site of Fort Harrison on the east bank of the,

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDI.VNA

433

Wabash river, one mile above the present citv of
Terre Haute. About 1816 settlers began to come
in and locate near the fort. Soon afterward the
town of Terre Haute was laid off, and on March
21, 1818, the town was selected for the county
seat by the commissioners appointed by the Leg-
islature. The first steamboat that ever ascended
the Wabash to this point was the 'T^""lorence," in
the spring of 1822, and the captain was awarded
a town lot as a premium. The first regular ferry

The Big Four and \ andalia lines reaching St.
Louis to the west in about five hours and the
same lines reaching Indianapolis to the east in
about two hours and a half. The Chicago & East-
ern Illinois furnishes a service that places Chi-
cago within l\vc hours to the nurih and Ivvans-
vdle to the south in about three hours. The Van-
dalia also operates lines northeast to South Bend
and northwest to Peoria, and the Terre Haute &
Soutlu-astt-m opt-rati-^ to the -oiithcrt^t and north

Terre Haute — 1. Vigo County Court-House. .

Memorial Lilirarv.

Rose rolvteciiiuc liuslitulu.
4. Wiley Hitrh School.

Knicli'ic |-,iiil',ii:k-

was established by Dr. Modesitt and James F""ar-
rington in 1818.

Terre Haute is the fourth largest city in the
State, having a population in 1910, according to
i:he United States Census, of more than 58,100.
With the Indiana State Normal, the Rose Poly-
:echnic Institute, the widely known St. Mary's-
)f-the- Woods Academy for Girls across the Wa-
)ash, and with its numerous private, parochial,
md other technical, classical and l)usiness schools
ind colleges, it merits the reputation as one of
|he leading seats of learning in America. Its pub-
lic schools vie with the best in the country. Terre
^iaute has exceptional transportation facilities.

into Chicago. In addition to tlie >teain linos
Terre llaule has an excclk'nl Imurly iiUerurb.m
service to the north, east, south and west. It is
the center of the greatest bituminous coal beds in
the world, it has been estimateil by the State
geologist that there is enough coal under and in
the vicinity of Terre ll.iute to last 250 years. It
has the largest distillery in the United Slates,
with a dailv capacity of ()(».( KK) gallons and over
400,000 barrels of beer are made here annually.
The Terre ilaute Cnited State-^ revenue district
collects over $2 1 ,0(X).tX)0 annu.dly for the gov-
ernment, lis glass factories in.ike on an average
over 500,000 bottles daily. It i- tbe hea<l.|uartcrs

434

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

of the Vandalia-Pennsylvania railroad, whose
new shops, when completed, will cost $2,000,000
and furnish employment to 4,500 men. There are
over sixty churches and missions in the city and
its church edifices are among the most stately
and beautiful houses of worship in Indiana.

Population of Vigo county in 1890 was 50,-
195; in 1900 was 62,035, and according to the
United States Census of 1910 was 87,930, of
which 5,574 were of white foreign birth. There
were 21,148 families in the county and 20,164
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
twelve townships in Vigo county : Fayette, Har-
rison, Honey Creek, Linton, Lost Creek, Nevins,
Otter Creek, Pierson, Prairie Creek, Prairieton,
Riley and Sugar Creek. The incorporated cities
and towns are Terre Haute, Seeleyville and
West Terre Haute. Terre Haute is the county
seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the to-
tal value of lands and lots in Vigo county was
$20,441,740; value of improvements was $18,-
486,510, and the total net value of taxables was
$53,771,715. The county had 13,601 polls.

Improved Roads. — lliere were 402 miles of
improved roads in Vigo county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing, $536,555.68.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
127.66 miles of steam railroad operated in Vigo
county by the Brazil, Terre Haute & Evansville
divisions and the Brazil branch of the Chicago &
I*lastern Illinois ; Terre Haute division of the C.
& E. I. over the Vandalia ; St. Louis division of
the Ijig Four; Chicago, Terre Haute & South-
eastern ; Sullivan branch & Chicago extension
of the Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern ; the
Chicago, Terre Haute & Southeastern over the
Vandalia ; Evansville (!<; Indianapolis, and the
Michigan & St. Louis divisions of the Vandalia
railroads. The Terre Haute, Indianapolis &
Eastern Traction Company o])erates 65.10 miles
of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
James M. Propst, county su])erintendent of Vigo
county, there were 140 schoolhouses, including
eight high schools, in the county in 1914, employ-

ing 566 teachers. The average daily attendance
by pupils was 14,681. The aggregate amount
paid in salaries to superintendents, supervisors,
principals and teachers was $385,299.30. Esti-
mated value of school property in the county was
$1,756,545, and the total amount of indebtedness,
including bonds, was $497,801.82.

Agriculture. — There were in Vigo county in
1910 over 3,000 farms embraced in 230,000 acres. ,
Average acres per farm, 76.1 acres. The value of :
all farm propert)- was over $20,000,000, showing
74.8 per cent, increase over 1900. The average
value of land per acre was $67.90. The total
value of domestic animals was over $1,480,000:
Number of cattle 12,000, valued at $339,000;
horses 9,700, valued at $819,000; hogs 19,000j
valued at $130,000; sheep 4,700, valued at $18,-'
000. The total value of poultry was $64,000. l

Industrial. — According to the U. S. Census
of 1910 there were 170 industries in Terre 1
Haute, furnishing employment to 5,159 persons.!
Total amount of capital employed, $10,371,261. |
Value of products, $21,793,446; value added by|
manufacture, $13,136,014.

Indiana State Normal School w^as organized!
under an act of the Legislature December 20,'
1865. This act defined the object of the school
to be "the preparation of teachers for teaching'
in the common schools of Indiana," provided fori
the appointment of a number of trustees, loca-
tion of the buildings, the organization of a train-
ing school and the adoption of courses of study,;
and created the normal school fund for thej
maintenance of the institution. The act further,
required the trustees to locate the school at the,
town or city of the State that would obligate it-
self to give the largest amount in cash, or build-
ings and grounds to secure the school. Terre;
Haute was the only place to olTer any induce-'
ments whatever and secured the location of the
institution. The first annual appropriation fori
maintenance was $15,000.

The school was opened January 6. 1870, thir-
teen young women and eight young men pre-j
senting themselves as students. At the end of|
the first term of three months, the number hadj
increased to fifty-one. It had meager attendance
and little popular sympathy, and began its work
under very discouraging conditions. It was
really at work in an environment somewhat hos-
tile to it, with a very small maintenance fund.

436

CENTENxNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

This, however, was increased from time to time
by the Legislature, and appropriations were also
made to complete the original building and to
erect additional buildings. In 1888 the original
building was destroyed by tire, together with all
its contents, including a library that had been
accumulating for eighteen years. Under its con-
tract to meet half its expense for repairs, the city
of Terre Haute gave $50,000 in cash, with which
to begin the work of rebuilding and the next
General Assembly appropriated $100,000. Since
1889, three large buildings have been added and
one new building for manual training and do-
mestic science has just been completed. The
school now has a library of 65,000 volumes, one
of the largest of any normal school in the coun-
try, which has been collected since the tire of
1888. The books are selected with primary ref-
erence to the needs of the various lines of work
represented in the curriculum of the school.

At the beginning of the school, there was or-
ganized an elementary course of two years, the
instruction being limited to the common school
branches, psychology, methods, observation and
practise. The aim in reconsidering the common
school branches was to master them more thor-
oughly and to organize each branch from a peda-
gogical viewpoint. Later, there was formed an
advance course of study which required two ad-
ditional years of work. This included the study
of Latin, German, higher mathematics, science
and advance work in history. After two years
this advance course was temporarily discon-
tinued and the elementary course changed to
a course of three years. Later, this course
of three years was based upon graduation
from certified high schools or its equivalent.
In the year 1907, a college course of four
years was established. This included, along with
branches belonging to a college curriculum, nine
courses in professional work, consisting of gen-
eral and educational psychology, history and
philosophy of education, observation and prac-
tise. In connection with the State Normal School,
there has l)cen maintained from the first a train-
ing school for observation and practise. During
the last year of the work, in the State Normal
School, the student enters upon a period of ob-
servation and practise so as to gain actual skill
in managing a school and in instructing scien-
tifically.

The schools for observation and practise con-
sist at this time of the eight grades, a high school
and a country training school. The eight grades
and the high school are in a large training school
building adjacent to the Normal school building.
The country training school is situated several
miles east of the city. William Woods Parsons is
president and Howard Sandison is vice-presi-
dent of the school.

Rose Polytechnic Institute, which was estab-
lished in 1874 as the Terre Haute school of in-
dustrial science, owes its existence as well as its
name to Chauncey Rose, one of Indiana's great-
est philanthropists, who came to Terre Haute as
a young man and began his career contempo-
raneously with the birth of the city in 1818. For
sixty years he was closely identified with the
town on the banks of the Wabash, during which
time he rose from a poor boy to a millionaire.
His fortune, in addition to $1,500,000, inherited
from his brother, was practically all bestowed
ultimately upon philanthropies during his life-
time.

As he neared the close of his long life, mind-
ful of his own struggles, his thoughts were
turned to plans for helping young men. He
called into council some of his friends, which
led to the establishment in 1874 of the Terre
Haute School of Industrial Science for the train-
ing of young men in "the useful and practical
knowledge of some art or occupation, by which
they could be better able to earn a competent liv-
ing." Mr. Rose selected to co-operate with him
a board of managers comprised of Barnabas C.
Hobbs, Josephus Collett, Charles R. Peddle and
six other trusted friends.

The erection of suitable buildings upon the
ten-acre campus was begun with little delay and
the corner-stone of the academic building was
laid with appropriate ceremonies January 11,
1875, at which time the name was changed to
Rose Polytechnic Institute over the protest of the
founder.

Mr. Rose did not live to see his ambition real-
ized, for he passed away in the summer of 1877.
By his will the institute was made his residuary
legatee, thus bringing his gifts to this one philan-
thropy to more than $500,000. Since that time
the institute has received from the Rose heirs
almost another half million, so that from the
original estate the school has benefited through

438

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

this one man to the amount of more than $1,000,-
000.

A tract of 125 acres near Terre Haute has
hcen ])OUght as a new site and plans are being
made for new buildings, the present location
within Terre Haute being too small. C. Leo
Alees is president of Rose Polytechnic Institute.

The Terre Haute Veterinary College was
organized and incorporated under the laws of
Indiana in 1909 and is now entering upon its
seventh annual session. Students may enter, who
are graduates from recognized colleges, normal
or high schools, without an examination, but all
other candidates are required to pass an exami-
nation in United States history. United States
geography, arithmetic, spelling, penmanship,
copying from plain copy and a composition on a
given subject, requiring an average of not less
than 70 per cent, to pass. Negroes are not ad-
mitted. Advance standing is given students who
have attended one or more terms at a recognized
veterinary college, upon presentation of a certifi-
cate showing sufficient attendance and having at-
tained the studies and grades in accordance with
the curriculum of this college. The officers of
the college are S. V. Ramsey, D. V. S., president ;
L. A. Greiner. D. S., vice-president, and C. I.
Fleming, M. D. C, dean.

St. Mary-of-the-Woods — College and Acad-
emy.— This educational institution, the pioneer
of conventual establishments in Indiana, orig-
inated in the year 1840, when a sisterhood from
France made a foundation in Vigo county, about
four miles west of the Wabash river at a spot
they named St. Mary-of-the-Woods.

The little colony consisted of six members be-
longing to the order of Sisters of Providence at
Kuille-sur-Loir, one of the earliest and most
l)opular teaching organizations having birth in
iM-ance after the Great Revolution.

The foundress of St. Mary-of-the-Woods was
the illustrious Mother Theodore Guerin, widely
celebrated on both continents for her beneficent
and religious activities, her masterly riualifica-
tions and infiuence. Honored in her native
couiUry with UR-dallion decorations from the
l'"rench Academy, and with the plaudits of the
court and ecclesiastical authorities, her fame
ncverllu'k'ss rests upon the magnificent institu-
tion she founded, which, in its ideals, its scope,
and its attainments, ])er])eluate her teachings and

represents the most progressive and cultured
educational system of our day.

Like all our earlier institutions, St. Mary-of-
the-Woods had an hvmible beginning. A log cabin
served for a church, a rough board house, small,
and primitive in every sense, constituted the con-
vent, surrounded by a few acres of uncleared
land in the heart of a dense and desolate wilder-
ness.

St. Mary-of-the-Woods to-day presents a
scene vastly different from St. Mary's of earlier
days. For fifty years the institution grew stead-
ily, though slowly, passing through many vicissi-
tudes. The twenty-five years that have since fol-
lowed may truly be called a period of marvelous
development. Instead of the forest primeval and
a poor little frame dwelling, there may now be
seen an array of buildings, the massiveness,
adaptability, and elegance of which are unsur-
passed in our country. Enclosing within its pre- I
cincts a six-hundred-acre plot, St. Mary-of-the- 1
Woods is a little world in itself, self-governing I
and self-sustaining, preserving all the charm of j
sylvan environment and yet possessing all mod- 1
ern conveniences, from its railway and interur- 1
ban stations to its coal mine.

The principal buildings are arranged in a semi-
circle, with a frontage of 1,100 feet, a magnifi-l
cent white stone conventual church occupying the !
center of the group. To the east is the convent, I
a large and commanding brick edifice, adjoining I
which, to the north, is another large three-story j
brick building, the Normal training school fori
those wdio are aspiring to become members of the
community. West of the church is St. Agatha's i
hall, a dormitory structure connecting with the
academy or main building. To the southwest is
the conservatory of music, and farther on. thci
Guerin college hall. The main building is of
white Bedford stone, in pure Renaissance archi-
tecture, four stories in height, a faithful imita-,
tion of the early Florentine palaces designed byi,
Alichiiel Angelo. The new college hall is also a|
handsome four-story edifice in Renaissancej
style, built of Bedford stone and light brick. Ofi
similar style and construction is the conserva-|
tory of music, its elegant auditorium having :i
seating capacity of 1,000. Other buildings on the
grounds are the gymnasium and natatorium ; the
"Woodland," an inn for the accommodation ot
guests of the institution; the presbytery; the

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF IXDIAXA

439

jpharmacy and infirmary ; the laundry, the bakery,
and the power house, which furnishes hght and
heat and the power for some fifty motors used
in various ways on the premises.

The hilly location of the grounds gives them
a varied beauty. A mile of cement walks, afford-
ling opportunity for exercise, eveh in most un-
.propitious weather, wind around and through the
parks, from which extend tennis courts and golf
links; while orchards and gardens and spread-
ing fields yield their bounty, and wooded tracts
jand meadow lands furnish grazing for the cattle.

Twenty-five thousand young people are now
receiving instruction from the Sisters of Provi-
dence in their various schools and academies
throughout Indiana, Illinois, Massachusetts, and
!at Washington. D. C. Many women of distinc-
jtion in society and of prominence in the business
and professional world claim St. Mary-of-the-
Woods as their Alma Mater. A large and enthu-
(Siastic alumnae association evidences the attach-
inent of the "old girls" and contril)utes to the
further progress of the school.

I^^very summer the sisters return to the Mother
house from the cities in which they are engaged
during the scholastic year. A regular normal in-
istitute is conducted during the vacation, with
'lecture courses and studio work by eminent edu-
,:ators, professors, and artists. At present writ-
ing (1915) when the establishment is rounding
out its seventy-fifth year of existence, more than
d,000 members of the order have just dispersed
to resume their activities in the schools under

Terrc Haute \^etcrinary College.

their charge. The Novitiate, or training scIkjo!
(the recruiting station of the Sisterhood), after
contril)uting forty-six members to the body of
the protessed religieux duriiii,' the past vear. still
numl)ers about 100. The jirobationarv period
covers nearly three years.

While tlie Sisters of Providence now concen-
trate all their forces in the field of education.
they have at times engaged in other work. Dur-
ing the Civil war lliey had charge of the niilitarv
hospitals at Indiana])olis and X'incennes. and the
cholera epidemic that raged so violentlv half a
century ago found them devoting themselves to
the plague-stricken and forsaken. Should any
other ])ublic distress claim their assistance, thev
will be ready to respond to Innnanitv's need, for
these women have left the world not to live for
themselves alone. l)ut that the world may be bet-
tered bv their service.

WABASH COUNTY

WABASH, SEAT OF JUSTlCi;

WABASH COUNTY is located a little corn-producing. The most part of the upland is

north of the center of the northern part of the best fanning land. Hogs, cattle and sheep

i)f the State. It is bounded on the north by Kos- are very extensively raised and the county is dis-

fiusko, on the east by Whitley and Huntington, linguished for its hoi se markets, .and r»iie of the

[)n the south by Grant and Miami and on the most advanced in mainifactiu-ing in the Stale.
[vest by Miami counties. It contains 448 s(iuare Organization.— Wabash cunty was formally

jniles. There are no high or steep hills in the organized March 1, IS.x^ being a part of what

|:ounty, though the land is rolling or undulating is now Huntington comity and nanie.l by its lo-

iiear the Mississinewa, Salamonie, Wabash and cation (ui the Wabash river, one of the principal

•lel rivers, and their numerous branches. There rivers of the county. Wabash was selected as tlic

s a goodly area of river bottom land, which is county seat by the commissioners name<l in the

440

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Memorial Building, Wabash.

Carnegie Library, Wabash.

legislative act on May 19, 1835. The first court-
house was a brick structure forty feet square,
costing $3,000. It was finished in 1839 and con-
tinued in use until June 17, 1871, when it was
destroyed by fire. The present court-house was
built in 1878, and paid for as soon as the build-
ing was completed. Wabash has the distinction
of being the first city in the world to be lighted
by electricity. It also is particularly noted for
having one of the few memorial halls built in
memory of the soldiers of the Civil war, together
with a fine government building and public li-
brary. About five miles from Wabash is situated
the "White's Institute," a home maintained by
the Friends' Yearly Meeting for homeless chil-
dren.

Population of Wabash county in 1890 was
27,126; in 1900 was 28,235, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 26,926, of
which 629 were of white foreign birth. There
were 6,851 families in the county and 6,711
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
seven townships in Wabash county : Chester,
Lagro, Liberty. Nol)le, Paw-Paw, Pleasant and
Waltz. The inc()r])orated cities and towns are
Wabash, LaFontaine, Lagro, North Manchester,
and Roann. Wabash is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual rc]K)rt of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the

total value of lands and lots in W^abash county
was $9,723,395 ; value of improvements was
$4,250,050, and the total net value of taxables
was $21,222,275. There were 4,400 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 425 miles of
improved roads in Wabash county built and un-
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $813,001.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
80.49 miles of steam railroad operated in Wa-
bash county by the Chicago & Erie ; Cincinnati,
Wabash & Michigan ; Butler branch of the Van-
dalia, and the Wabash railroads. The Fort
Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Company
and Union Traction Company of Indiana operate
32.28 miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Robert K. Devricks, county superintendent of
Wabash county, there were eighty-four school-
houses, including seven high schools, in Wabash
county in 1915, employing 218 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 4.979.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $135,902. The estimated value of school
l)roperty in the county was $762,000, and the
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds,
was $230,000.

Agriculture. — There were in Wabash county

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK Oi-^ IXDIAXA

441

High Scliool, Wabash.

\\ aljasli Counts I uuri-l liiu-v.

in 1910 over 2,500 farms embraced in 249,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 98.7 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $26,000,000,
showing 98.5 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $75.22. The
total value of domestic animals was over $2,570,-
000: Number of cattle 21,000, valued at $632,-
000; horses 11,000, valued at $1,340,000; hogs

61,000, vaUied at $412,000; sheep 22,000, valued
at $115,000. The value of poultry was $103,000.
Industrial. — According to the State Ljurcau
of Inspection for 1912, there were thirteen indus-
trial establishments in Wabash, which furnish
employment to over 500 persons. The manufac-
ture of box-board and of woodwurk arc the prin-
cipal industries.

WARREN COUNTY

WILLIAMSPORT, SEAT OF JUSTICE

WARREN COUNTY is located in the
western part of the State, a little north
of the center in the western tier of counties, and
lies in the edge of the Grand Prairie. It is
bounded on the north by Benton, on the east by
Tippecanoe, on the southeast and south by Foun-
tain and Vermilion counties, and on the west by
the State of Illinois. The Wabash river flows
along its entire southeastern border. Its surface
is about half a rolling prairie and the other half,
a once well-wooded timber surface, broken by
streams and hills. The northwest part of the
county has a rich black loam soil, yielding large
crops of corn, oats and hay. In the southeast
half, bordering on the Wabash river and the
small tributary streams, the soil is clay and the

crops arc principally cum. wheat, timothy ami
clover. The lilutYs along nr near tlie Wabash fur-
nish much excellent gravel for buihling. cement
and road-making. Coal of an excellent (luality.
rivaling the Brazil block coal, has been found in
the counl\- and promises to become ;in importatit
industrv. At Kramer is located a well-known
sanatorium where mud baths are given rheinuatic
])alients and this locality has grown to l)e the
rival of nianv of the noteil health resorts.

Organization. — Warren comity was organ-
i/ed March 1. 1S27. and was named in honor of
C.en. loseph W .n leii. of the Revohition. who
fell in the battle of I'.nnker Hill. The tirM
seal of justice of Warren c<-unty was located
at WarreiUown. two nnles up the river from

442

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the present county seat. For reasons unknown,
this site proved unsatisfactory and the Legis-
lature, January 22. 1829, passed an act for the
relocation of the county seat. On the second
Monday of the following June, locating commis-
sioners met at Warrentown, and after a liberal
donation of land by William Harrison, selected
the present site of Williamsport for the new
county seat. In 1870, West Lebanon made an
effort to secure the location of the county seat
at that point without success. The court-house
at W^ilHamsport was destroyed by fire on Sun-
day, Taiiuarv 20, 1907. All the records but

Warren County Court-House, Williamsport.

those of the commissioners were saved. Near
Williamsport is a remarkable water-fall which
is precipitated over a perpendicular rock into a
wild glen, and there is much other wild and ro-
mantic scenery within an hour's ride from Will-
iamsi)ort.

Population of Warren county in 1890 was
10,955; in 1900 was 11,371, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 10,899, of
which 210 were of white foreign birth. There
were 2,772 families in the county and 2,752
dwellings.

Improved Roads. — There were 380 miles of
im])roved roads in Warren county built and un-
der jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $431 ,770.26.

Townships, Cities and Tov^^ns. — There are

twelve townships in Warren county : Adams,
Jordan, Kent, Liberty, Medina, Mount, Pike,
Pine, Prairie, Steuben, Warren and Washington.
The incorporated cities and towns are Pine Vil-
lage, State Line, W^est Lebanon and Williams-
port. The county seat is Williamsport.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in W'arren county
was $7,873,695 ; value of improvements was
$1,190,885, and the total net value of taxables
was $13,472,850. There were 1,724 polls in the
county.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
69.58 miles of steam railroad operated in War-
ren county by the Danville division of the Chi-
cago, Indiana & Southern ; Brazil division and
Judyville branch of the Chicago & Eastern Illi-
nois ; Rantoul division of the Illinois Central ;
Western division of the Peoria & Eastern, and
the Wabash railroads.

Educational. — According to the report of
Harry Evans, county superintendent of Warren
county, there were eighty schoolhouses, includ-
ing three high schools, in Warren county in 1914,
employing 106 teachers. The average daily at-
tendance by pupils w^as 1,893. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-
pervisors, principals and teachers was $47,942.35.
The estimated value of school property in the
county was $137,800, and the total amount of
indebtedness, including bonds, was $6,700.

Agriculture. — There were in Warren county
in 1910 over 1,300 farms embraced in 217,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 161.4 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $24,000,000,
showing 88.2 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $92.17. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,700,-
000: Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $331,-
000; horses 9,000, valued at $980,000; hogs
29,000, valued at $201,000; sheep 7,700. valued
at $36,000. The total value of poultry was $48,-
000.

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

443

WARRICK COUNTY

BOONVTLLE, SKAT OF JUSTICE

WARRICK COUNTY.— Less than KXJ
years ago the territory which now com-
prises Warrick county was an unblazed forest, a
wilderness in which the red man reigned su-
preme. It is situated in the southwestern i)art (jf
Indiana and borders on the Ohio river, and is
bounded on the north by Gibson, Pike and Du-
bois, on the east by Little Pigeon creek, which
separates it from Spencer county ; on the south
by the Ohio, and on the west by Vanderburg and
a very small portion of Gibson counties. It has
an area of about 388 square miles. The face of
the country is mostly rolling or undulating,
though there is a range of hills back of the river
bottoms and large tracts of bottom lands along
the Pigeon and other creeks, with which the
country is watered. The soil in the bottom lands
is very rich and large crops of corn are produced
here. Much of the upland is of very good qual-
ity and tobacco raising is one of the important
industries of the county. Coal is found in
abundance and is the principal natural resource.
According to the State mine inspector's report
for the fiscal year ending September 30. 1914,
there were seventeen mines in operation in the
county under his jurisdiction which produced
515,368 tons of coal.

Organization. — Warrick county was organ-
ized March 9, 1813, by an act of the Legislature,
which became effective April 1, 1813. It was
named in honor of Captain Jacob Warrick, who
fell at the head of his company at the battle of
' Tippecanoe. At the time of its organization,
' Warrick embraced practically all of the ])resent
I counties of Posey, Vanderburg. Spencer, Perry
i and a part of Crawford county. Evansville was
I selected as the first county seat, which was prob-
' ably done on account of the donation ot 10 >
\ acres of land as a site for the county seat by
j Colonel Hugh McGary, July 15. 1814. Witinn
i three months from the time Evansville was made
' the county seat of Warrick, Posey count \- was
organized with practically its present Innits,
I leaving Evansville in the extreme southwestern
' corner of Warrick, with the result that the Ter-
ritorial Legislature, Septeml)er 1, 1814, moved

the count}- seat from |-.\;in>\ilk- to l);irhiiL;loii, a
town on the Ohio river. The organization of
X'anderburg and Spencer couiuies. [-"ebruarv 1.
1818, out of Warrick county, left it with ncarlv
Its ])resent boundaries, and as Darlington was in
the southeastern corner of Warrick, after the
two couiUies were cut off from cither side of it,
the Legislature was again called upon to name
commissioners to select a more ceiUral site, with
the result tliat the ])rescnt >ite of l*>oiin\ilk- was
selected. Some authorities state iliai the town
was called "P>oonsville" in honor of UatlitY liotju.
.Vccording to authentic, local historians, W.arrick
county had one court-house tire un September 3.
1833, and it is stated that another fire occurreti
sometime in 1818. The tirst white in;iii >aiil to
have settled in Warrick county wa> Joliii
Sprinkle, a native of Pennsylvania, who founded
the town ot Spriiildesburg, now known ;i> Xew-
Ijurg. .Vmong its distinguished citizens are ( jen-
eral Joseph Lane, who once represented Warrick
count}- in the ."^tate senate, and h;id a natiijiial
reputation as a Mexican war veteran, once Gov-
ernor of ( )reg()n and a canditlate for \ ice-
President of the United States on the lireckcn-
ridge ticket in 18()(): former ( ioverr.or of Alaska
Wilford D. Iloggatt: former Cnited States Sena-
tor lames A. 1 U menway, and many other- ot
Slate and national reputation.

Population of Warrick connt\ in 1S"»!> was
21,161 : in 1900 was 22J2^K and acconhng to
Lnited States Census of 1910 was 21,^)11. of
which 508 were of white foreign l)irtli. 'I'here
were 5,071 famiho in the county and 5,015
dwellings.

Townships. Cities and Towns. — I liere are
ten townships in Warrick comUy : Anderson.
l!()()n. l am])bell, Greer, Hart, Lane, < )hin. ( )wen.
Pigeon and Skelton. The incorporated cities and
towns are lloonvilk-, l-'lberfeld, LynnviHe, Ncw-
l)urg and I'ennvson. I'xionville i- the county

-e.-it.

Taxable Property and Pells.— \ccording to
ihe annual report of the AudUor of State from
tlie abstract of the tax duplicate for PM3. the
total value of lands :uid lots in W .-irrick C(.unty

444

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

was $4,219,470; value of improvements was
$2,114,785, and the total net value of taxables
was $9,075,025. There were 3,459 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were fifty-five
miles of imjjroved roads in Warrick county built
and under jurisdiction of the county commission-
ers January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road
bonds outstanding, $88,107.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
28.49 miles of steam railroad operated in War-
rick county by the Evansville & Indianapolis,
and the Evansville branch of the Southern Rail-
way Companies. The Evansville Railways Com-
pany and the Evansville Suburban & Newburg
Railroad Company operate 24.06 miles of electric
line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Andrew J. Hopkins, superintendent of public
instruction, there were 121 schoolhouses, includ-

ing five high schools, in Warrick county in 1914,
employing 186 teachers. The average daily at-
tendance by pupils was 4,506. The aggregate
amount paid in salaries to superintendents, su-
pervisors, principals and teachers was $86,278.75.
Estimated value of school property in the county
was $216,750, and the total amount of indebted-
ness, including bonds, was $73,280.43.

Agriculture. — There w^ere in Warrick co.mty
in 1910 over 2,800 farms embraced in 235,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 82.9 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $13,000,000,
showing 89.8 per cent, increase over 1930. The
average value of land per acre was $37.11. The
total value of domestic animals was over $1,500.-
000 : Number of cattle 10,000, valued at $248,-
000; horses 7,600, valued at $744,000; hogs 17,-
000, valued at $113,000; sheep 7,600, valued at
$32,000. The total value of poultry in the county
was $70,000.

WASHINGTON COUNTY

SALEM^ SEAT OF JUSTICE

WASHINGTON COUNTY is located in
the southern part of the State in the cen-
ter of the second tier of counties north of the
Ohio river. It contains about 510 square miles
and is bounded on the north by Jackson, on the
east by Scott and Clark, on the south by a section
of Floyd, Harrison and Crawford, and on the
west by Orange and Lawrence counties. This
county presents more variety of surface and soils
than any other part of the State of equal size and

Birthplace of Jolin Hay. Salem.

for beauty of scenery is not surpassed by any
other county in the State. About ten per cent, of
the territory is embraced by what is known as
"The Barrens," so named for the reason that the
land is nearly barren of timber. The range of
hills called "The Knobs" passes along the east
side of Washington county separating it from
Clark and Scott counties until they are lost in
the blufifs of the Muscatatuck and W'hite rivers.
Other parts of the county are curiously diver-
sified with "sink holes" varying in shape and size,
but all showing the cavernous nature of the earth
beneath. The cotmty is watered by the Muscata-
tuck and east fork of White river on the north
and northwest, Lost river in the west and by the
head waters of Blue river in the east and south.
About one-fifth of the county is bottom lands
and very productive. The upland is rolling and
in many parts, especially along the water courses,
is quite broken. Corn, wheat, oats, ha}-, tobacco,
potatoes, butter, wool, pork and live stock are
produced in abundance. No portion of the State
is better adapted to fruit growing, and fruits and
berries of all kinds are raised and shipped yearly

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF IXDJAXA

445

from the county. A number of streams traversin"-
the county, many of them fed by never- faihng
springs of pure cold water, render it one of the
very foremost for stock raising. Fine (|uarries (jf
oohtic are found in almost all parts of tlic county.
In the eastern portion, however, it is a sandstone,
and after being worked becomes quite hardened.
Good clay for the manufacture of brick and tile
is also found in abundance throughout the
county. Fossils of every variety are found, espe-
cially at Spurgeon's Hill, four miles east of Sa-

counties. Orange and Jacks.jn counties were
taken Irom Washington county in 1815, an(l
Sroit was carved out in 1820. re.lucing Wash-
nigloii county to its present bound.irics. Salem
has l)ecn tlic seat of justice since the organization
of the count}'.

Salem is particularly dislin-^nisjicd as the birth-
place fjf Jobii Nay, one time private secretary to
['resident Fincoln, who rei)resenled the I'nited
States abroad as secretary of the legations at
I'aris. Madrid and \ieinia, and was cliarge

Chimney Rock in Washington County. Is ten mile?
south of Salem, formed by erosion. Rock is of hard
limestone and about twenty feet high. — I'hoto by
Orra Hopper.

lem, which has been visited by geologists from
all over the United States. There are quite a
number of caves in the county, the largest and
most noted of which is located one mile west of
Salem and has been explored for some distance.
Cliffy Cave, in the northwest part of the county,
is quite a resort and the county is marked gen-
erally with scenery of a romantic character.

Organization. — Washington county was or-
ganized December 21, 1813, by an act of the Leg-
islature, which became effective January 17,
1814. It was created out of Clark and Harrison

Lovers' Leap "Clifty." Wasliington County. This Icd^c
is aliout twenty-tivc feet iiigh and called "Lovers'
Lea])" because many betrothed have tried to leap
from the rocks to the main ledge, tive feet away.

d'affaires at X'ieinia ; ambassador to England.
1897-8; Secretary of State from 1898 to Septem-
ber 20, 1905. lie was the author of "Pike
County P.allots.'" "Castulian Days" and the "•Bio-
graphs of Lincoln."

Population of Washington county in 18' '"0
was 18,(iP>: in P>00 was 19,4W. and according l(»
United States Census of 1910 was 17.445. of
which liftv-six were of wbite foreign liirth.
There were 4,14r> families in the county and
4,093 dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns.— There are

446

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Washington County Court-House, Salem.

thirteen townships in Washington county :
Brown, Frankhn, Gibson, Howard, Jacksoti, Jef-
ferson, Madison, Monroe, Pierce, Polk, Posey,
Vernon and Washington. The incorporated cities
and towns are Campbellsburg, Fredericksburg,
Hardinsburg, Little York, Livonia, New Pekin,
Salem and Saltillo. Salem is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According- to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Washington
county was $,^,685,895 ; value of improvements

was $1,529,400, and the total net value of taxa-
bles was $8,511,305. There were 2,793 polls in
the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 225 miles of
improved roads in Washington county built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners
January 1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $254,323.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
27.71 miles of steam railroad operated in \\"ash-
ington county by the Chicago, Indianapolis &
Louisville Railroad Company.

Educational. — According to the rejiort of
Orra Hopper, county superintendent of Wash-
ington county, there were 124 schoolhouses, in-
cluding six high schools, in Washington county
in 1914, employing 161 teachers. The average
daily attendance by pupils was 3,823. The aggre-
gate amount paid in salaries to superintendents,
supervisors, principals and teachers was $73,-
816.41. The estimated value of school property
in the county was $179,290, and the total amount
of indebtedness, including bonds, was $24,355.
There are three commissioned high schools at
Campbellsburg, Salem and New Pekin, and three
non-certified high schools and one township con-
solidated graded school in the county.

Agriculture. — There were in Washington
county in 1910 over 2,600 farms embraced in
310,000 acres. Average acres per farm, 115.6
acres. The value of all farm property was over
$11,000,000, showing 76.1 per cent, increase over
1900. The average value of land per acre was
$23.20. The total value of domestic animals was
over $1,500,000 : Number of cattle 14.000, valued
at $349,000; horses 7,600, valued at $750,000;
hogs 26,000, valued at $169,000; sheep 16,000,
valued at $71,000. The poultry value was $83,000.

WAYNE COUNTY

RICHMOND, SEAT OF JUSTICE

WAYNh: COUNTY is located in the cen-
tral part of the eastern tier of counties
and is bounded on the north by Randolph, on the
east by the State of Ohio, on the south by Union
and Fayette and on the west by Henry and Fay-
ette counties. The Cumberland or National road

runs through it, and in the early days was the
gateway to the State and the great Northwest
beyond, over which the tide of emigration moved
from the East. Its area is about 394 square
miles. The soil is rich and varied, from the
alluvial to the heavy clays of the elevated por-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AX[) I IA.\1)B( )OK OF IXDlAXA

447

tions, and all susceptible to a high stale of culti-
vation. Every section is well watered, and few
localities are better adapted to dairying. Wayne
county is famous for its production of wheat,
corn, hogs, cattle and horses. 1"he soil and cli-
mate are well adapted to the production of fruil,
and an eminent aitthority has said : 'A\'a\ne
county lies in the coming apple belt of the Cen-
tral States." Agriculture has received much en-
couragement in the public schools, in associations
and in institutes, conducted from year to ^•ear
among the farmers, and it was among the tirst
in the State to add agriculture to its common
school course of study.

Organization. — Wayne county, the seventh
in line in the State, was organized under an act
of the Legislature of November 27, 1810, made
effective February 1, 1811. It was named in
honor of General Anthony Wayne, known to
history as "Mad Anthony," whose name has been
indelibly fixed upon the pages of the early his-
tory of this country because of his victory at the
battle of "Fallen Timbers" and the defeat of
Little Turtle. The city of Fort Wayne is also
named in his honor. He died December 15, 1796.

The first county seat of Wayne county was

located at Salisbury, which by a Legislative act
was changed to (.entervillc I )eceni))er 21. ISK..
I he dissensions which this created were as noth-
Hig com])ared with the struggle that was i)recii)i-
tated following the change of the countv seat
trom (enterville to ivichmoiid. This slretclie<l
over a ])eriod of fifty year-, .md ha<l a marke.l
effect on the ])oblical fortunes of Stale and
count) olliciaU. judges and members of the Leg-
islature, as well as ( iovernors. 'Ibis struggle re-
sulted in the creation of a number of acts of the
Legislature jiroviding for the removal of couiU\
seats. I he removal of the comuv seat of Wavne
county I rom C'enterxille to Richmoni! occurred
August 13. 187.\ terminating the longest and bit-
terest county seat war ni Indiana. The rancor
which it engendered ha> not entireK (lieil out to
llii> da_\-.

Kichniond has a i)o])u\at!on. accorijing to the
L'nited States Census of 1910, of 22. .^24. and it
is one of the most thriving induslri;d cities in
Indiana. It is located on the east bank of the
east fork of White W ater on the .\ational road.
four miles from the ( >hio line. It was tirst
settled in 1816, and it was here that the
"Friends' IVjardint- .^chool" was established lune

Earlham College. Riclini..n<l. W ayiie t'oiimy.

448

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

7, 1847, and from which has developed Earlham
College.

Earlham College took its name from "Earl-
ham Hall," the name of the Gurney home, at
Norfolk, England, the source of the far-reaching
humanitarian work of John Gurney, the promi-
nent English Quaker banker, and his better
known sister, Elizabeth Fry.

As to location no isolated spot was chosen. A
large tract of land was purchased on either side
of "The Great Road," as the Friends referred to
the now historic "National road," which led
straight into the unbounded west. Here, on the
now beautiful campus they built "their house by
the side of the road," a token of the service for
which the college was to stand.

Nine years after Louis Agassiz came to Har-

First Log Schoolhouse, Wayne County, 1813.

vard, a young Earlham instructor, Joseph Moore,
who was later to be Earlham's president, went
east to work with him, and the young Indiana
college was thus early linked with the movement
to add natural science to its curriculum. In 1847
the college was the beneficiary of a contribution
of £300 sterling from English Friends, two-
thirds of which was set apart to the college
authorities to purchase scientific apparatus and
start a library. In 1853 the foundation of the
Joseph Moore museum was laid, in the beginning
of a permanent collection of materials in the field
of natural science as a subject for instruction.
On the F.arlham campus was established the first
astronomical observatory in the State, where is
located the transit mounted at Fort Sumter at
the outbreak of the Civil war. It was the first
college in Indiaiia to establish a laboratory
equipped for the use of students, and is one of

the very first institutions committed to the mod-
ern policy of co-education. In a list, prepared
at the request of the German universities, by the
Association of American Universities, Earlham
was listed as one whose work ranks with their
own. It was one of the colleges among the six
mentioned by Doctor K. C. Babcock, educa-
tional expert of the United States Bureau of
Education, as representing the most progressive
and efficient work now being done among Amer-
ican colleges.

Eastern Hospital for the Insane. — The East-
ern Hospital for the Insane, "Easthaven," lo-
cated a short distance west of Richmond, was
the second of the additional hospitals to be
opened. Its site was purchased August 9, 1883,
and it was constructed on the cottage plan. The
arrangement is in the form of a modified quad-
rangle, with the power-house in the center and
the cottages on two sides and a part of the front.
As previously mentioned, some of the buildings
were completed in 1887 and were occupied by
the School for Feeble-Minded Youth. The
school was moved to its new location July 8,
1890, and on August 4 following the Eastern
hospital received its first patient.

Population of Wayne county in 1890 was
37,628; in 1900 was 38,970, and according to
United States Census of 1910 was 43,757, of
which 2,044 were of white foreign birth. There
were 11,404 families in the county and 10,958
dwellings.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
fifteen townships in Wayne county: Abington,
Boston, Center, Clay, Dalton, Franklin, Green,
Harrison, Jackson, Jefiferson, Newgarden, Perry,
Washington, Wayne and Webster. The incor-
porated cities and towns are Richmond, Boston,
Cambridge City, Centerville, Dublin, East Ger-
mantown. Fountain City, Hagerstown, Milton,
Mt. Auburn,, Spring Grove and Whitewater.
Richmond is the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Wayne county
was $12,724,870, value of improvements was
$9,371,110 and the total net value of taxables
was $35,344,585. There were 8,099 polls in the
county.

Improved Roads. — There were 312 miles of

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HAN13B(J()K OF

IXIMAXA

449

improved roads in Wayne county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners fanuary
1, 1915. Amount of gravel road Ijonds outstand-
ing, $311,088.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
110.81 miles of steam railroad operated in
Wayne county by the Chesapeake & Ohio ; Cin-
cinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne ; Fort Wayne,
Cincinnati & Louisville ; Grand Rapids &: Indiana
over C, R. & Ft. W. and the P., C, C. & St. L. ;
Indianapolis and Richmond divisions of the P.,
C, C. & St. L., and the White Water railroads.
The Ohio Electric Railway Company and the
Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Traction
Company operate 27.80 miles of electric line in
the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Charles O. Williams, county superintendent of

intendents, supervisors, principals and lcachcr<
was $176,818.();x The eslimale.l value of school
property in the cnnily was $1.0y6,(J96, and the
total amount ut indebtedness, inclu-ling bunds.
was $224,9f)().

Agriculture.— There were in W ayiie county
HI 1910 over 2,()(KJ farms, embraced in 247.tX)0
acres. Average acres |)cr farm. 94 acres.
Ihe value of all farm jiroperty was over
$24,00O.0tJO, showing 70.2 per cent, increase over
1900. The average value of land per acre was
$68.97. The total value of domestic animals was
over $2,190,000: Number of cattle 17,(XJ0. valued
at $525,000; horses 9.600. valued at $l.(X)0.tKX.) ;
hogs 85,000, valued at $5.^2.fX)0; sliecp 12,0(J(>,
valued at $56,000. The total value of poultry
was $82,000.

Industrial. — According to the United States

Wayne county, there were sixty-eight school- Census of 1910 there were 107 industries in

houses, including twelve high schools, in Wayne Richmond, furnishing employment to 4.4.i2 per-

county in 1914, employing 148 teachers. The sons. Total amount of capital employed. $13. 139.-

average daily attendance by pupils was 2,748. 159. \'alue of products, $10..^73,837 ; value added

The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super- by manufacture. $5,255,401.

WELLS COUNTY

BLUFFTON, SEAT OF Jl-STICF,

ELLS COUNTY is located in the north-
western part of Indiana, about twenty-five
miles south of Fort Wayne. It contains 372
square miles and is bounded on the north by Al-
len, on the east by Adams, on the south by Jay
and Blackford, and on the west by Grant and
Huntington counties. The Wabash river in the
northern part and the Salamonie river in the
southern part of the county afford ample drain-
age. The soil is fertile, producing abundant crops.
The southern part of the county is in the oil and
gas field, which was opened up in 1897. X'ery
few nevv^ oil wells are being drilled and the sound
of the oil pump is fast dying away ; the oil peo-
ple are moving to new fields of labor, while the
farmer is paying more attention to agriculture
in this territory, which is the main occupation of
the people in the county.

Organization. — Wells county was (irgani/.ed
by an act of the Legislature February 17. 1837,
, which became effective May 1, of tliat year,
29

The

count} was named in honor of Captain William
H. \\ ells of Fort Wayne, who was killed by the
Indians on .\ugust 15. 1812. near Chicago, in an
attempt to escort the garrison of Fort l)earl)(»rn
to b'ort Wayne. Hluffton was selected as the
count\- seat at ihe organization of the county.

Population of Wells county in 18<X) was
21,514: in UX)0 was 23.44'^>. and according lo
Cmled Slates Census of 1*M0 was 22.41S. of
wliicli 330 were of while foreign birth. There
were 5.566 families in the county ami 5.4S9
dwellings.

Townships. Cities and Towns. — There are
nine townships in Wells county: Chester. Harri-
son, lackson. JetTerson. Lancaster. Lil>erty. Xot-
tington. Rock Creek, and Union. The incnriK>-
rated cities an<l towns ;ire lilulTton. Keystone.
Markle, ( >ssian. I'oneto, I'niondale and \ era
I'ruz. I-.lulTton is the countv seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— Ace. .nling to
the annual report o{ the \uditor of State from

450

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the abstract of the tax dupHcate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Wells county was
$8,055,770; value of improvements was $2,793,-

000, and the total net value of taxables was $17,-
813,615. There were 3,527 polls in the county.

Improved Roads. — There were 728 mi'es of
improved roads in Wells county built and under
jurisdiction of the county commissioners January

1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand-
ing. $631,415.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
80.40 miles of steam railroad operated in Wells
county by the Chicago & Erie ; Cincinnati, BlufiF-
ton & Chicago ; Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louis-
ville, and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western rail-
roads. The Bluffton, Geneva & Celina Traction
Company ; Fort Wayne & Northern Indiana
Traction Company ; Marion, Blufifton & Eastern
Traction Company, and the Union Traction
Company of Indiana operate 43.36 miles of elec-
tric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Arthur R. Huyette, county superintendent of
Wells county, there were ninety-six school-
houses, including nine high schools in Wells

county in 1914, employing 160 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 4,136.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to super-
intendents, supervisors, principals and teachers
was $178,789.96. The estimated value of school
property in the county was $332,245, and the
total amount of indebtedness, including bonds,
was $58,800.

Agriculture. — There were in Wells county
in 1910 over 2,600 farms, embraced in 226,000
acres. Average acres per farm, 85.2 acres. The
value of all farm property was over $26,000,000,
showing 116.9 per cent, increase over 1900. The
average value of land per acre was $82.54. The!
total value of domestic animals was over $2,350,-
000: Number of cattle 16,000, valued at $474,000 ;i
horses 11,000, valued at $1,300,000; hogs 69,000,i
valued at $418,000; sheep 25,000, valued at $120,-1
000. The total value of pouhry, $122,000.

Industrial. — According to the report of the
State Bureau of Inspection for 1912, there were]
fourteen industrial establishments in Blufftoni
employing nearly 300 persons. The manufac-j
ture of pianos, oil-field machinery, drain tile and;
cooperage are the leading industries. |

WHITE COUNTY

MONTICELLO, SEAT OF JUSTICE

WHITE COUNTY is located in the fourth
tier of counties northwest of Indianapolis
and is Ijounded on the north by Jasper and Pu-
laski, on the east by Cass and Carroll, on the
south by Tippecanoe, and on the west by Benton
and Jasper counties. It contains 504 square
miles. The soil is chiefly rich, black farm land,
producing large yields of corn, oats, wheat and
other agricultural products. Cattle and hogs are
fed in large numbers. At Monon there is a lime-
stone quarry, which is the only place where stone
is found near the surface. The county is crossed
by the Tippecanoe river in its lower course, a
stream of crystal water that has cut a channel
about 100 feet deep, with frequent rapids and
fine fishing. The banks are dotted with sum-
mer resorts.

Organization. — White county was organized
April 1, 1834. It was named in honor of Col.

Isaac White, of Gallatin county, Illinois, whcj
volunteered his services as a private in the Tip-'
pecanoe campaign and fell at the side of Majoi;
Daviess in the battle of Tippecanoe. The com-
missioners, who were selected by the Legislature
to choose the county seat, did not make a report
until September 5, 1834, when they chose ]Monti|
cello, which has been the county seat ever sincti
the organization of the county. {

Population of White county in 1890 was
15,671 ; in 1900 was 19,138, and, according t(j
U. S. Census, in 1910 was 17,602, of which 58^|
were of white foreign birth. There were 4,29^
families in the county and 4,249 dwellings. [

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There arf
eleven townships in White county: Big Creeki
Cass, Honey Creek, Jackson, Liberty, Monon
Prairie, Princeton Round Grove, Union anc!
West Point. The incorporated cities and towni

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF IXDIAXA 4^

are Monticello Brookston. BurnettsviUe, Chd- ,o superintendents, st,|,erv,sors. „,i„ei,v,l. .nd
mers, Monon, Reynolds and Wolc.m. Monti- teachers was $83,818.37. ICstin, ,e I L 1
cello IS the county seat.

Taxable Property and Polls.— Accordino- to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in White cou :ly was
$8,339,500; value of improvements was $2,392,-
160, and the total net value of taxables was $15,-
246,560. There were 2,979 polls in the county.

Improved Roads.— There were 349 miles of

school property was $307,850, and the total
amount of indebtedness, inclucbiii,' bond^ was

$55,909.52.

Railroads— Steam and Electric— fbere arc
69.35 miles of steam raib-(.:id (»i uraK-d in Wbite
counly by the Chicago, IndianapoHs c^ Louisville
and it.s Michigan City branch, and the l-.tYiier
l)rancb of the P., C"., C. cK" .^t. L. railr.jids.

Agriculture.— 'I here wert- in Wbite cuntv

improved roads in White county, built and under in 1910 over 2,(XJ0 farms, embraced in 314 000

jurisdiction of the county commissioners January acres. Average acres per farm, 150.4 acre^. Tiie

1, 1915. Amount of gravel road bonds outstand- value of all farm property was over $3().i:U'J.0'JU.

ing. $449,876.25. showing 93 per cent, increase over 190:). The

Educational.— According to the report of average value of land per acre was $77.69. The

Henry J. Reid, county superintendent, there total vabie of domestic animals was over .S2,4(K),-

were ninety-eight schoolhouses, including seven 000: Number of cattle 20 .000. valued at $641,"-

high schools, in White county in 1914, employing 000; horses 11,(X)0. valued at $1,400,000; hogs

162 teachers. The daily average attendance by 29.030, valued at $235,000; sheep 10.000. valued

pupils was 3,571. The aggregate amount paid at $55,000. The value of |)ou]trv was $UK).(X)0.

WHITLEY COUNTY

COLUMBIA CITY, SEAT OF JUSTICE

WHITLEY COUNTY lies in the northeast
corner of the State and is bounded on
I the north by Noble, on the east by Allen, on the
south by Huntington and Wabash and on the
.west by Kosciusko and Wabash counties. It
contains 336 square miles. Eel river, flowing
across the county from the northeast to the south-
west, is the principal stream within its bound-
aries. Fed by its main tributary, Blue river,
land a network of small creeks, it affords an out-
let for almost the entire drainage of the county,
iln the northern part of the county lie some of
the most beautiful lakes in Indiana. Blue river
lake, the largest, lies in Smith township near the
town of Churubusco. In Troy township are
Robinson, Cedar, Spruce and New lakes and
several smaller ones. In Etna township is ( )ld
lake and a part of Loon lake. Cedar and
Shriner lakes in Thorncreek townshij), widely
known as Tri-Lake-Resort, forms the most at-
tractive group. Here the State Fish and Game
Commission has established a lish hatchery. A
portion of Crooked lake, with its heavily wooded

shores, regarded by many as tbe most lieautiful
lake in the county, also lies in Thorncreek town-
ship. The abundant supply of fish witli which
these lakes are stocked, and their ])ictures<iuc
surroundings, attract many jileasure seekers from
all parts of the middle west.

The character of the soil is a rich, clay loam,
varied in parts of the county with sandy soil, and
is verv productive. All of the ditTerent varieties
of the staple farm proilucts are rai-ed in abun-
dance, and sugar beets, peppermint, hemp .and
millet are raised on a smaller scale. A l;irgc
area of muck lar.ds, once regarded as worthless,
are now utilized for onion raising, wbich bas be-
come one of the principal industries.

Organization. — W biiley county w.is organ-
ized bv an act of ibe Legislature j.inu.iry 29.
1839, which became effective .\\^r\\ 1, 18.V>. It
was named in bonor of l"ol. William Wbitley.
of Lincoln county. Kentucky, one of tbe br.avcst
of the earlv pioneers of th.it Sl.ile. who. after
l)eing a successful leader in mruiy <l;iring expedi-
tions, fell at last at tbe age of (>4, in tbe battle of

452

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

the Thair.cs, where he had volunteered to serve
as a private. Whitley county was formed out of
what was originally Cleveland township of Hunt-
ington county. The site for the first county
seat, which was selected by the State commis-
sioners, did not prove satisfactory and the Leg-
islature passed an act February 18, 1839, naming
five commissioners to relocate the county seat.
On October 19, 1839, the commissioners met and
decided lo locale the county seat on fractional
section 11, township 31 north, range 9, east, on
land owned by Elihu Chauncey, of Philadelphia.
He was to donate 222 >4 acres and build a saw-
mill on tlic land. There was not a white family
living within one mile and a half at the time,
but its ceiUral location had been the determining
factor in making the clioice. The new town was
first called Columbia and afterward changed to
Columbia City, now particularly distinguished as
the home of \'ice-President Thomas R. Marshall,
former Governor of Indiana.

The territory comprising Whitley county was
at one time dotted with villages of the Miami In-
dians, the most important of which was Turtle
Village, located on the banks of Eel river in
Union township. This was the home of Little
Turtle, one of the greatest of the Miami chiefs.
He is known as having been the first of the In-
dians to discard the practise of the Medicine
Man .and adopt vaccination for the prevention
of smallpox among his people. His village was
destroyed by a detail from General Harrison's
army in the year 1812. Coesse, a nephew of
Little Turtle, was another famous Indian chief
who lived in this county. The village of Coesse
is named for him. Kilsoquah, the granddaughter
ot Little Tm-tle, was one of the most interesting
figures in ihe Indian history of the State. She
died recently, at the town of Roanoke, at the age
of 105 years. Some of the richest lands of the
count) were granted by treaty to the Indians,
several hundred acres being comprised in the
1 leaver. Seeks Village and Chapine Reservations
ill ( nlumbia and Union town.ships and the Rac-
coon Keservations in the southeast corner of Jef-
ferson townshii). — Phil C. McNagny.

Townships, Cities and Towns. — There are
ten townships in Whitley county: Cleveland, Co-
lumbia, I'Ana, Jefferson, Richland, Smith, Thorn-
creek, Troy, I'liion and Washington. The incor-

porated cities and towns are Columbia City,
Churubusco and South Whitley. Columbia City
is the county seat.

Population of Whitley county in 1890 was
17,768; in 1900 was 17,328, and according to
U. S. Census in 1910 was 16,892, of which 298
were of white foreign birth. There were 4,306
families in the county and 4.242 dwellings.

Taxable Property and Polls. — According to
the annual report of the Auditor of State from
the abstract of the tax duplicate for 1913, the
total value of lands and lots in Whitley county
was $6,645,205 ; value of improvements was $2,-
422,222, and the total net value of taxables was
$14,869,000. The county had 2,835 polls.

Improved Roads. — There were fifteen miles
of improved roads in Whitley county, built and
under jurisdiction of the county commissioners,
January 1, 1915. Ainount of gravel road bonds
outstanding, $179,947.50.

Railroads — Steam and Electric. — There are
58.70 miles of steam railroad operated in Whit-
ley county by the New York, Chicago & St.
Louis ; Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago, and the
Butler branch of the Vandalia railroad. The
Ft. Wayne & Northern Indiana Traction Co.
operates .66 miles of electric line in the county.

Educational. — According to the report of
Alvin R. Fleck, county superintendent of Whit-
ley county, there were seventy-three school
houses, including nine high schools, in Whitley
county in 1914, employing 130 teachers. The
average daily attendance by pupils was 3,173.6.
The aggregate amount paid in salaries to superin-
tendents, sitpervisors, principals and teachers was
$68,299.14. The estimated value of school prop-
erty in the county was $307,850, and the total in-
debtedness, inckiding bonds, was $43,300.

Agriculture. — There were in Whitley county
in 1910 over 2,100 farms, embraced in 202,000
acres. Average acres per farm, ninety-four
acres. The value of all farm property was over
$18,000,000, showing 98.5 per cent, increase over
1900. The average value of land per acre was
$61.97. The total value of domestic animals was
over $1,790,000: Number of cattle 16.000, valued
at $463,000; horses 8,100, valued at $956,000;
hogs 37,000, valued at $250,000; sheep 21,000,
valued at $93,000. The total value of poultry
was $95,000.

RES. OF VICE PR ES. T.R. MARSHALL.,

_.__ MASONIC TEMPLE BUILDING

Views m Columbia City, Whitley County.

454

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

Population of Incorporated Cities and Towns in
Indiana, U. S. Census 1910.

cmr OE TOWN.

Advance town.

Aetna town

Alamo town —
Albany town...
Albion town...

Alexandria city.

Alton town

Altona town

Ambla town

Amboy town....

Anderson city..
Andrews town.
Angola city....
An^la town..
Argo3 town

Ashley town..

Atlanta town.
Attica city....
Auburn city..
Aurora city...

Avllla town

Balnbridge town

Batesville city

Battle Ground town.
Bedford city

Beech Grove town.

Berne town

Blcknejl town

BIrdseye town

Bloomfleld town...

Bloonilngdale town.
Bloornlngton city . . .

Bluff ton city

Boonvllle city

Boston town

Parke...,

Monroe..
Welb....
Warrick.
Wayne..

Boswell town Benton...

Bourbon town Marshall.

Bowling Orccn town Clay

Brazil city Clay

Bremen town Marshall.

County.

Boone

Lake

Montgomery.

Delaware

Noble

Madison..
Crawford.
Dekalb...
Benton...
Miami....

Madison

Huntington.

Steuben

namilton . . .
Marshall....

(Dekalb...
(Steuben . .

namilton.

Fountain..

Dekalb....

Dearborn.

Noble

Putnam

Ripley

Tippecanoe.
Lawrence...

Marion.
Adams.
Knox...
Dubois.
Greene.

Bri.stol town

Broadrlpple town

Bronson town (Losantville P. O.)

Brook town ,

Brooklyn town ,

Brooksljurg town. .

Brookiton town

Brookvillo town

Brownsburg town..
Brownstown town.

Bryant town

Bunkrr mil town..
Bumett-sville town.

Bullcr town

Cadiz town

Jay

Miami..
White..
Dekalb.
Ucory..

Cambridge City town Wayne

Camden town ~

Caiiiphfllsburg town

Cannelburg town

Cannclton city

Elkhart...

Marlon

Randolph.
Newton...
Morgan . . .

Jefferson...

While

Franklin...
Hendricks.
Jackson

Carroll

Washington.

Daviess

Perr)'

Carbon town

Carlisle town

Coriiiol U)wn

Carthago town .'...['.\ Rush... .

Cnstletou town I Marion

Cay uga to wn i VermUion.

Clay

Sullivan . .
namilton.

1910

416

161

209

1,289

1,213

5,096
161
349
369
521

22,476
957

2,610
990

1,088

639

876
S,335
3,919
4,410

579
449

2,151
443

8,716

1,316

2,794

439

2,069

528
8,838
4,987
3,934

122

814
1,163

336
9,340
2,008

535
770
300
1,067
572

150
907

2,169
876

1,492

469
668
489
1,818
209

2,237
657
666
300

2,130

493

S50

t>-x

873
194
Oil

241
2,116
1,324

7,221
238

438
402

20,178

746

2,141

1,413

1,307

1,040

1,000
3,006
3,398
3,645

658
431

1,384
150

6,115

1,037

476
1,588

505
6,460
4,479
2,849

134

824
1,187

432
7,786
1,671

546
487
177
677

149
949

2,037
676

1,685

384
568
497
2,063
253

1,754

672

280

2,188

1,028
199
832

CUT OE TOTVU.

Cedar Grove town

Center Point town

Centerville town

Chalmers town

Charlestown town

Chesterfield town

Chesterton town

Chrisney town

Churubusco town

Cicero town

Clarkshill town

Clarksville town

Clay City town

Claypool town

Claysburg town

Clayton town

Clermont town

Clifford town

Clinton city

Cloverdale town

CoatesvlUe town

Collax town

College Park town

Columbia city

Columbus city

Conners vlUe city

Converse town .'

Corunna town

Corydon town

Covington city

Crandall town

Crawfordsville city

Cromwell town

Crothersville town

Crown Point town

Culver town

Cjmthiana town

Dale town

Dana town

Danville town

Darlington town

Decatur city

Delphi city

Diamond town

Dills boro town

Dublin town

Dugger town

Dunkirk city

Dunreith town

Dyer town

Earl Park town

East Chicago city

East Connersville town.

East Gary town

East Germantown town

Eaton town ,

Edinburg town

Eiberfela town ,

Elizabeth town ,

Elizabethtown town

Elkhart city ,

EllettsvUle town ,

Elnora town ,

Elwood city ,

English town

Etna Green town

County.

Franklin

Clay

Wayne

White

Clark

Madison

Porter

Spencer

Whitley

Hamilton

Tippecanoe..

Clark

Clay

Kosciusko

Clark

Hendricks...

Marion

Bartholomew

Vermilion

Putnam

Hendricks...

Clinton

Huntington. .

Whitley

Bartholomew

Fayette

Miami

Dekalb

Harrison

Fountain

Harrison

Montgomery.

Noble

Jackson

Lake

Marshall

Posey

Spencer

Vermilion . . .
Hendricks...

Montgomery .

Adams

Carroll

Parke

Dearborn

Wayne

Sullivan

(Blackford

Uay

Henry

Lake

Benton

Lake

Fayette

Lake

Wayne

Delaware

Johnson

Warrick

Harrison

Bartholomew

Elkhart

Monroe

Daviess

Madison

Crawford ....
Kosciusko....

1910

185
414
1,019
613
864

285
1,400
524
870
990

463

2,743

1,213

408

380

497
206
210
6,229
624

472

801

103

3,448

8,813

7,738
1,164
318
1,703
2,069

133
9,371

520
1,038
2,526

810
610
583
748
1,640

780
4,471
2,161
1,070

425

704
1,226
3,031

181
545

609
19,098
706
484
302

1,428

2,040

438

238

350

19,282
676
961

11,028
683
431

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

455

CITY OE TOWN.

E vanaville city

Fairmount town

Fairview Park town.
Fannersburg town . . .
Farmland town

Ferdinand town

Fishers Station town.

Flora town

Forest Hill town

Fort Branch town . . .

Fort Wayne city

Fortvllle town

Fountain City town.

Fowler town

Fowlerton town

Francesvllle town.
Francisco town . .

Frankfort city

Franklin city

Franktontown

Fredericksburg town.

Fremont town

French Lick town. . .

Fulton town

Galveston town

Garrett city. . ,

Gary city

Gas city ,

Gaston town..
Geneva town.

Gentryville town.
Georgetown town.

Olenwood town...

Goodland town. . .
Goshen city

Gosport town....
Grand view town.
Greencastle city. .
Greendale town..
Greenfield city . . .

Greensboro town.
Greensburg city. .
Greentown town.
Greenville town. .
Greenwood town.

Griffin town

Griffith town

Hagerstown town.

Hamlet town

Hammond city...

Hanover town

Hardinsburg town .

Hartford City

HartsviUe town

Hazelton town

Hebron town..,
Highland town.
Hlllsboro town.
Hobart town. . .

Hope town

Hudson town..

Huntlngburg city.
Huntington city..

Huron town

Hymera town

Indianapolis city- -

Ingalls town

Jamestown town..
JasonvlUe town . . .

Jasper town

Jeffersonville city .

Jonesboro town . .
Jonesvllle town . .

Judson town

Kempton town..
Kendallvilleclty.

Kennard town . .
Kentland town.
Kewanna town .
Keystone town.
Kingman town.

Klrkltn town

Kn^htstown town.
Knights vllle town. .
Knox town.

Dekalb...

Lake

Grant

Delaware.
Adams

Spencer.

Floyd...
/Fayette.
\Rush.,.

Newton.

Elkhart.

County.

Vanderburg.

Grant

Vermilion...

Sullivan

Randolph...

Dubois

Hamilton.
Carrolh...
Decatur. . .
Gibson

Allen....
Hancock.
Wayne...
Benton. .
Grant

Pulaski..
Gibson...
Clinton..
Johnsom.
Madison.

Washington.

Steuben

Orange

Fulton

Cass

Owen

Spencer...
Putnam..
Dearborn.
Hancock . .

Henry..
Decatur.
Hcward.
Floyd...
Johnson.

Posey..
Lake. . .
Wayne.
Starke..
Lake...

Jefferson

Washhigton...

Blackford

Bartholomew.
Gibson

Porter

Lake

Fountain

Lake

Bartholomew

Steuben

Dubois

Huntington.
Lawrence...

Sullivan

Marlon

Madison.
Boone...
Greene. .
Dubois..
Clark....

Grant

Bartholomew.

Parke

Tipton

Noble

Henry

Newton...
Fulton....

Weils

Fountain.

Clinton.

Henry..

Clay....

_ Starke..

Kokomoclty. | Howard

La Fontaine town.

Laconla town

Ladoga town ,

Lafayette city

Lagrange town

Wabash

Harrison

Montgomery .
Tippecanoe . .
Lagrange

1910

69,647

2,506

630

1,115

907

827
188

1,386
111

1,182

63,933
1,174

448
1,491

293

729

407

8,634

4,502

936

271
694
1,803
296
658

4,149
16,802
3,224
638
1,140

383
331

1,105
8,514

776
735

3,790
697

4,448

250
5,420
1,166

227
1,608

275
523
936
579
20,925

356

264

6,187

358

648

821
304
528
1,753
1,223
390

2,464

10,272

197

1,515

233,650

322

690

3,295

2,196

10,412

1,573
213
141

600
4,981

449
1,209
728
242
535

699
2,008
1,081
1,644
17,010

6S3

82
1,148
20,081
1,772

1900

59,007
3,205

625
870

1,209
152

45,115

1,006

455

1,429

596

7,100
4,005
1,464

281
709
260

3,910
'3,'622

1,076

1,205
7,810

726
822

3,661
473

4,489

284
5,034
1,287

309
1,503

862

432

12,376

377
210
5,912
439
768

794

500
1,360

1,088
558

2,527
9,491

109,164

1,863
10,774

3,354

417

1,006

646

250

624
1,942
1,171
1,466
10,609

135
1,176

18,116
1,703

arr oe towk

Lagro town

Lakevllle town
Lanesville town

Lapel town

Laporte city

Laurel town

Lawrenceburg city
Leavenworth town

Lebanon city

I-eesburg town

Lewlsville town
Liberty town. .
LIgoniercity...
Linden town...
Linton city

Little York town
Livonia town
Ll7,ton town
LopansTwrt city
Loogootee city

Lowell town
Lynn town
Lynnville town
Lyons town
Macy town

Madison city
Marengo town
Marion city

Markle town

Marshall town

Martinsville city
Matthews town
Mauckport town
MedaryviUe town
Mellott town

Mentone town
Merom town
Michigan City
Michigantown town
Middlebury town

Middletown town
Milan town
Milford town
Mllford town
Miller town

Millersburg town,
Mlllhousen town
Mllltown town
Milton town
Mlshawaka city

Mitchell city
Modoc town
Monon town
Monroe town
Monroe City town

Monroeville town
Monterey town
Montezuma town
Montgomery town
Monticello city

Montpelier city
Moorefleld town
Mooreland town
Moorea Hill town
Mooresville town

Morgantown town
Morocco town
Morristown tovra
Mount Auburn town
Mount Ayr town

Mount Carmel town
Mount Etna town
Mount Summit town
Mount Vernon city
Muncieclty

Munster town..
Nappanee town
Nashville town . .
New -•Vlbany city
New Am3l?rt1am town
New Carlisle town

New Castle city...
New Chicago town
New narmony town
New Haven town
New Market town

New Middletown to\TO..

New Palestine town

New Pekin town

New Providence town (Borden

P.O.).
New Richmond town

Montgomery

456

CEXTEXXIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

CITY OE TOWN.

County.

New Ross town I Montgomery.

Newberry town | „f^^'

Newburgtown Warrick

Newpoint town Decatur

Newport town ' Vermilion....

Noblesville city : Hamilton . . . .

Normal City to wn Delaware

North Judson town , Starke . . .

North Libertv town ' St. Joseph... .

North Manchester town Wabash

North Salem town Hendricks. . .

North Vernon city Jennings

Oakland City town Gibson

Oakto wn to wn ' Knox

Odontown , Daviess

Oldenburg town ' Franklin. .

Oolit ic town Lawrence.

Madison..

Orange

Ripley....

Orestes town.
Orleans town.
Osgood town.

Ossian town Wells

Otterbein town Benton . .

O wensville town | Gibson. . .

Oxford town ; Benton...

Falmyra town I Harrison.

Rochester city.
Rockport city.

Roc kville city

Uosedale town

Itosavlllo (own

Royal CcntiT town.
RushvUle city

Ru&soUvUIe town.

tit. Joe town

St. I. eon town

fit. Molnrad town.
Salatnonia town...

Baicm town

Saltlllo town

Sandborn town.
Saratoga town..,

Soot tshnrfr town.
Keclyvllic town...
Sollcrsbiirg town.

Seliria town

Seymour city

Fulton.
Spencer.

Parke...
Parko...
Clinton..

Cass

Rush....

Putnam...
Dekalb....
Dearborn.
Spencer...
Jay

Washington.
Washington.

Knox

Randolph...

Scott... .

Vigo

Clark

Delaware.
Jackson..

1910

l»t)0

Paoll town Orange

Paragon town ' Morgan

Parker City town I Randolph

Patoka town ' G ibson

Patriot town \ Switzerland I

I ;

Pendleton town ' Madison.

Pennville town I Jay .

Peru city ■ Miami .

Petersburg town ' Pike.

Pierceton town Kosciusko.

Pine Village town ' Warren.

Pltlsboro town ' Hendricks.

PlainfieM town ; Hendricks.

Plymouth city • Marshall .

Ponelo town Wells .

Port Fulton town ' Clark.

Porter town ' Porter.

Portland city i Jay.

Posey ville town j Posey.

Princeton city | Gibson.

Redkey town Jay.

Remington town : Jasper

Rensselaer city ' Jasper

Reynolds town ' White

Richmond city Wayne

Ridgevlew town i Miami

Rldgeville town , Randolph. . .

Rising Sun city ' Ohio

River J'ark town ! St. Joseph...

Riverside town j Delaware

Roaohdale town ! Putnam

Roann town , Wabash

Roanoke town i Huntington.

296
455
1,097
341
732

5,073
1,122
1,143
681
2,428

569
2,915
2,370

60S
1,004

956
1,079

420
1,367
1,169

661

652

1,237

1,010

252

1,278
409
800
657
340

1,293

800

10,910

2,170

817

352

408

1,303

3,838

308

1,060
524

5,130
780

6,448

1,714

982

2,393

377

22,324

440
1,302
1,513
1,505

863

849

447

699

3.364

2,736

1,943

1,166

677

909

4,925

443
391
261
538
169

2,283
162
445
410

1,669

1,188

676

350

0.305

284

1,371
451
610

4,792
868
944
504

2,398

599
2,823
1,991

923
957

778
1,236
1,035

529
'i,"6i9

1,186
413
909
710
408

1,512

773

8,463

1,751

279

3,656
332

1,101

4,798

628

0,041

2,208

1,120

2,255

393

18,226

1,098
1,548

942

631

536

3,421

2,882

2,045
865
698
657

4,541

298
483
369
625
168

1,995
207

1,274
""76i'
'g.'445

CITY OB TCWN.

Shelbnrn town

Shelbyvilleelty...
Sheridan town

Shirley town

Shirley City town.

Shoals town ,

Silver Grove town.
Sliver Lake town..
South Bend city,.,
South Peru town..,

South Whitley town.

Southport tov/n

Spenoercity

Spiceland tovsn

Spring Grove town...

State Line city. .
Staunton town. .
Stinesville town.
Strauglin town. .
Sullivan city

Sulphur Springs town.

Simunitville town

Sunman town

Swayzee tovra

Syracuse town

Tell City

Tennyson town..
Terre Haute city.
Thomtown town.
Tipton city

Troy town

Union City i

Uniondale town

University Heights town.
Upland town

Valparaiso city Porter

Van Buren town.
Veedersburg city.
Vera Cruz town. .
Vernon town

Versailles town..

Vevay city

Vincennesclty..

Wabash city

Wakarusa town.

Walkerton town.

Wallace town

Walton town

Warren town

Warsaw city.....

Washington city. .

Waterloo town

Waveland town. . .
Waynetown town.
West Baden town.

West College Comer town .

West Harrison town 2

West Lafayette town

West Lebanon town

West Terre Haute town...

County.

Whitley.
Marion. .
Owen...
Henry...
Wayne..

Warren.,

Clay

Monroe..
Henry...
Sullivan.

Henry....
Madison...

Ripley

Grant

Kosciusko.

Perry...
Warrick.
Vigo....
Boone...
Tipton. .

Perry

Randolph.

Wells

Marlon

Grant

Fountain.

Wells

Jennings.,

Ripley

Switzerland.

Knox

Wabash

Elkhart

St. Joseph...

Fountam

Cass

Huntington.
Kosciusko...

Daviess

Dekalb

MontgomJery.
Montgomery .
Orange

Union

Dearborn

Tippecanoe.

Warren

Vigo

Westfield town Hamilton.

Westport town ' Decatur...

Westville town ; Laporte...

Wheatfield town Jasper

Whlteland tov/n Jolmson..

Whitewater town.

Whiting city

Willlamsportcity.

Winamac town

Winchester city...

Windfall city...
WIngate town..
WInslow town.
Wolcott town..

Wolcottville town..

Woodruff town

Worthington town.
ZlonsviUe town

Wayne

Lake

Warren . . .
Pulaski...
Randolph.

Tipton

Montgomery.

Pike

White

/Lagrange.
\Noble....

Marion. . .

Greene...

Boone

1910

Sullivan 2,055

Shelby 9, 500

Hamilton 1,768

(Hancock '\ , .m

\Henry / I'^IS

Alleu 375

Martin

Floyd

Kosciusko.
St. Joseph.
Miami

1,015

7S5

493

53,&S4

' 866

1,176
352

2,150
622
122

194
746
497
234
4,115

209

1,387

353

836

1,379

3,369

371

58,157

1,508

4,075

510

3,209
189
102

1,080

6,287

1,189

1,757

133

453

486

1,256

14,895

8,687

859

1,003

116

579

1,189

4,430

7,854

1,167

676

734

746

432
2S1

3,867
642

3,083

700
675
503
357
343

112
6,587
1,243
1,607
4,266

899
446
932
873

627

833

1,732

840

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

457

ADDENDA

The First Monopoly. — The first French set-
tlement in the Province of Louisiana was made
at Biloxi, on the shores of Lake Borgne, by
DTbberville and Bienville in 1699. After the
war between England and France in 1702, the
colony was neglected until September 14, 1712,
when Louis XIV, king of France, granted letters
' patent to Crozat, an officer of his household,
giving him a virtual monopoly of trade through-
out "all the lands possessed by us and bounded
by New Mexico and by the lands of the English
of Carolina, . . . the river of St. Louis,
heretofore called the Mississippi, from the edge
) of the sea as far as the Illinois, together with the
' river St. Philip, heretofore called Missouri, and
;i of St. Jerome, heretofore called Ouabache ; with
:: all the countries, territories, lakes within land,
r and rivers which fall directly or indirectly into
that part of the river St. Louis. . . ."*
t After the death of Louis XIV, Crozat sur-
rendered his charter and the Province of Louisi-
ana was granted a monopoly to what was called
the Mississippi Company, which ceded to it for-
ever "all the lands, coasts, havens, islands whicb
formed the Province of Louisiana." Early in
1719, after extended activities had been begun
lin the Province of Louisiana, and having re-
ceived enlarged privileges from the crown, the
, name of the company was changed to the Com-
pany of the Indies. In 1721, the country was
divided into nine districts, which were called
[!New Orleans, Biloxi, Mobile, Alabama, Natchez,
I Yazoo, Natchitoches, Arkansas and Illinois. The
'district of Illinois included the territory now
lying within the borders of the State of Indi-
ana.—(See Matthse Seutteri's Map of 1720,
page 11.)

Religious Intolerance : Expulsion of Jews, —
I That the activities of the Company of the Indies
lin the extension of trade throughout the Province
of Louisiana attracted Portuguese. Spanish and
French Jewish traders, numbers of whom must
have undoubtedly come at an earlier period, and
whose presence was undesirable, is apparent
from the edict of Louis XV. In March. 1724.
the king of France published an ordinance wbicb
was designed to serve "as a regulation for the

• Dillon, pp. 24, 25.

government and administration of justice . . .
in the Province of Louisiana." The first article
of the ordinance reads as follows:

"Tbe edict of the late King Louis Xlll, of
glorious memory, dated the 23rd of April, 1615,
shall be in force in our Province of Louisiana ;
in tbe execution of wbicb, we enjoin the directors
general of said company, to remove from said
country all the Jews who have taken up their
abode there."

Prior to this, in the Charter granted by
James I of England to the Colony of Virginia,
May 23, 1609, an order was made to prevent the
settlement of Catholics in the Colony of \'ir-
ginia : from which colony, in 1642, all catbolic
priests were ordered to depart in hvc days. +

The Indiana Historical Commission. — Tbe
Legislature of 1915 passed an act creating an
Indiana Historical Commission, wbose function
should be twofold. Its permanent function is
to edit and publish documentary and otber ma-
terials on the history of the State of Indiana —
in short, to conserve the historic interests of the
State. Its more immediate purpose is to prepare
and execute plans for a historical and educa-
tional celebration of the Centennial of Indiana.

The membership of the Commission is in part
ex-officio, but for the most part aj^pointive by
the Governor. The members are : Governor
Samuel M. Ralston, president ; Frank B. W'ynn,
Indianapolis, vice-president ; Harlow Lindley,
Richmond, secretary; James A. \\'oodburn.
Bloomington ; Charles W. IMoores. Indianap-
olis ; Samuel M. Foster. Fort Wayne ; Cbarity
Dye, Indianapolis ; John Cavanaugh. Notre
Dame ; Lew M. O'Bannon, Corydon.

The State Institutions. — There are nineteen
State charitable and correctional institutions.
Five of these institutions are devoted to the
treatment of the insane, one each to tbe educa-
tion of the deaf and blind, one each to tlie care
and training of the feeble-minded and the epilep-
tic, one to the treatment of pulmonary tubercu-
losis, five to the detention and reformation of
delinquents ; there is one home for soldiers' and
sailors' orphans, and one general hospital.

All these institutions are maintained by appro-

t Dillon, pp. 31, 32.

458

lRNTENNIAL history and handbook of INDIANA

priations from the State's general fund, made bi-
ennially bv the Legislature. The one exception
to liiis' rule is the State Soldiers' Home, which
receives a statutory monthly allowance of $16
for each member, officer ami employe in the
home. The State is subsequently reimluu-sed by
the Federal government at the rate of $100 per
annum for each soldier. The State also receives
irnni the various counties one-half the mainte-
nance cost of the Indiana Boys' School and the
Girls' School, and the total expense for clothing
indigent patients in the hospitals for insane and
Village for Epileptics. In making appropria-
tions, the Legislature is guided by a committee
of three of its members — one from the Senate
and two from the House — appointed by the Gov-
ernor within ten days after the November gen-
eral election. This "Legislative Investigating
Committee" inquires into the needs of the in-
stitutions, boards and of^cers maintained by the
State, and makes recommendations to the Gen-
eral Assembly. The State makes no subsidies to
private institutions.

The law requires that these institutions shall
be conducted on a thorough non-partisan basis.
Each is managed by a board of trustees, ap-
[jointed by the Governor. Not more than two
members of a board may be of the same political
party. Only honorably discharged soldiers or
sailors of the civil war may serve as trustees of
the Soldiers' Home and the Soldiers' and Sail-
ors' Or])hans' 1 lome ; none but women may be
appointed on the l)oards of the Woman's Prison
and the Indiana Cjirls' School ; one member of
the School for Feeble-Minded Youth l)oard and
the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home board
may be a woman. 'Iliese trustees receive an an-
nual compensation f)f $300 each and reasonable
expenses, not to exceed $125 a year, each. Each
board rqipoints the su])erintendent of its partic-
ular institution, and the superintendent in turn
a])poinls and discharges all officers and employes.
Such ap|)ointments must be made on the basis of
Illness and regardless of political or religious
ariih.ition. 'Ihc trustees are forl)idden to "so-
licit or re(|uest or in any way interfere with the
ap])()intnient or discharge of any oflicer or em-
l>loye." Campaign assessments are forbidden.

Supplies are purchased liy comi)etitive bids,
till' (oniracl lieing .awarded to the lowest and best
i"esi>onsil)le liicldrr.

Annual reports, uniform in character, are made
to the Governor and printed for general dis-
tribution. Each institution also makes to the
Governor a semi-annual report of all receipts
and earnings. The Board of State Charities re-
ceives from each a quarterly statistical report of
receipts and earnings, expenditures and move-
ment of population, and from all except the Sol-
diers' Home and the School for the Blind a
statement of daily population and a monthly re-
port of admissions and discharges.

All these institutions are subject to supervi-
sion by the Board of State Charities, of which
the Governor is president ex-officio.

The Ripley County Lynching. — On Septem-
ber 15, 1897, the State and county was shocked
by the news that five persons had been taken
out of the jail at Versailles in the early hours
of the morning and hung. Although an investi-
gation was immediately undertaken by the State
authorities with a view of prosecuting those who
participated in the lynching, it was openly and
defiantly proclaimed throughout Ripley county
that nothing would come of the investigation.
At the time of the lynching the court was in
session, and the judge called the attention of
the grand jury to the heinous character of the
crime, that it be investigated and the guilty par-
ties, if they could be ascertained, be indicted.
This jury accomplished nothing and it remained
for the attorney-general, Wm. A. Ketcham, on
behalf of the State, to undertake the investiga-
tion, discover the guilty parties and prosecute
them. That he discovered who some of the guilty
parties were is evident from a summary of the
case by Attorney-General Ketcham (Biennial Re-
port 1897-98, page 47), in which he says: "The
case, although dependent upon circumstantial evi-
dence, outside of this particular witness, was an
impregnable one, and the defendant and his
counsel recognized, before the case was con-
cluded, that a case had been made," and his
failure to bring the guilty to justice is set forth
in his unique report to Governor Mount on the
subject of The Ripley County Lynching, as fol-
lows :

March 2, 1898.

To His Exccllotcy James A. Mount, Governor of In-
diaita:

I have the honor to submit the following report of my
efforts during the last ten days in endeavoring to ascer-
tain the metiiod and manner of the killing of five citi-

CENTENNIAL HISTORY AND HANDBOOK OF INDIANA

459

zens in Indiana, in Ripley county jail, on the night of
the 14th and morning of the 15th of September last. I
ascertained the following facts to Ije indisputal^ly true,
namely :

1. Some time prior to that time one Wilder Levi liad
pawned at McCoy's store, in Osgood, a 44-calil3re re-
volver.

2. That this revolver was in McCoy's store under
pawn on the evening of the 14th of September.

3. That neither McCoy, nor any employe of bis, on
that evening, had aught to do with this revolver.

4. That Lyle Levi was killed on the night of the 14th,
or the morning of the 15th, with this identical revolver,
and was subsequently found hanging to a tree in the
neighborhood of the jail.

5. That of the four other inmates of the jail, two,
Henry Schuter and William Jenkins, were killed in
jail and subsequently hung with the other two, who
were not killed in jail, on the same tree with Levi.

6. That the sheriff of the county, being disabled, and
therefore incapacitated from attending to the business
during the night when wrongs might be perpetrated,
was absent from his post of duty during that particular
night and the two preceding nights, althovigh being con-
spicuously present, with his wife, at the jail during the
day, when harm could not be expected to come to the
inmates.

7. That in the absence of the sheriff, the jail was
carefully and sedulously watched by five vigilant and
faithful guards, who had been selected by the sheriff
for that purpose.

8. That of the guards, some were armed with re-
volvers, some with shotguns, and some, apparently, with
the weapons that nature had conferred on them, and
that in order to make their weapons more ei^cient, the
loads had been withdrawn from the shotguns, so that,
undoubtedly in the case of an emergency requiring ac-
tion, a sufificient charge could be placed in the gun to
deter any persons bent on crime from approaching the
body of the jail.

9. That no person whatever, either of the county, or
from any other place, participated either directly or in-
directly in the killing of those five men, or any of them.

Conan Doyle, who has devoted great thought and at-
tention to the ferreting out of crime, and of the prin-
ciples upon which discoveries in that line shall be made,
lays "down the following axiom as a cardinal principle
in detective work, namely : That when you have ex-
cluded every other possible hypothesis, the one remain-
ing is undoubtedly the correct one, however improbable
or unreasonable it may seem. This proposition com-
mends itself to my judgment, and must, I submit, com-
mend itself to yours ; and as every other possible
hypothesis is necessarily excluded by the foregoing
statement of facts (which are each undoubtedly true),
I submit that the following is the only correct and true
solution of the killing of these men, namely:

That Lyle Levi, having been incarcerated in the jail,
and not being satisfied with surroundings or associates,
and knowing that Wilder Levi's revolver was at Mc-
Coy's store in Osgood, broke jail — it's not important in
this connection to ascertain how he broke jail — and
went to Osgood— the manner of his getting to Osgood

IS likewise immaterial— tliat he broke into McCoy's
store, stole Wilder Levi's revolver, returned to Ver-
sailles, broke back into jail, without the knowledge of
the guards, who apparently were asleep at their posts
at this time, returned to his cell, sliot himself, then
killed Schuter and Jenkins and with a rope tiiat he had
got hold of somehow— but the evidence does not dis-
close iiow or in what place he ol)tained it— hung the
'lead bodies of Schuter and Jenkins to the tree, put the
finishing touclics to his crime l)y hanging Andrews and
Cordon, and then, in order tliat suspicion might be
directed again.st innocent men, finally iiung iiimself,
and his nefarious conduct in attempting to distract
attention from himself and divert susi)icion to the good
citizens of Osgood, Xai)oleon, Milan and X'ersailles, all
of whom were in the liabit of retiring to tlicir beds
(and followed that habit on this particular night), im-
mediately after eleven o'clock at night— the hour at
which, under the law, saloons are required to be closed
—is the more reprehensil)Ie, as apparently nothing in his
life so became him as the leaving of it.

It is clear that, except as to Levi. nol)ody was abroad
that night. It is clear that everybody, especially in
Versailles, Osgood, Napoleon and Milan, condemns in
the strongest language the conduct of Levi in thus sum-
marily putting an end to the lives of his companions in
crime, imprisonment and death. I-'very one in the
county, especially the men (other than Levi) suspected
of the crime, the lawyers, the officials and the justices,
condemn in unmeasured terms the unlawful taking of
life. I know of no crime they regard as worse than
that, unless it be the crimes of which these five men
were suspected, and on account of which they were in-
carcerated. It will doubtless be a great relief to your
mind, as it is to mine, to know that the sentiment of
Ripley county is a unit, outside of the five men who
where hung, and I had no opportunity to discover what
their sentiments on that subject were against the com-
mission of any such crimes as the community outside
of Ripley county has heretofore, without any just cause.
charged upon the good citizens of the county. In this
feeling the Methodist minister in charge at \'ersailles
measurably coincides, but only within limits. While
opposed in the abstract to the killing of prisoners con-
fined in jail, the crimes of which the men so confined
were accused, seem to him to be the more heinous of
the two, and I sincerely trust tiiat when your mind is
coerced to the conclusion, as it must be by tiiis report.
that Levi, and Levi alone, is guilty of the killing, and
that it is simply one more crime added to the ioiig list
of which he has been charged and susi)ected. the uood
man in his relief at knowing that nobody else in Ripley
county except Levi was resiionsible for tiie kiihng. will
feel at liberty to denounce this additional crime by Levi
in the manner that it deserves, and that as a result of
this sad chapter in the liistory of the State, all criminals
henceforth confined in county jails will be deterred
from adding further to their crimes, and permit tlieir
fellow prisoners to be hung decently and in order. l)y
the constituted authorities, under the law of the lan(i.
and not attempt to add to their other crimes the killing
of those who are confined with them, and finish liic
storv bv suicide.

GENERAL INDEX

[Maps and lllustrntioHS ,ire Indicated l,y Italic Fiyur

Academy of Immaculate Conception, Ferdi-
nand: ^41, 242; Oldenburg, j^p, 254,

Adams county, 209, 210.

Agriculture: 107; 1840-50, 124; State
Board of, 125; survey, 1860, 134. See
County Histories, 209-453.

Agricultural advancement since Civil War:
Area farmed and values, 187; crops
and their distribution, 187; live stock,
190; organization of farmers, 190; agri-
cultural tendencies, 191; social status of
farmers, 192; state aid, 192. See
County Histories, 209-453.

Agricultural societies, 108, 125, 187-193.

Allen county, 210, 211, 212, 21s, 214.

Allen, John, 210.

Auburn, .'_?S.

Audubon Society of Indiana, 174.

Automobile era, 166, 167.

Asbury University, 358, 395.

Banks: first, 48; "Wildcat," 121; State of
Indiana, 122; Indianapolis, 316; Indian-
apolis branch, 5/7; number of national,
State and savings. See Present
Financial Institutions, 358.

Banking, Early, 84, 357.

Baptist Church: Little Cedar, 1812, Brook-
ville, .?5?.

"Barrens, the," 444.

Bartholomew county, 214, 21^.

Bartholomevi', General Joseph, 214.

Bass lake, 4oy.

Bedford, 779.

Beecher, Henry Ward, 318.

Benevolent institutions, 112, 212, 214, 225,
269.

Benton county, 216.

Bird life, conservation of, 174.

Benton, Thomas H., 216.

"Big Tree," Greene county, 261.

Blackford county, 218.

Blind, State School for, 112-318, 340, 341.

Blockhouses, 63, 64, 212, 234.

Bonded indebtedness. See Educational in
County Histories, 209-453.

Boon, Ratliff, 81.

Boone county, 21Q.

Bounties, 144.

Bowman's Journal, 30.

Brandywine, The: 263, ford on, 402.

Bridge over Richland creek, 260.

Bright's, Senator, disloyalty, 144.

Broad Ripple, 20S.

Brookville, 53, 249, 250, 253.

Brown county, 82, gi, no, i^o, 220, 221, 222.

Brownstown, 53.

Buena Vista, Battle of, 118.

Building and loan associations. See Pres-
ent Financial Institutions, 358.

Busseron's, Francis, Commission as Justice,
39.

Butler bill compromise. 111.

Butler College, 350, 351.

Canaan Road, 278.

Canals, 75, 101.

"Capital in the Woods," Si.

Capital, locating the, 1820, 78.

Capital', removal of, 78, 313.

Carroll county, 223.

Cass county, 224.

Cataract Falls, ///.

Catholic Church, first, 50, 90.

Caves: "Wet Cave," Washington county.

147; Marengo, 231; Wyandotte, 231,

■?.?-?, 2i3-
Cement industry, 181.

Census, 1900-1910, cities and towns, 454.
Centennial, Indiana Historical Commission,

457.
Centerville, 53.

Central Hospital for the Insane, 317, 338.
Central Normal College, 267.
Charities, State. See State Institutions.
Charlestown, 53, 226.
Christian or Disciples church, 90.
Churches: first, 50; 1850, 116.
Churchman, William H., 112, 318.

' '^'" ='"'i '-'^wns. See County Histories,

(^ivil organization, the first, ii.

Civil War period: antecedent conditions,
135; the Secession Issue and Morton's
stand, 135; conditions at beginning
136; Morion's activity, 136; organiza-
tion of State troops, 138; si.x first regi-
ments, 138; extra session of Legisla-
ture, 138; the Hundred Days' troops
139; the Indiana Legion, 140; invasions
of tlie State, 140; Johnson and Hines
140; the Morgan raid, 141; the disloyal'
element, 142; Sons of Liberty, 143;
Senator Bright's disloyalty, 144- the
draft, 144; bounties, 144; Indiana's care
for her soldiers, 146; the military
agency, 146; sanitary commission, 146;
relief of soldiers' families, 148; tempo-
rary and permanent homes, 148; influ-
ences of the war, 153.

Clark county, 53, 225.

Clark, George Rogers, //, 29, 225, 2jy, 328
330.

Clark's campaign, documentary material
29.

Clark's conquest, story of, 17 29

Clark's "Grant," 31, 226.

Clark's ill-fortune, 30.

Clark's memoirs and letter to Mason, 30.

Clay county, 228.

Clays of Indiana, 180.

Clifty Falls: Bartholomew county, .'/;;
Jefferson county, 2&1; Clinton county,
230, 231.

Coal, early history, 174.

Coal, amount mined, and number of mines.
See County Historie.s — Clay, Daviess,
(iibson. Fountain, tireene, Knox, Parke,
Perry, Pike, Spencer, Sullivan, Vander
burg, Vermilion, Vigo and Warrick
counties.

Colfax, Schuyler, 331.

College buildings, early, 40.

College beginnings, 88.

Colleges. See Educational Institutions.

Columbia City, views in, 4^3.

Conner, Davis, 239.

Connersville, 24^.

Constitution, the new, 119.

Constitutional convention: 71; 1850, 120.

Convent of Sisters of St. Francis, Olden-
burg, /i?.S.

Corydon: 53; Pastoral Elegy (song), ^};
Old Constitutional Elm, 79; first State-
house, 79, 264.

County organization. See County His-
tories, 209-453.

County divisions and towns, 52.

County histories, 203-453.

Crawford, Col. William, 231.

Crawford county, 231.

"Crazy Asylum," first, 113.

Cultural Beginnings, 52.

Culver Military Academv (parade ground),
362, 363, 363.

Danger period, the, Indian History, 57, 67.

"Dan Patch," 216.

Daviess county, 233.

Deaf and Dumb, State School for, 112-
318, 338, 341.

Dearborn county, 53, 235.

Decatur county, 236.

Decius, letters of, 56.

Deitch, Guilford A. (contribution, "Insur-
ance in Indiana"), 200.

Dekalb, Baron, 237.

Dekalb county, 237.

Delaware county, 239.

DePauw University: sketch of, 395; views
of, ?9-/.

Developments to 1836: 83; prior to 1840,
107; 1840-1850, 111; 1850-1860, 119;
since 1870, 153; outline from earliest
period, 205.

Draft, the, 144.

Dubois county, 241.

Dubois, Toussaint, 241.

Dunn, Jacob Piatt (note). 205.

461

Earlham ( ollcge, .^9, 447, .,4^.

Ivarly Indian types, V).

Eastern Hospital for Insane, 448.

Kiluc.-iiion: constitutional provision, 86;
school law of 1824, 8/ ; typical log
schoolhouse, S/; illiteracy, 1840 1850.
108; new movement in latter '40s, 122-
law of 1852, 124; Perkins' decision, 124!
See County Histories, 209 453.

Educational beginnings, 49.

Educational Institutions: Academy of Im-
maculate Conception, I'crdinand. 242;
Oldenburg, 254; Butler College, 350;
College ot Missions, 354; Convent, Sis-
ters St. Francis, (Jldenburg, 254; Cul-
ver Military Academy, 363; i;cPauw
I niversity, 395; Earlham College. 448;
Iranklin College, 285; (iosheii t ollegc,
343; Hanover College, 280; Howe
School, 293; Indiana Central L'nivcr-
sily, 354; Indiana Dental (ollcge. 353;
Iiiuiana Law School, 352; Indiana State
Normal, 434; Indiana University. 370r
School of Medicine, 351; Indiana Veter-
inary College, 353; Indianapolis I ollcge
of Pharmacy, 353; Interlaken School,
297; Jasper College. 242; Lain Business
( ollege, Indianapolis. 354; Moores Hill
College, 235; North American Gym-
nastic Cnion, 354; Notre Dame Uni-
versity, 408; Oaklan<i City College, J58;
Purdue University, 419; Rose Poly-
technic Institute, 436; Sacred Heart
.Academy, Fort Wayne, 213; St. .\gnes
.\cademy, 341; St. Joseph's Academy.
424; .St. Mary's Academv, Notre Dame,
410; St. Marys-of-the-Woods. 437; St.
-Meinrad's College, 403; Teachers' Col-
lege of Indianapolis, 354; Tcrre Haute
Veterinary College, 438; Tri-Statc Col-
lege, 412; Valparaiso University. 390;
Vincennes University. 287; Wabash Col-
lege, 371; Winona College, 288; Winona
Agricultural College, 291. See County
Histories, 209 453.

Eel River Falls, Owen county, ^S;; Cata-
ract Falls, 383.

Eggleston, Edward, home of. 4t}.

Electric railways, 162, 166, 356. See
County Histories, 209 453.

Electric railways, map of, 1915, /'i^.

Elkhart county, 243.

Enabling Act '(text of). The, 69; Ordinance
of .Acceptance (text), 70.

English, William H.: 232; statue of, 401.

"Erie War," The, 131.

Evans, Rowland (contribution. "The I'. S.
Courts for District of Indiana"), 194.

Evansville: 426-429; notable buildings.
427, 4-S.

Express and transportation companies, 166.

Fallen Timbers, battle of, 447.

Falls of the Ohio, 246.

Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of M.i.lison.

84, 357.
I'ayette county, 244.
Federal acts relating to Indiana, 71.
I'eeble-minded youth, school for, .';.'. 214.
l-'inancial embarrassment of State. 111.
I'inancial institutions, present. 358.
h'irst American occupancy. 29.
First automobile, 167.
First bank. 48.
First civil organization, M.
First county division and towns, 52.
I'irst "crazy" asylum. 113.
I'irst election. 73.
I'"irst electric lines. 164.
First geological survey. 109.
I'irst immigrants. 38.
I'irst insane asylum, //.;.
First laws, 46.
I^irst legislation. 73.
First library. .\<'i.
1-irst monopoly. 457.
I'irst newsp;iper. 52.
First party division. 45.
First public questions, 43.
First railroad, 128-130.

462

GENERAL INDEX

First settler central Indiana, 77, 239.

First State fair, 125.

Fish hatchery, 374-

Flat Rocl<, ford on, 400.

Floyd county, 246.

Forests nf Indiana, resources, destruction,

169 i;2.

Forest reserve, State, 73, ^-'O.

Forestry building, l/r.

Fort Harrison, attack on, 62, 63.

l-drt .McKniglit, 63.

Von .M:aniis, 213.

Fort .Sackville. monument marking site ot,

F'ort Wayne, 212.

i-"ort Wayne in 1794, -'/.'.

I'orts, 234.

Fountain county, 247.

I'owler, .'//.

Franklin county, 53, 1S5, 249, 251.

IVanklin College, 49, 108, 3S5.

I'rench, abuse of, 39.

I-Vench and American differences, 38.

I'rench beginnings, 12.

I'rench history, geologic antecedents, 16.

French Lick Springs and Hotel, 183, 379-

3S1.
"French Locations," 233.
F'rencli maps, early, 11, 15.
I'rench, music of the, 14.
l-'rench, passing of the, 29.
French period, the, 10, 16, 457.
i'rench settlers. ItJ, 457.
Frenzel, John P., 359.
"I'riends' Boarding School," 447.
Friends' church, first, 51.
Frontier defense, 63.
I'ulton counly, 255.
Fur trade, early, 14.

Garber, Mrs. M. C. (contribution, "Story

of Jefferson county"), 277.
Gary, .'y.i, ."96.

(.eological survey, first, 109.
Gibault, Father Pierre, 22, 32.
Gibson county, 53, 256, 257.
Gibson, John, 54, 256.
Glass sand, 181.
"Godfrey Reserve," 218.
"Gore," the, 42-45.
(ioshen College, 243.
Government, beginning of at Vincennes,

42.
"Grand Prairie," 223.
Grant county, 258.
Greasy creek. Brown county, cS-'.
Greensburg, J3'\ 237.
Green River Island: 429; map of, 429.
(ireenc county, 260.
"(jrouseland," 55.

Hair buyer. General, 28.

Hamilton county, 262.

Hammond, 204.

Hancock county, 263.

Hanging Rock*Jefferson county, 279.

Hanover College, 49, 51, 88, 280, 2S2.

Harmar, (ieneral Josiah, 213.

Harmonic, 1816, 95.

Harrison, Benjamin, funeral of, 320; monu-
ment, 332, 334.

Harrison, Christopher, 80, 279.

Harrison, Fori, attack on, 62.

Harrison's military circular, 63.

Harrison, William Henry: 43, 54, 59; pass-
ing of, 67, 225, 2SS, 328, 330.

Harrison county, 53, 264.

Hartford City, 218.

Hay, John, birthplace of, 444.

Haynes, Klwooil, 167.

H,i/elloii I'erry, 2fi7.

Hendricks, Thomas A., 156.

Hendricks county, 266.

Henry county, 268.

Historical Commission (Centennial), 457.

Hoagl.md, Merica (contribution, "Music of
the I'rench"), 14.

lioluiipoint. Brown county, 220.

Holliday, John II. (contribution, "Begin
niiig of Trust Companies"), 359.

"Iloosier," the word, 194.

"llcMisier Limited," i.'V.

Housing, improvement in 1835, 110.
Howard .-ounly, 270.
llow<- School, 2l)t.
HtiiitinglMM Kiunty, -7:

•■llbii.ii.s Gr.Mil," J26.

liKli.ni <•.•lllll.a;^;Ils; attack on I'ort Waviie,
Hopkins' expedition, Mississiuewa ex|>e-
dilion, Bartholomew's White river expe-
dition, Russell's expedition, 65, 66.

Indian history, 57-67.

Indian hostilities, end of, 66.

Indian intemperance, 66.

Indian land cessions, 31.

Indian mineral springs, 365.

Indian territorial claims and distribution

of, 57.
Indian treaties and land purchases, 43.
Indiana, early types of people, 19.
Indiana by counties, 203-453.
Indiana Boys' School, 268.
Indiana, division of, 45.
Indiana, federal acts relating to, 71.
Indiana, first American occupancy of, 29.
Iiuliana, general conditions in 1815, 74.
Indiana Girls' School, 324.
Indiana history, beginning point in, 28.
Indiana history: fundamental factors in, 9;

political antecedents, 35.
Indiana Historical Commission (Centen-
nial), 45/.
Indiana Legion, 140.
Indiana lottery, 56.
Indiana, maps, 2;,, 67, 75, 77, S3.
Indiana, origin Oi, 41.
Indiana: State seal of, 79; State School

for the Deaf, 112; School for the Blind,

112; State prison, 300.
Indiana State Normal School, 434, 433.
Indiana Territory, map of, 37-; creating of,

42, 205; division of, 45.
Indiana University: first buildings, 47;

sketch of, 370; School of medicine, 3bl,

35--

Indiana Village for Epileptics, 269.

Indiana Woman's Prison, 324.

Indianapolis: agricultural library, 350;
area, 321; army post, LTnited States,
322; Art Institute, John Herron, 341;
asylum for the blind, 318; asylum for
the deaf and dumb, 318; asylum for the
incurable insane, 340; banking in, 358;
Bank of the Slate of Indiana, 316; begin-
ning of, 306-312; Belt Railway and Stock
Yards, ii6; Blind Institute, 112, 318;
Board of' Trade, 344, 345; Broad Ripple
scene, 208; Brookside Park, 333; build-
ing permit ordinance, 321; Butler Col-
lege, 350, 557; Caleb Mills Hall, 349;
Canoe Club, Riverside Park, 345; cap-
ital, naming of, 308; capital, removal
of, 313; Chamber of Commerce, 344;
charities, 336; churches and charity,
333; churches, earliest, 1854, 319; Circle
Hall, '318; city building, 322, 327; city
dispensary, 340; city government,
charge of, 1854, 321; city hall, 322, 327;
city hospital, 338; Clark, George Rogers,
328, 330; Claypoo! Hotel, 343; clubs,
340; Colfax, Schuyler, 331; College of
Missions, 354; Commercial Club, 342;
county jail, 322, 327; Crown Hill ceme-
tery, 336; custom house, 324; Davis-
Deterding Training School, 333, 254;
Deaconess Home and Hospital, Protes-
tant, 338, 339; Deaf and Dumb Asylum,
112-318; Deutsche Haus, 343, 344; dis-
pensaries, 340; educational institutions,
346; Fairview Park, 333; federal build-
ing and United States court, 324, 323;
federal officers, 324; financial, insur-
ance and commercial institutions, 358;
I'irst Baptist Church, 337; first birth,
309; first camp meeting, 312; first cap-
ital, 306; first church, 312; first county
election, 381; first county court session,
312; first court-house and jail, 312; first
female academy, 317; first F'ourth of
July celebration, 312; first free schools,
320; first gas lighting, 321; first his-
torical society, 315; first internal im-
provements, 315; first mail facilities,
309; first marriage, 309; first mayor,
320; first militia, 312, 317; first news-
paper, 310; first organizations, 314; First
Presbyterian Church, 337; first public
hall, 320; first railroad, 318; first rail-
road depots, 1854, 103; first roads
built, 309; first sale of lots, 308; first
school, 312, 313; first steamboat, 313;
first street improvements, 320; first
street railway, 321; first survey, 308;
first theatrical performance, 312;
F'letcher American National Bank, 337;
F'letcher Trust and Savings Company,
,?^o; F'orestry building, 171; Fort Har-
rison, 322; Free Kindergarten and Do-
mestic Training School, 350; Garfield
Park, 332; gas lighting, first, 321; Ger-
man House, .?.^j, 344; (German Telegraph,
361; "Gewerbe Schule," 349; govern-
or's mansion, 314; Harrison, Fort Gen.

Indianapolis — Continued.

Benjamin, 322; Harrison, Gen. Benja-
min, funeral of, 320; Harrison, Benja-
min, monument, 332, 334; Harrison,
William Henry, statue, 328, 330; Hen-
dricks monument, 331, 335; Herron Art
Institute, 341; historical, 306; horticul-
tural library, 350; Hospital for the In-
sane, Central Indiana, 113-317, 338;
hospitals, 317, 336, 338, 339; hotels and
cafes, 340; Independent Turnverein, 545;
345; Indiana Central University, 354;
Indiana Club, 345; Indiana Dental
College, 332, 353; Indiana Girls' School,
324; Insane Hospital, women's build-
ing. Central Indiana, 339; Indiana Insti-
tute for the Blind, 340, 341; Indian
killing, last, 309; Indiana Law School,
352; Indiana National Bank, 337; In-
diana Soldiers' and Sailors' monument,
326, 331, 332, 333; Indiana State Fair,

345, 347; Indiana State School for the
Deaf, 338, 341; Indiana Times, 361;
Indiana Trust Company, 339; Indiana
University School of Medicine, 351,
332; Indiana Veterinary College. 353;
Indiana Woman's Prison, 324; Indian-
apolis 1820, 81; at present. 321; Indi-
anapolis Bar Association Library, 350;
Indianapolis, beginning of, 306; Indi-
anapolis, birdseye view, 1854, 307; 1915,
323; Indianapolis College of Pharmacy,
353; Indianapolis Commercial, 361; Iti-
dianapolis, Incorporation of, 316; Indi-
anapolis News, 360; Indianapolis Star,
^61; Indianapolis Terminal and Trac-
tion Station, 163, 356; Indianapolis
Union Railway Company, 356; jail,
county, 322, 327; Jewish Temple, 337;
journalism and publishing, 360; Kin-
dergartners' Normal Training School,
350; Lain Business College, 354;
Lawton statue, 333; libraries, 346, 350;
Live Stock Journal, the Indianapolis,
361; Lockerbie street, 333, 334; Long,
Robert W., Hospital, 338; Maenner-
chor, Indianapolis, 342, 343,' _ Majestic
building, ?^9; Manual Training High
School, 349; Marion Club, 345; Marion
county court-house, 322; Marion county
library, 350; Marion county organizing,
310; Masonic Temple, 1847, 320, 321,
326, ^28; Merchants' National Bank,
35S; Methodist Hospital, 338, 339; Mex-
ico, war with, 318; Military Park, 332;
militia, first, 312-317; Monument Place,
1915, ^47; monuments, 326, 328; Mor-
ton, (lliver P., 328, ?iO, 331; Murat
Temple, 326, 320; National Bridge, Old,
loi, 3:3; navigation, early, 315; "Neu-
ronhurst, 340; newspaper, first, 310;
Normal College. North American Gym-
nastic Union, 354; "Norwavs," 340; Odd
Fellows' Hall. 1854, 3-^', 326, 329; old
State-house, 1865, ?/5; orphan asylums,
334; packet, "Gov. Morton," 313; panic,
1837, 316; park system, 332; Pennsyl-
vania street, 1856. .:; 0; same view, 1915,
311; population, Indianapolis, 321; post-
office, 324; public library, 343, 350;
Pythian building, 326, ?20,- race track,

346, ^47: railroad, the first, 318; rail-
way facilities. 132, 355; railways, inter-
urban, 356; Railway Lines, Union, 355;
Riley, James Whitcomb, 334: Riverside
Park, 332; sanatoriums, 340; sanitary
organizations, 336; schools and colleges,
346, 347, 348. 349; schools, first free,
320; Scottish Rite building. 320; Severin
Flotel, 34?; Shortridge High School,
349; Soldiers' and Sailors' monument,
dedication of, 331-333; Speedway, the,
346, 348; St. Agnes Academy, 341; St.
Clair Square, 332; St. Mary's Cathedral,
??iS; St. Vincent's Infirmary, 338, 339;
Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, 337!
State Bank of Indiana, 316; State Fair:
1852, 126, 171; at present, 346, 347',
State-house, ?^5, 322, 323: state institu-
tions, buildings of. 317; state law li-
brary, 350; state library, 350; statutes,
328, ?iO; street improvement, first, 320;
street railway, first, 321; street railway
system, 356; Teachers' College, 354; Tom-
linson Hall, 322, 327: track elevation,
357; trust coinpanies, 35"; ITnion Depot,
old, 1887, 131: Union Railway Passen-
ger Station, 132, ^=.3: LTnion Trust Com-
pany, ?i9; LTnited States Army Post,
322; United States Court-house, 324;
University Square, 332; Vonnegut
Clemens, Sr., 349; Washington street,

Indianapolis — Continued.

1854, 308; Washington street, 1862,
j?op; 1902, ]6i; Whitcomb, Governor
James, statue, 328, jjo; Woman's
Prison, 324; work-house, 322; Young
Men's Christian Association, 334, jj6;
Young Women's Christian Association,
334, 336,
Indianapolis, views of, 1820, 81.
Industrial beginnings, 48.
Industrial statistics, 185.
: Industries, 86. See County Histories,
I 209-453.

i Insane hospitals, //?, 225, 280-317, 338,
i 429, 438.

, Insurance in Indiana, 200.
' Intemperance among the Indians, 66.
1 Interlaken School, 2g/.

1 Internal improvemen's: 75; preliminary to
i law of 1836, 99; bill, 103.

j Iron ore, 182.

I Jackson county, 273.
I Jasper College, ^43.
■ Jasper county, 274.

Jay county, J/6.

Jefferson county, 277, sSi.

Jeffersonville, 226.
( Jennings, Jonathan: 74; sketch of, 79;
I Jennings-Harrison incident, 80.

I Jennings county, 283.
' Jews, expulsion of, 457.

Johnson county, 284.

Johnson and Hines' Raid, 140.
; Judiciary, Difficulties of early, 47.
' "Jug Rock," 365, 366.

Kankakee swamps, 2/5.
' Kekionga, 213.
"Knobs," the, 226, 246, 444.
Knox county, 53, 286.
Kokomo, jyi.
Kosciusko county, 288.

Lafayette: 145; public library, 41S, 419;

view from Point Lookout, 420, 421.
Lagrange county, 292.
Lake county, 294.
Lakes, 255, 292, 300.
Land cessions, Indian, 31.
Land companies, Wabash, 33.
Land purchases and Indian treaties, 43.
Land sales and land offices, 44.
Land surveys, rectangular system, 44.
Laporte county, 297, 2^8.
La Salle Springs, 365.
Lasselle Documents, the,. iZ.
Lawrence county, 301.
Laws, first original, 46.
Legislature, first, 46.
Letters of Decius, 56.
Libraries, 56, 88, 89, 98, 108, 286, 302.
Lime industry, 180.
Little Turtle, 213.
Log cabin, pioneer hoosier, 431.
Lottery, Indiana, 56.
Louisiana purchase, 56.
Lynching, Ripley county, 458.

Maclure, William and his co-workers, 94.

Maclure libraries, 98.

McCiowan, Hugh, J., 163.

McKendrie M. E. Church, 2^0.

McNagny, Phil C. (contribution, "Story of
Whitley county"), 451.

Madison, 53-131, 277.

Madison county: 302; views, 303.

Madison Railroad, 128, 131.

Manitou Lake, 2^5.

Manufactures, 185.

Maps: French map, 1720, showing bound-
ary line between the two French prov-
inces and the English possessions, //;
early French maps, 15; Green River Is-
land (Vanderburg county), 429; interur-
ban electric lines, 1915, 765; Indiana,
1778 (Hutchins'), 2^: Indiana Territory,
May 7, 1800; j/; 'Indiana at time of
admission, 1816, 67; Indiana, 1817
(Melish), 67; 1820, 75; 1824, 77; 1827,
85; Indian land cessions, 31; Northwest
Territory, chronological and historical,
27; population, density of, 1910, if,4;
per cent, of increase or decrease, 1900-
1910, Jf,s; showing proportion foreign
born white and native white of foreign
or mixed parentage, 1910, 157; topo-
graphical map, 207; "Underground Rail-
road," 149; per cent, of land in farms,
etc., i8g; topography, 207.

Marengo Cave, 231.

Marion county, 304-362.

GENERAL INDEX

Marion Soldiers' Home, 2^9.

Marshall county, 362.

Marshall, Thomas R., home of, 453.

Martui county, 364.

Maxinkuckee, Lake, 364.

"Maxwell Code," 37.

Medicinal waters, 183.

Medicine, 92.

Methodist churches, 50-90.

Mexican War period, 116, 318.

Miami county: 367; views, 367

Michigan Road, 100.

Militarism, 68, 116, 138.

Military agency, the, 146.

Military circular of 1812, 63.

Militia, 92.

Mill, Becks', 109.

Mill, Neals', 115.

Mills, Caleb, 123; "messages," 123.

Mineral resources, 182.

Mineral paint rocks, etc., 182.

Monon route, scenes on, 127.

Monopoly, first, 457.

Monroe county, 368-370.

Montgomery county: 371; scene in, 372.

Moore's Hill College, 235.

Morgan county: iJi; scenes in, 373; fish

hatchery, 374.
Morgan's Raid, 141.
Morton, Governor, and the Civil War, 135-

149.
Morton monument, /;g, 328, ?jO.
Mound-builders, 205, '227.
Muncie, 240.
Muscatatuck, 2S3, 398.
Music of the Fi'ench, 14.

National Road, 100, lui.

Natural gas, 175.

Natural resources, 169-184.

Negroes, 92.

New Albany, 53, 247.

New Harmony, 51, 93; 1816, 9.,, 392.

New purchase, 76.

Newspapers, first, 52-90, 109.

Newton county, 375.

Noble county: 377; lake views, 377.

Normal College, North American Gym-
nastic Union, 354.

Northern Hospital for Insane, 225.

Northwest Territory, first map of, -'/, 35
i7, 38.

Northwestern University, 49.

Notre Dame University: 49, 51, ^3, 108;
sketch of, 408; views of, 409, 411.

Oakland City College, 258.

Ohio cotmly, 378.

C hio Falls canal, 75, 101.

Oldenburg, view of, 249.

Oolitic limestone, 178, 17Q.

Orange county: 183, 379; French Lick
Springs and Hotel, 379; Pluto Springs,
^80; scenes French Lick Hotel groiuids.

Orchard Lake stock farm, 373, 37').

Ordinance of 1787, 36.

Ordinance of acceptance, 1816, 70.

Organization, county, 209-453.

Owen county. Cataract Falls, 117, 382.

Owen, David Dale, laboratory, 30:.

Owen, Robert, 9i.

f)vven, Robert Dale: 96; lalioratory of.

Panic of 1837, 106, 316.

Parke county: old mill mi Hit; Raccoon
creek, 4^: scenes in Turkey Run, p",
24S; Shades of Death, 133, :oi.

Party divisions, first, 45.

Party politics, beginning of, 86.

Paloka river, ^Sg.

Peat, 182.

Period 1850-1860, 119.

Perkins' decision, 124.

Perry county, 53, 387.

Petroleum, development of, 177.

Pigeon Roost Massacre, 62.

Pike county, 388.

Political beginnings, 52.

Politics, 85, 153.

Polls. Sec County Histories, 209-453.

Population, distribution of in 1800, 72.

Population: 85; 1840-1850. 115, /ji-/. '^^.
156, 157. See County Histories, 209-
453. All incorporated cities and towns,
455.

Porter county, 390.

Posey county, 53. 391.

Posey, Thomas, 54.

Precious metals and stones, 183.

463

Presbyterian churches, first, 50 89

Prophet, the, 58, 239.

Prophet's Rock, 61.

Public domain, origin of, 35; (note) 37

Pulaski county, 393.

Purdue, John, 4?2.

Purdue University: views of, 417, 41V;

view of, 1908, 419.
Putnam county: Neal's Mill on Eel river.

"5, "9, 395; DePauw University, views

of, 394.

Quaker Church, first, 51.
Quarry stone, 178.

Raids: Johnson and Hines, 140; Mnrgan.

141.
Railroad depots, early, 105.
Railroads, 127, 128, 129, 132, 134, 160. See

("ounty HisTORins, 209 453.
Rakestraw, (). V. (contribution, "Story of

Steuben county"), 412.
Randolph county, 396.
Rangers of 1813, 05.
Rangers, service of, 18(J7, 58.
Rajip, Frederick, 93.
Kapp, (ieorge, home of, 98.
Raiipites, the, 51, 93.
Ray, (iovernor: on hard times, 83, 92; on

Iiaupers and negroes, 92; on roads, 99.
Reformatory, Indiana, 22i, 227.
Religious and moral societies, 90.
Religious beginnings, 50, 89, 90.
Religious intolerance, 4.^7.
Resources, natural, 169 184.
Revenues of State, 83, 84.
Richmond, 53.
Riley, James Whitcomb, home of, 264, ii.^,

Ripley county, 398; lynching, 458.

Rising Sun, 53.

Roads, 99, 126, ISO, 159. See County

Histories, 209-453.
Rockville, 384.
Rose Polytechnic Institute: .;;,'; sketch of,

436.
Rush county, 399.

Sackville, Fort, 23, 29.

Sacred Ileart Academy, Fort Wayne, 213.

Salaries, first increase of official, 109.

Salem, 53.

Salisbury, 53.

".Sanitary Commission," 146.

Savings banks, number of. See Present

FlX.\NtIAI. InSTITI' iT<:NS. 358.

School for Feeble-Minded Youth, .>/-•, 214.

Schools. See Education.

Scott county, 400_.

Scrip issues, 1837, 106

Seal of the State, 7'._l'-'5-

Seminaries, county, 87.

Seminaries and academies: list of (note).

88; script issues of state internal im-
provement period, 106.
Shades of Death. 133.
"Shakers," the, 51.
Shelby county, 402.
.Slavery question, 43.
Smith, .Monzo Greene, incident, 156.
Soldiers' Home, National. 258, .'.S<;.
Soldiers' Home. State. 145.
Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, 269.
Sorin. Father, S/.
Sons of Liberly, 143.

Snuth< astern Hospital for Insane, 280.
Southern Indiana Hospital for Insane, j-'\
Spencer county, 403.
Springville, 53, 226.

Squatter population in new purchase, 77.
St. Francis Xavier Church, .'.<•).
St. Francis Xavier Librarv. .'.<''.
St. Jo.seph's Academy, Tipton county, 4-3.

424.
St. loscph county: 408; views South Bend,

4^8.
St. Mary's Colleee. Notre Dame: views of.

400: sketch of. 410.
St. Marvs-of-the-Woods. 437, 4.!,S.
St. Meinrad's Abbey and College, 403 vo.<.
Starke ci>unty, 400.

State Hank building, nrookvillc. :}'.
Stale banks, number of. Sec Piesent

{•"iNANiiAi. Insiitutions. 358.
State Hank of Indiana. 84, 121. 316.
State I-'air: first, 125: Indianapolis. }47.
■State Roveniiiicnt, heginiiinft of, 73.
Statc-hmise, first in Indianapolis, So. too,

i;7 ;.•-•. .;.\^.
State institutions: dcvclopntcnt of. 112.

457; State Soldiers anil Sailors' Home.

464

State institutions— CoHfiW'rf. , , ^ .
145; School for Feeble-Minded Youth,
214; Northern Hospital for Insane, 22o;
Indiana State l'"orest Reservation, 226;
Indiana Boys' School, 268; Indiana Vil-
lage for Epileptics, 269; Soldiers and
Sailors' Orphans' Home, 269; Indiana
Cirls' School, 324; Southeastern Hos-
pital for the Insane, 280; Indiana State
Prison, 300; Central Hospital for In-
sane, 317, 338; Indiana State School
for the IJeaf, 338; Indiana School for
the Blind, 340; Woman's Prison, 324;
Hospital for Treatment of Tuberculosis,
384; State I'arni for Misdemeanants,
395; .Southern Hospital for the Insane,
429; Eastern Hospital for Insane, 438;
Indiana Reformatory, 227.

State library, 89, 350.

State prison, enlargement of 1840, 113.

State seal, 7'. 193.

State seminary, 75, 88.

State Sohliers' and Sailors' Home, views
of, I.I5, 419.

State troops, Civil War, 138.

Slate University, 88.

Stati.stical survey: 1840-1850, 115; 1850-
1860, 134; since Civil War, 156-168.

Steuben county: 411; scenes in, 412.

Stone industry, 178, I79-

Suffrage, extension of, 46.

Sullivan county, 413.

Switzerland county, 53, 415.

Taxable property. See County Histories,

209-453.
Taxing system: first, 83; of 1835, 110.
Teachers' College, Indianapolis, 354.
Tecumseh Trail, 6i.
Tecumtha, or Tecumseh, 58, 239.
Telegraph, 167.
Telephone, 167.

GENERAL INDEX

Terre Haute: 433; views in, 433; Veteri-
nary College, 438, 439.

Territorial Hall at Vincennes, 41.

Territorial leaders, 53.

Territory northwest of the Ohio: first civil
organization by Virginia, 33; Virginia's
cession to United States, 37; map of,

Tippecanoe, battle of, 45, 59, 61.

Tippecanoe county, 416-419.

Tipton: 424; public library, sketch of, 424.

Tipton county, 422, 423.

Tipton, John, 214.

Topography, 205-208, 207.

Towns, early, 52.

Township, cities and towns. See County
Histories, 209-453.

Traction and Terminal Station, Indianap-
olis, 163.

Transportation, 759, 167.

Trinity Springs, 365.

Tri-State College, 412, 413.

Trust Companies, number of. See Present
Financial Institutions, 358.

Tuberculosis hospital, 384.

Turkey Run, 97, 248, 385.

Underground railroad, 115, 149.
Under three flags (note), 205.
Union county: 425; court-house, 425.
Union Depot, old, at Indianapolis, 131, 132.
United States Court, 194-200.
Universities. See Educational Institu-
tions.

Valonia, 53.

Valparaiso University, 390, 391.

Vanderburg county, 426.

Vermilion county, 431.

Vevay, 53.

Vigo county, 432.

Vigo, Francis, 23, 32, 432.

Vincennes, 53.

Vincennes, Bank of, 84, 357.
Vincennes, French life at, 13.
Vincennes Library Company, 56.
Vincennes, lottery, 56.
Vincennes, operation against, 24.
Vincennes University, .'S/.

Wabash and Erie canal, 102; commercial
development, 113.

Wabash College: 49, 88, 371; view of, 3/j.

Wabash county, 439, 440, 441.

Wabash Land Company, 33.

Wabash river: names of, 15; view of, 414.

Wabash valley, French occupancy, 9.

War of 1812, 61.

War with Mexico, 318.

Warren county, 441, 44J.

Warrick county, 443.

Washington, 234.

W'ashington county: 444; views, 445, 446;
Becks' Mill, 209; views in, 147; trees,
173-

Water falls: Washington county, 39; Cata-
ract, 117; Clifty, Bartholomew county,
215; Clifty, Jefferson county, 281; Ohio
Falls, 246; Hindostan Falls, Martin
county, 565.

Wawasee lake, 292.

Wayne, Anthony, 447.

Wayne county, 446.

Wells county, 449.

White county, 450.

White river, 208, 262, 313, 363, 382.

White Water canal, 101, 112.

White Water valley, 249.

Whitley county: 451; views in, 453.

Whitcomb, Governor, 116, 328, 330.

Winona College: 288; of agriculture, 291.

Winona lake, 289, 290.

Workingmen's Institute Library, 392.

Wyandotte Cave, 231, 232, 233, 265.

PART IV

Who's Who in Indiana— Brief Biooraphical Sketches of
Prominent Men and Women.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

Autographs and Brief Biographical Sketches of Men and Women of Indiana Identitied With

the State's Progress in Various Activities.

SAMUEL. M. BALSTON, born in Ohio Dec. 1. 1S57. Sank first coal
shaft at Fontanet, Ind, and operated mine; taught scliool several years;
grad. Central Normal Coll. 1884; read law; admitted to the bar 1886;
elected Governor of Ind. Nov., 1912.

WM. P. CNBaLL, born South Bend, Ind., Feb. 7, 1874; grad. Notre
Dame, B. S., LL.. B. ; journalism, Mishawaka and South Bend, 13 years;
;ity att'y Mishawaka 1906-1913; resigned; elected Lt. Gov. of Ind., 1912.

L.. G. ELLINGHAM, born Wells county, Ind., Feb. 23, 1868; grad. Bluff-
ton High Sch. ; began worli as printer's devil, Bluffton Banner; at 19 years
Did pub. Geneva Herald, 1887; Winchester Democrat, 1891-94; Decatur Dem-
ocrat, 1894; Dem. dist. ch. 1906-08; elected Secy. State of Ind., 1910; re-
elected 1912.

■WILLXAM H. VOLIjMEB, born and reared on a farm near Vlncennes,
[nd. ; attended com. sch.; instrumental in organization ajid pres. Citizens'
Trust Co., Vincennes, 1902; elected Treas. State of Ind., 1910.

W. H. O'BRIEN, born Lawrenceburg, Ind., Aug. 22, 1855; grad. Asbury
{Jniv. class '76; editor and prop, Lawrenceburg Register, 1877-94; banking
business 1890-1914; mayor Lawrenceburg 1885-87-89-91-98; Jt. State Sen.
Dearborn, Franklin, Ohio counties, 1902; Oil. Dem. State Com., 1902-4-6;
jlect. State Auditor, 1910 and 1912.

CHARLES A. GREATHOUSE, born Posey Co., Ind., 1870; attended Cen-
tral Normal Coll., Danville, Ind., two years; Ind. Univ. three years; princi-
pal Mt. Vernon High School, 1894; supt. Posey County Sch.. 1895-1905;
appt Supt Public Instruction by Gov Marshall; elected Nov, 1910; re-elected
1912-14; res, Indpls.

TH03IAS M. HONAN, born Seymour, Ind, Aug S, 1S67; grad Ind
Univ , A. B., 1889; city att'y Seymour, 1892; pros, att'y Jackson, Wash, and
Orange Co., 1895 to 1901; elct. Ind. Legis., 1905-7-9; Speaker of House,
1909; elected Atty Gen, 1910-14; res, Seymour.

J. FRED FRANCE, born Mercer Co., Ohio, May 12, 1861; attended High
Sch, Decatur, Ind.; admit, bar, 1884; city att'y Huntington, Ind., 1898-
1904; Mayor Huntington, Ind., 1904-06; elct. Clerk Sup. Court, 1910; re-
»om. 1914.

PHILXP ZOERCHER, born Tell City, Ind., Oct. 1, 1866; grad. Cent.
Nor Coll., Danville, Ind., 1890; elected Legis. 1888-90 (youngest mem. both
jBSsions); newspaper bus., 1891-1900; editor-prop. Tell City News; began
practice law, 1897; elected Pros. Att'y Perry. Spencer, Warwick counties,
1900; elct. Rep. Sup. Ct., 1912.

THOMAS W. BROLLEY, born Newport, Ky., Feb. 10, 1854; attended
2ommon schools and St. Mary's, North Vernon, Ind ; Jt. Rep. Scott and
lennings counties^ 1906-08; author Brolley's Baseball Bill; elct. State
Statls., 1910-12.

EDWARD BARRETT, born Indianapolis, Feb. 6, 1859; attd. Central
Nor. Coll. Danville, 1879-82-85; State Nor.. Terre Haute, 1883; DePauw
UnW.. 1887-8; asst. supt. Reform Sch., Plainfield, 1894-98; mem. bd. trust.
S. Ind. Hosp. Ins., 1907-10; resigned; elect. State Geologist, 1910-14.
IHOMAS TAGGART, ex-mayor Indpls, hotel propr; born County Monaghan,
Ireland Nov 17, 185 6; educ schls Xenia, O; began work as a boy c.erk
railway hotel and restaurant; elect twice Auditor Marion Co; w;is
county chrmn and state Chrmn Dem party; elected mayor ot Indpls
3 times; mem Dem Nat Comm since 1900 (Chrmn 1904); deve oped and
made French Lick Hotel one of the S^'eatcst health resorts in the
world; propr Denison Hotel, Indpls; res French Lick and Indpls.
WILLIAM LOWE BRYAN, university pres; bom near Bloomington. Ind,
Nov 11 1S60; A B, A M Ind Univ, Berlin, ParLS, Wurzburg; \l\^
Clark Univ (LL D 111 Coll & Hanover); was v-p now pres Ind Univ,
aifhorYwIth^'^hVs wife) Plato the Teacher; The Republic of Plato etc.
contrt Johnson's Encyclopedia, etc; trust Carnegie found, mem se\
scientific and learned socs; res Bloomington, Ind.
HARLOW LINDLEY, educator; born Sylvania Parke Co Iml, ^|a.v 31
1875- grad Friends Acad, Bloomingdale, Ind; M A Eailham. att unn
o Wis^c; fenow in hist Chicago Univ; librn Earlham; head dept hlsi
and political science Earlham; dire dept aJl-r^'ves and h^st Imi State
Library; was pres Ind Library and Ind Hist Teachers assns, mem
Ind (Centennial) Historical Comm; res Richmond.
W C WOODWARD, Educator; born MooresviUe, Ind Nov 28. IS^S: A P.
Pacific College; B L Earlham; Ph D Univ ^.'-^ \1 ' P'^ ^, j"^ Comms
science Earlham coll; director Ind cCentennial) Historical Commsn.
res Richmond.
JOHN W CRAVENS, born on a farm Hendricks Co, ,\nd, October 1 1SG4:
Grad Central Normal Coll; A B Ind Univ; was Editor Danx H e (^izc ttc^
Supt Monroe Co Schools; Clerk M°"'oe ^o Cir Ct Ed Blooml^^^

World-Courier; mem Ind Legis; P^,^'^?"''^^ „f '^^^?„^' ton
Ind Univ 1895-1914; Secretary since 1914: res Bloomington.

JAMES E WATSON, ex-Congressman; was born ^)^''"'=''^:^';^'"5,t\"'^^J^j°''reJ'i
1864; educ Depauw Univ; admitted to bar, ^vas "'f '" f '4' ^ ™i',;;^.
and 56th to 60th Congresses 6th Indiana District , R.^puW
for Governor of Ind 190S; was Grand Chancellor K ol P, ^i.ue i-rt.i
dent Epworth League; res RushviUe, Ind.

Jfc^<^/2ceM

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

>rRS. EI/IZA A. BI^AKER (Mrs. Louis Blaker), pres. of Teachers' Coll.
anil supt. of Free Kindergarten Schls., Indianapolis, since 1882; born and
educated in Phil.; after marriage was called to Indianapolis by Mr. A. C.
Shortridffe to establish a kindergarten in the Hadley-Roberts Acad.; later
she organized the system of free kindergartens in connection with Teachers'
Coll. of Indianapolis and Free Kindergarten Assn.

>nSS GEORGIA ALEXANDER, born Indianapolis; educ. in Pub. Sch.,
Chicago Univ. and Columbia Univ., Teachers' Coll., N. T. ; teacher Pub.
Schools Indianapolis; supervisor since 1898; author Child Classic Reader
series, Alexanders Spellers and Arithmetics, also Graded Poetry for Chil-
dren: mem. T\^oman's Franchise League and other orgs.

MRS. EUGENIA K. NICHOLSON (Mrs. Meredith Nicholson), born in
Omaha, Neb.; attended Kappes Sch., Indianapolis: grad. Vassar Coll.; mar-
ried Meredith Nicholson, 1896; pres. Indianapolis Woman's Club; former
pros. Indiana Vassar Club; director Kindergarten Assn. and Woman's Fran-
chise Leagrue; mem. Herron .\rt Inst, and Contemporary Club.

.MISS ANN.\ NICHOLAS, born and educated Meadville, Pa.; followed
sister and brothers to Indianapolis; entered business office Indianapolis
Journal; became editorial writer, continuing as such after Journal was pur-
chasfd by Indianapolis Star; author of "Idylls of the Wabash" and "Mak-
ing of Thomas Barton;" member Indianapolis Woman's Club.

IvnSS ANNA McKENZIE, born Conneaut, Ohio; educated in Indianap-
olis private and pub. schls. ; musical critic and reporter Indianapolis News
mem. Matinee Musicale; life member Joh
Woman's Press Club of Indiana,

MISS M.ARY H. PE.VCOCK, born Lawrencebu
dianapolis Pub. Schls.; studied medicine
office Clerk of Supreme Court of Ind., continuing to the present

MRS. ELIZABETH B. inXT (Mrs. George C. Hitt), born Andover,
Mass.; in 1877 married and removed to Indianapolis; member Indpls. Wom
an's Club; director Propylaeum Assn.; pres. Indpls. Woman's Dept. Club.

DR. .AJIELI.\ R. KELLER, born Cleveland, Ohio; educated in Indian-
apolis: att. Woman's Coll., Chicago; Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons (now
Ind. Univ. Sch. of Med.). Indianapolis; married in 1889 to Dr. Eug. Buehler;
mem. Local Council of Women; pres. Indianapolis and Indiana Franchise
League; practicing physician.

MRS. GR.\CE JULIAN CL.\RKE (Mrs. C. B. Clarke), born at Center-
viUe, Wayne Co., Ind.; when a child moved with parents to Irvington; at-
tended public school and Butler College; married in 1887; mem. and former
pres. of Indianapolis Woman's Club, Local Council of Women, Irvington
Woman's Club and State Federation of Clubs; editor of club columns In-
dianapolis Star; mem. Press Club; director in the Franchise League and
Nat. Fed. of Clubs.

M.\RY A. SPINK, M. D., born Washington, Ind., Nov., 1863; grad. Si-
mon's Acad., Washington; M. D. Med. Coll. Ind., 1887; post-grad, course
mental and nerv. diseases, N. T. Post-Grad. Sch.; pathologist Cent. Ind.
Hosp. Ins., 1886-7; with Dr. W. B. Fletcher, established Fletcher Sanit.,
1888; now pres.; mem. Ind. State Bd. Char, since 1893 (com. on prisons)
mem. A. M. A., State, Co. Med. Socs " " "

ADDISON C. H.4RRIS, born Wayn
western Univ. (now Butler), 1S60-3

Envoy Ex. Minister Plen. of U. S. to Austria-Hungary, 1899-1901; trust.
Purdue Univ.; Pres. Indpls. Law Schl. since 1899; Pres. Ind. Bar Assn.,
1904-5; res., Indpls.

JOSEril B. KEALING, born Marion Co., Ind., June 25, 1859; grad.
Butler Coll., A. B., 1879; Central Law Schl., Indpls., 1883; taught school
two years, Marion Co.; pauper atty., 1882-84; Dept. Pros,
appt. U. S. Atty. Mch. 1, 1901, resigned Mch., 1909; Corp. Co
1910-14.

PAXTON HIBBEN, born Indpls., Dec. 5v 1880; grad ...
Schl., 1898; A. B. Prmceton, 1903; A. M. Harvard, 1904; 3rd Sec

hn Herron Art Inst.; historian /TUt^ y''/ y'v^ /? ^-^

renceburg, Ind.; educated in In- ff/l/lAA//l/lK^yi j9y!L^,^X
in 1881 appointed Record Clerk, " ' K/A/iy^ ^^ ' '^.4::^C^\.^<><^^~^yr \y

<^Xo^ V^ -OX ;7^K

Char, since 1893 (com. on prisons); jI A /t

residence, Indianapolis. yy /y ^

ne Co., Ind.. Oct. 1, 1840; att. North- jU—rJc^^X AJ^^/tT^
dm. to bar. 1S65; Ind. Senate, 1877-9; C/^^ C--"- — *-^ — y^s^-*^^

Atty., 1884-6; /\ \ ) [ \ \

lunsel Indpls., / \ ^»JL/ ^^^ / ^1 I

Shtdge. High I j j} A/»prt>V ^>wN * V *-*i/W

St Petersburg, 1905; 2nd Sec. Emb., Mexico City, 1906; Sec. Leg., Bogota, // /• t \l / JL

lonn' 5.U- *l,'.A^' ^^- '"*" Colombia, 1908; Sec. Leg., The Hague and Luxbg., /J /y / X.// a) • ». y ^ < J^A

^l".?;. Si?:„^j^1;'..^'^,- i"*" ^eth. and Luxbg.^1911; Sec. Leg.. Santiago de d/i^//\ ^^J^ P^ ^ CV"*-^ ' ^A.

Chill; Fellow Royal Geog. Soc
Arbit., The Hague, 1910. Res

Sec. Intl. Trib. for U. S. on Venezuelan
'Oft. Side" Irvington, Indpls.
ALBERT J. BEVEREDGE, born on farm, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1862; laborer
and teamster till 1.^; then att high schl; Ph B DePauw Univ, 1885; read
aw in off. of Sen. McDonald; adm. bar, 1887; asso. with McDonald & But
It.'" ""ril began practice for himself; U. S. Senator, 1899-05, '05-11; au
thor The Russian ,^dvance," etc.; contr. to mags.; res., Indpls.

RUSSELL B. HARRISON, born Oxford, O., Aug. 12, 1854; grad. La
fayette Coll Easton, Pa., C. E., M. E., G. E. ; studied law with his father.
BenJ. Harrison, 23rd Pres. U. S. ; Supt. U. S. Mint Serv., 1878; Journalist,
Helena Mont., Leslie's and Judge, N. Y. City; Pres. Terre Haute Elec. Ry.
„r;L, V ° T ^"'^ Ins Gen. Prov. Marsh., 7th Army Corps, Spanish war;
pract. law, Indpls. Mexican Consul for Ind.

rmi '''^)-'r^**^^ DANIELS, born near Xenia, O., May 11, 1854; grad. Wabash
(■hancciy'''l911 "' ^°'"™^'=^ ^"'^- ^^^ ^ch., 1S77; appt. Master-in-

ChanVrA^^'n,"'^^^!; ''°[" ^.'- -T^^^Ph, 111., Apl. 4, 1S63; att. common sch.
ei^Pt q,ff„"'Q ■/^"?oL^'=^• nine years, Warren Co., Ind.; adm. bar, 1889;
elect. State Senator, 1890; elect. Congress, 1894; elect. Gov. Ind. 1904- res

^ ^.^L/i^A.^^'^^jO-^^--^

chirhf.lM.^ ^- S"«NG8TEEN. born Indpls., May 25, 1857; att. common ^ > / /(V ' j^

ears- . v!' , ' ?> '"''■■" T '" f^''.'"^'"er Sto.v and in mercantile bus many -J-t^-^rf ^^ A^ L O A \h ^ J^ O .^^

V Pr' ","7 '■' '»>n'o<-'-atic politico; appt Postmaster Indpls Apl 24, 191:! J^^Tl^CyO'^^ L ^~^- '^ V,-^«><--^t_--C_-e.--<l-<

1870; grad. Ind.

tTn.J''''^■^^'**1.^'•. **-*"'I*^"»'. >^'"n Bluflton, Ind., Dec.
Univ. Law, 1S94; appt. U. S. Dist. Atty. Jan, 1, 1914.

l.Hl,'i;'*-^p'^,!*d?„'n S<""!*«»T l.orn March 14. 1868; att. common schls,
'" "•• ^""1"'' ""Iv. sped, Phar, & Chem.; appt. U. S, Marshal May 9, '11

rldg.^ h)J!''sm ;^V. BYl-lELD, born Franklin, Ind., Sept.
ridge High .Schl,, Indpls.; appt. elk. M. O. Dept P O
1-osi muster Sept. 1. 1913. ^ ^"

9, 1865; att. Short-
Indpls., 1885; Asst.

'^^/^/r

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

DEMARCHUS C. BROW-N, born Indianapolis. June 24 1S57- A
Pc^lV%^';°''-'J^'^?.I!fP?!'^..l"»' A- M. 1880 r Univ. Tubingen.' G^rm

L V ^^"^^'^T^^ ^,; ^^^', ^°'"" ^^'^- 21. 1S60. near Westfield. In.l. : Br.ad. High
3ch. of Noblesville and Tipton; studied law with brother. Millard F Cox
hud Judge Wm. E. Niblack. at Indianapolis; admit, bar Nov 20 'l88s'-
jOibr. Supreme Ct., lSSO-89; elct. Judge Supreme Ct., 1910.

DOUGLAS MORRIS, bom Knightstown. Ind., Jan 5 ISr.l- grad A>>-
bury Coll.. 1882; studied law under Gen. Bonj. Harrison; adr'nit to bar
[1883; Circuit Judge Rush. Shelby counties, 1808-1904; elct. Judge Supreme

L „''****? ^- SPENCER, born March 7, 1864; attended Central Normal
.College; began practice law, 1S85, Mt. Vernon, Ind.; Pros. Vanderburg and
iPosey counties, 1892; elect judge Supreme Ct, 1912.

QUINCY A. >ryERS, born Cass Co., Ind., near Logansport; grad Dart-
mouth Coll. and Law Sch. Union Univ., Albany, N. Y. ; city att'y Logans-
port; pros, att'y Cass Co.: mem. Logansport Sch. Bd. 13 years; trustee De-
jPauw Univ.; pres. Am. Inst. Criminal Law and Criminology; Judge Sup
jC3t. 1910; renom. 1914.

RICHARD K. ERWIN, born July 11, 1860; att. M. E. Coll.. Ft Wayne
studied law under France & Merryman, Decatur, Ind.; Justice of Peace '
1884; admt. bar, 1887; mem. Ind. Legis., 1890-92; Judge Circuit Ct. A.dams
Co, 1900; Judge Ind. Supr. Ct., 1912-

W. CARY CARSON, born Falmouth, Ind., March 26, 1SS7- att Fair-
liriew High Sch.; grad. Ind. Law Sch.. 1908; admt. bar. 1908; Secv. to Judgr-
Douglas Morris, 1910-12; appt. Libr. Ind. Supr. Ct. Law Libr.,"l913; res..
Rushville, Ind.

MOSES B. LAIRY, born in Cass Co., Ind., Aug. 13. 1859; taught sch.
Cass Co.; grad. Law Dept., Univ. Mich., 1SS9; began prac. law, Logansport;
lludge Circuit Ct, Cass Co, 1895-96; elect judge Ind Appl Ct, 1910; elect
Ijudge Supreme Ct of Ind, 1914; res, Logansport, Ind.

I JOSEPH H. SHEA, born Lexington, Ind., July 24, 1863; grad. Ind.
iCJniv., 1889; began prac. law Scottsburg, Ind.: Pros. Atty. Scott, Jennings
'md Ripley Cos., 1891; elect. State Sen., 1896; elect. Circuit Judge, Scott
^ind Jackson Cos.. 1906; elect. Judge Appl. Ct., 1912; res., Seymour, Ind.

IMTLTON B. HOTTEL, born Harrison Co., Ind., May 1, 1860; grad. Ind.
Univ., 1882; pract. law, 1884, Salem, Ind., until elect. Judge Appel. Ct.,
1910; res., Indianapolis.

EDWARD W. FEtT. born Allegheny Co.. Va ,
;ral Normal Coll., Danville, Ind., 1884: began pra
.887; elect. Pros. Atty. Hancock Co.. 1890-92; Ci
.900; Judge Appl. Ct., 1910; res., Indianapolis

JOSEPH G. IBACH, born Hammond. Ind., March 15, 1862; att. High
:3oh., Huntington, Ind., 1880; DePauw Univ., 1883; DePauw Law Sch., 1885:
loegan pract. law, 1SS6: Dept. Pros. Huntington Co., 1886-88; elct. Judge
Appl. Ct., 1910; mem. Bd. of Educ, Hammond, Ind., 1905-10; res., Ham-
[nond, Ind.

\ EREDERICK S. CALDWELL, born Meigs Co., O., Jan. 17, 1862; grad.
iSfatl. Normal Univ., Lebanon, O. ; prin. Winchester, Ind., High Sch.. 1SS5-
11; supt. City Sch., 1891-92; began pract. law, 1892; appt. Judge Appl. Ct..
5ept. 1, 1913; res., Winchester.

W. E. LONGLEY, born Noblesville. Ind., Sept. 26. 1S54: att. common
ichl. and Ladoga Acad., 1867: appt. State Fire Marshal March 27, 1913,
'.erm four years; res., Noblesville.

GILBERT H. HENDREN, born Canal Winchester, O., March 29, 18."i7:
rrad. Central Law Schl., Indianapolis, 1880: Dept. Clk. Greene Co. Circ. Ct..
^1886-1904; Chf. Clk. State Bid. and Loan Dept., 21/2 years, from Dec. 1.
[1910; appt. State Exam., June 7, 1913.

ROGER W. WALLACE, born Spencer. Ind.. Oct. 24, 1888; att. Indpls.
;:ommon schls. ; grad. Shortridge High Schl.. Butler Coll.. Leland Stanford.
trr., Univ., Calif., Law Dept.; admit, bar, 1911; appt. Dept. State Fire Mar-
■ihal, March, 1913; res., Indianapolis.

! EDGAR A. PERKINS, born Indianapolis, Aug. 1, 1866; att. common
Ikchl. Indianapolis: pres. State Fed. of Labor, Ind.. 1895-1913; appt. Chief
^Hate Bureau of Inspection, May 1, 1913; now pres Industrial Ud ot Ind:
•es, Indpls.

ELIJAH A. GLADDEN, born Scott Co.. Ind., Jan. 30. ISiiO; att. Higl
!3ch; Univ. Ind.; taught .school: cnunty .supt. Scott Co., 1897-1903; appt. s.cy.
,!tate Bd. of Forestry, July 2, 1913.

i JOSEPH L. REILEY, born Jefferson Co.. Ind., sec. Dem. State Com ISS •
Id 1908: Deputy Pension Agt. for Ind.. 1894-98; secy. Railroad and Public
fiervice Comm. of Ind., 1914- ; res., Indianapolis.

! THOMAS Dl'NCAN, born May 5, 1860; att. Central Normal Coll., Dan-
ille, Ind.; began pract. law. 1S89: appt. chm. Public Service Commission
I'f Ind., May 1, 1913: res., Princeton, Ind.

I AMOS W. BUTLER, born Brookville, Ind., Oct 1. ISfiO; grad. Ind.
Jniv. (A. M.); secv. Ind. Bd. State Char., 1897-; a founder of Ind Acad.
■t Science; secy, till 1893; pres., 1895; Fellow Am. Assn. Adv of P^'l'^nce.
:en. secy., 1892; vice pres., 1900; pres. Natl. Con. Char, and Cor., 1906-<,
ires. Am. Prison Assn., 1910; res., Indianapolis.

., Nov. 7, 1859; grad. Cen- ^7 ^ i 1 f r ^/ ^ /J

ract. law. Greenfield, Ind../^^/ / K>* ^^ /A I / jL//_

ircuit Jud.ge Hancock Co.. V^^.rtl^/t'^L^TcX/lTV^/L' ' ^;;;;;;?C--^

6'^t-x--'z--T-«*-s' .^.^t^~^:^^^--c--^^Oi,v^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

May 11, 1852. A 15 unio wes.e Northwestern 1903; agt Assc

Sp^n Am war: now pres Bedford Stone and Co"s Co Indpjs.
MARTIN M HUGG, lawyer, born Indpls. Mch 17, lb5b., giaa law uepi
Mich TJniv 1879; Dept Pros 1884-5; State Senator Marion Co. 1896-1904,

.FW°SHlNKTom Indpt= '";aV"3!'l872 ; att pub sch and Shtrdge High

'^^^.^t^,lnl«.e?ert Recorder Marion Co 1902-6; elect Mayor Indpls

mb.l4 engaged in husmess in Indpls since 1896; lecturer "High Cost

JOHN C CHANEV Valyen 'l^orn' in" C^olumbiana Co, O, 1854; came to La-

''''"Kte'^^ AUen Co^ Ind, when a child; gra.d A-ension Sem Sumvan

Co Ind 1874; grad Law Sch, Cincmnati Univ. LL B, 1882 "^'e years

Si°pt Sc'hls Farmersburg and Worthington, Ind; mem 59th and 60th

UTIiToTl TvJxSb ?awyer!"bTrn'wolcottville, Ind; att pub sch Wol-
^^ cVt'^lle Jrtd Law Sch 'ind Univ; City Atty Indpls 1885-91; Atty Gen

Ind 1898'-f902; donated Taylor Bathing Pool to city 1008; res IndPls^
MORFRT W BIcBRIDE, lawyer, born Richland Co, O. Jan ^i), 16.4^. aii
'*"^KifkvlUe/la. acadTadrn'^bar 1867; Judge Circ Ct 35th Jud Giro Ind^

1882-8; Just Supr Ct. Ind, 1890-93; dir & couns loan d^pt State Life

Ins Co- mem Union Lt Grd. Ohio (Lincoln's body guard); capt. It-col.

col 3d Reg Ind N G; author, "Personal Recollections Abraham Lincoln.

W H^H^nLLEll? ex-Attorney General U S, born Augusta, N Y, Sep 6,
1840- A B Hamilton Coll 1865 (LL D 1889); Lt 84th Ohio vols 1862,
adm bar 1865; pract Ft Wayne 1866-74; Indpls 1874-89 in partnership
with Gen Benj Harrison; U S Atty Gen 1889-93 Pres Harrison's cabinet;
pract Indpls since 1893; res Indpls. ^ t ^ t „„ 07 i q^i •

W W THORNTON, lawyer and author, born Logansport, Ind, June Zl. J-Sai'
att Smithson Coll, Logansport; LL B Mich Univ 1876; dept atty-gen Ind
1880-2; author: Statutory Construction (Ind) 1887; Ind Practice Code
1888- Lost Wills 1890; Rev Statutes Ind 1897; Ind Negligence 1908.
etc; elect Judge Superior Ct Marion Co 1914; res Indpls.
MEREDITH NICHOLSON, author, born Crawfordsville, Ind, Dec 9, 1866;
edc pub schls Indpls (hon A M Wabash Coll 1901, Butler Coll 1902
Litt D Wabash 1907); mem Nat Inst Arts and Letters; author. Short
Flights (poems) 1S91; The Hooriers (in "Nat Studies Am Letters)
1900; The Main Chance 1903, and many other novels since; Provincial-
America (essays) 1913; res Indpls.
l-RANK BOWERS, cartoonist, born Silverton, Ore, Dec 28, 1872; began
work cartoonist San Francisco Exam 1896; N Y Journal 1898; Indpls
News 1899-1908; Indpls Star 1912 — ; res Indpls.
JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY, author, born Greenfield, Ind, 1853; att pub
schls; (hon A M Yale 1902, Litt D Wabash 1903 and Univ of Pa 1904,
LL D Ind Univ 1907); mem Am Acad Arts and Letters; began contrib
poems Ind papers 1873; long known as "Hoosier Poet"; his earlier
Hoosier dialect and first work appeared under pen name "Benj F
Johnson of Boone"; res Indpls.
HECTOR FILLER, born London, Eng, Oct 18, 1864; att Kilburn Coll,
I-ondon; H M S Worcester 1877-9; mere marine 5 years; South African
diamond fields 1885; came to U S 1886; began newspaper work Mid-
dlctown, N Y, 1SS7; Indpls 1889; war corresp Russo-Jap war 1904-5;
Indpls Star 1913; dramatic critic, lecturer, etc; res Indpls.
DELAVIN SMITH, iournalist, born Cincinnati Dec 28, 1861; edc Lake
Forest (HI) Aca'd; Lake Forest Coll and Mass Tech; propr Indpls
News; V-P Oliver Typewriter Co; pres Cox Multi-Mailer Co, etc;
mem .\m Hist Assn, etc; office Indpls.
RICHARD SMITH, born Cincinnatti, O, Aug 14, 1859; son of Richard
Smith, many years edtr Cincinnati Gazette; grad Chickering acad,
Cincinnati, 187C; opened serv Assov Press St Paul for northwest 1881;
trans to N Y City 1884 as agt Westn Assoc Press; later became asst
gen mang; came to Indpls News 1901; mang editor since 1903; res
Indpls.
IlII/rON IJ BROWN, newspaper man. born Indpls Feb 20. 1859; grad Butler
Coll B A 1880; taught "Oaktown Academy," Knox Co, Ind, one year;
began as reporter Indpls News 1881; city editor 1892-5; now general
manager; dir Am Newspaper Pub Assn; trustee Butler Coll 1894
pros bd since 1903; res (Irvinglon) Indpls.
LOl'IS IIOWl>.\ND. newspaper man, born Indpls June 13, 1857; A

1879 (.\ M AVabash Coll 1900; Litt D 1903); pract law 1879-98; in
editorial work since 1884; editorial writer Indpls News 1S93-11; editor
sliirc liiH; res Indpls.
MORRIS ROSS, born Indpls, Ind. Aug 21, 1850; att priv sch Indpls; grad
Ciirnell Univ 1870; read law; editorial writer Indpls Sentinel 187- ;
N V Tribune 1870; same year Indpls News; 8 years managing editor
News; now editorial writer; res Indpls.
<'HARLKS DKNNIS, born Luwrenccbiirg, Ini

-!^

'/O^'t-^Cc^ i't^

B Yale
9-98; in

Journal 1875; on Indpls New „ .,„
Harding owned Indpls Sat Revic
Indpls News continuously since 189

g, Ind, 1815; writer on Indpls

from July, 1877, to 1880; with Geo C
then on .lournal 10 years; on

Inilpls News continuously since 1892.

\VM M IIKKSCilEL. born Spencer, Ind, Nov 17. 1873; att Co comm sch / k ^ /\

Kvuiisvllle and Iluntlngburg; learned mchnsi trade; became one of the ""^jf "^ yf/ J^J--^ § DO

seer Am Ry Union 1894; adopted the newspaper bus 1897; with Indpls >V#L Mr*—T/^ ^Jm ^Ji^J^"^

NewB jiliicc 1902; author. "Songs of the High-and-By-Ways" ; res ^'^fV'^7 / yt-'W'V^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

S^/co^. Srs;^^rirfdp"is°- ^'"^^ ^^^'^^ '^^^ ^--^^ -^ '-- ^-'^>''

ILLIAM C BOBBS, publisher, born Montgomery Co, Ohio Jan '>5 ISGl-
edc pub schs; ent employ Merrill, Meigs & Co (est is3S) I'sT')- dir
1890 and pres of its successor The Bobbs-MerriU Co 1895 • rhrm 'exec
comm State Life Ins Co; chrm bd dir Hollenbeck Press- d'ir' .\m Puhs
assn, etc; res Indpls.

BARLES W MEKRLLL, publisher, born Indpls, Feb 15 1861- identified
The Bobbs-Merrill Co 1882, sec-treas 1896-; pres Hollenbeck Press
sec Gen Securities Co; res Indpls. " '

IWKENCE D CHAMBERS, born Washington, D C. 1S79; grad Columbian
prep sch, Wash, D C; A B Princeton Univ 1900; A M Princeton 1901-
connected with Bobbs-Merrill Co, since 190.3; res Indpls.

EWITT HANSON HOWLAND, editor, born Indpls Oct S 1SG3- grad
Indpls classical sch; in lit work since 1898; now editor and lit adviser
The Bobbs-Merrill Co; res Indpls. duviser

HEODORE A RANDALL, born Akron. O, June 11, 1857; att comm sch ■

post-grad Northwestern Christn Univ ("now Butler) 1874; est "Clay-
Worker" and editor since 1884; sec Nat Brick Mftrs Assn since 1SS6-
now pres T A Randall & Co and edtr "Clay-Worker" Indpls; res
Indpls.

fM B Bl'RFORD, born Independence, Mo.. Nov 18. 1,S46; at 15 came to
Indpls; employed in printing office of Wm Braden; returned to Mis-
souri 1863; joined state militia; after civil war att coll: cami- to
Indpls 1867; with Mr Braden founded firm of Braden & Burford
(Wm B Burford since 1S75) ; state printer many years; res Indpls.

DWARD MASON, illustrator, born Wilmington. Del, Aug 10. 1864;
learned trade lithographer at IS; came to Indpls to make illustrations
for Wm H English's "Conquest of the Northwest"; afterwards pur-
chased the engrav bus of Baker-Randolph Co; engaged in the illus
and engrav bus .since; res Indpls.

ELIX J KRIEG, born Winona, Minn, Nov 15, 1868; att parochial sch
Dubuque, la, and Indpls; learned printer's trade 1882; with Hollenbeck
Press 1888; now Secy and Supt Hollenbeck Press; res Indpls.

OBT E DARNABY, born Lexington, Ky, March 20, 1864; att pub sch
Lexington; learned printer's trade; came to Indpls 1883; with Hollen-
beck Press since 1886; now Treas and Manager Hollenbeck Press
Indpls; res Indpls.

E STAFFORD, born Millville, Henry Co, Ind. Dec 25, 1870; att Purdue
1 Univ, class '91; mem Sigma Chi; estab Stafford Engrav Co, 1893;
pres and treas Stafford Eng Co, Indpls; res Indpls.

lENBY JA3IESON, physician, born Indpls, Sep 9, 1848; grad Northwestern
Christ Univ (now Butler) 1869; Bellevue Hosp Med Coll 1871; was Dean
Med College of Ind; appt mem Bd of Park Comms 1906; elect pres
same 1908; mem Am, Ind and Indpls Med Socs; res Indpls.

LEMBERT W BBAYTON, physician, born Avon. N Y, March 2, 1848; grad
Chicago Normal sch 1869; att Cornell 1871-2; B S Butler Univ 1878,
M S 1880; M D Ind Med Coll 1879; M S Ind Univ 1SS2; Ph D Purdue
1885; on staff Indpls Journal 1880-6; Prof Ind Med Coll since 1882:
Edit Ind Med Journal 1892-11; mem .\ M A, Ind State Med Soc (pres
1902); Author Birds of Ind, etc; Prof, of Syphilology and Dermatology
Ind Univ Schl of Med; res, Indpls.

EWXON J McGUIBE, lawyer, born near Rising Sun, Ind, Nov 6, 186S;
grad Univ of Mich, LL B 1S92; began pract Rising Sun; taught sch
two terms; came to Indpls 1893; asst city atty 1910-13; State Comdr
Sons of Vets 1892-4; Comdr-in-Chief 1911-12; mem Ind State and Indpls
Bar assns; res Indpls.

OBERT FROST DAGGETT, architect, born Indpls March 13. 1875; grad
Univ of Pa 1896; Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. 1901; began pract
1901; designed Memorial Gym, Agr, Expr Station and other bidgs
Purdue Uni->', Science Bid Ind Univ. R W Long State Hosp, Indpls;
mem Beaux Arts Soc, N Y, Ind Chap A I A; res Indpls.

8ESTON C RUBl'SH, architect, born Fairfield, Ind, March 30, 1867; att
special course Univ of 111; began pract Indpls 1893; mem Ind Chap Am
Inst Archt; mem firm Rubush & Hunter, designers Masonic Temple,
Odd Fellows Bid, State Sch for Deaf, etc, Indpls; res Indpls.

OGAR O HUNTER, architect, born Versailles, Ind, June 13, 1873; att
Arch Dept Univ of Pa, 1896; began pract Indpls 1896; mem Ind Chap
Am Inst Arch; mem firm Rubush & Hunter, Indpls, designers Coliseum,
Fair Grounds, Hume-Mansur Bid, Occidental Realty, City Hall, I. u.
O. F,, Masonic Temple, etc, Indpls; res Indpls.

ERBERT L BASS, architect, born Indpls, Nov 13, 1877; grad Indpls High
sch; began pract with Louis H Gibson 1892; designer Logansport. Leb-
anon, etc. High schls; Indpls Canoe Club, residence J A -Ulison. In^lPl^.
three bldgs Ind Boys' Sch, Plainfield, Ben Hur Ofhce Bldg, craNvtords-
ville; mem A. L A. and Ind Chap A I A; res Indpls.

EBBERT FOLTZ, architect, born Indpls. Feb 23. 1867: grad R^'f\ •;"''' ^■:
tech, Terre Haute, B S 18S6; Engr 111 Steel Co, 18";91: P'''^'=S^"^P'''
since; designed S E Hosp Ins. Madison; new bldgs bou Hosp Insane.
Evankville; Epileptic Village, Newcastle; Y M C A bid, Indpls, etc.
Fellow Am Inst Arch; res Indpls.

ENRY H HORNBROOK, lawyer, born EvansviUe, Ind Feb 15 1870; grad
DePauw 1892, Harvard Law Sch 1894; pract Indpls since, mem Am.
Ind State, Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls.
iRL H WEYL, lawyer, born Franklin, Ind May 27, ISSl . |rad f'-an^lin
Coll, Ph B 1901; Ind Law Sch, LL B 1902. Harvard 1903-4, lect COM
law and real prop Am Cen Law sch, Inapls; mem Hanklin, Ind Stale
and Indpls Bar assns; res Woodruff PI, Indpis.
aSTIN F DENNY, lawyer, born Marion Co, I^d July 6, 1841; grad North-
western Christ Univ (now Butler) 1S62; grad Law Sch Haixaid K^b^,
pract Indpls since; res Indpls.

V-^V^ZvCcgc <.»•*■

ffla^ ti^U^A^ 1)

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

JOHN F. BARNinLI., surgeon, born 111 1S65; grad. Cent. Coll Phy and
Surg Indpls; studied N T Eye and Ear Infirm, N Y Polyclin, Cent Lon-
don Ear, Nose and Throat Hosp, Ear Dept Univ Vienna; professor dis-
eases Ear, Nose and Throat Ind Univ Schl Med; mem A M A, Amer
Laryn, Amer Otol, Ind State Med Socs, Fellow Amer Coll of Surg; Co-
Author Barnhill & Wales Modern Otology; res Indpls.
JOHN W. SLl'SS, surgeon, born Cloverdale. Ind, Aug 27, 1S67; B S DePauw
Univ 1890, A M 1S94; M D Ind Univ 1893; hosp courses London and
Paris 1905: assc prof siirg Ind Univ Sch Med; was Supt City Hosp;
Capt and Asst Surg Ind N G; Secy Marion Co Bd Health; mem A M A,
Miss Vall, etc. Med socs; Author "Emergency Surgery"; res Indpls.
BEBNHABD ERDMAN, physician and surgeon, born Pittsburg, Pa, Nov,
1876; grad Ind Med Coll 1897; clinician Ind Univ Sch of Med; mem
A M A, Ind State Med and Indpls Med Soc. Am Urolog assn ; Fellow
Am Coll of Surg 1914; altern in G U Indpls City Hosp, etc; res Indpls.
ALFRED S JAEGER, surgeon, born New York Citv, May 28, 1874; grad
Missouri Med Coll, M D 1897; A B City Coll, N Y, 1892; Obst Surg Citv
Hosp; att Abdom Surg and Dis of Women Protest-Deaconess Hosp; Prof
Comp Path Ind Vet Coll; Lect Path Protest-Deaconess Hosp and East-
man Hosp, etc; Editor Bulletin Comp Medicine and Surgery; mem
A M A, Ind State Med assn, etc; res Indpls.
GENERAL, W H KEMPER, physician, born Rush Co, Ind, Dec 16, 1839; pvt
7th Ind Vols 1861; hosp stew 17th Ind Vols 1861-3, asst surg 1863-4;
att med lect Univ Mich 1864-5; M D, L I Coll Hosp 1865; Post-grad
N Y Polyclin 1S86: pract in Muncie since 1865; Coroner Delaware Co
1S70-5: U S Ex Surg 1872-93; Pres Del Co Med soc 1879. Ind State Med
soc 1886-7; Author "The World's Anatomist," etc; res Muncie, Ind.
SAMrEL E E.ARP, physician, born Lebanon, 111, Dec 19, 1858; grad Mc-
Kendree Coll, B S, M S, M L 1879; Central Coll Phy and Surg, Indpls,
1882; chm Bd of Health 1885-6; police surg 1891-5; now clin prof med
Ind Univ Sch Med; mem staff City, St Vincent's and Deaconess hosps;
Editor Indpls Medical Journal; mem A M A, State and Indpls Med
assns; res Indpls.
JOHN KOLMER, born Zotzonbach. Germany, Dec 15, 1865; came to U S
1881; att Cent Norm sch, Danville, 1886; came to Indpls 1887; grad
Jefferson Med Coll, Phila, 1894; returned to Indpls 1896, began pract;
post-grad med schls and hosps Berlin, Heidelberg, Vienna. Munich 1899;
mem A M A, State and Indpls Med assns; life mem Obst and Gynec
Soc, Germany; res Indpls.
GEORGE J COOK, surgeon, born Allegh Co, Pa. Feb 12, 1844; grad Ky
Sch Med 1866; mem faculty till 1882; came to Indpls, pract since, spe-
cialist surg treatment gastro-intest and rectal disorders; was Secy Ind
Med Coll 1896-1905; mem A M A; Am Proct Soc; Miss Vall (form
pres), Ind State (form pres), Indpls Med socs; res Indpls.
JOHN H OLIVER, surgeon, born Clermont, Ind, April 16, 1859; att Butler
Coll 1878; A M Wabash Coll 1879; Supt City Hosp. Indpls, 1887-91;
Surg 2nd Reg Ind N G 1883-95; post-grad Berlin and Vienna; Fellow
Am Coll of Surg; Prof Surg Ind Univ Sch Med; res Indpls.
HARRY A JACOBS, physician and surgeon, born Indpls, March 21, 1880;
grad Med Coll of Ind, M D 1901; interne City Disp 1901; mem A M A,
Ind State and Indpls Med assns; res Indpls.
WILLI.\M WATSON WOOLLEN, author and lawyer; born Indpls, May 28,
1838; grad law dept N W Chrstn (now Butler) Univ; adm bar 1861;
Dist atty 1862-66; Co atty 1882-5; gave Indpls "Buzzard's Roost," 44
acres, Dec 9. 1909; honorary mem Indpls Bar assn; Am Civ Lgue;
mem Ind Audubon soc; Ind Acad of Scien; A A A S; Am Hum soc;
State Bar assn, etc; res Indpls.
HARRY E NEGLEY, lawyer, born Marion Co, near Castleton, Aug 31. 1866;
att pub and high schls. Brightwood; studied law and adm bar Nov
1890; elect City council 1899; re-elect 1901; res Indpls.
CASSIl'S C SHIRLEY, lawyer, born Russiaville. Ind, Nov 28. 1859; att
Asbury (now DePauw) Univ 1877-8; LL B Univ of Mich 1881; pract
Kokomo 1881-1906; since Indpls; mem firm Miller, Shirley, Miller &
Thompson; pros atty 36th jud circ 1882-4; citv atty Kokomo 1884-1900;
mem Am, Ind State. Indpls Bar a.ssns; res Indpls.
WALTER J TINGLE, lawyer, born Zionsville. Ind, May 21, 1877; grad
Union High acad 1897: Indpls Coll Law 1907; taught sch Hamilton Co,
Ind, 1897-1901; ciTy elect comm Indpls 1909; elect Legis 1910-12; res
Indpls.
HAROLD TAYLOR, lawyer, born Indpls Jan 22. 1862; att Wabash Coll
1878-Sl; Univ of Mich LL B 1891; A M Wabash Coll 1901; Offc Crt
Reptr Marion Co 1882-90; adm bar 1891; mem Am, Ind State and Indpls
Bar assns; res Indpls.
ALFRED F POTTS, lawyer, born Richmond, Ind, Oct 28, 1856; att law
dept Univ of Mich 1875-6; partner with John L Griffiths 25 years;
originator substitute for Munie Ownership Pub Util adopt by Consmrs
Nat Gas Co 1887; same plan applied by Citz Gas Co 1905; plan provides
for self-perpetuating bd of trust eliminating stock manipulation; ex-
pres Commercial Club; res Indpls,
FRANK BLACKLEDGE, lawyer, born Bluffton, Ind, Nov 21, 1857; grad

^CM>fC

x//-^^^C^f-?^.^/V^

CUJ

■X> i:i, if>bv: grad ^ J^

; adm bar Boone- ^-\ // /J

889-93; appt asst \] (\ y >0 /^,. l/'/I

n Am. State and JX.'C7'>.-C^C^(2^x<3<V--^ X..y<..,^l^ty<

HARRY IIENDRICKSON, fawye~r, born Indpls Nov 23 1874; grad Ind Law I J / y y /"

^^„„ „„/ T^T^i^ ^°5-°"^'?^?„^^'^.-'^ US Statutes. Wash, D C, 1904-5; expet /^/ X ^/

JOHN B COCKRUM, lawyer, born Oakland City, Ind, Sep 12, 1857- grad
Cincinnati Law sch 1879; taugh sch Gibson Co 1875-6-7
ville; came to Indpls 18S9; appt asst Dist U S atty 1
Gen Atty L E & W Ry 1893-4; gen atty since; mem
Tndpls Bar assns; res Indpls

Ind Law
04-5; expe
secy Ind Fish,

spec agt U S Census 1900; citv chm Prog party 1913-

Game and Forestry Leag; res Indpls.
LIN'rON A. COX, lawyer, born Azalia, Barth Co, Ind, Sep 2, 186S; grad

Earlham Coll B S 1888; Univ of Mich LL B 1890; State Sen 1907-10;

author 60-cent gas bill" law Leg 1907; mem Am, State and Indpls

Bar assns; res Indpls.
VIN.SON CARTER lawyer, born Morgan Co, Ind, July 16, 1840; grad Ind

.i,!>T' 1 1 • o ^' '^S^'''' began pract Indpls 1867; mem Legis 18S1;

elect Judge Super Ct Marion Co 1894; re-elct 1898-1902-190G ■ now

counsel and trust off Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; mem Stale and indpls

Bar assns; res Indpls.

WHO'S WHO IX INDIANA

GEORGE W COMBS, physi

Med Coll Of ind 1SS4; pl"y^inL,°N v"'^ J"^u^|ri^Lon''l^ ^^"'^
Vienna and Paris 1901-6-11: assoc elin prof gastro iS ^.r^^'ln^^^
Univ Sch Med; surg to city hosp rectal afl- rno^A Tl iTa sdte-
Indpls med socs: Fellow Ana Proctol soc, etc- res Indpls

THOMAS B EASTMAN, born Brownsburg, Ind, Apl 8 1869- irnd Wnl,..«h
Coll. A B 1890; M D Cent Coll Phy & Surgs Indpis 189 V Hinir n n -nf
Gynec Ind Univ Sch of Med; mem Amer ^A M A Vr^ Wn Obst and
Gynec Ind State and Marion Co Med socs P A C S; re^ Indpls

^^^i'.'^-'?''. "ItJ!^.?^? „*,• ??'„ ??5'^.'^t^ b°rn Watseka. Ill, Dec 9, 1870; B S

m?-l'2')Tres^'Sffyettl!°' ''''' '°"' ^'''" ^""'^ ^°"*"°' "^^"'^'^ ''^'''^
WILLIAM P BEST, physician, born Fairfield. Ind. Aug 3 1SG4- "rad
Eclectic Med Inst. Cincinnati. M D ISSS; N Y Pnst-Grad 1899'- Thon
ScD Potomac Univ 1906); trustee Eel Med Coll (form "Inqt") Clncin-
^f^V J^^^ ^>*„.^'^'''^ ^^®" '^^^ 1906—); Ind State Eclec Med Soc (sec
1S93-9, pres 1900); Marion Co Eclec soc; res Indpls.

CHARLES R SOAATiER. physician, born Rockcastle Co, Kv Feb 16 1870-
taught sch Hendricks Co, Ind; att DePauw Univ; 111" Med Coll Chi-
cago; grad Coll Phy & Surgs, Indpls, M D 1898; post-grad John' Hop-
kms Univ; clin prof med Ind Univ Sch Med; mem A M A- Ind
State and Indpls Med socs; res Indpls.

LOUIS A GREINER, V S, born Alsace-Loraine, Germany Dec 8 1854-
att Lutheran Sem, Buffalo, N Y, 1S67-8; att Vet Coll Phila, 1875-76-'
grad Ind Vet Coll, 1895; post-grad at Stuttgart. 1896; former prof of
shoeing and lameness at Ind Vet Coll; hon V S Terre Haute Vet Coll:
prof lameness and shoeing, cattle path and clin med Terre Haute Vet
Coll: res Indpls.

G H ROBERTS, V S, born Alabama, N Y, Nov 1, 1864; grad Genessee
Wesyl Sem, Lima, N Y, 1885; grad N Y City Vet Coll 1888; pres chem
Vet Coll, Indpls, 1891 — ; Prof Theory and Prac Ind Vet Coll; Dir Biol
Lab Pittman-Moore Co; Field Vet of Ind 1901-13; res Indpls.

FERDINAND A MUELLER, pharmacist, born Indpls Nov 23, 1862: grad
Cincinnati Coll Phar. PhG 1886; Ind Vet Coll, V S 1896: prof chem
Toxicol. Phar and Bot Ind Vet Coll: prof Materi Med and Phar
Indpls Sch of Phar: instrumental in est Ind Vet Coll 1892, and reorg
Indpls Sch of Phar 1914: druggist Indpls since 1890.

JAMES A ROHBACH, lawyer, born Northumberland Co, Pa May 23, 1864:
A B, A M Western Reserve Univ 1884-1890; Lt Col and ADC staff
Governors of Iowa 1S94-S; LL B Univ Iowa 1893: LL D Univ of Indpls
1914; Dist atty Union Co, Pa, 1891-2; Prof law State Univ Iowa 1892-
9; Prof law 1899 and dean since 1901 Ind sch; res Indpls.

CHAUNCY BUTLER, born Indpls Sep 13, 1848; grad Northwestern Chris-
tain Univ (now Butler Coll) 1869; enlisted at 15, 1S64. in 132nd Ind
Vol; elect .-^ec Butler Coll 1878 and ISSl; elect 1894 and since sec Butler
Coll; res Irvington. Indpls.

CHARLES W iVnLLER, lawyer, born Galena, Ind, Feb 4 1863; grad Univ
of Mich LL D 1884; began pract Greenfield Ind 1S84; taught sch two
years; Mayor Goshen 1888-90; Atty-Gen Ind 1903-7; appt U S Atty
1909-14; pros "Dynamite Cases"; mem Am State and Indpls Bar assns;
res Indpls.

OVID B JA3IESON, lawyer, born Indpls, July 17, 1854; att North-west

Christ (now Butler) Univ 1874; Heidelberg and Berlin Univs 1874-77;

began pract Indpls ISSl; mem Ind Leg 1885; mem Am, State, Indpls

Bar assns; res Indpls.
LINN D HAY, lawyer, born Laporte Co. Ind, Deo 25, 1857; taught sch La-

porte Co. Ind, 3 years; att Mt Union Coll, Ohio. 1881; adm bar 1886,

pros atty Kingman. Kas, 1889-91; came to Indpls lS9:i: city atty

1901-3; elect judge Super ct, room 2, Marion Co, 1914: res, Indpls.
EARL R CONDER, lawyer, born Orleans, Ind, Mch 31, 1877; grad Univ of

Mich LL B 1905: began pract 1905 with Harvey, Pickens. Cox & Kahn;

now mem firm Pickens. Cox & Conder, Indpls; mem Am, State and

Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls.
J OLIAS VANIER, lawyer, born Indpls, Sep 10, 1883; grad Indpls Law sch

1906; adm bar 1906: mem firm Brown, Kepperley & Vanier; mem Stale

a,nd Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls.
I WOODBURN MASSON, lawyer, born Indpls. July 9, 1S69; educ Fhtrdg.-

High sch; Cincinnati Law sch 1890-1, 1894-5; adm bar 1S91; m pract

since 1895; mem Indpls Bar assn: res Indpls.
JOHN C RUCKELSHAUS, lawyer, born Indpls. Mch 11, 1S73; att DePauw

Univ 1892-4; Ind Law sch 1895; pauper atty Marion Co 1S96- < ; assi

pros 1898-9: pros atty 1900-05; chm Rep Co Comm 1907-9; dist State

chm 1912-14; mem Am, Ind State Bar assns: res Indpls.

JAMES W FESLER

Univ A B

Marion Co ^^^ . „, .. — . .. t j i

July 1914; mem Am, Ind and Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls

grad Indpls Cc

"ESLER lawyer, born Morgantown, Ind. Sep 29, ^64; Ind
B 1887; stud law with Harrison. Miller & Elam 1890: cU-rk
o 1894-8; trust Ind Univ 1902—; appt mem Indpls Park Bd
; mem Am, Ind and Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls.
OLLER, lawyer, born Indpls. Oct 1. 1887: att pub schls Indpls:
pis Coll of Law June 1911: pract since: res Indpls.
MERRITT H PERKINS, lawyer, born Greenfield, Mass July 30, 1SS6; att
Greenfield. Mass. High sch 1903; Univ ot Co o B .\ 1910; Indpls CoUot
Law LL B 1912; began pract Indpls 1912; law clerk Appl Ct 1911-1- ,
1913; res Indpls.
S WILTSIE. lawyer, born Henry Co, Ind, -^P' 20, I860: att Iml
ormal lSSO-2; taught sch 1S79-84; dept pros Manon Co 18S. 6.
Tnd Lea-is 1887; pros atty Marion Co 1S94-6. re-elect IS.tb >,
.pStatI' Cent comm 1S92-3- pres Marion club 1893; res. Indpls.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

HENBY W BENNETT, born Indpls, Aug 26, 1S5S; att Indpls High sch:
pnt business as Secy-treas Indpls Stove Co 1877 (now pres) ; appt
Postmaster Indpls Feb 1905. resigned 190S: elec pres State Life Ins Co
Feb, 1907; treas Rep State Cent Comm 1S98-1906; res, Indpls.

ALLISON MAXWELI/, physician, born Bloomington. Ind, Sept 24. 1848:
grad Ind Univ, B A. 1S68; A M, 1871; M D Miami Med Coll, 1876: prof
pract of medicine Ind Uniy Schl of Med; Med Dir State Life Ins Co,
Indpls; memb Ind State Med See, A M A; res Woodruff PI, Indpls.

ALBERT E STERNE, physician, born Cincinnati, O, Apl 28, 1S66; A B
Harv 1887: M D Berlin Univ, 1891; studied univs of Strassburg. Paris.
London. Vienna, Dublin; specialist in nervous and mental diseases and
brain surgery; prof nerv and mental diseases Sch of Med Ind Univ
Asst Surg'Cen, staff Gov. Durbin 1901-5; mem. Am. Miss V and Ohio V
med assns, A A A S, Phi Chi; Med Dir "Norways," Indpls.

JAMES E CLARK, lawyer, born Hendricks Co, Ind, Dec 17, 1854; began
practice of law 1886; Judge Circ Court Hendricks Co, 1906-12; appt
mem Pub Serv Comm of Ind, May 1, 1913.

EDG.4R F KISEB, physician, born Union City, Ind, Apl 16, ISSO; grad
Manual Train High Sch, Indpls. 1897; Med Coll Ind, M D, 1903; Supt.
City Disp, Indpls, 1906-10; prof phys diag and sex hyg. Norm Coll N
Am Gym Union; associate in pediantrics, Ind Univ Sch of Med; res
Indpls.

CHARLES T> Ht'jXrES, physician, born Rush Co, Ind, June 24. 18S2; grad
Moores Hill Coll. 1903; Purdue Sch of Med 1906; Asso Med Dir "Nor-
ways," Indpls; on visit staff City Hos, Indpls; mem Ind Med, A M A;
res Indpls.

MAURICE ALBRECHT, dentist, born Morat, Switzerland, May 26. 1850;
att comm sch Switzerland; came to America 1867; grad Ind Dental
Coll 1883; pract dentistry Indpls 35 years; res Indpls.

WALLACE BUCHANAN, born New London, Mo, Feb 6, 1873; att Shortridge

High Sch, Indpls; began work manager's ofRce I B W Ry, 1S87, Eng^L,
Dept; later with Big Four Ry; entered postal service 1905; now Asst
Supt Mails, Indpls.

CHARLES B FAWTiNER. born Ladoga, Ind, June 24, 1864; grad Shortridge
High Sch, Indpls; ent Postal Serv Indpls. clerk 1885; Postoffice Insp.
1895-9; Ry Mail Serv 1893-95, 99-1913; trans to Supt Mails, Indpls, 1913.

BENJ.-^ailN H DUGDALE, mortgage expert on loan values, born Richmond,
Ind, Oct 13, 1854; att Earlham Coll 1869; came to Indpls 1895; with
State Life Ins Co, Indpls, mortgage loan dept, since 1901; res Indpls.

JOHN C BILLHEI3IER, born Wayne Co, Ind, March 3, 1857; att Valparaiso
Coll 187S; taught sch Wayne Co, 1877; adm bar Washington, Ind, 1879;
pract Washington 23 years; dept Aud State Ind, 1903-6; elect Auditor
State. 1906-8; org Sterling Fire Ins Co, Indpls, 1911; now pres; res
Indpls.

GEORGE B RUBENS, born Chicago, Apl 20, 1870; att pub schls, Chicago;
began work as stage electrician 1888 Chicago Opera House; came to
Indpls 1S90, introducing first electr display in city; elected mem Indpls
City Council 1910-14; now mang Saks & Co interests in Indpls; special
representative Indpls Light & Heat Co.; res Indpls.

JOHN B ELAM, lawyer, born Greene Co, O, Dec 16, 1845; grad Miami Univ
1870; Univ Mich Law dept 1872; came to Indpls 1872; elected pros
atty Marion Co, Ind, 1878-82; res Indpls.

MERRILL MOORES, lawyer, born Indpls, Apl 21, 1856; att Butler Coll
1870-2, 1873-5: Willamette Univ, Salem, Ore, 1872-3; A B Yale 1878:
LL B Central Law sch, Ind, 1880; chm Rep Co Comm Marion Co 1892-6;
asst atty-gen Ind 1894-03; Commr from Ind Nat Conf Uniform State
laws 1909-17; mem Am Bar; pres State Bar 1907-8; Indpls Bar assn
1907; elect to 64th Congress 1914 — ; res Indpls.

WM A PICKENS, lawyer, born Owen Co, Ind, July 22, 1858; educ Spencer
High sch; Ind Univ 1879-81: Columbian Law sch. Wash, D C, 1881-2;
pract law since 1893; adm bar Owen Co, Ind, 1881; appt Corp counsel
Indpls Jan 5. 1914; mem Am Bar. Ind State Bar and Indpls Bar assns;
pres Indpls Bar assn 1911; res Indpls.

WILLL\M N HARDING, lawyer, born Marion Co, Ind, Sep 6, 1852; att
N W Christn (now Butler) Univ; grad Hanover, B A 1876; taught sch
few terms; adm bar 1879; elect pros Marion Co 1884; mem State and
Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls.

EVANS WOOLLEN, lawyer, born Indpls, Nov 28, 1864; grad Yale Coll, A B
1886; M A 1888; pract law Indpls since 1888; secy Commercial Club
1895-1901; now pres Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; vice-pres and counsel
Fletcher Am Nat Bank, Indpls; res Indpls.

EDGAR A BROWN, lawyer, born Lennox, Asht Co, O, Aug 10, 1848; att
Grand River Inst, Austinburg, O, and Earlham Coll 1868; began pract
Indpls 1872; org Tariff Reform League Ind 1889; pres same 1890; elect
Judge Marion Circ Ct 1890-6; chm Township Comm for twnshp elect
1890; res Indpls.

JOHN RAUCH, born in Southgate, Franklin Co, Ind, Aug 4, 1850; att
comm sch until 12; learned cigar making Cincinnati in 1862; came to
Indpls in 1871 and for 40 years was engaged in cigar mftrng; elected
Clerk Circ Ct Marion Co from Jan 1, 1910-15; res Indpls.

MILTON SIMON, lawyer, born Wabash, Ind; att Phillips Acad, Andover,
Mass, 1896; Amherst Coll 1898; B L Univ of Mich 1902; pract law
Indpls since 1902; mem firm Newberger, Richards, Simon & Davis;
mom Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls.

LAWSON M HARVEY, lawyer, born Plainfleld, Ind, Dec 5. 1856; att Indpls
pub schls; Scwall Classical sch; Havcrford Coll, Pa; Butler Coll. Indpls:
Ind Law sch, B L 1892; Judge Super Ct Marion Co 1894-8, 1907; mem
anil pres Indpls Bar assn 1907; mem Ind State Bar assn; res Indpls.

CHARLES REMSTER, judge, born Fountain Co, near Veedersburg, Ind,
July 28, 1S62; att Purdue Univ 1884-8; pract law Veedersburg 1889-95;
came to Indpls 1895; elect Judge Circ Ct Marion Co 1908-14; mem Ind
Bar assn; res Indpls.

^i2<^^^^9<9-»^y

^..<i^^;^<^^^.^**^-eV

^^^rvi

^^Ct^^-^T^-cm ?^J4^:^n>v^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

A A YOUNG, born Johnson Co. Ind, Apl 5, 1852- att Franklin rnli isrs q-
With L S Ayres, indpls, from 1S77-92 ;' Younk & McMurray^

""^^.^J!^! ^°""'' 1S91-95; Chm Rep Co Comm 1S96; appt Coll' of Custonis
Feb 1898; re-appt Mch 1902-6; custodian Fed Bid and disb agt f^r

"""" AT ""OD patent lawyer born Indpls, Dec 25. 1871; grad Rose
.-^o^r ; 1893-a, Columbian (now Geo Wash Univ) LL B
If^ft patent and trade-mark law 1895; mem Am, Ind State.

ARTHUR M HOOD, patent lawyer, born Indpls Dec
Poly Inst. B S. ]>*■ " ■■""" ^ ,. . - . ' •
1895; began pract
ruff'^Pl.^fndpfs"^' ■^^^'''"°^°" and'^Ch7cago"paten7Ear assns: res Wood-

GEORGE B SCHXEY, patent lawyer, born Indpls Apl S 1879 • "rad Mann-il
Train High sch, Indpls 1898; Kenyon Coll b' S 1902; MA 1903; Georgi
Wash UnivLLB 1905; mem Indpls Bar assn; Am Inst Elec Engrs;
asst cxm U S Pat Off 1902-8; with pat dept, Bullock Eleo Mfg Co
Cincinnati, and Allis-Chalmers Co, Milwaukee. 1906-11; now mem firm
Hood & Schley; res Indpls.

GEO F MULL, lawyer, born Manilla, Ind, Dec 7, 1868; grad DePauw Univ
fl-^x-^f^^^ Yale Law LL, B 1894; pract law Indpls since 1894; m.-m
Ind State and Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls.

BERNARD KORBLY, lawyer, born Madison, Ind, June 29 1875- grad St
Joseph's Coll, Tautopolis, 111. 1895; read law in offico of his father
Chas A Korbly, and Alonzo Greene Smith: adm bar Indpls lS9fi- Chrri
Dem State Cent comm 1912—; Chm 7th Cong Distr 1906—- mem Ind
State and Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls.

CHARLES C PETTIJOHX, lawyer, born Indpls, May 5, 1881; grad Indpls
High sch 1900; Ind Univ A B 1902; Ind Law sch 1903; city pros 1?0T •
dept pros atty Marion Co 190S-9; pauper atfv 1910; Dem cand Legis
1914; mem Ind State and Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls.

ALBERT RABB, lawyer, born Fountain County. Ind, Feb 25 1863- grad
Ind Univ A B 1887; Univ of Virg Law sch LL B 1889; 'began' pract
Indpls 1889; U S Referee in Bankruptcy since 1898; asst city atty
1893-5; mem Ind State and Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls.

ISn>ORE FEIBLEMAN, lawyer, born Indpls. May 23, 1873; grad Ind
Univ A B 1893; Ind Law sch LL B 1895; began pract 1898; mem Ind
State and Indpls Bar assns; pros Masonic Temple assn; res Indpls.

RALPH BAMBERGER, lawyer, born Indpls Dec 24, 1871; grad Ind TTnlv
A B 1891; Ind Law sch L L B 1896; priv secy U S Senator Rawlins,
Utah. 1893-4; began pract Indpls 1898; mem Ind Legis 1903; author
"Pension Bill Indpls Sch Teachers"; mem Ind State and Indpls Bar
and Am Bar assns; res, Indpls.

ELLIOTT R HOOTON, lawyer, born Hendricks Co, Ind, Sep 7, 1867; grad
Indpls Coll of Law B L 1900; M L 1902; pros atty Marion Co 1906-9;
re-elect 1909-11; appt Chf Bureau Insp 1911; resgnd May 1, 1913; mem
Am, Ind State and Indpls Bar assns; res. Indpls.

TAYLOR E GRONINGER, lawyer, born Camden. Carroll Co. Ind, March 17,
1871; grad Ind Univ A B 1893; Supt Harrisburgh High sch 4 years;
taught 3 years other places; came to Indpls 1S9S; appt dept pros Indpls
1900; chf dept Crim Ct Marion Co. 1902-4; res Indpls.

ADDISON H NORDYKE. born Richmond, Ind. May 5. 1838: att high sch
Richmond; with his father was engaged in the manftr of flour mills at
Richmond: later came to Indpls and founded the Nordyke & Marmon
Co in 1876; first pres and organizer Indpls Telephone Co; pres Am
Central Life Ins Co 189- ; elect mem County Council 1904-12; res Indpls.

(JACOB PIATT DUNN, author and newspaper writer, born Lawrenceburg.
Ind, Apl 12, 1855; B S Earlham Coll 1874; M S 1888; LL B Mich
Univ 1876; Sec Ind Hist Soc since 1886; State Libr 1889-93; Pres Pub Lib
Comm since 1S99; edit writer Indpls Sentinel 1893-1904: city controller
1904-6, 1914 — ; author "Indiana, a Redemption from Slavery," etc; res
Indpls.

CHARLES MARTINDALE, lawyer, born Newcastle. Ind, June, 1857; att
pub sch Indpls; Phillips Acad, Andover, Mass. 1874; Univ of Berlin,
Germany, 1876; grad Central Law sch, Indpls, 1881; pract law Indpls
since; pres Indpls Schl Bd 1893: author bill establishing Bd of Chlldrens
Guardians and mem bd 1889; mem Ind State Bar assn, Indpls bar assn;
res Indpls.

KOSCOE O HA'WKINS, lawyer, born Chagrin Falls. O.. att comm sch;
studied law and began pract Warren, O: came to Indpls 1S70; pract
law since: elect city atty Indpls 1876-79; sec Marion Co Rep comm
1874-76; chm Co comm 18S0; delg Rep Nat Conv 18S0; ,it senator
Marion, Hancock and Shelby co's 1896; mem State Bar assn, Indpls Bar
assn; res Indpls.

TIRGIL LOCKVVOOD, patent and trademark lawyer, born Ft Branch, Ind.
May 6, 1860; att Ft Branch High sch; Asbury (now DePauw) Univ
1879; Univ of Virg B L 1880-5; taught sch 5 years Haubstadt. Ind;
began pract Detroit 1886; came to Indpls 1891; mem Am, Ind State and
Indpls Bar assns; res Indpls.

CALEB S DENNY, lawyer, born Monroe Co, Ind, May 13, 1850; att Asbury
(now DePauw Univ) 1866-8; read law and began pract Indpls is...;
asst State Libr 1870; asst priv secy to Governors Baker and HcndricUs
1872-3; asst Atty Gen Ind 1873-4; City atty Indpls 1882-6: Mayor
Indpls 1886-90, 1893-95; atty Marion Co 1906-7-8; mem State and Indpls
Bar assns; res Indpls. , , ,,,,, ,

GEORGE L DENNY, born Indpls July 7, 1878; grad St Johns Mill acad
Delafied Wis, 1896; Princeton Univ A B 1900; Ind Law sch LL B
1902; read elk Ind Senate 1903-5; mem Indpls city counc ISl*^-" : P'*'s
Boy's Club assn; capt (retired) list I N G; mem Indpls Bar assn.
res Indpls

assn; res Indpls. icco. -.. MCred

iLFRED R HOVEY. lawyer, born Nunday, N Y Nov 6 \^f,3^: ^",,:V, ,';t, .

Univ, Alfred Center, N Y. 1872-76; studied law Hon^Lucion Batbrnn
1877-80; adm bar in Indpls 1878; pract since

atty Marion Co. Ind,,

J/t^

I ^a-nJur^ ^ . ^^5-YTir-v-L.t.^v^

^--v-

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

E W BRADFORD, patent lawyer, born Matteawamkeag, Me, May 23, 1S62;
grad Oak Grove Sem. Vassalboro, Me, 1882; Central Law sch, Indpls,
1883; pract patent and trademark law since; was Pres Am Patent Law
Assn; Secy Pat and Trademark sect Am Bar assn; Secy Mayflower Desc
Dist of Col; res Indpls.

HENRY r DOOLITTLE, patent lawyer, born "Wash, D C, Oct 10, 1S74: att
Corcoran Scien sch, Columbian (now Geo Wash Univ) ; grad law dept,
B L 1898; for ten years asst with his father, Wm H Doolittle, ex-asst
Comm Patents; mem Indpls Bar assn; Am Chem soc; Univ Club, Wash
D C; res Indpls.

OSCAR D BOHXEN, architect, born Indpls, July 12, 1863; grad Mass Inst
Tech, Boston. Mass, 1881; stud in Europe 1884; pract in Indpls since;
designed Murat Temple, St Vincent Hosp, Ind Nat Bank, etc, Indpls;
French Lick Springs Hotel; institutional bids St. Mary-of-the-Woods ;
mem Am Inst Arch, etc; senior mem firm D A Bohlen & Son, Indpls.

WM S TAYI.OR, lawyer, born Butler Co, Ky, Oct 10. 1853; att comm schls
Butler Co; taught sch 4 years; county clerk 1882; county judge Butler
Co, Ky, 1886; re-elect 1890; Att-Gen Ky 1895; elect Gov Ky 1899; came
to Indpls 1900; pract law since; mem Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls.

FREDERICK E MATSON lawyer, born Morgan Co, O, June 1, 1869; taught
sch at 17; grad Muskingum Coll, New Concord, O. 1893; Univ Mich,
B L 1894; elect State Senate 1901-3; Pres pro tern Sen 1903; Corp Coun-
sel Indpls 1906-10; noteworthy litigation during his term: track elev,
city hall, telephone, gas, brew license cases, etc; mem Am, Ind, Indpls
Bar assns; res Indpls.

CHARLES A DRYER, lawyer, born Hillsboro, 111, Dec 15, 1853; att Hills-
boro acad; grad Asbury (now DePauw) Univ, A B, A M 1875; taught
schl; admt Indpls bar 1876; Master Super Ct, Marion Co, 1884; Pres
Indpls Bar assn 1898; mem Ind Bar assn; res Indpls.

LOriS B EWBANK, lawyer, born Dearborn Co, Ind, 1864; admt bar
1891; prof law Ind Law sch since 1897; Author "Manual Ind Appl
Pract." "Ind Trial Evidence," "Ind Crim Law," "Ind Cumulative Di-
gest 1906-14"; .ioint author "Modern Bus Corp"; elect Judge Marion
Co Circuit Court 1914; res Indpls.

JOHN M WALL, lawyer, born Clermont, Ind. Sept 24, 1868; grad Ind Univ.
A B 1892; admt bar Indpls 1893; chf dep prosecutor 1899-1900; mem
Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls.

AQl'IELA Q JONES, lawyer, born Columbus, Ind, Apl 14, 1852; att Farm-
ington. Me. Acad, Ind Univ; grad Racine, Wis. Coll 1873; grad law
Columbia 1875; city atty Indpls 1893; serv as mem Ind State Bd Char,
Indpls Sink Fund Comm; pres Bd of Trade 1910; mem Ind and Indpls
Bar assns; res Indpls.

CHARLES \V MOORES, lawyer, born Indpls Feb 15, 1862; grad Wabash
Coll, A B 1882, A M 1885; (Litt D 1912); Cent Law sch, Indpls, LL B
1883; U S Commr 1888; mem Bd Sch Commrs 1900-09, v-p 1903-8; Au-
thor (with Wm F Elliott) "Ind Crim Law, 1893," etc; Contr to Am and
Engl Ency of Law, 1st and 2d edits; mem Am, Ind, (now Pres) Indpls
Bar assns; res Indpls.

ELIAS J JACOBY, lawyer, born near Marion, O; became sch teacher at 17;
grad Wesleyan Univ, A B, A M; Law sch, Cincinnati Coll, LL B; was
assoct pract law with former Vice-Pres U S. Chas W Fairbanks; instru-
mental in erection Masonic Temple and Murat Temple, Indpls; now
Pres and Counsel Prudential Casualty Co; res Indpls.

GUILFORD A DEITCH, lawyer, born Franklin. Ind. Nov 3. 1858; att city
schls Indpls; grad Law Sch Univ of Cincinnati 1880; ent pract of law
1880; author "Insurance Digest" and other insurance pubs; legal editor
"Rough Notes," Indpls.

WM F HEINRICHS, lawyer, born Indpls, Apl 7, 1856: grad Moore's Hill
Coll. B S 1878; Ind Med Coll, M D 1879; read law with President
Benj Harrison two years; grad Central Law Sch, Indpls. 1882; res
Indpls.

JOSH E FLOREA, lawyer, born Rush Co, Ind. May 17, 1850: att Knights-
town High sch; grad law N W Christ Univ (now Butler Coll) 1873;
pract law since 1873; res Indpls.

LAAATtENCE B DAVIS, lawyer, born Indpls, Aug 16, 1879; grad Shortridge
High Sch; att Butler 1897; LL B Ind Law Sch (Univ of Indpls) 1899;
mem firm Newberger, Richards, Simon & Davis, Indpls: res Indpls.

JOHN H RADER, lawyer, born Yorktown, Ind, Dec 6, 1865; att common
schls Daleville. Delaware Co, Ind; grad State Normal 1895; taught sch
Delaware Co 1897; grad Ind Law Sch 1899; pract law since 1899; res
Indpls.

ADOLPH SEIDENSTICKER, lawyer, born Indpls, July 30, 1875; grad
Shortridge High Sch 1894; Ind Law Sch 1896; elect mem legis Marion
Co 1909; re-elec 1911; author "Indpls Park law 1909"; law compelling
installation block signals on steam and elect railways 1911; mem State
Bd Pardons; res Indpls.

HENRY F STEVENSON, lawyer, born Greencastle, Ind, May 12, 1864; prep
DePauw Univ; grad Univ Mich, A M 1880; LL B 1882; studied medicine
with his father, Alex C Stevenson, Greencastle, Ind; pract law Indpls
since 1884; res Indpls.

VINCENT G CLIFFORD, born Rush Co. Ind. May 14, 1857; grad Shortridge
High Sch, Indpls, 1877: Butler Coll 1879; Central Law Sch l.'^82;
taught sch Marion and Rush Co's 1880-1; pract law Indpls since 1882:
Superv U S Cen.sus 1900; mem Ind legis 1905; elect judge Supr Ct 1914;
mem Indpls Bar assn: res Indpls.

WILLIAM T PATTEN, born Sullivan Co, Ind. Aug 10, 1S67; grad Ind
Univ, A B 1893; taught sch Sullivan Co 1SS7-S; came to Indpls 1895;
engaged in real estate bus; appt chf dept Aud Marion Co 1908-12;
elect Aud Marion Co 1910; took office 1912-15; res Indpls.

THEOPHILIIS J MOLL, lawyer, born Evansville, Ind, May 25, 1872; grad
DePauw Univ, Ph B 1890-3; Cornell Univ. LL M 1895-0: adm bar
Evansville 1894; moved to Indpls 1901; Dean Am Cent Law Sch, Indpls;
author "Independent Contractors," Contrib to "Stand Ency of Pro-
cedure," "Mod Am Law," "Am Ruling Cases"; mem Ind State Bar
assn; elect judge Supr Ct Marion Co 1914; res Indpls.

CLARENCE E WEIR, judge, born Warren, O, March 24. 1862; grad Hiram
Coll 1886; Cincinnati Law Sch 1889; came to Indpls and adm bar
1889; elect Judge Super Ct. Room 4, Marion Co, Ind, 1908; re-nom 1914;
mem Indpls Bar assn; res Indpls.

CiAy^^-tn^^\^_^

tvujutfjjJr

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

adrn^bar 1S91; praet .aw Inap^^tfn^Y' 18^3.7 s^rSoT cVu'^^rs^-8;^"rts

^-^^<^ C^2-^^->«>^

B W BAY. born Scott Co. Inrl, Nov 21. 1S6S; att State Noriml T, rr,.
Haute, 1SS7-S; taught sch Scott Co lSSS-9 0 ; sec-troas Hoosir? r-is /-i v
Co, Indpis; City Clerk Scottsburg 1S93. woosicr Cabualt>

CHARLES H BRACKETT, born Hannibal, N T, Oct 30 1S5.5- att rlist s<h
Hannibal NT; was many years mgr Empire Drili Co, 'at Louiisville.
Ky for Sou West terr; came to Indpis 1S96: reorg and sec and mang
Columbian Ins Co of Indpis; with Federal Casualty Co Detroit I'tO?-
pres Hoosier Casualty Co, Indpis. since 1909; res Indpis. ' '

LOriS NEWBERGEB, lawyer, born New Cumberland (Now Matthews
Jo^,^- I^e^- IS 1S52; grad N W Christ Univ (now Butler Coll), cla.ss
1S73; pract law Indpis; mem Am, Ind State, Indpis Bar assns- res
Indpis.

PLINY W BABTHOLOMEW, judge, born Cabotville, Hampden Co AIa«s
Aug 4, 1840; grad Union Coll, Schenectady, N Y. A B 1864; A M ISH"'
read law with Judge Jesse Lameroux, Boston Spa, N T; carne to Indpl.s
1S66; elect Judge Super Ct. Marion Co. Room 3, 1S90-6; re-elect 190S
Room 5 ; re-nom 1914 ; res Indpis.

FRANK L LITTLETON, lawyer, born Hancock Co. Ind, Jan 12 1S62- grad
DePauw Univ, B L 1891; adm bar Indpis 1S91; elect mem Ind'Legis
1S97-9; speaker House 1899; gen atty Big Four Ry ; mem Am Ind
State and Marion Co Bar assns; res Indpis.

ULRIC Z \AaLEY, lawyer, born Jeff Co, Ind, Nov 14, 1848; grad Hanover
Coll, A B, M A, LL, D. 1867-1897; began pract Fowler Ind, lS7r, •
County atty Benton Co 1875-7; repr legis 1883-5; Judge Circ Ct, Ben-
ton, Jasper, Newton 1892-97; Judge Appel Ct Ind, 1897-1907; mem Am,
Tnd State Bar assns; res Indpis.

JOSEPH A UnNTl'BN, patent lawyer, born Athens Co, O. June 20, 1S61 ;
att Indpis High sch 1878; grad Fa Mil Coll, Chester, Pa. 1S80; Indpis
Law Sch 1S95; spec patent and trade-mark law since 1895; mem
Indpis Bar assn; res Indpis.

GEORGE H BATCHELOR, lawyer, born Vernon, Ind, Sep 14. 1871; grad
Ind Univ, A B 1S92; Columbia Univ, A M 1894; began pract Indpis
1895; mem Ain. Ind State. Indpis Bar assns; sec Ind State Bar assii
since 1907; pres Sigmi Chi Alum assn 1913; dept clerk Ind Supreme Ct
1.S9S-1906; res Indpis.

WILLITTS A BASTLAN. lawyer, born Ligonier, Ind, Oct 20. 1866; grad
DePauw Univ, A B, LL B, 1891; began pract Indpis 1896; taught sch
Hastings, Neb, and Lagrange. Ind; Chm Prog party, Marion Co, 1912;
mem Am, State and Indpis Bar assns; res Indpis.

IBURST H SARGENT, lawyer, born Carthage. Ind, Feb IS, 1879; grad
Moore's Hill Col, 1902; Univ of Mich, LL B 1905; admit bar Lawrence-
burg, Ind, 1903; Mich bar 1905; came to Indpis Oct 1905; pract law
since; mem Indpis Bar assn, res Indpis.

FRED E BARRETT, lawver. born Greenfield, Ind, Jan 12, 1SS2; att Butler
Coll, 188S-9; Culver Acad. 1900; grad Ind Law schl 1903; Pres Ind Dem
Club 1913; City atty Indpis 1914; Chm Dem Co comm 1914; mem .\m.
State, Indpis Bar assns; res Indpis.

CHARLES F BEMY, lawyer, born Bartholomew Co, Ind, Feb 25, 1860; grad
Franklin Coll. A B 1884, A M 1886; Univ Mich LL B 1SS8; began pract
Columbus, Ind, 1888-96; elec Legis Barth Co, 1895; elect Repr Supr Ct
Ind 1896; re-elect 1900; taught schl 5 years; pract law firm Remy &
Berryhill since 1895; mem State, Indpis Bar assns; res Indpis.

CHARLES W SJnTH, lawyer, born Hendricks Co. Ind, Feb 3, 1846; grad
Asbury (now DePauw Univ), A B, A M, 1867; began pract Indpis 1S6S;
mem Am, State and Indpis Bar assns; res Indpis.

S MAHLON UNGER, lawyer, born near Arcadia, Hamilton Co, Ind, Oct 17,
1871; grad Ind Univ, A B 1896; Ind Law sch, LL B 1898; res Indpis.

aOMER L COOK, born Wabash Co. Ind, 1867; grad State Normal. Terre
Haute, 1895; att Butler Coll 1904-5; Chicago Univ 1901; taught country
and Indpis pub schls 11 years; County Supt Marion Co, 1903-7; mem
Legis 1911-13; Speaker of House 1913; Chm comm on educ Panama-
Pac Exp comm; res Indpis.

fAMES M OGDEN, lawyer, born Danville, Ind, Apl 5, 1S70; grad DePauw,
Ph B 1894; Harvard Law sch. LL B 1899; taught schl and princ Ken-
dallville High sch 1894-6; came to Indpis 1899, pract since; author
"Ogden's Negotiable Instruments"; contrib "Cyc of Law"; lectr Ind
Law sch; mem Ind and Indpis Bar assns; res Indpis.

lEORGE W GALVIN, lawver. born Jamestown, Ind. .\pl IS. IMT; alt
Northwestern Christ (now Butler) Univ 1861-6; enlist at 14 as drummer
boy civ war, served 22 months; 17th. 40th and 132nd Ind Inl ; studied
law with Judges David McDonald and Saml E Perkins; pract law
Kansas City, Mo, 1868-75; came to Indpis 1875, pract law since; res
Indpis.

VILLIAM P HEROD, lawyer, born July 27, 1864, Columbus. Ind; grad

, Yale, A B 1SS6: stud law with his father, W W Herod; admt bar Indpis
1SS7; prof med jurisprudence Cent Coll Phy & Surg. Indpis, 190C; U b
Comms 1S98; mem Am, Indpis Bar assns; pres Ind lale Alumn assn,
pres Ind DKE assn 1913-14; res Indpis.

)HALMERS BROWN, born Cumberland, Gucrncsy Co, ".•!■'" '''■ l^;''^;
with Wm K Bellis, org Ry Off & Empl Accnt Assn 1884; one ot lu;
orgn of Reserve Loan Life Ins Co, Indpis, and pros since or.^n l."-.'..
res Indpis.

-r-K.-

a^u

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

mang Indpls -

Dept Master Scottish Rite; res Indpis.

RICHARD C HERRICK. -born New York City, July 13. 1S50; began news-
paper work New York 1878; came to Indpis 1880; ex-ec clerk to Gov
Isaac P Gray 1884; sec Bd of Safety 1893-7; with Indpis News six
years; now Pacific coast repr French Lick Springs Co; res Indpis.

RICHARD LIEBER, son of Otto Leiber. Priv Councillor Pruss Govt, born
"t Johann-Saarbruecken, Ger, Sept 5 1869; att sch Duesseldorf. later
London; came to Indpis 1891; city edt Ind Tribune 1893-7; mus crit
Indpis Journal 1899 in conn May Music Festv; chm comm on Pub Util
Advisory Corns Mayor Shank's adm 1910-14; res Indpis.

ARTEAirS N HADLEV, inventor, born Clinton Co, O, Feb 6, 1S42; grad
Earlham Coll 1862; hon M A Earlham Coll 1912; inv mchn for spinning
wool and cotton 1867; came to Indpis 1873; has since inv various
agrl machinery, drain tile, corn harvester, farm derrick, Hadley System,
etc; res Indpis.

KURT VONNEGUT. architect, born Indpis. Nov 24, 1884; att Shortridge
High Sch 1900; Strassburg Univ, Germany, 1900-3; Mass Inst of Techn.
Boston B A, M A 1908-10; mem Indpis Archt assn; mem firm of
Vonnegut & Bohn. 'indpis; designers Herron Ai;t Inst. Shrtdge High
Sch Fletcher Sav & Trust bldgs, Indpis; Eliza Fowler Hall. Purdue
Uni'v, Lafayette; Student's bidg, Ind Univ, Bloomington; res Indpis.

HENRY C BRUBAKER, architect, horn Lancaster, Pa. May 3. 1874; att
Franklin & Marshall Coll, Lancaster, Pa. 1891; 4 years pract largest
cities in Mexico; designer Board of Trade bIdg. Indpis; State Tuber-
culosis Hosp, Rockville. Ind; Riverside and Brookside grade schls.
Indpis; mem firm Brubaker & Stern, Indpis.

FRED R BONinEL.D, lawyer, born Danville, Ind, Oct 2 1880; grad High
sch, Decatur, 111; Indpis Coll of Law 1904; City pros, Indpis, 1906-11;
instr criminal law and procdr Am Cent Law sch, Indpis, since 1905;
mem Indpis Bar assn; res Indpis.

EDWIN M S STEERS, lawyer, born Orleans, Ind, Sep 30, 1881; grad
Orleans High sch; Indpis Coll of Law 1906; mem Indpis Bar assn;
mem firm Bonifield & Steers; res Indpis.

WM H BIcLl'CAS, architect, born Bristol. Eng, Sep 24, 1881; grad Heriot-
Watt Coll and Royal Inst, Edinburg, Scotland; serv apprntshp 6 years
chf asst with Geo Craig, archt Schl Bd, Edinburg & Leith, Scot; came
to U S 1910; designed vocational bldg Ind State Normal, Terre Haute,
etc; res Indpis.

PETER B TRONE, insurance man, born and reared on farm. Saline Co,
Mo, until 20; comm trav 1887; mem bd dire Ind Trav Accident Assn,
Indpis, 7 years; elect sec-treas June 1910; re-elect Jan 14; res Indpis.

miLI.^H H HOWARD, born Stockwell, Tipp Co, Ind, Feb 9, 1873; att
High sch, Stockwell; came to Indpis 1890; traffic manager Bassett
Grain Co 1895-1905; sec-treas Indpis Grain Co 1905-07; formed White &
Howard Grain Co 1907-8: sec Indpis Bd of Trade since 1909; res Indpis.

CHARLES E FERGUSON, physician, born Indpis, May 29, 1856; grad Ind
Med Coll 1892; on faculty as teacher and professor 22 years; now
Clin prof obstetrics; was Secy Bd of Health and Supt City Hosp; res
Indpis.

B M GUNDEUFINGEB, physician and surgeon, born Indpis, Jan 2, 1875;
grad City Coll, N Y; Cent Coll Phy & Surg. Indpis, 1897; post-grad Post-
Grad Sch & Hosp. N Y, 1897; interne Good Samaritan Disp. N Y; pract
in Indpis since 1897; res Indpis.

JOHN F ENGELKE, lawyer, born Indpis, July 16, 1880;' grad Manual
Train High sch 1898; in Post Office, Indpis, 1898-1902; grad Law Dept
Mich Univ, LL B 1905; Dept Pros Marion Co 1906-7; City Pros 1911-14;
mem Indpis Bar assn; res Indpis.

FRANK E GAVIN, lawyer, born Greensburg, Ind, Feb 20, 1854;. grad Har-
vard, A B 1873; admt bar 1875; Judge Appi Ct 1892-7; came to Indpis
1896; was Pres Indpis Commcl Club; Pres Assc Harvard clubs 1902-3;
Pres State Bar assn 1912-13; treas 1900-12; mem Am, State and Indpis
Bar assns; 33rd deg Mason G-M Grand Lodge Masons Ind 1894-5; res
Indpis.

ElilAS D SALSBURT, lawyer, born Elkhart Co, Ind, July 23. 1867; taught
sch Elkhart Co 1886-91; grad Univ Mich, LL B 1892; pract law Goshen
1892-8; Captain Co C 157th Ind Vol Span-Am war; pract Indpis since
1899; mem Am and Treas State Bar assn since 1912; res Indpis.

JOHN OSCAR HENDERSON, born New London. Ind. Sep 1, 1847; grad
DoPauw, B S 1872; taught sch Howard Co 1867-8; with his brother,
Howard E, published Kokomo Dispatch till July 1914; was mem Dem
State Cent Comm and mem Dem State Exec Comm; U S Int Rev Coll
1885-7; elect Aud Ind 1890, re-elect 1892 rehired 1895 to engage in
mftrng; res Indpis.

WARD H WATSON, lawyer, born Harrison Co, Ind; read law with Judge
James K Marsh, Jeffersonville, 1881-3; elect Sen Clark and Jeff Cos
1895-7; elect Judge Appl Ct 1906-10; trustee since 1909 and Pres Bd
Trust Moore's Hill Coll 1911; mem State Bar assn; res Charlestown, Ind.

ADOLPH J MEYFIR, born Indpis, May 3, 1864; att Shattuck Sch and Milt
Acad, Faribault, Minn, 1881-3; eng in real estate and ins bus in Indpis
since 1884; mem Indpis Bd of Trade 29 years, gov bd 7 years, v-p 1913-
14, was pres 1914-15; res Indpis.

LEANDER J MONKS, lawyer, born "Winchester, Ind, July 10, 1848; ed Ind
Univ (LL D Wabash Coll 1907); admt bar 1869; Judge 25th Jud Circ
1878-94; Justice Supreme Ct 1895-13; (chf Just 1904); mem law firm
Monks. Robbins, Starr & Goodrich, Indpis; res Winchester, Ind.

Cr,ARKNCE MARTINDAUE, architect, born Indpis. Apl 18. 1866; grad
Schtidge High sch, Indpis; began pract 1895; designed Hendricks Co
Court House, Danville, "Abraham Lincoln." "Nathaniel Hawthorne" and
other public sch houses, Indpis; Ind Girls' Indstrl sch; mem- Am Inst
Arch, Indpis Chapter; res, Indpis.

AVILLIAM B CRAIG, veterinarian; grad Ind Med College, M D 1893; On-
tario Veterinary College, Toronto, Can, V S 1889; dean Indiana Veteri-
nary College; res Indpis.

<sx^

JR,^/,^ Tg'.^^^t'^W'

Ujt.^Uf

K^^rT'i^h^^^

WHO'S WHO IN IXIJIAXA

Indpls 1879: eng electrotypins bus ?^<=i " -Vw"'? ^"^-■^="' = «'^'"t- ''•
Fdry; now pres Indpls Elec?ro"t^pe' Foundry ; res'lndplf' ^"^<="-''^>'»-
DAVID G A^^LEY, born Weston Vt Mav IS ^<i'.^>. ,. „,

Woodstock. Vt, 1874; taught sch Vt 4 vpIvJ^" = ^" ^'^^'^ f^'^'er Aca.I
indpls Gas Co till 'isgit with Indols FWtr^.';"° to Indpl.s ISSi; with
present; now sec-treas Indpls Elect'"otyp?'l?o'rc?7y°; r'^s'^n^pls''" ^"'

^^toV7p^-\^?l;''°en"^Si';f^ ^us'^'^st'l ?' '""^ ^" ~ -" = —
Cheltenham Press ^19nTBool.walter Ball P^-irr""' ^^"^'P'-''' l""-^' -""'^
Bookwalter Ball Ptg Co. InSp^sfres^ndpls "^ ^"^ ''"' ^'^-^-P'-'^

CHARLES A PATTERSON, born Pittsburg Pa 18^^- n,,

came to Indpls 1859; ens electrnti-rlino- 'k '■, c , -°' ^U comm sch :
Electrotype Co, Indplk; res IndpL, ^^ ^ ^"^ ^^"' ^^ '"ang Indiana

JAMES L PXOYD, born Indpls June 2 1877- -,-o^ t /■ , ...

eng in wholesale paper business wiihrrV«.!^nt'^J"''P''^"'sh ^'^h 18r.fi:

now sec Crescent Paper Co indpTs^reflndpTs/^^"'' ^"^ '"^P'^' ^'"O'

FRANK E n.OyD, born Indpls Tan ■>=; ist-. <-.

High sch 1890;'began bus^'wUlf Bowen-nVrVifl' Co°"mo-' w'.^^^ '"'''^'^
Paper Co s nee 1S97- now son -m^ZJ ntJ .^ ISSO . with Crc-scent
Indpls. ^ " "'^"° Crescent Paper Co, Indpls; ns

CHASS MURPHY, born Nebraska City Neb Jan ". iot-?- .<■

Indpls; with R L Polk & Co publishers in ,hr?j^\- ^' ,'^' "="'"'" ^'^'^
1SS4; became manager 1900; res Indpfs. Indianapolis office since

'"'^';^il'Slf:l'^Sr/n\°[.^ i^n°T8'^89^^.'jfh 'Z'v '""'l ''• ^^^^^ ^^ —
eral manager lllison' Coupori^Co^'lnd^ls ; ^es'lndp'is""^"" ^°= "°" ^^"-
DR H C ]>L.^RTIN, born Harborcreek Pa Ar,i i =; isqq. ^ .. ■

eTt ^"n'd ';dft '"^ough 'Nltet^^;'d%\^\\„^,'^^

ance topics; res Indpls. -^napis, since Nov IS,!,; writer on msur-

CHARLES EUTNO BOND, banker, born Fort Wayne Feb "fi 18^t^- »H„.
m Ft Wayne Pub Sch; V P Old Nat Brnl., su^c pfrt Wavne Nat Bk
and Branch Bk State of Ind ; res Ft Wayne. w aj ne .Nat Bk

CHARLES H WORDEN, banker, born Ft Wavne Sent 14 1S57- ^rr^rl irt
Wayne H S 1879; Mich Un 1883; prac Yaw with Judg; All^n ZoUar^-
V P and mng officer First Nat Bk of Ft Wayne; res Ft Wayne '

CHARLES Mcculloch, banker, born Ft Wayne, Sept 3 1S40- son of

fi^rft"^ F?e^e^s"ch"cuv"<^°''^'-,"" ^' ^'^^'"^ Private ind'pub'sch°grai
T^r;,ct..o , ^ *^ Councilman two terms; First Bd Water Works'

Trustee; secured pure well water and munic ownership of Water Works
Ft'wa/n" ^"^ """^ ^"'" Hamilton Co; Pres Hamilt'in Nat Bank; res

5A3IUEL M FOSTER banker: Pres German Am Bank, Ft Wavne: born
Pub Sch Bd^ 7' ^l>' 1- 1^51; grad Tale, A B 1879; 'Trustee Ft Wavne
Pn P^» ? n^; S'"®^ ^^"^ -^"^ T'""^t C:o: Pres Lincoln Nat Life Ins
??;/^^? ^f™J. ^ ^°^*'^'' C°: Treas Ft Wayne Land & Imp Co: Pres
Kn^\fu.^^7'i\P°l ^''^''^ ^* ^^^'"^ Hotel Co; Chmn Bd Wayne
Knit Mills; V P West Gas Construe Co; V P Phys Defense Co; Secv
ft Wayne Box Co; mem Bd Trust Purdue Univ; res Ft Wayne.

FAMES B HARPER, lawyer, born on farm in Aboite Tp, Allen Co Ind •
A A TT^o°^® ^*™' Huntington Co; Ft Wayne M E Coll; Ind T'niv 1S75|
Atty U S Commis ISSO; res Ft Wayne.

'^^^IKY M AATLLL^MS, publicist, born Ft Wayne. Jan 24, 1843: educ Ft
Wayne private schs, Miami Univ. Oxford. Ohio, Princeton Coll TTniv
ot Groetmgen. Germany, Univ of London, Eng; 1st Lt 11th Artil Civil
War; res Ft Wayne.

V1LLL4BI S O'ROURKE, lawyer, born at Ft Wayne, Jan 6. 1838- was
educated in the Ft Wayne public sch and Cathedral Sch. Univ of Mich;
former Prosecuting Atty; res Ft Wayne.

lENRY RUDESILL f-REE.MAN, banker, born at Ft Wayne, Jan 27. 1856;
att Ft Wayne Pub Schs: in banking business with First Nat Bank of
f't Wayne since 1873; Cashier of First Nat Bank of Ft Wayne since

'HOBL-VS E ELLISON, lawyer, born LaGrange, Ind, Aug 12. 1852; att
LaGrange Coll Inst; adm Ind Bar 1873: moved to Ft Wavne 1876: Co
Atty Allen Co 1883-84; mem Bd of State Char 1894-1901; State Sen
1894; author Dependent Children law. etc; estab parole svs and Indetcrm
Sentence: First Pres Ind Reformt Bd ; V P Nat Conf Char: apptd hy
Pres Hayes to Inter Nat Prison Ceng, Brussels; mem Am Bar Assn:
res Ft Wayne.

'ILLIAai HAHN, merchant, born Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany; came to
Ft Wayne 1887; assoc with Jlr Thos Stewart. Bost Store, now .sole
owner; dir Anthony Wayne Knit Mills Assn. Ideal Auto Co. Bash Fer-
tilizer Co. Peoples Trust Co, First Nat Bank; res Ft AVayne.

■RED B SHOAFF, lawyer, born Ft Wayne, Oct 7, 1877; att Williams Coll

(Mass), Univ of Mich, Coluinbia Univ and Heidelberg Univ (Germany):
Treas Builders' Co; erected Shoaff off bidg; res Ft Wayne.

s^^^C^t^

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/^^. uLa^^i*^',^^

J^^^-^/!^ c:i^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

O K JOHXSON. newspaper man, born Dublin. Ind, Jlch 5, 1856 ; grad Indpis
High schi ISTO- Eutlf-r coll 'TS; entered newspaper work iS: City eel
Indpls Journal lSSl-84; Vice Consol. T.ondon. May, 1SS9 till Nov 1890;
Indpls News 1890-97; genl agt L E & W Ry 1900; Indpls News 1900.

1-R\NK M "KIN" IIIBBARD, caricaturist, born Belief ontaine, O; carica-
turist and humorist Indpls News since 1891; Author eight vols "Abe
Martin" books; res (Irvington) Indpls.

WM F IIKITSIAN, newspaper artist, born Emsdetter. "Westphalia, Germany,
Jan 31, ISTS; grad St. Mary's acad Indpls; att Ind Sch of Art 1894-8;
cartoonist Indpls Press, Indpls News, Indpls Sentinel five years; St.
Louis Globe-Dem; with Indpls Star since 1907; res, Indpls.

KKNE.ST BKOSS, newspaper e

journalism since 18S2; asso^ ^w »«-. -., = — ■ - -

Oregonian; editor-in-chief Indpls Star since 1904; contrib of essays and
verse to mags; mem Am Geograph Soc; Nat Munic League; res, Indpls.

.A. G. >\TLEY, newspaper man, born Kansas, 111, Nov 23, 1886; grad Kansas
High sch and St Mary's Coll, St. Mary's Kas; began newspaper work
with Terre Haute Star; now city editor Indpls Star since 1913; res
Indpls.

BENJ.VMIN F I>.\'WTREN'CE, newspaper man. born Libertyville. Mo. Jan 2
1877; in newspaper work since 1S99; telg editor Portland Oregon
1900-4; mang editor 1905-11; business mgr Indpls Star 1911- ; res, Indpls

dpls Star since 1907; res, Indpls. ,. -^^^ / / Jl__-

'ditor, born Newaygo, Mich, Sept 1, 1S60; in t/lT « "^ . /^^O-^^cAon^ <

IOC edt 1887-97, mag edt 1897-1904 Portland » * ^ ^

II. G. C'OPEI.,AND, newspaper man, born Minneapolis, Minn, ,\pl 4, 1874;
att comm sch; stale edt Indpls Sentinel 1908: also on Indpls News and
Journal; sport edt Star 1911-13; city edt Sun (now Times) since 1913;
res, Indpls.

IIOK.\C'E II. IIERR, newspaper man. born Lecompton. Kas. March 30. 18S0;
att High sch Fredonia, Kas, and Kansas City, Kas; Iowa Coll, Grinnell,
la, three years; began newspaper work 1898 on Chicago Herald and var-
ious papers; Kansas City Post 1907-12; was editor Times (former Indpls
Sun); mag writer, etc; now editor Forum; res Indpls.

WULLIAM H BLODGETT, newspaper man, born Chicago, Feb 7, 1858; att
common schs; began newspaper work 1878; with Indpls News 26 years;
now chief staff correspondent Indpls News; res Indpls.

CH.-VRLES B "CmC" JACKSON, cartoonist, born Muncie, Ind, Dec 31,
1877; att comm sch Muncie; began work on Muncie papers; att Chicago
Art Inst 1905; with Indpls Star since 1906; res, Indpls.

KVEKET D.WIS, newspaper artist, born Fountain City, Ind, June », 1885;
att Fountain City High sch; Herron Art Ins, Indpls, 1908; with Indpls
Star since 1909; res, Indpls.

E.^I.M.\ COLBERT, born Sacramenta Co, Cal ; removed to Wabash, Ind;
att Normal Schs, Chicago, LaPorte. Teachers' Coll, Columbia Univ
(N Y) ; inst Pedag Teachers' Coll of Indpls 1907 — ; mem Monday Club;
res Indpls.

0. j^uuoAsiA'^z^ ,

d~tdLoiy

ty ROWAN JIARI'KR (Mrs James B Harper), born Ft Wayne; att 7^/1/v-, / /tT^^ . ^^ - fcL-r .w-^>. -

Iraijung Sch for Teachers; Dept Audt Allen Co 7 yrs; mem and secy ' f UX/Y\A \J \X>-UJ-CUt^U ^ 'TTX>r?aC>^

,,» w'-" U ^,''o/'u' ^'''^'-''ii'^ Minded Youth 1895; mem and former /"^ (T /

lies Worn Road Club; res Ft Wayne. I /\ V '

**^^nn„K-^V,"5n' '"^P'"f^aria. was born Richview, 111; att common sch | ) i"^ 1^ 0 Ic, „~V^-

'■''■' v:).,*?I*"Vn ""O^'^'IN*'. l^'-'>-n Fort vine; Ed Indpls public and pri-

olVo Clu'bs d'^\ ','^ n"'',',/'"'i^"^^".''' "^^'^ Fortnightly and Put' -
loiio ciuDs, D A R Ind Llby Assn, A L A ; res Indpls.

"'"^.'l^sH'n" ^Vhn''^nd'u-^P'^^ -^^T^^^' ^'•''^'' ^-" Muncie; student
A . .'u ■•! „ nnnl , ,ni ■"'' ^'^'^^y"--' New York; mem Woman's

JILI.V C HENDERSON (Mrs G M Henderson), born Crawfordsville, Ind;
grad Crawfordsville High Sch; teacher Montg Co schls; secy Ind Sch
F.eag 1910; secy Woman's Franchise Leag 1911 — ; 1st secy and Ind
Pros Woman's Research Club; res Indpls.

.M.VRGARET M COEERICK, born Ft Wayne, Ind; att Miami Inst, Spring-
field, HI; taught Ft Wayne Pub Schls; asst Ft Wayne Pub Liby 1896,
Librarian 1898; mem Dramatic Leag; res Ft Wayne.

IIAKRIET NOBLE, born Centerville, 1851; att Dio Lewis' Sch, Best ;
KHid Vassar Coll, A B 1873; Prof of Engl Butler Coll, Indpls, '83-93;
mem Indpls Woman's, Kath Merrill and Contemp Clubs; Dir Woman's
Franchise Leag; res Indpls.

MARY E STRONG (Mrs Robert H Strong), born Sedalia, Mo; grad High
Sch, Pierce City. Mo; 1st V P Indpls Woman's Dept Club; Pres Over
the Tea Cups Club; Supt Ind Woman's Work Exhibits Panama Exp-
ros Indpls.

MDA NKWSOM, born near Columbus, Ind; grad Columbus High Sch •
•'' ^,','^'1 ^"'^ ^■'"^' ^ M l^**"^; ^''"^'S Ind Fed of Clubs 1913-14; cor
secy 1909-n, 2nd V P 1911-13; mem Collegiate Alum; Pres Columbus
iVVr'^i" ** franchise Leag; former Pres Columbus Playground \ssn
1911-13; mem Magazine Club, Columbus Culture Club and Children's
liur of Ind; Secy Hd Co Char; Treas Asso Char; res Columbus.

MAKV ROWAN

VvTIO'S WHO IN INDIANA

Chase, Md

;HARL,ES P EMERSON, Physician; born Methuen Matis <3<^T.t a io-o

s f9o^-lfaLr%s?''kHs^ii°o^"^^°''^r^-^^'^^^^

I Z'i. ?es"'lndp?s.'""- """ '''"" '"'^ ^"'^ «^^ of\ledf luVhor-^sov-ral
,:H03IAS C HOWE, College President; born Charleston Ind \u^ ■-, isc?-

f-^Q^"". "^ri^" .?"''■ ^rV. ■'' ^^' l'^93: Univ of BTrlin lS90-2-^Hkrvard
1S96-S A M Harvard, 1S97; Ph D, 1899; prof 1890-1910; dean ^7 8
pres since 1908 Butler Coll; memb Modern Lang Assn Am res' Indnls'

.EO M BAPPAPORT, Lawyer; born Indpls. Ind, June 19 ^879 att nub
and high schs; Univ of Mich LL B. 1900; res, Indpls. ^

^'^^J^^a T^STOTT. Educator; born near Vernon, Ind. May 22 185G-
attd Sardinia Acad, Franklin Coll and Rochester (N Y) Theol Sem '
grad from coll 1861; theol sem, 1868; Caot Co I. 18th Ind Vol in Ciwi
War; instructor Franklin Coll, 36 years; 33 years pres; memb State Bd
of Edn; author "Ind Baptist History"; res, Franklin.

"^^T?^^,?. ^ 5'^,V*^^^''^ Physician; born Gosport, Ind, Dec 3, 1853; attd
Earlham Coll; grad Univ Louisville, Ky (med dept) ; mlcroscopist U S

I Bur An Industry, 1893-4; appt U S Collector Customs. 1914; res Indpls

'''^^^^■^s^^'^Z^l^^'^Vfr'.'^o°/J' Lebanon, Ind. June 5, 1S76; attd Wabash

Coll; A B Butler Coll, 1897; LL B Ind Law Sch, Indpls, 1899; memb

Gen Assembly, Ind, 1907; author of bill establishing rooms 4 and 5

Sup Crt, Marion Co; memb Indpls Bar Assn; res, Indpls.

!OHN E BAKER, Lawyer; born Oxford, O. March 27, 1SS2; A B Miami

Univ, 1904; LL B, Ind Univ, 1910; prac Indpls, 1910-14; elected pro

of law, Ind Univ, 1914 ; res, Bloomington.

fAJIES E KEPPERLY, Lawyer; born Renovo, Clinton Co Penna 1S73-

! }"h„'^ -^""^ ^^^ ^"^^^ ^^^''= ^"y I" Central Ry; began prac 'indpls'.

, 1897; memb Am Ind and Marion Bar Assns; memb firm Brown Kep-

perly & Vanier; res, Indpls.
llHOMAS C HOOD, Oculist; born Vermillion Co, Ind; grad Wabash Coll
^ A M 1881; Jefferson Med Coll, M D 1884; post grad New York City
j 1887; Berlin and Vienna, 1898; prof Ophth Ind Univ Sch of Med; Fel-
low Am Acad of Ophthl; memb Am, State and Indpls Med Socs' res
Indpls.
lOLNEY T aiAEOTT, Banker and Railroad Official; born Jefferson Co
1 Ky, Dec 9, 1838; began bank bus, 1854; teller Indpls branch bank,
j State of Ind, 1857-62; assd in orgn and cashier Merchants Natl Bank,
! 1865; secy-treas Peru & Indpls Ry Co, 1862; later pres I P & C Rv
1 Co until 1881; V P Wabash R R until 1883; V P and genl man IndpTs
1 Union Ry Co, 1883-9; pres Ind Natl Bank, 1882 until July 1912; now

ohmn bd dir; res, Indpls.
|TXO N FRENZEE, Banker; born Indpls, Sept 8, 1856; educ German-Am
; Indpdt Sch and Business Coll; began work in Merchants Nat Bank
as messenger boy, April 13, 1869; now pres; dir and mem exec bd Ind
I Trust Co; pres Westn Sav & Loan Assn; pres Maennerchor Hall Assn;
dir & treas Indpls Brew Co; Ind (Claypool) Hotel Co; pres Indpls
I German Park Assn; dir Indpls Maennerchor; res, Indpls.
]OHN P FRENZEE, JR, Banker; born Indpls, March 19, 1881; grad Cor-
nell Univ, A B, 1903; began banking bus 1903; now asst cashier Mer-
chants Nat Bank; V-P Ind Bankers Assn, 1913; pres, 1914; res, Indpls.
iRA>'K D STALNAKER, Banker; born Sioux City, la., Dec 31, 1860; educ
bus coll Indpls; elk Ind Banking Co, 1880; Fletcher & Sharp, 1882-4;
' receiver Fletcher & Sharp's Bank, 1S8S; began hardware bus Lilly &
Stalnaker, 18S7; pres Capital Nat Bank till consol with Ind Nat Bank.
July 1, 1912; now pres-dir Lilly & Stalnaker. Inc; Henry Coburn
Warehouse Co., Inpls New & L D Tel Cos, State Life Ins Co; res, Indpls.
ENRY EITEE, Banker; born Madison, Ind, Jan 31. 1853; attd Franklin
Coll. 1870; came to Indpls. 1872; for 15 years with Bradstreet Co: in
1893 elect officer LTnion Trust Co (now v-p and dir); v-p Ind Nat
Bank, 1904; treas Law Bldg Co; dir New Albany Nat Bank, John
Herron Art Inst, Indpls; res, Indpls.
ACY W MALOTT, Banker; born Indpls, June 1, 1865; attd Asbury (now
DePauw), 1883; began banking bus with Ind Nat Bank, 1883; elect
v-p 1907; v-p and dir First Nat Bank, Brazil; res, Indpls.
(NDREW SAIITH, Banker; born Indpls Nov 8, 1S60: began banking bus
Fletcher Bank, 1S77; paying teller 16 years: asst cashier Am Nat 1900-4;
1 v-p Capital Nat 1904 until consol with Ind Nat Bank, July 1. 1912; v-p
i since; secy Ind Bankers A.ssn since 1903; res, Indpls.
iDWARD D MOORE; born Blanchester, O, Dec 3, 1862; educ pub schs
I Greensburg, Ind: with Singer Sew Mach Co, Indpls, 187S-S3; began
I bank bus First Nat Bank, 1SS3; Ind Nat Bank, 1884; now v-p; res.
I Indpls.

lilVYNN F PATTERSON, Banker; born Morgantown. Ind, Oct 20, 1879;
I; educ pub schs, Indpls; with Merchants Nat, Jan 18, 1895; Capital Nat.
1 Sept, 1895; made asst cash, April 1, 1908; elect cash after consol Capi-
tal Nat with Ind Nat, July, 1912; res, Indpls.
rOUGHTON A IXETCHER, Banker; born Indpls Nov 24, 1879; grad
Princeton Univ. A. 1897: became asst cashier, later v-p and pres.
Jan 18, 1908, Fletcher Nat Bank; now pres Fletcher- Amr Nat Bank;
res, Indpls.
BEODORE STE^IPFEE; born Ulm. Germany, Sept 20, 1S63; educ Hu-
manistic Gym, Ulm, Germany; serv 1 year German army; came to
' Indpls 1883; trust officer Ind Trust Co. 1S94-1901; asst cash Am Nat
Bank, 1901-09; now v-p Fletcher-.Vmer Nat Bank; elect mem Indpls
Sch Bd; term begins 1916; aud Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; ros, Indpls.

^^MU^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

foim H HOLLrDAY, Financier; born Indpls, May 31, 1846; serv m 137th
Ind Vols CivH War; A B Hanover Coll, 1864; A M 1867; founded
Indpis News 1869; edtr till 1892; with Wm J Richards estbl Indpls
Press 1899 estbl 1893, pres 1893-9. and since 1901, Union Trust Co; dir
nume'rous corpns; tru'st'le Hanover Coll; dir Mc<;ormick Theol Sem
Chicago; trustee Presbyn Synod of Ind; mem Bd State Char, pres
Indpls Char Orgn Soc; res, Indpls.

HOWIKD M FOLZ, Banker; born Indpls, Jan 17, 1845; attd N W Chris-

" utfunit (now Butler). 1862-3; landsman U S N. gunboat Black Hawk
(Admr Porter's flagship), 1864-5; eng mere bus 1868-96, with Union
Trust Co since 1897; now 2nd v-p; res, Indpls.

ROSS H WAtrACK, Banker; born Spencer, Ind., Sept 1, 1S74 ; attd Spencer
and Shtrdge High Schs, Indpls; began with Capital Nat, Indpls; teller
Ind Nat 1893-1902; asst secy Union Trust Co, 1903-S: cash Union Nat
Bank, 1908-12; secy Union Trust Co since 1912; res, Indpls.

WTLLIAM M RICHARDS, Stock and Bond Broker; born Greenfield O
Jan 9, 1857; attd com schs; came to Indpls 1881; engd m mfg 1883-1905;
stock' and bond bus since; res, Indpls.

r.KORGE 4 Bl'SKIRK, Banker; born Orangeville, Ind, May 25, 1S57; attd
high sch. Paoli; Ind Univ 1872-4; aud Orange Co, 1880-4; came to
Indpls 1SS5; appt dept reporter Supr Ct, 1885-6; prob elk Marion Co,
1886-94; now probate officer Union Trust Co, Indpls; res, Indpls.

V\TI>JnELD MILI/ER, Banker; born Reading, Pa, April 23, 1852; attd
com sch and acad, Decorah, la; taught high sch, Hamilton, Mo; elk
Ciro Ct and ex-offc recorder deeds, Caldwell Co, Mo, 8 years; adm bar
Mo 1884; came to Indpls, 1889; fin-corres Conn Mut Life for Ohio &
Ind 21 years; became pres Aetna Trust & Sav Co, Indpls, March 4,
1912; res Indpls.

EDWARD 1. McKEE, Capitalist; born Madison, Ind, March 13, 1856; attd
high .<;ch Madison, 1872; came to Indpls; engd wholesale shoe bus,
1870. qc- V-p Ind Nat Bank. 1896-1904; pres Merchants Ht & Lt Co,
1904-13; dir Ind Nat Bank; Union Trust Co; Shirley Radiator & Fndry
Co; dir Republic Finance Investment Co; res Indpls.

ATGrST M Kl'HN, Banker; born Germany, May 11, 1846; attd Gymnasium
Landau. Ger; came to U S. 1866; in Indpls since; engd coal and bid
material bus. 1876-1907; whol grocers. 1900-11; asst in orgn Aetna
Trust & Sav Co; now treas; 1st pres Deutsche Club &. Music Verein;
U S Coll customs. 1885-9; sch commr, Indpls, 1884-7; res. Indpls.

•JOHN WOCHER, Banker; born Cincinnati, O, April 23, 1856; attd Indpls
High Sch: pres Franklin Fire Ins Co, 1875-80; fire ins bus 35 years,
till firm of John T\'ocher & Bro was merged with Aetna Trust & Sav
Co; now v-p; res, Indpls.

i\TLLIAM F WOCHER, Banker; born Indpls Sept 30, 1868; educ Shtrdge
High Sch; in various mercantile pursuits; with John Wocher & Bro,
ins, real est & loan until 1912; orgn Aetna Trust & Sav Co, which took
over this business; now secy; pres Hoosier Mfg Co; v-p Zero Ice & Coal
Co; dir Republic Finance Investment Co; res, Indpls.

iVn^T.1 H WADE; bom LaGrange, Ind. April 19. 187S; B S, A M. DePauw
Univ, 1901; was mgr bond dept Marion Tru,st Co. Fletcher Nat Bank,
and now mgr bond dept Fletcher Am Nat Bank; res, Indpls.

WALTER F C GOLT, Banker; born Smyrna, Del, April 15. 1853; grad State
Coll, Newark. Del, A B, A M. 1S75; came to Indpls 1882; Indpls Nat
Bank till 1893; orgn and mgr Retail Merchants' Assn. 1S99; mgr Indpls
Clearing House, 1S99: cash Columbia Nat 1901-11; V P Fletcher-Am Nat
Bank since 1901; res, Indpls.

CH.VS H ADAM, Banker; born Bueckeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe, Germany,
Nov 7, 1860; attd priv sch and bus coll, Indpls; elect sch commr Indpls,
1893; served 6 years; treas of bd 4 years; dept city comp, 1894; now
sec Ind Trust Co; res, Indpls.

J E CASEY, Banker; born Lafayette. Ind, Feb 9, 1861; grad parochial sch
and bus coll; T & Frt agt Big Four Ry 1880-7; cash Am Ex Co, La-
fayette, 1887-93; trav agt Am Ex Co, Indpls, 1893-5; mngr Murdock Nat
Gas & Elect Light Co, Lafayette, 1896; with Ind Trust Co since 1902;
now auditor; residence. Indpls.

RALPH K SMITH, Banker; born Indpls May 31, 1862; attd pub sch; be-
gan -with Fletcher's Bank Indpls. 1884; chf elk, 1900-6; asst cash.
1000-11; cash Fletcher-Am Nat Bank. 1911; res. Indpls.

.\ <i WOCHER, Banker; born Cincinnati. O, Jan 15, 1862; attd high sch.
Indpls; began Fletcher Bank, 1892; chf elk Fletcher-Am Nat, 1912;
asst cash, 1913; res Indpls.

IKED K SHEP.\RD, Banker; born McConnclsville, O, Feb 23, 1859; came
to Indpls, 1875; dept city treas, 1877-81; dept treas Marion Co. 1883-5;
with Fletcher's Bank. 1889-95; dept aud Marion Co. 1895-1906; with
Marion Trust Co. 1906, till consol with Fletcher Sav & Trust Co, 1912;
now secy; res, Indpls.

.'^Ol, S KISER, Banker; born Ft Recovery. O. Jan 23. 1858; came to Indpls
1881; mere bus till 1894; loan & insur bus till incorp Mever-Kiser
Bank, April, 1906; now V P; local dir Jewish Orphan Asy, Cleveland,
O; dir Nat Jewish Hosp for Consumptives, Denver; res, Indpls.

(M.STAV H MIELLER, Banker; born Indpls, Feb 26, 1872; attd Indpls
(now Shtrdge) high sch; began as messenger Merchants Nat, 1884;
asst cash Fletcher Nat, 1904, until consol with Am Nat; now v-p
Fl(tch(r-.\m Nat Bank; res, Indpls.

ALBERT E METZGER, Banker; born Indpls, March 20, 1865; grad Indpls
high sch and Cornell Univ; (1st pres Ind Cornell Alumni Assn) ; orgn
and dir Marlon Trust Co; Am Nat Bank; German-Am Trust Co;
Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; now v-p Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; v-p Ma-
rlon Title Guar Co; res, Indpls.

ItH.WDT C DOWNEY, Banker; born Indpls Feb 17, 1873; educ Indpls
high sch; Wabash Coll, 1892-4; Ind Univ, 1896; with Bradstreet Co,
1k;M-190(|; ,\m Nat, 1901-9; cash Continental Nat. 1909-12; v-p Greater
Indpls Id.slrl Assn, 1912-14; pres Ind tSate Bank until conversion Dec
2r,, ];i]4. into The Commercial Nat Bank, now pres; res, Indpls.

WILLI.AM J nCKINGER, Banker; born Indpls, Nov 16, 1877; attd Shrtdge
High Sch; Indpls Law Sch; with Ind Nat Bank, 1897-1912; cash Ind
Sl.ilo since orgn. Nov, 1912; treas O D Haskett Lumber Co. res Indpls.

rn:^S<^&L

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

ARTHUR H TAi-XOR, Banker; born Bartholomew Po Ind Jan 4 1S74-
educ common sch s Indpls- beean wnrv r,-,oc,o^„„ v \. , • '■^'*-
1887: with Merchants Nat isl.5" F°etchPr Bank l^q^'fi ^<.Tn':''^o" ^^'■
orgn Continental Nat Bank. 1910; now cashier; res', Indpls ' ''* '"

^^''B.ufer^CoT\'8^^'t"4n"'=b'"rH^^""^'°"- I"^' ^^^^-^h 19, 1R59; attd
Anderson Bank ni Co 1^9?Tqnc,^"' ^''n "^"^^^ ^ C'^' Frankton,' 1I78 ;
smceTrTs IndpTs!- ' ^^''^-^S"'': ^'^n Contmental Nat Bank, 1909; pros

ROLLIN W SPIEGEL, Banker; born Indnis "Feb ^ !<!<;-• „^ 5 eu. ,
High Sch; began work as messenger Capital Nat;' in various capac till
?^?lfnr^as^t"^a^;Ye'r;^?S Sk^'^^ "^ Contlne"ntlT'?.5jf, ---"':

J M Mcintosh Banker: born Connersville, Ind. Nov 14. 1859- grad X':-

Pa7etre"co cfrc' Ct '18%^"^'^" ^l''A "^^^°'' Connersville 1884-88^; "cfk
i<ayette CO Circ Ct 1888-92; cash Connersvile First Nat Bank 1S8S-

'^%"',^''^^^''f'r.%^^^^- ^PP^ "^* b^nl^ exm. 1898-1907; pres Union Nat
Indpls, 1907-1912; was pres Nat City Bank; now chm Bd of D^rc

HENRY C BRINKER, Banker; born Indpls. Jan 16. 1851; attd com sch-
engaged m mfg from 1878; now pres Brinker-Habeney Cigar B^x Co'"
pres German Guarantee Realty Co; pres West Side Trust Co res'

GAVIN Ja PAYNE, Journalist and Banker; b

res. Indpls,

fi >^^^I ?V^^"'''''"V^°''" Plainfield, Ind. April 5. 1S56; grad Plain-
field High Sch; mem Ind Legis. 1909-11; asst orgn of Ind State Bank-
ers Assn (1st secy same); pres First Nat Bank, Danville. 10 years;
orgn Continental Bank. Indpls. 1909; pres State Sav & Trust Co- re'^
Indpls.

'^®^\^^'"T^'^ ^°^r I"'^P's- Ind, Aug 5. 1885; grad Manual Train High Sch •
attd Univ of Pa, 1905-06; dep county aud Marion Co, 1908-14; secy
State Sav & Trust Co; res, Indpls.

rH03IAS C DAY, Broker in Real Estate Mortgages; born Bristol Eng
Feb 28. 1844; attd Hamline Univ, St Paul. Minn; A M Wabash Coll;
came to Indpls. 1877; estbl firm of T C Day & Co. 1881; was prr-s
T M C A. Boys' Club; chmn comm to reform school law of Indpls;
pres educ soc. Indpls; res, Indpls.

rOHN F WILD, Banker; born Noblesville. Ind, Sept 9, 1860; attd Noble'^-
vUle High Sch; entered bond & banking bus 1891; now pres J F Wild
& Co State Bank; res. Indpls.

DRAM BROWN; born Indpls. Ind; grad Indpls high sch; deputy record-
er's office, pres Bd Park Comm; mem Ind Dem Club; loan dept Thos
C Day & Co: res. Indpls.

DHARLES NORRIS WILLIAMS, Banker; born Dayton. Ind, April 10. 1S56:
attd Crawfordsville High Sch; Wabash Coll; bgan banking Crawfords-
ville. 1881; came to Indpls, 1896; orgn C N Williams & Co private
bank; Farmers Trust Co. 1905; purchased and consol Cent Trust with
Farmers Trust Co; now pres; res. Indpls.

FELIX MARCrS McWHIRTER, Banker; born Greencastle. Ind. June 14.
1886; attd DePauw Univ; entered bank bus 1906; v-p People's State
Bank; res. Indpls.

BERT McBRIDE, Banker; born Rush Co, Ind, Feb 20, 1870; attd DePauw
Univ; came to Indpls. 1901; eng in real est bus; took chg of real est
dept Security Trust Co, 190C; pres till 1915; now pres Nat City Bank;
res. Indpls.

EMIL C RASSMANN, Real Estate Broker; born Indpls. Dec 22. 1S59; attd
comm schs; ins and real est bus since 1880; mem of city council. 1SS9;
elect mem of sch bd, 1914; res, Indpls.

FHEODORE STEIN, Investment Broker; born Indpls, Nov 7 1858; attd
Ger-Eng Indpt Sch; engaged abstract of title bus 1858-1900; pres Ger
Fire Ins Co. 1896; dir Ind Title Guaranty & Loan Co; pres Theodore
Stein Realty Corp; councilman-at-large. Indpls. 1893-5; res, Indpls.

lOHN LESLIE DUVALL, Banker; born Mackinaw, 111. Nov 29. 1875; grad
Chicago Law Sch, 1899; came to Indpls. 1903; pract law; orgn Slate
Bank, Indpls. 1909; now pres State Bank; orgn Marion County State
Bank, 1912; now v-p; res, Indpls.

BEORGE SEIDENSTICKEB, Banker; born Indpls, April 26, 1858; attd
German-Eng sch, Hoboken Acad; grad Shtrdge High Sch. 1875; gen
mgr German Investment & Securities Co: Home, Bond Co; res, Indpls.

PHILIP JACOB HAl'SS, Banker; born Zinsbeiller. France, June 12. 1847;
attd Broolvville pub schs; came to Indpls. 1887; orgn and pres since
May 7, 1903. German Investment & Security Co; pres Indpls Turn-
vern; No 5 Bid & Loan Assn; v-p Home Bond Co; v-p German Realty
Co; res, Indpls.

nriLLIAM M FOGARTY, Banker; born Lima. O. Nov 29, 1873; came to
Indpls. ISSO; telegrapher United Press Assn. Scripps-McRae Press
Assn. 1893-1903; city elk Indpls. Oct, 1903-6; mem State Bd Acets.
1909-10; orgn Fidelity Trust Co, 1909 (now pres); res, Indpls.

B M RALSTON, Real Estate Broker; born Tuscarawas Co, O. April 6.

1860; educ normal sch; taught 7 years; real est bus Indpls since
1888; orgn State Sav & Trust Co. Indpls, 1914: orig plan of building
coliseums in S Am cities for display of Am made goods; now promot-
ing orgn with 30 million capital; res. Indpls.

£5^

IM^-^LQ^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

FRAXK B 'ni'NN, Phvsician; born Springfield, Ind, May 2S, 1860; grad
DePauw Univ. A m; 1S60; M D, Med CoU of O, 1885; post grad Berlin
& Vienna. 1891-93; came to Indpls 1893; on fac Ind Univ Sch Med
20 years- fir.=t city sanit, Indpls. 1895; founder Scientific Exhibits of
A M A and dir 15 years; V-P Ind Nat Study Club; mem Ind State
Med Cunan elect pres 1914) and Indpls Med Socs; chm Gen Civic Impv
Comm; chm first centennial celebr comm. 1911, and orgn movement.

SUMNKB riy.'VNCY, Lawyer; born Edinburg, Ind. July 2, 1883; grad Short-
ridge High Sch, 1905; Univ of Mich, 1908; law elk App Ct, 1909; began
pract 1909; on faculty and registrar Indpls Coll of Law. 1910 (dean.
1913); author: Leading Principal Law of Wills and Exec, Treaty Malt-
ing Power. State Rights, etc; res, Indpls.

CHAS T KAEI.IN, Lawver; born Tell City, Ind, May 18, 1879; attd Ind
Univ and Ind Law Sch; appt atty for the poor by the commissioners of
Marion Co: dep pros attv; nominee for Rep to Legis in 1910.

SAMUEI. D IVniXEB, Lawyer; born Sept 25. 1869. Ft Wayne, Ind: attd
Indpls Classical and High Schs; A B Hamilton Coll. 1890; LL B Co-
lumbia Law Sch & Natl Univ Law Sch. 1891-92: lawyer since 1893;
priv secy to Secys of War Redfield Proctor and Stephen B Elkins,
1891-93; trustee of Hamilton Coll since 1910; res, Indpls.

\uMi/t^^^

^^^^■^■^^i ^v

1891-93; trustee of Hamilton Coll since 1910; res, Indpls. .^ x-* _v f)

FREDERICK C HEATH, Surgeon: born Gardiner. Me, Jan 19. 1857; Am- Jf f V. / -y — M- —

herst Coll. A B 1878; A M, 1886: Bowdoin Coll M D, 1884; asst sur ^/ . (, ^7 Vt— C<_-'V-'-'^^

U S Marine Hosp Serv, 1884-90; N Y post grad, 1890^ began pra^t eye ^^ N

dis Lafayette. Ind. 1891; Indpls since; post grad London. Paris, Berlin,
1906; eye surg Indpls City Hosp & Disp since 1894; prof dis of eye.

Cent Coll Phy & Surg. 1902-05; clin prof dis eye Ind Univ, 1907 mem

Am Ophth Acad; A M A; mem & ex-pres Indpls Med Assn; Ind State
Med Assn; contrb med magazines; res, Indpls.

WIL.UAM F CLEVENGER, Physician; born Taylorville, Ind, Nov 11, 1874;
grad State Norm. Warrensburg, Mo. 1891; Med Coll of Ind, 1894; ex-
terne City Disp. Indpls. 1893; pract Kansas City, Mo, 1895; post grad
N T Polyclin, 1895-6; London, Berlin. Freiburg & Paris, 1905; Vienna
& Berlin, 1912-3-4; mem Indpls, Ind State & Am Acad Oph"
fellow of Am Coll of Surg; mem consulting staff
Meth Hosp; res, Indpls.

.ALFRED HENRY, Physician; born March 19, 1874,
Ind State Norm; attd Univ of Chicago; grad
mem Ama and Ind State Med See; sec-treas Indpl

JOHN H KIXGSBrRY, Lawyer; born Xenia, O. March 17. 1870; attd
DePauw, 1891-2; began pract Indpls. 1893; mem State and Indpls Bar
Assn; res, Indpls.

EDWARD M WHITE, Lawyer; born Adams, Decatur Co, Ind, April 7,
1861; attd Greensburg High Sch; LL B Univ of Mich, 1883; began
pract law Muncie, 1883; elect pros atty Del Co. 1898; city council.
1902; appt city judge, 1905; was asst in atty-gen office. Wash, D C,
1890-93; asst atty-gen Ind, 1907-11; pract law Indpls since 1911; joint
author "Thompson's Ind Forms," 3d vol; revs "Jones on Pledges &
Collateral Securities," 1912; Jones on Leins, 1913-14; prof of law, Ind
Law Sch : res, Indpls.

ALEXANDER G CAVINS, Lawyer; born Sullivan, Ind. May 28, 1873; attd
Sullivan High Sch, Wabash Coll; studied law under John T Hays,
Sullivan, Ind: adm bar May 28, 1894; State Sen. 1905-07; Asst Atty-
Gen Ind, 1907-11; mem Tuberculosis Comn. 1905-07; mem Ind Bar
Assn; counsel for Rep State Comm, 1914, and Ind State Med Assn.

JOHN M CrNNTNGHAM, Physician: born Putnam Co. Ind. 1877: A B
Butler Coll, 1901; M D Ind Med Coll, 1904; interne City Hosp, Indpls,
1904-05; post grad work at N Y Post Grad Sch; mem fac Ind Univ
Sch of Med since 1905; res, Indpls.

WtLLLAM H FOREMAN, Physician; born Greentown, Howard Co, Ind.
April 22, 1868; taught country sch one term; princ & supt schs for 9
years; grad DePauw Univ Norm Sch. 1889; A B Ind Univ. 1895; M D
Cen Coil Phy & Surg, 1901; interne Indpls City Disp. 1901; post grad
Phila, Chicago, Baltimore; on fac Ind Univ Sch Med since 1902.

EDWIN CORR, Lawyer; born Monroe Co, Ind, Deo 31, 1860; taught sch
Monroe. Greene & Jackson Cos; grad Ind Univ, 1883; grad law DePauw
Univ, 1895: began pract Bloomington, 1886; asst U S atty, 1893-97;
State Sen. 1899-1901; State Rep. 1911; deputy atty-gen, 1911-14; trus-
tee Ind Univ since 1891; res, Bloomington.

NORHLAN E JOBES, Surgeon; born Farmland, Ind; attd Indpls pub schs
and Shtrdge High Sch; grad Med Coll of Ind, 1897; supt Indpls City
Hosp, 1901-4. 1906-7; on fac Ind Univ Sch of Med; mem Ama, Ind
State and Indpls Med Assns; fellow Am Coll of Surg; res. Indpls.

JOHN W CLAYPOOL, Lawyer; born Terre Haute. Ind, Oct 19, 185 8; attd
Asbury Univ (now DePauw); studied law office Claypool. Newcomb &
Ketcham; adm bar 1881; mem Indpls Bar Assn; res. Indpls.

SCOT BFTLER, Educator: born Indpls. Ind, Feb 9, 1844; enlisted 33rd
Reg Ind Vol. 1862; at close of Civil War studied N W Christian Univ;
grad 1S6S; later studied in German univs two years; inst Latin &
math Ind Univ, 1869-71; elect prof of Latin Lang N W Christian Univ,
1871 (now Butler Univ); made pres 1891; rsignd 1907; res (Irving-
ton). Indpls.

ARTHLR R ROBINSON, Lawyer; born Pickerington. O, March 12. 1881;
grad Pickerington High Sch; B C S Ohio Northern Univ; Ph B Univ
of Chicago; LL B Ind Law Sch; author "Memory and the Executive
Mind"; mem Ind State. Indpls Bar Assns; Nat Geog Soc; Repub nom
State Sen Marion Co, 1914; res, Indpls.

PAUL F M.\RTIN, Surgeon; born Indpls. Ind. July 26, 1877; grad Butler
Univ, Gymn Berlin, Germany; Ind Med Coll. 1898; Coll Phy & Surg
(Columbia Univ), 1900; supt Indpls City Hosp, 1903-6: mem Citv Bd
of Health. 1909; assoc prof surgery Ind Univ Sch of Med; att surg
(Jity Hosp; surg USA Res Corps; mem AMA Ind State, Indpls Miss
\'<\\ Med .'<ocs; res, Indpls.

L(H:iS Bl KCKHARDT, Physician; born Wehr, Germany, 1865; grad
Gyniu Fiieburg, Baden, Germany, Univs of Freiburg, Zurich, Strass-
hxirg. T-clpzlg, Berlin. Vienna. Paris, Basel; prof of Obst Univ of Ind

«■!. ■■«»'' ^''■*'' "^''"^ AMA, Ind & Indpls Med Socs; res, Indpls.

rtlLLIAM J HENLEY, Lawyer; born Carthage, Ind. Oct 15, 1863; attd
private acad. Carthage, cond by Soc of Friends; began pract law

I, .?".i^»."'^' ■''''^^' J"''^*^ -^PP Ct Ind, 1896-1904; spec counsel C & W I Ry .

It « LONG, Physician; born New Maysville, Ind, Dec 11, 1843; attd
franklin Coll; enlist 7Sth Ind Vols Civil War; grad Jefferson Med
Coll. I'hila, 1806; pract 3 years; attd Bellevue Coll, 1869; Indpls:
Built n W I<ong Memorial Hosp .nnd donated to State (cost $270,000);
dodicat.U June ]r>. 1914; res, Indpls.

^''^^i!.?** *' WEATIIERLY, IMucator: born West Newton, Ind, April 21,
18bB; grad Colgate Univ, A B, 1890; LL D. 1910; Cornell Univ, Ph D,
18J4; assoc prof European Hist, Ind Univ. 1895-9; prof economics and
social science. Ind Univ. 1899; res. Bloominuton

1^pp<iK4t,

Q^^^^.\/! /^^j^t-o^U—

>/^

^>^^

/S^^^»f^^^

WHO'S V\HO IN INDIANA

1 ELLIS SEARLES, newspaper man/ born Kelso, Hunt Co, Ind Auc- 1 ISfifi-
att comm sch Huntington; learne'l printers tradp at 1 o ^^tT.Vi i!„:
Huntington; edt-prop Huntington News 1S34-5 mng edtr Indpfs Sun
five years: city edt Detroit Tribune one year, etc; Indpls News sine"
1906; polit writer; res Indpls -inupis i^ews sinco

I l!^.'y--^7.%ri&';^'^^srX.s'''' ^" — ^- "°- s-el^tV^^s-^Ceiifr^a]

'FRED L PURDV, editor, bora Bellaire. O, Jan 22, 1S59; began newspaper

PAUL B MARTIN, newspaper man. born Galway, Ireland Tan 23 1

LL B, A M Notre Dame 1902-7; spec post grad Univ Ind. 1903-4;' began
newspaper work Marion. Ind; Chicago Record-Herald 1906- Indpls
Star dram and mus edtr 1907; Cleveland Leader 1910; Indpls Star-
now asst edtr Ind Catholic, etc; res Indpls

SEPTEVmS H S>nTH, born Sterling, 111, Nov 21, 1857; att comm schl War-
ren Co. O, est "Woodworker" as editor and prop Indianapolis 1882-
now pres S H Smith Co, pubs Indpls, writer on woodworking machin-
ery topics; res Indpls.

OSCAR G THOMAS, born Dayton, O, Sep 11, 1864; att comm schls Dayton
and Indpls; began newspaper work as comp Indpls Journal 1884- org
firm of Thomas & Evans, trade composition plant. 1908; mem Cham
Com; res Indpls.

1WM L EVANS, born Clinton Co, Ind, Feb 7, 1868; att comm and High
sch Tipton; began print bus 1882 in office Tipton Advocate- with O G
Thomas org firm of Thomas & Evans, trade compositers 1908- res

I Indpls.

CHARLES C BROWN, civil engineer, born Austinburg, O Oct 4 1856-
stud engr Cornell 1874-5; C E Univ Mich 1S79 (hon A M 1913)- Prof
civ engr Rose Poly Inst 1S83-6; Union Coll. 1886-93: cousltg engr
N T State Bd Health 1888-93; city engr Indpls 1894-5: const engr
1888 — ; mem Am Soc C E; past pres Ind Engr Soc. etc; edtr Municipal
Engineering: res Indpls.

CHARLES M WALKER, newspaper man, born Athens, Ohio, Dec 25, 1834:
grad Ohio Univ 1854; taught schl; read law; 5th Aud U S Treas;
connct with Indpls Journal 1872-80; Indpls Times 1880-82: chf elk
post office dept 1883-5; Indpls Journal 1886-93: Indpls News since
1903; res Indpls.

XOt'IS HOLLWEG, business man, born near Westphalia, Germany. July
27. 1840; attd Gymnasium Soest Germany: came to America in 1860;
three months in Cleveland and came lo Indpls Jan 7. 1S61; estb firm
Louis Hollweg. later Hollweg & Reese. Jan 1S6S: mem firm Hibben.
Hollweg & Co: V-P C U Tele Co & New Long Dist Co; V-P Indpls
Charity Assn ; Treas League 1914; res Indpls.

J GEORGE MLELLER, business man. born Indpls June 21. 1860; attd
German Eng Schl; Cincinnati College Phar Ph G: began as Pharma-
cist Indpls 1887: orgn Indpls Drug Co 1891. later merged into Mooney-
Mueller Drug Co in 1902; was Sec & Treas; Mem of Amer Pharm
Assn; Dir Chamber Commerce; Mem Board Trade: Mem Normal Schl
N A Gym Univ; now secy-treas Mooney-Mueller, Ward Co: res. Indpls.

CORTLAND VAN CAMP, business man. born Franklin Co, Ind; Pres Van
Camp Hardware & Iron Co; V-P of Van Camp Packing Co: V-P Van
Camp Products Co; one of builders Indpls Southern R R, which made
low coal rates permanent; now part of Ills Cent system; mem Board
of Trade, Chamber of Commerce: res Indpls.

.SAMUEL E RALH, financier, born Bavaria, Germany, Dec 21, 1853; came
to America at 13: educ public schls and Commercial Coll. Dayton O;
came to Indpls 1874: engaged in various business enterprises: pres
Moore Packing Co 1891-7; pres Belt R R & Stock Yards Co since 1897;
dir Union Trust Co, Indpls Abattoir Co, E Rauh Fertilizer Co, etc; res
Indpls.

ALBERT A BARNES, manufacturer, born Stockbridge Vt Feb 14, 1S39:
attd common schls; pres Udell Works; dir Union Trust Co and Natl

■ City Bank: Trustee Franklin College: res Indpls.

:HENRY KAHN, business man, born Bloomington, Ind. March 31, 1860; attd
Butler College; started in wholesale business Indpls; estb Kahn Tai-
loring Co 1886; pres since organization; trustee Citizens Gas Co; res
Indpls.

CARL G FISHER, business man, born in Indiana; educ public schls; orig-
inator of plan to build highway from coast to coast and V-P and dir
Lincoln Highway Assn; originator and one of builders of the Motor
Speedway, Indpls: pres Prest-O-Lite Co. Fisher Automobile Co, etc:
orgnr "Dixie Highway" movement; res, Indpls.

JAMES W LILLY, business man. born Lafayette, Ind. Nov 10. 1862; attd
Butler Coll; engaged in retail hardware business Indpls .April 1. 188»;
now pres Lilly & Stalnaker; dir Ind Natl Bank. Farmers Trust Co &
Indpls Trac & Ter Co; trustee S E Hosp for Insane, Madison, Ind; res

CLEMENS VONNEGUT, business man. born Indpls Nov 19. 1853: attd
German-English & Indpls High Schl; began mercantile business April.
1870: V-P Vonnegut Hardware Co; mem Ind Legislature 1895: res

GUSTAV A RECKER, business man, born Indpls July 19. 1865; attd Gor-
man-English & High Schl: began with Sander & Recker 1883; now
pres Sander & Recker Furn Co: was pres Ind Ret Purn Dealers Assn:
mem Board of Trade & Chamber of Commerce: res Indpls.

AB MEYER, business man. born Indpls Dec 24. 18o3: attd German-Eng-
lish and Cincti Schls: began business 1872: est .\ B Meyer & ("« 1^(7:
pres A B Mever & Co. A & C Stone & Lime Co & Ind Plaster & Roof-
ing Co: dir United Fourth A ein Coal Co; mem Bd of Trade. Chamber
of Commerce: res Indpls. ^ ,j t-> ic ioci. -h^

CHARLES D PEARSON, business man. born Bloomfleld. Dec 16. 1S51. attcl
public and high schls: at IS became traveling salesman for Hollweg &
Reese. Indpls; estb business Pearson & Wetzel 1882, succeeding Mr
Wetzel on his retirement in 1896: continuously io yrs in wholesale
china & glassware business: res Indpls.

ou<i

-^''^<x^-^jeil'<^ o^o-<^^^.^.-7-

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

GEORGE A GAY, business man, born Dedham, Mass, June 18, 1859; attd
public schls; came to Indpls Jan 1, 1S92; pres Pettis Dry Goods Co,
"The New York Store"; res Indpls.

CARL H riEBER, business man, born Indpls Mch 16, 1866; attd German-
English & Shortridge High Schl ; treas the H Lieber Co; dir of Art
Assn, etc; res Indpls.

WIM.IAM K STEWART, business man, born Indpls July 26, 1875; attd
Shortridge High Schl & "Wise Univ; A B Tale, 1899; mere business un-
til 1909, then orgn W K Stewart Co of Indpls and Stewart & Kidd Co
of Cincti; pres & treas of both; mem Economic Club, Indpls Literary
Club, etc; dir Boys' Club Assn, Ind State Tax. Public Welfare Loan
Assns; res Indpls.

EDWARD J ROBLSOX. business man, born Bedford, O, Sept 18, 1855; grad
ISSO Hiram Coll, Hiram, O; vreas State Bd of Agr, 1900-5; mem Indpls
Bd of Schl Comn, 1S97-1900; County Treas Marion Co, 190S-10; res
Indpls.

WILLIAM FORTUNE, business man, born Boonville, Ind, May 27. 1863; edit
writer Indpls News, 1SS8-90; founder Munic Eng Mag, 1890; pres Indpls
Tol Co, New Long Dis Co. etc: dir various corp; orgn Indpls Coml
Club, 1890 (sec 1890-95), V-P 95-97. pres 97-9S; originator Ind State
Bd of Commerce, 1894 (pres 1897-8-9) ; chmn Elevated R R Comn.
1S9S-14; presented with Loving Cup 1898 by citizens for promoting
goneral welfare of city; res Indpls.

JOHN C TERRY, business man. born Paoli, Pa, Feb 21, 1834; attd com-
mon schls; came to Indpls 1853; began work as wood turner; in whole-
sale grocery business 4 5 years; pres J C Perry & Co, Inc; res Indpls.

C. W. CRAIG, business man, born Peru, 111, Nov 6, 1860; attd common
schls; began business mfg confectioner, Indpls, April, 1873; mem Cham-
ber of Commerce; res Indpls.

JOSIAH K LILLY, manufacturing chemist, born Greencastle, Ind, Nov IS.
1861; attd Phila Coll of Phar & Asbury Univ; became supt Lilly Lab
1S82; after death of his father, Eli Lilly, June, 1898, became pres of
Co; res Indpls.

ALBERT LIEBER, business man. born Indpls Aug 16, 1863; attd German-
English Schl & Indpls Bus Coll; pres Indpls Brewing Co; pres Schakk
Brewing Co, Newark, N J; V-P Kibler-Lieber Chem Co; dir Merchants
Natl, also Ind Trust Co; V-P Progress Mach Co; res Indpls.

FREDERIC M AYRES, business man, born Geneva, N Y, Feb 17, 1872:
Yale Univ, Ph B, 1892; pres L S Ayres & Co; dir Fletcher Trust Co &
Chandler & Taylor; res Indpls.

W B MTIEELOCK, business man, born Ogdensburg, N Y, May 17, 1862;
attd Greene St High Schl, Ogdenshurg, N Y; came to Indpls Jan, 1893;
V-P L S Ayres & Co; sec & Treas Murray Inv Co; res Indpls.

\V1LLI.43I J. MOONEY, business man, born Washington, Ind, Apr 17. 1863;
attd public & parochial schls: came to Indpls 1881, with A Kiefer;
orgn Mooney-Mueller Drug Co 1902; pres Board Trade 1907-8; dir
Fletcher Trust & Sav Co. State Life Ins Co, Citizens Gas Co, Greater
Indpls Indust Assn, Children's Aid Soc, Merchants & Mfg Ins Bur;
pres Mooney-Mueller- Ward Co; res, Indpls.

OLIVER P ENSLEY, business man, born Auburn, Ind, Oct 9, 1866; grad
Auburn High Schl & Bus Coll; came to Indpls as chief elk U S Pen-
sion Agency 1890-94; in lumber bus until elected treas Marion Co,
1904-8; dir Union Natl Sav & Loan Assn; now pres A Burdsal Co, paint
mfrs; res Indpls.

JOHN F DARMODY, business man, born Indpls Nov 26, 1865; attd public
schls: began work with Daggett & Co, mfg confectioners, 1879; est
Darmody Co 1S95; mem Chamber Commerce, Bd of Trade;' secy-treas
& gen mgr J F Darmody Co; res Indpls.

FRANK S FISHBACK, born Indpls, May 14, 1866; att comm and Shrtdge
High schls, Indpls; newspaper work, Indpls Times, 1885; Merch broker
1889; mem city council 1903-5; treas Marion Co 1910-11; now pres
Geiger-Fishback Co, Frank S Pishback Co, merch, brokers; prop Fish-
back Warehouse Co; res Indpls.

ALMIS G RI'DDELL, business man, born Indpls July 29, 1873: A B Le-
land Stanford Jr Univ 1895; came to Indpls in 1895; in mere business
until Nov, 1897: pres & mgr Central Rubber & Supply Co, 1897 to
date; mem Chamber Commerce Exec Committee & Chrman Wholesale
Trade Division, 1913-14; res Indpls.

GEORGE J MAROTT, business man, born Daventry, Northamptonshire,
England, Dec 10, 1858; attd schl one year; built railways from Ko-
komo to Marion & from Kokomo to Frankfort; now pres Ind Ry & Lt
Co; V-P Security Trust Co; operates one of the finest & largest shoe
stores in U S; res Indpls.

WILLl.AM SCOTT, business man, born County of Donegal, Ireland. April
6, 1850; received classical educ Londonderry, Ireland; came to U S
1868. to Indpls 1870; estb firm William Scott & Co; in 1890 became
associated in wholesale drug bus with Daniel Stewart; was pres Daniel
Stewart Drug Co; mem Bd Governor Board of Trade since 1882- V-P
1887; pres 1888; mem Bd of Schl Comms 1891-1900 (pres 1896-7)-' now
pres Kiefer-Stewart Drug Co; res Indpls.

C.VKL VERNON GRIFITTH, business man, born Dayton, O Aug 8 1869-
grad Rose Poly 1SS9; mem firm Griffith Bros, wholesale milliners; sec
& treas Potter Hat Co; res Indpls.

MERKITT A POT'TER, manufacturer, born Clarkston, Mich.; attd Univ
of 111; with EC Atkins & Co since 1878, now secy; mem Chamber of
Commerce, Bd of Trade; res Indpls.

WILLLAM L ELDER, born Indpls, July 31. 1855; att Indpls High sch- be-
gan work as bank elk, after 5 years was appt paymaster I D & S Ry
in furniture bus till 1893; since large operator in real estate; devel and
platted Armstrong and N W Park, Clifton PI, Edgewood, Marlon East
and Univ Heights, and other additions; rea Indpls.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

ABTHUB JORDAN, financier, born Madison, Ind, Sept 1 18^,5- attd Indnis
High Schl; engaged in various mfg, com! & financial enterprises since
1877; now pres Meridian Life Ins Co, Internl Mach Tool Co.'Kevress
Lock Co. City Ice & Coal Co, Printing Arts Co, Capital Gas Eng Co
Western Cold Storage Co, etc; dir Franklin Coll- trustee Y W C A
Indpls; mem Ind Commdry Loyal Leg; res Indpls.

FBED FAHNLEY, business man, born Wurtemburg. Germany Nov 1
1SS9; came to America in 1S54 at age of 15; came to Indpfs' In ises'
*^"f ,"J, '^'^°'^^^'® milhnery; one of the orgn of the firm styled Fahnley
& McCrea; now pros Fahnley & McCrea; V-P & dir Ind Trust- V-P &
dir Merchants Natl; res Indpls. ' '

SEVERANCE BURRAGE, chemist, born West Newton, Mass Julv 18 1S6S-
attd Mass Inst Techn '92; Ph D Hanover Coll; D P H Valparaiso
Univ; Prof Sanit Science Purdue Univ 1895-1912; at present dir Biol
Lab Eh Lilly & Co, Indpls & Greenfield; pres Ind Acad Science Ind
Soc Prev Tubercls; dir Natl Assn Studv & Prevn Tubr-r- dir Indnis
Boys' Club; mem A M A, State & County Med Soc, Am 'Pub Health
Assn, Soc Am Bact, Am Phar Assn, Am Chem Soc: author (with H T
Bailey) "School Sanitation & Decoration"; res Indpls.

OTTO B LIEBEB, business man, born Indpls Oct 1. 1S61; attd Or-rman-
English Indep Schl; began bus with H Lieber & Co, 1876; now pres H
Lieber Co; dir German House; owner Wiscinda Stock & Dairy Farm
Acton, Ind; res Indpls.

JAJMES E l.II.L,Y. business man, born Lexington, Ky, July 8 1844; attd
common schls, Asbury Univ; came to Ind lS52;"lst lieut'Co H 4Srd
Ind Vols, Civil War, 1861-65; began bus with Eli Lillv 1878; V-'p EU
Lilly Co, Mfg Chemists; dir Sterling Fire Ins Co; mem Loval Legion;
res Indpls.

WILLIAM J HOGAN, business man. born Chillicothe, O. .Aug 18, 1872-
attd common schls; began bus Indpls 1892, transfer and storage; pres
Hogan Trans & Storage Co, Ind Refrigerating Co, Ind State Chamber
of Commerce; mem Cham of Com, Indpls; res Indpls.

ANDREW STEFFEN, cigar manufacturer, born Madison, Ind, Mch 4, 1850;
att comm sch Madison; came to Indpls 1870; now engaged in manufact
cigars; res Indpls.

FRANKLIN VONNEGUT, business man, born Indpls Oct 20, 1S56; attd
German-English Indep Schl and High Schl; school commissioner 5
years; pres Commercial Club 2 years; pres Normal Schl of N A Gymn
Union; pres Citizens Gas Co; res Indpls.

JOHN N CAREY, business man, born Dayton, O, Mar 4, 1855; attd Brown
Univ, Providence, R I; began business in Indpls with Layman, Carey
& Co, wholesale hdwe, 1876; in 1SS3 went in drug business with Daniel
Stewart; orgn the Stewart-Carey Glass Co; 1908 pres & treas; dir
Indpls Tele Co; pres Y M C A; first pres Indpls Trade Assn; trustee
Methodist Hosp; res Indpls.

FRANK G WOOD, business man, born Indpls Feb 7, 1859; attd Indpls Pub-
lic & High Schl; with Singer Sewing Machine Co 21 years; pres Atlas
Paper Co since 1900; res Indpls.

WILLIAM H ELVIN. business man, born Madison, Ind. 1853; attd Madi-
son and Hanover Colleges; came to Indpls Oct, 1871; with Merrill &
Field Publ ; was pres Bowen-Merrill Co Pubs six years; one of Orgn
Indpls Book & Stationery Co, now pres; Trustee Rescue Mission 15
years; res Indpls.

LEONIDAS H LEmS, born Manilla, Ind, July 30, 1886; attd Valparaiso
Univ and Indiana Univ; former newspaper man and manager Conven-
tion and Publicity Bureau; was chosen Gen Secy of Chamber of Com-
merce at its formation in 1912; engaged in business 1915; res Indpls.

R.4i;PH W DOl'GL.A.SS, born Bartholomew Co, Ind. Dec 5. 1SS2; grad Ind
Univ, 1905; attd Ind Univ Law Schl. 1906-7. Indpls Coll of Law. 1908;
in newspaper work, Shelby ville, 1905-7; prac law, Shelbyville, 1908-10;
on staff Indpls Star. 1910, and Indpls News, 1910-13; publicity dir
Indpls Chamber of Commerce; elec asst Gen Secy Chamber of Com-
merce, 1914; res Indpls.

C C FERRY, financier, born Richmond. Ind. Dec 15, 1S57; educ Earlham
Coll; began work as messenger boy PCC&StLRR; learned tel-
egraphy; mgr W U Tel Co, Richmond, 1880-i;4: came to Indpls '86 as
representative Jennv Elec Co; one of orgn Marmon-Perry Light Co,
1S8S, and Indpls Lt & Pr Co, 1892; now pres and treas Indpls Lt & Ht
Co; res Indpls.

J EDAVARD MORRIS, real est broker, born Broad Ripple, Ind; attd State
Normal, Terre Haute; taught schl 5 years Marion Co; mgr C U Tele
Co, Shelbyville, 1903-7; engaged real estate bus, Indpls, 1907; orgn &
elect pres Ind Real Est Assn. 1914; res Indpls.

iDR R C LIGHT, physician, born Somerset, Ky, June 3, 1856; grad Rush
Med College, 1879; orgn Broad Ripple Nat Gas Co, 1886: orgn Broad
Ripple Rapid Transit Co, 1S92; built Broad Ripple electric line and
ran first cars, Sept, 1894; built White City. 1906; practiced med in
Broad Ripple 'since 1S80; res Broad Ripple, Ind.

TH03IAS A WYNNE, business man, born Ottawa, Canada, 1866; attd com-
mon schls; moved to Indpls 1S87; connected with Indpls Lt & "*^J;°
28 years; V-P & Treas Indpls Lt & Ht Co; V-P Farmers Trust Co,

I served term in Indpls City Council; res Indpls.

FREMONT ALFORD, lawyer, born near Eden, Ind, Dec 30. 1^57; attd
common schl. State Normal, Terre Haute; grad Central Law Schl, 1881.
Depty Pros Atty, 1894-189S; Judge Criminal Court Marion Co, 1S9S-

I 1907 ;" res Indpls.

JEITEBSON H CLAYPOOL, lawyer, born Connersville, Ind, Aug 15. lS6b;
attd Univ of Va & Miami Univ; mem Ind Legislatuie, lSbJ-91. mem
State Board Election Commissioners; res Indpls.

HERaiAN P LIEBEK. business man, boin Indpls Oct 9 1873: atUl Public
schls and Shortridge; entered mere business 1S91; sec> H Lieber Co,
res Indpls. . t5 » ht

HE^Y B DANNEB, born New York City^ Dec 25^ 1870; degr^ees;^.. B, AM,

N"nVate%96^'^Ind motw^t'h Wm Burford,'lndp.s. since 1909; res
IndplB.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

ALBERT SI ROSENTHAL, business man, born Kokomo, Ind. Oct 17. 1876;
attd Indpls Public Schls; began business 1903; now pres Standard Pa-
per Co, jnfg & wholesale dealers; res Indpls.

CHARLES F MEYER, business man, born Indpls Aug 4. 1852; educ Indpls
& Cincti Bus Coll; began business in Indpls April, 1869; now V-P A B
Meyer & Co; dir A & C Stone & Lime Co & Ind Plaster & Roofing Co;
33d A & A S R; treas Ind Consist 25 years; charter mem Murat Tem-
ple; treas over 30 years; res Indpls.

W1M>I.\M H BOCKSTAHLER, business man, born Indpls July 12, lSfi7;
attd common schls; learned printer's trade; connected with
yards 21 years as clerk Belt R R & Stock Yards Co; traffic mgr
lft09; res Indpls.

SOL SCHLOSS, business man, born Ligonier, Ind; attd public schls Ligo-
nier; began as clerk at 14; engaged in mere business, Titusville. Pa,
1894; started in bus for self at Monmouth, 111, 1S97; came to Indpls
1910; now pres Schloss Bros Co, Indpls; dir Monmouth, 111, Plow Fac-
tory; res Indpls.

AARON WOLESON, business man. born Boston, Mass, July 24, 1S71: attd
English High Schl, Boston; came to Indpls Nov, 1*04; now sec Kahn
Tailoring Co; ex-pres Indpls Assn of Credit Men; dir Chamber of Com-
merce; chrman Natl Com on Commercial Arbit Natl Assn of Credit
Men; res Indpls.

CH.ARLES L BrSCIfULANN, business man, born Indpls Sept 5. 1876; attd
Indpls High Schl. Capitol Univ. Columbus, O; began mfg 1887; V-P &
Genl Mgr Lewis Meier & Co; dir wholesale div Chamber of Commerce;
res Indpls.

THOMAS H SPANN, born Indpls June 8. 1S4S; A B Williams College, 1869;
ret Indpls & eng in real est bus with his father, John S Spann; now
pres John S Spann & Co, Inc; res Indpls.

PAl"L H KRAl'SS, business man, born Stuttgart, Germany, Oct 9, 1853;
attd comn schls Stuttgart & Indpls; came to Indpls Jan, 1864; mes-
senger boy in Ind Natl Bank 1868-70; engaged In haberdashery busi-
ness 1871; now pres Paul H Krauss Co; pres Merchants Assn 1914;
pres German Park Assn; dir Mchts Natl Bank; trustee Indpls Maen-
nerchor; treas Ancient Landmark Lodge Masons since 1SS3; mem St
James Conclave, Red Cross of Constantine; res Indpls.

GEORGE J MAYER, business man, born Indpls Jan 6, 1862: attd German
English & Public Schls; began business 1884; mem Chamber Com-
merce; pres Geo J Mayer Co; res Indpls.

FRED .A HETHERIXGTON, inventor and manufacturer, born Indpls. 1S58;
attd comn schls & Indpls Schl of Art; at 15 began work in Hether-
ington & Berner Mach Shop; supt Campbell Printing Press & Mfg Co,
New York City, 1881; inventor Railway Asphalt Paving Plant used in
estab first municipal paving plant in U S at Detroit; inventor Hether-
ington Camera, etc; res Indpls.

HENRY' W KLAFSMANN, civil engineer, born Centralia. 111. Sep 2, 1S6S;
educ common schls; pract civil engr since 1891; appt surveyor Marion
Co 1901; re-elect 3 terms till 1910; appt city engr 1910-14; music
director Indpls Mil Band; chm Rep City coram 1910 — ; res Indpls.

HARRY E. B.ARNARD, chemist, born Dunbarton, N H, Nov 14. 1874; grad
N H Coll, 1899; Ph D Hanover Coll, 1913; State Chem of N H, 1901-5:
Chem State Bd Health of Ind, 1905; State Food and Drug Commr of
Ind, 1907 — ; State Commr Weights and Meas of Ind, 1911; Food and
Drug Insp Chem, U S Dept Agr, 1907—; res, Indpls.

^^ILLI.AJI SHIMER, born Indianapolis, Sept. 20, 1878; grad Butler Coll
1902; Ind Med Coll, 1906; interne Indpls City Hosp, 1906-7; appt Supt
Bacteriological Lab, Ind. State Bd Health, 1912.

C H BALDWIN, born Jenningsville, Pa, May 21. 1883; B S Bucknell, Pa,
Univ, 1907; appt State Entomologist of Ind, 1911; res Edgewood, Ind.

/^L^.-«.'«J^C5^--^t.

<^^,

-i/^r^y

€>€M.jty^^

a>ocd 0'Pi^Z4tyt^<.

JOHN N HURTY, born Lebanon, O, Feb 21, 1852; grad Medical Coll, 1881,
Purdue Univ, 1886, Ph D; Prof Hygiene and Sanitary Science. Med Dept
Ind Univ; Sec Ind State Bd Health; State Health Commr Ind, 1896 —
Pres Ind Dental Coll; author "Health with Life," tc; res, Indpls.

JOHN D SHEA, born Bowling Green, Ky, Oct 29, 1864; att St John's Acad
Indpls; vice chm Dem Co Comm, Indpls, 1912; elect Doorkeeper Senate
Legis, 1913; appt supt bldgs and prop, State House, Jan 1, 1914.

MYKON D KING, born Covington. Ind., Aug. 9, 1859; grad Northwestern' .^
Univ 1881; Dept Sec State Ind, 1884; 1891, Sec State unexpired term
Claude Matthews; Priv Sec Gov Claude Matthews, 1893; Auditor Dem
Nat Com, 1904 and 1908; Dept Aud State of Ind, 1911 — ; res, Indpls.

I* A DAVIS, born Putnam Co, Ind. May 8, 1880; att. High Schl Kokomo:
appt. Quartermaster-Gen, I N G, Jan 1 1914; res, Indpls.

WILLI.AM J McKEE, born Madison, Ind, Dec 12, 1853; grad Yale Coll
.Slufheld Scien Dept, 1875; identified with Ind Nat Guard since 1873-
appt Brig-Gen Comdg, Mch 23, 1893; appt Brig-Gen U S V May "l'

] i Kf^'Vnf. "'"" ^^''"' "' ^'^'*''' "'Signed as Brig-Gen Ind Nat Guard
July 30, 1914; res, Indpls.

"' T^','.tt^>*nw^.M''^"A^y/■''"?"4^ ^".']', ^"^ 26, 1870; att Ind Univ. 1888-89;
• V iv^Lh?in^i,X.^»'Mo^'i**"= P'"^'^ '^^^ Jennings Co; appt Counsel fo •
•omnK r I'd Counsel to Gov Ralsion and Public Service

^. r. A^-

'■""■■\i'u'^le^cVn"*H'*f c^'"%'"'''^''r=^''°''-^' -^^^^ ^' IS"^' ^'t I"^» U"iv and > /^TO^ f //)

Jan 1, ml,'; ^"*' Quar-Serg l.r,sth Ind Vol Inf; appt Adj. -Gen Ind. [Jty^^^.'^my/t/ J^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

rOHN A LAPP, Librarian, born Filmore N T, No%^ 19 18S0- Ph B Mford
Univ. 1906; grad scho.ar in polit science Univ Wis 1906-7- fellow in
economics Cornell. 190T-S; asst in politics. Cornell, 1908 ■ lesis referpncf-
libr Ind. 1908-13; dir Ind Bur Lgis Informn. 1913-; sec ItateCommr
Industrial and Agrl Educ. 1912-13; mngr editor "Special Libraries;"
asso editor Nat Municipal Review, 1912-13; lecturer in Icgis Ind Univ
etc; res, Indpls.

.EO LANDO, Optician, born Hungary. 1851; educated in common schls- re-
moved to U S, 1S71, to Indpls Apr 27, 1SS9; manufacturing and rof'ra<--
tory optician; res, Indpls.

\j ERT SLACK, Lawyer, born John.son Cn. Ind. Ont S 1S74- att Krade and
high schls; atty Johnson Co; state Rop and State Senator Ind Gen
Assembly; res, Indpls.

,EWIS E LANCASTER, born Virginia, 111; att pub schs and Gem City Bus
Coll; in wholesale grocery; bus mgr Liby Bureau, Indpls; res. Indpls.

lUGH DOUGHERTY, Banker, born on farm near GreenviUo O July 'S
1S44; att Comm schs; removed to Bluffton. Ind; State Senator 187G-75'-
former Pres. Marion Trust Co ; V P Fletcher Savings & Trust Co; appt
by Gov Ralston Trustee Flood Fund; Pres Bd of Trustees De Pauw •
Univ; res, Indpls.

)SCAR L POND, Lawyer; born near Shelbyville, Mch 25, 1877- Ind Un
A B, 1899; Columbia Un A M, L L B, Ph D; lawyer; author "Munic
Control of Pub Ut" ; V P Indpls Commercial Club & mem Chamber of
Com.

ELMER W STOUT, Lawyer; born Paoli, Ind; grad Earlham Coll, 1896;
grad Harvard Un Law Dept, 1901; atty Bd of Park Commrs, Indpls,
1908; res, Indpls.

3EORGE W BROWN, Real Estate Broker; born Indpls Jan 12, 1857; att
pub schs; business course Butler Coll; res, Indpls.

SEORGE B ELLIOTT, Bond Broker, born Indpls Feb 29, 1868; att pub schs
and- Shortridge H. S; mem State Legis 1897; Clerk Marion Co, 1898; res,
Indpls.

OSWALD STAHN, State Official; born at Strehla a e Saxony, Germany, Sept
21, 1S65; grad coll at Doebler, Saxony, 1882; book business at Ft
Wayne, 1882-1910; appt Supt State Free Employment Bureau, Indpls,
Jan 1, 1911.

(VALLACE FOSTER, Author; born Vernon, June 22, 1837; att pub sch
Vernon and Indpls; civil engr O & M R R, 1856; Lieut Co H 11th Ind
Zouave Reg 3 mos serv Civil War, 1861; Lt Capt ADC and Pay
Dept U S A to 1865; instituted patriotic instruc in pub schs. 1S89:
Wontan's Relief Corps, etc; author of "Patriotic Primer for Am.
Citizen." "Origin and Hist, of the Stars and Stripes"; owner of copy-
right "Fac Simile of the Declaration of Independence"; res, Indpls.

IA3IES A COLLINS, Lawyer; born Arlington Mass. Oct 12, 1870; grad
Ind Law Sch, 1904; judge City Court, Indpls, 1910-14; intro probation
in that court, collection of money fines on installments and special
sessions for women; elected Judge Crim Ct. Marion Co. 1914; rts
Indpls.

BAaiUEL O PICKENS, Lawyer; born Owen Co. Ind, April 26, 1S46; grad
law dept, Ind Univ, 1873; came to Indpls 1S86; pros atty Owen, Mor-
gan & Greene Cos, 1877-81; memb Am, State & Indpls Bar Assns; atty
Penn Ry Lines since 1878; res, Indpls.

ALEXANDER C AYRES, Lawyer; born Mt Carmel, Ind, Nov 9, 1846; grad
A B N W Christian Univ (now Butler Coll), 1868; LL B, 1872; elec
circuit judge Marion & Hendricks Cos, 1882-6; judge Marion Co Cir-
cuit Ct, 1890; pract law since; res, Indpls.

JESSE T JOHNSON, Architect; born Franklin Co, Mo, Aug 21, 1S74; grad
Indpls High Sch; Washington Univ (arct dept), St Louis, Mo. 1887-91:
began pract Indpls, 1905; designer Owen Co court house, Tipton, and
Sharpsville High Schs, Elks Club, Frankfort, Ind; Bona Thompson
Libr, Indpls; Ind Bldg, Panama-Pac Expos; res, Indpls.

CHARLES O DURHAM, Physician; born Hendricks Co, Ind, May 9. 1867;
taught sch Hendricks Co two years; grad Cent Coll Phy & Surg. 1892;
attd Ky Sch of Med, 1891-2; interne Indpls City Hosp, 1S92-3: 11 years
memb fac Coll Phy & Surg; memb Bd Health. Indpls, 189 1 -9; pract
since 1893; elec coroner, 1910; re-elec, 1912; res, Indpls.

JAMES BINGHAM, Lawyer: born Fountain Co. Ind, March 16, 18
worked on farm, railroad, taught sch Fountain Co 6 years; co s
Fountain Co, 1883-87: pros atty Fountain & Warren Cos, 1891-93: £
gen of Ind, 1907-11; now pract law; res, Indpls.

.LABZ A WHITCOMB, Lawyer; born Clinton, Ind, March 26, 1871; Ph
DePauw Univ, 1S93; A B Yale Coll, 1894, and LL B Yale
1895; mem Ind Legis, 1899-01; prac law since 1895;
and Indpls Bar Assn; res, Indpls.

v..

Law Sch.
mem Ind State

firm Matson, Gates & Ross; res, Indpls.

IWILLIAM

Byr

"E\

Am Bar Assns;

SAMUEL ASHBY, Lawye

Ind Univ, 1891; began prac
Assns; res, Indpls

Mich and cent i.aw ocn, cuiici^^u.cv..^^ ^.w. " "-°.-. X/ /,*»^_V .^i -v-
irk of Advocate," "Roads & Streets." "Railroads. ^ iyi9<..<^^C^^
i;ts"; magazine writer: memb Indpls, State and ^g/

>r: born near Pittsboro, Ind. Aug 24. ^^^^■'^^±,^'\/})Lyl/ri
n practice law Indpls. 1802; mem Am. Indpls Bar ^'-^

(0 4Lt-/-

JA3IES A ROSS, Lawyer; born Delaware Co. Ind, Feb 19 1883; aUd North
western Univ; grad Ind Law Sch. 1904; mem Indpls Bar Assn, men

Ind. Sept 20. 18G5; attd

••'^^iS li^^^^^r^^^ iB Pv^^niv Mich, began praot
Indpls, 1893; mem Ind State & Indpls Bar Assns, res, Indpls.

\\'HO'S WHO IN INDIANA

AI.BRECHT Kirr. business ™an; born Is^ngdorf Bi^..efdd, Wes^P^^

.^;:.n^';t'l^-of^GSn^Housf'^SaTes s?ncl' 190S; res In.pls.
MAKION WARD business n.an: ^-^ .^^--^fo^^^ngaged 'in'bu'sires^'
^;?.^.';.Xw.!;..^"fs= ,.r^cXr;^°norc?.'n^.n'bd*'or^di? Ilooney, Mueller
l^ruf,- ''": r( s Indpls.

Co & D Sominers & Co; res Indpls.

since 1900; mem Bd Of Trade; res Indpls.

res Indpls. ,

»»l.-V\NnFK M STEWART, business man; born Terre Haute Mch 4
r)6\ became parlnerVu schner & Son 1891; pres Wulschner Stewart
Muei'r Co 1901-12; pres and treas A M Stewart Realty Co; owner
.-Stewart Talk Mach Co; res Indpls.

Fl»\V\RD SCHMIDT, business man; born Cincinnati, O, May 10, 1859;
«;trt%iolTls Hoboken N J, & Leipsic. Germany, also German English
schl Indplsfbegan bus with C T Schmidt Brewery 187G; retired 1890;
trip around world 1892-93; res Indpls.

OKORGE X M-ANNFELD, born Indpls, Jan 5, 1866; att German English KJLijO

"hi 1S72-S0; att Shortridge High Schl; engaged in tailormg business ^

with his faiAer, George Mannfeld, 1882; organized and first pres Mar
Co Fish and Game Protec Assn: writer on fish and game protec £
conservation; pres Ind Fish, Game and Forest League 1913-14;
Indpls.

hl{\NK M Vl'S FAt'VRE, business man; born New Alsace, Dearborn Co.
Ind Jan "4 1851; educ pub schls, German English Schl; Bryant-
.-^tratton Bus Coll 1866-67; mem City Council 1877; pres and builder
of Indpls & Eastern Trac line between Indpla and Cambridge City
1902; pres Fauvre Coal Co; V-p Rogue River Pub Serv Corp, Ore;
res Indpls.

JOSEl'H C SCHAF, business man; born Brookville. Ind, Jan 14, 1859;
.due St Meinrad's Acad; 1881 came to Indpls; 1886 engaged in the
Brewing business now pres and sole owner of the American Brewing
Co; dir Fletcher Am Bank; dir Indiana Hotel Co; Waverly Elec Co;
pres Columbia Club; V-p Ind Road Comms; res Indpls

OARI. F WAI-K, business man; born Indpls Aug 29, 1870; educ Indpls
Grade Schls and Shrtrdge High Schl; 1886 connected with Theo
I'fafllin Music House and Fairbanks Scale Co '87-88; entered store
of Bingham & Walk 18SS; firm of Julius Walk & Son 1892; now pres
Julius C Walk & Son Inc; res Indpls.

K H JIcCLELI.-AN, business man; born Franklin, Ind, Feb 18, 1867; educ
Comn Schls Franklin; came to Indpls age 13 with Fahnley-McCrea
wholesale millinerv; on road at 16; traveled for them for 28 years;
with H B Gates orgn Hotel Colonial & Hotel Severin; mgr and pres
Gates-McClellan Hotel Co; res Indpls.

lia.

ted ^^

ess jy

June 14, 1868; grad
mgT Home Brewing

l*.\rL HAGEX, business man; born Fortville, Ind,
Xotro Dame 1885; grain bus for 18 yrs; gen
Co for 8 yrs to date; res Indpls.

J J COLE, business man; born on farm near Connersville. Ind, Mch 23.
1869; educ High bchl Fayette Co & Bus Coll Richmond, Ind; with
Parry Mfg Co 10 yrs; Moon Bros Carriage Co St Louis 8 yrs; began
•arrlagt mfg 1904; automobiles 1908; now pres Cole Motor Car Co;
mem Natl Auto Cham of Com; mem Bd of Trade & Cham of Com;
ns Indpls.

ll/UiRY B. GATES, business man; born Connersville, Ind, Sept 5, 1858;
educ Common .Schls Indpls; pres Climax Coffee & Bak Powder Co;
pri-s Hotel Severin; res Indpls.

O A EFTIOYMHON, business man; born Evansville, Ind, Jan 21. 1870;
attd Common Schls Indpls; began bus 1883; pres H P Wasson Co
since Apr, 1912; mem Cham of Commerce & Bd of Trade; mem
Union of .American Hebrew Congregations; rep Indpls.

AI.BKKT <; SMDKR, business man; born Indpls. Feb 23, 1878; attd
Coinn Schls, High Schl, Butler Coll; entered present bus 1898; now
jiriB of Hide Leather & Belting Co; mem Cham of Com, Bd of
Trade; res Indpls.

WII.I.I.V.M T CANNON, Railroad Official; born Logansport. Ind, Apr 23,
1856; atld pub schls in Wis; returned to Ind in 1873 to accept
clerkship with Indpls I'eru & Chicago Ry ; 1883 treas of same; secv
1901; in 1S87 orgn The R R Men's Build & Sav Assn; now pres; res
Indpls,

•IAS E I'IKKCE, Railway Official; born Buffalo, N Y, Nov. 14, 1863; educ
Indpls High Schl; at 14 began as mossengt^r for Merchants Despatch
Transj) Co; became usstd agt in 1885, Dairy Agt 1S93; was elected
treas of the R K Men's Build & Sav Assn upon orgn in 1887; elec
secy & auditor of this assn in 1912; res Indpls.

rilARI.KS T .MSTIN, Express Company Official; born New Albany Ind.
F. b 19, 1866; grad Vincennes High Schl, began work with Adams
Lxpnss Co. Vincennes. at 18 yrs & served as agent at various places
and resigned as agt at Indpls 1903; 1903 orgn present bus Express
Parcel Delivery Co; now pres; res Indpls.

!•; M

(ItAI'l'. Mamiraclurer; born Indpls Sept 9, 1881; attd pub .•schls
ml Manual 'I'ralnlng Hph Schl; began bus with A P Craft 1897- now
prm & gen mgr A P Craft Co; res Indpls

WHO'S WHO IX INDIANA

tABSHALt. T I.EVEY, Manufacturing Printf-r
6. 1875; attd Shortridge Hgh Schl Indpls;
Levey Co; res Indpls.

born :Madison, Ind, Oct
secy & treas Thornton-

TEIED J OSTERMEYER, business man; born Indpls Deo 21 18T9- attd
German Lutheran Schl & Bus Coll; began bus at 16 with Severin '03ter-
meyer & Co, and Sevfrin & Co till June. ISOl: -finer- with Ind Paper
Co; now pres; mem Indpls Cham of Com; prea Osterineyer Realty
Co, dir Schwartz Elec Co; res Indpls.

lAJLPH A LEMCKE, Capitalist; born Evansville, Ind, Fpb 5, l.SSO- grad
St Johns Delafield, Wis; attd Princeton I'niv; pres r' A I.emcke
Realty Co; mng Trustee Lemcke Estate; mem BA of Gov B of
Trade; res Indpls.

k. S BENSOX, Banker and Live Stock Commission Broker; born Rush
Co, Ind, Aug 4, 1858; began work as messenger boy In First Natl
Bank; m Live Stock Comn bus for 36 yrs; pres Live S;ock Exch
Bank; res Indpls.

[■ S GRAVES, Live Stock Broker; was born Nelson Co, Ky, June 28 1862-
educ Transylvania Univ Lexington, Ky ; Northwestern C:hrlstian (now
Butler) Univ; began business Union Stock Yards 3 877; was pr.-s
Indpls Live Stock Exchange 18S7-1897; pres Natl Live StO(-k Exchange
1908-10; senior member T S Graves-Navin Co.

JORDON B. T.\NNER, business man; born April 4, 1886; attd The Adiron-
dack Florida schl, Rainbow Lake, N Y; began business with father
in Tanner & Co, wholesale sheet metals July 18, 1904; at present
head of firm; mem Indpls Bd of Trade; wholesale Trade dlv of
Chamber of Com; res Indpls.

lENRV C THORNTON, Manufacturing Printer; born Bedford. Ind, Nov
8, 1S51; A B Hanover Coil 1S71; began buBiness in Bedford, Ind,
1873; gen merchandise; in blank book & sta bus in Indpls 188S to
present; now pres Thornton Levy Co; mem Cham of Commerce & Bd
of Trade; res Indpls.

fTNLEY V M015NT, Lawyer; born Montgomery Co, Ind, Nov 26 1866;
B. S. Wabash Coll 1890; A M 1S95; studied law Crawfordsvllle ft
Anderson; admitted 1892; practiced law Crawfordaville 1892-1912;
Indpls since; taught schl 'S4-'S.6; prin Crawfordsvllle High Schl 'rt0-'i)2;
mem Bd Trustees Wabash Coll; City att Crawfordsvllle 12 yrs; res
Indpls.

EDWARD E GATES, Lawyer; born Indpls Aug 23, 1871; grad Yale 1891;
PhB; Ind Law Schl LLB 1S95; began practice of law in 1893 at
Indpls: served in war with Spain in 27 Light Battery Ind Vol 1898:
Spanish Amer War; pres Lincoln League of Ind, 2 yrs 1906: mem
Indpls Bar Assn ; res Indpls.

rA>tES P GOODRICH, Lawyer; born Randolph Co. Ind, Feb IS, 1864;
attd Winchester High Schl & DePauw Univ; taught schl 2 yrs In
Randolph Co; began practice in 1SS8; chairman Rep State Com
1901-10; mem Natl Com 1912-16; mem State Bar Assn; res Win-
chester, Ind.

lOR-VCE E KINNEY'. Grain Broker; born Stilesville, Ind, Sept 6, 1858;
attd common schls; at age of 11 entered Ry service as a tele-
graph operator; later connected with the Associated Press in like
capacity; entered grain business in Indpls 1883; V-p Indpls Bd Trade
1897-98; and since mem Bd of Gov; res Indpls.

EDGAR H EVANS, Miller; born Saratoga Springs, N Y, July 18, 1870:
grad Shortridge Hgh Schl; Wabash Coll 1S02 A B & A M; began
flour milling with Geo Evans & Son: now pres-treas Acme-Evan»
Mill Co; prea Indpls Bd of Trade 1911-12; Gov Bd Trade since 1898;
treas Indpls Elev Co: dir Summitville Drain Tile Co; Indpls Cham
Com; ex-p Boys Club: mem Chicago & St Louis Bd of Trade: res
Indpls.

SKSJ B MINOR, business man; born Lodi. N Y, Oct 20, 1840; taught schl
4 vrs New York State; attd Seminary Ovid Seneca Co, N Y; operating
Country Elevators 50 yrs; mem Bd of Trade 1885; acting Gov 17
yrs; res Indpls.

lUGUSTtS L,YTVCH MASON, Lawyer; born Bloomington, Ind, Feb 10,
1859; attd Northwestern Christian (now Butler) Univ; PhB, A M
Depauw univ; retired from law pract 1910; was pres Cit St Ry Co
Indpls; Dean Depauw Univ Law Schl; lect r r law Ind Law Schl;
since 189S atty Depauw Univ, I & E Ry etc; Author "Pioneer History
of Am," etc; res Indpls.

1 A RINTv, busibess man; born Lawrenceburgh, Ind, Apr 15, 1858; attd
comn schls; began usiness at age of 14 with M H Spade.'); est The
Rink Cloak House 1S7S; appointed pres board of works 1914 begmnlng
Jan 5; res Indpls,

•frank A WITT, Grain Broker; born Thornton, Ind, Oct 15, 1S84 : grad
Frankfort, Ind, Hgh Schl 1902; A B Franklin Coil 1906; came to
Indpls with Stebbins-Witt Grain Co 1909; since engaged m Krain
comn bus; Gov Bd of Trade since 1912; res Indpls.

ISEO H EVANS, Manufacturer; born Waynesville, O, Oct 15, 1863; grad

' Haverford Coll Pa K^^3; with I P Evans & Co 1SS3: Evans Milling Co

i .since 1904; Gov Bd of Trade since; now Pres Bd of Trade; res Indpls.

\WM V HAYWARD, Grain Broker: born Mahomet, Ills. Dec 4, 1883; attd
111 St Normal & III State Univ; came to Indpls 1911; gram broker

{ mgr of Mutual Grain Co; mem Bd of Trade; res Brownsburg, Ind.

'SD K SHEPTERD, Grain Broker; born Brookville. Ind, July 6, 1881:

• attd public schls Brookville & Indpls; in grain trade In Indpls «lnce

' 1896; mem Ed of Trade; mgr Cleveland Grain Co; res Indpls.

UNION B HINT, Lawver; born Randolph Co, Ind. Sept 2, 1864; educ
common schls; Secretary State of Ind 1898-1902; Chmn Ind Ry Commn
1905-OS; was pres and genl counsel Supr Lodge K of P Ins Dept.

Indpls.

GEORGE ALIG, Manufacturer: born Chur, Switzerland, Feb 22, 1S52,
att Univ of Freiburg: came to Am 1S72: began work with Dcloss
Root & Co. stove mfgrs and has been in same business smce: wa^
pres Indpls Stove Co 1S92; now pres and mgr Home Stove Co, res
Indpls.

Y^e^t^'e /^^Z^^,^

WHO'S \M-IO IN INDIANA

JOHN H EMRICir, M.-in-,.facturer: born TV ayne Cc, Ind, Sept 16, 1S60 attd
public Fchi? Indpls; bfgan business as a boy wilh Emrich. Paulina &
Co Fu'-n Jlfgrs; became associated v/ith father Henry Emrich and bro
\V F Emrich and Geo H DrcchSGl, under name of Emrich Furn Co
in 1S95- secy & trcas since incorp; elec mem Indpls Bd of SchI Com-
missioners; pres Bd lOH ; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls.
W r »ni.HOIX.\Nn. street Railway Official: born Cartersburg-. Ind. Aug
"4 IS'."- attd Comn .t Hsh Schls Putnam Co; came to Indpls July,
JfSO- bejran as ofTice bov with Citizens Street Ry Co 1SS3; paymaster
and 'cashier, now secy "& treas Indpls Tract & Term Co; asstd sec
and treas Indpls .St Ry Co & Terrc H I & E Tract Co: res Indpls.
CII4KI.es L henry, Ex-Congressman; born Hancock Co, Ind, July 1,
'l849;'attd pub schls and Asbury Univ (now DePauw) ; afterward
ETad in law at Ind Univ; practiced law at Pendleton and Anderson
2,^ yrs; State Senator '80-S4: Congress 1895-99; official Interurban
Rvs" from 1S91 to present; res Indpls.
IR-\ k <il THKIE, Interurban Railway Official: born in Brown Co, Ind,
Feb 28. 18S1; educ pub schls and Hgh Schl; 14 yrs experience in
higher accounting and with financial systems of banks. Indus, Ry
and pub utility corps; now treas of Interstate Pub Ser Co, owning
and operating "elec rys and pub utilities serving 30 Ind cities and
towns; res Indpls.
CHESTP;R I* MTI.SON, Electric Railroad Official; born Indpls. Feb 8. 1871;
M E. M.M E Cornell Univ; was supt Phila Pa Tract Co; chief engr
Milwaukee Elect Rv & Lt Co; genl mangr Camps Bay Tramways,
Cape Town, S Africa; supt Eack & Wyom Val Ry Scranton. Pa etc;
now pres Interstate Pub Serv Co. Indpls; Cent Ind Lt Co; I.,ouisvilIe
& Northern Ry & Et Co; Louisville & Southern Ind Tract Co; United
Cas &■ Elect Co; res Indpls,
ROBERT R H.VRGIS; Railroad Traffic Manager; born Frankfort, Ky,
July 6, 1SS2; educ Univ Schl of Ky; Yale Coll; with railroad and
express companies till 1914; now traffic manager Indpls Bd of Trade;
res Indpls.
C A MoCOTTER, insurance man; born Kipton, Lorain Co, O, June 2,
ISCI; attd High Schl and Business Coll; secy and mgr Grain Dealers
Xatl Mutual Fire Ins Co; treas Childrens' Aid Assn; res Indpls.
JOHN F ROBBINS, Lawyer; born Economy, Ind, June 11, 1S5C; educ
Earlham Coll, Ohio Wesleyan Univ & Mich Univ; began practice in
l.«;7S at Richmond, Ind; pros atty Wayne Co 1SS4-86; mem of law
firm of Monks. Robbins, Starr & Goodrich; res Richmond.
E E EEICKINGER, insurance man; born MMUoughby, O. Apl 7. 1862;
Otterbein Univ B S 1883: M D Cleveland Med Coll 1885; practiced
med B yrs; started as local agt with John Hancock Life Ind Co of
Boston Mass at Willoughby, O, 1890; spec agt Cleveland 1891; state
agt for Ind since 1892; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls.
GEOKOE C C.'\E\'ERT, born Charleston. Ills. Sept 2, 1871; PhB DePauw
1893; AM 1894; LL B Ind Law Schl 1896; Fellow in Univ of Chicago
1S94-.'): editorial writer The Indpls Press: since 1901 mgr Indjjls
Clearing House Assn; res Indpls.
VICTOR C KEND.VLL, business man; born'six Points. Ind. Mch 9, 1863;
attd High Schl Hendricks Co; with L S Ayres & Co 3?, yrs; now
secy-treas of Amer Mortgage Guarantee Co; treas Sunlight Coal Co
& Ohio Valley Coal Co; mem Bd of Trade & Cham of Com; res Indpls.
JOHN C UTtlGHT, Capitalist; was born Rockville, Ind, Oct 17, 1S32;
att Asbury (now DePauw) Univ; att Berlin Univ 1857; was secy
legation under his. father Gov. Wright who was serving his second
term as minister; after his father's death was chrge d'affairs lega-
tion; since 1868 connected with banking and real estate bus in
Indpls.
SI B WILSON, Banker; born Palestine, Ills, Dec S, 1845; educ Vincennes
Univ & Marburg Germany: began banking Sullivan, Ind, Oct 1870; estb
Cap Natl Bank Indpls Dec, 1889; pres of same until 1904; pres
Columbia Natl until June, 1909; orgn Nat Live Stock Ins Co 1910;
dir of various coml & financial orgn; res Indpls.
ITtEI) J 3I.4CK, Decorator: born Cleveland, O, Jan 5, 1854; attd comn
schls Cleveland; came to Indpls 1872; learned trade of decorator;
estb firm of F J Mack & Co Sept, 1877; mem Indpls City Council
1S84-S8; legislature from Marion Co 1891-93; Bd of Safety 1895-1900;
Park Bd Jan 1902; Bd of Works 1906-10; res Indpls.
ORA.N I'ERRY, Soldier-Author; born at Liberty, Ind, Feb 1, 1838; attd
public schls: bookkeeper until Civil War; served Civil war from Apr
19. 1861 to July 5, 1865; private, ad.iutant. It col. col 16th and 69th
Ind: with Penn Ry 35 yrs; Q M G & Adj Gen Ind, 1902-11; author
"Indiana in Mexican War"; res Indpls.
ALVIN HIGH SMITH, business man; born Cleveland, O. Apl 17, 1875;
sducateil public schl and' coml coll; began in bicycle bus; then en-
gaged in engineering and contracting and banking; identified with
auto bus since 1903; now Indpls mang Ford Motor Co; res Indpls.
F A BITLER, business man; born Morgantown, Ind, Mch 30, 1876; educ
Morgantown schls; with Big 4 Ry 6 yrs; Merchants Nail Bank 10
yrs; C B Cones Son Mfg Co 5 yrs; since 1909 Secy Cones Mfg Co; mem
Cham of Com; res Indpls.
I.OI IS C IHES.M.VNN. business man; liorn Dayton, O. June 20, 1856; attd
public .schls Dayton, O; began work Am Exp Co; engaged in mere
buBiness Union City 1889; orgn Central Supply Co 1902; now pres-
res Indpls.

^*"i?J*7 J' ■ ''".^';7'o ''?,'"" "*''■''"• O- "'^'" ll'^^th Ind Vol Com C till Feb,
}nHn'.„^iTK7''pV ^. ^fll ^■^''J- l**64-65: mem Met Theater Stock Co,
iS77^V' lJ"-«»; /.I'-r"- Sherifl Marion Co 1873; appt Assn in Bankruptcy
1877 by Judge W Q Gresham; res Indpls

'^''''',M,bn,"«^'>*,u^/"f"*,'****^' V'"°^^^= ^""^ Morrow, O. May 18, 1858; educ
I'xe „,.^. M V I^m'"'''*'''.'^^",''"'^^^ ^"'^P'^ «'"^'-' l^SS; mem N Y Stock
of Trw Tn,i, I i' '," {^^'^^'^'^"Se; Chicago Bd of Trade; Indpls Bd
oi iiaile, Iixipl.s .stuck Exchange; res Indpls.

I-IIIJ-ANOEK II J.|TZ<;eRAIJ>. Lawyer; born Greensburg, Ind, Feb 14
1818. sludlecl law and attended Bryant & Stratton Co.

miiiercial Law

i.syi

'; n'r'ln'lp'l'.s.""' "''^ ^'"""^ ^"^' founded City of Fitzgerald, Ga,

■UHIN R WELCH, R,.al Estate Broker;

,.,,,11, . , ,. , -, • born Warsaw, Ky, Oct 23 1856-

Celtle'^Sa & l't.n''?ss','^'.>f4'^''= ""^'T '" ^"'^P'^ ^^^^ became secy

VluM ls,J^- "-V, Hd ;m^^ n''"^ es ate and insurance business

• ^ " '""' '"' •^■'' ' "'' Bank; dir C-itizens Gas Co; Greater

Guar Co: mem Cham of Com-

. ;ind dir
liidpl.-i InduHirial ,\.ssii .
uieree, re.4 Indpla.

Nal Citv
.Muriijii 'nil

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

ov 20.
erk in

BEKNABD E O'COXOR business man; born Indpls. Ind, April "i 1876-
grad St \iateurs Coll, Bourbonnais Grove, Kanl akr-e Ills im'o '„ '
tered firm of M O'Connor Co, wholesale grooori; i^r- \/o v\-ecv"t'r/as"
secy Wilson-Bryan League, Ind 1915; res Indpls. "

^^^^./'t ■^'^^^H'^^^' A^"-^'",^-^^ "^^"^ l^orn Franklin. Ind, Mar 2 18R4-
attd Indiana Univ; A B Yale 1907; attd Xew York Law s'hl- ;ntered
banking business Franklin 1907; engaged in brokorafre bus with Tnifi^
E Lathrop, Indpls, 190S; estb firm Oren M R^gsdlle & Co Voii
elected pres Indpls Stk Exch 1914; res Indpls.

H THOMAS HEAD, insurance man: born on farm Davis Co' Kv N

1869; attd country schl 5 yrs; worked on farm until' 20; ' cler.^ ■„
country store 3 yrs; travl slsmn 4 yrs; at 27 began work n ife ini
for Prudential Life Ins Co as agt; with Metro Uf" Ins 5 vrs; 'orgn
Public Sav Ins Co, Indpls, 1909; now pres; res Indpls. " -

rtriLUAM H COOK, business man; born Apr 22, 1S54. Indpls. Ind; attd
public schls and German English Schl; with Fahnley & McCrea 4t
yrs; now V-p; res Indpls. v-v-»^c -.-j

HAURICE DONNELLY, born in Ireland Apr 21. 1859; aitd Paror^hiil
schls; county recorder Marion Co 1892-3; mgr Terre Haul,^ Brr-w f,',
secy-treas North Western Ranch Co & Adams Co Land & Inv Co-
res Indpls.

SEORGE O ROCKWOOD, business man; born Aug 7 187" Chattanooga
Tenn; attd Indpls Pub Schl & Purdue Univ; came to Indpls 188o'
with Rockwood Mfg Co since 1893; now pres; res Indpls.

OTTO P DELUSE, business man; born Indpls. Ind, Oct 16 1S77- attd
public schl and Com'l Coll; secy Indpls Brewing Co; treas Klbler-
Lieber Co; worthy pres Fraternal Order of Eagles; dir Cham of
Com; dir Eagles Temple Assn ; res Indpls.

ELMER E CRANE, business man; born Eaton,, O, May 12 1866- attd
public schl Noblesville; in 1895 estb the largest wholesale' cigar 'house
in Ind "The House of Crane"; branches Louisville, Evansville, Ind.
Bloomington, Ills; res Indpls.

EHEDK C GROSSART, business man; born Odernheim, Rhein, Germany,
July 6, 1855; attd pub schl and gymnasium; came to Amer May ISGs'
to Indpls Mch, 1877; was connected with Ger Telegraph 3 yrs; Ger-
mania House 10 yrs; asstd mgr Indpls Brew Co 10 yrs; mem Ind
Legislature 1893; now mem firm of Grossart & Gale; res Indpls.

EDWARD C GALE, business man; born Cumberland. Ind. Dec 25, 1874;
attd Comn Schls; entered commercial bus in 1890 at Indpls with
firm of Koepper & Waterman; estab in bus Jan, 1906, with firm of
Grossart & Gale; mem Indpls Bd of Trade; res Indpls.

f E REAGAN, business man; born Indpls. Ind, May 22, 1865; attd pub
schls, began with Baldwin-Miller Co, wholesale jewelers; in 1884 as
city slsmn; now secy-treas same; dir Cham of Com; res Indpls.

3LYDE E TITIS, Funeral Director; born Williamsport, Ind, Sept 1. 1881;
attd Williamsport Hgh Schl; grad Chicago Coll of Embalming; aptd
a mem State Board of Embalmers by Gov. Hanly and elec secv of
Bd for 4 yrs; mem of Cham of Com; Past Master of Penta'lpha
Lodge of Masons 564 Indpls; memi of Ind Funeral Dir Assn; pres
N Am Conference Embalmers Exam Bd ; res Indpls.

rOSEPH K SHARPE, Manufacturer; born Indpls; attd city academy and
Wabash Coll; began business with his father J K Sharpe about 1880;
became identified with Indiana Manufacturing Co as secy and treas
1892; pres of company since 1907; res Indpls.

BtENRY KLANKE, business man; was bom in Liebenan Hpsscn-i"a.s.>^el.
Germany, May 21, 1852; aitd schl in Germ, Com'l Coll in Indpls:
came to Amer in 1867 to Indpls 1868; painter and decorator till 1877:
mgr contr dept Consumers Gas Trust Co till 1904; in Ins & Real
Est since; res Indpls.

UAJOR TAYLOR, business man; born in Dundas, Ont, Canada, Feb 22.
1841; attd pub schl until 15; six yrs as marble cutter and carver; now
pres Excelsior Ldry Co; estab first steam public laundry in Ind ISTii;
res Indpls.

ALBERT R ■\VORBI, business man; born Landsberg, East I'russia, Ger-
many, Dec 15, 1866; attd pub schls; came to Indpls 1.S93; eng in
packing bus; estb Worm & Co 1901; now pres of Co; mem Cham of
Com; res Indpls.

[ F KAHN, business man; born Indpls, Sept 8, 1885; attd Shortridge
Hgh Schl & Univ of Wise; began bus with Capital Paper Co 1904;
now pres & mgr Capital Paper Co; res Indpls.

HORACE H FLETCHER, Agriculturist and Live Stock Dealer; born
Marion Co. Ind, Mav 2, 1856; grad Northwestern Christian Univ
(now Butler Coll) 1878; prac law 5 yrs; agriculturist and live stock
Comn merchant; pres Indpls Live Stock Exch for 3 yrs; res Indpls.

lETE F SINGLETON, Banker; born Columbus, Ind. June 29. 1866; attd
comn schls of Ind; bookkeeping and accting until 1900 then associated
with the Ind Nat Bank until May. 1913, orgn the Live Stock Exch
Bank at the Union Stock Yards; elec cashier; res Indpls.

WILLIAM J TAYLOR, business man; born Indpls, 1876; A B Harvard
1899; Ind Law Schl LLB, 1901; Asst City Atty 1901-3; prac 4 yrs; V-p
The Taylor Belting Co 1903; now pres; mem Cham of Com; res
Indpls.

lESSE C MOORE, business man; born Delphi. Ind, 1S6S; grad Delphi
Hgh Schl; attd Ann Arbor Mch Hgh Schl; PhB & LLB L'liiv of Mioh;
attd Harvard Coll 1 yr; began practicing law in Indpls in 1^94;
after 6 vrs went into mfg bus; pres Standard Coal & Sup Co; secy-,
treas Columbia Schl Sup Co; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls.

F H LANGSENIiAMF. business man; born Indpls, May 21. 1S7S; aitd
St. Marv's, Indpls & St Josephs. Teutopolis. HI; began with \Vm Laiig-
senkamp; business estb in 1868; succeeded in 1908; mem Cham of
Com & Bd of Trade; res Indpls.

.<^^,«Je^ .^^^

>^^ffYxx<txMrYJUtyL^r .

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

WILLIAM KOTHE. business man; born Indpls, May 8, 1S5S educ Ger-
man-English Schl & Indpls Hgh Schl; estb Kothe-Wells & Bauer
,Tm iss!;; bceen engaged in Wholesale Groc Bus 36 yrs; now pres
Kothe-Wells & Bauer; res Indpls.

lOIlN 31 DlI.R'iTMPLE, business man; born Flemingsburg. Ky. Sept 17.
1S46- attd CountiT schls; learned saddlery trade at 13 yrs of age;
came to Ind in iS5] : eng in wholesale saddlery bus m Indpls in
1SS1; one of orgn of Indpls Saddlery Co; pres since about 1900; mem
Hd of Trade; Cham of Com; res Indpls.

I oris ir TEVKV, business man; born Madison, Ind, Jan 19. 1857; attd
' laib sc-ls; began prtg bus with father W P Levey at Madisnn m

bus estb 1S4S; moved to Indpls 1883 and estb firm Levey Bros & Co;
was pres; mem Bd of Trade: mem Cham of Com; res, Indpls.

II II H.AIIKISON, business man; born Indpls Aug 18, 1863; attd Wash-

ington rniv. St Louis; with United Edison Mfg Co in Chicago otLice
1S9J; connected with promotion of industry since; now pres Mer-
chants Heat & XAght Co; V-p Ann Arbor R R Co; mem Cham of
Commerce; res Indpls.

IIKNBY SKVEIUN. business man; born Indpls, Ind, Apr 9. 1870; educ
German-English and Indpls Hgh Schls; began, bus with Severin Oster-
meyer & Co at 20; dir Fletcher-Am Nat Bnk; owner of Hotel Severin;
pres Lewis Meier & Co; res Indpls.

EDWARD .1 KAUOH. Cigar Manufacturer; born Indpls, Dec 23, 1877:
giad Phortridge Hgh Schl & Notre Dame Univ B S 1894; began bus
with father ,7ohn Ranch in cigar mfg: estb firm of Ed J Ranch Co
1910; mem Cham of Com and Bd of Trade; mem Natl Assn of Credit
Men: res Indpls.

CH.VRLES W ■\A'EI.rS, business man; born Indpls, Aug 29, 1S55; attd
public schls until 1865; worked on farm till 19: began in wholesale
gro bus in Indpls 1873; one of orgn of firm Kothe-Wells-Bauer 1889;
now V-p Kothe Wells Bauer Co; mem Natl Wholesale Grocers Assn;
res Indpls.

O I> HASKETT, business man; born on a farm Hamilton Co, Ind. Oct
30, 1S6S; attd comn schls and Union Hgh Acad: mem town council
1 yr and treas 3 vrs Cicero, Ind; worked on farm until 1890 then
engaged in Ibr bus": pres O D Haskett Lbr Co; pres Indpls Cham of
Com 1914; res Indpls.

GEOIIGE M DICKSON, business man; born Indpls, Aug 15. 1873; attd
Shortridge Hgh Schl; began bus with D P Erwin Co 1888; entered
automobile bus 1902 with National Motor Vehicle Co; now secy-treas
and gen mgr; mem Natl Automobile Cham of Com; res Indpls.

AKTOX VONNEGIIT, business man; born Indpls, Dec IS, 1881; grad

Manual Training Hgh Schl 1901; Cornell Univ M E 1905; prac mech

engr 3 yrs; Vonnegut Hdwe Co 3 yrs; Vonnegut Machinery Co 1911;
pros Vonnegut Machinery 1914; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls.

IIKNRV T IIE-ARSEY, business man; born London, Eng, Feb 11, 1S63;
attd comn schl Boston. Mass; came to Amer as a child to Indpls
18S5; pioneer of the Wholesale & Retail Bicycle and Auto Bus of
Ind; gov of Bd of Trade since June 15, 1903; res Indpls.

FRED I WIELIS, business man; born Waterloo, Ind, Sept 27, 1873; grad
Waterloo Hgh Schl 1893; began as clerk 1894 H T Hear.sey Co; now

Secy-mgr Hearsey- Willis Co; Pres Indpls Cham of Com; dir Ind State
Bank; res Indpls.

CARL Hl'NT, Editor: born Jan 12, ISSO, at Coatesville. Ind; grad Cen-
tral Acad; did editorial work Indpls newspapers several yrs; later
in adv service bus and contb to bus mag; now editor Associate
Advertising; the magazine of the Associated Advertising Clubs of the
World ; res Indpls.

IIKKItlOBT M WOOLLEN, Insurance Official; born Indpls Dec 1, 1875; B S
Univ of Wise 1900; Univ of Ind Medical Dept 1903; pres Amer Cent
Life Ins Co; res Indpls.

GEO E HUME, Insurance Official; born Indpls Mch 19, 1869; Harvard Coll
1S93 A B; one of orgn of Ind Title Guaranty & Loan Co; now treas
Amer Central Life Ins Co; Secy-treas Hume-Mansur Co; res Indpls.

GRKEN'LY V WOOLLEN, Physician; born Indpls, June 24. 1840; hon A M
Franklin Coll; grad Bellevue Hosp Med Coll N Y; asst surg 27th Ind
Vols 1861-4; post surg Camp Morton 1861; supt city hosp 1866-70: on
faculty Cent College Phys & Surg 10 years; med dir Am Cent Life
Ins Co since 1905; mem A M A, Marion Co & Ind State Med socs; v-p
Bd trust Franklin Coll since 1894; v-p Bd trust Crawford Baptist
Indstrl schl since organization; res Indpls.

ROBIiRT 1' OBLINGER, business man, born Perrysburg, O, Jan 10 1870;
came to Indpls 1908; in Nov 1910 with H E Rasmussen bought the
Roysi; Elec Co and re-incorp as the Indpls Electr Supply Co, now
pres; momber Electrical Supply Jobbers assn, Indpls Chamber of Com-
merce; res Indpls.

GKORGE C I'KARSON, business man, born Pittsburg. Pa. May 26, 1851;
educ Western Univ Pittsburg; came to Indpls 1871; in piano business
since 1873; estb firm George C Pearson, incorp Jan, 1914; now pres
Pearson I'iano Co; mem Chamber of Commerce; res Indpls.

W W KNIGHT, lumberman; born Germanlown, Phila, Pa, May 8, 1862;
.diicalod Kriciurs schl, Germantown; came to Indpls ISSS; organized
i.oiig-Kiught r,umber Co, 1898; mem Chamber of Comm; res Indpls.

J.X.MES L KINGSBl'RY, Editor; born Putnamville, Ind, Jan 23, 1861; att
Hutkr Coll; Asbury (now DePauw) ; grad Wabash Coll, A B; began
iii-wspaper work on Ind Farmer, now managing editor; pres Indiana
I'aiiiicr Co; mem Chamber of Commerce; res Indpls.

V U IIATI'IKM), busines.s man; born Dayton, O, Jan 15, 1874; educ Indpls
now Shortridge High schl. and Purdue Univ electrical course; began
busln.-ss with Hatfield Electric Co 1892; mem Cham Comm; Nat Con-
tractors assn; Indpls Builders Exchange, etc; res Indpls.

M C I-IOKTH, Physician; born Birmingham, Ala, Feb 18, 1867; B S Van-
'iV 'n ,',"'■''"• ^1, JJ/l^nlv of Tenn; post grad N Y Post Grad Med Coll:
Merlin liiuv and Chiiago Polyclinic; was deputy coroner Marion Co

A m'"?' '",'"■ V, '"^' ""'"^ ^^^ Public Savings Ins Co of Am; mem
A M A and Inil M<-,1 socs; res Indpls.

l^o-o-'t^A^U.^^.

k^if-ixji^

WHO'S WHO IX INDIANA

W M COVAL. Title Abstracter; was born Lawrencebur- Tn,l \r,r - iq-i-
educ public schls Indpls; city commissioner: Abstract of T le's since
1874; mem Am Assn of Title Men and Ind Title Assn; res Indpis.

^^Maf 4^?8^^- edu'c^schl'^ofVTr' ''°™ Sulenfeld. Westphalia. Germany.
iviay i, ibi^, eauc schls of Germany; came to Indpis in 18'tO- eneae-ed
res indpfs. ' ' ^udweiser Cafe 1905; mem of Cham o^l^om

C DKENICK, Insurance man; was born Silverwood, Ind. Oct 2S, IST". attd
Ind State Normal Coll; County Clerk Parke Co, 1900-4 ;pres Ind' Nat
Life Ins smce 190S; mem Cham of Com. Columbia Club; res Indpis

EVERETT WAGNER, Irisurance Man; born Vernon, Ind, Apr 27 1856- educ
comn schls; began in the insurance business in Indpis 1S94 or/n &
Indpis Indemnity Co, 1909; treas Hackedorn Contr Cofrr^

ALVIN T COATE, Insurance man; born Davton, O Nov l-; ISTft- Tid*'^'^

High Schl .t Coml Coll, Terre HaiUo; in 1901 came to' Indpis and

orgn Ins Audit & Inspection Co; Chrmn Friends Publication Board of
Arn.8r, res J.nQpls.

AUGUSTUS SCHmBT. Assessor; born New York City, Feb 24, 1S,50; attd
public schl. Madison Ind; came to Indpis Apr. 1S72; traveling man
10 yrs; Lite Ins work 12 yrs; Deputy Co Tr Marion Co, 4 vrs; elected
County Assessor 1914; res Indpis, . . . cu

MICHAEl, L, JEFFERSON, Assessor; was born at New Paris O Jan 13

i^onni ^1^3, ^';\^LY''^\'^A\'f- ^^'"* *° ^""^P'^ '" 1«SS: elected' Assessor
1900, re-elect 1904 and 1914; Dep Assessor from 1886 to 1900.

HARRY E RASMl'SSEN, business man: was born Indpis Feb 18 187C •
grad Manual Training Hgh Schl 1S96; eng in the wholesale el'ec bus
and one of the organizers of Indpis Elec Supply Co 1910: mem Cham
of com; Electrical Supply Jobbers Assn; Natl Jovian orgn; res Indpis.

CHAPIN C FOSTER, business man; was born Vernon, Ind \pril 15 1847-
educ Northwestern (now Butler) univ; entered 132 vol at 16 i'n civil
war:was steward Deaf and Dumb Inst of Ind for six years; in lumber
business since 1S72; now pres Ind Lumberman's Ins Co; res Indpis.

C S DRAKE, Insurance man: born Paulding Co, Ga. .Tulv 6, 1S73: grad
Dallas, Ga, High Schl; at 22 began Ins work with Metropolitan Life
Ins Co at Atlanta, Ga, and engaged in Ins work since; orgn Ky Cent
Life Ins at Louisville; secy & treas 3 yrs: orgn Empire Health & Ac-
cident Insurance Co 1908, now pres; res Indpis.

JAMES H HOOKER, Manufacturer; born Indianapolis; educ Cathcart priv-
ate and Indpis now Shortridge High schls; began work as a boy with
Sinker & Davis Co; now pres Sinker-Davis Co; res Indpis.

CHARLES N STEVENSON, Manufacturer; born Greencastle, Ind, June 2?..
1S58; attd Asbury (now DePauw) Univ; in mere business in Rockville.
Ind, from 1879-89; estb business of Chas N Stevenson & Co mfg of sus-
penders in 1900; orgn Stevenson Glove Co Oct, 1910; res Indpis.

VICTOR H ROTHXEY, Manufacturer; born Tell City. Ind, June 12, 1864;
attd public schls; cabinet making 10 yrs; came to Indpis 1887; orgn
Aetna Cabinet Co 1S95; pres of Company since orgn; mem Cham of
Com; res Indpis.

VORMAN ADAMS 'PERRY, business man; was born Indpis, Ind, Apr 11,
1891; grad Culver Military Acad Prep to Ann Arbor; with Indpis Lt
& Ht Co since 1907; now Gen Mgr; one of organizers of Jovian League
1914; res Indpis.

HUBERT H AVOODSMALL, business man: born Macon. Ga, Dec 20. 1875;
grad Franklin Coll 1S9S; commercial business in Indpis since 1903; estb
the Woodsman Agency in 1906; one of orgn of Indiana State Bank now
Commercial Natl; v-p and dir since orgn; mem and former dir Cham
of Com; dir Fidelity Ti-ust Co; Northwestern State Bank & East 10th
street State Bank; res Indpis.

H C KNODE, business man; was born Hagerstown, Ind, July 5, 1860; with
J R Ross Co ten years; estb firm of H C Knode Co May 1, 1897; mem
Com Club; Bd of Trade; pies Knode Hotel Co; Union Stock Yards:
res IndplSi.

rOSEPH H SPELL3IIRE, business man; born Crescentville, O. Apr 9, 1872:

A B St Xavier Coll Cincti, O. 1S92: came to Indpis 1893; pres Puritan
Bed Spring Co; pres Central Film Serv Co; v-p Peoples Amusement Co;
dir Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; res Indpis.

KOBERT ELLIOTT, manufacturer; born Detroit, Mich, Feb 11. 1859; educ
Detroit Pub & High Schls; began mnfg Louisville, Ky, 1SS7; came to
Indpis 1894; now pres The Standard Dry Kiln Co; mem Cham of Com:
res Indpis.

rAMES T EAGLESFIELD, business man; born at Eaglcsficld, Ind, Sept 2'i.
1856; attd Terre Haute comn ct High Schls and Mich Univ; in lumber
business since 1885; Deputy State Treas 18S1-S3; now pres Isgrigg Lum-
ber Co; mem of Com; res Indpis.

aiLLIS F HACKEDORN, business man; born Cardington, O, Sept 4, 1861:

attd common schls; pres Hackedorn Contr Co concrete bridges; pres
Amec Soc of Engr Contractors; mem Rotary Club; res Indpis.

:HAS M COOPER, Lawyer; born Jan 17, 1855; attd Indpis public schl &
High Schl; B S Cornell Univ 1S77: read law vvith H X Huskirk: br>.'an
practice in Indpis in 1880 to present time; pres U S Encaustic Tile
Wks; mem Cham of Com; Bd of Trade; res Indpis.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

& Co; res Indpls.

--^^'Jc^"^^!e.l^^B^u!2r if?^ ^^Vc^e^- ^rj!j ^le^f
dustxym-krnd only 'magazine of this in the world; editor since es-
tablishment; res Indpls.

millAAr C VAN ARSDEL: born Montgomery Co. Ind, Dec 19, 1849; attd
DePauw Unlv; Ilb Indpls Law Schl: was gen agt New York Life 15
vrs; trustee Methodist Hosp Indpls: mem Ind Legis 1895; trustee Ind
Schl for Boys 8 yrs; res Indpls.

JOSFPH KKLI.ER, business man; born Baden. Germany July R 1859;
grid ^•mnasium in Konstanz 1S79; mem Bd of Schl Commissioners;
first v-p Natl German- Amer Alliance; res Indpls.

ROBERT METZGER; born Indpls Oct 6, 1S65; educ German-English Schl
Indpls BUS Coll; worked carpenter's trade 7 yrs; Vonnegut Hdwe Co
14 vrs- Sheriff Marion Co 1903-4; city chrmn Rep Com 1902, apptd
Rep" mem of Bd of Public Safety 1914; mem Cham of Com; pres River-
side Amusement Co; pres Globe Coal Co; res Indpls.

J4COB Bl'ENNAOEI.,. business man; born Gosport, Ind, June 6, 1858; grad
■ SI Marv's Indpls & Coml Coll; in lumber bus 19 yrs; furn mfg 10 yrs;
Dep Ci"iy Compt Dep Aud School Board Indpls; mem Ind Legis -
terms and now Secy The Columbian Ins Co; res Indpls.

GEO R SIXLIVAN, business man: born Indpls Aug 11, 1856; educ public
schls of Indpls; with Geo G Tanner estb firm of Tanner & Sullivan;
retired from this firm 1904; mem Indpls Bd of Trade, Cham of Com-
merce; res Indpls.

GEO C FORREY, JR, Investment Broker; born Anderson, Ind, Jan 31.
1SS2- grad Culver Military Acad 1899; A B Williams Coll 1903; v-p
Breed Elliott & Harrison; mem Indpls Stk Exchange; res Indpls.

JOHN Q A McCXl'RG, Manufacturer; born Arcadia, O, Oct 5, 1862; attd
public schls; engaged in bus at 15; was clerk of court of Hardin Co,
O; came to Indpls in 1904; engaged in mfg; now pres Indpls Corrugat-
ing Co; Pres State Exch Bank; mem Cham of Com; res Indpls.

HENRY L SanXH, Investment Broker; born Dayton, O, Aug 27, 1857; attd
Indpls Pub Schls; came to Indpls 1859; elk First Natl Bank 1S75; Re-
ceiving teller until 1890; 4 yrs mem City Council; orgn the Indpls
Greenwood & Franklin R R the first interurban Ry to enter Indpls;
cashier for County Treas for 4 yrs; orgn the Indpls & Plainfleld El
Rd ; res Indpls.

CARROLL B CARR, Insurance man; born Wooster, O, Dec 28, 1865; attd
Univ of "Wooster; with Amer Central Life Ins Co since orgn, now
Secy; Lt U S Vol war with Spain; res Indpls.

JOHN J APPEL, Real Estate Dealer; born Cumberland, Md, Aug 19, 1859;
came to Indpls Sept 19, 1878; engaged in Real Est, Loan & Rental
business; now v-p Indpls Tract & Termn Co; v-p T H I & E Trac Co;
Secy Indpls & Cincti Tract Co; Dir Ind Nat'l Bank; Dir R R Men's
Bldg & Sav Assn; res Indpls.

LORENZ SCHMIDT, Investment Broker; was born in Mecklar, Kur Hessen
(now Prussia) Germany, Oct 21, 1845; educ German schls; came to
Indpls 1864; was Secy German Mutual Fire Ins Co from 1873 till its
retirement; now memb firm Lorenz Schmidt & Sons; res Indpls.

JOS A KKBLER; born Cincinnati, O, May 1, 1861; began business with R
G Dun ct Co Mercantile Agency Cincinnati Jan, 1877; came to Indpls
1892 as Mgr <fc now Dist Mgr R G Dun & Co Indpls; Governor Bd of
Trade; res Indpls.

WILLIAM L HORNE, Insurance Manager; born Bedford, Pa, July 18, 1863;
attd Eastman Business Coll, Poughkeepsle. N Y; began Life Ins work
1.S84; with Travelers of Hartford at Pittsburgh 1885; came to Indpls
1887 as special agt New Eng Mut Life Ins Co; Gen Agt for Ky Aetna
Life Ins Co 1889; Gen Agt for New Eng Mut for Ind since 1895; res
Indpls.

LINNAES C BOY'D, Capitalist; was born near Richmond, Ind, Jan IS,
1864; educ country schls and Earlham Coll; taught schl 4 years; admt
bar at 21; in legal dept Penna Lines till 27; interested in management
and executive oflices public service corpor since; was pres Indpls
Water Co; v-p Indpls Gas Co; res Indpls.

HENRY C STARR, Lawyer; born Richmond, Ind, Sept 13, 1859; student at
Hanover Coll; pros atty 17th judicial circuit 1890-94; v-p Chicago,
Cincti & Louisville R R 1904-1908; v-p Wise Cent R R 1906-9; asst
gen'l Counsel Chesapeake & O R R 1910; res Indpls.

WM L HIGGINS, Banker; born Milford, Ind, Jan 7, 1S52; attd Howard
Coll; 15 yrs grain & commission bus; mfg 6 yrs; 1st v-p State Sav-
ings & Trust Co; res Indpls. (Died Dec, 1914.)

HIGH McK LANDON, Capitalist; was born Muscatine, Iowa, June 22,
1867; grad I'luUips Acad, Andover, Mass; A B Harvard 1S92; was
secy-treas and vice-pres Indpls Water Co; res Indpls.

CL.XRENCE L KIRK, Capitalist; born Burlington, Ky, May 6, 1866; attd
conin schls of Burlington; agt for Monon Ry for 14 yrs; gen mgr East
Chicago & Ind Harbor Water Co for 10 yrs; later elec pres of this
Co; dec pres of Indpls Water Co in 1913; mem Bd of Trade; Cham
of (.'om; res Indpls.

<'H.\RLKS BKOSSMAN, Civil Engineer; was born Philadelphia, Pa, Jan 17,
1877; educ I'hila Manual Training High Schl; served Spanish-Am war
Cell Miles I'orlo Rican expedition with Phila City cavalry; secy-treas
Ind lOnginecring soc; mem Ind Acad of Science; Ind San & Water
Sup a.ssii; Indpls Cham Commerce; res Indpls.

HKNRY LAN<;sKNKAMP, Manufacturer; born Indpls Apr 13, 1865; at 14
bcKan work wlLh l;illier Wni H as coppcrsniil li and began brass bus in
JS!i;i; lirni Known as The Langsenkamp Bros Brass Wks; orgn the
Langscukunip- Wheeler Bra.>*s Wks in 1905; now secy-treas; mem of
Cbanibc^r of Coin; res Indpls.

Y\.ocJ^

CC^O(yf^^<^f-'*^^

WHO'S WHO IX IXDIAXA

,^1

FRANK PaiAM.\ Insurance man; born Rushford, Minn May 28 1S6S-
grad Northern Ind Coll (now Valparaiso Univ) ; attd Norlhweste'n
Univ; Schl Supt Illinois & Minn; studied law; began Lfl Ins wo^k
Jndpls."'"^" '^" "^''^ '"' "° ""'^ ^'-P ^ Gen M\%%[;'ce o^lnf res

LiaOH R GIOXILLIAT. Educator; born Savannah, Ga. Julv 4 1S75- erad
Emerson Inst. Wash; Virg Mil Inst, I.cxing-ton. Va; asst' engr boundary
line location lellowstone Park 1896; commandant cadets Culver Mil
Acad 1S97-1910; comdg Culver Summer Naval SchlsT902; supt rulver
Mil Acad since Sept 15, 1910: now It-col Ind N G; pres Naval Militia
Regatta assn 1913-14, etc; res Culver, Ind. aiilltia

OTTO F HAl'BISEX, business man; born Indpls Nov S 1,<?71- attd IiuIdIs
Pub Schls; entered Merc bus 1889; began inv brokerage 1902- mem
Indpls Stock Exch; mem Ind Bankers Assn; res Indpls?.

SASirEL E PERKINS HI, I^awyer; born Indpls Mav 8 1878- A B Wabash
Coll 1900; Indiana Law Schl LLB 1902; began practice Indpls ' 19 o'l
treas Indpls Bar Assn 1906-14; res Indpls.

^luJlmAH^

born Richmond, Ind, Marr

Indpl,

CHARLES E NORDYKE, Investment Broker. .._, _.,.

28, 1S67; att pub sch Richmond; Classical sch indpls; '"made trip a7ou nil"
the world ISSS; with Nordyke & Marmon Co after ISSS for several
years; ranched in Wash for number of years; returned to Nordvke &
Marmon Co till 1S97; since investment broker; res Indpls.

Ll'KE W I>rFFEY. Real Estate Broker.; born Hendricks ('.. Iml Ovi ■ )
1879; educ Central Normal Coll, Danville; admitted bar Hendrick'; To
orgn Luke Duffey Farm Sales Co, Indpls 1910; chairman State High-
way Commission: meme Indpls Real Estate Exchange, etc; res Indpls.

JAMES S CRUSE, business man; born New Albany. Ind. July 16. 18r]8- attd
public schls: pres J S Cruse Realty Co, Marion Title Guar Co & Indpls
Real Est Board; mem of bd of dir Farmers Trust Co; res Indpls.

LOriS F S3IITH, business man; born Peru. Ind. May S, 1874: educ High
Schl; began mere bus Indpls: real est W E Stevenson & Co; pres AV K
Stevenson & Co: dir of Real Est Board; Bd of Trade, Cham of Com-
merce; res Indpls.

HENRY W LAWRENCE, bushuss man: born Duane, N Y. isr,?,; nttd
Plattsburgh. N Y. High Schl: hotel business 43 yrs: pres Ind Hold Co:
dir Merchants Natl Bank & Ind Trust Co; resident of Indpls 2ii yrs:
res Indpls.

ROBERT EIEBER, business man; born Indpls Sept 29. 1870; attd German-
Eng Schl & Shortridge High Schl; v-p H Lieber Co; dir Citizens G;is
Co & Cham of Commerce; res Indpls.

THEODORE STEIN, JR, born Indpls Apr 11, 1889; grad Manual Train Hgh
Schl 1908: attd Wabash Coll & Univ of Penn; with German Fire Ins
Co of Ind 1910: their city agent 1911; orgn Ger Fire Ins Agcy 1912;
elect clerk Marion County 1914; mem Cham of Com & Bd of Trade:
res Indpls.

F R KAt'TZ, business man; born Dora. Ind, Nov 27, 1S64; A B 1887 &
.V M 1899 Butler Coll; with The Bowen-Merrill Co 1889; estb The
Kautz Stationery Co 1909; pres said Co since orgn; res Indpls.

JOHN F AVALLICK, was born East Waterford. Pa, March 2. 1S30; educ
common schls Pa; came to Indpls July, 185 2: was operator and man-
ager Cinn & St L Tel Co till consolidation with Ind & Ohio Tel Co;
continued as mgr till absorption by Western LTnion 1856; supt 1864-
1911; now retired; mem Bd of Trade from organization; governor 24
years; mem Chamber of Commerce; res Indpls.

GEORGE W POWELL, born near Lake Maxinkuckee, Ind, Apl 8, 1850;
att pub schls Indpls and Earlham Coll; appt Supt of Police. Indpls
1893-5: Quart-Genl Ind 1905-9, now retired rank Brig-Genl N G: 1891-8
Reg-Adj, loSth Ind Vol Inf Span-Am war; Pres Indpls Humane Soc;
res Indpls.
P LESH, business man; born Kankakee, 111, May 13, 1859; educ Rich-
mond, Ind. schls; began bus Indpls 1878, Indpls Sentinel Printing Co;
est firm of C P Lesh wholesale paper 1894; now pres C P Lesh Paper
Co; res Indpls.

GEORGE W JUNE, was born Newburgh, N Y. Nov 15, 1850; was theatrical
manager from 1877-1901; since propr "Pop June's" Oyster House estab
1872: was original promotor order B P O Elks in Ind and P G Tiler;
was mem Exec Comm Cham Commerce and v-p Indpls Conv and Tour-
ists Bureau: res Indpls.

JOHN BERTERMAN>% Florist: was born at Wilhelm's Hoehe bei Cassel,
Germany. Apl 21, 1S51: came to America 1876, to Indpls 1S77; est firm
Bertermann Bros, florists; was pres Nat Assn Carnation growers: life
member Soc of Am Florists; res Indpls.

BERT A BOYD, Grain Broker; born Richmond. Ind, Nov 20. 1870; attd
comn schools; W U Mess boy 1884-85: started in Bd of Trade 1885;
office bov Fred P Rush & Co; elec pres I Bd of Trade June, 1913; Gov
since June, 1904; now pres Bert A Boyd Grain Co; dir Cont Natl Bank;
v-p Chas C Carr Co; res Indpls.

FKANK T CALLON, business man; born Indpls March 23, 1866; attd pub-
lic schls; learned trade of steam fitter with Knight i>i Jillson; with
Milton A Woollen; est firm of Woollen & Callon 1900; res Indpls.

:;HAS J KOTTE>L\N, business man; born Indpls Sept 7, 1866: attd pub
schls: began business with father Wm Kotteman and with hi.* brother
Frank e" Kotteman; has conducted business since death of father in
1905; res Indpls.

WARREN H SI313IONS, Manufacturer: born Riverdale ton the Hudson).
N Y Oct 11 1856; attd comn schls N Y & Ohio; with Bemis Bros Bag
Co St Louis 1877-1900; Indpls 1900 to present: now Mgr Hemis Indpls
Bag Co; Gov Bd of Trade, mem Chamber of Commerce; dir \ M C -\ A:
Y W C A : les Indpls.

[TLYSSES G LEEDY', Manufacturer; born West Independence, O, Nov C,
1867: attd comn schls Fostoria, O: began as musician at 18: came to
Indpls 1891; with Indpls Military Band 10 yrs; orgn Leedy Mfg Co.
mfg musical instruments 1S98; incur 1903; now pres &. gen mgr; res
Indpls.

^^c

<^^^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

Bar Assn: res Anderson. Ind

fHARTFS H NEFF newspaper man: born iladison county, Ind. March 19.
"lSGi' PhB \ Ar B L DePauw I'niv: taught schl 6 yrs: began news-
paper work in Anderson; Asso Press corresp since 1S95; secy and v-p
Herald Publ Co; chrm Library Purch Comm ; res Anderson, Ind.

JOSEPH E HENNIXGS, Financier; was born New York City May 10. 1865;
' be-an hotel business, Anderson 1891; retired 1913; one of organizers
and v-p Madison County Trust Co; pres Cham of Com; past Grand
Lodge officer Elks; was pres Ind Hotel Assn ; res Anderson, Ind.

FRANK D XOKVIEl., Traction Official; was born Bellefontaine, O, July 20,
'l's-,9- educ comn schls: wa.3 telegraph oper; was gen pass agt Indpls &
Northwestern Trac Co; now gen pass and frt agt Union Traction Co of
Ind; res Anderson.

EDWARD (' TONER, Editor; was born Shelby County. Ind, Nov 11, 1871;
taught schl Morgan Co; did newspaper work on Martinsville Reporter,
Indpls News and Louisville Courier Journal; PhB Indiana University;
began newspaper work on Anderson Herald in 1S95; purchased interest
in 1903; now editor; cand Congress Prog ticket 1912; chrmn Prog State
Comm 1914; res Anderson, Ind.

JOHN C TEEtiARDKN. Lawyer; was born Darke County, O. Srpt 24 1809;
taught schl; A B Indiana Univ; began practice law in Anderson; was
cand for State Atty Rep ticket 1906; mem Am and State Bar Assn; res
Anderson. Ind.

JAMES W FBAZIER, Educator; was born Madison county, Ind; attd State
Normal Schl; A B Indiana Univ; taught country schl 5 yrs, high school
Kentland, Ind. 1 yr; county supt Madison County schls since 1902;
res Anderson, Ind.

.\RTHFR H JONES. Lawyer, was born Franklin County, Ind, April 27,
1S73; attd Miami Univ] Cincti Law Coll; gen counsel Liberal Life As-
surance Co and Supreme I^odge World Loyal Order of Moose; res An-
derson, Ind.

AI.FRED ELLISON, Lawyer; was born Charleston, "W Va, Feb 1, 1854;
taught schl; contr to magazines and ne%vspapers; lecturer 14 yrs under
management Central Lyceum Bureau; practice law since 1884; elect
circuit judge Madison County 1890; res Anderson, Ind,

S M KELTNER. Banker; was born in West Baltimore (now New Vernal,
O, July 10, 1856; educ Ind State Normal; taught schl 10 yrs in Ind;
admitted to bar 1886; mem of schl board 17 yrs; pres Anderson Trust
Co since June 1, 1910; res Anderson, Ind.

THOM.4S E KNOTTS, Former Educator; was born Hillsborough. O May
4, 1S61; grad Valparaiso Univ; taught schl in Indiana and Dakota 12
yrs; was supt of Indian school Sioux Reservation; was pres public
school board Hammond; was pres first and only town board of Gary;
first mayor and first postmaster of Gary; res Gary.

HENRY G HAY, Jr, Banker; was born Cheyenne, Wyo, June 30. 1876;
LL B Liniv of Mich; began banking Cheyenne, Wyo; asst cash Stock
Growers Natl Bank; pres Gary State Bank; res Gary, Ind,

CASSirS M GREENLEE, Lawyer; was born at Whitcomb. Ind, Sept 15,
1857; educ common schls; taught schl in Delaware, Henry and Madi-
.son Cos 8 yrs; read law; was asst pros atly Madison Co; city atty
El wood; judge Madison Co Superior Court at Anderson; came to
Gary 1909; res Gary.

.ARMANIS F KNOTTS, Former Educator: was born in Hillsborough. O.
in 1857: taught county and city schls Pulaski Co. Ind; A B and LL B
Valparaiso Univ; was pres Central Normal schl at Ladoga; civil engr
surveyor and lawyer; mem Ind Legis; mayor of Hammond; purchased
land and planned the city of Gary 1906; res Gary.

H B SNYDER, Newspaper man; was born Waverly. O. April 25 1884;
B A Yale; began new.spaper work as editor Urbana. O. Times-Citizen;
with brother J R Snyder bought the Gary Evening Post March 1910;
was apptd postmaster Gary Feb 20, 1915; res Gary.

HOK.ACE S NORTON, Manager Land Company; was born Lockport. Ills,
Nov 27. 1865; A B DePauw Univ; was engaged in stone quarrying
in Bloomington 5 yrs; then engaged with llinois Steel Co. 1895; came
to Gary as mgr Gary Land Co; in charge of development of Gary;
now mgr Gary Land Co; res Gary.

BOItERT E WOLFE, Editor; was born Kalida, O, Jan 28, 1861; educ
cuinmon schls; began printing bus at 13 with his father Luther Wolfe,
editor and publ Lake Co Enterprise; has been editor of Enterprise
since 1890; in 1910 formed partnership with A W Adams; res Brazil,

ROY 11 IJORFFF, Lawyer; was born in Springville, Ind, Oct 2, 1876;
I'll H Univ of Chicago; taught schl Batavia, Ills; read law with
liriilher Janus E Boruff at Bedford; elected Ind Legis, 1914; res
\U-i\(iivi\.

CH.MtLES W LANZ, was born Charlcstown, June 17, 1866; as a boy
IcariKd bakers' trade and confectioner; began business in Charlestown,
Ind; came to Bedford and engaged in Ibr business until 1915; was
treas County Central Comm Clark Co; chrmn Board of Trustees 4
yrs; clerk of Charlcstown 1 yr; elected joint Senator Martin, Lawrence
and Orange Co; was treas, V-p and pres Ind Retail Dealers Assn;
res I'.ciUiird.

KOItKICT L MILLEX, Lawyer
LI, li Indiana Univ; i)r(if o
board Bedford; atly Lawn

; born Booneville. Ind. Oct 7. 18S4;
Law Indiana Univ 2 yrs; mem of citv schl
ue Co; res Bedford, Ind.
IZ Mc-MLRTKIE, Lawyer; was born Attica, Ind, July 12. 1884; educ Ind
l-.LW Schl; AH Indiana Univ; elect, d Treas of Grant County, re-elect
luas Marion Assn of Commerce; pres State Assn of County
ireiu ,-,.s Marion,

1914;

^.r^-^.O'h^

^^AXV^uOIlJ

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

was surveyor; charter mem State Bar Assn; res Frankfort Ind.

MOSES EPSTEIN. Merchant: was born Aurora, Ind, July 5 185" • -rad
Louisville, Ky H S; m bus Frankfort since 1ST6; mem CountV rhU
dren^ Guardian Board and County Bd of Charities? t^soeXorthcrn
Ind Hosp for Insane; res Frankfort, Ind. .^uilucih

EUGENE O BI:BGET Insurance Company Official; ^vas born Clinton Co
Ind. January 5. 1869; taught schi 6 yrs; attd State Normal T,-rr ii luto:
deputy aud Clinton Co S yrs; elect auditor 1902-6- ' '

mgr Peoples' Life Ins Co; res Frankfort.

now socy & gen

iGE C FLOREA, Lawyer and Banker: was born in Favette Co, Ind y^ ^ ^^^ /f

une IS, 1,S48: educ Northwestern Christian Univ (now'Butler Coin; // t ^ / ^^

aught schl: practiced law since '73; pres First Natl Bank since 1904: \£^ <-^^— «i ¥/ K.yn.^ ^ ^/i

e.3 Connersville, Ind. ::>^' V^^ fl/^^^^ '"^ — ^^

Ba)^VIN W TAXMAN, Editor; was born Connersville Ind lulv "I 1878-
grad Connersville H S; began newspaper work in '95 at 'l7 oii the' Even-
ins News; now managing edi.or and pres Times-News Co- res Conncrs
ville, Ind. . .

HYATT I. FROST, Lawyer; -ivas born Harrisburg, Ind, June 28 ISGO- tauKht
schl 0 yrs: LL B Ind Umv; began practice Brookville. Ind- niavor of
Connersville 1S94-9S; res Connersville.

DAVID W MeKEE, La-wyer; was born Rush Co. Ind, Dec 14 1845- taught
schl 5 yrs; LL B Ind Univ; began practice Brookville, Ind- 'came to
Connersville 1S86; was pres Town Board of Brookville Ind • citv attv
Connersville; pres Fayette Co brch Amer Bible Soc; res Connersville"
Ind.

RICHARD N ELLIOTT, Lawyer: was born Fayette Co. Ind. April 25, 1873-
taught school 3 yrs: read law -with Conner it Mcintosh; county atly' 9
yrs: city atty 4 yrs; joint representative Favette and "Wayne Cos 190.'-)-
7; mem Tuberculosis Comm 1905-7; author bill estab Tuberculosis Hosp
Rockville. Ind, 1907; res Connersville.

GEORGE

L L BROADDl'S, Lawyer; was born Wayne Co, Ind, Januao' 27, 1856;
(aught schl 4 yrs; attd Ind Univ; read law with Hon B F Claypool; in
practice since 1881; city atty 17 yrs; res Connersville, Ind.

DAA'ID A MYERS, Lawyer; was born Cass Co, Ind, August 5. 1859; attd
Smithson Coll: LL B Union Univ. Albany, N. T: city atty. pros atty,
Rush and Decatur Cos, and circuit judge same; judge "of appellate
court of Ind Oct IS, 1904-Jan 1, 1913; res Greensburg, Ind.

FRANK HAMILTON, Lawyer; was born in Decatur Co, Ind, April 2. 1883;
attd Butler Coll and Ind Univ; LL B Ind Law Schl; deputy atty De-
catur Co 1907-9; county atty 1912; mem State Bar A.ssn; res Greens-
burg, Ind.

JAMES E CASKEY, Newspaper man; -u^as born Richland. Ind. M
1853; attd comn schls Greensburg; depty aud Decatur Co 4 yrs
ship trust 5 yrs; orgn and first pres State Trustees' Assn; P M G
burg 4 yrs; prop Daily News since 1902; res Greensburg, Ind

JAIMES K E^^^NG, Lawyer; was born in Decatur Co, Ind
practice since 1867: aptd by Gov Claude Matthevi's,
court of Rush and Decatur Cos 1893-5; res Greensburg,

JOHN E OSBORN, Lawyer; born in Decatur County, Ind. Aug
practiced law in Greensburg since 1897: deputy county av
member Dem State Central Comm from 6th Congressional

Nov 26. 1843. In ( / /~^ ^ n,

'di.st'''i9'os!'^^ toVOc (S>^*^.'-»>V^

Cooperage ^P»^ /^ _

del-at-large 1896-1900-04-12; mem
tween Ind & Ky. Green River
diers & Sailors Monument.
Wn^LIAM E A^ILSON, County Official: was born Mt. Vernon. Ind, Mar
9. 1870; attd pub schl; grad Evansville Coml Coll; princ and teacl
IC yrs Evansville Bus Coll; depty aud Vanderburgh Co 2 yrs; ele
elk Vanderburgh Circuit court Nov 12; res Evansville. Ind.

JAMES A HEMENWAY, ex-U S Senator; was born Booneville. Ind, March
S, 1860; began work at 14 in tobacco factory; read law, began practice
in '84; elect pros atty 1886; served 2 term^: elected six times to Con-
gress from first district Ind; U S Senator 4 yrs: res Booneville. Ind.

BOSCOE KIPER, Lawyer; was born Leitchfleld. Ky. June 2. 1874; LL B
Ind Law Schl; depty prosecutor, county atty Warrick Co: judge cir-
cuit court Spencer and Warrick; lecturer, chautauquan, editor "New
Epoch Magazine" ; res Booneville, Ind.

PHILIP Lt'TZ, JR, Lawyer; was born Booneville. Ind, Aug 28. 1888; A B
and LL B Indiana Univ: elect Indiana Legislature 1915; res Boone-
ville. Ind.

lAINES H IIAZEN, Editor; was born Newburg. Ind, Oct 26, 1847; taught
schl 2 yrs Bloomington, Ind; LL B Ind Univ; practiced law 22 yrs:
editor and owner Booneville Enquirer over 23 yrs; depty pros atty 14
yrs; elected State Senator Warrick, Spencer and Vanderburgh counties
1914; mem Bd of Directors Tribe of Ben Hur, Crawfordsville. 14 yrs;
res Booneville, Ind.

3HARLES W WITTENBRAKER, Lawyer; was born Evansville, Ind, Nov.
12, 1877; A B Wabash Coll; LL B Indiana Tniv; pros atty Vanderburg
Countv 1903-7; mem State Bar Assn; res Evansville.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

DON M XIXOX, newspaper man; was born Warren, Pa, September 15, 18S0, Ay ^ , ^ 7^

Vad Terre Haute H Schl; began newspaper work with Terre Haute 'V »— V X A/.

Express; city editor Terre Haute Star till he estb Saturday Spectator,

April 2, 1904, publ since; res Terre Haute.
KXMI'EL C STI3ISON, Lawyer; was born Noblesville. Ind, May 9, 1S46;

L,L B Univ of Michig-an; (M A) Wabash; was Judge of Superior Court.

Vigo Co 3 terms and deputy Atty Gen Ind; trustee Wabash Coll since

1891; mem Am and Ind State Bar Assn; res Terre Haute.
T>.\vn> W HEXRY. Lawyer; was born Columbiana County, O, October 10.

ISo"- attd Mt Union Coll, O; LL B Ind Law Schl, Indpls; was pros

atty'vigo Co 2 terms; judge Superior Court Vigo County; served o

years, resigned in 1S97; U S Collector, 1897-1901; res Terre Haute, Ind.
TOIIX T BEASI>EY, Lawyer and Banker; was born Sullivan. Ind, May 29.

I'sfin- taught schl 5 Vrs: read law, began practice 1S81; county and

citv 'aMv Sullivan county and city; mem Ind Legislature l.SS7-S9-rn ;

orgn anil pres U S Trust Co since 1903; mem Am and State Bar Assn:

res Terre Haute.
GKOBOE OSCAR DIX, Lawver; was born Vigo County. Ind. May 26. 1874;

grad Ind Law Schl; practice in Terre Haute since; mem Terre Haute

Bd of Educ one term; mem State Bar Assn; res Terre Haute.
JVMES E PIETY, Lawver; was born Vigo County. Ind, June 15, 1857;
' taught schl in Illinois 5 vrs; attd Valparaiso Univ; read law Marshall,

Ills- admitted to bar in ill in 1SS4; dept pros Vigo Co 1S86; elect pros

atty ISSS; judge Vigo County Circuit Court 1896; re-elect 1902, served

12 yrs; mem State Bar Assn; res Terre Haute.

CHARI>ES A CRA\^TORD, Lawyer; was born Terre Haute, Ind, January 7,

1S81; grad Terre Haute H Schl; LL D Georgetown Univ, Washington.

D c'; began practice wi-.h his uncle Hon John E Lamb; now mem firm

Beasiey, Douthit. Crawford & Beasley; res Terre Haute. Ind.
H4RRY J BAKER, Lawver; was born Grafton (formerly Virginia, now

Wood Co. W Va), October 15, 1859; grad of Univ of Michigan; res

Terre Haute, Ind.
5IAXAVELL CARSOX IIAM1T,I>, Lawyer; was born Sullivan, Ind, March 27,

1866; grad Terre Haute H Schl; taught schl Vigo Co; read law with

Duncan, Smith & Wilson, Indpls, and Samuel Hamill. Terre Haute;

elect pros atty Vigo County 1890, re-elect '92; county atty; presidential

elector 1913. elected pres Electoral Coll; res Terre Haute.

JOHX HICKEY, Lawyer; was born November 14, 1874; taught schl 5 yrs;
attd schl 111 State Normal Univ and Valparaiso Univ; read law Mat-
toon, Ill,s; began practice Terre Haute 1903; res Terre Haute.

Bl'EXA VISTA MARSHALL, Lawyer; was born Shelbyvllle, Ky, May 16.
1S53; grad Terre Haute H Schl; read law with John G Williams, in
practice since 1875; v-p U S Trust Co; dir McKee Natl Bank, Citizens
Gas & Fuel Co, etc; dir Rose Orphan Home and Rose Dispensary; res
Terre Haute

PHILIP W FREY, Lawyer; was born Evansville, Ind. July 9, 1857; attd
High Schl; read law with Judge Azro Dyer; was pros atty Vanderburgh
and Posey Cos; mem Am and Ind State Bar Assas; res Evansville, Ind.

ADOLPH L DECKER, Lawyer; was born Indianapolis, Ind, January 30,
1880; educ pub schls Evansville; read law with Philip W Frey; mem
Ind Legis 1903; dispersing oflicer Bureau of Justice, Manila. P I, 1903-

06; with firm of Frey & Welman since 1906; res Evansville, Ind.
JOHX D WELMAX, Lawyer; was born Hardinsburg, Ind, Aug 4. 1861;
LL B Univ of Louisville, Ky; division counsel Southern Railway Co;
res Evansville, Ind.

ALBERT J VEXEMAX', Lawyer; was born Evansville, Ind, Dec 31, 1870;
attd Ind LTniv; was city atty Evansville; mem Indiana Legis, Speaker
of the House 1911; county atty Vanderburgh; res Evansville.

FREDERICK J SCHOLZ, Manufacturer; was born in Nashville, 111, Oct. 11,
184S; attd coll Ft Wayne, Ind; in business in Evansville since 1868;
apptd census commissioner for Ind by Pres Harrison; was mem city
council Evansville, 12 yrs; was elected treas of Ind 1S94, re-elect 1896;
was chrmn Rep Co Committee Vanderburg Co; res Evansville, Ind.

IIIRA>[ 31 LOGSDOX, Judge; was born Spencer Co, Ind, June 28 1854;
grad Indiana Univ; was State Senator from Spencer and Warrick Cos;
judge of probate court Vanderburg Co, 1913-17; res Evansville.

IIKXRY REIS, Banker; was born near Mainz, Germany, Feb 15. 1847; educ
in Evansville schls; grad from Behms' Commercial Coll; began bank-
ing career as messenger boy in 1865; filled various ofRcial banking po-
sitions till May 1, 190S, when he was elected pres of the Old State Natl
Bank, pres since; pres Evansville Clearing House; treas Rathbone Home
for Old Ladies; res Evansville.

T.\MAR ALTHOl'SE, Lawyer; was born New Harmony, Ind; LL B Indiana
Univ; admitted to bar 1892; reporter Vanderburgh Circuit Court since
1903; corresponding secy Womans' Rotary Club of Evansville, Ind.

IIOW.'VRD ROOS.-V, Editor; was born Marbletown, N Y, Oct 15, 1872; attd
Oneonla, N. Y., Normal, Yale, Univ of Chicago; reporter on New Haven,
Conn, Journal and Courier, Chicago Inter-Ocean; editor Marion, Ind,
News, Evansville Courier; mem Evansville School Bd and Library Bd;
res Evansville, Ind.

• iKOIUiE AV CURTIS, Lawyer; was born Mt Vernon, Ind, Nov 10 1878-
A B Indiana Univ; was pros atty Gibson and Posey Cos; State Senator
(.ibson and Posoy, 1911-13; in 1913 was pres pro-temp Senate; candi-
date for atty general Democratic Conv 1914; res Mt Vernon.

CII.VRLES C SCIIREEDER. Editor; was born Berlin, Germany, January
IJ, 184,; educ pub schls of Evansville; enlisted in Civil War at 15-
llled various city and township oflices until 1876; was postmaster
Huntingburg under Pres Hayes, Garfield, Arthur and Harrison admin-
istrations; editor JUintingburg Argus 1880; org first Rep Cent Comm
In Dubois to; was chrmn 12 yrs and mem State Cent Comn 4 yrs-
l^'^".^ '^i'',,' 'I'^'^s; served on staff of Governors Chase, Mount!
Durbln and llanly; res Evanaville. i'^uuni.,

WHO'S WHO IX INDIANA

THOMAS RILEY 3IAR(^HA1.L, Vice-Pres U S; born North M-^,n,h. ster In.l
March 14 lS54.grad Wabash Coll 1S73; LI. D Wa,u.sh No re Dun '•

I niv of Penn. Univ of N Carolina and miv Maine- trust,.- w'^bash
(^oll: Governor Ind 1909-l:j; elect Vice-Pres U S Nov IrT' ^^'^"'^^"

WnXIAM F McNAGNT, Lawyer; born Summit Co.' O.' April 19 1850-
taught schl Whitley Co, 5 years; read law Akron 6 began riract ice
Columbia City 1S73; formed law partnership with \-Yce'pfes Marshall
1S74; elect member Congress 1892; res Columbia Citv Ind -^larshall

WILUAMH KISSINGER Lawyer; born Whitley Co," •!„"■ taught schl;
att Tri-State Coll and Ind Univ; read law with Judge A \ Adams'
CH™ Ind ■^^"■'^' ^^^°^ ^"^' ''^''"'^^®^' ^^^^ ^'°^'e counties; res' Columb^a

JONATHAN RIGDON, College Pres; born Rigdon, Ind Dec 22 IS'.S' ediic
Nat Normal Univ, Lebanon. O; grad Central Norm Coll. Danville', Ind •
A B; Ph D Boston Univ, Clark Univ; professor philosophy 1SS7'-1900'
pres 1897-1900 Central Norm Coll; prof ethics and philos" Clark Cou'
Mass 1904-6; founded 190S and since pre Winona Coll; author- Gram-
mar of the English Sentence, etc; res Winona Lake, Ind.

JOHN C BRECKENRIDGE, College Pres: born Mercer Co. Pa Oct 19
185S; A M, D D Wooster Coll, O; began work in ministry 1st Presby
church. Bourbon. Ind. 1893; Bethany Presby, Ft Wavno, "l899-03 ; as-
sociated with W^inona Assembly and schools since 1903; pres Winona
Coll of Agrl since 1906; res Winona Lake, Ind.

WII.L,IA3I D FRAZER, Lawyer; born Warsaw. Ind. Nov 26. 1849; began
pract W^arsaw 1S75; mem Ind Legis' 1881-83 ; Nat bank examiner 1899-
1910; pres Winona Interurban Ry Co; direc Winona Assembly; res
Warsaw, Ind.

DEAN L BARNHART, Editor; born Rochester. Ind. April 22. 1SS9; A B
Ind Univ; began newspaper work South Bend Times, became publish'-r
Rochester Sentinel Jan. 1913; mem Dem State Edit assn. Northern
Ind Edit assn: res Rochester, Ind.

HENRY A BARNHART, Congressman; born Twelve Mile. Cass Co. In<l.
Sept 11. 18.58; educ Amboy Acad; taught schl and worked on fai-m;
elected county surveyor Fulton Co; purchased Rochester Sentinel l.*<Sfi.
owner since; director N Ind Prison and trustee Longcliff Hosp Insane

II years; pres Rochester Tel Co since org; mem Congress 13th ilistri<'t
i since 1908; res Rochester. Ind.

gSEORGE T\TXSON HOEMAN, Lawyer; born Kosciusko, Ind, Sept ?,n. l.sr.O;
educ Notre Dame Univ; read law; LL B Ind Univ; pract in Rochester
since Apl, 1873; Nat bank exam.iner Harrison administration. 1891-4;
res Rochester. Ind.

HOMER E ROGERS, Educator: was born Knox Co. Ind. Sept 30, 1885; grad
Knox High schl: attended State Normal; taught schl 5 years; principal
Monterey High Schl 3 years; county supt schls Pulaski Co since 1909;
res Winamac. Ind.

JOSEPH J GORRELE, Editor; born Ossian. Ind, Jan 7. 1852; at 20 worked
as section hand on what is now known as L E & W Ry: learned
printer's trade Ft Wayne Sentinel; with others purch and pub Bluff-
ton Banner 1883: in 1SS5 re-estab Winchester Democrat, pub same 6
years: came to Winamac. bought Pulaski Co Democrat; since 1905 his
son Edmund C Gorrell, has been a partner in the publication; res
Winamac, Ind.

JAMES J MORAN, Judge; born Adams Co. Ind. Nov 12. 1873; taught schl
3 years; att Ada. O. Normal Univ and Tri-State L'niv. Angola, Ind;
grad Ind Law Schl 1896; elect judge Jay Co Circuit Ct 1910; appt
judge Ind Appl Ct Feb 10. 1915; res Portland, Ind.

SA^IIIEE R ARTMAN, Lawyer; was born Marion Co, Ind. May 15, 1866;
taught schl 4 years; att State Normal. Terre Haute; read law. began
pract Lebanon, Ind, 1890; Circ Judge Boone Co 1902-08; mem Genl
Assembly 1899-1901; Speaker House Representatives 1901; appt mem
Industrial Bd of Ind Mch 16, 1915; res Indpls and Lebanon, Ind.

CHAREES ROBERT Hl'GHES, Banker; was born Indianapolis Nov 30,
1858; grad Shortridge High Schl; att Bryant & Stratton Bus Coll; was
engr I P & C Ry; read law with Baker, Hord & Hendricks; was clerk
Miami Co Circ Ct 1894-1900; one of the orgn and treas Wabash Val
Trsst Co, Peru, and now dire; v-p Citizen's Nat Bk Peru; appt mem
Industrial Bd of Ind Mch 16, 1915; res Peru, Ind.

GEORGE BITTLER, Banker; born Ft Wayne. Ind, May 10. 1S81 ; grad
W'oodville, O, Normal; taught St Paul's Parochial Schl. Michigan City.
Ind; empl in Motive Power office Penn R R, Ft Wayne; cashier Nutt-
man & Co bank, and treas Teutonia Loan & Sav assn; appt by Gov
Marshall Dept State Exm State Bd of Accts, 1910; re-appt 1911; elect
Treas of Ind Nov, 1914.

DALE J CRITTENBERGER, Editor; born Harrisonburg. Va. Dec 31. 1S5.'>;
grad Ind Univ; taught schl Henry and Madison Cos; was prin Ander-
son High Sch; Supt of schls Madison Co; edit and propr Anderson
Daily News and Weekly Democrat 1SS7-1S93; postmaster Anderson
1893-7; edtr and propr Daily News. Bulletin and Weekly Democrat
since 1S97; secy Ind State Sen 1911; elected auditor of Ind 1914; res
Anderson, Ind.

EBF:N H WALCOTT, bom Wolcott. White Co, Ind. May 5. l.S6fi; B .■~.
A M Wabash Coll; mftr and grain dealer number of years; mem
Ind State Senate 1901-03: appt State Tax Commnr by Gov Marshall:
direc Aetna Trust & Sav Co, Continental Nat Bank and Standard
I..ive Stock Ins Co: res Indpls.

JOSEPH H STAHL, Educator: was born on a farm Owen Co. Ind. Jan
9, 1S79; grad State Normal, Terre Haute; LL B Ind Law schl; taught
schl 13 years, prin Hvmera and Thorntown high schls. supt ^t■"•-
town schls: was elect bus mgr Toung People's Reading Circle In<l
1915; mem Ind Legis 1913: res Indpls.

BERNARD J T JEUP, Civil Engineer; born Cincinnati, O, Aug li. I^b4 .
att Cincinnati Univ; C E Columbia Univ; began work civil enpr^eu
York City Bd of Health; came to Indpls 1S92; as.st city engr 189J-I..
city engr 1896-1901, re-appt 1903, served 2 years; appt city engr by
Mayor Bell, 1914; res Indpls. ,„ ,„v,,

.T0SE:PH RF.LL. Lawver; was horn Union Co. Ind. Nov 2S 1865. taugn
school; grad University of Mich; was deputy city atty Indpls: elecie.i
mayor of Indpls Nov, 1913; res Indpls

1 now owner Zearing's Contractors Supply Co: res Indpls

CHARLES ANDREWS BOOKWALTER. Printer; born "«;;" .^ fl'"f !^' /, '

\ Dec 7, 1860: educ public schls; as a boy learned P-^^"*^^' ,^ '^=^'\^J ' ..'

\ worked as fireman on W^abash Ry. afterward entered ■ f " -"P"' ^^l,,^ ' ^

Ft Wayne Gazette; appt Clerk State Printing bureau IS^, ekcte^l

mayor Indpls 1901. served 2 years; re-elected 190d, seived 4 >eais.

res Indpls.

^^^^^^^''^'^^-^^^''^-

Xa^y^

rd<^,^^^z^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

UIC'H4KD OTTO JOHNSON, Siipt. Indiana State School for the Deaf; born
L^wisville, Ind. Jan 17. 1S5S: grad Virginia Military Inst; read la\v
with Judge Sam'l H Buskirk Indpis; practiced till appt secy Ind
State Schl for the Deaf ISSS; Supt since 1SS9; served 9 years Pres Con-
ference of Supts & Princpls Am Schls for the Deaf; 20 years exec
oomm 14 rears chairman; 19 years dir Am Assn to Promote Teach-
ing Speech'to Deaf; now contrbng editor Volta Review; author various
works; res Indpis.
U7I>I>IA>r P JlXGCI.AfS, Builder: born near Hamburg, Germany, Feb
22 1849: educ private schls Germany; served as able seaman in Ger-
man. English and Dutch merchant marine 7 years; retired as second
officer; came to America from Australia; engaged in building trade in
Indpis in 1S70; res Indpis.
FRED C GARDNER, Manufacturer; born DeWitt County. 111. Aug 23. 1.S63:
educ Indpis now Schtrdge High Schl; began work clerk in bank; with
E C Atkins & Co since July 1, 18S1; now sec treas of company; pres
Spencer House; res Indpis.
LYNN B MILLIKAN, Contractor; born Newcastle, Ind. March 20, 1860;
educ public schls Newcastle; began contracting 18S2; built Beech Grove,
Ind, shops for X Y Cent R; Van Camp Hardware Co Bldg. etc; res
Indpis.
PARK.S >I MARTIN, Agriculturist and Railroad Official; born Putnam Co,
liid. .\ug N. 1.S.".7; taught schl 3 years Montgomery Co. Ind; att Ladoga
Acad and Univ Ills; merchant and farmer since 1877; was clerk and
treas Gosport, Ind. and mem Schl Bd ; clerk Owen Co Circ Ct ; appt
State Tax Commnr Governors Mount. Durbin & Hanly; chmn Dem
State Cent Com 1896-1902: now Tax Agt N Y Cent Lines; res Indpis.
JAMES HENRY TAYLOR, Physician: born Greencastle, Ind. Nov 15, 1852;
A B. A M, DePauw T'niv: IM D Ind Med College 187S; 10 years demon-
strator an.'itomy Ind T'niv Schl Med; now prof diseases children: was
.■ililerman Indpis: mom Bd of Trade since 1S.S9: now v-pres; mem
A M .\ and Ind Med as5n: res Indpis.
\MLLIAM C SMITH, Civil Engineer; born Shelby County, Ind. Jan 4. 1865;
B S Butler College: began work as civil engr at 21; elected county sur-
veyor Union Co 1SS6; now secy Marion Co Construction Co; res Indpis.
WALTER C MARMON, Manufacturer; born Richmond. Ind, Aug 25. 1872;
educ Earlham Coll; grad Mass Inst Tech 1S95; pres Nordyke & Mar-
mon Co Indpis; pres Noblesville Milling Co; secy Indpis I^ight & Heat
Co; res Indpis.
WILLIAM H ROBSON, Publisher: born Indianapolis March 11. 1856; educ
Northwestern Univ (^now Butler); worked as railroad man various ca-
pacities; founded Trade Journal 1890; editor and propr since; res
Indpis.
HOMER C ANTHONY', Editor: born Colvmbia. Fayette Co. Ind, June 29,
INSO: educ public schls Laurel. Ind; learntd printer's trade; in news-
paper work since 1895; with Connersville Examiner since 1904, now
editor; mem Dem State Editorial Assn: res Connersville. Ind.
JOHN C SHIRK, Banker; born Springfield, Franklin Co. Ind. March 14.
1S5S; A B Ind Univ; banker in Brookville since 1881; pres Nat Brook-
ville Bank since orgn 1905; pres Brookville F\irn Co; pres Franklin
Furn Co; pres and orgn Brookville Tel Co; was pres Brookville Com-
mercial Club 8 years: pres Brookville Hist Soc; pres Brookville Pub
Lib; res Brookville. Ind.
A.MBROSE E NOWLIN, Banker; born Dearborn Co, Ind. Aug 6, 1843
taught schl; B S Miami Univ; farmer and banker 10 years; sup
census 1890; auditor county 2 years; coll intern revenue S year
Kinley admstn. now pres Dearborn Nat Bk ; res Lawrenceburg.
THOMAS S CRAVENS, . Lawyer; was born Osgood, Ind, Aug 5

graduated Indiana Law School 1896; member Indiana State Bar Assn;
res Lawrenceburg, Ind.
JOHN HEYWARD McKENZIE, Clergyman; born Bourneville O. May 3
1862; A B Mt Union Coll; A M Boston Univ; CPh D Kenvon Coll
D D Nashotah House): pres Hillsboro Coll 1888-90; pres Belmont Coll
and Ohio Milt Inst, College Hill, O, 1890-4; priest 1893 P E Ch ■ rec-
tor Howe, Ind, Sch since 1895; rector St Mark's Ch since 1895- ; Deputy
Gen convs P E Ch 1898 to 1913; trustee Nashotah (Wise) House Ake"-
Hall. Grand Haven. Mich, Howe Schl; mem AAA etc; res Howe.

lev

Ind.

V, ^ ',^' Newspaper man; was born Carthage. Ind, April 12 1876-
educ Earlham Coll; newspaper man in Indpis nine vears; editor Terre
Haute Star 1909 to '14; secy Republican State Comm Ind since March
1, 1914; res Indpis.
HARRY MIRPHY, Manufacturer; born Indianapolis Sept 15. 1867- educ
Kyriynn ( oil. in wholesale and mftrng business since 1885; pres John
; .. l,/ ^}'^^ *^°' vice-pres Prest-O-Lite Co and director C B Cones
A: Sen JIfg Co: res Indpis.

'''"■^^4?''^'-*?,^*V^T''^,^',^'';r^P'*P'''" ™^"' '^^s ''O'"" Lagrange, Ind, Nov. 20,
p,t , Vl«? " ^°"' °' ""'^^ ^^'=^"^' 1"*^'^" paymaster for the U S

n?^l/r ] i' ^^•'''•!, postmaster Huntington; was editor Wabash Plain
al'/erc;r1,B'Hu"n^tingZn''' """t'"^*"'^ Herald and Times, Decatur Her-

'"'a;™t"tn7^^^V"'lTT^r«'"'^"',^ Secretary I O O F Indiana; born Log-
for ■'• V •; . ■ ^^;"' K'^'''' P"''"'^ ^c*^'s: learned printer's trade,

years" Crn,;i «'inl'""r.^S T^''n''"^'''""= '"^'^°'' ^'^^ Fellows Talisman 16
Ind 189^; 1 n^^' ^"^"^ Fellows of Ind since 1896; G M Odd Fellows

o? ,he Woi-ld'^rs 'l™s'*"'' °' '''' °''''' "' """^ ^^"°^^-« ^-- « '^

AR-niru B <iHOVER, Real Estate Broker; born Terre Haute, Ind, Aug

indpis." Harvard Coll; in real estate business since 1888; res

CII.VRIE.SE HENDERSON, Lawyer; born St Paul, Ind, Jan 31. 1871;

lnd"„;.„, I,, ,''.'■ i'^.w ,^ rJ"''' ^'^^' ^^'^San pract Bloomfield.

• , ■ -^ "^' -'"''ee Greene-Sullivan Co's Circuit Ct 1906-

,„.J.V '; '■"'l''-'^ •^'"'■f' Feb, 1913; res Indpis.

1 ' I mk"?m"'?''?' ^^^^-^-er; was born Brook, Ind. Aug 8 1879-

PnuM,'. n In,- , 'is inn" ' "" ' ""^'rW^^^ ^'> ^^^^ i" Cass'co 1900; began
Grov.m,,! Indpis "" °^ Chamber of Commerce; res Beech

'""•Vn,V:'-;n/l,?w'*^'^*!'''-'f^^'-^''''^ ^^■•■'••^ ''°™ I"^l'"« S^^Pt 28. 1S74; grad

31. lSb4, A B Mt Union Coll, Alliance, O; A M Harvard-
cinnati Law Schl; mem Indpls and Ind State Bar Assns' 'r

WHO'S WHO Ix\ INDIANA

JOSEPH VV SELVAGE;

ille, O. May
LL B Cin-
res Indpls.

vniP Ind T^.h fi i«"n Estate and Insurance Broker; tjorn Zions-

It' ,*, • ^ ■ • \t'^\ '"^"'' Indpls High Schl now Schrtrdge- was
with Atlas Engine Work.3, Indpls, 10 year.s; in real estate anf nsur!
ance business since 1S95; member Ind R E Assn; Indpls R E Bd ; secy
and treas Piper Mchne Co; pres Capital Construction Co
Selvage Co Inc; res Indpl?.

pros Jos W

HOWE S LAX1>EBS, Lawyer; born Martinsville, Ind Oct 17 18S5- educ
DePauw; LL B Ind Law Schl; admt bar 1908; 'appt Secy Industrial
Board of Ind April, 1915; mem Indpls and I.rd State Bar -\"sns res
Indpls. - ■ ...T.

NEA^TOX TODD, Banking Broker; born Pendleton. Ind- educ Indpls n..\v
Schrtrdge High Schl; in banking brokerage and insurance business in
Indpls since 18S7.

OTTO HUGO PAXTZER. Phy.sician and Surgeon; born Sheboygan Wise
June 9, 1S5S; educ German-English acad, Milwaukee; grad Gymnastic
Teacher's Acad >.' A Turnerbund; taught gymnastics f) years- grad
Ind Med Coll ISSl; post grad Berlin. Paris, London, Munich Vjenii-. -
mem A M A Internal Med Congress, Indiana Ste Med and Indpls

' Med socs ; res Indpls.

E OSCAR LIXDENMUTH, Physician; born Ringtown. Pa. March 17 lS7->-
M E Bloomsburg Lit L'niv and Potts College; taught six years'- gra'd
Medic-Chirurgical Coll. Phila. Pa, 1906; elect prof Ind Univ Schl of
Med 1906; res Indpls.

'FRANK W WOERXER, Patent Lawyer; born Greenfield. Ind. Marcli :u .
1S70; LL B Indiana Law Schl; in practice patent law since 1.S92; im-ni
Indpls bar assn; res Indpls.

FRANK Dl'FFY, Labor Official; born Ireland. May 6. 1S61: resided New
York City and Phila, Pa, came to Indpls Dec 31, 1902; Genl Secy
United Brotherhood Carpenters and Joiners of Am since 1901; editor
The Carpenter; v-p Am Fed of Labor 1914; mem Ind State Bd of Educ
1915; res Indpls.

:OREN STEPHEN HACK, Lawyer; born Shelby Co. Ind. Apl 1, 1876; taught
schl Shelby Co 6 years; was pres Shelby Co Teachers Assn; B S,
LL B Central Normal Coll; LL B Univ of Indpls (Ind Law Schl);
deputy city atty 1905-7; deputy pros afiy Marion Co 190S-11; mem
Indpls and Ind State Bar assns.

El'GENE C SHIREMAN, Fish Culturist; born Martinsville. Ind, Sept 13.
1875; PhB DePauw Univ; secy-treas Old Hickory Chair Co, Martins-
ville, S years; founded "Grassy Fork" Gold Fish Hatcheries 1905; appt
Commissioner of Fish & Game of Ind Dec 30, 1914; res Martinsville,
Ind.

FRED A GREGORY, Real Estate and Insurance Broker; was born Hebron.
O. July 12, 1854; was educ common schls Bement, Ills; in real estate
and Ins bus in Indpls since 1876; founded present bus in 1884 with John
Appel as partner, now incorp; is pres of Gregory & Appel. Inc; secy
& treas Alberta, Indpls Land Co, etc; res Indpls.

l\^LLIAM A KETCHAM, Lawyer; was born in Indianapolis Jan 2, 1846;
educ schools of Indpls, Germany and Wabash Coll; enlisted as private
Comp A 13th Ind Vol Inf, commsnd Capt Comp I same regiment.
May, 1865, at 19; after Civil War, grad Dartmouth Coll; wa,3 elected
atty gen of Ind 1894, re-elect 1896; res Indpls.

'OHN L PIASTERS, Physician; was born Brookville. Ind. Sept 23, 1859;
M D Louisville Med Coll; New York Eye & Ear Conf, Berlin, Ger-
many, clinic, was prof Oph & OloI Central Coll of Phys & Surg and
Prof Oto Laringol Ind Univ Schl of Med; res Indpls.

rOHN E. CLELANT), was born Greenwood, Ind, Dec 30, 1840; A B, A M
Lit D TN'abash Coll; was capt U S Vol Civil War; was in Book i*i
Sta business 27 years; bu.5 dir Indpls Public Schls since Jan 1. 1900;
mem G A R, Loyal Legion, etc; res Indi^ls.

3ALEB S EAGLESFIELD, Lumber Manufacturer; was born Eaglesfielil.
Clay Co, Ind, March 14, 1860; educ high schl Terre Haute; in Ibr bus
since 1892; now pres of Eaglesfield-Stewart Co, mfgrs of hardwood
flooring, etc; res Indpls.

}HABLES T HANNA, Lawyer; was born Fortville. Ind. Dec 27, 1S69; attil
Indiana Univ; LL B Ind Law Schl; was judge Superior Court Marion
\ Co; res Indpls.

rHOMAS A DAILY, Lawyer; was born Mt Hope, Kans, Sept 9, 1876; attd
Christian Bros Coll, St Joseph, Mo; taught schl for 4 yrs Jennings
Co. Ind; LL B Indiana Law Schl; was mem Ind Legis, was mem
State Board of Pardons; res Indpls.

JUSSEl, M SEEDS, Publicity Counselor: was born Shadevillc. O. Oct 2.
1865; A B Univ of Mich, was engagtd in newspaper work until 1904
when he estb the Russel M Setds Co .-\dv Agcy: treas -'Crows'
Motor Cllib;" res Indpls.

lENRY LANE \A1LSON, E.x-Ambassador ; was born Crawfordsvillc
Nov 3. 1857; A B. A M Waba.sh Coll t Dr Philos. Philol. Fine
Natl Univ of Chile, 1911;; was edit Lafayette Journal; praci law am
banking Spokane, Wash; apptd minister to Venezuela 1S.S9 but de-
clined; was U S min to Chile and apptd min to Gnece; E E and
M P to Belgium; was ambass extraordinary and plenipoten to Mexico
(resigned* etc; res Indpls.

OLTON W MANGCS, Lawyer; was born Ladoga. Ind. Feb 16.
Indiana Univ; A B Wabash Coll; LL B Harvard Law Schl;
asst U S Atty Feb 1, 1914; res Indpls.

EDWIN R HISEY, Funeral Director; was born Indpls May 1.
Indpl.3 Public & Shortridge H S; began bus in Indpls May,
mem firm Hisey & Titus; was pres Ind Funeral Dir ,\s3n;

Funeral Assn; res Indpls.

Nest

Ind.
Arts
;ina

1S76; educ
1902; now
mem Natl

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

JOSEPH H WOOLING, Publisher; was born Fluvannah Co, Va, Mch 2,

1S62; educ Millers Acad; was railroad condr; publisher since 1889;
was pres Marion Co Council; dir Indpls Humane Soc; treas since 1911;
res Indpls.
CHARLES A PFAFFLIN, Physician; was born Bowling Green, Ky, Sept
4, 1872; grad Westminster Military Acad; Cincinnati Univ and Med
Coll of Ohio; Cincinnati Coll of Dental Surgr; Univ of Berlin and
Vienna; 3 mo service Halleclinic Berlin. Germany, during European
war Aug 1 to Nov 1, 1914; mem Indpls, Ind and Am Med Socs; mem
.■staff Citv Hosp; mem Am Oto-Laringol Soc. etc: res Indpls.

EKNEST ROBERT KEITH, Lawyer; was born Bowling Green, Ind, Aug
30, 1866; attd Depauw Univ; LL B Law Dept Univ of Mich; read law
with Duncan & Smith; was pres Indpls Bar Assn; mem Ind State &
.\mer Bar Assn: res Indpls.

JOHN' H EBERWEIX. Surgeon; born Jennings County, Ind, Jan IS, 18S2;
:itt Central Normal Coll. Danville; taught schl; M D Purdue Univ
Schl of Med; post grad Univ Pa: was interne Penn Hosp, Phila;
Kastman's Hosp and Deaconess Hosp Indpls; prof surgery Ind Univ
Schl of Med; mem A M A, Indpls & Marion county Med assns.

W.VLTER KES.SLER, Manufacturer; was born North Madison, Jeff Co,
Ind. Jan 5. 1856; educ Madison Sem, Andover, Mass, Acad, Harvard
Coll law dept; studied law with Harrison, Hines & Miller; was prc.3
Drop Forge Co. Indpls; pres & mgr Romona Stone Co, Romona, Ind;
res Indpls.

(;rV JIOXT.-VNI, Musician; born Laurenzana, Italy, Aug 9, 1867; began
study of music Utica, N Y, 1S7S and later in Indpls under Profs
Vogt, Beissenherz and Schliewen, Indpls School of Music; org Mon-
tani Bros Orch 1881; now director Montani's Orchestra; res Indpls.

JOHN E McGETTIGAN, Secy Greater Indianapolis Industrial Assn; was
born County Donegal, Ireland, in 1850; came to Indpls in 1875; at 22
engaged in promoting and bldg railroads; promoted the Indpls South-
ern now Indpls Div of Illinois Cent; is secy of Greater Indpls Indus
.Assn; res Indpls.

.\I.,VA S ROBERTS. Newspaper man; was born Wabash. Ind, Oct 30,
1S69; educ Ft Wayne M B Coll, Depauw Univ: learned printers trade;
was editor Richmond Telegram 3 yrs, Logansport Journal 9 yrs, mgr
editor Star Journal, Pueblo, Colo; city editor Dayton, O, Journal:
now editor, gen mgr Lester F Jones Co, publishers Lebanon Daily
Herald it Weekly Patriot: res Lebanon, Ind.

BEN F McKEY, Newspaper man; was born neaj- Darlington. Ind, Dec 5.
1857; educ in Boone Co and Lebanon Schls; learned printers trade in
the Pioneer otHce, Lebanon; became editor and prop of that paper
Jan 1, 1890; res Lebanon, Ind.

GOETHE LINK, Surgeon; was born Warrick Co, Ind. May 20, 1879; educ
Wabash Coll. Ind Univ; M D Central Coll P & S; asstd prof Gyne-
cology- Ind Univ Schl of Med; Gynecology City Hosp; mem A M A.
Ind State & Indpls Med Socs; res Indpls.

HENRY W BULLOCK, Lawyer; was born Jackson Tp, Clay Co, Ind. Sept
10. 1866; educ Valparaiso Univ, lawyer and mag writer; was chrmn
Ind Commn to draft workingmen's comp act 1913-15 ; res Indpls.

EVALF:EN stein, Author, Artist; was born Lafayette, Ind; educ Art
Inst of Chicago; decorative designer and illuminator; was contr verse
to Indpls Journal: represented in Stedmans' Amer Anthology, etc;
contbr Soc Decorative Art New York and Chicago: author •'Among
the Tree Again" (Poems), Troubadour Tales, etc; res Lafayette.

PATRICK J LYNCH, Rose Grower; was born Chester County, Pa; educ
common schls; owner Helle.r Bros Co, Rose growers; treas Dingee &
Conrad Co, Weist Grove. Pa; was natl delegate from Pa Repub Conv
1904: distr chrmn 6th distr Ind 1912-15: res Newcastle, Ind.

GEORGE R GRIFFIN, Newspaper man; was born Batavia, O, July 8. 1852;
learned printers trade and began newspaper work on Fairmount Cour-
ier; worked on papers in Lexington and Scottsburg, Ind; purchased
Osgood, Ind, Journal; was postmaster Osgood 4 yrs; publ Spencer
Democrat since 1897; mem Ind Democ Edit Assn; res Spencer, Ind.

HOMER ELLIOTT, Lawyer; was born Martin Co, Ind. Jan 9, 1878; attd
State Normal and Ind Univ; taught schl 4 yrs; began practice law
Spencer; pres Public Library Board; secy Owen Co Sav & Loan Assn;
.res Spencer, Ind.

INMAN HENRY FO«XF;r, Lawyer; was born Lewisburg, O, June 7. 1834:
B S Wabash Coll; LL D Ind LTniv; taught schl 7 yrs: began pract
Spencer 1859; 9 yrs clerk Owen Circuit Court: 8 yrs Senator. Clay
and Owen Cos; orgn and pres of Exchange Bank," Spencer; charter
mom State Bar Assn; res Spencer.

niANE W BEACH, Newspaper man; was born Schell City, Mo, April 1.
1875; educ Grammar Schls St Louis, Mo; began newspaper work with
St Louis Globe-Democrat; in 1902 came to Spencer with Agricultural
Epi^tomist (now Farm Life); part owner since Feb. 1908; res Spencer.

LVMAN I> HE.'VVENRIDGE, Newspaper man; was born Mitchell, Ind, Feb
4, 1881; attd Purdue, Depauw and Franklin Colls; Ph B Depauw;
worked on Chicago Record-Herald and Tribune; Anderson, Ind. Her-
.-ild, Owen Co Democrat; purchased Owen Co Journal 1906; editor and
1M1)1 since; was postmaster of Spencer; mem Repub Edit Assn, chrmn
Repub Co Comm; res Spencer.

OSCAR H CR.WENS, Newspaper man; was born Center Valley Ind Dec
1, 1S(;9; taught schl 3 yrs Hendricks Co; educ Danville Normal and
Ind Lniv; estb Daily World, Bloomington; apptd postmaster Bloom-
iiigton by Pres Wilson, June 7, 1913; was pres Ind Democratic Edit
Assn; res Hloomington, Ind.

ENOCH <i HO<;.\TE, Lawyer; was born Salem Co, N J, Sept 16 1849-
educ DmmviIIc ..\cademy; A B, A M Allegheny Coll; was clerk Hen-
.Inck.s ( in nil Court; Ind State Senator; dean Ind Univ School of Law
since 1903; r.s Hloomington.

ROBERT WALTER .MIERS, Lawyer; was born Bloomington. Ind, Jan 27
1848; educ Hartsvillc Univ; A M, LL B Indiana Univ; was pros attv
Monroe, Lawrence and Orange Cos: Judge 10th Jud Circuit 2 vrs bV
appointment and elected twice; was mem of Congress 4 terms"- now

kmI\ i'- I'i'w-'.l."'',.'?'"''^ Monroe and Owen Cos; res Bloomington, Ind.

i\Ai(.l. « J.X.MKS, Educator; was born Parkersburg. Ind Feb 13 1880-
Kia.l Ladoga High School; attd Wabash Coll, Indiana' Univ and sum-
In '^"n','",/ ''^ ''^'"r'' ^/''"'"al and Purdue; taught comn and high school
^„nf r.f'^''"^ " >;;-s: was supt Darlington schls 6 yrs; elected

.'iiipl schls Montgomery Co 1914; res Crawfordsville Ind

/^. /O^Tt^t/ZXA^,

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

HOMEK.McKEE Advertising man; ^-as born Bloomfield, Ind. Aug le
1880, A B Indiana Lniv; began newspaper work as cartoonist wifh pi
A\ayne, Indpls publ.caations ; was sales mgr HoUenbeck PreJs J,
sales and adv mgr Cole Motor Car Co, etc; res Ind pis

JAMES E DEERY, Lawyer: was born Indols Nov '>e i««n. „.. i ,.

town Univ, Washington, D C- LtVb Xotre Wm tl' ^V'^ '■^•orge-
atty Marion Co; elect judge Nov, 19lf; l^es Indpis ' ^""^ ''"''''''' ''"''

HARRY R-^TANO Lawyer; was born New York City, Jan 17. 18Tr»;
Indpls. ""^^ ^'^''^ "^ '-'^''•' "ty pros aity since .Tan 1, 11.14: v.s

HERBERT 31 GLOSSBRENNER, business man- born TelTer -onvilU Tn,l

May 12 1869; educ high .schl Jeffersonville ; was .ngigod rm"nufac .
luring business; organized The Glossbrenner-Dodge Co, who?es?l?deal- '^
etL'^^s"" Indpls ■ '''™' '° '"^'P'-' ''''' 'l"-^ Comm'erchU Nat's'^ank,

^^lh^^h^^^^^^\^' ^"^"'■^"'■^ ■"'^"^ ^vas born Cumbernauld, Sc.iland

Jan IS 1878; educ in pub schls of Scotland and Chicago Ills- w-,
cashier Chicago Gen Agcy Conn Mutual Life Ins Co '

Mut Life Ins Co, Indpls; res Indpls.

now gen agl Corim

•due
now

HENRY li DITHMER, Manufacturer; was born Brooklyn N V
Indpls Public Schls and .Shortridge H S; began business' 1886
secy and mgr Polar Ice & Fuel Co since 189.3; res Indpls.

CHARLES J BrCH.ANAN Funeral Director; was born Marion Co. Ind.
Aug 31, lSob;attd Valparaiso Normal Coll: taught schl 14 yrs; orgn
firm Flanner & Buchanan; built first crematory in Ind ItOO- dir Y M
C A 2 5 yrs; trust of Indpls Home for Aged Women: corpo'rate mein
Am Board of Foreign Missions; Col Staff Uniform Rank Odd Pel-
lows of Ind ; res Indpls.

CHARLES AV JEWETT, Lawyer; was born Franklin. Ind Jan 7 1S84-
grad Depauw Univ, Harvard Law Schl; chrmn Repub Co Comni I'jll-
15; rea Indpls.

R M BOWEN, Manufacturer, was born Memphi.s. Tenn. Sept 25 ISS"- educ
Public Schools; pres Stenotype Co. Indpls; pres Stenotype Sales" Co N
Y; pres Universal Inv Co, New Orleans; dir Indpls "Cham of Com-
merce; res Indpls.

EDSON F FOLSOM, Insurance man; was born Indpls August 8, LSTfi; B S
Rose Poly; M M E Cornell Univ; was a mechanical engr; in indu'stiial
bus 10 yrs; was special agt in Mass Mutual Life; state mgr State
Mutual Assurance Co of Worcester, Mass, since 1911; res Indpls,

GUY A RANSDELL, Insurance man; was born Sand Lake, Mich, Sept 17,
1872; educ in Public schls; in mercantile bus 12 yrs; with Mutual Life
of New York for 12 yrs; state supt of agts of Mich 8 yrs; mgr of
Indpls agency since July 28, 1914; res Indpls,

ALEXANDER ERNESTINOFF, musician; was born St Petersburg, Russia,
Jan 14, 1S53; grad Conservatory of Music, St Petersburg; was cond of
German Opera in New York City; Beethoven Consery, St Louis, Mo;
Germania Club, Arion, Maennerchor, Lyra, and Musicverein, Indpls;
res Indpls,

OLIVER AVILLARD FIERCE, Pianist: was born Hillsdale, Mich. 1869;
A B, A M Hillsdale Coll; student Conserv of Music; Koenigliche
Hochschule fur Musik, Berlin; and of Moritz Moskowzski, Berlin;
was head piano forte teacher Ohio Weslyan U Conserv of Music;
founder and pres Metropolitan School of Music, Indpls, and Coll of
Mus Art; Indpls; res Indpls,

HARRY LEVINSON, Merchant; was born Noblesville, Ind. Oct 16, 1867:
educ high schl, Noblesville, Ind; engaged in mercantile bus Nobles-
ville, Chicago and Indpls; assisted in erection of Masonic Temple,
Noblesville, as a memorial to his father N D Levinson; res Indpls*

JOHN I HOFFaiANN, Educator; was born Jordan Village, Owen Co, Ind;
B S Ped B Valparaiso Univ; attd Indiana Univ; taught schl 10 yrs:
princ public schls Poland and Brazil, Ind; apptd Deputy State supt
Pub Instruction, May 1909; asst State Supt, Nov, 1912; res Brazil, Ind,

IVILLL\M E. TCITE. Statistician; was born Pittsburg, Pa, April 27, 1870;
grad St John's Parochial Schl P'gh; was engaged in mfg window
glass with his father Andrew Tuite, P'gh, Findlay, O. Albany, ;ind
Vincennes, Ind; apptd Deputy State Statistician; res Indpls,

CARRIE COLVER LECKNER, Voice Teacher; born Chicago 111; received
early musical education from her mother; studied four seasons Uerlin,
Germany; voice with George Fergusson ; piano with Monsieur Minod;
phonetics with Fraulein Klatt; musical hist with Max Leckner; taught
voice 12 years; having brought out Miss Helen Warrum ; mem .Malim-e
Musicale 33 years; res Indpls.

HAX LECKNER, Piano Forte Teacher; was born Pinne. Germany. Nov
19, 1842; educ Gymnasium Bromberg, Germany; was musical dir liulpls
i Maennerchor; philharmonic Chorus Soc, etc; res Indpls.

SDGAR A ECKHOrSE, Manufacturer; was born Anderson, Ind, June 9.

1879; grad Shortridge H S; attd Ind Med Coll; connected with Kahn

; Tailoring Co since 1899; treas Kahn Tailoring Co, Indpls and V-p

I Washington & Meridian Realty Co; res Indpls.

JERT WEEDON, Interurban Railway Official;
Tenn. April 11, 1880; educ Andover Acad;
Pub Service Co; res Indpls.

XAHLON E BASH, Lawyer; was born in Marion Co, Oct 14,
Indiana Univ; elect judge Probate Court of Marion Co,
Ind State Bar and Indpls Bar As.3n; res Indpls,

OHN E IGLEHART, Lawyer; was born Warrick Co. Ind, .\ug 10, 184s
grad Asbury (now DePauw Univ), began practice of law with hi
father Judge Asa Iglehart and assisted him in prep two text books
Ind practice; res Evansville, Ind,

was born Rutherford Co,
G F & 1' A Inter State

1880; LL B
lyl4; mem

^ jT^AL..^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

JOHN' S BERRYHILL, Lawyer; was born Lafayette. Ind, Dfc 27, 1S49;
A M Asbury (now DePauw Univ) ; admitted to Bar 1S76; pres and
treas .Allison Coupon Co since 1S93; mem Chamber of Conimerce; mem
Imlpls Bar .Assn; res Indpls.
>\7LLIA.M X A'^^SHARD, Surgeon; was born Greenwood, Ind, Oct 10, 1S51:
attd Wabash Coll; grad Ind Jled and Miami Med Coll: post grad St
Peters and Guys Hosp London, and Post Grad and Poly N Y; hon A M
Wabash; was supt City Hosp, Indpls; instrumental founding- Indpls
Training Schl for Nurses; chrmn Comm on Med Legislation. Ind State
Med Soc; was pres Miss Val Med Assn; Am Urological Assn, Ind and
Marion Cos Med; res Indpls.
HOMER H WHEELER, Surgeon; was born Adyeville, Perry Co. Ind. Nov
S. 1S7L'; M D Centr Coll of P and S; was interne City Hosp. Indpls:
I)ost grad N Y Post Grad Coll, Vienna Univ, Johns Hopkins, Mayo Bros
Clinic Rochester, Minn; Clinical Staff Bobbs Disp and Indpls City
Hosp: asst prof gastro-intes dis Ind Univ of Med; mem Indpls Med,
Ind State Med and Am Med Assn; res Indpls.
LAFAYETTE PAGE, Surgeon; was born Columbia, Ky, May 21, 1S63;
A B Columbia Univ, Ky ; M D Ind Med Coll; post grad N Y Polyclinic
Berlin and Vienna Univ; specialist nose, throat and ear: clinic prof
dis nose, throat and ear, Ind Univ Schl of Med; consultant, Indpls
City Hosp. Methodist and St Vincents Ho.sp; inventor of throat and
nose instruments: mem A M A; Am Laryng, Rhinol, and Otol ; fellow
in Am Acad Ophth and Oto-Laryngol ; fellow Am Coll of Surg, etc;
res Indpls.
ROBERT PEELLE NOBLE, Chemist: was born near Centerville, Ind,
Feb 2S. 1S70; Ph B M A DePauw I'niv: attd Univ of Chicago; t'chr of
chem lu yrs Armour Inst of Tech, New Mex Schl of Mines, etc; com'l
chemist Indpls, since 190S; mem Am Chem Soc; res Indpls.
.YRTHIR E Gl'EDEL, Physician; was born Cambridge City, Ind, June
14, ]84,S; M D Ind Univ Schl of Med; was interne City Hosp Indpls;
mem Coun.y and State Soc; pres Indpls Soc of Anesthetistis : supt
Protestant Deaconess Hosp; prof physiology of exercise, Normal Coll
N A G U; res Indpls.
MfCLEAN J MOULDER, Physician; was born Howard Co, Ind, Feb 4,
1S50; was tchr in Howard Coll, Kokomo, Ind. also in public schls;
grad Natl Norm, Lebanon, O, and Med Coll of Ohio, Cincinnati; was
mayor, school trustee, health board, pres park board- of Kokomo. Ind;
secy County Board of Health and Co Physician. Howard Co; was supt
Methoidst Hosp Indpls: resigned Sept 1915; now supt Bethany Hosp
Kansas City, Kan; address. Kansas City, Kan.
JOHN M TODD, Real Estate Broker; was born Chester Co, Pa, July 26,
1831; educ schools of Philadelphia and Norristown. Pa: came to Pen-
dleton, Ind, 1852; since 1861, engaged in real est business Indpls:
orgn of the Exposition Bldg in 1S73 and assisted in organization of
the Belt Ry and other important enterprises; res Indpls.
MARTIN REHFl SS, Jr, Merchant; was born Eaton. O, March 10. 1.^5,S:
educ high schl Eaton, O; began business career Peoria Ills; retired,
spent 2 yrs in Europe; estab business in Indpls 1902 wholesale saddlery ;
mem Chamber of Com, etc; res Indpls.
ZACHARY T SWEENEY', Clergyman and Lecturer; was born Liberty Ky
Feb 10, 1849: grad Scott ville, (111 Seminary): attd Eureka Co'll III'
DePauw Univ; (LL D Butler Univ); taught schl; was minister Chris-
tian (Disciples Church) exclusively engaged as Lyceum lecturer bv
Redpath Bureau since 1897; U S Consul-Gen at Constantinople Im"-
perial Ottoman Commr to Chicago Expn 1893; was Commr of Fisheries
and Game for Ind. etc; res Columbus, Ind.
JOHN W KERN, U S Senator; was born Alto. Howard Co Ind Dec 'O
1849: LL B University of Mich; practiced law Kokomo, 'ind and
Indpls: was city atty of Kokomo; reporter of Indiana Supreme Court-
mem of Ind Senate; city atty of Indpls and Democratic Cand for
Gov of Ind; was Democratic Nom for V-p U S; elected U S Senator
1911: res Indpls, Ind.
I-'RANCIS H GAYISK, Priest; was born Evansville, Ind, April 6 1856-
grad St Meinrads' Coll and Sem ; was in newspaper bus 6 yrs witli
Evansville Courier; since 1885 rector St Johns Church Indpls- chan-
cellor Catholic Diocese of Indpls; mem Board of State Charities of
Ind, etc; res Indpls.
JOSEPH A McGOWAN, Interurban Railway Offlcial; was born Gurteen-
darragh County Leitrim. Ireland, July 21, 1859; came to Portland Me
at 5 years of age; lived there 39 yrs; educ in high schl Port'land'
Me; mem Portland schl board 8 yrs; estb the Free Evening Schls
there: was cashier accountant and customs attv Grand Trunk Rv
Portland Me; in 1903 came to Indpls and associated with his cousin
Hugh J McGowan in traction bus; now treas and dir numerous traction
ME-J'i'^ ^'ii4,?it".^ ^'^ ^'■^' comms Indpls 4 yrs; res Indpls.
.MK^ER MES.SING, Rabbi: was born Gostin, Province Posen, Prussia' educ
h,Ts.- ?J""^'1'?^''T^''*',^'"i'''t' ^^''°°' Breslau Germany: came to Indpls
M a1 1 Aiv TT?'' .' ^"'^'"^ Hebrew Cong; retired as rabbi emeritus 1907.
■ r 'r ' Educator; was born Bolivar, Tex, July 11, 1S74; educ Un
'^.i''^!'u f 'I .^'f I ''''?™^' • ^'""^ 9^"^ <^'"y Business Coll, Quincy, 111

was ijub school tchr 2

Is:

• iTTVi-- ,,^ ■ . ■^■''®' o''^**" Lain Bus Coll; now pres; res Indpls.

i'. . , ' ,. ,P'^,'^"' ^'^^ ''°''" ^t Bellaire, O, March 10, 1874- attd
■.?,''"" "";.^^^^ ^^^^""' O' ^^ ^ Ohio State Univ; pract medic ne
1- >rs (olumbia City. Ind; asst State Health Commr since 19U)
.\ -M A and Ind State Med Assns; Am
ol Hygiene; res Indpls.
''"""oefs^S^-." "•^^;«"A^y, College Dean; was born Alexandria, Ind
^,dl J-'J^;.... T.,^'''ll';:'!.,^*^';™^' C°!li^a"^i"e. 1"^^; DD S Ind Dent ■

mem
Am Schl

I. R N.-\I-TZGER, Lawyer: was bnrn Hunl

Del.-iuw I niv; was apptd Inspector G.n 1
llrsi deputy atty-gvn Ind 1915; res Muiu-ii

yJ^Le^:^^-iL^^Ca^

^^cn^c^u^ ^

Hill. Ind. Oct 2, ISSl; Ph B
1 Natl Guard, 1914; apptd

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

ORBA HOFPER, Educator; was born Vernon to
Ind, May 21. 1S75; educ Indiana
ington Co; high schl 3 yrs
Vallonia) ; elected county si
Supt Assn; res Salem.

ROBERT E CAVANAIGH. Edacato.
April 22. ISSl; g-rad Indiana State
Univ of Chicago; taught schl 14 yrs
pres Classical Assn. of Ind State Tea
Ind State Supt Assn; res Salem

JOHJ- —

■ nship. Washington Coiinv

am T-n,-,.. ♦ --■■■'•■■I'. .. a,5iMilglon VOlinv, ^

^nr^nr. w "^''^', ' ^'^ ™'"a' "h's Wash! >^0 / // / y j

Xm-mar" '" '^'^'^^':''"etO'? C". Ind. y^ A ^^ ^^ / ^

: supt Salem schll'"in^eH)M ;'^va' C/l^-O^ (Ti f Ti —, /(

ichers Assn; mem Executive Comn, \ ^^^ SP ^^M-^O^TV^i.-^Uu.^lJU

- ^l^^ ^

chrmn Democratic Co Comm igoI-'lO ; "Tef Foxier ''"'"' '" ^"""^^■"°"
JOHN P CARR. Newspaper man i-o^iei

Ind. Sept 20.
Leader. April
farming; res

Ind State Bar

r^larch 1. l.STfi;
Otterbein .schls

supt

was gradi
Newton d

was born near Brook,

, was born in White Co
18o4; was publ Oxford Tribune for 12 yrs; founded Fowl,',
1S93; owned and published same since; is interested in
Fowler, Ind.

DOXAI.D (Daniel) FRASER, Lawyer; was born Ramsev. near Montreal

nnada. July 14, 1855; educ private tutelage and' Lewiston Acid

Krpub presidential elector 190S; mem Amer Bar "ssn

A.«;su (Pres 1906-7); Ind Soc of Chicago; res Fowler

CHARLES H DOD.SOX. Educator; was born Oxford Iiid
attd Ind Lniv; taught schl Benton Co 11 yrs; princ
2 yrs; supt schls Benton Co since 1907; res Fowler

W O SCHAJVLAVB, Educator; was born Rensselaer, Ind Oct 11 ISTfi
grad Rensselaer High Schl; attd Indiana State Normal: 'grad Valparais.
Iniv; learned printers' trade; was editor and publ Rensselaer Mes
senger; publ Morocco Courier 4 years; taught distr schl
teacher, princ. supt of high schl at Morocco; elect
schls 1907: res Kentland. Ind.

WARREN T McCRAY, Banker and Cattle Breeder
Newton Co. Ind. Feb 4. 1S65; educ high sc
council and school board Kentland; pres St
pres Discount and Deposit State Bank; wa

Longcliff Hosp; pres and gen mgr McCray Grain Co; pres Ade Grain
Co; secy Newton Co Stone Co; res Kentland.

CHARLES W HANLEY, Lawyer; was born on a farm in Jasper Co Ind
July 5. 1S65; educ comn schls; read law in Iowa and Kansas; taught
schl 4 yrs; was county atty Jasper Co. Ind; elect judge 1902; res
Rensselaer, Ind,

CH.\RLES M DAVIS, Editor; was born in Kentland, Ind. March 26, 186S:
learned printers' trade at 15; began work on Kentland Gazette' after-
wards changed to Newton Co Enterprize; worked on paper since and
editor for 15 yrs; now managing editor; was mem Kentland schl
board and town clerk; res Kentland.

JOHN H STEPHENSON, Newspaper man; was born Winchester. Mass.
Jan 1. 1S4 9; learned printers' trade on Attica Ledger when a bov :
bought Warren Review. Williamsport, in 1893; consold with Warren
Republican Oct 1914; editor and prop 22 yrs; mem Ind State Repub-
lican Edit Assn; res Williamsport.

ELE STANSBl'RY', Lawyer; was born Saybrook. Ills. Feb S, 1861; educ
in high schl; studied law; was pros atty Warren and Fountain Co 2
terms; mem Ind Legis 1903-5; county atty ten yrs; trustee State
School for Deaf 8 years; elected presidential elector 1900; Repub Cani'
for atty-gen 1914; res Williamsport. Ind.

ARISTA T LIVENGOOD, Lawyer; was born Fountain Co. Ind. Sept 10.
1867; B S Ind Normal Coll (now Valparaiso Univ); taught school at 16
yrs; was asstd cash Farmers Merchants Bank Covington; was JIayor
of Covington 4 yrs; now pres School Board; county atty 5 yrs: res
Covington, Ind.

VALENTINE E LIVENGOOD, Lawyer; was born Hillsboro. Ind. June 22.
1860; attd Wabash Coll; B S Valparaiso L^niv; taught Hillsboro schls;
was supt Covington Public schls; practiced law in Covington since
1886; pres school board 7 vrs; now pres librarv board.

JOHN B SCH\'»1N, Lawyer; born Pickaway Co. O. Nov 1844; graduate
Ohio Weslyan University (A B 1869). (A M 1875), Prof Moore's Hii:
College 1870-73. Began law practice Indianapolis 1873. Came to Cov-
ington 1876. Editor and publisher The Covin.gton Friend for last 28
years. Veteran Civil War 92nd and 155th Ohio Infantry.

GEORGE S HARNEY', Newspaper man; was born Ladoga. Ind, Dec 24.
1864; B S Wabash Coll; read law with father Judge J F Harney,
practiced law 12 yrs; atty Tribe of Ben Hur 6 yrs; enlisted in War
with Spain and won a commission as Lieut Comp M 15S Ind Vol,
editor Review since Sept 1913; res Crawfordsville. Ind.

HOMER D INGRAM, Lawyer; was born Vermillion Co. Ind. Aug 1, 1891:
LL B Indiana Univ; appt deputy pros 1913; on organization of separate
circuit was appointed prosecutor of Parke Co by Gov Ralston, April
1, 1915; res Rockville.

GEORGE D Sl'NKEL, Lawyer; was born Redman, Ills, Oct 15, 1879; LL B
Indiana Law School; began practice law at Newport, Ind; elect pros
atty 47th .iud circuit; on orgn 68th jud circuit was apptd .judge by
Gov Ralston April 1, 1915; was joint represent from Vigo and \'er-
million Cos 2 terms; res Rockville, Ind.

HAROLD A HENDERSON, Lawyer; was born Vincennes. Ind, Dec 3,
ISSO; grad Bloomingdale Acad; admitted to bar 1903; mem of law
firm of White & Henderson; res Rockville. Ind.

IRTHl'B A HARGRAVE, Newspaper man; was born Portland Mills, Ind,
Aug 15, 1856; A B A M Wabash Coll; began newspaper work as re-
porter Kansas City Journal; was asst editor Terre Haute Express;
was Lay Missionary to Oroomiah, Persia; purchased Rockville Repub

1 in 1888; edi;or since; was mem Rockville Schl Board 3 yrs,

ri'LIAN D HOGATE, Newspaper man; was born Danville, Ind. Oct 14.
1868; grad Danville H S; attd Central Normal <'oll and DePauw Iniv;
taught Danville H S; editor and prop Hendricks Co Rel)ublican smr<'
1890; mem Repub State Cent Comm 2 terms; secy Indiana Senat.-

i sessions 1905-7. and special session 1908; was pres Repub Edit Assn,
pres Danville Schl Board; res Danville.

IL'VIN HALL, Newspaper man; was born Lizton, Ind. Jlay 2., 1884: grad
Lexington High School; began newspaper work with Danville Gazett<-

'■ Jan 5, 1905; editor since Dec, 1914; res Danville, Ind.

hi Kentland; was mem city -i^^^O^ -;:y^ / /

'a^me^nrS^oa^; tr'T^us^:^.' ^A^^^^ <^. ./ ^t^ CM^^^/^^^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

J W LAIRD, Educatoi-; was born Oswego. Kansas, Sept 2, 1S71: attd Ind
State Normal; A B Indiana Univ; studied in Harvard Graduate Schl;
was countrj' school tchr 2 yrs; was prin Galveston. Ind, H Sch; hist
and methods tchr Marion Normal Coll 8 yrs; V-pres Central Normal
Coll 1907-9; now pres; res Danville, Ind.
CHAKLES ALLEN HAKGBAVE, Educator; was horn Portland Mills, Ind,
May 24. 1S5S; A B Central Normal Coll; was tchr in dist schls, high
schl and Central Normal Coll; was pres of the college 1889-90; secy
and trea.s of coll since 1900; res Danville, Ind.
OTLS E GULLEY, Lawyer; was born North Salem, Ind, March 22, 1S67;
attd Franklin Coll; taught schl; was pros atty Hendricks Co 2 terms;
was supervisor Federal Census 3rd dist of Arkansas 1900; pres school
board Danville 3 yrs; pres Board of Trustees, Central Normal Coll;
i-es Danville, Ind.
GEORGE H GIFFORD, Lawyer; was born Falmouth, Ind; grad State
• Univ and Butler Coll; taught school; began practice law Tipton 1SS3;
was State Senator 1S93-95; was mem school board Tipton; delegate
to Democratic Natl Conv at Baltimore 1912; author bill regulating
non-resident building and loan assns 1S93 and bill amending ditch
law of 1SS5; res Tipton.
HORACE GREELY READ, Physician; was born in Randolph Co, Ind, Dec
5, 1S57; attd Natl Normal Schl Lebanon. O; M D Miami Med Coll,
Cir
mem
mer
"Ac

1907; res Tipton

OSCAR r RAKESTRAW, Editor; was born Mahoning Co, O, Oct 30, 1S49;
attd Hillsdale Mich Coll; began newspaper work as local editor
Steubi'n liepublican 1S77; now editor; res Angola, Ind.
RAYMOND D A^ILLIS, Newspaper man; was born Waterloo, Ind, Aug 11,
1S75; learned printers' trade; A B, A M Wabash Coll; began newspaper
work at Angola on Ma.gnet ; consold with Steuben Republican 190S;
was postmaster Angola 1910-14; was secy Northern Ind Edit Assn;
res Angola.
L M SNIFF, College President; has been at the head of the Tri-State College

for thirty-iwo years; school opened June IS, 1S84; res Angola.
II LYLE SHANK, Educator: was born Flint, Ind, Sept 13, ISSO; B S Tri-
State Coll and Ind Univ; taught schl Steuben Co 4 yrs; was princ
Flint High School 3 yrs; Bloomfield twp school LaGrange Co one yr.
Pleasant Lake Schl one yr; elect supt schls Steuben Co 1911; res
Angola, Ind.
ROWT>AND H RF^RICK, Newspaper man; was born Elkhart, Ind, Feb 25.
1857; B S Univ of Mich; began newspaper work LaGrange Standard
with father John H Rerick; was delegate Repub Natl Conv 1912;
author several historical works, publ county atlases of Ohio and Ind;
res LaGrange, Ind.
mNTHROr E STONE, University President; born ChesterHeld, N Hamp,
June 12, 1S62; B S Mass Agrl Coll; B S Boston Univ; PhD Goettingen ;
(LL D Mich Agrl Coll); on faculty Purdue Univ since 1889. president
Purdue since 1900; mem Ind State Bd Edn and numerous learned socs;
has published numerous chemical researches; res Lafayette.
WILL R WOOD, Congressman; born Oxford, Ind, Jan. 5, 1861; LL B Ann
Arbor: was pros atty Tippe Co; State Senator 1897-1914; (twice pres
pro tem of Senate); four times leader Republican side; eelcted to
Congress from Ind 1914; dir City Nat Bank, Tipp Loan & Trust Co;
etc; res Lafayette.
WILLIAM V STTART, Lawyer; born Logansport, Ind, Nov 1, 1857; grad
Williston Sem East Hampton, Mass, 1S76: Amherst Coll, Amherst, Mass,
1880; Columbia Law Schl 1882; mayor Lafayette 1887-89; trustee
Purdue Univ 1899-1914: dir Chicago South Bend Northern Ind Trac Co;
dir Lafayette Say & Trust; mem Nat City Bldg & Loan Assn; pres
Lafayette Lbr & Mfg Co, v-p Shadeland Stock Co; res Lafayette, Ind.
DAN W SIMMS, Lawyer; born Crawford Co. Ills, Feb 13, 1862; attd
DePauw Univ; admitted bar 1885: mem Lafayette Schl Bd 6 vrs;
gen counsel Lafayette Life Ins Co; res Lafayette.
EDW^N P HAMMOND, Lawyer; born Brookville, Iiid, Nov 26. 1S35; LL B
Asbury (now DePauw); LL D Wabash; served as 1st It Co G Ind Vol
Inf, capt S7th Ind Inf and maj and It col same reg; was Judge 30th
Ind circuit; asso supreme ct Ind; mem bd of mang Nat Home Dis-
abled Vol Soldiers; res Lafavette.
CHARLES A BIRNETT, Lawyer; born Terre Haute, Ind. Jan 9, 1861;
A B Indiana Univ 1881; M A 1886; LL B Nat Univ Law Dept Wash
D C 1885; began to practice at Seattle, Wash, 1891; returned to Ind
1895; Referee in Bankruptcy since 1901; res Lafayette.
THOS BALER, Manufacturer; born Nazareth. Pa, July 1, 1860; attd comn
schls; Box board and paper mfg since Sept 1886; 12 years in Lafayette;
elected Mayor on the citizens ticket Nov, 1913; pres Lafayette' Box
Board and Paper Co; dir Alton, 111, Bx Board and Paper Co anci
Merch Natl Bank; res Lafayette, Ind.
HKNRY H VINTON, Lawyer; born Lafayette, Ind, Nov 30, 1864; grad
Purdue I'niv 1885; attd Columbia Law Schl 1887; began practice of
'-"w June 1887; Referee in Bankruptcy 1898-1901; 1901 appointed bv
Gov Durbin Judge Superior Court Tippecanoe Co; elect same office
1902; held office since; re-elect Nov, 1914; res Lafayette.
(;E (•<<;»<'. K GROSE, University President; born Nicholas Co, W Va, July
14, 1869; A B, A M Ohio Weslyan Univ; STB Boston Univ School of
Theal; ( DD Ohio Weslyan); ordained M E ministrv 1896; was lecturer
Johns Hopkins Univ; pres DePauw since 1913; Author; The Outlook
•on. etc; res Greencastle.
JAMES P Hl'GHES, Lawyer; born Terre Haute, Ind, Dec 18, 1874; Ph B
DePauw; LL B Ind Law; was county atty, depty pros atty and pros
atty Putnam Co; appt circuit .iudge Feb 28, 1911, by Gov Marshall;
elected judge circuit ct Nov 1912; res Greencastle.
C'VRl S 11 WADE, Clergyman; born LaGrange Co, Ind, March 16 1849-
acad edn LaGrange, Ind; (D D DePauw); practiced law LaGrange;
was pros atty 34th Jud circuit; ordained M E ministry 1880; pastor
N Ind Conf 18 years; endow secy DePauw since 1910; Del Gen Conf -
M E ch 1900-4-8; pres trust Meth Memorial Home for Aged, Warren,
Ind; mem Gen Bd for Claim for M E ch ; mem bd trust and visitors
DePauw 12 years; res Greencastle.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

v-^^-att^yTT"^ y^T^-t^'Z^:''-^^*^

as Statisn: res Columbus, Ind

Hl'GH TH jnLI.ER, Banker; was born Ninevah, Inrl March "i ir^-t. , „ // / _ / «»

THOMAS F FITZGIBBON, Educator; was born Fort RUner In d Juiy ""
1S61; grad State Normal; A B Indiana Univ; post grad 'rhicaeo UnK-
began teaching- ISSO; was supt schls Elwood. Ind, 11 years supt pub
schls Columbus since 1901; mem Ind Indust and Agr" Kduc Commsn
1911-13; pres Ind State Conf Charities and Cor 19U; pros So , Tnd
Tchrs Asso 19US; res Columbus. Ind.

^^ILLIAM A 3IOOXEY, Manufacturer; was born in Columbus Ind Au- ■>()
1S64; educ pub schls, in tanning business since 'Su; now pres W W
Mooney & Sons; treas Indpls Abbatoir Co; mem Indpls Board of Trade-
res Columbus.

JOHN D DePKEZ, Editor; was born in Shelby Co, Ind, Oct 1 1S7''- grad
Shelbyyille H S; attd Hanover Coll; 9 yrs in banking business s'helbv-
ville; purchased Shelbyville Democrat 1904; was councilman one term-
mem School Board; mem Executive Comm Democratic State Edt
Assn; mem Natl Assn; res Shelbyville, Ind.

ELIZABETH L WADE, (wife Rev Cyrus U Wade) was born Knightstown
Ind, attd State Normal; taught in public schls; was conf Missionaiw
Secy Northern Ind Conf; pres W F M Society; Greencastle dist North-
west Ind Conf; res Greencastle.

COrBTLAND C GILLEN, Lawyer; was born Roachdale, Ind, July 3 18S0-
taught schl 5 yrs; attd DePauw; LL B Ind Law Schl; was county atty-
mem city schl board; secy Democratic Central County Comm- re.s
Greencastle.

^'ilLLIAM T CBONIX, Newspaper man; was born Terre Haute, Ind, Jan
31, 1S7S; educ Parochial schls; began newspaper work Terre Haute
Tribune as reporter; one of the orgn of T H Post; with the United
Press New York City 2 yrs; mem Indiana Flood Comm 1914; editor
T H Tribune since 1910; res Terre Haute.

CHARLES TIMOTHY JEWETT, Newspaper man; was born Indianola.
Iowa, Oct 17, 1S75; grad Indianola H S; attd Simpson Coll; Lt Col
Terre Haute Reg; pres John Morton Camp S A R; lit hist and news
editor; res Terre Haute, Ind.

WM DUDLEY FOl'LKE, Author; was born New York. Nov 28. 184S; A B,
LL B and A M Columbia (LL D Earlham) ; was admitted to bar;
mem Indiana Senate; was mem U S Civ Serv Comm; editor Evening
Item, Richmond; Chrmn Suffrage Cong Chicago E.xpn; was pres Amer
Woman Suffrage Assn; was pres Natl Munic League; mem Platform
Comn Prog Party; author Life of O P Morton, Slav and Saxon, etc;
res Richmond.

TiarOTHY' NICHOLSON, Business man; was born North Carolina, Nov 2,
1828; educ Friends' Acad in N C and Friends' Higher School Provi-
dence. R I; taught in N C Acad 6 yrs; Haverfords' Coll, Pa, 6 yrs;
came to Richmond in 1861; .I'oined with brother in book business:
in same since; apptd mem Ind State Board of Charities 1889; 19 yrs
mem State Normal Schl Bd; trustee Earlham Coll; was clerk of Ind
Yearly Meeting of Friends; res Richmond.

RCDOLPH G LEEDS, Editor; was born Richmond. Ind, Mch 15, 1886;
educ Phillips Acad and Harvard Univ; began newspaper work with
Palladium; Nat Commn Pro party for Ind; res Richmond, Ind.

ROBERT L KELLY, College President: was born Tuscola, Ills, March 22,
1865; Ph B Earlham Coll; Ph M Univ of Chicago; Fellow in Philos;
(LL D DePauw); was supt schls Monrovia. Ind; acting pres Penn
Coll, Oskaloosa, la; was dean and pres Earlham Coll oince Feb, 1903:
mem Nat, State and many local Ednl Assns: mem Ind Cecil Rhodes
Scholarship Comn: Ind State Bd Edn, etc; res Richmond. Ind.

CH.\BLES S BOND, Physician; was born Webster, Ind. June 8, 1856: attd
Earlham and Antioch Colls: taught schl; stud Ohio Med Coll; M D
Bellevue Hosp Med Coll N Y Univ; B S M S Earlham: was coroner
Wayne Co; health officer. Richmond since 1906: mem Assn Am Phys;
A M A Ind State Med (Pres 1S95) ; Miss Valley Med Soc (V-p 1897);
mem Congress on Tuberculosis London and Washington: ics Richmond.

W^HX4M H KELLEY, Lawyer; was born St Clair. Penna. March 21. ISGS;
B S Central Pa Coll; read law with John L Rupe, Richmond, Ind;
mem Am and State Bar Assns; res Richmond, Ind,

CHARLES R POLLARD. Lawyer; was born Mobile, Ala, A.ug 9, IS'16;
educ -■schools of Alabama; after Civil War read law; apntd Judge of
Supreme Court of Montana by Pres Cleveland; w^s Pros arty of Carroll
and Cass Cos; city atty of Delphi and co ■\iiv for number of years;
res Delphi.

LEANDEB D BOYD. Lawyer: was born ne^r Stilesville. Ind, .lune 12.
1S53; educ State Normal; read law; taught schl •! yrs in Hendricks
Co; res Delphi, Ind.

IIOSEPH P O'MAHONY, Editor; was born Tralee. Ireland. AInrch 14, 1870;
educ Blackrock Coll. Dublin. Irel.Tnd: r.Tr,.- !) U S 1889; worked
editorial capacity Indpls Sentinel, Evansville, Detroit. BaHimorc. etc;
War corresp Spanish War for Baltimore Sun; founded Indiana Cath-
alic, 1910; now editor: res Indianapolis, Ind.

(VILLLAM A "Dparon" ROACH. Lawyer: was born Delplii, Ind. Dec 21.
1874: LL B Indiana Law Schl; was city atty 5 yrs; Kepuo i 'o Chrnin
4 yrs: dist chrmn since 1914; res Delphi. Ind.

? E SMITH. Physician: was born Gosnort. Tnd. Aug 31. 1861: B S M S
Indiana Univ: M D Univ of Louisville; was asst physician Northern
Ind Hosp: Med supt Eastern Tnd Hosp for Insane since 1891; i rs
Richmond, Ind.

^^\f\f\r^ o-

t^ • 1,-/^^

/i/!^ 10-MMcy t;^V'*^.^^A=^

/^C^rOf^ ^ t^ed<;.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

El'GENE H Bl'NDY. Lawver; was born Newcastle, Ind, October 10, 1846;
A B and A M Union Coll, Schenectady, N Y; Miami Univ Oxford, O;
read law with father Judge Martin L Bundy; was State Senator
18S1-93; candidate republican ticket gov 1S84; judge Henry Co Circuit
Court 8 yrs; on comn that built additional Insane Hosp at Logansport,
Evansville and Richmond; res Newca.stle, Ind.
ED JACKSON, Lawver; was born Howard County, Ind. December 27,
1S73; educ comn schls; read law with Judge L B Nash, Tipton, Ind;
pros attv Henrv Co 2 terms; judge Henry Co Circuit Court 1907-14;
cand for Secy of State Rep ticket 1914; pres Lincoln League of Ind
1912-14; res Newcastle, Ind.
ALBERT D OGBORN, Lawyer; was born Wayne Co, Ind, September 2 5,
1864; educ comn schls; read law with judge M Forkner; store keeper
Northern Hosp for Insane Logansport lSSS-9: capt Co G. 161 Ind Vol
Inf. War with Spain; served in Cuba; State Senator 1900-04; res
Newcastle.
WM O BARNARD, ex-Congressman; born ITnion Counly, Ind. Oct 25, 1S52;
acad edn; taught schl 5 years; was pros atty and judge 53rd Judicial
circuit; member of Congress 1909-11; res Newcastle.
FRED C GAI'SE, Lawyer; was born Greensfork, Wayne Co, Ind. Aug 29,
1S79; attd Indiana Univ; read law with Judges E H Bundy and John
M Morris: County atty Henry Co 1903-13; elect judge Henry Co Circuit
Court March 3, 1914; res Newcastle, Ind.
31 E FORKNER, Lawyer; was born Henry Co, Ind, January 26, 1846; educ
Newcastle Acad; "taught schl; read law with Judge J. H. Mellett; in
practice since 1867; first mayor of Newcastle; mem Ind Legis 1875;
judge Henry Co Circuit Court 1881-88; res Newcastle, Ind.
GEORGE A ELLIOTT, Editor; was born Newcastle, Ind. March 25, 1878;
grad Newcastle H S and attd Ind Univ ; was 3 years in public service
in Porto Rico; began newspaper work as owner and editor Newcastle
Courier October 1903; mem Executive Comm Ind Rep Editorial Asso;
res Newcastle, Ind.
FRED SAINT, Banker; was born Urbana, Ills, May 19, 1868; educ Spice-
land Acad; was city treas Newcastle; since 1895 cash Farmers' Natl
Bank; res Newcastle, Ind.
GEORGE M. B.-iRNARD, Lawyer; was born Newcastle, Ind, June 6, ISSl ;
LL B Univ of Mich; pros atty Henry Co 1906-10; mayor of Newcastle
1910-14; res Newcastle, Ind.
J LEB WATKINS, Lawyer; was born Henry County. Ind, January 23,
1873; LL B DePauw Univ; elect mayor Newcastle Nov 6, 1913: was
associated with T M Randle in location of all the larger industries of
Newcastle; res Newcastle, Ind.
CLARENCE M BROWN, Lawyer; was born Henry County, Ind, October 5,
1SS5; B S Pacific Coll, Newberg, Ore; attd law dept Ind Univ and Ind
Law Schl, Indpls; appt city atty Newcastle, January 1914; res New-
castle, Ind.
JOHN C GORjMAN, Editor; was born Owensville. Ind. Dec 12, 1866; grad
High School Owensville; estab Owensville Gleaner; purchased Prince-
ton Democrat, March 20, 1895, and editor since; aptd Postmaster
Princeton May 19, 1915; secy Democratic Committee several times-,
secy, Ind Denioc Editor Assn several times; res Princeton, Ind.
LUCTl'S C E3IBREE, Lawyer; was born Princeton, Ind, Sept 8 1S53;
grad Princeton H S; at'td Indiana Asbury Univ Law Schl; and Univ
of Va; candidate for judge Appellate court of Ind 1914; res Prince-
ton, Ind.
JAY C SMITH, Newspaper man; was born Rutland, O, Jan 14, 1S6S: A M
Franklin Coll ; taught school 2 yrs Dearborn Co, Ind ; was publ Hope.
Ind Republican; publ Seymour Republican since 1895; was bus mgr
Baptist Observer; mem Franklin Coll Board of Dir; mem Repub State
Editorial Assn; pres Baptist State Sunday Schl Board; res Seymoin-.
OSCAR H MONTGOJVIERY, Lawyer; was born Seymour, Ind, April 27, 1859;
A B A M Hanover; city atty Seymour 10 yrs; was Judge of Supreme
Court of Ind 1905-11; resumed practice of law at Seymour; was del Rep
Nat Conv; trustee Hanover Coll. First Natl Bank Seymour; pres. Ind
Comm on Uniform State Laws; res Seymour.
JOHN H KAMMAN, Lawver; was born Holland. Ind, Dec 15, 1867; LL B
Indiana Univ; taught school 5 yrs in Dubois Co; city .atty Seymour C
vrs; was candidate for Congress 4th district Republican tickex ; mem
Board of Children's Guardians; pres Seymour Planing Mill Co; res
Seymour.
mLLIAM S GBIFiaTHS, Educator; was born Estill Co, Ky. Nov 16,
1872- attd Valparaiso Univ; Principal Ayres Acad, College Hill. Ky,
5 yrs; princ Little York, Ind, Schools 6 yrs; grade princ Scottsburg
schls 3 yrs; county supt since 1911; res Scottsurg,
EVAN B STOTSENBl'RG, I>awyer; was born New Albany, Ind, May 10,
1SG5; grad University of Louiaville and Kenyon Coll; was mem Ind
Legis 1895; State Senator 1907-15; author "Primary Law" 1915; apptd
Attorney General Ind by Gov Ralston Nov, 1915; res New Albany.'
HERBERT 1' KENNB:Y, Lawyer; was born New Albany, April 5, 1SS2;
grad New Albany High School, Jefferson School of Law, Louisville,
Ky; read law with Stotsenburg and Weathers; elected pros atty Nov
19, 1914; res New Albany.
HERMAN RAVE, Newspaper man; was born Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein,
Germany, Dec 21, 1850; educ University Kiel; engaged as reporter on
Albany Ledger and Jeffersonville News; author "Songs and Ballads";
magazine writer; res New Albany, Ind.
JOHN M PARIS, Judge; was born Leavenworth, Ind, March 7, 1S78; grad
Law Dept University of Louisville; was city judge New .\lbany and
pros atty Floyd Co; was elect judge Floyd Co Circuit Court 1914; res
New Albany, Ind,

'oyiM^c^ yyi. x^^^-^j^-^-^^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

■o ^ ^S?''"'^' Educator; was born
Borden Coll and State Normal School-
Co; county supt IS yrs;
Ind State Teachers' Assn-

grad
in Clark
was pri'S

■ SAM I EL. L. Kj^^^,_, jijLiiiCMi ni- ■ ivQc i^„^„ r'^i„ ■, ,

Vjalena, Ind. Feb 27, 1S68
„ ^ taught schl 10 y.-s in

r, °/ef?'^'" ^°^'''^ °f Education
' les Jeffersonville
^MAKCl-S SrLZER. Lawyer; was born Marii =

Common schools; read laT with lS"''^^'^"'^ '''"'' ^^' ^^^"^ ^^'^^^
Madison; pros atty 5th iudicTal district ^It^^'llT'"' ^'^^ ^'^^ ^">
lican State Comm ; pres Ind Republican C^h^fh".*^ ^*'?^'^' '"'^"^ ^^P"'-
Congress 4th district 1S96 and Tom in.^L ..^ *i.™''^= ^'^""'^
Madison. '^°"^ judge 5th Circuit 1914

DONALD DuSHAXE, Educator- wn« iir^.„ c- .u ^

B S. M A HanoVer Con- Ao^t L T ^°,"'^ ^'^■"^^' T"'^- J"ne 5.
schools Madison°since °9' i;Tas pr?nc High S ^^L'^i^'^^ ^"'^^ P""'- xT

dept head South Bend High Sch'l; res Maditn •^^^■"^•^-•"'-- I"^- y\^^~>^ ^^^^

.WILLJAJI A MILLIS. rollege President- ■c.^c k t, V_^ ^ >/" ^^^^ '

1S6S; A B, A M f ndiana^ Uniy LL D FrankuT Com"' ""'• "'""'^ ^'^
Paoli, Ind. Attica, Crawfordsvi i. .il^n Winnn« «^ ' "''''' ^"^^ ^'''^'-'^

in Wmona Summer Schl- lec-

lectured on edn Indiana Kniy

dir Ednl Exhibits for Ind St Louis

pun- y

Noni 4 /

«^^

1885;
publlr

n-o, f A -^y^ ° Franklin Coll);

trawfordsvUle; dean Winonn
turer on Edn; prof Edn Wabash Coll- ^"^°'^a,

pres Hanover Coll since Feb, 190S-
Expn 1904; res Hanover, Ind.

LINCOLN DIXON Lawyer; was born Vernon, Ind Feb 9
Indiana State Univ; was Pro.s attv Jennin^^ Pn-^
since 1905 (six terms); res North Vernon Ind ""

CALVERT C KONGER, Newspaper
Feb 1, 1S79; grad No '
chased North Vernon
Republican wih Plai
since Mch. 1915

I860; grad
of Congress

rOBLE T PRAIGG

hortridge
porter Indpls Sun

man; was born North Vernon,

-,,'"•';:'. "»■»". was uorn JN'orth Vernon Ind f)

Vernon High Schl; learned printers TvlZ' pur- f /) , ^ .

1 Plain Dealer 1905; purchased and consold the -fCln^^ ^ k 11^ / X^/ .

n Re'ifuh'st'^f^F-. -?''-'•, ^'^° P"'^l Dupont News '^-^^^^^'■'^^l^-^^^-^ ^O /UU^Up^n^XjLa
n Repub State Editorial Assn; res North Vernon V V '^^---•-^^^^l^y^-Xy (^

editor since;

grad Shortridge ^^^^^'^^^^ 7„^".: was born Indianapolis, Sept 25. 1884;
grad bhortridge H S, A B Indiana Univ; was feature writer and re-
Chicago; bought Po™tTan"^'V^on^;°e"rciar\e°yie:;;"^""'• ^^^^-^'^"-^ ^"^
mgr Adv Service bearing hi.s name; res Portland
fAMES R IXEIHING, Lawyer;
ISSl; LL B Univ of Mich;
Legi.3 session 1913; State Senate 1915-1
A McKEE,

Mich;
ing Schl,

was born Sulphur Springs, Ind Nov 8

was pros atty Jay Co 2 terms; was mem

res Portland.

Newspaper man; was born in Preble Co. O Dec 4 1870

worked on a farm until 16 then learned printers trade- publ weekly

paper at West Alexandria. O; Bulletin kurora, Ind, and Portland

daily and weekly since May, 1913; res Portland.

^^*\^f1-^A^S^'^ni'^^'v w-'''^^''"''" ""^"^ "^''' ^^"^ Auburn, Ind, Jan 31.
1891, A B Univ' of Wise; learned printers trade; editor Auburn Daily
Star and Semi-Weekly Despatch; mem Slate Edit Assn; res Auburn.
IDA LEASl'RE, Educator; was born Decatur Co, Ind, Sept ''9 1851- attd
Spring Hill Acad; grad Terre Haute State Normal; M D Univ of
practiced medicine 12 yrs; taught high schl Marshall. Ills- Train-
Terre Haute; Indpls High Schl; princ schls Princeton Ind
and supt and princ high schl Auburn, Ind, several years; supt of
schools DeKalb Co since 1911; res Auburn. i l ui

KDCJAR W ATKINSON, Lawyer; was bom Beverly, O, Feb 21 1877- attd
Valparaiso Coll; LL B Northern Ind Law School; taught school 7 vrs-
now city atty DeKalb Co, Ind; res Auburn, Ind.
JOHN M MAVITY, Newspaper man; was born Decatur Co. Ind. May 14
1862; educ Northern Ind Normal (now Valparaiso Univ) and Frankllri
Coll; taught schl 10 yrs; in newspaper bus 26 yrs; editor Vidette Val-
paraiso, since Sept IS. 1903; mem Repub State Edit Assn; res' Val-
paraiso, Ind.

H B BROWN, University President; was born Mt Vernon, O. Oct 6, 1S47:
grad Natl Normal Univ Lebanon. O. founded Sept, 1873. and pres
Northern Ind Normal School (now Valparaiso Univ); res Valparaiso
Ind.

EDGAR D CRl'MPACKER. Congressman: was born Laporte Co. Ind. May
27, 1851; educ Valparaiso .Acad; w^as pros atty 3l3t iud dist Ind;
judge of Appellate Court of Ind; mem 55th to 62 Congress 10th Iml
dist; res Valparaiso. Ind.

JOSHCA ALLEN CHANEY, Newspaper man; was born Bourneville. O.

Dec 25. 1877; grad Laporte High School; started as reporter on Argos;

now publisher, managing editor and secy and treas of Argos Publ Co;

res Laporte, Ind.
EDWARD J ^^aDDELL, Newspaper man; was born Laporte, Ind. July 27.

1876; grad Laporte H S 1894; began newspaper work as carrier on thr

Herald; was reporter 3 yrs. editor 2 yrs; mgn editor 1910: also sccv

and treas Laporte Prtg Co; publishers Laporte Herald; mem Repu'b

State Edit Assn; res Laporte, Ind.
INDREW J HICKEY, Lawyer; was born Gains, N Y, Aug 27, 1872: educ
I Univ of Rochester, N Y: came to Laporte in 1897; w-as county atty of

I^aporte; mem State Bar Assn.
FR.\NK J FITNER, Banker; was born Laporte, Ind. June 26, 1865; grad

Ind

r'v':>v^

TR-ANK E OSBOBN, Law-yer; was born Porter Co, Ind. Sept 17. 1

Valparaiso Univ and Ann Arbor, Mich; read law; trustee Y M C '^'<V ) / yf^^
was City and Co chrmn Repub Comm Laporte Co; res I.,aporte. Ind. '"^C.''/'^^

)AVID H McGILL, Business man; was born Laporte. Ind. Sept 19. ]8t>9;
grad Laporte H S; was in mere business, depuly county auditor: .issi
postmaster: mayor of Laporte; in Real Est and Ins since 1906; rt.-;
Laporte, Ind.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

JOHN B FArLKNOR, Newspaper man; was born Laporte, Ind, July 29,
1S64; educ Laporte and Mich City Pub schls; began ne^v-spaper work
as reporter on Dispatch 1S81; now owner and publ Mich City Evening
Dispatch; on schl board Mich City 7 yrs; mem Ind Legis, Hou.se and
Senate 10 consecutive yrs; res Michigan City, Ind.
CHARLES J ROBB, Newspaper man; was born Montezuma, Iowa, Jan
■"0 1S56; attd Oslvaloosa (la) Coll; learned printing trade; did news-
pa!per work Muscatine Journal, Keokuk, Gate City and other papers
in Sandusky O; Flint. Mich, and Chicago; purchaseed Michigan City
News 1888," and managing editor since; was Surveyor of Customs,
Mich City for 25 yrs; res Michigan City, Ind.
H\RRY L. CRl'MPACKER, Lawyer; wa-s born Valparaiso, Ind, May 6, 18S1;
' A B LL B Univ of Michigan; was city atty for Michigan City; was
elected judge Laporte and Porter Cos Superior Court Nov 3, 1914; res
Michigan City. Ind.
WORTH W PEPri.K, Lawyer; was born Indianapolis, Ind, Jan 16, 1S73;
attd Depauw; LL B Univ of Mich; began law practice Michigan City;
elect Legis 1903; was cand for Congress 1914; was city atty; elect
pros atty 1912 and re-elected 1914; was mem Board of Educ 3 yrs;
res Michigan City.
SAMCEL V RAMSEY. Veterinary Surgeon; was born New York City, Feb
* 8, 1860: D V S Chicago Vet Coll; founder and pres of the Terre Haute
Veterinary Coll; res Terre Haute, Ind.
WILLIAM WOOD PARSONS, Educator; was born Terre Haute, Ind. May
IS 1850; grad Indiana State Normal Schl; A M Indiana I'niv; pres
Indiana State Normal since 1885; mem Public Library Comm of Ind
and State Board of Edn; dir First Natl Bank, Terre Haute Trust Co,
Wabash Bldg, Loan & Sav Assn; res Terre Haute.
CHALMERS M HAMILL, Lawyer; was born Marshall, Ills, Aug 2, 1884
grad Exeter Acad; Litt B Princeton Univ; LL B Harvard Law schl,
apptd .spec pros atty by Vigo Cir Court to invest and pros violation of
election laws committed in Terre Haute City election 1913, which
elected Donn M Roberts Mayor; asstd Gov in pros of Terre Haute elec-
tion cases in Fed court 1915; is U S Commissioner; res Terre Haute.
THEODORE E SLINTiARD, Lawyer; was born Greene Co. Ind, Oct 1, 1866;
taught schl 5 yrs; read law with brother W L Slinkard, was deputy
pros attv 5 yrs; elected judge Greene Co 1912; res Bloomfield, Ind.
W L, SLINKARD, Lawyer and Newspaper man; was born Greene Co,
Ind, Feb 19, 1864; taught schl Greene Co 3 yrs; attd Univ of Virginia;
admitted to Bar at 21; in practice since; was pros atty Greene and
Sullivan Cos; now editor and prop Bloomfield Democrat; res Bloom-
field, Ind.
>\1LI>IA>I R VOSLOH, Lawyer; was born Mt Vernon, Ind, Dec 29, 1887;
attd Indiana Univ; practiced law .since 1910; was city atty Mt Vernon,
Ind; was Repub Co Chrmn Posey Co; now Repub Co Chrmn Greene
Co; res Bloomfield, Ind.
DANIEL C McINTOSH, Educator; was born Greene Co, Ind, Oct 16, 1882;
A B Indiana Univ; PhG Indpls Coll of Phar; taught schl six yrs; supt
schools Greene Co since 1911; res Worthington, Ind.
P^RANK J HALL, Lawyer; was born in Rush Co. Ind, February 16, 184 4;
A B and LL B Indiana State Univ; practiced law since 1869; city
clerk and Mayor of Rushville; Liet Gov Indiana 1909-1913; res
Rushville.
ROY E HARROED, Editor; was born Rushville. Ind, Nov 2. 1886; A B
Wabash Coll; began newspaper work on Rushville Republican, now
editor; now Secy Rush County Chamber of Commerce; res Rushville.
BARE H PAYNE, Banker; was born Rushville, Ind, July 12, 1871; attd
Cornell Univ; in merchandising 6 yrs; was cashier Peoples Bank and
Peoples Natl Bank, pres since 1904; pres Peoples Loan & Trust Co;
pres The Payne Realty Co; res Rushville.
CHESTER M GEORGE, Educator; wa,s born Franklin Co, Ind. October 10,
1873- grad Ind State Normal Schl; attd Indiana I'niv; taught schl 14
yrs;'princ of schls at Wheatland and New Salem, Ind; elect supt
Rush Co schls Nov, 1910; res Rushville.
JOKN C SEXTON, Surgeon; was born Rushville, Ind. January 21, 1859;
educ Hanover Coll; M D Medical Coll of Ohio; post grad Phila, New
York, Chicago; prof gastro-intestinal surgery Indiana Univ Med Coll;
Fellow Am Assn Obstr and Gynecol; mem A M A Ind State Med Soc
(Ex-pres); res Rushville.
RALPH H KANE, Lawyer; was born Noblesville, Ind, June 9, 1868; educ
public schls and private tutors; read law with father Thomas J Kane;
was pres school board Noblesville; mem State Senate 1909-11; mem
firm Matson, Kane & Ross. Indpls, and Kane & Kane, Noblesville;
mem Am and State Bar Assn; res Indpls and Noblesville.
GEORGE EEAMS 3IACKINTOSH, College President; was born N S. Canada,
Jan 1, 1860; A B, A M Wabash College; (DD U of Woos; LL D Han-
over Coll); ordained Presbyn ministry; was pastor Fourth Ch, Indpls;
pres Wabash Coll since Apl 1, 1907; res Crawford.sville.
GEORGE PRICE HAYWOOD, Lawyer; born Tippecanoe Co, Ind, Dec 15.
1852; taught schl 5 years; A B Valpo Univ; was pros atty Tipp Co;
city atty Lafayette; postmaster Lafayette; now pres Haywood Pub Co;
res Lafayette.
DANIEL B KEHLER, born Kosciusko, Ind, Oct 17, 1844; taught school
Ind and Iowa seven years; served in Co D 13th Ind Tnf civil war;
was Adjutant and Quai-termaster 13 years Ind State Soldiers Home,
now Commandant; address Soldiers Home, Lafayette.
CHARLES K MAVITY, Newspaper man; born Kokomo. Ind, June 16, 1S72;
educ Earlham Coll; worked on Indianapolisi dailies and was part
owner and editor Muncie Times; now editor Lafayette Courier; res
Lafayette.

[arcZ/u^iftj^/

dLc^JL.^ \{A^^~^c^^^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

1 O B B; res Terre Haute
.WILL H HAYS. Lawy«

ives; past pres dist G L

T.^ , TT- ,, ^ ^ ^-yer; was born Sullivan, Inrt, November ', ISTq- n \
M A Wabash Coll: began study of law at 10 vrs in nffinp Af h L V ,v, '
John T Hay.: at 20 chrmn Repub County Commit"eef was m.'m I. 'tT
Advisory Comni; chrmn Speakers' Bureau Repub S a^e V^mm • dist
res''"sunh"aV'^ "°^ '^'"^" ^"^"^ ^''^'^^ ^«">-^ -ty attj Sullivan;

JOHN T HAVS\ Lawyer; was born in Beaver county, Pa Nov 11 l.S4o-
grad Iron City Coml Coll, Pittsburg. Pa; B A Mt Union Coll Ohio^
was pros atty of Sullivan county 1,S7S-S0; res Sullivan
^^'4-^V" BRIDWELL Lawyer; was born Owensburg. Ind Oct H
ISa; began teaching schl at 16 in Greene Co; grad Indiana fnivl aw
Dept; deputy pros Sullivan Co 4 yrs; county attv 1- vi4 an .td i. d.."
Sullivan Circuit Court by Governor Marshall, 1911;" eleci judge ISl''

res Sullivan,

G MrXABB, wa.3 born Ross county, Ohio. Oct 1%, \%t,X^■, K B Tnion

yrs; princ Sullivan High Schl 4 yrs; mem

Christian Coll; taught schl

Sullivan Library Board; res Sullivan.

JOSEPH S REED, Author; was born Sullivan, Ind Dec ■>6 185'>- attd
Franklin Coll; druggist 1873-1913; author "Winnowed Grasses "" '-Near
Natures' Works' and other poems; mem School Board; res Sullivan.

BK'HABD PARK, Educator; was born Sullivan Co, Ind Oct 31 1S61- gr-id
Central Normal Coll, Danville; taught dist schl 4 vrs- princ Sullivan
High Schl 3 yrs; supt schls Orleans 2 yrs; township trustee Hamilton
township 7 yrs; county schl supt since 1895; res Sullivan.

HINKLE C HAYS, Lawyer; was born Sullivan, Ind, Nov 12 1890- B \

Wabash Coll; admitted to bar 1912; res Sullivan, Ind.
'HARLES H BEDWELLi, Lawyer; was born Sullivan Co, Ind, March 16
1884; LL B Indiana Univ; taught schl 5 years; deputy prosecutor Sulli-
van Co one term; elected to Legislature 1912, re-elect 1914 and
Speaker of House session 1915; res Sullivan.
ARL N VANCE, Educator; was born Eagletown, Ind, April 22. 1S78;
A B Depauw Univ; post grad Columbia Univ; taught mission schls
Peru, South America, 7 yrs; taught Hamilton Co schls 2 vrs; Salem,
Ind, High Schl 1 yr; supt French Lick schls 1 yr; supt schls of Sulli-
van since 1913; res Sullivan.

W1I^I>IA3I HALXON, Educator; was born Londonderry, Ireland, Nov, 1886;
grad Marlborough Coll; A M Trinity Coll, Ireland; State Normal Schl!

tPlatteville. Wise; teacher Model School Londonderry, Ireland; Supt
Schls, Patch Grove, Wise; prof of Math Vincennes Univ, now president;
res Vincennes, Ind.
SIDOR KAHN, Lawyer; was born Madisonville, Ky, Feb 28, 1887; grad
Ind Univ Law Schl; in practice Evansville since 1908; res Evansville,
Ind.

CHARLES E LAl'GHLIN, Physician; was born Lawrence Co, Ind. Oct 12.

1855; M D Miami Med Coll, Cinti (now Univ of Cinti) ; medical supt
Southern Hosp for Insane since 1903; mem A M A, Ind State and Van-
derburgh Med Assns; mem Amer Med, Phycol Asso, A A A S; res
Evansville, Ind.

ED W PEARSON, Broker; was born Bourgon Co, Kansas, Jan 31, 1879:
edue Oakdale School, Bourbon Co, Kansas, and Blanco schls, Blanco
Co, Tex; was telegrapher, newspaper man, ingr theatrical cos; in stock
and bond bus Chicago, Indpls and Evansville: mem Chicago Bd of
Trade; pres Vanderburgh Auto Club; res Evansville.
ICOB U SCHNEIDER, Minister; was born at Shanesville, O. Aug 5.
1859; A B Elmherst (111) Coll; Eden Seminary, St Louis, Mo: post
grad Ph D Northern 111 Coll; pastor Zions Evangel Church, Evans-
ville; treas Schl Board and secy Jlunic Playground Comn ; res Evans-
ville,

HAKRV E BOY'LE, Architect; was born in Greensburg, Ind, Aug 19, 1881;
grad Ohio Mech Inst, Cincinnati, architect dept; mem Amer Inst of
Architects: designed "Stadium," "Gilbert Memorial Sanitarium."
Evansville; Wabash County Infirmary, Mt Carmel, Ills; Emanuel Bap-
tist "Temple, Henderson, Ky, and many other notable buildings: res
Evansville, Ind.

LKOPOLD M LAl'EB, Lawyer; was born Plymouth, Ind, Nov 4, 1862; attd
public schools; read law; in practice since 1889: was city atty Ply-

i mouth: county a.tty Marshall Co; mem School Board. Plymouth; res
\ Plymouth.

JOHN HENRY' ZCVER, Newspaper man; was born Amboy, Mich, July 29,
1873; attd Hillsdale Coll, Detroit; LL B Univ of Mich. College of Law;
practiced law Jackson, Mich, S yrs; was editor "The Law Giver,"

' Battle Creek, Mich; editor Battle Creek Journal: now editor South

Bend News-Times; mem Ind Democratic Editorial Assn; res South
Bend,

llJOHN W CAVANACGH, University President: was born Latonia, O. May

j 23, 1873: Lift B Univ of Notre Dame; studied theology same (D D

\ Ottowa Univ); ordained priest April 20, 1893; was associate editor
Ave Maria Jlag; was Superior Holy Cross Sem ; prof English Lit. Univ
Notre Dame since 1905; mem Rhodes Scholarship Com for Ind:
Author "Priests of Holy Cross," also several other brochures and mag
articles; address Notre Dame.
RALPH H LONGPIELD, Educator; was born in St Joseph Co, Ind, March
18, 1SS6: attd Breemen High Schl and Slate Normal: taught schl 6 yrs
.Marshall and St Joseph Cos; elect county school supt of St Joseph Co
1909; supt since; res South Bend,
n.MOTHY E HOW.^RD, Lawyer; was born Northfield, Mich, Jan 27, 1S37;
attd Univ of Michigan and Univ of Notre Dame; was city councilman
of South Bend; city atty South Bend; county aity St Joseph Co; State
Senator 1887-1893; judge of Supreme Court of Ind 1893-99; res boutn
Bend, Ind.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

CHAl'NCY N FASSETT, Newspaper man: was born in South Bend. Ind.
July 30, 1849; attd common schools and read law; engaged in news-
paper work since 1873. founded the South Bend Sunday News in 18S7;
business mgr South Bend .News-Times .since consol Sept 19, 1911; res
South Bend.

LOGAN H ^\ai>LIA5IS, Newspaper man; was born Warsaw, Ind. Mch 2 3,
1867; at 14 entered office of Northern Indianian. a weekly paper
founded by his father Gen Reuben Williams in 1856; worked on Daily
Times when estab in 1881; editor since 1905; res Warsaw, Ind.

EDSOX B SARBER, Educator; was born Allen Co. Ind. March 11, 1864:
attd Northern Ind Normal, now Valparaiso I'niv; taught schl 20 yr.s
in Kosciusko Co; county supt of schls Kosciusko Co since 1903; res
Warsaw.

JESSE E ESCHBACH, Lawyer; was born Warsaw, Ind, July 23, 1874;
grad Warsaw High Schl, Otterbein, Westerville, O, Northwestern TJniv
Law Schl: Representative Ind Legislature 1906-15; res Warsaw.

JOSEPH N TILLETT, Lawyer; was born Peru. Ind. Nov 25. 1865; B S
Wabash Coll; LL B Univ of Mich; pros atty Miami County 4 yrs:
Judge of Circuit Court 12 yrs; res Peru, Ind.

CHARLES A COLE, Lawyer; was born Miami County, Ind, March 21, 1855;
grad Indiana I'niv; read law with Judge Lyman Walker; was mem
Ind Legislature: Peru Schl Board; county atty Miami Co; elected
Judge Miami Circuit Court Nov, 1914; res Peru.

E B WETHEBOW, Educator; was born in Preble County, Ohio, May 8.
1878: attd Indiana Univ; taught school 8 yrs; county supt of schools
of Miami county since 1907; res Peru, Ind.

JOHN ROSS WOODRIXG. Newspaper man; was born Macy, Ind, Dec 23.
1882; B S Depauw Univ; taught school 2 yrs; began newspaper work
with his father W A Woodring. at Peru, 1909; now editor and prop
Peru Journal ; res Peru.

VV'ARREN G SAYRE, Lawyer; was born Wabash County. Ind, July 29.
1844; A B, A M Union Coll, Schenectady. N Y; read law with John U
Pettit; was County School Examiner; Mayor of Wabash; State Sena-
tor: mem of the House; Speaker of the House 1887 and mem of the
Legis 1903-5: mem of Cherokee Indian Commn 1889; res Wabash.

CHARLES LITTLE, Clergyman; was born Granville, O, Dec 1, 1845; A B
Marietta College; Lane Theol Sem ; (D D Marietta, LL D Wabash):
ordained Presbyn ministry 1873: pastor Wabash, Ind, since Nov, 1872;
was Moderator 122d Gen Assembly Presbyn Church U S A; trustee
Western Coll for Women, Oxford. O; res Wabash.

FRED I KING, Newspaper man; was born Wabash, Ind, Oct 6, 1874;
A B Indiana Univ, LL B Indiana Law Schl; practiced law until 1914;
became editor Wabash Plain Dealer; now pres Plain Dealer Co; mem
Ind Legis 1907-09; res Wabash, Ind,.

CARL F MORROW, I^awyer; was born Ripley Co, March 6, 1882: taught
school 3 yrs in Ripley Co; LL B Michigan ITniv; was Republican
Candidate for pros atty; res Anderson, Ind.

HARRY D Tl'TEWILER. Funeral Director: was born Indianapolis. Ind,
July 19, 1869; educ public schls; undertaking business Tutewiler and
Son since 18S5; apptd mem First State Board of Embalmers by W T
Durbin; elect Coroner Marion Co: was apptd Playground Commn
Indpls; resigned Nov 15, 1914; was mem Repub Ex County Committee;
res Indpls.

THEODORE O CALLIS, Hotel man; was born Martinsville, Ind, June 22,
1870; educ in public schools and business college; in hotel business
since 1893; secy and treas Francis Hotel Co; res Kokomo, Ind.

JOHN P GRACE, Manufacturer: was born Kokomo, Ind, May 1. 1878;
educ Parochial schools; was telegraph operator, brass worker and book-
keeper; secy Kokomo Electric Co since organization; was chrmn Dem-
ocratic City Comm ; res Kokomo, Ind.

JOHN ^\^LLIA3I JOHNSON, Manufacturer; was born Kokomo, Ind, Dec
22, 1869; educ Parochial schl; learned mach and moulders' trade;
treas and gen mgr Kokomo Brass Works; secy and treas Byne Kings-
ton & Co; treas Kokomo Elec Co; Dir Citizens Natl Bank, Kokomo
Steel & Wire Co, Globe Stove & Range Co, Haynes Auto Co; res
Kokomo, Ind.

CONRAD WOLF, Lawyer; was born on a farm Grant Co, Ind, Jan 12,
1863; taught school; B S, A B Central Normal Coll; LL B Univ of
Mich: was deputy pros atty Howard Co; res Kokomo, Ind.

J ROLLIN MORGAN, Abstracter; was born Harrodsburg, Ind, April 13,
1856; educ Bedford Coll; pres Ind Soc S A R; pres Ind Title Assn:
mem Ex Comm Am Assn of Title Men; pres Howard Co Council:
chrmn Ex Comm University Club; res Kokomo.

A G SEIBERLING, Manufacturer; born Akron, O, January 4, 1865; educ
Buchtel Coll, Akron, O; dir Akron Straw Board Co, Seiberling Milling
Co, Ohio Straw Board Co. Upper Sandusky; Kokomo Straw Board Co.
Diamond Plate Glass Co, P'gh Plate Glass Co, Peoria Rubber and Mfg
Co; now gen mgr Haynes Automobile Co, Kokomo; res Kokomo, Ind.

ARTHl'R B ARMSTRONG, Business man; was born Kokomo, Ind. Dec 31.
1864; educ Common schools and bus coll; mfgr and merchant 30 yrs:
mem city school board: dir and treas Kokomo Nail and Brad Co,
Superior Machine Tool Co, Kokomo Rubber Co. Kokomo Steel & Wire
Co, Globe Steel & Range Co; pres Francis Hotel Co and Armstrong
Landon Co; Citizens Natl Bank; res Kokomo, Ind.

D C JENKINS, Manufacturer; was born Piltsburg, Pa, May 24, 1854; educ
common schls Pittsburg; learned trade of Glass blower with his father;
in glass business since 1886; edtb in Howard Co 1894; elect to State
Senate: pres of River Raisin Paper Co, Monroe, Mich; res Kokomo.

THOMAS C McREYNOLDS, Interurban Railway Official; was born Tipton
Co, Ind, Oct 3, 1867; educ Danville Normal and I^nion Christian Coll;
practiced law; organized K M & W Traction Co in connection with
Geo J Marott et al ; dir and mem Ex Board Defiance Coll; pres No-
blesville H L &• P Co. Farmers Trust & Sav Bk ; pres Kokomo Cham-
ber of Com; res Kokomo, Ind.

^arzrUu^ ^/^

WHO'S WHO IX 1X1)1. \XA

ELWOOD HAYNES, Inventor; was born Portlanrl In.l
Worcester Poly Inst and Johns Hopkins; taught !
Norm Schl, Portland; was mgr Portland Natl Gas
Haynes Auto Co since 1S9S; discovered Tungsten

etc; designed and constructed the Horseless carriage; oldest Am aut
in existence 1S93; mem many notable societies

Ort U, 1857; B S
■cience Eastern Iml
& Oil Co. etc; pres
chrome steel, 1S91,

WARREN R VOORHIS, Lawyer;

res Kokomo, In<I.

10-, , T ,. ^ ■ "'^^ born Marion County Tnd Dec

18,3; grad Indiana Law School; attd Lebanon --"'*' '""• ^"
State Normal; was pros atty Howard Co; city
firm Bell, Kirkpatrick & Voorhis; res Kokomo

Coll and Terre Haul,
atty Kokomo; mem law
Ind.

CHARLES O >\1LI.1TS. Lawyer; was born Orrf-ntown
Ph B Depauw; attd Law school Univ o£ Mich- w-
komo; res Kokomo, Ind

JOHN

V ARTHl-R KAl-TZ, Editor; was born Wabash Co Ind Sent T, // V /\ ~. >! ^ —~~-

860; grad Butler Coll; editor and owner Kokomo Tribune since SS7 Ji^A^^ jQ-^^/f. ^ // \ ^ . ^

^T^^^^ll'^^V^l!^.%f:'^^^^,?L^.''^ °f school-board; delegate To Ropuli ^^/<^*^^^ i/YlA-^U^4y\^ v/ X-.'CCa.l^

Ind Oct
> city alt\

ISfif, ;
I' Ko-

Nail Conv; mem Natl Editorial Assn. Natl Geogr Soc; res Kokom,

■;S1; A
Baiiii

EARL B BARNES, Lawyer; was born Kokomo. Ind March
Earlham Coll; LL B Harvard; mem firm Blackifdge \V
res Kokomo, Ind.

JOHN E MOORE, Lawyer; was born near what is now Gas Citv Ind-
LL B Lniv of Mich; was city atty of Kokomo and pros attv Howard'
and Tipton Cos; res Kokomo, Ind.

LEX J KIRKPATRICK, Lawyer
educ Oskaloosa Coll,
cuit court for Howard

was born Rush Co, Ind, Hcpt C isr,:;-
Ind Central Law .Schl; wag .iudge 36, h .Iu<l cir-
and Tipton Cos; was judge Howard Circuit
court; v-p Indiana Ry & Lt Co; dir Farmers Trust & Sav Bk res
Kokomo, Ind.

WILLIAM C Pl'RDrM, Lawyer; was born Clinton Co. Ind, July 2S,
LL B L'niv of Mich Law Schl; was elect judge Howard Circuit
1911; res Kokomo. Ind.

1.S5S:
court

c^-tnhT^

Nov 29, IS.ST; LL B /"/^

'ctuA

lima

iw; was pros atty Howard Co 1913-14; res /

or; was born Kokomo. Ind. .Aug IS. ISV.S;-'^ ^"^

3 yrs; grad Scientific and
Howard Co schools 1910,

FRED H JESSl'P, Lawyer; was born Greentown
Indiana Univ School of I>aw
Kokomo. Ind.

\LBERT r HXTSON. Educat

taught schl 9 yrs; princ of Darrough Chapel

bus course Marion Normal Coll; elect supt

re-elect June. 1911; res Kokomo. Ind.
EDWIN MILLS SOLDER, Newspaper man; was born Carthage. Ind. Nov

22, 1872; educ Wabash Coll; read law; began newspaper work with

Kokomo Tribune, with paper since; chrmn Repub Co Committee 2

terms; res Kokomo, Ind.

rOSEPH C HERRON, Lawyer; was born Falmouth. Ind, educ Kokomo
High School and Ada O LTniv; began practice law 1893; was city atty
Kokomo from 1910; res Kokomo, Ind.

c^^C<_0^^ — '

LLBERT A CHARLES, Manufacturer; was born Bridgeton, N J. Dec
1852; educ public schls; began bus as mfgr food products; came
Kokomo ISSS; engaged in mfgr food products, automobiles. Globe
Stove & Range Co; Kokomo Steel Wire Co; with J E Frederick estb
Kokomo Steel Wire Co; dir Citizens' Natl Bank; res Kokomo.

THEODORE F ROSE, Banker; was born Fairfield, Ind, Dec IS. 1S4S; B S
Indiana L'niv ; read law; admitted to bar Muncie. Ind; was city atty
5 yrs; pres Ijibrary Board 15 yrs (truss and V-P since 1907); pres Bd
Trustees Ind ITniv IS years; pres of Union Natl Bank of Muncie since
1903; res Muncie, Ind.

tlEORGE B LOCKWOOD, Editor; was born Forest. Ills. Nov 7. 1872; Ph B
Depau-n' Univ; founder and first editor Terre Haute Tribune; pvt secy
Geo W Steele (mem Congress and secy Natl Soldiers' Home); supt
Press Bureau Rep State Comm of Ind; prv secy Gov W T Durbin ; col
on staffs of Govs Durbin and Hanly: asst gen mgr Wimna .Vssemlily
and Schls; secy to V-p C TV Fairbanks; trustee Cen
Insane; editor and publ Muncie Evening Pre^s. etc
Harmony Movement," etc; res Muncie. Ind.
. C SlLBERBl'RG, Lawyer; was born Natchez, Miss, Sept
Cincinnati Law Schl; was city atty

SALTER P BALL, Lawyer; was born
attd Valparaiso Univ; was State
ware and Randolph Cos; was
1S99, Weekly Wage Law 1901, Foreign Corp Law 1901; res Muncie.

OSEPH G LEFJLER, Lawyer; was born in Delaware Co, Dec 26, 1S64;
attd Centr Ind Normal Schl; taught schl 4 terms; studied law; was
pros atiy Delaware Co 2 terms; was elected judge of Delaware Circuit
court 2 terms; served as judge 12 yrs; res Muncie

; EONIDAS L BRACKEN, Lawyer; was

" Univ; LL B Law dept of Ills Wesley
admitted to bar in Ills; began prac
Federal Trade Commn Nov, 1915; res

EORGE H KOONS, Lawyer; was b
schl in Henry Co; was supt Midd
LL B Ind Univ; was judge of De

\'imna .Vssemlily . » '

It Ind Hosp for n [j

uthor "The New 'Ji V ^-^

3t 15 l.SSfi; attd cX \ ."^^^ C*

itty Muncie; res Muncie, Ind. A .

)orn Blackford Co. Ind. Jan 16, 1869; ///,«-
Senator from 1897 to 1905 from Dela- ff^
author of Jlortgage Exemption 1-aw / '

born Brookville. Ind; r.ttd Ind / S^/ ^ . (/ *■

!yan Univ, Bloomington.lUs; was' /y/^d ' J^ 1 r\ V.

tice in Muncie 1904; apptd secy ^-*v/^^*"t'lX^tZ^W ^^>— A*^

i Muncie. Ind. and Wash, D C. /y"^ I

orn in Henry Co, April 2, 1S4S; taught /J f V/ h\ —

dletown .schls; attd New Castle Acad; ^ f) ^a~, /t n V Ai . / / .^Ph iT 1^1 A

elaware Circuit court; res Muncie. Ind. *i,J.\^/VlMJL W/ / ^^TT 17 H/4

ARDIN ROADS, Banker; was born in Highland Co, O. Feb 4. 1840; taught . /f ^_^

-schl 6 yrs; attd college Lebanon. O; was in retail and whoUsaU- gro A / v ^ v 'W^ m

AC\

business; orgn Merchants Natl Bank of Muncie; dir Muncie Trust
Com'l Bank Daleville and Yorktown Banking Co; res JIuncie.
TM T HAYMOND, Lawyer; was born Cowan. Ind. Aug 1, IVSO; .V B Indi-
ana Univ; LI> B Indiana Law Schl: began practice Miincii
Muncie Bar Assn; res Jluncie, Ind.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

GEORGE J HAV^TC, Newspaper man; was born Witt, Ills. Dec 4. ISSV; attcl
Earlham Coll; was reporter Muncie Evening Press; reporter, city editor
Muncie Star; was city editor Cincinnati Com'l Tribune; now managing
editor Muncie Star; res Muncie. Ind.

ITIANK ELLIS, Lawyer; was born Delaware Co, Ind, Feb 12, 1842; learned
the printers trade; taught school; was private sarg and capt Comp
B 84th Reg Ind Vol; was treas Delaware Co 2 terms; mayor Muncie
4 terms; Judge Delaware Co Circuit Court; res Muncie.

FUEDERICK F McCLELLAN, Lawyer; was born on a famn in Delaware
Co, Ind, Aug 12, 1875; LL B Georgetown Univ (Washington, D C) ;
tchr and princ schools 9 yrs; was city atty Muncie; res Muncie, Ind.

ROLLIN WARNER, Lawyer; was born Blountsville, Ind, April 18, 1856;
taught schl Delaware Co; attd Natl Normal Coll, Lebanon, O; read
law; filled several local offices; res Muncie, Ind.

JEHU Z POWELL, Physician; was born Cass County, Ind, Aug 13, 1S4S;
Ph C. M D Univ of Michigan; was mem of City Council Logansport;
presidential elector; postmaster Logansport; pres Cass Co Hist Soc;
author of History of Cass Co, Ind, 1913; res Logansport, Ind.

RUFt'S MAGEE, Lawyer; was born Logansport, Ind, Oct 17, 1845; educ
Indiana Univ; learned printers trade; was city editor Indpls Sentinel,
1865, afterward managing editor Indpls Herald; State Senator 8 yrs;
envoy to Sweden and Norway 1885-89; res Logansport, Ind.

BENJAMIN F LOl'THAIN, Newspaper man; was born on a farm near
Logansport, Dec 27, 1847; grad Logansport High Schl; taught schl 5
yrs; became editor Pharos 1S77; was mem Logansport School Bd; post-
master Logansport; mem State Normal School Bd 12 yrs; res Logans-
port, Ind.

JOHN F MITCHELL, Newspaper man; was born Cincinnati, O, April 11,
1853; educ public schls Greenfield. Ind; learned printers trade; editor
Greenfield Democrat for 50 yrs and connected with paper since 1859;
res Greenfield, Ind.

WILLIAM A HOl'GH, Lawyer; was born Greenfield. Ind, June 7, 1865; grad
Depauw Univ; read law with father William R. Hough, Greenfield; In
practice since 18S8; mem Am and State Bar Assns; res Greenfield.

CHARLES W CLOGSTON, Newspaper man; was born Greene Co, Ind, Jan
26 1887; attd Indiana State Normal; was with Star League until 1909;
with Terre Haute Post 6 yrs; now managing editor; was instrumental
in starting Fed probe of elections in Terre Haute, resulting in trial and
conviction of Mayor Donn Roberts and others by Federal Judge A B
Anderson; res Terre Haute. Ind.

JOHN DAAIS MeCl'LLOCH, Banker; was born near Vevay, Ind, Mch 14,
1858; att Wabash coll; taught school 2 years; orgn and pres Marion
Fruit Jar & Bottle Co; elected pres Marion Nat Bank; was pres Ind
Bankers' assn; v-p Am Bankers' assn for Ind; v-p and secy Marion
Paper Co; was Colonel staff Gov Hanly, etc; res Marion.

HENRV J PACLLS, Lawyer; was born Miami county, Ind, Nov 16, 1857;
taught school in Miami and Grant counties; was deputy pros atty
Grant co 4 years; city atty Marion 8 years. Judge 16 years; res
Marion.

EDGAR H JOHNSON, Newspaper man; born Cataraugus Co. N Y, Sep S,
1853; came to Marion, engaged in manftr business; bought Marion
Leader; formed company to buy News-Tribune and consolidated with
Leader; now pres Marion Leader Co; v-p and dir Weis & Lesh Mfg
Co, Muncie; res Marion.

BERNARD BOBBS SHIVELY, Lawyer; was born in' Marion, Ind, 1880;
educ Washington and Lee Univ, Lexington, Va; was Senator 6Sth
General Assembly; Author Shively-Spencer Public Utilities Commis-
sion act; res Marion.

CARL LEO JIEES, College President; born Columbus. Ohio. May 20, 1853;
att Ohio State Univ; M D Starling Med Coll. Columbus; post grad
Berlin and South Kensington, England, Ph D 1892; prof physics since
1887; pres since 1895 Rose Poly Inst; Fellow A A A S (gen secy
since 1889, v-p 1896); mem Soc Promotion Engineering Edn, Am Geog
Soc, Ind Acad Science, etc; res Terre, Haute.

ANDREW C KEIFER. Newspaper man; was born Cleveland, O, May 26,
1867; educ Parochial Schools, Cleveland; began newspaper work
Cleveland Press; one of the organizers and treas, 25 yrs Indianapolis
Sun; now gen mgr Terre Haute Tribune; inem Asso Press and A N
P A; res Terre Haute.

EDWARD H CLIFFORD, born St Joseph, Mo, July 14. 1872; educ comn
schls; in railroad service 6 yrs, wholesale dry goods 16 yrs; secy Com-
mercial Club, St Joseph, Mo, 4 yrs; now Secy Terre Haute Chamber
of Commerce; res. Terre Haute.

HOWARD SANDISON, Educator; born Parke county. Ind. April 28, 1850;
grad Indiana State Normal Schl; A M Indiana Univ; teacher graded
schls, ward princ Indpls; asst supt and High schl princ Terre Haute;
head educ dept ^nd State Normal; now v-p; mem Terre Haute Schl
Bd 3 yrs; author "Problem of Method;" res Terre Haute.

SHELDON W SNIVELY, Newspaper man; born Prairie City, Ills, August
16, 1868; grad Springfield, 111. H Schl; learned printers' trade; with
Asso Press, Chicago and St Louis; newspaper work Cincti Enquirer;
State editor Indpls S;ar; now mang editor Terre Haute Star; _res
Terre Haute, Ind.

JAMES A HARVEY, Newspaper man; born Henry County. Ind, April 15,
1859; attd Earlham Coll; farmer until 1900; was with Muncie Herald;
with Star League since 1903; now mgr Terre Haute Star; res Terre
Haute, Ind.

CHARLES J WAITS, Educator; born Elizabethtown, Ind, March 5, 1863;
grad Ind State Normal; A B Indiana Univ; A M 111 Univ; taught schl
24 yrs; supt schls Prairie Creek. Ind; princ H Schls Centerville, Ind;
supt schls Carlisle, Ind; was math tchr and princ Wiley H Schl, Terre
Haute; supt Terre Haute schls. since 1900; res Terre Haute.

■T'-UO^

-e-^<^ *

WHO'S WHO IX IXDIAXA

DEMAS DEMING, Banker; was born Terrp Haufo April 15 1S41- bt-Kin
w''S i? t'^''"'^ ,Ti'o^ McKeen & Tousey in 1S57; became ' partnc-r wi'lh
W R McKeen lS6o; became pres First Natl Bank, Terre Haute 1868-
dir U S Trust, T H Trust, T H Savings, T H I & E Trac eic res
Terre Haute.

H A SCHLOTZHAUER, Banker; was born in Intlianapolis, October 10
1865; began as messenger boy Ind Banking Co. Indpls; teller Ind Nati
Bank Indpls IS yrs; cashier Amer Natl Bank, Indpls 10 yrs' wa.s
Natl Bank examiner; now v-pres First Natl Bank; res' Terre Haul.-.

FINI.EY A aicNT^TT, Lawyer; was born Franklin, Ind, Nov 25 1860- altd
Indiana State Univ ; grad U S Naval Acad; in naval service 8 yr.s
commenced practice in 1SS6; dir Citizens' Trust Co; res Terre Haute.

D RUSS WOOD, Financier; was born. Montreal. Canada, November 27,
1876; grad Col Coll, Colorado Springs; began bus Terre Haute 1898;
previously in newspaper work at Colorado Springs; now pres Citizena
Trust Co; res Terre Haute.

FRANK aioKEEN, Banker; was born Terre Haute -May 26, 1853; grad
Terre Haute High Schl; entered McKeen Bank 1S74; now pres MoKeen
Natl Bank; res Terre Haute.

CHARLES NATHAN COMBS. Physician; born Mulb.rrv, Ind. .Tune 7

1879; A B Ind Univ; M D Med Coll Ind; Sec Ind State Med Assn;

mem Am Assn Anesthetists; res Terre Haute.
J.43IES M PROPST, Educator; born Riley. Ind, May 26, 188.3: grad Ind

S^ate Normal; taught 11 yrs Vigo Co; elect Supt Co schls Vigo <'o

1911; res Terre Haute.

FRED W BEAL, Lawyer; born Parke Co Oct 20, 1S70; LL B T'niv Mirh;
att Ind State Norm; taught schl; was pros atty Vigo Co: State Senator
from Vigo; Author; Employers Liability Bill and Popular Election of
School Trustees (or Vigo Co; elected Judge Superior court Vigo 191 1;
res Terre Haute.

MAX EHRMANN, Author, born Terre Haute, Ind, Sept 26. 1872: Ph B De-
pauw univ; post grad philos Harvard; author A Farrag, The Mystery
of Madeline LeBlanc, A Fearsome Riddle, Breaking Home Ties, Jesus.
A Passion Play, poems, etc; mem Author's League of .\m Authors'
Club London: res Terre Haute, Ind.

DALTON B SHOCRDS, Architect; born Chicago, 111, Oct 3, 1S90: grad
Notre Dame; post grad Paris, London, Berlin and Vienna: mem Ind
Chapter Am Inst of Architects, etc; res Terre Haute.

REVEREND MOTHER MARY CI.EOPHAS (Margaret Foley), born in Jen-
nings County, Ind; entered the Community of the Sisters of Provi-
dence, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, 1862; held various offices of superior-
ship; elected Mother General of the Community 1890; res St. Mary-
of-the-Woods, Ind.

JAMES GREGOIRE, Priest: was born New Albany, Ind, (Floyd Knobs)
Sept 28, 1879: grad parochial Holy Trinity School, New Albany; St
Meinrads' Coll and Sem ; ordained June 4. 1909; began as assl tn
Father A Oster; in charge of parish at Vincennes since death of
Father Oster, Nov 23. 1911; res Vincennes.

THOMAS H ADAMS, Editor and Financier and Manufacturer; born Grand
Rapid.s. O, July 19, 1860; learned printers trade; at 16 pub week'y
paper Edwardsport. Ind; later paper Lancaster. O: purch Vincennes
Commercial 1882, edtr and propr since; mem Bd Trust Vincennes univ;
was postmaster Vincenne.s twice; was chmn Rep Cong comm ; mem
Advis Bd Rep State comm; was chmn legis comm that secured the
$125,000 apprtn Vincennes univ; res Vincennes.

JOSEPH LAMBERT B.4YARD, Sr., Banker: was born in Vincennes, .Ian
21, 1840; began as clerk of Vincennes branch bank of the State of Ind.
1858; asst orgn and cash German Banking Co. which was succeeded
by First Natl Bk of which he was cashier and pres since 189S: was
pres Citizens Gas Co; treas Board of Trade since orgn; treas and
trustee Vincennes Univ; res Vincennes.

JOSEPH LAMBERT BAYARD, Jr., Banker; war, born Vincennes. Ind.
July 21. 1872: grad Vincennes Univ; Fordman N Y Univ: began as
bookkeeper First Natl Bank. Vincennes; now cashier and director;
treas Vincennes Gas Co; res Vincennes.

JAMES WADE EMISON, Lawyer; was born Bruceville, Ind, Feb 7, 1859:
grad Asbury (Now DePauw) Univ; practiced law Vincennes since 1SS9;
was city atty Vincennes; county atty Knox Co; trustee Vincenms
LTniv ; re.s Vincennes.

CLARENCE B KESSINGER, Lawyer: was born Bniceville. Ind. April 2s.
1859; taught school 7 years; read law with Cobb & Cobb Vincennes:
began practice 1884; res Vincennes.

ROYAL E PIRCELL, Newspaper man; was born Knox County, Ind, July
26, 1849; ABA M Hanover College; taught school in Knox County;
studied law two yrs; purchased Western Sun in 1876; started Daily
Sun in 1879: was po,stmaster 4 yrs; State Senator 1S99-01; V -Pres
Vincennes Univ; trustee Purdue Univ; res Vincennes.

D FRANK CILBERTSON, Lawyer; was born Edwardsport, Ind, August 6,
1878; attd DePauw Academy; DePauw Univ; LL B Indiaiia Law hcni.
elected pros atty 12th judicial circuit, 1906; re-elect 190S ; eleete.l
State Senator from Knox and Sullivan Cos 1914; res \ incennes.

ALVA O FILKERSON, Educator; was born in Daviess county Ind. March
18, 1868; attd DePauw; grad State Normal and Indiana tniv: '^i''^"
district schls Daviess and Clay Cos 27 yrs; Principal Staunton, Llnoni
and South Side Schools, Washington: tchr History \A ashn High ^^<Ml.
county supt since 1911; res Washington. Ind.

STEPHEN E MYERS. Lawyer; was born Daviess Co, Ind. Aug. 1
taught schl 6 yrs in Daviess Co; attd State N°r">'^'.,i\";' J" )
read law with Hefferman and Mattingly; began practice Ma>
res Washington, Ind

WALTER K BALL. Newspaper man : was Ik n near t.r. .nto«n

March 19, 1884; grad Marion Normal and Bi:.Mn.^s ^ "'\'. 7-,^^.,",„V„,,,„
paper work on Marion News-Tribune: .worked on D.nl> '^ '•'^5 "^ ,
Okla City, Okla; Commercial-News Danv.le, Ills, Anderson Ind He. a^
bought Huntington Herald in 1911; publ since, res Huntin^on.

'uo' ^/^^

'.^^ce^z^^rr^&ri-^i^

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

JOHN F XOLLi, Priest; was born Fort Wayne, Ind, Jan 25, 1S75; grad
St Lawrence Coll, Mt Calvary, "Wise; and St Mary's Sem Cincinnati,
O; ordained priest June 4, 1S98; had charge of congr at Kendallville,
Besancon, Hartford City and Huntington: editor and founder of "Our
Sunday Visitor," nat Catholic weekly estab May 1912; res Huntington.

CHARLES A Bl'TLER, Lawyer; was born Wabash, Ind, Feb 21, 1S4 — :
attd prep Wabash Coll; Columbia L'niv, New York City; LL B
Columbian (now George Washington L'niv) "R^ashington, D C; was
in railroad mail service 5 yrs; U S Sea postal service; res Huntington.

SAMl'EL E COOK, Lawyer; was born Huntington Co, Ind, Sept 30, 1860;
taught schl 5 yrs Whitley Co, Ind; attd Normal Schl Ada, O; LL B
Valparaiso North Ind Law Schl; was pros atty Huntington Co; elect
judge Huntington Circuit Court 1906; re-elect 1912; res Huntington.

CHAKLES AV WATKIXS. Lawyer; was born Logan Co. Ohio. May 3. 1S49:
served 19 mo private soldier Army of the Cumberland; taught schl 4
yrs; read law with Judge William Lawrence. Bellefontaine, O; was
distr atty Grant, Blackford and Huntington 2 terms; .iudge Huntington
Co 6 yrs; res Huntington.

IXYSSES S LESH, Lawyer; was born "Wells Co, Ind, Aug 9. 1S6S: LL B
Michigan Lfniv; was city and county atty Huntington; author "Knights
of the Golden Circle"; res Huntington.

M H ORMSBY, Newspaper man; was born Wells Co. Ind, Nov 17. 1S75;
attd Boston Latin Schl; was owner Bluffton Banner; consold Huntington
News-Democrat and Morning Times into Times Democrat in the morn
ing field, supplanting this with the Huntington Press es
1912; res Huntington.

ALBERT E BILSON, Surgeon, Editor; wa,3 born Chicago. De

grad Rush Med Coll 1891; post grad Univ of Mich and L'niv of Phila.
London and Vienna; prof Ophthal Ind Univ; editor and mgr Journal
of the Indiana Med Soc; mem Ft Wayne Med, Northern Tri-State
Med, Chicago Ophthal, Amer Acad of Ophthal and Otol; fellow Amer
Coll of Surg A M A etc; res Fort Wayne.

GEORGE L SAl'NDERS, Newspaper man; was born Muncie Sept 1, 1S66;

^jz^^^t-t-c.^^,.*^^^ C:> /G>

., Lawyer; was born Wells Co, Ind, Sept 15, 1S67; f) 0 ' n J^ 5\ S ^ "

DePauw Univ; was city atty Bluffton 8 vrs; elect li^>jf ^ / jfL, XlX

?11,3 and Blackford Cos 1906-12; res Bluffton. 4^»'AL-^*-^'<-Ac>/VD, (JJ/L't.*''*-^! o-<J

wyer; was born Wells Co, Ind, Oct 6, 1866; /^

d Huntington Co; attd Indiana State Normal OZ/'A— -^ /C-'T'^ /f C^

county supt of schls Wells Co; resigned to / // eT'T^/^ // /x

s mem Ind Legis 2 terms; was mem Board / f SC / I/O >f /?* J>i .J/\ //» »• -y\ y

tory; mem Board of State Charities; elect / ' , \y^ ' ^t->-^ '-*--r *— ^ '>^*' ' ' *0

;le and has ^

rrison 1890; y^ // •^ /^

t'Thlfwas W^«^^4h5^^ ^^/^^^^-Z^/X/^-^^

Bluffton.
CHARLES E STl'RGISS

Ph B. LL B, A M
Circuit Judge of Wells
AWLLIAM H BHCHHORN, Law

taught schl 5 yrs Wells and

and Univ of Mich; was cou

begin practice of law; was

of Mgrs Indiana Reformat

judge Wells and Blackford Cos 1912; res Bluffton
DAVID H S\VAI3I, Newspaper man; was born "Wells Co, I

1858; taught schl and was supt Ossian, Ind, schls; attd

Methodist Coll; LL B Ann Arbor Law schl; practiced la

with brother W T T Swaim; purchased Bluffton Chronicle and has

been editor since; apptd pOo. master Bluffton, by Pres Harrison

res Bluffton.
CHARLES A BOWERS, Newspaper man; was born near Al

gomery Co, Ind, Sept 8, 1867; attd Wabash Coll; taugh

supt Newtown schls; admitted to bar Montgomery Co; was deputy y

pros atty 4 yrs; began newspaper work as reporter on Crawfordsville ^0^

Journal; now city editor; res Crawfordsville.
FRANK W GORDON, Lawyer; was born Wells Co. Ind, Aug 21, 1876;

attd Valparaiso L'niv; taught schl Wells Co; grad Indiana Univ Law

Dept; was nominated presidential elector Repub ticket at Winchester

for 8th congr distr for 1912; res Bluffton.
ABRAM SIMAIONS, Lawyer; was born Randolph Co, Jan 30, 1858; taught

schl Wells Co 3 yrs; grad Methodist Coll Ft Wayne, Ind; began prac-
tice in Bluffton in 1882; delegate to Democratic Natl Convention St

Louis 1904; delegate at large Democratic Convention 1908; re.3 Bluffton.
EDWARD E COX, Newspaper man; was born Tipton, Ind, Dec 29, 1867;

taught schl 3 yrs Miami Co; attd Purdue Univ and Danville Central

Normal Coll; began newspaper work as reporter on Miami Co Sentinel; ' y-^

bought Hartford City Telegram 1891; estb Evening News in 1893; /l / ^ ^ .^^ j /9

editor since; pres Hartford schl board since 1910; aptd postmaster I T ^ /9 X r ^TV j^yj m^-%m y 'r

Feb 1915; mem State Democ Comm 6 years; mem and ex-pres Dem / H-^to^t/^O' xF ^ / (t '^^^JT^ ^

State Edit Assn; res Hartford City. I / f » i f /)

BAIjPH W MONTFOBT, Newspaper man; was born North Manchester, A/

QlvmM^

Ind. Aug 31. 1883; educ high schl Hartford City; learned printers'
trade: then reporter, city editor, and owner Hartford City News 5
yrs; purchased and editor of Times-Gazette since Nov 1914; res Hart-
ford City.

EMORTT B SELLERS, Lawyer; was born near Somerset, O, Jan 4, 1851;
at; d Brookston Academy; taught schl. attd Chicago Law Schl; prac-
ticed law Monticello, Ind. since Jan 1, 1874; State Senator 1885-87; U. S.
atty for Indiana 1887-9; mem Conference Uniform laws since 1909; res
Monticello, Ind.

A MURRAY TURNER, Banker; was born Crown Point, Ind, Oct 3, 1859;
attd Valparaiso Univ: was sheriff of Lake Co 1888-92; delegate National
Republican Convention 1904; pres First Nat Bank, etc; res Haminond.

PETER II CRIMPACKER, Lawyer; was born Lapnrte Co, Ind, Aug 9.
185S; taught schl 2 yrs Laporte Co; B S Valparaiso l'niv; LL I!
same; city atty Hammond 1892-96; re.s Hammond, Ind.

U1LLIAM F HOW AT, Physician; was born Prince Edward Island, Canada,
June 2, 1869; grad Prince of Wales Coll; M D Univ of Pennsylvania;
was pres Ind State Med Assn; mem A M A Natl Assn Study and
Pre\ent of Tuberculosis; was mem of Board of School Trustees 7 yrs;
pres Library Board; res Hammond, Ind.

JESSE E WILSON, Lawyer: was born on a farm Owen Co. Ind. Oct 4.
1867: attd high schl Spencer, Ind; LL B Indiana Univ Law Dept:
taught country schls; mem Ind Legis; asstd sec of the Interior
1905-11; pres Hammond Chamber of Commerce: res Hammond.

FREDERICK C CRI'MPACKER, Lawyer; was born Valparaiso, Ind, Sept
16, ISSl; A B LL B Univ of Mich; mem State Bar Assn; res Hammond.

WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

DAVID WILLIAM MOFFAT, Minister; born Morris Plains N
moved to Madison, Ind; A B Hanover Coil -c-iains, r«i

C2>.<W-Cc/ Vv. ^U-ffcKJ- ^ A. /^, £j 4

ROBERT STEWART TAYLOR, Lawyer; Fort Wavne- born Mav "2 ISIS
near Chillicothe. O; educ Liber Coll. Jay Co ?nd;' grad Junl 30 1859
. removed to Ft Wayne same year; pros attv 1S68; judge Com Pleas Ct'
l!r.kZr^L^.\l,%'t ''''■■ -^'"'^ ^'- ^'-^ Cc^m,^fss?T9Xr;^m\^^b

CHARLES REDWAY DRYER, Geographer; born Victor NY Aue- ■?!
1850: -^B Hamilton Coll. 1S71; Un of Mich. M D. Un 'of Buffalt 187« •
Un of Oxford, Eng, 1904-05; sci teach Ft Wayne High sch 1877 SO
prof Chemistry & Toxicology. Ft Wayne Coll of Med 1878-93 prof
geog & geol. Ind State Normal Sch, Terre Haute ISsTlsiV asst Ind
Geological Survey, 1888-93; author; Fellow Geol Soc Amer A I 1 S
Royal Geog Soc, Assn Am Geographers; res. Fort Wayne '

HOWELL COBB ROCKHILL, Manufacturer; born Ft Wayne Jan 10 185.;-
attended Ft Wayne pub schs; grad H S, 1S73; farm'er;' formerly asst
city clerk and bus mgr Journal-Gazette; treas Lincoln Life Ins Co;
V P and Treas Ft Wayne Rolling Mills Co.

EDWARD G HOFF3IAX, Lawyer; born Allen Co. Ind. Oct 1, 1879- attended
Valparaiso Coll and Un of Mich; county atty Ft Wayne, 1909'-date.

STEPHEN BOND FLEMING, Manufacturer; born Ft Wayne Nov 20 1871- / // «< -^

fn^n^.Y" °^ ^°J'-'^ ^^™'' ^""^ Georgetown Un ; Ind State Senator, 1901-03,' / // ) W
1909-15; memb Panama Expo Com of Ind, 1913-15. ^-^/ ^ G I

DAVID N FOSTER, Merchant; born near Newburgh, N Y in 1841- memb
of the firm of Foster Bros since 1859; entered Union army as 'private
in 1861; rose to rank of captain; came to Indiana in 1870; dept com
G A R in 1SS5; trustee State Soldiers' Home, 1895-1901; pres park
board at Ft Wayne, 1905-15.

JOHN SAMUEL McCl'RDY, Dentist; born Allen Co, Nov 16, 1S66- attended
Ft Wayne pub schs and M E Coll; grad Ind Dental Coll, Mch 7 1888-
prac dentistry Ft Wayne since 1888; memb Ind State Bd of 'Dental
Ex; memb State and Nat Dental Sec; res. Ft W^ayne.
^V^LLIA1M O BATES, author; born Harrisburg, Ind, Sept 19, lS.j2; Ph B
Cornell; author: Recitations and How to Recite; Our Foreign Corre-
spondent, 4-act comedy; Uncle Rodney; The Black Bokhara, and other
productions: was on staft N Y, indpls, Cincinnati and St Paul news-
papers; mem N Y Players' cluD; res Indpls.

INDEX-WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

ANDERSON.

Crittenbeiger. Dale J 35

Ellison, Alfred 32

Frazier, James W 3 2

Hennings, Joseph E 32

Jones, Arthur 11 32

Keltner, S. M 32

Kitting-er, William A 32

Morrow. Carl F 4S

Neff. Charles H 32

Norviel, Frank D 32

Teegarden, John C 32

Toner, Edward C 32

ANGOLA.

Rakestraw, O. F 42

Shank, H. Lvle 42

Sniff, L. M 4 2

Willis, R. D 42

AIBIRN.

Atkinson. Edgar W 4.5

Buchanan, Vern 4.5

Leasure, IJda 4 5

BEDFORD.

Boruff. R. R, 32

Lanz. C. W 32

Mullen, R. L 32

BLOOMFIELD.

Hendren. Gilbert H 3

Slinkard, T. E 46

Slinkard, W. L 46

Vosloh, W. R 46

BLOOMINGTOX.

Baker, John I, 15

Bryan, William Lowe 1

Corr, Edwin IS

Cravens, John W 1

CraveniS. Oscar H 3S

Hogate, Enoch G 3S

Miers, Robert W 3S

Weatherly. Ulysses G IS

BLIFFTON.

Dailey, Frank C 2

Eichhorn, Wm. H 5 2

Frank, Charley 2

Gordon, Prank W 52

Saunders, George L 52

Simmons, Abram 52

Sturgiss, Charles E 52

Swaim, David H 52

BOONVILI.E.

Hazen. Gaines H 33

Hemenway, .James A 33

Kiper. Roscoe 33

Lutz, Philip, Jr 33

BRAZIL.

Wolfe, R. E 32

BROOKVILLE.

Adams. W^inifred 14

Shirk, John C 36

COLl'MBIA CITY.

Kissinger, "^^illiam H 35

Marshall. Thomas R 35

McNagny, William F 35

COLUJIBUS.

Brown, Isaac T. . . ,
Duncan, W. C. . . . ,
Fitzgibbon. T. F. .
Harding, Lewis A.
Miller, Hugh Th. . ,
Mooney, W. A. . . ,
New.som, Vida ...
Sweeney, Z. T

CONNERSVILLE

Anthony, Homer C.
Broaddus. L. L. . .
Elliott, R. N. ....
Florea, George C.

Frost, H. L

McKee. D. W

Tatman, Edwin W.

COVIX(iTON.

Livengood. A. T

Livengood, V. E. . . '
Schwin, J. B

CR.\wroi{i)svn.T.E.

Bowers, Charles A

Harney, G. S . . . .

James, Karl C ,[\

MacKintosh. George I,.

CILVER.

Gignilliat. Leigh R

I KE.\( H I.K K.

Ta^gari. Thomas

G.\RY.

Greenlee. Cas.slus M. . .

Hay, Henry G., Jr

Knott-s, A. F

Knolt.s. Thoma.s E. . .

Norton, H. .^'

Snyder. H. I'.

DANVII.LK.

Clark, Hon. James

Gulley, O. E

Hall, Alvin

Hargrave, C. A.
Hogate. Julian D.
Laird, J. W

DEC.\Tl R.

Ellingham," L. G

Erwin, Judge Richard K.

DELPHI.

Boyd, L. D.

Pollai-d. Charles R. .
Roach, W. -V

GREENCASTLE.

Gillon, C. C

Grose, George R

Hughes, James P

Van Arsdel. Wm. <"....

Wade. C. l'

Wade, Elizabeth I

GREENnELI).

Downing. Chas. .
Felt, Judge Edwa
Houffh. W. .\. . .
Mitchell, John V

GREEN.SBl R<1.

Caskey, James E.
Ewing. James K.
Hamilton, Frank
Myer.s, David .\.
Osborn, John E.

EVANSVILLE.

Althouse, Tamar

Boyle. Harry E

Decker. Adolph L

Frey, Philip W

Iglehart, John E

Kahn. Isidor

Laughlin, C. E

Logsdon, H. M

Pearson, Jed W,

Reis, Henry

Roosa, Howard

Schneider, J. U

Scholz. F. J

Schreeder, Charles C

Spencer, Judge John W.

Veneman. .4. J

Wellman, John D

Wilson, William E

Wittenbraker, Charles W.

FORT WAYNE.

Bittler, George

Bond, C. E.

Bulson. Albert E

Colerick. Margaret . . . .
Dryer, Charles Redway

Ellison, Thos. E

Fleming, Stephen Bond

Poster, David N

Foster, Samuel M

Freeman. H. R

Hahn, William

Harper, James B

Harper, M. R. (Mrs. J.

Hoffman, E. G

McCulloch, Charles

McCurdy. J. S

Moffat, D. W

O'Rourke, William S. .

Powell, George W

Rockhill. H. C

Shoaff, Frederick W. . .
Taylor. Robert Stewart
Williams. Henry M. . .
Worden, Charles H. . . .

HAMJIOND.

Crumpacker. F. C. . . .
Crumpacker. Peter H.
Howat. William F. . . .
Ibaeh, Judge .Joseph G.
Turner, A. Murray . . .
Wilson, Jesse E

II.\N<>\ KK.

HARTFOKl) (•

Cox, Edward E. . . .
Montfort, Ralph W.

35
13
52
14
53
13
53
53
13
13
13
13
14
53
13
53
53
13
53
5 3

FOA^XER.

Carr. John P

Dodson. Charles H. .

Eraser. Donald

Roby, George Ij

FR.ANKFORT.

Burget. Eugene O. . . .

Epstein. Moses .......

Morrison, James W. .

FRANKLIN.

Hanley. Elijah
Stott, William T.

JFcKenzie, John II. ...

Ill NTIN(iT()N.

Ball, Walter K

Butler. C. A

Butler. Thaddeus

Cook, Samuel E

France, J. Fred

Lesh, riysscs S

Noll. John K

Ormsbv, ^r. H

Watklns. Charles \V. . .

lNI^IAN.VI'OLI^*.

Adam, Charles H

Albrecht, Ur. Maurice
Alexander. Georgia ....

Alford. Fremont

.-\llg. George

Alli.'^on, D. c

.\|)pel, John

Artman. Samuel 1{

.Vshby. Saniuel

Austin, Chas. T

Ayres, .\. C. ....
Avres. Frederick

B.-ildwin, C. H

Ball. Frank W. . . . •
Bamb.rg.r. Ralph .
Barnard, H. E. . ■ ■

liarnes. .\. A

Uarnhlll. Dr. John I
Barrett. Fred K. . . .
Rartholomew, Pliny
Ba.-ih. ^^ahlon E. ...
Bas!<. Herbert L. . .

Bass. W. H

Hastlan. Willis ....
Hatchelor. Goo. H
Bates. William O. .
Heck, Fred B

H.ll. .l.,K,.ph 35

Benn.it. Henry W s

Benson. .\. S 25

Berryhill, .Ii.hn S. ........ '\0

Bertt.-rriianii. J. din 31

B.-.st. Dr. Wni P T

BeverldKe. Albert J 2

Blllhelni.-r. John I x

HinKhain. .lam. h 23

Blackl.-.lKe. Frank H .... S

HIak. r, Eliza A 2

Blodcetl. W. H 14

Bobbs. William <' .".

BockHtahl.r. Wm. H 22

Bohb-n, Oscar D 10

Bonllbld. Fred K'

Bookwalti-r, ('. A .11

Bowi'H, R. .M 3',«

Bower-". Frank 4

Boyd. Bert .\ 31

Boyd, L. <• 30

Braekett, i\ M 11

Bradford. ErncBt W 10

Bray ton. Dr. Ak-mbert W. . 5

BrklK.-K. Frank 1 22

Hrlnker. U. nry C 17

Bro.sa, Ern. »l H

Brosgman. Charles ^»

Brown, t'halm.TS 11

Brown, Charle.!i Carroll.... IS

Brown, DemurchuB 3

Brown. Eilgar .\ S

lirown. GeoTKc W 23

Brown. Hll.on I' 4

Brown, Hiram 17

Brown, William R 39

BrownlnK. Elizabeth G H

Bruh.iker. H. <' 12

Buchanan, i 'has. J 3S

Buchanan, Wallare S

liu.-nnnn.-l. Jacob 80

Bull... k. Henry \V 3t>

Bur.-khanlt. dV. LouIii .... IS

Burf..r<i. William B u

BurraK.'. Se\eranoe 21

Buschni.'inn. <". 1 22

Ru.xklrk. GeorK.' A 1«

I!utl.-r. .\nios W 3

Butl.r. Chauncey 7

Butler, y A 26

Butler, R. A 19

Butler. Scot IS

Bynum, W. D 4

Bytbl.l. Charles \V 2

Callon, F. T 31

< 'jilverl. iifo. c 26

<'annon. W. T !4

Carey. John N 21

Carr, Cam. II B SO

I'arter. Mor.l 17

Carter, Vln.«.)n 6

<'a.3ey. J. E 1<

Cavlns, .Alexandi-r G IS

Chambers. Lawrence D S

• 'lancy. Sumn.T l*i

Clark, James L S

Clarke. .Mr.s. Gracf Julian.. 2

Claypool. J.rr.rson II 51

Clavpoi.l, John W I**

Cleland. John E 37

<•lpv.nK.-r. Dr. Wm. F IS

Cllffor.l. Vlni-.nt G 1«

C.int.'. Ah In T. 29

Cockruni. John B <

C.iUln. I'harbH F

Colbert. Knima H

C..|e, J. J 14

Cob-man, L<'\vl» A 9

Collins. Jam.-!! .V '-'3

c..mb!< l>r. <;'.>rK.- W. 7

Cinder. Earl It . '

Connawiiy. <'a»n 11

Cook. Dr. G.-orK. ■< ••

Conk. H..m.'r 1.. 11

c....k. Wm. H -T

Cool., r. .'harl. « .M .9

Copeland. H. O. . 14

Covul. W. M 29

Co\. Jti.Iso Charl. » E . 3

Cox. l.lnlon .\. . *>

Cop.lan.l. H <;. 14

Craft. K. M . :4

Cralif. c. W. -0

CralK. W. M >:

Crnn.-. Elm.-r K !•

Cruse. J. .s- 31

CunnlnKham l»r. John M . IS

DniTR.-H. H"bl K 5

Dal I. -.v. Kriiiik C ?

Dally'. Thom.i." .\ ^'

Dalrymi'le. John M 2*

Danl.-ls. KdwBfcl 2

INDEX— WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

Danner, Henry R 21

Daiinody, John F 20

Darnaby, Robt. E 5

Davis. Everett 14

Davis, Lawrence B 10

Davis. P. A 22

Day. Thomas C 17

Deerv, Judge James E 3!)

Deitch, Guilford A 10

Deluse, Otto P 27

Dennis, Charles 4

Denny, Austin F 5

Denny, C. S P

Denny, G. L 9

Deschler, Louis G 24

Dickson. George M,. 2S

Dithmer. Henry Tj 3 9

Doolittle, Henry P 10

Donnelly, Maurice 27

Dougherty. Hugh 23

Douglass, Ralph W 21

Downey, B. C 16

Downing. Charles 3

Drake, C. S 29

Dryer, Charles A 10

Duffy, Frank 37

Duffey, Luke W 31

Dugdale, Benjamin H S

Dunn, J. P 9

Durham, Chas. 0 2 3

Duvall, John L 17

Eaglesfield. C. S 37

Eaglesfield. James T 29

Earp. Dr. Samuel E 6

Eastman, Dr. Thos. B 7

Eberwein. John H 3S

Eckhouse, Edgar A 39

Edgerton. Dr. Dixon

Efroymnson. Gus A 2 4

Eitel, Henry 15

Elam, John B 8

Elder, William L 20

Ellingham, L. G 1

Elliott. Geo. B 23

Elliott, Robt 29

Elliott, William F 23

Elvin. Wm. H. 21

Emerson. Dr. Charles P. . . 15

Emrich, John H 26

Engelke, John F 12

English, William E 4

Ensley, Oliver P 20

Erdman. Dr. Bernhard .... 6

Ernestinoff. Alexander 39

Evans, Edgar H 25

Evans, George H 25

Evans, Rowland 21

Evans, William L 19

Ewbank, Louis B 10

Fahnley, Fred 21

Fairbanks, Charles W 4

Fauvre. Frank M 24

Fawkner. Chas. B 8

Feibleman, Isidore 9

Ferguson, Dr. Charles E. . . 12

Fesler. James W 7

Fickinger, W. J 16

Fishback. Frank S 20

Fisher, Carl G 19

Fitzgerald, Philander H... 26

Fletcher. Horace H 27

Fletcher, Stoughton A 15

Flickinger, E, E 26

Florea, Josh E 10

Floyd, F. E 13

Floyd. James L 13

Fogartv, Wm. M 17

Folsom. E. F 39

Folt2. Herbert 5

Foltz. Howard M 16

Foreman. Dr. Wm. H IS

Forrey. George C 30

Fortune. William 20

Foster. C. C. 29

Foster, Wallace 23

Fronzel. J. P., Jr 15

Frenzel. O. N 15

Fuller. Hector 4

Gale, Edward C 27

Galvin, Geo. W 11

Gardner. Fred C 36

Gates. Edward E 25

Gates. Harry B 24

Gavin, Frank E 12

Gavisk. Rev. Francis H. . . 40

Gay, Geo. A 20

George. Dr. Wm. E 7

Glossbrenner, A. M 5

Gloasbrenner, Herbert M. . . 39

Golt, W. P. C 16

Goodrich, Jas P 25

Graves. T. S 25

Greathouse, Chas. A 1

Gregory. Fred A 37

Griener, Dr. L. A 7

Griffith. Carl V 20

Groninger. Taylor E 9

Grossart, Frederick C 27

Grover, Arthur B 36

Guedel, Arthur E 4 0

Gundelfinger, Dr. Benno M 12

Guthrie. Ira E. . 2»:

Hack. Oren S. . 37

Hackedorn, Hillis F 29

Hadley, A. N 12

Hagen, Paul 24

Hammond, William W. . . . 37

Hanly, J. Frank 2

Hanna, Charles T 37

Harding. W. N S

Hargis, R. R 26

Harris, Addison C 2

Harrison, H. H 28

Harrison, Russell B 2

Harvev, Judge Lawson Jl. 8

Haskett, O. D 2S

Hatfield. T. B 28

Hauelsen. Otto F 31

Hauss, Philip .T 17

Hawkins, Roscoe 0 9

Hay. Linn D 7

Hayward, William 0 25

Head, H. Thos 27

Hearsey, Henry T 28

Heath, Dr. Frederick 18

Henderson, Charles E 36

Henderson, J. 0 12

Henderson, Julia C 14

Hendrickson, Harry C 6

Heinrichs, William F 10

Heitman, Wm. P 14

Henley, Judge Wm. J 18

Henley, L. W. 36

Henry, Charles L 26

Henry, Dr. Alfred IS

Henshaw, P. R 40

Herod. Wm. P 11

Herr, H. H 14

Herrick, Richard C 12

Hersehell. W. M 4

Hetherington. Fred A 22

Hibben, Paxton 2

Higglns, William L 30

Hisey. E. R 37

Hitt, Elizabeth (Mrs. G. C.) 2

Hoffmann, John 1 39

Hogan, Wm. J 21

HoUiday, John H 16

Hollweg. Louis 19

Holtzman. .John W 9

Hood, Arthur M 9

Hood, Dr. Thomas C 15

Hooker, .Tames H 29

Hooten, Elliott R 9

Hornbrook. Henry H. 5

Home, Wm. L 30

Hovey. Alfred R 9

Howard, Wm. H 12

Howe. Thomas C 15

Howland, H. H 5

Howland. Louis 4

Hubbard. F. "Kin" 14

Huesmann, Louis C 26

Hugg, Martin M 4

Hume, Geo. E 2S

Humes. Dr. Charles D. . . . . 8

Hunt, Carl 2 8

Hunt, Union B 25

Hunter, Edgar 0 5

Hurty. J. N 22

Jackson. "Chic" B 14

Jacobs, Dr. Harry A 6

Jacoby, Elias J 10

Jaeger, Dr. Alfred S. 6

Jameson, Dr. Henry 5

.Jameson, Ovid B 7

.Jefferson, Michael L 29

Jenkins, Dennis H 30

Jeup, B. J. T 35

JeweCt. Charles W 39

Jobes, Dr. Norman IS

Johnson, Jesse T 23

Johnson, O. R 14

.Johnson, Richard O. 36

Jones, Aquilla Q 10

Jordan, Arthur 21

June, Geo. W 31

Jungclaus, W. P 36

Kaelin. Charles T IS

Kahn, Henry 19

Kahn, I. P 27

Kautz, F. R 31

Ivealing. .Joseph B 2

Kebler, Joseph A 30

Keith, Ernest R 3S

Keller, Dr. Amelia R 2

Keller, Joseph 30

Kendall. Victor C 26

Kepperly, .James E 15

Kessler, Walter 3S

Ivern, John W 40

I-Jetcham. William A 37

King, Myron D 22

King. W. F 40

Kingsbury, Jas. I., 2 8

Kingsbury, John H IS

Kinney, Horace E 25

Kipp, Albrecht 24

Kirk, Clarence L, 30

KiiSer, Dr. Edgar F 8

Kiser, Sol,. S 16

Klanke, Henry 27

Klausmann, H. W 22

Knight. W. W 28

Knode. H. C 29

Kolmer, Dr. John 6

Korblv, Bernard 9

Kothe, Wm 28

Kotteman, Charles J 31

Krauss, Paul H. 22

Krieg, Felix J 5

KruU, Albert 30

Kuhn, August M 16

Lain, M. M 40

Lancaster, Lewis E 23

Landers. Howe Stone 37

Lando, Leo 23

Landon. H. McK 30

Langsenkamp. Frank H. . . 27

Langsenkamp, Henry 30

Lapp, John A 2 3

Lawrence, B. F 14

Lawrence, Henry W 31

Leckner, Carrie C 39

Leckner, Max 39

Leedy. Ulysses G 31

Leedy, W. H 36

Leeth. M. C 28

Lemcke, Ralph A 25

Lesh, C. P 31

Levey, Louis H 28

Levey, Marshall T 25

Leviison. Harry 39

Lewis, Charles S 21

Lewis, L. H 21

Lieber, Albert 20

Lieber, Carl H. 20

Lieber. Herman P 21

Lieber. Otto R 21

Lieber, Richard 12

Lieber. Robert 31

Light, Robert C. 21

Lilly, James E 21

Lilly, James W 19

Lilly, Josiah K 20

Lindemuth. Dr. Oscar E. . . 37

Link. Goethe 3S

Littleton. Frank L 11

Lockwood, Virgil H 9

Long, Dr. Robert W 18

Losev. Robert C 26

McBride, Bert 17

McBride. Robert W 4

McClellan, R. H 24

McCotter, C. A 26

McClurg. J. Q. A 30

McGettigan, John E 38

McGowan, Joseph A 40

McGuire, Newt. J 5

Mcintosh, J. M 17

McKee, Edward L 16

McKee, Homer 39

McKee, Will J 22

McKenzie. Anna 2

McWhirter. Felix 17

MacFall. Russell T 23

Mack. F. J 2 6

MacLucas, Wm. H 12

Malott. Macv W 15

Malott. Volney T 15

Mangus, Milton W 37

Manly, Frank P. 31

Mannfeld, George N 24

Marmon. W. C 36

Marott, Geo. J 20

Marshall, A. W 13

Marshall. Thomas R 35

Martin, Dr. Paul P IS

Martin. H. C 13

Martin. Parks M 36

Martin, Paul R 19

Martindale, Charles 9

Martindale, Clarence 12

Mason. Augustus L 25

Mason, EdW 5

Masson, Woodburn 7

Masters. Dr. John L 37

Matson, Frederick E 10

Maxwell. Allison, M, D S

Maver. Geo. J 2 2

Merrifleld. Hugh D 36

Merrill. Chas. W 5

Messing. Mever 4 0

Metzger, Albert E 16

Metzger. Robert 30

Meyer, A. B 19

Meyer, Adolph .1 12

Meyer, Chas. F 22

MilhoUand, W. F 26

Miller, Charles W 17

Miller, Samuel D 18

Miller, W. H. H 4

Miller, Wlnfield 16

Millikan. Lynn B 36

Minor, Benj. B 25

Minturn. Joseph A 11

Moll. Theoph J 10

Monks, Leander J 12

Montani, Guy 38

Mooney, William J 20

Moore. Edward D 15

Moore. Jesse C 27

Moores, Charles W 10

Moores, Merrill 8

Moran, James J 35

Morris, J. Edward 21

Mount, Finley P 25

Mueller, Ferd A 7

Mueller, Gustave H 16

Mueller, J. Geo 19

Mull, George F 9

Murphy, C. S 13

Murphy, Harry 36

Mushlitz, Earl 19

Myers, Quincy A 3

Negley, Harry E 6

New, Burt 22

New. Capt. Harry S 4

Newberger, Louis 11

Nicholas, Anna 2

Nicholson, Meredith 4

Nicholson, Mrs. Eugenie K. 2

Noble, Harriett 14

Noble, Robert P 40

Noel, James W 9

Nordyke, A. H 9

Nordyke, C. E 31

Norton. Charles S 29

Oblinger, R. P 2S

O'Connor, Bernard E 27

Ogden, James M 11

Olive, Frank C 15

Oliver, Dr. John H 6

O'Mahony. J. P 43

Orbison, Charles J 36

Ostermeyer, Fred J 25

Page, Lafayette 40

Pantzer, Hugo Otto, M. D. 37

Patten. Wm. T 10

Patterson, C. A 13

Patterson, Gwynn F 15

Payne, Gavin L 17

Peacock, Mary H 2

Pearson, Clias. D. 19

Pearson. Geo. C 28

Peele, Stanton J 15

Perkins, Edgar A 3

Perkins, Merritt H 7

Perkins. Samuel E. Jr 31

Perry. C. C 21

Perry, J. C 20

Perry, Norman A 29

Perry, Oran 26

Pettijohn, C. C 9

Pfafflin, Dr. Charles A. ... 38

Pickens, Samuel 0 23

Pickens, W. A 8

Pierce, J. A 24

Pierce, O. W 39

Pond, Oscar L 23

Potter, M. A 20

Potts. Alfred F 6

Powell. George W. 31

Purdy, Fred L 19

Quick, G. P 17

Rabb. Albert 9

Rader, John H 10

Ragsdale, Oren M 27

Raitano, Harry A 39

Ralston, B. M 17

Randall. Theo. A 5

Ransdell, G. A 39

Rappaport. Leo M 15

Rassmann. Emil C 17

Rassmussen. Harry E 29

Rauch. Edward J 28

Ranch. John 8

Raub. Edward B 25

Rauh. Sam E 19

Ray, C. W 11

Reagan, Joseph E 27

Recker, G. A 19

Rehfuss. Martin. Ji- 40

Reiley. Joseph L 3

Remster. .Judge Charles ... 8

Remv. Chas. F, H

Renick. C. D -9

Richards, W. M 16

Riley. James Whitcomb ... 4

Rink. .loseph A 25

Robbins, J. F 26

Roberts. Dr. G. H 7

Robin,3on. Arthur R IS

Robison, E. J,. 20

Robson, Will H 36

Rockwood, G. 0 27

Rohback, James A ^

Roller. Rudolph J 7

Rosenthal. A. M 22

Ross. James A 2.3

Ross. Morris 4

Rothley, Victor H 29

INDEX— WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

Rubens, Geo. B 8

Rubush, P. C. 5

Ruoklehaus, John C 7

Ruddell. A. G 20

Sahm, Albert 11

Sahm, Roy 17

Salsbury, Elias D 12

Sargent, Hurst H 11

Saulter. John T 12

Schaf. Jos. C 21

Schlev, Geo. B 9

Schlos,3, Sol 22

Schmidt, Augustus 29

Schmidt, Edward 24

Schmidt, Edward H 2

Schmidt, Lorenz 30

Scott, Wm 20

Searles, Ellis 19

Seeds, Russell M 37

Seldenstlcker, Adolph 10

Seidenstlcker. Geo 17

Selvage, Jos. W 37

Severin, Henry 28

Shank, Lew 4

Sharpe, Joseph K 27

Shea. John D 22

Shepherd, F. K 16

Shepperd. Ed. K. 2.5

Shimer, Will 22

Shirley, C. C 6

Simmons. Warren H 31

Simon. Milton N S

Singleton. A. F 27

Slack, L. Ert 23

Sluss, Dr. John W 6

Smith, Alvin H 26

Smith, Andrew 13

Smith. Charles W 11

Smith, Delevan 4

Smith, Henry L 30

Smith, Louis F 31

Smith, Ralph K 16

Smith. Richard 4

Smith, S. H 19

Smith. Wm. C 36

Snider, A. G 24

Sommers, Chas. B 24

Sowder. Dr. Charles R 7

Spann. Thos. H 22

Spellmire, Jos. H 29

Spiegel. R. W 17

Spink, Mary A.. M. D 2

Springsteen. Robert E 2

Stafford, E. E B

Stahl, Joseph H 3.5

Stahn. Oswald 23

Stalnaker, Frank D 15

Starr, Henry C 30

Steers. Edwin M 12

Steffen, Andrew 21

Stein. Theodore 17

Stein. Thee. Jr 31

Stempfel, Theo 15

Sterne, Dr. Albert E 8

Stevenson, Charles N 29

Stevenson. Henry F 10

Stewart, Alex M 24

Stewart. Wm. K 20

Stout, Elmer W 23

Strong, H. E. (Mrs. E. H.> 14

■Stuckev, T. E 15

.Sullivan, Geo. R 30

Taggart, Thomas 1

Talbot, Ona B 14

Tanner, Gordon B 25

,Taylor, A. H 17

Taylor, Harold 6

Taylor, James H 36

Tavlor, Ma.ior 27

^Taylor, William J 27

'Taylor, William L 4

Taylor, William S 10

Thaver, Oel 19

Thomas, Oscar G 19

Thomson, A. W 26

.'Thomson. Henry C 24

Thornton. Henry C 25

Thornton, W. W 4

Tingle, Walter J 6

Titus, Clyde E 27

Todd, John M -10

Todd, Newton 37

Trone, P. B 12

Tuite, William E. 39

Tutewiler. Harry D 4 8

ITnger, Maholn S H

A^anArsdel, W. C 30

i^^an Camp, Cortland 19

V'anier. J. Oilias \

\^onnegut. Anton 28

Vonnegut, Clemens 19

i^onnegut, Franklin 21

A'onnegut, Kurt l-

I Wade, Will H 16

' vVagner, Everett -9

I Walcott. E. H ^5

I Walk. Carl F '■' '

i Walker, C. M 19

Wall, John M lo

Wallace, Roger W .-?

Wallace, Ross H ir,

Wallick, Jno. P :ji

Ward, Marion im

Watson, Ward H,. i^

Weedon, Bert ' :!9

Weir, Clarence E ...'. 10

Welch, John R ■),-,

Wells, Charles W. 5s

Weyl, Carl H ";

Wheeler, Dr. H. H 40

Wheelock, W. B .'. -'o

Whitcomb, Larz A...... "^^3

White. Edw. M "is

Wicks, Frank S. C. ' 40

Wild, John F 17

Wiley, A. G ].i

Wiley, D. G '.'.'.".'.'. 13

Wiley, Ulric Z 11

Williams, Charles Xorris... 17

Williams, Irving 1?,

WilliiS, Fred I I'S

Wilson, Chester P im;

Wilson, Geo. R n

Wilson, George S 40

Wilson, Henry Lane 37

Wilson. Medford B -'6

Wiltsie, Charles S 7

Wishard, Wm. N., M. D .... 40

Witt. Frank A 25

Wocher, A. G 16

Wocher, John 16

Wocher. W. F 16

Woerner. Frank W 37

Wolfson, Aaron 22

Wood, Frank G 21

Woodsman. Hubert H 29

Wooling, J. H 3S

Woollen, Evans s

Woollen, Greenly V 28

Woollen, Herbert M 28

Woollen, Wm,. Watson .... 6

Worm. Albert R 27

Wright, J. C 26

Wynn, Dr. Frank B 18

Wynne, Thos. A 21

Young. A. A 9

Zearing, Albert F 35

JASPER.

Kean, Horace M 40

Milburn, Richard M 40

JEFFERSONAII.LE.

Scott, Samuel L 45

KENTI.AND.

Davis. Charles M.
McCray, Warren T.
Schanlaub, W. O. .

KOKOMO.

Armstrong. A. B. . . .

Barnes. Earl B

Callis, T. O.

Charles. A. A

Grace, J. P

Haynes. Elwood . . . .
Herron, Joseph C. . .
Hutson, Albert F. . . .

Jenkins. D. C

Jessup, Fred H

Johnson. J. W

Kautz, J. .\.

Kirkpatrick. Lex
McReynoIds. Thorn
Moore. ,Tohn E. . ,
Morgan, J. Rollin
Moulder, J. McLe
Purdum. William
Seiberling. .V. G. ,
Souder. Edwin M.
Voorhis. W. R. . . .
Willits, r. O, ....
Wolf, Conrad ....

J. .

as C

I-AFAYETTE.

B;iuer, Thomas

Burnett. Charles A.
Hammond. E. P. ...
Havwood. George P.
Jones. W. J. Jr. . . .

Kehler, D. B

Mavity. Char'es K. .

Simm,?. D. W.

.Stein. Evaleen

Stone. W. E

Stuart. W. V

Vinton, Henry H. . . .
Wood, W. R

I.AI'ORTE.

Chancy, J. A

Hickey, A. J

McGill. David H

Osborn, Frank E

Pitner. Frank J

Widdell, E. J

.'.'.' 45

NOBI.ESVII.I.H.

l-.AWRKNCEBl RG.

Cravens, Thomas .S. ...
Nowlin. Ambrose E. ...
O'Brien. W. H

T.EB.VXOX.

.Artman. Samuel R

McKey, Ben F

Ralston, Gov., Samuel M.
Roberts, Alva S

I.OG.\NSPORT.

Lairy. Judge Mose.s B. . ,
Louthain. Benjamin F. . ,

Magee. Rufus

Myers. Quincy .\

Powell. Jehu' 7.

M ADINON.

DuShane. Donald
Sulzir, Marcus R.

MARION'.

Johnson. Edgar II. .
McCulloch, .|i)hn 1).

McMurtrie. T'z

Paulus, Henrv J. . .
Shively. B. H

M.4RTINSV1LI.E.

Curtis, William D

McNutt, John C

Shireman, Eugene C. . . .

>UCiri(iAN' ( ITV.

Crumpacker. H. L.
Faulknor, .John B.
Pepple. Worth W.
Robb, C. J

MI.SH.\W.\K.\.

O'Xeill, Wm. P

>IONTICET.I,0.

Sellers. Emory B. ...

MT. VERNON'.

Curtis. George W. . . .
Menzies, G. V

MIXCIE.

Ball, Walter P

Bracken, Leonldas L. . .

Elli,s. Frank

Hawk. George J

Haymond. William T.
Kemper. Gon. W. H. . .

Koons. George H

Leffler. Josejih C

Lockwood. GiMirgi- H. . .
McClellan, Frederick F

Naftzgcr. L. K.

Roads. Mardin

Rose. T. F

Silvcrburg. .\. C

Warner, Rollin

NEW .M.llANV,

Kenney. llfrbi-
Paris. John M.
Rave. Herman
.Stotsenluirg. 10.

rt IV

NEWCASTI.E.

George M.
William l>.

T.AGRANOE.

Rerick, R. H

Barnard,
Barnard.
Brown. Clarence
Bundy. Eugene 1
Elliott. George .
Forkner. M. K. .
Cause. I->ed C.
Jackson. Etl. . . .
Lynch. P. J. . . .
Ogborn, A. J. . .
Saint, Fred ....
Watkins J. Leb

K.in-. R.il|.li H.
LongL-y. \v. K.

NORTH VKKNON.

Brolley. ThoinaH \V 1

Dixon. Lincoln ^r.

Kllng.r. I- .• 45

NOIKK l)\>IK.

1 Cavanaugh. .lohi, w 47

TERr,

Cole. Charlt-H A

HuBhes. Charles R. . .

TlUett. Joseph N

Wetherow. E. B

Woodrlng. J. R

I'l.AIM IKI.O.

Barrett, Eilwar.l

IM.V.MOITH.

Lauer. Leopold .M 47

rORTL.VXU.

Fleming. J. H 43

McKee. E. A 4.';

Moran. James J 35

Pralgg. Noble T 45

PRINCETON".

Duncan. Judg.- Thomas .... 3

Embree. Lucius <" 44

Gorman, J. C 4 4

RENSSEL.VEH.

Hanlcy, <'har|.-.M \V 41

RICHMONn.

Bond, charl.-s S 43

Foulke. W. D 43

Johnson. B. B 22

Kelley. Wm. H 4 3

Kellv. Robert 1 43

Leeds. R. G 43

Lindl.y. Hnrlow 1

NIchol.son. TImothv 43

Robbing. John F »«

Smith. Dr. Samuel E 43

Woodward, W. C. 1

ROCilESTKH.

Harnhnrt. D'-nn L
Barnhart. H«-nry
Holman. <"■. W. . .

K<M K\ II IK.

Hargrav.-. .\. .v

Hi-nderjion. II. A. ...

Ingram. H H

Sunkel. G.r. I>

Rl SIIVII.I.K.

Carson. W. Cary ....
George. Chester M. ...

Hall. Frank J

Harrold. H. R

Morris. Juilgi- Itouglas

Payne. Eiirl H

Sexton. John C

Watson. James E

SAI.KM.

Cavanniigh. R. E

Hopper. Orra

Ilotl.l. Judge MlUon B.
Lewis. J. W

sroTTsm R<».

Gla.Iden. Klliah .\ 3

GriHUhs. Wm. S 44

SEYMOI R.

Honon. Thoiuns M 1

Kanimiin. .lohn H <*

Montgomery. Os.nr H 44

Shea, Judge Joseph H 3

.Smith. J, C 44

SHEl.BYVil.l-K.

DiPreZ, John l> *'

INDEX— WHO'S WHO IN INDIANA

SOUTH BEND.

Carlisle, Charles Arthur ... 15

Fassett, C. N 4S

Howard, Timothy E 47

Long-field. Ralph H 47

Zuver, John H 47

SPENCER.

Beach, D. W 3S

Elliott, Homer 3S

Fowler, Inman H 38

Griffin, George R 38

Heavenridge, L. D 38

SULLIVAN.

Bedwell, Charles H
Bridwell. W. H. .
Chaney, John C.
Hays, Hinkle C
Havs, John T.
Hays, Will H.
McNabb, A. J.
Park, Richard
Reed, J. S. ...
Vance, Carl N.

TELL CITY.

Zoercher, Phillip . . . .

TEBRE HAUTE.

Baker, Harry J 34

Beal, Fred W, 51

Beasley, John T 34

Cleophas, Mother Mary ... 51

Clifford, E. H 50

Clogston, C. W 50

Combs, C. N 51

Crawford, Charles A 34

Cronin, William T 43

Deming, Demas 51

Dix, George 0 34

Ehrmann, Max 51

Hamill, Chalmers M 46

Hamill, M. Carson 34

Harvey, James A 50

Henry, D. W 34

Hickey, John 34

Jewett, C. T 43

Keifer, A, C 50

McKeen, Frank 51

McNutt, Finley A 51

Marshall, B. V 34

Mees, C. L 50

Nixon, Don M. 34

Parsons, W. W 46

Piety, James E 34

Propst, James M 51

Ramsey, S. V 46

Sandison, Howard 50

Schloss, Harry T 47

Schlotzhauer, H. A 51

Snively, S. W 50

Shourds, Dalton B 51

Stimson, Samuel C 34

Waits, Charles J 50

Wood, D. Russ 51

TIPTON.

Gifford, G. H 42

Read, Horace G 4 2

VALPARAISO.

Brown, H. B 4 5

Crumpacker, Edgar D 4 5

Mavity, John M 45

VINCENNES.

Thomas H. Adams 51

Bayard, J. L., Jr 51

Bayard, J. L.., Sr 51

Culbertson, D. Frank 51

Emison, James Wade 51

Gregorie, James 51

Halnon, William 47

Kessinger, Clarence B,, .... 51

Purcell, Royal E 51

VoUmer, W. H 1

WABASH.

King, Fred 1 48

Little, Charles 48

Sayre, Warren G 48

WARSAW.

Eschbach, Jesse E 48

Frazer, William D. 35

Sarber, E. B 48

Williams, L. H 48

WASHINGTON.

Fulkerson, Alva 0 51

Myers, Stephen E 51

WINAJHAC.

Gorrell, J. J 35

Rogers, Homer L 35

WINCHESTER.

Caldwell, Judge Frederick S 3
Goodrich, James P 25

WnSrONA LAKE.

Breckenridge, John C 35

Rigdon, Jonathan 35

WILLIAMSPORT.

Stansbury, Ele 41

Stephenson, J. H 41

WORTHINGTON.

Mcintosh, D. C 46

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Full text of "Centennial history and handbook of Indiana : the story of the state from its beginning to the close of the civil war, and a general survey of progress to the present time"

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